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+Project Gutenberg's The Life of King Edward VII, by J. Castell Hopkins
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life of King Edward VII
+       with a sketch of the career of King George V
+
+Author: J. Castell Hopkins
+
+Release Date: April 20, 2008 [EBook #25112]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF KING EDWARD VII ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Stacy Brown, Juliet Sutherland and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: EDWARD VII, KING OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN
+AND IRELAND AND OF THE BRITISH DOMINIONS BEYOND THE SEAS, AND EMPEROR OF
+INDIA
+
+Born November 9, 1841. Ascended the throne January 22, 1901. Died May 6,
+1910]
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF KING EDWARD VII
+
+WITH A SKETCH OF THE CAREER OF KING GEORGE V
+
+By J. CASTELL HOPKINS, F.S.S.
+
+1910
+
+_Author of "Queen Victoria, Her Life and Reign;" "Life and Work of
+Mr. Gladstone;" "The Story of the Dominion", &c., &c._
+
+Profusely Illustrated
+
+
+
+
+Copyright 1910, by
+W. E. Scull.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+During a number of years' study of British institutions in their modern
+development and of British public life in its adjustment to new and
+changing conditions I have felt an ever-growing appreciation of the
+active influence exercised by the late Sovereign of the British Empire
+upon the social life and public interests of the United Kingdom and an
+ever-increasing admiration for his natural abilities and rare
+tactfulness of character. King Edward the Seventh, in a sixty years'
+tenure of the difficult position of Heir to the British Throne, built
+into the history of his country and Empire a record of which he and his
+people had every reason to be proud. He had for many years the
+responsibilities of a Royal position without the actual power; the
+public functions of a great ruler without the resources usually
+available; the knowledge, experience and statecraft of a wise Sovereign
+without Regal environment.
+
+The Prince of Wales, however, rose above the apparent difficulties of
+his position and for more than a quarter of a century emulated the wise
+example of his princely father--Albert the Good--and profited by the
+beautiful character and unquestioned statesmanship of his august mother.
+As with all those upon whose life beats the glare of ever-present
+publicity and upon whose actions the press of friendly and hostile
+nations alike have the privilege of ceaseless comment, the Heir to the
+British Throne had to suffer from atrocious canards as well as from
+fulsome compliments. Unlike many others, however, he afterwards lived
+down the falsehoods of an early time; conquered by his clear, open life
+the occasional hostility of a later day; and at the period of his
+accession to the Throne was, without and beyond question, the best liked
+Prince in Europe--the most universally popular man in the United
+Kingdom and its external Empire. Upon the verge of His Majesty's
+Coronation there occurred that sudden and dramatic illness which proved
+so well the bravery and patience of the man, and increased so greatly
+the popularity and _prestige_ of the Monarch.
+
+Since then the late King has yearly grown in the regard of his people
+abroad, in the respect of other rulers and nations, in the admiration of
+all who understood the difficulties of his position, the real force of
+his personality and influence, the power with which he drew to the
+Throne--even after the remarkable reign of Victoria the Good--an
+increased affection and loyalty from Australians and South Africans and
+Canadians alike, an added confidence and loyal faith in his judgment
+from all his British peoples whether at home or over seas.
+
+In the United States, which King Edward always regarded with an
+admiration which the enterprise and energy of its people so well
+deserved, he in turn received a degree of respect and regard which did
+not at one time seem probable. To him, ever since the visit to the
+Republic in 1860, a closer and better relation between the two great
+countries had been an ideal toward which as statesman and Prince and
+Sovereign he guided the English-speaking race.
+
+The reader of these pages will, I hope, receive a permanent impression
+of the career and character of one who has been at once a popular
+Prince, a great King, a worthy head of the British Empire and of his own
+family, a statesman who has won and worn the proud title of "The Royal
+Peacemaker."
+
+J. CASTELL HOPKINS.
+
+_Toronto, Canada, 1910._
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER I.
+  The Crown and the Empire                                 17
+
+  CHAPTER II.
+  Early Years and Education of the Prince                  31
+
+  CHAPTER III.
+  Royal Tour of British America and the United States      47
+
+  CHAPTER IV.
+  The Royal Marriage                                       69
+
+  CHAPTER V.
+  Early Home Life and Public Duties                        79
+
+  CHAPTER VI.
+  Travels in the East                                      99
+
+  CHAPTER VII.
+  Serious Illness of the Prince                           117
+
+  CHAPTER VIII.
+  The Prince of Wales in India                            131
+
+  CHAPTER IX.
+  Thirty Years of Public Work                             162
+
+  CHAPTER X.
+  Special Functions and Interests                         181
+
+  CHAPTER XI.
+  The Prince and His Family                               191
+
+  CHAPTER XII.
+  The Prince as a Social Leader                           203
+
+  CHAPTER XIII.
+  The Prince as a Sportsman                               211
+
+  CHAPTER XIV.
+  Habits and Character of the Prince                      218
+
+  CHAPTER XV.
+  The Prince as an Empire Statesman                       234
+
+  CHAPTER XVI.
+  The Prince as Heir Apparent                             248
+
+  CHAPTER XVII.
+  Accession to the Throne                                 268
+
+  CHAPTER XVIII.
+  The First Year of the New Reign                         286
+
+  CHAPTER XIX.
+  Empire Tour of the New Heir to the Throne               305
+
+  CHAPTER XX.
+  The King and the South African War                      351
+
+  CHAPTER XXI.
+  Preparations for the Coronation                         368
+
+  CHAPTER XXII.
+  Serious Illness of the King                             380
+
+  CHAPTER XXIII.
+  The Coronation                                          391
+
+  CHAPTER XXIV.
+  The Reign of King Edward                                420
+
+  CHAPTER XXV.
+  The King as a Diplomatist and Peace-maker               432
+
+  CHAPTER XXVI.
+  The Death of King Edward                                440
+
+  CHAPTER XXVII.
+  The Solemn Funeral of the King                          451
+
+  CHAPTER XXVIII.
+  The New King and His Imperial Responsibilities          461
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: THE PRINCESS ALEXANDRA
+  At the time of her marriage]
+
+[Illustration: KING EDWARD AS PRINCE OF WALES IN 1879]
+
+[Illustration: MARRIAGE OF EDWARD AND ALEXANDRA, THEN PRINCE AND
+PRINCESS OF WALES, 1863
+  From a painting at Windsor by W. P. Firth R.A.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+The Crown and the Empire
+
+
+The great development of a political nature in the British Empire of the
+nineteenth century was the complete harmony which gradually evolved
+between the Monarchy and a world-wide democracy. This process was
+all-important because it eliminated an element of internal discord which
+has destroyed more than one nation in the past; because it permitted the
+peaceful progress of scattered states to continue through the passing
+years without having questions of allegiance to seriously hamper their
+growth; because it trained political thought along lines of stability
+and continuity and made loyalty and liberty consistent and almost
+synonymous terms; because it made the Crown the central symbol of the
+Empire's unity, the visible object of a world-wide allegiance, the
+special token of a common aspiration and a common sentiment amongst many
+millions of English-speaking people--the subject of untutored reverence
+and unquestioned respect amongst hundreds of millions of other races.
+
+
+THE POSITION OF THE CROWN
+
+The chief factor in this development was the late Queen Victoria, and to
+the inheritance of the fabric thus evolved came a son who was educated
+amid the constitutional environment in which she lived and was trained
+in the Imperial ideas which she so strongly held and so wisely impressed
+upon her statesmen, her family and her people. King Edward came into
+responsibilities which were greater and more imposing than those ever
+before inherited by a reigning sovereign. He had not only the great
+example and life of his predecessor as a model and as a comparison; not
+only the same vast and ever-changing and expanding Empire to rule over;
+not only a similar myriad-eyed press and public to watch his every
+expression and movement; but he entered with his people upon a new
+century in which one of the first and most prominent features is a decay
+in popular respect for Parliament and a revival of the old-time love for
+stately display, for ceremonial and for the appropriate trappings of
+royalty. With this evident and growing influence of the Crown as a
+social and popular factor is the knowledge which all statesmen and
+constitutional students now possess of the personal influence in
+diplomacy and statecraft which was wielded by the late Queen Victoria
+and which the experience and tact of the new Monarch enabled him to also
+test and prove. Side by side with these two elements in the situation
+was the conviction which has now become fixed throughout the Empire that
+the Crown is the pivot upon which its unity and future co-operation
+naturally and properly turns; that the Sovereign is the one possible
+central figure of allegiance for all its scattered countries and
+world-wide races; that without the Crown as the symbol of union and the
+King as the living object of allegiance and personal sentiment the
+British realms would be a series of separated units.
+
+These facts lend additional importance to the character and history of
+the Monarchy; to the influences which have controlled the life and
+labours of King Edward; to the abilities which have marked his career
+and the elements which have entered into the making of his character. He
+may not in succeeding years of his reign have declared war like an
+Edward I., or made secret diplomatic arrangements like a Charles II. He
+may not have manipulated foreign combinations like a William III., or
+dismissed his Ministers at pleasure like a George III., or worked one
+faction in his Kingdom against another like a Charles I. None of these
+things have been attempted, nor will his successor desire to undertake
+them. But none the less there lay in his hand a vast and growing
+power--the personal influence wielded by a popular and experienced
+Monarch over his Ministry, his Court, his Diplomatic Staff throughout
+the world, and his high officers in the Army and Navy. The prestige of
+his personal honours or personal wishes and the known Imperialism of his
+personal opinions must have had great weight in controlling Colonial
+policy in London; while his experience of European and Eastern
+statecraft through many years of close intercourse with foreign and home
+statesmen undoubtedly had a marvelous effect in the control of British
+policy abroad.
+
+To the external Empire, as constituted at the beginning of the twentieth
+century, the Crown is a many-sided factor. The personal and diplomatic
+influence of the Sovereign is obvious and was illustrated by Queen
+Victoria in such historic incidents as the personal relations with King
+Louis Philippe which probably averted a war with France in the early
+forties; in the later friendship with Louis Napoleon which helped to
+make the Crimean War alliance possible; in the refusal by the Queen to
+assent to a certain _casus belli_ despatch during the American War which
+saved Great Britain from being drawn into the struggle; in her influence
+upon the Cabinet in connection with the Schleswig-Holstein question,
+which was exerted to such an extent (according to Lord Malmesbury) as to
+have averted a possible conflict with Germany.
+
+The political power of the Crown and its wearer is proven to exist in
+the dismissal of Lord Palmerston for his rash recognition of the French
+_coup d'état_; in the occasional exercise of the right of excluding
+certain individuals from the Government--notably the case of Mr.
+Labouchere a decade ago; in such direct exercise of influence as the
+Queen's intervention in the matter of the Irish Church Disestablishment
+Bill as related by the late Archbishop Tait. The Imperial influence of
+the Sovereign has been shown in more than merely indirect ways. The
+Queen's refusal to approve the first draft of the Royal Proclamation for
+India in 1858 and her changes in the text were declared by Lord Canning
+to have averted another insurrection. Her personal determination to send
+the Prince of Wales to Canada in 1860 and her own visit to Ireland in
+one of the last years of her reign were cases of actual initiative and
+active policy. South Africa owed to the late Queen the several visits of
+the Duke of Edinburgh and the exhibition of her well-known sympathy with
+the views of Sir George Grey--who, had he been allowed a free hand,
+would have consolidated and united those regions many years ago and
+averted the recent disastrous struggle.
+
+Australia owed to her the compliment of various visits from members of
+the Royal family, the kindly personal treatment of its leaders and a
+frequently expressed desire for its unity in one great and growing
+nationality--British in allegiance and connection and power; Australian
+in local authority, patriotism and development. India was indebted to
+its Queen-Empress for continued sympathy and wise advice to its
+Governors-General; for the phraseology in the Proclamation after the
+Mutiny, already referred to, which rendered the new conditions of
+allegiance comprehensible and satisfactory to the native mind; for the
+important visit of the Prince of Wales to that country in 1877; and for
+the support given to Lord Beaconfield's Imperial policy of asserting
+England's place in the world, of purchasing the Suez Canal shares in
+order to help in keeping the route to the East and of paving the way for
+that acquisition of Egypt and the Soudan which has since made Cecil
+Rhodes' dream of a great British-African empire a realizable
+probability. The Colonies, as a whole, owed to Queen Victoria a
+condition of government which made peaceful constitutional development
+possible; which extinguished discontent and the elements or embers of
+republicanism; which gradually eliminated the separative tendencies of
+distance and slowly merged the Manchester school ideas of the past into
+the Imperialism of the present; which made evolution rather than
+revolution the guiding principle of British countries in the nineteenth
+century.
+
+
+THE MONARCHY IN HISTORY
+
+How has the Crown become such an important factor in the modern
+development of British peoples? The answer is not found altogether in
+personal considerations nor even in those of loyalty to somewhat vague
+and undefined principles of government. These considerations have had
+great weight but so also has the traditional and actual power of the
+Monarchy in moulding institutions and ideas during a thousand years of
+history. To a much greater extent than is generally understood in these
+democratic days has this latter influence been a factor. Through nearly
+all British history the Sovereign has either represented the popular
+instincts of the time or else led in the direction of extended territory
+and power under the individual influence of royal valour or statecraft.
+The history of England has not, of course, been confined to the
+biography of its Kings or Queens, but it would be as absurd to trace
+those annals without extended study of the rulers and their characters
+as it would be to write the records without reference to the people and
+popular progress. And the Monarchy has done much for the British Isles.
+Its influence has effected their whole national life in war and in
+peace, in religion and in morals, in literature and in art. The
+individual achievements and actions of some of these rulers constitute
+the very foundation stones in the structure of modern British power.
+Others again have helped to build the walls of the national edifice
+until the Sovereign at the beginning of the twentieth century has
+become the pivot upon which turns the constitutional unity of a great
+Empire and which forms the only possible centre for a common allegiance
+amongst its varied peoples.
+
+At first this monarchical principle was embodied in the form of military
+power, was based upon feudal loyalty, and was associated with the noble
+ideals, but somewhat reckless practices, of mediæval chivalry. The
+victories of Egbert and Alfred the Great transformed the Heptarchy into
+a substantial English Kingdom. The military skill of William the
+Conqueror gave an opportunity to blend the graces of Norman chivalry,
+and a somewhat higher form of civilization, with the rougher virtues of
+the Saxon character. Henry II. personally illustrated this combination,
+with his ruddy English face and strong physical powers, and impressed
+himself upon British history by the conquest of Ireland. Richard Coeur
+de Lion gave his country many famous pages of crusading in the East, and
+embodied in his life and character the adventurous and daring spirit of
+the age. Edward I. dominated events by his energy and ability, subdued
+Wales, and for a time conquered the Kingdom of Scotland. Edward III., in
+his long reign of fifty years, carried the British flag over the fields
+of France, and won immortality at the battles of Crecy and Poictiers.
+Henry V. gained the victory of Agincourt, and won and wore the title of
+King of France. Then came the Wars of the Roses and the turbulent
+termination to a period of six centuries during which the English
+Monarchs had represented the military spirit of their times, and had led
+in the rough process of struggle and conquest out of which was growing
+the United Kingdom of to-day.
+
+With the reign of Henry VIII. commenced the period of religious
+change--the struggles for religious liberty against ecclesiastical
+dominance. Limited as were the achievements of Henry and Elizabeth, in
+this respect, by prevailing bigotry and narrowness of view as well as
+by diverse personal characteristics, they none the less did great
+service to the country and the people. The rule of Cromwell--who, in the
+exercise of Royal power and the possession of regal personal ability,
+may properly be included in such a connection--gave that liberty of
+worship to a portion of the masses with which previous Sovereigns had
+more especially endowed the classes. During the reign of the Stuarts
+religious dissensions and ecclesiastical controversies and intermittent
+persecutions, illustrated the predominant passion of the period; and
+forced the weak or indifferent monarch of the moment to be an
+unconscious factor in the progress towards that general toleration which
+the Revolution of 1688 and the crowning of William and Mary finally
+accomplished. But, whether it was Henry persecuting the monks, or
+Elizabeth the Roman Catholics, or Mary the Protestants, or Cromwell the
+Episcopalians, or Charles II. the Dissenters, each ruler was being led,
+to a great degree, by the undercurrent of surrounding bigotry and was,
+in the main, representative of a strong, popular sentiment of the time.
+Henry voiced the national uprising against Rome, just as the second
+Charles embodied popular reaction against the Puritans, and as William
+of Orange was enabled to lead a successful opposition to the gloomy and
+personal bigotry of the last of the Royal Stuarts.
+
+The third period of British monarchical history in this connection was
+that marked by the growth toward constitutional government under the
+sway of the House of Hanover. Coupled with this was the equally
+important foundation of a great Colonial empire, and the loss of a large
+portion of it in the reign of George III. But the development of
+constitutional rule under the Georges should not be confounded with the
+growth of the popular and Imperial system which exists to-day. The
+latter is simply a progressive evolution out of the aristocratic and
+oligarchical government of the Hanoverian period, just as that system
+had been a step from the kingly power of the Tudors and the Stuarts,
+which, in turn, had arisen upon the ruins of feudalism and military
+monarchical power. It is this gradual growth, this "gently broadening
+down from precedent to precedent," which makes the British constitution
+of to-day the more or less perfected result of centuries of experience
+and struggle. But that result has only been made possible by a peculiar
+series of national adjustments in which the power of the Monarchs has
+been modified from time to time to suit the will of the people, while
+the ability of individual Sovereigns has been at the same time given
+full scope in which to exercise wise kingcraft or pronounced military
+skill. It has, in fact, been a most elastic system in its application
+and to that elasticity has been due its prolonged stability of form
+under a succession of dynastic or personal changes.
+
+
+THE CONSTITUTION AND THE MONARCHY
+
+It is a common mistake to minimize the importance and value of the
+aristocratic rule by which the government of England was graded down
+from the high exercise of royal power under the Tudors and Stuarts to
+that beneficial exercise of royal influence which marks the opening of
+the present century period. To the aristocracy of those two centuries is
+mainly due the fact that the growth from paternal government and
+personal rule to direct popular administration was a gradual
+development, through only occasional scenes of storm and stress, instead
+of involving a succession of revolutions alternating with civil war.
+Somers and Godolphin, Walpole and Chatham, Pitt and Shelburne, Eldon and
+Canning, Grey and Liverpool, Wellington and Durham, Melbourne and
+Palmerston, were all of this aristocratic class, though of varying
+degrees in rank and title and with varied views of politics. They filled
+the chief places in the Government of the country during a period when
+the people were being slowly trained in the perception and practice of
+constitutional and religious liberty. At the best such processes are
+difficult and often prove bitter tests of national endurance; and it was
+well for Great Britain that the two centuries under review produced a
+class of able and cultured men who--though naturally aristocratic at
+heart--were upon the whole honestly bent upon furthering the best
+interests of the masses. And this despite the mistakes of a Danby or a
+North.
+
+Yet, even towards the close of this period of preparation, popular
+government, as now practised, was neither understood by the immediate
+predecessors of Queen Victoria, nor by the nobles who presided over the
+changing administrations of the day. It was not clearly comprehended by
+Liberals like Russell and Grey; it was feared by Wellington and the
+Tories as being republican and revolutionary; it was dreaded by many who
+could hardly be called Tories and who, in the condition of things then
+prevalent, could scarcely even be termed Loyalists. Writing in 1812,
+Charles Knight, the historian, described the fierce national struggle of
+the previous twenty years with Napoleon and expressed a longing wish for
+the prop of a sincere and spontaneous loyalty to the throne in the
+critical times that were to follow. But such a sentiment of loyalty was
+not then expressed, and could hardly have been publicly evoked by a
+ruler of the type of George IV., whether governing as Prince-Regent or
+as King.
+
+There is, however, no doubt of its having existed, and there seems to
+have been, even through those troubled years, an inborn spirit of
+loyalty to the Crown as being the symbol of the State and of public
+order. Its wearer might make mistakes and be personally unpopular, but
+he represented the nation as a whole and must consequently be respected.
+This powerful feeling has often in English history made the bravest and
+strongest submit to slights from their Sovereign, and has won the most
+disinterested devotion and energetic action from men who have never
+even seen the Monarch in whose personal character there was sometimes
+little to evoke or deserve such faith and sacrifice. For ages this
+loyalty had been the preservative of society in England, and it is still
+indispensable to the tranquility and permanence of a state, whether
+given in its full degree to the Sovereign of Great Britain, or in a more
+divided sense to the elective and partisan head of a modern republic.
+
+In the time of the Georges, as well as in the middle ages and at the
+present moment, loyalty was and is a sincere and honest patriotism,
+refining the instincts and elevating the actions of those who were
+willing to waive self-interest on any given occasion in order to guard
+what they believed to be the true basis of national stability and order.
+Certainly, a Monarchy which could survive the wars and European
+revolutions, the internal discontents and personal deficiencies, of the
+period which commenced with the reign of George I. and closed with that
+of William IV., must have possessed some inherent strength greater than
+may be gathered from many of the superficial works which pass for
+history. But, whatever that influence was, it does not appear to have
+been personal. With the close of the reign of Queen Anne the brilliant
+_prestige_ of personal authority and power wielded by the Sovereign had
+passed quietly away and, up to the death of William IV. and the
+accession of Victoria, had not been replaced by the personal influence
+of a constitutional ruler.
+
+
+PRESENT POSITION OF THE MONARCHY
+
+Out of all these changing developments has come a military position in
+which the Sovereign no longer leads his forces in war but in which he
+commands a sentiment of loyalty as hearty, in the breasts of the
+Colonial soldiers ten thousand miles away from his home at Windsor, as
+ever did the personal presence of an Edward I., or a Richard the
+Lion-Hearted. Out of them has come a religious position in which the
+Sovereign is head of a particular Church and yet, as such, gives no
+serious offence to masses of his subjects who belong to other faiths and
+who receive through his Governments around the world absolute freedom of
+religious worship--almost as a matter of course. Out of the
+constitutional evolution has come the adaptation of the Monarchy to not
+only new conditions but to countries separated by oceans and continents
+from the mother-state, and the evolution of a system which combines
+420,000,000 people under one Crown and one flag. In August, 1884, the
+_Times_ spoke of a correspondent amongst the Khirgese of Central Asia
+who stated that the people of that region had not the remotest idea of
+where or what England was--but they had heard of Queen Victoria; and a
+few years later Mr. Henry Labouchere, the inconsistent and bitter
+Radical, told the _Forum_ of New York that "were a Parliamentary
+candidate to address an electoral meeting on the advantages of a
+republic he would be deemed a tilter at a windmill."
+
+Such is a summary of the history and position of the British Monarchy. A
+thousand years ago it combined the seven little Kingdoms of England into
+one; to-day it combines the Kingdoms and Dominions and Commonwealths and
+Islands of a quarter of the earth's surface into one. The power of the
+Crown was once chiefly employed in making war and compelling peace by
+force of arms and military skill; to-day it is largely utilized in
+promoting peace and controlling diplomacy. The position of the Monarch
+was once that of the head of a class, or the leader of some distinct
+manifestation of public feeling, or the military chief of a great
+faction; to-day it is that of embodying the power of a united people,
+giving dignified interpretation to the policy of a nation, and serving
+as the symbol of unity to the masses of population in an extended
+empire.
+
+One of the interesting features in the Crown's popularity and influence
+is the absence of serious criticism or controversy over the expense of
+its maintenance. Perhaps the only practical expression of disapproval
+affecting the Monarchy heard during Queen Victoria's long reign was an
+occasional grumbling as to the paucity of Court functions, the absence
+of Royal splendour and expenditures from the City of London, the
+sombreness and quiet which characterized the ordinary, everyday life of
+the Sovereign. The total financial cost of the Monarchy has been placed
+at a million pounds sterling per annum, but this total includes various
+large sums which could just as properly be charged to the ordinary
+governing requirements of the country without reference to the
+particular form of its institutions. Against this sum may also be placed
+the proceeds of the Crown Lands which were surrendered to Parliament
+upon the accession of William and Mary and which had before that been
+recognized as a personal estate of the Sovereign over which Parliament
+had no control. In addition to these Crown Land revenues other sums were
+voted as required. Upon their surrender to the nation (during the life
+of each Sovereign) it has become the custom, since 1868, to vote a
+permanent Civil List for the ensuing reign and out of this sum the
+ordinary Court and personal expenses are supposed to be met. In the case
+of Queen Victoria the amount was £385,000 a year, supplemented, however,
+by other votes and special allowances to herself and the Royal family
+from time to time.
+
+Upon her accession the Queen retained out of the old Crown Lands, or
+revenues, those of the Duchy of Lancaster and they have risen in value
+from £20,000 to £50,000 per annum. The Royal palaces are maintained
+apart from the Civil List and the building of Royal yachts and other
+similar expenses are considered as additional items. The revenues of the
+Duchy of Cornwall, which have always pertained to the Prince of Wales,
+and the incomes or special sums voted to the members of the Royal
+family, make up an amount nearly as large as the Civil List. But these
+apparently large sums have not in recent years created any feeling of
+dissatisfaction; nor has any been expressed save by certain individuals
+of the Labouchere type, who possess little influence and less sincerity.
+Upon the whole the situation in this connection possesses considerable
+interest to the student of history, or of popular sentiment, as showing
+how a practical, business-loving, money-making people can become devoted
+to an institution which must in the nature of things be expensive and
+which, in the ratio of its dignity and effectiveness as an embodiment of
+growing national power, must be increasingly so as the years roll on.
+
+The reason for this condition of feeling is the combination which the
+Monarchy has during the past century come to present to the minds of the
+public. Tradition and history reaching down into the hearts and lives of
+the people may be considered the basic influence; a general belief in
+the superiority of British institutions over all others may be stated as
+a powerful conservative force; while personality and character in the
+Sovereign may be described as the chief constructive element in this
+process of increasing loyalty to the Crown. Convenience, custom, love of
+ceremony, belief in stability and aversion to change, are lesser factors
+which may be mentioned. The result is that Mr. George W. Smalley, for so
+many years the American correspondent of the New York _Tribune_ in
+London, could write recently in the _Century_ the belief of a foreigner
+and a republican that "England is a very democratic country, but there
+does not exist in England the vestige of a republican party."
+
+King Edward, therefore, came to the throne of Great Britain and its
+Empire at a time when the influence of the Sovereign was growing in
+proportion as the influence and popularity of Parliament appeared to be
+waning. Fifty years before his accession it was a truism to assert that
+power in England was being steadily concentrated in the House of
+Commons; to-day it may be said with equal truth that the position of the
+Crown is growing steadily in a power which is wielded by personal
+influence and popularity and which, while it touches no privilege, nor
+right, nor liberty of Parliament, increases in proportion as the latter
+body is relegated to the back-ground by public opinion and popular
+interest. Vast responsibility, therefore, rests to-day in the hands of a
+British Sovereign and the results for good or ill, depend largely upon
+his character, his training, his previous career and his present sense
+of duty. Alarm has even been expressed upon this point by historical
+theorists such as Professor Beesly and Dr. Goldwin Smith. Certain it is,
+however, that in the hands of King Edward this growing power was safe.
+If prolonged experience and acquired statecraft and intimate knowledge
+of his people can be considered sufficient guarantees for its exercise,
+it is also safe in the hands of King George.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+Early Years and Education of the Prince
+
+
+The married life of Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort was one of the
+happiest recorded in history or known in the private annals of
+individual lives. It was a love-match from the first and it lasted to
+the end as one of those beautiful illustrations of harmony in the home
+which go far in a materialistic and selfish age to point to higher
+ideals and to conserve the best principles of a Christian people. His
+affection was shown in myriad ways of devoted care and help; her feeling
+was well stated in a letter to Baron Stockmar--"There cannot exist a
+purer, dearer, nobler being in the world than the Prince." From such a
+union was born Albert Edward, the future King and Emperor, on November
+9th, 1841. The Queen's first child had been the Princess Royal, and
+there was naturally some hope that the next would be a male heir to the
+Throne. There was much public rejoicing over the event which was
+announced from Buckingham Palace at mid-day of the date mentioned; the
+Privy Council met and ordered a thanksgiving service; the national
+anthem was sung with enthusiasm in the theatres and public places;
+telegrams of congratulation poured in from Princes abroad and peers and
+peasants at home; and _Punch_ perpetrated verses which well illustrated
+the public feeling:
+
+    "Huzza! we've a little Prince at last
+      A roaring Royal boy;
+    And all day long the booming bells
+      Have rung their peels of joy."
+
+On December 8th following, the little Prince was created by
+letters-patent Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester--the titles of Prince
+of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Saxony, Duke
+of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron Renfrew, Lord of
+the Isles and Prince, or Great Steward of Scotland, being his already by
+virtue of his mother being the reigning Sovereign at the time of his
+birth. During six hundred years there had been from time to time a
+Prince of Wales. The first was the son of Edward I., but the title was
+never made hereditary, and there have been periods, totalling altogether
+288 years, in which it lay dormant. The Black Prince was perhaps the
+best known of the line. The new Prince of Wales--destined to hold the
+designation for nearly sixty years and to make it one of the best known
+in the world--was solemnly baptized on January 25th, 1842, in St.
+George's Chapel, Windsor, by the simple names of Albert Edward. The
+first was after his father, the second in memory of the Queen's father,
+the Duke of Kent. The scene was one of splendour, and the uniforms and
+glittering orders and gleaming gems and beautiful dresses harmonized
+well with the stately setting of the Chapel Royal.
+
+
+THE GORGEOUS CHRISTENING CEREMONY
+
+Besides the Royal party, which included Frederick William IV., King of
+Prussia, there were a throng of Ambassadors, Knights of the Garter,
+Members of the Privy Council, Peers and Peeresses, statesmen and heads
+of the Church. The Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Bishops of
+London, Winchester, Oxford and Norwich were in special attendance, and
+the sponsors for the young Prince were the King of Prussia, the Duchess
+of Kent (proxy for the Duchess of Saxe-Cobourg), the Duke of Cambridge
+(proxy for the Duchess of Saxe-Gotha), Princess Augusta of Cambridge
+(proxy for Princess Sophia) and Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Cobourg. The
+cost of this gorgeous christening ceremony and attendant functions was
+said to have been fully two million dollars. A part of this was,
+however, due to the entertainments accorded King Frederick William IV.,
+who, as the chief Protestant monarch of the Continent, was given a
+particularly cordial and elaborate welcome. In connection with the
+christening of the future King it is interesting to note that an
+ecclesiastical newspaper, of Toronto, called _The Church_, referred to
+the event on March 19th, 1842, and declared that should the Prince live
+to be King he would be known as Edward VII. On February 3rd Queen
+Victoria opened Parliament in person with the following as the
+preliminary words in the Speech from the Throne: "I cannot meet you in
+Parliament assembled without making a public acknowledgment of my
+gratitude to Almighty God on account of the birth of the Prince, my son;
+an event which has completed the measure of my domestic happiness and
+has been hailed with every manifestation of affectionate attachment to
+my person and Government by my faithful and loyal people."
+
+
+CHILDHOOD OF THE PRINCE
+
+The early events of the Prince's life were followed with much interest
+by the public and with a personal and individual feeling which grew in
+volume with the ever-increasing popularity of the young Queen. The Court
+in those years was a gay one and events such as the Queen's famous
+Plantagenet Ball of 1842; the state visit to King Louis Philippe of
+France in 1843; the coming of Nicholas I., Czar of all the Russias, to
+the Court of St. James in 1844, followed a little later by William,
+Prince of Prussia--afterwards William I. of Germany, and by a return
+visit of the King and Queen of the French; kept the social demands of
+the period up to a very high pitch. Yet the quiet, careful surroundings
+of an almost ideal home were given to the young Prince and to those who
+afterwards came to the family circle, by a mother who, in the midst of
+many national cares and private anxieties could write to her
+much-respected friend and uncle--Leopold of Belgium--that "my happiness
+at home, the love of my husband, his kindness, his advice, his support
+and his company make up for all and make me forget all."
+
+The Princess Victoria, afterwards for a brief year Empress of Germany,
+had been born on November 21, 1840; the Prince of Wales was the next
+child; the Princess Alice, who afterwards married the Grand Duke of
+Hesse, was born on April 25, 1843; Prince Alfred--Duke of Edinburgh and
+of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in later years--followed on August 6, 1844; the
+Princess Helena came next on May 25, 1846, and afterwards became the
+wife of Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein; the Princess Louise, who
+married the Marquess of Lorne and future Duke of Argyll, was born on
+March 18, 1848; Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, followed on May 1,
+1850; Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, on April 7, 1853; Princess
+Beatrice, afterwards wife and widow of Prince Henry of Battenberg, was
+born on April 14, 1857, and completed the Royal family for the time.
+
+The greatest care and attention was given to the youthful Prince.
+Writing to King Leopold soon after his birth--on December 7, 1841--the
+Queen had said: "I wonder very much who my little boy will be like. You
+will understand how fervent are my prayers, and I am sure every one's
+must be, to see him resemble his father in every respect, both in body
+and mind." From the earliest period the child grew into his life of
+ceremony and state, but it was a process carefully graded to suit the
+development of natural faculties. Nothing appears to have been allowed
+to unduly burden his gradual growth in experience and knowledge and
+certainly a more pleasant domestic environment and life could hardly be
+imagined. At a later period his studies were so varied in character as
+to excite some slight apprehension in a part of the public mind.
+
+The first public appearance of the Prince was on February 4, 1842, when
+the Queen was inspecting some troops near Windsor and the babe was held
+up by his nurse from a window of the Castle so that the crowd could see
+him. He has been described in many prints and stories as being a very
+lively infant and child. Lady Lyttelton[1], a sister to Mrs. Gladstone,
+was in charge of the Royal nursery as a sort of trusted Governess during
+the first six years of his life and everything was conducted with
+regularity and care. The Queen personally supervised the arrangements,
+whether for instruction, pleasure or exercise, though she often had to
+express in diary or letter her regret at not being able to be as much
+with her children as she desired. Simplicity was, perhaps, the guiding
+principle of this early training, though it was combined with a certain
+amount of familiarity in matters of ceremony and formality. In
+September, 1843, when the Queen and Prince Consort were in France the
+Royal children were at Brighton in charge of Lady Lyttelton and the
+people used to take great delight in waiting for the daily outing of the
+little Prince and his sister and the presentation of a loyal salute by
+the raising of hats and the waving of handkerchiefs. The child had been
+taught to raise his chubby fist to his forehead in reply and a
+journalist of the time veraciously declares that he did it with "evident
+enjoyment and infantile dignity." A little later, on December 20th, a
+party of nine Ojibbeway Indians were presented to the Queen at Windsor
+Castle and the Chief gravely referred to the toddling Royal infant in
+his speech as "the very big little White Father whose eyes are like the
+sky that sees all things and who is fat with goodness like a winter
+bear."
+
+Another attractive event in these annals of childhood was a visit of Tom
+Thumb to Buckingham Palace on March 23, 1844. Not long afterwards, on
+June 5th, the little Prince saw his first Review, on the occasion of the
+Emperor of Russia's visit, and clapped his hands and shouted at the
+splendid spectacle. On March 24, 1846, he was given that first and
+greatest pleasure of all children, a visit to the circus (Astley's). He
+applauded liberally and when the clown was brought to the Royal box at
+his request, the little Prince gravely shook hands with him and thanked
+him "for making me laugh so much." Similar stories might be multiplied
+in many pages. Every trifling incident of the Royal childhood seems,
+indeed, to have been treasured by some one. Late in 1846 a visit was
+made on the _Victoria and Albert_ yacht to the coast of Cornwall and,
+after the landing, the Royal party went to Penrhyn where the little
+Prince, as Duke of Cornwall, was formally welcomed by Mayor and
+Corporation as their feudal lord. In August of the succeeding year he
+was taken by the Queen and Prince Consort on a tour around the west
+coast of Scotland and during a visit to Cluny Macpherson's Scottish
+home, he received one of the first of a multitude of interesting
+presents--a ring containing a miniature of Prince Charles Stuart. In
+August 1844, he accompanied his parents on a visit to Ireland, where he
+met with splendid acclamation from the people and was created Earl of
+Dublin by the Queen. It has been said that the reception was so
+enthusiastic as to have left a profound impression on the child's mind.
+
+On October 30, 1849, when nearly eight years old, the Prince of Wales
+performed his first public function. Accompanied by the little Princess
+Royal and his father he proceeded in state from Westminister in a Royal
+barge rowed by watermen. All London turned out to see the youthful
+royalties--"Puss and the boy" as the Queen called them in her Diary--and
+Lady Lyttelton in a letter to Mrs. Gladstone has left a charming picture
+of the pleasure expressed by the little Prince at his reception and at
+the various quaint customs revived for the occasion. It was at this
+time that Miss Louisa Alcott, author of _Little Women_, wrote home that
+the Prince was "a yellow-haired laddie, very like his mother. Fanny and
+I nodded and waived as he passed and he openly winked his boyish eye at
+us, for Fanny with her yellow curls waving looked rather rowdy and the
+poor little Prince wanted some fun." Two years later, on May 1st, the
+youthful Heir to the Throne assisted the Queen at the brilliant
+ceremonies attending the opening of the first and great Exhibition of
+that year.
+
+
+EARLY EDUCATION OF THE PRINCE
+
+Meanwhile, the important matter of education had been occupying the
+attention of the Queen and her husband. After careful inquiry during
+nearly a year the Rev. Henry Mildred Birch was selected and on April 10,
+1844, the Prince Consort wrote, in a private and family letter, that
+"Bertie will be given over in a few weeks into the hands of a tutor whom
+we have found in Mr. Birch, a young, good-looking, amiable man who was a
+tutor at Eton and who not only himself took the highest honours at
+Cambridge but whose pupils have also won special distinction. It is an
+important step and God's blessing be upon it, for upon the good
+education of princes and especially of those who are destined to govern,
+the welfare of the world in these days very greatly depends." This
+gentleman acted until 1852 when, upon the advice of Sir James Stephen,
+the appointment was given to Mr. Frederick W. Gibbs, who retained it for
+the succeeding six years. In special lines of study such as Art and
+Music there were various instructors for the young Prince as well as for
+the rest of the family--the Rev. Charles Tarver being his classical
+tutor, Sir Edwin Landseer an instructor in the art of painting and Mr.
+E. H. Corbould his teacher in water-colours.
+
+The descriptions of the Prince of Wales in these childhood days vary
+greatly; probably in natural accordance with the variable temperament
+of his age. Lady Lyttelton who, perhaps, knew him best, described him to
+Mr. Greville in 1852--though that interesting _litterateur_ is not
+always reliable--as being "extremely shy and timid, with very good
+principles and, particularly, an exact observer of truth." The
+description is, however, so much in harmony with his bringing up that it
+may well be accepted as accurate. These years, however, passed rapidly
+away in a commingling of instruction, ceremonial and innocent
+recreation. The Baroness Bunsen in her _Memoirs_ gives a pleasant
+picture which illustrates the character of the amusements current in the
+Royal family at their different homes at Windsor, Osborne, or Balmoral.
+This particular incident was a Masque devised by the children, when
+Prince "Bertie" was twelve years old, in honour of the anniversary of
+their parents' marriage. The Prince who represented Winter and was clad
+in a coat covered with imitation icicles, recited some verses from
+Thomson's Seasons. Princess Alice was Spring; the Princess Royal,
+Summer; Prince Alfred, Autumn; while Princess Helena, representing St.
+Helena, the traditional mother of Constantine and native of Britain,
+called down Heaven's benediction upon the Royal couple.
+
+About this time the Prince of Wales made his first appearance in the
+House of Lords, sitting beside the Queen as she received Addresses from
+Parliament concerning the impending war with Russia. He seems to have
+taken a keen interest in that conflict and, in March 1855, went with his
+parents to visit the wounded at Chatham Military Hospital. In August he
+accompanied the Queen and Prince Consort upon the first visit paid by an
+English Sovereign to Paris since the days of Henry II. and shared in the
+splendid reception given by the Emperor Napoleon and the French people.
+Even here, however, his tutor was with him and idleness or pleasure was
+not allowed to occupy the field entirely. With the Princess Royal, he
+was present at a splendid ball given in Versailles--the first since the
+days of Louis XVI--and they sat down at supper with the Emperor and
+Empress. The young Prince enjoyed the visit so much and liked his
+Imperial hosts so well--a liking which he never forgot in later years of
+sorrow and suffering--that he begged the Empress to get leave for his
+sister and himself to stay a little longer. The Queen and his father, he
+explained, had six more children at home and they could, he thought, do
+without them for a while.
+
+Of course, this was not possible. The Prince Consort, however, was
+greatly pleased with the way in which the children had behaved and wrote
+to Baron Stockmar, shortly after, expressing his belief that the Prince
+had been a general favourite. To the Duchess of Kent he wrote that "the
+task was no easy one for them but they discharged it without
+embarrassment and with natural simplicity." From this it is evident that
+the shyness spoken of by Lady Lyttelton had largely passed away from the
+manner of the Prince. During this year the latter--now fourteen years
+old--took an incognito walking tour through the west of England
+accompanied by Mr. Gibbs and Colonel Cavendish. The next two or three
+years were spent in a happy life of mixed pursuits in England and
+Scotland, or in travel abroad, alternating, according to the place and
+season, between fishing and shooting, ponies and picnics, deer-stalking
+and juvenile dances, studies, tours and occasional functions. Many
+pictures of the Royal family in these days of childhood and youth have
+been preserved from the brushes of Winterhalter, Richmond, Landseer,
+Saul and others.
+
+
+LATER EDUCATION OF THE PRINCE
+
+Not the least important of the educative influences of this period were
+the tours undertaken by the young Prince. In the autumn of 1856,
+accompanied by those who could best instruct him in the matters
+witnessed, he visited the great seats of industry in Provincial England
+including mills, ironworks, coal mines and engineering centres. In April
+1857 he enjoyed a tour through the beautiful Lake region and especially
+appreciated the hill-climbing in Cumberland. During June he accompanied
+the Queen on a state visit to Manchester and witnessed the first
+distribution of the Victoria Cross medals in Hyde Park, London. In July
+the Prince left England for Konigswinter with a short European tour in
+view for "purposes of study," as the Prince Consort put it in a private
+letter. With him were General Grey, Colonel (afterwards Sir Henry)
+Ponsonby, his tutors and Dr. Armstrong. During the tour several young
+men joined him as companions--the late Mr. W. H. Gladstone; Mr. Charles
+Wood, now Lord Halifax; Mr. Frederick Stanley, now Earl of Derby and
+Governor-General of Canada; and the present Earl Cadogan, Viceroy of
+Ireland. The Prince on this occasion went up the Rhine and through
+Germany and Switzerland. Upon his return, in October, he attended
+lectures on science by Dr. Faraday while continuing his regular studies.
+Early in the succeeding year he attended the marriage of his sister, the
+Princess Royal, to the Prussian Prince who afterwards became the Emperor
+Frederick, and parted from the sister "Vicky," to whom he was much
+attached, with evident sorrow.
+
+On April 1, 1858, when nearly seventeen years of age, the Prince was
+confirmed in the Chapel Royal at Windsor. Writing of this ceremony, the
+Prince Consort observed to Baron Stockmar that Lord Derby, Lord
+Palmerston and Lord John Russell were amongst those who were present and
+that the event "went off with great solemnity and, I hope, with an
+abiding impression on his mind." At the examination before the
+Archbishop of Canterbury and his Royal parents the Prince was described
+as acquitting himself "extremely well." On the succeeding day he took
+the Sacrament. Shortly afterwards followed a two weeks walking tour in
+the south of Ireland in which the Prince was accompanied by Mr. Gibbs,
+Captain de Ros--afterwards Lieutenant-General Lord de Ros--and Dr.
+Minter. Succeeding this came a short period of steady study and the
+formal establishment of the young Prince at White Lodge in Richmond
+Park, under the tuition of Mr. Gibbs and Mr. Tarver and with three
+companions carefully selected by his father--Lord Valletort, the present
+(1902) Earl of Mount Edgecumbe, Major Teesdale V.C. and Major Lindsay
+V.C. Of the first named the Prince Consort wrote privately that he had
+been much on the Continent and was "a thoroughly good, moral and
+accomplished man," who had passed his youth in attendance on his invalid
+father. He also referred to the manner in which Major Teesdale had
+distinguished himself at Kars and Major Lindsay at Alma and Inkerman and
+of the latter said: "He is studious in his habits, lives little with the
+other young officers, is fond of study and familiar with French and
+Italian."[2] These considerations are interesting as indicating with
+what care the companions of the young Prince were selected by his wise
+father from time to time. Here the Prince had, amongst his elements of
+instruction, lectures on History from the Rev. Charles Kingsley, the
+well-known author of _Westward Ho_ and, for ten years following,
+Professor of History at Cambridge. They were given by special desire of
+the Queen and must have proved deeply interesting. Canon Kingsley was,
+during the rest of his life, an object of special liking to the Prince
+and always an honoured guest at Sandringham and Marlborough.
+
+[Illustration: EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, AT THE AGE OF SEVEN
+  In Sailor's Dress]
+
+[Illustration: EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, AGED FIVE
+  Represents the Prince as feeding a pet rabbit]
+
+[Illustration: EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, AGED SIXTEEN
+  In Highland costume]
+
+[Illustration: THE YOUTHFUL EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, 1859]
+
+On November 9, 1859, the Prince of Wales completed his eighteenth year
+and attained his legal majority. The Queen wrote him a letter which
+Charles Greville, in his _Diary_, describes as "one of the most
+admirable ever penned." On the same day he was appointed a Colonel in
+the Army and given the Order of the Garter--that most distinguished of
+all orders of knighthood. At the same time Colonel the Hon. Robert
+Bruce, brother of the Lord Elgin who had proved so successful a
+Governor-General of Canada and India, was appointed Governor to the
+Prince and was described by the Prince Consort as possessing amiability
+with great mildness of expression and as being "full of ability." He had
+been Military Secretary to Lord Elgin in Canada and was at this time in
+command of a battalion in the Grenadier Guards.[3] A month later the
+Prince started on a Continental tour accompanied by the Rev. Mr. Tarver
+as his chaplain and director of studies. He stayed some time in Rome,
+where he visited the Pope, on May 7 reached Gibraltar, and from thence
+visited the south of Spain and Lisbon. He reached home in the middle of
+June and took up a serious course of study at Edinburgh, with the late
+Lord Playfair as his instructor in chemistry, and with other equally
+distinguished teachers in specific lines or subjects. The public was at
+this time taking much interest in these studies of the Heir Apparent and
+fear was expressed that he might, perhaps, be over-educated. _Punch_
+expressed this feeling in the following lines:
+
+    "To the south from the north, from the shores of the Forth,
+    Where at hands Presbyterian pure science is quaffed,
+    The Prince, in a trice, is whipped to the Isis,
+    Where Oxford keeps springs mediæval on draught.
+
+         *     *     *     *     *
+
+    Dipped in grey Oxford mixture (lest _that_ be a fixture),
+    The poor lad's to be plunged in less orthodox Cam.,
+    Where dynamics and statics, and pure mathematics,
+    Will be piled on his brain's awful cargo of cram."
+
+After three months of Edinburgh training the Prince Consort went down
+and held a sort of conference with the teachers. He wrote as to the
+result[4] that they all spoke highly of their pupil, who seemed to have
+shown zeal and goodwill. "Dr. Lyon Playfair is giving him lectures on
+chemistry in relation to manufactures and, at the close of each special
+course, he visits the appropriate manufactory with him so as to explain
+its practical application. Dr. Schmitz gives him lectures on Roman
+history. Italian, German and French are advanced at the same time; and
+three times a week the Prince exercises with the 16th Hussars who are
+stationed in the city." It was of this period that Sir Wemyss Reid, in
+his biography of Lord Playfair, tells an amusing story. The Prince and
+Dr. Playfair were standing near a cauldron containing lead which was
+boiling at white heat. "Has Your Royal Highness any faith in science,"
+said the Professor and the reply was, "Certainly." The latter then
+carefully washed the Prince's hand with ammonia and said:
+
+"Will you now place your hand in this boiling metal and ladle out a
+portion of it?"
+
+"Do you tell me to do this?" asked the Prince.
+
+The answer was in the affirmative and the Prince instantly put his hand
+into the boiling mass and ladled out some of it without sustaining any
+injury. Following this period of study at Edinburgh University came the
+celebration of the Prince's nineteenth birthday and a hunting party in
+the Highlands. Thence the Prince went to Oxford for a time and was
+admitted a member of Christ Church College where he joined freely in the
+social life and sports of the institution. On January 16, 1861, after
+his return from Canada, he became an under-graduate of Trinity College,
+Cambridge, and was allowed, by special favour, to live in a neighbouring
+village with his Governor--Colonel Bruce. Here lectures were again given
+to the Prince by Canon Kingsley and the young man was kept pretty close
+to his studies during the winter of that year. In the summer he went on
+military duty in Ireland and the Queen thus recorded in her _Diary_ a
+visit paid to him at Curragh on August 26th: "At a little before three
+we went to Bertie's hut which is, in fact, Sir George Brown's. It is
+very comfortable--a nice little bedroom, sitting-room, drawing-room, and
+a good sized dining-room where we lunched, with our whole party. Col.
+Percy commands the Guards and Bertie is placed specially under him. I
+spoke to him and thanked him for treating Bertie as he did, just like
+any other officer, for I know that he keeps him up to his work in a way,
+as General Bruce told me, that no one else had done; and yet Bertie
+likes him very much."
+
+
+DEATH OF THE PRINCE CONSORT
+
+This was the last birthday of the Prince Consort and it was spent
+travelling to Killarney with the Queen, the Prince of Wales and the
+younger members of the Royal family. A few days there and then the young
+Prince returned to camp. In the autumn he visited the Rhine manoeuvres
+of the German army and met his future bride, the Princess Alexandra. He
+then returned to Cambridge and from thence journeyed in haste to Windsor
+on December 13th to be present at his father's death-bed on the
+following evening. No sadder event has occurred in the history of
+English royalty than this premature and much-mourned death of the good
+and really great Prince Consort. To the young Heir Apparent it meant the
+loss of a loving father, a careful guardian, a watchful and wise
+adviser. To the wife and widow it meant the ruin of a great happiness
+and a sorrow which no passing years could ever remove. Sir Theodore
+Martin's beautiful description of the scene at the death-bed, at which
+knelt the Queen, the Princess Alice, the Princess Helena and the Prince
+of Wales, may well be given here: "In the solemn hush of that mournful
+chamber there was such grief as has rarely hallowed any death-bed. A
+great light, which had blessed the world, and which the mourners had
+but yesterday hoped might long bless it, was waning fast away. A
+husband, a father, a friend, a master, endeared by every quality by
+which man in such relations can win the love of his fellow-man, was
+passing into the Silent Land, and his loving glance, his wise counsels,
+his firm, manly thought should be known among them no more. The Castle
+clock chimed the third quarter after ten. Calm and peaceful grew the
+beloved form; the features settled into the beauty of a perfectly serene
+repose; two or three long, but gentle breaths were drawn; and that great
+soul had fled to seek a nobler scope for its aspirations in the world
+within the veil, for which it had often yearned, where there is rest for
+the weary, and where 'the spirits of the just are made perfect.'"
+
+Not long before his death the Prince Consort had readily agreed to his
+son's wish for a visit to the Holy Land and had planned the
+preliminaries of the tour before he was stricken by the disease which
+carried him off. After that sad event it was felt by the Queen that such
+a journey would now be doubly wise and proper and she made arrangements
+for General Bruce to accompany the Prince, together with Major Teesdale,
+Captain Keppel and a small suite. By special wish of the Prince Consort
+and at the urgent request of the Queen, the Rev. Dr. Arthur Penrhyn
+Stanley consented to accompany the Prince. He joined the Royal party at
+Alexandria on February 28, 1862, and they at once proceeded to Cairo and
+from thence visited the Pyramids. A little later Palestine was reached
+and, following in the historic steps of Richard Coeur de Lion and
+Edward I., another Heir to the British Throne finally reached Jerusalem.
+The closely-guarded Cave of Macphelah was opened to the Prince of Wales
+as well as the famous Mosque of Hebron which for nearly seven hundred
+years had been closed to even Royal visitors. Lake Tiberias, Bethany,
+Bethlehem, the Groves of Jericho, were visited and some time was spent
+in tents upon the journey to Damascus. From thence the party traveled
+to Beyrout, visited Tyre and Sidon, and proceeded to Tripoli. The
+journey was made by the Prince so as to include Patmos, Ephesus, Smyrna,
+Constantinople, Athens and Malta. From every place where it was possible
+the Prince collected flowers which he carefully sent to his sister, the
+Princess Royal. Of His Royal Highness during this interesting tour Dean
+Stanley put on record his opinion at the time: "It is impossible not to
+like him and to be constantly with him brings out his astonishing memory
+of names and persons.... I am more and more struck by the amiable and
+endearing qualities of the Prince."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Sarah, Lady Lyttelton, daughter of the second Earl Spencer and wife
+of the third Lord Lyttelton. Born 1787, Died 1870.
+
+[2] This officer afterwards became Major-General Sir C. C. Teesdale
+V.C., K.C.M.G., C.B. and was A.D.C. to the Queen in 1877-87. Major
+Lindsay was better known in later years as Colonel Sir Robert
+Lloyd-Lindsay K.C.B. In 1885 he was raised to the Peerage as Lord
+Wantage.
+
+[3] He afterwards became a Major-General in the Army and died in 1862 of
+fever caught while with the Prince of Wales during his Eastern tour.
+
+[4] Martin's _Life of the Prince Consort_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+Royal Tour of British America and the United States
+
+
+The first important public event in the career of the young Prince was
+one which, during forty years, has held a marked place in Canadian
+memories and a prominent place in Canadian and American history. In some
+respects the tour of the Prince of Wales, in 1860, through the scattered
+and disconnected Provinces of British America has wielded an influence
+far out of proportion to the contemporary judgment of the event; beyond,
+perhaps, what the Queen and Prince Consort in their wise and patriotic
+policy of the time hoped to achieve. It was, in reality, the first break
+in the hitherto steady progress of the Manchester school theory
+regarding ultimate Empire disruption; the first check given to the
+widely accepted doctrine that the Colonies were of no use except for
+trade and, in any case, were like the fruit which ripens only to fall
+from the parent stem.
+
+Mr. Bright, Lord John Russell, Sir George Cornewall Lewis, Mr. Cobden,
+Lord Ashburton, Lord Ellenborough, Lord Derby, and many others, were at
+this time touched with the blight of these theories and to them there
+was no sense, and nothing but expense, in trying to cultivate Colonial
+loyalty or promote Colonial co-operation.
+
+
+IMPERIAL CONDITIONS IN 1860
+
+To this school--and it was one embracing many able men and
+thinkers--trade was more important than any other consideration, and the
+greatest object of external policy was the development of friendly
+relations with the United States. American extension of territory was
+not looked upon with alarm even when it took a slice of the Maine
+boundary and threatened trouble over that of Oregon. The Republic had
+not yet gone in seriously for high protection and did not, therefore,
+vitally touch the pockets of patriots who could not foresee, even in
+their keen regard for commerce and its development, that trade and
+territory were in the future to be most intimately related.
+
+The Queen and Prince Consort did, however, understand something of the
+future of the Empire--dimly it might be but still effectively. It had
+been announced during the progress of the Crimean War that a Royal tour
+of British America might be arranged within a few years, and the
+Canadian Legislature, on May 14th, 1859, took advantage of the coming
+completion of the great Victoria Bridge across the St. Lawrence, at
+Montreal, to tender a formal invitation to the Sovereign herself to be
+present at the opening ceremonies; to receive a personal tribute of the
+unwavering attachment of her subjects; and to more closely unite the
+bonds which attached the Province to the Empire. This unanimously-passed
+address was taken to London by Mr. Speaker Henry Smith, and the response
+elicited was most favourable to the indirect request of the Assembly and
+Legislative Council--the initiative in the matter being due to a motion
+by the Hon. P. M. M. S. Vankoughnet in the latter House. The
+Governor-General received a reply, dated January 30th, 1860, and signed
+by the Duke of Newcastle, Colonial Secretary, which stated that Her
+Majesty greatly regretted that her duties at the Seat of the Empire
+would prevent so long an absence, but that it might be possible for H.
+R. H. the Prince of Wales to attend the ceremony at a later date. "The
+Queen trusts that nothing may interfere with this arrangement for it is
+Her Majesty's sincere desire that the young Prince, on whom the Crown
+of this Empire will devolve, may have the opportunity of visiting that
+portion of her dominions from which this Address has proceeded and may
+become acquainted with a people in whose progress towards greatness, Her
+Majesty, in common with her subjects in Great Britain, feels a lively
+and enduring sympathy."
+
+
+THE PRINCE COMMENCES HIS TOUR
+
+Preparations were at once commenced in the British Provinces to properly
+receive the Royal guest. By the 9th of July all arrangements in England
+had been made, including the acceptance of an invitation to visit the
+United States--as a private gentleman under the title of Lord Renfrew.
+On that date the Prince sailed from Plymouth in the ship _Hero_
+after replying to a farewell address, when he declared that he was
+proceeding to "the great possessions of the Queen in North America
+with a lively anticipation of the pleasure which the sight of a noble
+land, great works of nature and human skill and a generous and active
+people must produce." The Royal suite was composed of the Duke of
+Newcastle--practically guardian to the youthful Prince; the Earl of St.
+Germans, Lord Chamberlain to the Queen; General, the Hon. Robert Bruce;
+Dr. Auckland and two Equerries--Major Teesdale, V.C., and Captain Grey.
+
+Newfoundland was first reached on July 23d. An enthusiastic reception
+was given to the Royal visitor at St. John's by ringing bells, lusty
+cheers, waving flags and evening illuminations. The Prince was received
+by the Governor, Sir Alexander Bannerman, and then passed in procession
+through beautiful arches and decorations to Government House. A levée
+was held, many addresses received and a collective reply given, in which
+the Prince made the statement that "I shall carry back a lively
+recollection of the day's proceedings and your kindness to myself
+personally; but, above all, of these hearty demonstrations of patriotism
+which prove your deep-rooted attachment to the great and free country
+of which we all glory to be called sons." A ride around the town
+followed, without ceremony, and in the evening a state dinner and ball
+were given. The attendance at the latter was very large and the Prince
+delighted everyone, and particularly the ladies, by dancing with evident
+zest and pleasure until three o'clock in the morning. During the day
+thus commenced he left the Island amid every evidence of popularity and
+loyalty--after accepting a handsome Newfoundland dog as a present from
+the people and presenting Lady Bannerman with a set of jewels in
+commemoration of his visit.
+
+
+ARRIVAL AT HALIFAX
+
+The Royal squadron arrived at Halifax on the morning of July 30th and,
+despite unpleasant weather, the entire city turned out to welcome the
+Queen's son. The streets were lined by the regular soldiers and
+volunteers and were beautifully decorated with arches, transparencies
+and evergreens. The arches numbered seventeen and included one which the
+Roman Catholic Archbishop Connolly had erected at his own expense. The
+Prince was received by His Excellency the Earl of Mulgrave--afterwards
+Marquess of Normanby--and Rear-Admiral Sir Alexander Milne,
+Major-General Trollope and the members of the Provincial Government.
+Mayor Caldwell read an address expressing "devotion to the British
+throne and attachment to British institutions" and His Royal Highness in
+reply referred to the noble Harbour of Halifax in which all the navies
+of Great Britain could "ride in safety." There was much enthusiasm shown
+in the streets and at one point 4000 children sang an adaptation of the
+National Anthem as a sort of welcoming ode. At Government House the Hon.
+William Young read an address from the Executive Council of the Province
+in which special reference was made to the Nova Scotians who had won
+laurels "beneath the Imperial flag" in the recent Crimean campaign. It
+was signed by the Hon. Joseph Howe, the Hon. A. G. Archibald, the Hon.
+J. McCully, the Hon. William Annand and others and, in replying, the
+Prince made a significant allusion to the Confederation policy of
+several years later when he expressed hopes for their happiness as a
+loyal and united people.
+
+On the following day a Royal review was held and in the evening a state
+dinner and ball were attended while illuminations turned the darkness of
+the outside night into brightness. At the ball the ladies selected as
+partners, according to a contemporary historian, were "principally the
+wives and daughters--much oftener the latter--of gentlemen connected
+with the staff or with the Government of the Province." The same
+writer[5] states that when the Prince adjourned to supper he begged that
+the ball might not proceed in his absence "as he would not be long away
+and his programme was full." The third day in Halifax included a Levée
+at Government House; the reception of the addresses from the Church of
+England, King's College, Windsor, the Masons, the Methodist Conference,
+the Free Church of Scotland, the Kirk of Scotland, the Roman Catholic
+Church, the Presbyterian Church, and Acadia College. A visit followed to
+the one-time residence and grounds of H. R. H. the Duke of Kent and a
+Regatta was witnessed. A state dinner and reception at Government House,
+a torch-light procession of Firemen and a display of fireworks in the
+evening closed the events of the visit. Early in the morning of August
+2nd, His Royal Highness left for St. John--stopping on the way at
+Windsor, which was beautifully decorated, to receive an address and
+partake of a banquet. An address was also accepted at Hautsport.
+
+On the following morning the Prince was welcomed at St. John by Mr.
+Manners-Sutton, the Lieutenant-Governor, the members of the Government,
+the Judges, etc. At one point during the procession to his temporary
+residence 5000 school children sang patriotic airs and threw flowers at
+their Royal guest. The usual addresses and evening illuminations
+followed--the latter eclipsing those of Halifax, or St. John's,
+Newfoundland. August 4th and the Sunday which followed were spent at
+Fredericton. The Anglican Cathedral was attended there and a sermon from
+Bishop Medley listened to. On the following day the Executive Council
+presented an address in which it stated that "if the necessity should
+ever arise all the available resources of New Brunswick will be freely
+offered for the defence of Imperial interests and the maintenance of
+national honour." The address from the City referred to "the universal
+heart-throb of our Empire of perpetual sunlight" and another address was
+presented from the Anglican clergy. The Prince replied appropriately to
+each and afterwards held a Levée at Government House and attended a
+grand ball held in his honour. On Tuesday, August 7th, he started from
+Prince Edward Island, being enthusiastically welcomed on the way at
+Indiantown and Carleton in New Brunswick, and at Truro and Picton in
+Nova Scotia.
+
+The Prince of Wales arrived at Charlottetown on the morning of August
+9th and, despite pouring rain, was received by crowds in a tastefully
+decorated city. He was formally welcomed by Lieutenant-Governor George
+Dundas, Chief Justice Hodgson, Premier, the Hon. Charles Palmer, and all
+the dignitaries and officials of the Island. As the procession passed to
+Government House 2000 children sang the National Anthem and the crowds
+cheered enthusiastically. A Levée was held on the following day, a
+review of the volunteers proceeded with, and addresses received from the
+Provincial and Civic authorities. A ball at the Provincial Building
+concluded the festivities and the Prince danced until three in the
+morning. The Royal visitor then departed for the Upper Provinces and
+arrived in Gaspé Bay, on August 12th, after seeing much that was
+beautiful in the way of scenery. Here the Prince was formally welcomed
+to the Canada of that day by His Excellency Sir Edmund W. Head,
+Governor-General of all British America, and by the Canadian Ministry,
+which included the Hon. John A. Macdonald, George E. Cartier, A. T.
+Galt, John Ross, N. F. Belleau, J. C. Morrison, L. S. Morin and others
+of historic name. A visit to the gloomy and splendid scenes along the
+Saguenay followed and on August 17th, after passing further up the St.
+Lawrence, Quebec was reached by the Royal fleet. The succeeding day was
+marked by His Royal Highness' first public entry into Canada.
+
+
+THE ROYAL WELCOME AT QUEBEC
+
+No more splendid natural setting for a national event can be found in
+the world than that afforded by the crowning heights, the broad sweep of
+river, the ancient and towering fortress of Quebec. Upon this occasion
+the old-fashioned French city, nestling upon the sides of the cliff, was
+vivid with flags and the narrow streets filled with arches, while crowds
+of interested people thronged every part of the place. The Heir to the
+Throne was formally received at the wharf by the Governor-General, who
+was accompanied by the Canadian Ministry in their uniforms of blue and
+gold; Lord Lyons, the British Minister at Washington; Lieutenant-General
+Sir W. Fenwick Williams, Commander of the Forces; Sir A. N. McNab, Sir
+E. P. Taché, Major H. L. Langevin and others prominent in the public
+life of the Provinces. In a special Pavilion which had been erected, the
+Prince was presented by Major Langevin--better known to a subsequent
+generation as Sir Hector Langevin, M.P.--with an address describing the
+loyalty of the French population to British institutions and connection.
+In his reply the Royal guest spoke of the differences of origin,
+language and religion as being "lost in one universal spirit of
+patriotism which had knit all classes to the Mother-land in common ties
+of equal liberty and free institutions." During the procession through
+the city which followed there was much cheering, and in the evening,
+despite the rain which had poured all day, the illuminations were
+exceedingly good.
+
+On the following day the Anglican Cathedral was attended by His Royal
+Highness with the Governor-General and their suites. The succeeding day
+was again stormy but a visit was paid to the Chaudière Falls and on
+Tuesday a Levée was held at the old Parliament Buildings attended by the
+Roman Catholic Hierarchy of the Province of Quebec in a body, clad in
+purple robes, and followed in order by the Judges and members of the
+Legislative Council and Assembly of the United Provinces of Upper and
+Lower Canada--as Ontario and Quebec were then generally called. An
+address was presented on behalf of the Council by its Speaker, the Hon.
+N. F. Belleau and replied to by the Prince, after which he conferred the
+honour of knighthood upon Mr. Belleau. An address was then presented on
+behalf of the Assembly by its Speaker, the Hon. Henry Smith, who also
+received the distinction of being personally knighted by the Royal
+visitor. Other addresses were presented and later in the day a visit was
+paid to the beautiful Falls of Montmorenci--the route to which was
+ornamented with arches, flags and evergreens. In the evening a grand
+ball was given and the Prince danced through almost the entire
+programme. On the following day a visit was paid to Laval University and
+an address received from the Roman Catholic Hierarchy at the hands of
+Bishop Horan of Kingston, as well as one from the University. The former
+document stated that the Church was always careful to teach that Kings
+reign by God's will and that, therefore, "entire submission is due to
+the authority they have received from on high." They believed
+"traditional respect for the high moral principle of legitimate
+authority" to be the real strength of Canadian society. The Prince
+responded in fitting terms to both addresses. The Ursuline Convent was
+also visited and an address received. In the evening a display of
+fireworks was given and on the morning of August 23rd His Royal Highness
+departed for Three Rivers.
+
+
+THE PRINCE AT MONTREAL
+
+The trip up the River was a pleasant one and, after a brief stay at
+Three Rivers where the Mayor--Mr. J. E. Turcotte M.P.P.--presented an
+address, the journey was resumed to Montreal. Accompanying the steamer
+_Kingston_ (which had been specially fitted up for this occasion) from
+Three Rivers was another containing the members of the Legislature. All
+along the shores of the St. Lawrence were little crowds of _habitants_
+striving for a glimpse of the Royal visitor and, when nearing Montreal,
+he was received by a fleet of vessels crowded with cheering people. The
+reception in the city commenced on the morning of August 25th and was
+marked by the gathering of numerous crowds and intense interest. An
+address was presented by Mr. Charles S. Rodier, the Mayor of Montreal,
+in a handsome Pavilion specially erected for the purpose, and surrounded
+by the entire military and volunteer force of the district and city. The
+Mayor in his scarlet robes, the Ministers in their new Windsor uniforms,
+the officers in their varied military dress and Bishop Fulford and the
+Anglican clergy in their gowns, made quite a brilliant spectacle on the
+dais. After the Prince had replied to the address the Royal procession
+passed through the city to the Crystal Palace, the streets being gay
+with flags, banners, evergreens, transparencies and eight, more or less,
+handsome arches.
+
+At the new building, or Crystal Palace, an Exhibition was duly opened by
+the Prince, who then proceeded to the Victoria Bridge station where he
+was met by the Hon. John Ross, President of the Grand Trunk Railway, and
+other officials. An address was presented descriptive of the great
+structure across the St. Lawrence and, after his reply, the Prince was
+taken from the station to the Bridge in a carriage lined with crimson
+velvet and there proceeded to formally open it for public use. An
+elaborate luncheon, attended by 600 persons and presided over by Sir
+Edmund Head, followed. After receiving an address from the workmen
+employed in the undertaking His Royal Highness returned to the city and
+in the evening witnessed illuminations which made Montreal a blaze of
+light. On Sunday, the 26th, the Prince attended Christ Church Cathedral
+and heard a sermon from Bishop Fulford. During the succeeding day he
+witnessed a lacrosse game by Indians, watched a procession of Temperance
+organizations, and held a Levée at the Court House where addresses were
+presented from the Church of England, McGill College, the inhabitants of
+Red River Colony--now the City of Winnipeg--and others.
+
+In the evening one of the finest balls ever given on the Continent of
+America was attended by the Prince. The decorations were gorgeous and
+yet tasteful and the Royal guest is stated to have danced incessantly
+until half-past four in the morning. On Tuesday he visited Dickenson's
+Landing in a special car built by the Grand Trunk Railway and from
+thence went down the Rapids of the St. Lawrence in the steamer
+_Kingston_. The evening saw a Grand Musical Festival in his honour and
+on the following day a Royal review of 1600 troops took place. A visit
+followed to Sir George Simpson's residence at Isle Dorval, accompanied
+by a canoe excursion down the St. Lawrence under the auspices of the
+Hudson's Bay Company, of which Sir G. Simpson had so long been head. The
+evening witnessed a torch-light procession of Montreal Firemen. On
+August 30th the Royal visitor, the Governor-General and their suites,
+took a special train for St. Hyacinthe where the Prince was
+enthusiastically received and several addresses presented at the Roman
+Catholic College. At Sherbrooke, in the afternoon, flags were flying
+everywhere and arches had been erected on all the principal streets. An
+address was read by the Mayor, Mr. J. G. Robertson--afterwards for many
+years Treasurer of the Province. A visit was then paid to the residence
+of the Hon. A. T. Galt, Minister of Finance, and on the way thither His
+Royal Highness was almost smothered in bouquets of flowers thrown at him
+by young women along the route. A Levée was held here and hundreds of
+people presented. At Montreal in the evening, a great display of
+fireworks took place and on the following morning the Prince left the
+city finally.
+
+[Illustration: KING EDWARD AS PRINCE OF WALES
+  When visiting Canada in 1860]
+
+[Illustration: VISIT OF KING EDWARD WHEN PRINCE OF WALES TO TORONTO IN
+1860]
+
+
+AT THE CAPITAL OF THE UNITED PROVINCES
+
+At every village and town and tiny settlement on the way to Ottawa
+crowds turned out to welcome and cheer the passing visitor; while flags
+and arches and decorations indicated the pleasure of the people in more
+practical shape. Near the capital of the United Provinces of Upper and
+Lower Canada--seven years hence to be the capital of the new
+Dominion--the Prince of Wales was received by a fleet of steamers and
+1200 lumbermen and Indians in birch-bark canoes and was escorted into
+the city in a most picturesque style. Mayor Workman presented an address
+and a procession through the capital followed. On September 1st the
+corner stone of the splendid Parliament Buildings, which afterwards
+graced the hills of the Chaudière, was laid by the Royal visitor amid
+scenes of considerable dignity and much enthusiasm. Amongst those
+present were H. E. Sir Edmund Head, Lord Mulgrave, General Sir Fenwick
+Williams, Hon. John A. Macdonald and the other members of the Ministry.
+In the afternoon a state luncheon was given by the Government at which
+the Governor-General presided and the toasts proposed were presented
+respectively by His Excellency, Sir N. F. Belleau, Sir Henry Smith and
+the Prince himself. A visit to the Chaudière Falls followed and the
+usual illuminations were given in the evening. On Sunday Christ Church
+Cathedral was attended and early in the succeeding day the journey was
+resumed--Arnprior, Almonte and Brockville being visited and addresses
+received.
+
+At this point in the tour occurred an unfortunate misunderstanding with
+the Orangemen of Kingston and Toronto. While in Montreal the Duke of
+Newcastle--who was practically in charge of the Prince's movements so
+far as they affected state and public interests--heard that the members
+of the Loyal Orange Order proposed to erect arches along the route of
+the Royal procession in Toronto and Kingston and to decorate them with
+Orange colours and regalia. The Duke at once wrote to Sir Edmund Head
+that this would not do. "It is obvious that a display of this nature on
+such an occasion is likely to lead to religious feud and breach of the
+peace; and it is my duty to prevent, so far as I am able, the exposure
+of the Prince to supposed participation in a scene so much to be
+deprecated, and so alien to the spirit in which he visits Canada." He
+added that if the policy was persisted in he would advise the Prince not
+to visit the places in question.
+
+Sectarian feeling, it may be added, was very strong at this time in
+Upper Canada and the Catholics and Orangemen were drawn up in two
+distinctly hostile camps of religious and political thought. This was
+especially the case in Toronto and Kingston. The Governor-General at
+once wrote the Mayors of these two towns under date of August 31st and,
+in the course of his letter said: "You will bear in mind, Sir, that His
+Royal Highness visits this Colony on the special invitation of the whole
+people, as conveyed by both branches of the Legislature, without
+distinction of creed or party; and it would be inconsistent with the
+spirit and object of such an invitation, and such a visit, to thrust on
+him the exhibition of banners or other badges of distinction which are
+known to be offensive to any of Her Majesty's subjects." Roman Catholics
+called meetings to protest at the intended action of the Orangemen; the
+latter met in public and private and convinced themselves that the
+representatives of the former were being allowed to control the Prince's
+movements. They pointed to their own well-known loyalty to the Crown and
+British institutions and to the fact that Roman Catholics had been
+permitted every privilege in welcoming the Prince in Lower Canada.
+Eventually, although the Duke of Newcastle made every effort to smooth
+matters over, the City Council of Kingston and the Orangemen of that
+place refused to give way and the steamer _Kingston_, after sixteen
+hours had been given for consideration, passed in her course to
+Belleville without the Prince landing in the gaily decorated and
+historic town.
+
+Writing from the steamer on September 5th, before leaving for the next
+destination in the Royal tour, the Duke wrote to the Mayor a long letter
+in which the following sentence occurs: "What is the sacrifice I asked
+the Orangemen to make? Merely to abstain from displaying in the presence
+of a young Prince of 19 years of age--the heir to a sceptre which rules
+over millions of every form of Christianity--symbols of religious and
+political organization which are notoriously offensive to the members of
+another creed!" He expressed regret that the City Council had not
+accepted the suggestion to present their address on board the steamer as
+had been done by the Church of Scotland Synod. The reply of the Mayor,
+Mr. O. S. Strange, disclaimed sympathy with the Orangemen while
+defending a refusal to approve the advice given to the Prince of Wales.
+It also pointed out that the garbs and flags of the Orange Order were no
+more compromising to the Royal visitor than were the robes and insignia
+of the Catholic Hierarchy of Quebec during the reception in that
+Province.
+
+
+ROYAL RECEPTION AT TORONTO
+
+Belleville was reached on September 5th, but no landing was effected on
+account of Orange troubles of the same kind as at Kingston. The
+disappointment of the people was extreme, as the preparations had been
+elaborate and the decorations costly. Visits followed to Cobourg, where
+a ball was given; to Rice Lake, where an address was received from the
+Mississaga Indians; to Peterborough, Whitby and Port Hope, which were
+most lavishly decorated. Toronto was reached on September 7th and the
+greatest reception of the tour given to the Royal visitor. As the centre
+of Orange sentiment in Upper Canada some difficulty was feared, and as a
+matter of fact there was a misunderstanding between the Duke of
+Newcastle and Mayor Wilson--afterwards Sir Adam Wilson, Chief Justice of
+Ontario--regarding the Orange arch; but this was ultimately smoothed
+over. The city was gay with flags and decorations; nine arches had been
+erected in the principal streets; a large amphitheatre was built for the
+purposes of the formal reception; and the city was crowded with people.
+At the amphitheatre an address was received from the city and replied to
+by the Prince in a speech in which he referred to the generous loyalty
+of his welcome as the Queen's representative--"a loyalty tempered and
+yet strengthened by the intelligent independence of the Canadian
+character." A welcome was sung by 5000 school children and a procession
+through Toronto followed. Brilliant illuminations in the evening made
+the town bright and in the ensuing morning the Prince held a Levée at
+which one thousand gentlemen were presented.
+
+Addresses were presented during this function from the Upper Canada
+Bible Society, the Church of England Synod Trinity University, the
+Presbyterian Synod, the St. George's Society, the Temperance
+organizations, the County Council of York, and Knox College, and were
+duly replied to. In the afternoon His Royal Highness attended a
+reception given by the Law Society and in the evening a dance under the
+same auspices at Osgoode Hall. On the next day, Sunday, the Prince
+attended service at St. James Cathedral and listened to a sermon from
+Bishop Strachan. On Monday, an excursion was made to Collingwood, on the
+Georgian Bay, and the Prince was accompanied by the Governor-General,
+Sir Fenwick Williams and the Hon. Messrs. A. T. Galt, P. M. Vankoughnet,
+W. B. Robinson, J. Hillyard Cameron and others, as well as by his suite.
+At Newmarket, Aurora, Bradford and Barrie addresses were received and at
+every point along the Northern Railway there were decorations and crowds
+of people.
+
+At Collingwood there was luncheon and an enthusiastic reception and the
+Prince then returned to Toronto, where he watched the games of the
+Canadian Highland Society for a time. September 11th was a very wet day,
+but the Royal visitor attended a Regatta held under the auspices of the
+Royal Canadian Yacht Club, opened Queen's Park, and laid a pedestal for
+a statue to the Queen. He also reviewed the Toronto Volunteer Corps, and
+visited the University of Toronto where he received an address as well
+as one from Upper Canada College. A visit to the Educational Department
+of the Province and Knox College followed and a busy day was concluded
+by a great ball in the evening, at which the Prince danced until four in
+the morning.
+
+
+THE PRINCE IN THE WEST
+
+On September 12th His Royal Highness left Toronto for a trip through the
+western portion of Upper Canada (Ontario) and was welcomed at every
+station by decorations and cheering crowds. Arches were everywhere and
+salutes were fired with frequency. A short stop was made at Guelph and
+Stratford and an address was received at the German settlement of
+Peterburg, to which the Prince replied in the same language. In the
+afternoon London was reached and an enthusiastic reception given which
+included a torchlight procession and evening illuminations. Sarnia was
+visited on the following day and, besides the usual addresses, one was
+presented from the Indians of Upper Canada. At London, in the evening, a
+ball was given and the young Prince danced with the animation which he
+had displayed at all the entertainments of this character given in his
+honour. On September 14th he proceeded to visit Niagara Falls in a new
+and beautiful car specially constructed by the Great Western Railway
+Company.
+
+Woodstock, Paris, Brantford, Dunnville and Port Colborne were visited
+_en route_, and at the Falls in the evening most exquisite illuminations
+were exhibited for the pleasure of the visitor--lines of fire running
+along the cliffs while other kinds of light intensified the natural
+splendour of the scene. During his several days at this point, the
+Prince saw Blondin cross the chasm on a rope; attended service at the
+little church in the Canadian village; paid a brief visit to the
+American fort on the other side of Niagara River; saw the Welland Canal
+and visited Queenston Heights and the tomb of Sir Isaac Brock. At the
+latter place he received an address from one hundred and sixty survivors
+of the War of 1812 at the hands of Chief Justice Sir J. Beverley
+Robinson and, on September 18th, laid the corner-stone of an obelisk in
+honour of the chief Canadian hero of that contest. A visit to Port
+Dalhousie and Hamilton followed, and at the latter place the reception
+was marked by splendid decorations and much enthusiasm.
+
+In his reply to the address the Royal visitor was more than usually
+impressive--no doubt realizing that the end of this visit to a great
+country of the future was close at hand. "I can never forget," he said,
+"the scenes I have witnessed during the short time in which I have
+enjoyed the privilege of associating myself with the Canadian people,
+which must ever be a bright epoch in my life. I shall bear away with me
+a grateful remembrance of kindness and affection which, as yet, I have
+been unable to do anything to merit; and it shall be the constant effort
+of my future years to prove myself not unworthy of the love and
+confidence of a generous people." Fire-works, a state concert, a visit
+to the Central School, a luncheon at the Royal Hotel, a visit to the
+waterworks and a grand ball in the evening were amongst the events of
+the stay in Hamilton. On September 20th the last address received and
+answered by His Royal Highness in Canada was presented by the
+Agricultural Society of Upper Canada. To its loyal phrases the King and
+Emperor of a distant future made this final response: "My duties as
+representative of the Queen, deputed by her to visit British North
+America, cease this day; but in a private capacity I am about to visit,
+before I return home, that remarkable land which claims with us a common
+ancestry and in whose extraordinary progress every Englishman feels a
+common interest. Before I quit British soil let me once more address
+through you the inhabitants of United Canada and bid them an
+affectionate farewell. May God pour down his choicest blessings upon
+this great and loyal people."
+
+
+THE PRINCE OF WALES IN THE UNITED STATES
+
+Windsor was reached in the evening and after words of loyal greeting had
+been received from its people, the Prince of Wales left Canadian soil
+and, accompanied by the Governor of Michigan and the Mayor of Detroit,
+crossed the river to United States territory and was welcomed there as
+Lord Renfrew--one of his many minor titles. This part of the Royal tour
+had been arranged as a result of an invitation received by the Queen
+from President Buchanan dated June 4th, 1860, and expressing the hope
+that His Royal Highness' visit would be extended to the Republic. This
+had been agreed to by the Queen who intimated in reply that, while in
+the United States, the Prince would drop all Royal state and travel
+under the name of Lord Renfrew as he was accustomed to do on the
+Continent of Europe. It may be said, in passing, that this _incognito_
+was very slightly observed and that the Royal visitor was welcomed
+everywhere as the heir to the British throne and the son of a
+much-respected and friendly Sovereign.
+
+At Detroit the Prince parted from the Governor-General of Canada and the
+members of the Canadian Government who had hitherto accompanied him and,
+after a drive around the city and a brilliant illumination in the
+evening, departed on the morning of September 21st for Chicago. A
+special car was provided by the Michigan Central Railway. At Chicago
+there was no formal welcome or function; no particular enthusiasm or
+crowds. The Prince was driven around the great new city of the West and
+enjoyed his first experience of the panorama of American development
+which that centre even then presented. He did not stay long and on the
+22nd departed for Dwight, in the same State, where four days were spent
+in shooting. On September 27th he arrived at St. Louis, then a place of
+about seventeen thousand people, and here His Royal Highness visited the
+State Fair. There were estimated to have been twenty-eight thousand
+persons in the amphitheatre of the Fair and a curious incident of the
+visit is recorded by a writer, already quoted, who states that a vain
+search of the city had been made for a Union Jack to place beside the
+American flag on the central building.
+
+From St. Louis the Prince proceeded to Cincinnati, in Ohio, and on the
+evening of September 29th attended a ball given by an enterprising
+citizen who had just erected a handsome new theatre. On Sunday, St.
+John's Church was visited and a sermon preached by Bishop McIlvaine.
+Pittsburg was reached on October 1st and an enthusiastic but informal
+reception accorded. Harrisburg was the next place visited and it was
+noted that, as the Prince and his suite went further east and south, the
+curious crowds gave place to increasingly enthusiastic crowds. At
+Baltimore immense throngs of people had gathered and thence on October
+3rd the Royal party proceeded to Washington which they reached in the
+afternoon. The Prince, who had been accompanied through American
+territory by Lord Lyons, the British Minister, was welcomed to the
+capital by General Cass and then driven to the White House where, in the
+evening, a state reception was given in his honour.
+
+On the following day the President held a Levée, accompanied by "Lord
+Renfrew," and a great number of people attended. Afterwards a visit was
+paid to the handsome public buildings of the city. On October 5th,
+President Buchanan, his niece, Miss Harriet Lane, the Prince of Wales
+and many members of the American Cabinet and Diplomatic Corps, as well
+as the Duke of Newcastle and Lord Lyons, visited Mount Vernon. There,
+for a few moments, the descendant of George III. stood with uncovered
+head before the tomb of George Washington. In the evening a state dinner
+was given by Lord Lyons and on the following day the Prince left
+Washington for Richmond. Here his most enjoyable experience is said to
+have been, not the historical explanations and hospitable companionship
+of Governor Letcher, but the first taste of a mint julep mixed by a
+negro of much local fame in the preparation of this cooling drink.
+Baltimore was visited on October 8th and Philadelphia on the 10th. At
+some of these centres of population the Prince was able to spend a part
+of the day, incognito, amongst the people who, in perfect ignorance of
+his presence, no doubt taught the future King of Great Britain much that
+he would never otherwise have known as to public opinion in a country
+where the courses of freedom were uncontrolled by custom and unshackled
+by precedent or tradition. A feature of the visit to Philadelphia was a
+splendid concert given in the Opera House, at which Patti and others
+sang to a brilliant audience amidst striking decorations. To the verses
+of "God Save the Queen" were added the following lines:
+
+    "Long may the Prince abide,
+    England's hope, joy and pride,
+      Long live the Prince;
+    May England's future King,
+    Victoria's virtues bring,
+    To grace his reign.
+      God save the Prince."
+
+On October 11th the Prince of Wales arrived in New York and was welcomed
+on his steamer by General Winfield Scott and a reception committee. At
+the landing place Mayor Fernando Wood received him with the simple
+words: "As Chief Magistrate of this city, I welcome you here and believe
+that I represent the entire population without exception." The guest's
+reply was equally brief and then, clad in a Colonel's uniform, the
+Prince was driven through crowded streets to the City Hall, where six
+thousand soldiers were reviewed, and thence to the Fifth Avenue Hotel.
+The only unpleasant incident of the visit was the refusal of an Irish
+regiment to turn out upon this occasion with the other troops. During
+the following day His Royal Highness visited the University of New York,
+the Astor Library and the Cooper Institute. At the first-named
+institution he listened to an address on the electric telegraph from
+Professor Morse. In the evening a splendid ball was given at the Academy
+of Music where brilliant decorations vied with the beautiful costumes.
+
+On the following day the Prince, with his suite, visited Brady's
+photograph gallery and Barnum's Museum and, in the evening, witnessed a
+torch-light procession of five thousand Firemen. At the first-named
+place he inspected and asked for portraits of the eminent men of the
+United States and especially inquired for one of Secretary W. L. Marcy.
+Trinity Church was attended on Sunday and a sermon heard from the Rev.
+Dr. Francis Vinton--assisted in the service by a number of other
+clergymen. The church was crowded and ten thousand people waited outside
+to see the Royal visitor. New York was left on the following morning and
+West Point and Albany visited. In the afternoon of October 17th the
+Prince and his suite arrived at Boston and were formally welcomed by the
+Governor of Massachusetts as representing a country with which the
+American people were, he declared, united by "many ties of language, law
+and liberty." At luncheon the Hon. Edward Everett was one of the guests
+as the Hon. W. H. Seward had been at a dinner in Albany. In the
+afternoon a children's concert was given at the Music Hall in honour of
+the Prince and an Ode written by Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes was sung with
+enthusiasm to the air of the British National anthem. It commenced with
+the following verse:
+
+    "God bless our fathers' Land,
+    Keep her in heart and hand,
+      One with our own.
+    From all her foes defend,
+    Be her brave people's friend,
+    On all her realms descend
+      Protect her throne!"
+
+A ball was given in the evening at the Boston Theatre and, on the
+following morning, a flying visit paid to Cambridge and to Harvard
+University. Incidentally, it may be added, the Prince met Longfellow,
+Emerson, Holmes and others during his stay in Boston. On October 20th he
+reached Portland and, amid roaring cannon, ringing bells and crowds of
+cheering people passed from the shores of America to his ship in the
+ranks of a British squadron and thence home to the British Isles. On
+November 15th, His Royal Highness arrived at Plymouth and shortly
+afterwards the Duke of Newcastle received the Order of the Garter from
+the Queen as a token of her appreciation of his conduct during the Royal
+tour. Under date of December 8th Her Majesty communicated to the
+American President, through Lord Lyons, her great satisfaction at "the
+feeling of confidence and affection" which had been shown upon this
+occasion by the people of the United States towards herself and her
+country.
+
+Speaking on the same date at Nottingham, England, the Duke of Newcastle
+stated that during his recent visit to British North America he had
+"witnessed such devotion to the Sovereign and these realms as no one who
+had not witnessed it himself would be willing to believe. It was a
+demonstration of the attachment of the entire people to the throne of
+England and of their veneration for the lady who at present occupied it.
+It was a loyalty not of creed, nor of party, nor of race." As to the
+United States the influence of the Queen's personality had been even
+more striking. The reception of the Prince there had been an
+extraordinary one. "With one solitary exception they met with nothing
+but enthusiasm and, in fact, he did believe that the visit of the Prince
+of Wales to America had done more to cement the good feeling between the
+two countries than could possibly have been affected by a quarter of a
+century of diplomacy."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] Robert Cellem in _Visit of the Prince of Wales_ to Toronto, Canada,
+1861.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+The Royal Marriage
+
+
+Three years after the birth of the Heir to the British Throne, in one of
+the historic palaces of his family and country, there was born on
+December 1st, 1844, in a comparatively humble home at Copenhagen, the
+Princess Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louisa Julia of Denmark. The
+house was called a palace, her father was Heir to the Throne of Denmark,
+and became King Christian IX. on November 15th, 1863, but the mansion
+was, none the less, a quiet and unostentatious place, and the Prince a
+personage with hardly more resources or a larger revenue than many an
+English country gentleman.
+
+Simplicity and domesticity were the guiding principles of the Princess
+Alexandra's education and training. Her mother, the late Queen Louise of
+Denmark, was beautiful, graceful and clever, and seems to have possessed
+that love of home which is more rare than even the striking combination
+of qualities just mentioned. She was passionately fond of music, while
+Prince Christian was fond of drawing, and these subjects, together with
+languages and needle-work and all the essentials of the most simple home
+work and management, were taught to the girls who were respectively to
+become Empress of Russia, Queen of Great Britain, and Duchess of
+Cumberland in after years.
+
+As the years passed on the Princess Alexandra became probably the most
+beautiful girl in the Courts of Europe, and one of the least known
+outside a limited family circle. When hardly seventeen, and at a period
+in which the marriage of the young Prince of Wales was being seriously
+thought of by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, he chanced to see a
+portrait of the Princess. There seems to be no doubt that it was purely
+by accident--unless the wise and far-seeing Prince Consort indirectly
+controlled the incident--and that the picture of the lovely young girl,
+smiling from out of simple surroundings and a simple costume, had an
+immediate effect. He kept the photograph, and a little later saw a
+miniature of the Princess at the home of a friend. In a surprisingly
+short time the Prince had heard that the original of the picture was
+"the most beautiful girl in Europe," and was on his way to Prussia to
+attend the military manoeuvres of the season. The Crown Prince and
+Princess of Denmark happened to be travelling in the vicinity at the
+time.
+
+
+THE PRINCE MEETS PRINCESS ALEXANDRA
+
+On September 24th, 1861, the Prince of Wales and his party met the
+Danish Royal party in the Cathedral of Worms, and the former had a first
+glance at his future wife. Then followed a few days at the Castle of
+Heidelberg, where they were all guests together, and about which a note
+in Prince Albert's _Diary_ of September 30th says that "the young people
+seem to have taken a warm liking for each other." Less than three months
+after this entry the writer had passed away, but the sad event only made
+the widowed Queen more anxious for her son's marriage. Further meetings
+occurred at the Princess Frederick's--the English Crown Princess--and
+elsewhere, and on September 9th, 1862, the betrothal took place;
+although it was not publicly announced until November 8th. The Prince
+was then just twenty-one and the Princess not yet eighteen, and it was
+understood that some months would elapse before the marriage. Meanwhile,
+in August, Queen Victoria had first met and been charmed by her future
+daughter-in-law at the Laacken Palace of the King of the Belgians. The
+Danish people were naturally delighted at the news, and, poor as they
+were in a national sense, they at once subscribed a total sum of £8,000
+to constitute what was called the People's Dowry. This the Princess
+accepted with cordial thanks to the nation, but asked that a substantial
+portion of it be allotted to provide a dowry for six poor girls whose
+weddings should take place on the same day as her own.
+
+
+THE COMING OF THE PRINCESS
+
+Meantime the English people were expressing their pleasure at the news
+in various ways. The House of Commons voted the Prince of Wales a yearly
+income of £40,000 and his bride-to-be £10,000 for herself. Including the
+£40,000 from the Duchy of Cornwall this made a reasonable sum, while
+Sandringham and Marlborough House were allotted as Royal
+residences--requiring, however, much remodelling and improvement.
+Preparations of the most elaborate and splendid sort were made to
+welcome the lovely Danish Princess and into these arrangements the whole
+people seemed to throw themselves with mingled excitement and pleasure.
+
+In the little Copenhagen palace this turmoil was hardly known; the
+preparations certainly were not comprehended; and the quiet family were
+preparing in the most simple way for the great occasion--not the least
+excitement of the moment being the fact of their all going to England
+together. The wedding day was fixed for the 10th of March, and a few
+days before this the Princess left Denmark for her new home; passing
+over carpets of flowers strewn in her way by pressing and cheering
+crowds of affectionate people; receiving addresses everywhere, and
+smiles and tears and good wishes from simple peasants, who had decorated
+even their hedgerows and who made the departure look like a triumphal
+procession. Then King Frederick VII., presented her with a necklace of
+diamonds and a facsimile of the Dagmar Cross--that precious relic of
+early days and of the first Christian Queen of Denmark.
+
+The Princess arrived in the Thames on board the _Victoria and
+Albert_--which had been escorted from Flushing by a squadron of
+war-ships--on the morning of March 1st, and was welcomed at Gravesend by
+an outburst of enthusiasm which literally astounded her. A stately and
+formal reception she had, of course, anticipated but the splendour of
+what actually appeared, the elaborate character of the preparations, the
+surprising interest shewn by the people, were indeed revelations of the
+changed conditions into which the bride of the Heir Apparent had come.
+At Gravesend the dense crowds which lined the shores, or at least some
+portion of them, saw a sight which has been well described as pretty--"A
+timid girlish figure, dressed entirely in white, who appeared on the
+deck at her mother's side and then retiring to the cabin, was seen first
+at one window then at another, the bewildering face framed in a little
+white bonnet; the work of her own hands."
+
+
+HER RECEPTION IN ENGLAND
+
+When the Prince's yacht approached and he was seen to rush across the
+gangway, catch his bride in his arms and kiss her, the delight of the
+onlookers was unconstrained. As the Royal couple landed, girls strewed
+flowers under their feet. Then followed the glittering procession from
+Gravesend to London and thence to Windsor through long lines of
+decorated houses, garlanded and festooned roadways, flashing sabres and
+gorgeous uniformed soldiers. In London the streets were packed with
+people; triumphal arches, banners and devices were everywhere. In the
+poorer streets, in the homes of the artisan and the factory girl, there
+was the same effort to show pleasure in the happiness of the Princess
+and appreciation of her grace and beauty as there was in the great
+residential squares. At Eton there was a triumphal arch and a loyal
+gathering of enthusiastic boys; at Windsor the Queen received the
+Princess and conducted her to the suite of rooms which had been lately
+occupied by the Princess Alice. The first part, the popular reception,
+was over and it had proved how accurately the Poet Laureate had grasped
+the situation when he wrote of "the sea-king's daughter from over the
+sea" and gave that lordly command to the nation:
+
+    "Welcome her; thunders of fort and of fleet!
+    Welcome her; thundering cheer of the street!
+    Welcome her; all things youthful and sweet!
+    Scatter the blossoms under her feet."
+
+[Illustration: QUEEN VICTORIA, 1901
+  The Honored Mother of Edward VII]
+
+[Illustration: H. R. H. ALBERT, PRINCE CONSORT, THE FATHER OF EDWARD VII
+  From a painting by F. Winterhalter]
+
+[Illustration: THE CROWN JEWELS OF ENGLAND
+  These Jewels of untold value are kept to a well protected case in the
+  Tower of London. They include the ancient and modern Crowns]
+
+[Illustration: THE CORONATION OF EDWARD VII
+  King Edward received his crown at the hands of the venerable
+  Archbishop of Canterbury, at Westminster Abbey, on August 9,
+  1902, in the presence of representative peers and commoners of
+  the Empire]
+
+
+CELEBRATION OF THE MARRIAGE
+
+The marriage was celebrated in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, on March
+10th, the ceremony being performed by Dr. Longley, Archbishop of
+Canterbury, assisted by the Bishops of London, Winchester and Chester
+and by Dean Wellesley of Windsor. The Queen, owing to the Prince
+Consort's recent death, took no part officially but looked on from the
+Royal closet. The historic Chapel was a blaze of colour and jewels and
+the wedding guests numbered nine hundred of the highest rank and station
+and reputation in the land. Mr. Speaker Denison, afterwards Lord
+Ossington, in his _Diary_ gives a description of the scene. "It was a
+very magnificent sight--rich, gorgeous and imposing. Beautiful women
+were arrayed in the richest attire, in bright colours, blue, purple,
+red, and were covered with diamonds and jewels. Grandmothers looked
+beautiful: Lady Abercorn, Lady Westminster, Lady Shaftsbury. Among the
+young, Lady Spencer, Lady Castlereagh, Lady Carmarthen, were bright and
+brilliant. The Knights of the Garter in their robes looked each of them
+a fine picture. As each of the Royal persons, with their attendants,
+walked up the Chapel, at a certain point each stopped and made an
+obeisance to the Queen--the Princess Mary, the Duchess of Cambridge, the
+Princess of Prussia, the Princess Alice of Hesse, the Princess Helena,
+the Princess Christian, etc., each in turn formed a complete scene. The
+Princess Alexandra, with her bridesmaids, made the best and most
+beautiful scene. The Princess looked beautiful and very graceful in her
+manner and demeanour." The bridesmaids were eight in number--Lady
+Victoria Scott, Lady Victoria Howard, Lady Agneta Yorke, Lady Feodora
+Wellesley, Lady Diana Beauclerk, Lady Georgina Hamilton, Lady Alma
+Bruce, and Lady Helena Hare. They represented many of the noblest houses
+in England and wore dresses described as being of "white tulle over
+white glacé silk" and trimmed with roses, shamrocks and white heather.
+Each of them also wore a locket presented by the Prince of Wales and
+composed of coral and diamonds so as to represent the red and white
+national colours of Denmark. It is interesting to note that, in 1898,
+all these ladies were still living.
+
+During the ceremony, the Prince of Wales was supported by his uncle, the
+Duke of Saxe-Coburg, and his brother-in-law, the Crown Prince of
+Prussia. He wore the uniform of a British General, the Collar of the
+Garter, the Order of the Star of India and the rich, flowing purple
+velvet mantle of a Knight of the Garter. Princess Alexandra was given
+away by her father and wore a white satin skirt trimmed with garlands of
+orange blossoms and puffings of tulle and Honiton lace, the bodice being
+draped with the same lace, while the train of silver moire antique was
+covered with orange blossoms and puffings of tulle. She wore also the
+diamond and pearl necklace, earings and brooch, given her by the
+bridegroom and the _rivière_ of diamonds presented by the Corporation of
+London, as well as three bracelets given, respectively, by the Queen,
+the ladies of Leeds and the ladies of Manchester. Her beautiful hair was
+very simply dressed and on it lay a wreath of orange blossoms covered
+by a veil of Honiton lace. The bridal bouquet was composed of orange
+blossoms, white rosebuds, orchids and sprigs of myrtle. The actual
+ceremony was a very short one, the Prince giving his responses clearly,
+though the Princess was at times almost inaudible. The whole function
+had been a brilliant one--the first marriage celebrated in this Chapel
+since that of Henry I. in 1122--and no touch of mourning was allowed to
+mar the pageantry of the scene and the bright colours of uniforms and
+dresses.
+
+The wedding breakfast was held in the State dining-room and in St.
+George's Hall and, while it was proceeding, the King of Denmark was
+lavishly entertaining both rich and poor in the home country of the
+Royal bride. Throughout Great Britain that night bon-fires blazed, bells
+rang, houses were illuminated, balls and festivities were held, school
+children treated and banquets spread. Edinburgh excelled itself and some
+one has said that a pen of fire dipped in rainbow hues would have been
+needed to describe its pyrotechnic display. Meanwhile, the Prince and
+Princess of Wales had taken their departure for Osborne, which had been
+lent them by the Queen, and there the brief honeymoon was spent. At
+Reading, on the way thither, thirty thousand people met the train and
+presented the Princess with a bouquet. Writing of this most popular of
+historic weddings Canon Kingsley said in a private letter, dated March
+12th, that "one real thing I did see, and felt too, the serious grace
+and reverent dignity of my dear young Master, whose manner was perfect.
+And one other real thing--the Queen's sad face. I cannot tell you how
+auspicious I consider this event or how happy it has made the little
+knot of us (the Prince's Household in which he had recently become a
+Chaplain) who love him because we know him. I hear nothing but golden
+reports of the Princess from those who have known her long." A few days
+later, on March 25th, Lady Waterford wrote to a friend that she had just
+seen at a reception "the graceful, charming young Princess of Wales"
+and that she had been in no way disappointed as to the beauty of which
+all England was talking. "There was something charming in that very
+young pair walking up the room together. Her graceful bows and carriage
+you will delight in and she has--with lovely youth and well-formed
+features--a look of great intelligence beyond that of a mere girl. She
+wore the coronet of diamonds and a very long train of cloth of silver
+trimmed with lace, pearl and diamond necklace, bracelet and a stomacher
+and two love-locks of rich brown hair floated on her shoulders."
+
+
+EARLY HOME LIFE OF THE ROYAL COUPLE
+
+The Royal pair did not stay very long on the Isle of Wight and, after a
+visit to Buckingham Palace and Windsor, entered their new home at
+Sandringham on March 28th. Here the beautiful personality and character
+of the Princess soon impressed themselves upon the life of the house and
+its more public environment. She proved to be a model housewife, later
+on a model mother, and always and everywhere a model of tactful action
+and conversation. Pliability and adaptability were useful and important
+qualities which she found more than serviceable in these early years of
+her transition from a comparatively humble home to one of continuous
+splendour and almost constant state. Difficulties there naturally were
+of many minor sorts and formidable they no doubt were in the sum total.
+New customs to comprehend and adopt; new intricacies of a not entirely
+familiar language to become acquainted with; new and varied
+responsibilities in both domestic and public life to understand and put
+in practice; qualities of natural diffidence and reserve to overcome.
+But these and other obstacles were conquered with an apparent ease which
+concealed any real trouble in the struggle, and the Princess threw
+herself into the life and work of her husband and the spirit of the
+English people in a way which has ever since ensured to her the lasting
+love of those in her immediate circle and the deep-seated affection of
+the many-sided British public.
+
+During the three or four immediately following years the public
+appearances of the Prince and Princess of Wales were not numerous.
+Philanthropic interests were taken up and maintained, but domestic and
+home interests seemed to hold the first place. In August, 1864, a visit
+was paid to the Highlands and some weeks spent at Abergeldie. Here, Dr.
+Norman Macleod was amongst their guests and here they saw much of the
+Earl and Countess of Fife, parents of their future son-in-law, the
+present Duke of Fife. An autumn visit to Denmark followed and the Prince
+for the first time saw his wife's early home. A good deal of shooting
+was indulged in at and around Bernsdorff and from Elsinore, after a few
+weeks, the Royal couple went in their yacht to Stockholm on a visit to
+the King and Queen of Sweden. The infant, Prince Albert Victor, had been
+with them up to this time but he was now sent home in charge of the
+Countess de Grey and the Prince and Princess returned by way of Germany
+and Belgium. A short stay was made with the Prince and Princess Louis of
+Hesse at Darmstadt and another at Brussels. Sandringham was reached in
+time to celebrate the twentieth birthday of the Princess.
+
+An incident of this year was the personal subscription of £10,000 by the
+Prince of Wales toward the erection of the Frogmore Mausoleum in honour
+of his father and, it may be added, a very marked and significant
+feature of all his speeches during these years was deep respect and
+admiration for the Prince Consort's life and memory. In 1865 the Prince
+made his first State visit to Ireland and on May 9th opened the
+International Exhibition at Dublin. The weather was beautiful, the loyal
+demonstrations in the streets were most enthusiastic, the great hall
+where the ceremony took place was decorated with the flags of the
+nations and filled with the most distinguished gathering which Ireland
+could produce. The Duke of Leinster, the Earl of Rosse, and all the
+leading noblemen of the country were there, as well as the Lord Mayor
+and Corporation of Dublin in their civic robes, the Mayors of Cork and
+Waterford and Londonderry, the Lord Mayors of London and York and the
+Lord Provost of Edinburgh. When His Royal Highness took his place in the
+Chair of State an orchestra of one thousand voices performed the
+National Anthem and ten thousand other voices joined in song. After the
+ceremony, during which the Prince made two brief speeches, he attended
+in the evening a ball at the Mansion House given by the Lord Mayor.
+Meanwhile the city was brilliantly illuminated. In the morning he
+reviewed a number of troops in Phoenix Park and was received with much
+enthusiasm by the enormous crowds gathered around the scene.
+
+A little later, on May 19th, the Prince attended the opening of an
+International Reformatory Exhibition at Islington and received and
+answered an address from its President, Lord Shaftesbury. Three days
+afterwards he opened the Sailors' Home in the East End of London and was
+greeted by great crowds of cheering people. On June 5th, he marked his
+liking for the Drama by inaugurating the Royal Dramatic College at
+Woking and six days later received a banquet at the hands of the
+Fishmongers' Company in London. On July 3rd he was distributing prizes
+at Wellington College attended by the Bishop of Oxford, the Earl of
+Derby, Earl Stanhope, Lord Eversley and others.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+Early Home Life and Varied Duties
+
+
+During the years immediately succeeding his marriage the career of the
+Prince of Wales was one of initiation into the responsibilities of home
+life and the duties of public life. It was a period of moulding
+influences and a round of functions--some perfunctory, some pleasant. It
+was a time of trial for a very young man placed in a very high position,
+and with temptations which might easily have led him into temporary and
+even permanent forgetfulness of the responsibilities of the future.
+Several causes, apart from his own natural strength of character,
+combined to avert such a result. The sympathetic and gracious character
+of his wife and the perfection of management and detail which she
+introduced into the home life of Sandringham and the more public and
+social life of Marlborough House, were factors of importance. The
+recollection of his father's teachings and high ideals and the knowledge
+of his Royal mother's character and devotion to principle were important
+influences. The growth of family ties had its effect, and, finally, the
+shock of a sickness in 1871, which brought him to the verge of death and
+showed him the loving affection of the nation, completed the process of
+education in that difficult and dangerous road which the youthful Heir
+to a great Throne must always travel.
+
+Of the Princess of Wales in these years it is hard to speak too highly.
+Fond of domestic life, retiring by disposition and character, caring
+more for husband and family than for all the glitter and glory of the
+world's greatest functions or positions, she yet lived in the blaze of
+a continuous publicity without possible or actual criticism and with a
+ceaseless and ready charm of manner, a never-failing courtesy to high
+and low, an ever-increasing popularity. Amid all the innumerable duties
+and difficulties of her position there has never been a visible mistake
+committed. The right people have been cultivated and encouraged; the
+wrong people treated in a way which could not be resented nor
+misunderstood. The right thing has been said so often that it has come
+to appear the natural thing. An atmosphere of ideal refinement has
+always surrounded her, and its subtle influence has pervaded many a
+brilliant home and circle where other influences might easily have
+prevailed. In a time when calumny would attack an Archangel, and when
+its bitter barbs have been known to reach even the humanly perfect life
+of Queen Victoria, no shadow has ever crossed the curtain of her
+character. Of her tact--a quality which she possesses in common with the
+Prince of Wales--stories are innumerable, and of her quiet,
+unostentatious, continuous charity and natural kindliness of heart there
+are as many more.
+
+
+A BUSY MARRIED LIFE
+
+The married life of the Prince and Princess was a busy one. Sandringham
+had to be remodelled and various public duties attended to by the
+Heir-Apparent. One of the first visitors at their country home was the
+Rev. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, who had been so intimately associated with
+the education and early life of the Prince, and who was destined to
+always possess the privileges of a personal friend. Of this Easter
+Sunday, following the wedding, Dean Stanley wrote in his _Diary_ that
+"the Princess came to me in a corner of the drawing-room with Prayer
+Book in hand and I went through the common service with her, explaining
+the peculiarities and the likenesses and differences from the Danish
+service. She was most simple and fascinating. My visit to Sandringham
+gave me intense pleasure. I was there for three days. I read the whole
+service, preached, then gave the first English Sacrament to this 'angel
+in the Palace,' I saw a great deal of her, and can truly say she is as
+charming and beautiful a creature as ever passed through a fairy tale."
+
+
+THE PRINCE IN PUBLIC LIFE
+
+One of the first public appearances of the Prince of Wales after his
+marriage was attendance at the Royal Academy Banquet on May 2nd, 1863.
+Sir Charles Eastlake, the President, proposed the usual loyal toast, and
+in responding the young Prince is said to have spoken in a particularly
+clear and pleasing manner. Of the important personal event to which
+reference had been made he declared that neither the Princess nor
+himself could "ever forget the manner in which our union has been
+celebrated throughout the nation." Amongst the other speakers were Lord
+Palmerston, Mr. W. M. Thackeray and Sir Roderick Murchison. The first
+really important public event in the Prince's life at this period was
+the presentation of the freedom of the City of London on June 8th.
+Invitations had been issued to a couple of thousand of the most eminent
+persons in the public, social and diplomatic life of the country and
+exceedingly costly preparations were made for the reception, and for the
+ball and banquet which followed. The Prince and Princess of Wales were
+accompanied by Prince Alfred, the Duchess of Cambridge, the Duke and
+Princess Mary of Cambridge and other Royal personages. The Princess was
+clad in white, with a coronet and brooch of diamonds and a necklace of
+brilliants--the one her husband's wedding present and the other that of
+the City of London. The reply to the address and presentation was very
+brief but appropriate and the events which followed were remarkable for
+their splendour and air of general joyousness.
+
+A week later the Royal couple attended the Commemoration at Oxford and
+the Prince of Wales was presented with the degree of D.C.L. in the
+presence of a brilliant assemblage of Professors and visitors, and an
+enthusiastic throng of students. The latter gave the Princess a
+reception which made her flush with mingled nervousness and pleasure
+though it could not affect her natural dignity of bearing. She had not
+yet become accustomed to the overwhelming character which British
+enthusiasm sometimes assumes and, indeed, is said to have never
+absolutely overcome a personal shrinking from the publicity which was
+inseparable from her position and popularity. However that may be, the
+feeling was never shown to the people and, if a fact, can only be
+considered as enhancing the graciousness of manner which has been so
+marked a characteristic of her life in England. During this brief visit
+to Oxford Their Royal Highnesses distributed prizes to the Rifle
+Volunteers, opened a bazaar in aid of the Radcliffe Infirmary, inspected
+the exhibits at the Horticultural Show, and went over the Prince's
+one-time college residence at Frewen Hall.
+
+A hasty visit to the North of England in August was made to include the
+opening ceremony for a new Town Hall at Halifax and here the Royal
+couple received a most hearty welcome. Another function was the opening
+of the British Orphan Asylum on June 24th by the Prince, who became its
+Patron and promoted large subscriptions to its work--one of which from
+Mr. Edward Mackensie totalled $60,000. Though this was a very quiet year
+in comparison with those of the future, His Royal Highness extended his
+patronage, usually accompanied by liberal subscriptions, to eight public
+charities, eight hospitals and asylums, five agricultural societies and
+eleven learned and scientific societies--including the Society of Arts
+of which he became President. His first work in this latter connection
+was to promote and obtain a fund for sending a number of British
+workmen to the Paris Exhibition with a view to improving their
+mechanical and technical knowledge. He also associated himself with the
+Mendicity Society by means of which all the innumerable appeals for aid
+which came to him from time to time were investigated, sifted, and
+reported upon before action was taken. On May 18, 1864 the Prince
+presided for the first time at the Royal Literary Fund banquet and thus
+commenced a long period of active patronage toward an institution which
+has served a most useful purpose in England--the quick and secret
+dispensing of aid to literary men who from some cause or other might be
+destitute, or in need. Its objects were not local but international and
+in his speech on this occasion His Royal Highness pointed how well and
+quietly the work had been done.
+
+
+THE PRINCESS AND HER FAMILY
+
+Early in the year the first-born child of the Royal couple arrived on
+the scene. The event had been expected for March 1864 but the infant was
+born at Frogmore on January 9th and was christened on March 10th as
+Albert Victor Christian Edward. From infancy the Prince was somewhat
+delicate and, no doubt for that reason, was always supposed to be his
+mother's favourite child. The Princess of Wales was, at this time, not
+yet twenty but was devoted to her domestic duties and especially to the
+new arrival in their home. She would rather visit the nursery at any
+time than attend a State function or ball. Other children came in the
+following years. Prince George Frederick Ernest Albert, afterwards
+Prince of Wales, was born on June 3, 1865; Princess Louise Victoria
+Alexandra Dagmar, afterwards Duchess of Fife, on February 20, 1867;
+Princess Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary on July 6, 1868; and Princess Maud
+Charlotte Mary Victoria, sometime to be Princess Charles of Denmark, on
+November 26, 1869. In 1871 Prince Alexander John Charles Albert was
+born, but only lived for one brief day.
+
+As these children came one by one they found a most happy home circle
+and a devoted mother. In all their little amusements and games the
+Princess took part; in their training and education she took a watchful
+share; in their lives as a whole simplicity was made the guiding
+principle, as it had been in the Royal family of the past generation.
+From all accounts which are open to us she delighted much more in the
+nursery than in society. Dr. William Jenner saw the Royal children
+whenever necessary but the "coddling" so often seen in modern homes was
+unknown at Sandringham. The Prince believed as much in simplicity of
+bringing up as did his wife and, by special order, the Household and
+servants never used the prefix of "Royal Highness" to the children but
+addressed them as Prince Eddy, or Princess Louise, or whatever the name
+might be. The little girls, as their father always called them, had
+their tea with the nurses and were given few toys and never allowed to
+accept presents. No fuss was made over the little accidents inevitable
+to childhood and in every way life was kept devoid of state formality,
+or anything that would breed a sense of childish self-importance. When
+the Prince and Princess were away from home, as they frequently had to
+be, letters were daily exchanged with the head nurse. The result of this
+general system and of the later plan of making the young Princesses more
+and more companions of their mother and the boys, as far as
+circumstances would permit, of their father, created and maintained at
+Sandringham one of the most pleasant home circles in all England. An
+illustration of the spirit in which domestic anniversaries and incidents
+were approached may be found in lines composed by the Princess, on one
+occasion, for Prince George when the family were commencing to celebrate
+the birthday of the husband and father. The thought was admirable even
+if the poetry was not quite perfect:
+
+    "Day of pleasure, brightly dawning,
+    Take the gift of this sweet morning,
+    Our best hopes and wishes blending
+    Must yield joy that's never ending."
+
+During these years the Prince of Wales was gradually assuming many of
+the duties and public tasks which would have devolved upon the Queen, or
+in earlier days have been performed with such fidelity and care by the
+Prince Consort. At this time the Queen was living in strict retirement
+and for a long period still to follow she maintained the same sorrowing
+seclusion in a more or less modified form. Toward the close of 1865 the
+death of Lord Palmerston removed a statesman in whom the Prince had
+found a personal friend and whom he had consulted and greatly trusted in
+private matters. In February, 1866, the Queen made one of her rare
+public appearances and opened Parliament, in person, accompanied by the
+Prince and Princess of Wales. A little later came the cholera epidemic
+which killed one hundred thousand people in Austria and caused a number
+of deaths in England. To the Mansion House Relief Fund, which ultimately
+reached the total of $350,000 and to another Fund, the Prince
+contributed $17,500. In August the Royal couple visited Studley Royal,
+the seat of the Earl de Grey and Ripon--better known afterwards as the
+Marquess of Ripon--and were given a great reception in the City of York.
+An incident of the latter occasion was a sudden downpour of rain during
+which the Prince stood up in his carriage, bareheaded, so that the
+people should not be disappointed.
+
+
+VARIOUS PUBLIC FUNCTIONS AND EVENTS
+
+A little before this, on May 9th, the President and Council of the
+Institution of Civil Engineers entertained the Heir Apparent at a
+banquet in London and amongst the other guests were the veteran Field
+Marshal Sir John Burgoyne, the Dukes of Sutherland and Buccleuch, Earl
+Grey, Lord Salisbury, Sir John Pakington, Sir Edwin Landseer, Sir
+Richard Owen and many other eminent scientists and leaders of the time.
+During his speech the Prince paid a tribute to the work of Brunel and
+Stephenson and, in the latter connection, referred to the great bridge
+across the St. Lawrence, in Canada, which he had inaugurated in 1860 and
+to which he gave the credit for an opportunity to visit British America
+and the United States. On June 11th His Royal Highness had also laid the
+foundation of the new building of the British and Foreign Bible Society
+in London. He was received formally by the President, the Earl of
+Shaftsbury, the Lord Mayor, the Archbishop of York and others and, in
+the course of his speech, pointed out that the Society had already spent
+$30,000,000 in the promotion of its objects and in the translation of
+the Bible into two hundred and eighty different languages and dialects.
+After referring to the efforts in this cause by his grandfather, the
+Duke of Kent, the Prince went on to say that "it is my hope and trust
+that, under Divine guidance, the wider diffusion and deeper study of the
+Scriptures will, in this as in every age, be at once the surest
+guarantee of the progress and liberty of the mind and the means of
+multiplying in the present time the consolations of our holy religion."
+
+The next function shared in was the anniversary gathering of the Clergy
+Corporation, attended by the Archbishops of Canterbury, York and Armagh,
+the Marquess of Salisbury and other dignitaries. In his speech the
+Prince pointed out that there were ten thousand clergymen in the United
+Kingdom whose benefices were of less value than $750 a year and urged
+the usefulness of an institution which distributed $20,000 per annum to
+orphans and unmarried daughters of clergymen as well as temporary aid to
+necessitous clergymen themselves. The result of his appeal was a
+subscription of $6,000 to which he contributed $525 personally. On June
+18th he inaugurated a Warehousemen and Clerks' School at Croydon at a
+gathering presided over by Earl Russell and ten days later visited the
+Merchant Seamen's Orphan Asylum in the suburbs of London. In August the
+Prince and Princess of Wales made one of their first public appearances
+in the County where they had made their country home and where the
+Prince so well embodied the hearty, healthy life of the English
+gentleman. During the month, therefore, they paid a visit to Norwich as
+the principal town of Norfolk and, accompanied by the Queen of Denmark
+and the Duke of Edinburgh, attended one of Sir Michael Costa's
+oratorios, opened a Drill-hall, planted memorial trees and in other ways
+helped to make the occasion memorable to the people of the ancient town.
+
+A visit followed in the autumn to the Duke and Duchess of Sutherland, at
+their splendid Castle of Dunrobin, in the north of Scotland. In driving
+twenty-five miles from the station to the Castle a most enthusiastic
+welcome was received along the entire route. In reviewing the Sutherland
+Volunteers during his stay the Prince expressed a wish that the Corps
+would wear the kilt as their uniform and this was, of course, done with
+the greatest pleasure. Shortly after the return from Scotland the Queen
+of Denmark came again to England and stayed for some time at Sandringham
+with her daughter. Late in the year (November) the Prince of Wales went
+to St. Petersburg to attend in an official capacity the marriage of the
+Princess Dagmar of Denmark--sister of his wife--to the Czarewitch who
+afterwards became Alexander III. The cold was deemed a sufficiently
+strong reason for the Princess not to accompany him. In his suite were
+Lord Frederick Paulet, the Marquess of Blandford, Viscount Hamilton, and
+Major Teesdale. He was welcomed at the station by the Emperor, the
+Czarewitch and others of the Imperial family and given splendid
+quarters at the Hermitage Palace. After the marriage he visited Moscow,
+accompanied by the Crown Prince of Denmark, went over the historic
+Kremlin and called on the Metropolitan, the highest dignitary in the
+Russian Church, who received his Royal visitor in a cell and gave him
+his blessing after a brief conversation.
+
+The year 1867 was marked by a painful illness of the Princess through
+acute rheumatism and inflammation of a knee-joint. During the serious
+period of the illness the Prince devoted himself to the invalid, never
+leaving her side unless compelled to do so and having his desk brought
+into the sick-room so that he might carry on his correspondence in her
+presence. It was not until July that the Princess was able to drive out
+and during the rest of the year the Royal couple lived very quietly and
+made as few public appearances as possible. It was in the beginning of
+this year that Princess Louise, afterwards Duchess of Fife, was born.
+Some functions had to be performed, however, and they included the
+presiding at a meeting of the National Lifeboat Institution and at the
+one hundred and fifty-second anniversary festival of the Welsh Society
+of Ancient Britons, on March 1st; a visit to the International
+Exhibition at Paris in May; and the presence of the Prince at the laying
+of the foundation stone of the Albert Hall, in London, later in the same
+month. On July 10th His Royal Highness inaugurated the London
+International College, which had been organized by Mr. Cobden and M.
+Michel Chevalier, as a branch of an international institution. At the
+luncheon were the Duc d'Aumale, the Prince de Joinville and the Comte de
+Paris as well as Professor Huxley and Dr. Leonard Schmitz, the head of
+the institution. In his speech the Prince pointed out the usefulness of
+a College which would more or less devote itself to the teaching of
+modern languages at a time when the interests of varied nationalities
+were becoming so intermingled.
+
+[Illustration: THE CORONATION OF EDWARD'S QUEEN
+  Queen Alexandra received her crown at the hands of the venerable
+  Archbishop of York at Westminster Abbey, August 9, 1902, immediately
+  after the crowning of the King by the Archbishop of Canterbury]
+
+[Illustration: KING EDWARD VII AND QUEEN ALEXANDRA
+  At the Opening of Parliament]
+
+[Illustration: THE ROYAL LINE OF SUCCESSION AT THE TIME OF QUEEN
+VICTORIA'S DIAMOND JUBILEE
+  Queen Victoria, Prince of Wales, Duke of York and Prince Edward]
+
+[Illustration: THE CORONATION CHAIR
+  Containing the Stone of Scone on which traditional Irish Kings, Scotch
+  Kings and British Kings have been crowned]
+
+An interesting event occurred in July when Ismail Pasha, Khedive of
+Egypt, visited England, as his father had done twenty-one years before.
+At a banquet in the Mansion Home, on July 11th, a distinguished
+gathering met to do him honour and amongst them were the Prince of
+Wales, the Duke of Cambridge, Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar and many men
+eminent in politics and diplomacy. In his speech the Prince spoke of his
+personal indebtedness to the late Khedive for kindness received during
+his own visit to Egypt in 1862 and, also, of the national importance of
+the facilities given by that country to England in the transit of troops
+to India. He then referred to the illness of the Princess and to the
+words in that connection used by the Lord Mayor. "I know I only express
+her feelings when I say that she has been deeply touched by that
+universal good feeling and sympathy which has been shown to her during
+her long and painful illness. Thank God, she has now nearly recovered
+and I trust that in a month's time she will be able to leave London and
+enjoy the benefits of fresh air."
+
+
+ROYAL VISIT TO IRELAND
+
+The Prince of Wales early in his public life showed his sympathy with
+the people of Ireland. He had already visited Dublin in 1865 and, on
+March 17, 1868, while planning a State visit to that country, attended a
+brilliant celebration of the anniversary of St. Patrick's birth, in
+Willis's Rooms, London. Amongst those present were the Archbishop of
+Armagh, the Bishop of Derry, the Earl of Longford, the Earl of Mayo and
+Lord Kimberley. The Prince, in his speech, expressed the belief that
+despite disagreeable occurrences of the past few years the people of
+Ireland generally were "thoroughly true and loyal." On April 15th the
+Prince and Princess of Wales landed at Kingstown and were received with
+tremendous acclaim. With his usual tact the Prince asked that no troops
+should be present in the streets. The Princess, who was dressed in Irish
+poplin, was presented with a white dove, emblematic of peace, and fairly
+captured the hearts of the populace. The visit lasted ten days and
+included amongst its functions a gorgeous installation of the Prince as
+a Knight of St. Patrick, when he used the sword worn by George IV. on a
+similar occasion; his presence at the Punchestown races--where the Royal
+couple appeared in open carriages and received an enthusiastic welcome;
+attendance at the Royal Hibernian Academy's rooms and at the Royal
+Dublin Society's Conversazione; a visit to the Catholic University and
+the receipt of an LL.D.--together with the Duke of Cambridge and Lord
+Abercorn, the Lord Lieutenant--from Trinity College; a visit to the
+Cattle Show and a Royal review of troops; attendance at Sunday service
+in historic Christ Church; personal visits to Lord Powerscourt's
+beautiful place in Wicklow and to the Duke of Leinster at Carton; a
+formal visit to Maynooth College and the unveiling in Dublin of a statue
+of Edmund Burke.
+
+The London _Times_ described the crowded life of those ten days in
+rather interesting language: "There were presentations and receptions,
+and receiving and answering addresses, processions, walking, riding and
+driving, in morning and evening, in military, academic and mediæval
+attire. The Prince had to breakfast, lunch, dine and sup with more or
+less publicity every twenty-four hours. He had to go twice to races with
+fifty or a hundred thousand people about him; to review a small army and
+make a tour in the Wicklow Mountains, everywhere receiving addresses
+under canopies and dining in state under galleries full of spectators.
+He visited and inspected institutions, colleges, universities,
+academies, libraries and cattle shows. He had to take a very active part
+in assemblies of from several hundred to several thousand dancers and
+always to select for his partners the most important personages. He had
+to listen to many speeches sufficiently to know when and what to answer.
+He had to examine with respectful interest pictures, books, antiquities,
+relics, manuscripts, specimens, bones, fossils, prize beasts and works
+of Irish art. He had never to be unequal to the occasion, however
+different from the last, or however like the last, and whatever his
+disadvantage as to the novelty or dullness of the matter and the scene."
+
+On April 25th the Royal visitors returned to Holyhead and on their way
+home stopped at Carnarvon, the birthplace of the first Prince of Wales,
+where a banquet was received and a brief speech made by the living
+successor of a great King's son. Among the incidents connected with this
+visit was the fact that while the Prince was freely passing through and
+amongst the people of the Irish capital his brother, the Duke of
+Edinburgh, was shot at Clontarf, Australia, by an Irishman named
+O'Farrell, while he was accepting the hospitality of a local Sailors'
+Home. Another was the tact and judgment displayed by the Heir Apparent
+in forwarding a cheque to the Dublin Hospital Sunday Fund after his
+return home. This institution had then and has since exercised a most
+beneficial effect upon Irish hospital affairs; but the marvel was that
+the Prince should have found time amid his multifarious duties and
+functions to look into its management and influence. May the 5th, saw
+the Prince attending the sixty-second anniversary of the "Society of
+Friends of Foreigners in Distress" and pointing out in a preliminary
+speech that the Queen had taken deep interest in this charity ever since
+her accession in 1837. In proposing the health of the Prince and
+Princess of Wales, Sir Travers Twiss, the Advocate-General, said that
+though it was not generally known, he would take the liberty of stating
+that during His Royal Highness' Eastern travels he had passed through no
+great city without visiting and helping any institutions which might
+exist in aid of suffering humanity.
+
+Eight days later the Prince presided at the annual banquet of the
+Governors of St. Bartholomew's Hospital--after visiting and inspecting
+the wards. During the same day His Royal Highness attended a great state
+function in the laying of the foundation of St. Thomas' Hospital by the
+Queen in person. The last important matter in which the Prince took part
+before leaving for his second Eastern tour was the laying of the
+foundation stone of new buildings for Glasgow University on October 8th.
+They cost over two millions of dollars and in the stately proceedings
+accompanying this event, the Princess of Wales was able to participate.
+From November 1868 to May 1869 the Royal couple were in the distant
+East, but, on the Queen's birthday in the latter year, the Prince of
+Wales was able to be present at the anniversary banquet of the Royal
+Geographical Society and to receive congratulations on having been
+instrumental in effecting the appointment of his late travelling
+companion, Sir Samuel Baker, to the government of the Soudan region in
+Africa, under the control of the Egyptian Government and with the object
+of suppressing the slave trade. His Royal Highness warmly eulogized Sir
+S. Baker--who had also just received the Society's medal for the
+year--and the events of the evening were considered to have made the
+occasion memorable. Prince Hassan of Egypt was present and amongst the
+speakers were Sir Roderick Murchison, Admiral Sir George Back, Professor
+Owen, the Duke of Sutherland, Dr. W. H. Russell, Sir Francis Grant
+P.R.A., and Sir Henry Rawlinson.
+
+The next two or three years saw the Prince participating in many public
+and more or less important events. Accompanied by the Princess of Wales
+he laid the foundation of new buildings in connection with the Earlswood
+Asylum, in Surrey, on June 28, 1869. An incident of this event was not
+only the usual gift of a hundred guineas by the Prince but a procession
+of ladies who passed up to the dais in single file and deposited
+upwards of four hundred purses, which they had collected for the
+Charity, under the influence of Royal patronage and encouragement. On
+July 7th Their Royal Highnesses visited Lynn, inaugurated the new
+Alexandra Dock, and took part in several local events. A state visit to
+Manchester followed, on July 29th, and the Prince opened the annual
+exhibition of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, of which he was
+President, and was given a warm welcome in and around the city. On the
+succeeding day he inaugurated a new dock at Hull.
+
+Meanwhile, on July 23rd, the Prince had visited London in order to
+unveil a statue of George Peabody, the distinguished American
+philanthropist. At the ceremony Sir Benjamin Phillips, Chairman of the
+Committee, addressed the Prince formally and thus concluded: "Let us
+hope that this statue, erected by the sons of free England to the honour
+of one of Columbia's truest and noblest citizens, may be symbolical of
+the peace and good will that exist between the two countries." In
+replying His Royal Highness spoke of Mr Peabody as a great American
+citizen and of his gift of over a quarter of a million pounds sterling
+to the charities of a country not his own, as being unexampled, and
+concluded as follows: "Be assured that the feelings which I personally
+entertain toward America are the same as they ever were. I can never
+forget the reception which I had there nine years ago and my earnest
+wish and hope is that England and America may go hand in hand in peace
+and prosperity." Following the example of King William IV., when Duke of
+Clarence, and of the late Dukes of Kent, Sussex and Cambridge, the
+Prince of Wales presided on November 30th at the anniversary banquet of
+the Scottish Corporation--or as it was popularly called the Scottish
+Hospital--in order to mark his approval of an institution which had done
+much to assist, by means of pensions, poor and aged natives of Scotland
+living in London; to afford temporary relief to Scotchmen in distress;
+or to educate poor Scottish children. On this occasion there was a
+large gathering which included Prince Christian and the Duke of
+Roxburghe and, after a speech from the Prince describing the objects and
+work of the institution, it was announced that $12,500 had been
+specially subscribed to the purposes of the Hospital--including $500
+from the Prince of Wales himself.
+
+Exhibitions, in the years between his coming of age and his accession to
+the Throne, were always favourite objects of attention and support at
+the hands of Heir Apparent. He had already studied closely his father's
+conduct of the first great International Exhibition, and had himself
+opened one of the same kind at Dublin, and been present at an
+International Reformatory gathering and at the Paris Exhibition. On
+April 4th, 1870, he presided at a meeting of the Society of Arts called
+to promote an International Educational Exhibition for the succeeding
+year. Resolutions were passed to this end, and after an explanatory
+speech from His Royal Highness and, it may be added here, the Exhibition
+was duly opened on May 1st, 1871, by the Prince of Wales, with imposing
+pageantry and with details worked out by his assistant in various future
+undertakings Sir Philip Cunliffe-Owen. On May 16, 1870, the Prince
+presided at the annual banquet of the Royal General Theatrical Fund,
+established as far back as 1839, for the relief and assistance of
+members, and of widows and orphans of members, of the dramatic
+profession. During the evening, after a speech from the Royal chairman,
+Mr. Buckstone, the well-known actor, spoke in warm words of the kindness
+of the Prince in attending their function: "The duties he has to perform
+are so numerous and fatiguing that we only wonder how he gets through
+them all. Even within these few days he has held a Levée; on Saturday
+last he patronized a performance at Drury Lane in aid of the Dramatic
+College; then had to run away to Freemasons' Hall to be present at the
+installation of the Grand Master; and now we find him in the chair this
+evening; so what with _conversaziones_, laying foundation stones,
+opening schools, and other calls upon his little leisure, I think he may
+be looked upon as one of the hardest working men in Her Majesty's
+dominions." This was a fact or condition not recognized very generally
+in those days; in after years it became a truism in popular opinion.
+
+St. George's Hospital received the combined patronage of the Prince and
+Princess on May 26th. The former occupied the chair and made an earnest
+appeal for aid to this most deserving institution. The Earl of Cadogan,
+who was one of the Treasurers, announced a little later in the evening
+that the Prince of Wales had handed him a check for two hundred guineas,
+the Princess one for fifty guineas, and the Marquess of
+Westminster--afterwards the first Duke of that name--one for two hundred
+guineas. Amongst the other speakers on this occasion were Earl
+Granville, the Earl of Derby, the Earl of Carnarvon and Mr. W. H. Smith,
+M.P. On June 21st, His Royal Highness opened a new building in
+connection with Dulwich College in Surrey; nine days later he and the
+Princess opened new schools for the children of seamen near the London
+Docks; on July 1st they visited in state the ancient town of Reading and
+laid the foundation stone of a new Grammar School. A week later the
+Prince had the congenial task of giving the Albert gold medal of the
+Society of Arts to M. de Lesseps. As President of the Society he
+addressed the father of the Suez Canal, in French, and congratulated him
+upon the completion of his great undertaking, not only in a public
+capacity, but "as a personal friend." In his reply, M. de Lesseps said
+that he had received much private encouragement from the late Prince
+Consort in the early stages of his enterprise, and that he could never
+forget that fact. It may be added here that the presentation of this
+Medal was always a peculiar pleasure to the Prince of Wales, and that
+amongst those in after years who received it at his hands were Sir
+Henry Bessemer, M. Chevalier and Sir Henry Doulton.
+
+On July 13th His Royal Highness, on behalf of the Queen, and accompanied
+by the Princess Louise and the grand officers of the Household, opened
+with elaborate ceremony the new Thames Embankment. Three days later he
+opened the Workmen's International Exhibition at Islington in the name
+of the Queen. During this year the war between France and Germany caused
+the Prince and his family keen interest and many natural anxieties. He
+arranged for a special telegraph service so that news might reach him at
+once and took an active part in associations and subscription lists for
+aid to the wounded on both sides. The Royal family had such close
+relations with that of Prussia through the Princess Royal and with that
+of France through long personal friendship with the Emperor and Empress
+that the position of individual members, like the Heir Apparent, and his
+wife could be easily understood.
+
+The Royal Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences was opened with stately and
+imposing ceremony by the Queen on March 29th, 1871. When Her Majesty,
+accompanied by the Princess of Wales and other members of the Royal
+family, had taken her place on the dais of a Hall containing eight
+thousand people and an orchestra of twelve hundred persons, under Sir
+Michael Costa, the Prince of Wales advanced and, as President of the
+Provisional Committee, detailed the origin and history of the project.
+He then, after receiving a formal reply, declared the Hall open in the
+name of the Queen. On May 7th, following, the Prince presided at a
+dinner in aid of the Artists' Orphan Fund and, after explaining its
+useful objects, expressed the wish that further contributions would be
+offered for the purpose in view. At the close of the affair the
+Treasurer announced subscriptions to the amount of $60,000, of which a
+check for $525 was from the Royal chairman. The Earlswood Asylum for
+Idiots was again visited by the Prince on May 17th, when he presided at
+the anniversary dinner of the institution in London and explained its
+continued progress. Subscriptions of $21,000 were announced, of which
+$525 were given by the Prince. The same result followed his chairmanship
+of a dinner in aid of the Farningham Homes for Little Boys on June 2nd.
+He pointed out that the institution was still in need despite a recent
+anonymous contribution of $5000. Before the close of the evening some
+$17,000 had been subscribed, including $750 from His Royal Highness.
+Such incidents, often repeated, indicate better than many words the
+value attached to the Prince's presence and support of deserving
+charities, and they also afford some proof of the generous expenditure
+of his private means for public benefit. On June 28th, the Prince acted
+as Chairman of the anniversary festival of the Royal Caledonian Asylum
+in London. There were three hundred and fifty guests present, mostly in
+Highland costume, and amongst them were Prince Arthur and the Duke of
+Cambridge, the Dukes of Buccleuch and Richmond, the Marquess of Lorne
+and Marquess of Huntly, the Earls of Fife, Mar, and March.
+
+On July 31st His Royal Highness again paid a visit to Dublin. He was
+accompanied by the Princess Louise, the Marquess of Lorne, and the young
+Prince Arthur--better known in later years as the Duke of Connaught. An
+address was presented at Kingstown by the Lord Mayor and Corporation
+and, on the following day, the Royal visitors witnessed a cricket match,
+lunched with the officers of the Grenadier Guards and inspected the
+cattle, horses, and sheep of the Royal Agricultural Society's annual
+show. In the evening the Prince of Wales presided at a great banquet of
+four hundred and fifty guests, with galleries thronged with ladies. He
+made several brief speeches and a particularly happy one in proposing
+the health of Earl Spencer, the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. A series of
+engagements and entertainments followed, amongst which were a brilliant
+military review in Phoenix Park and the installation of the Prince as
+Grand Patron of the Masonic Institution in Ireland. This was the last
+important event taken part in by His Royal Highness before the serious
+illness which, a little later, so greatly stirred the nation and
+affected himself.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+Travels in the East
+
+
+Before he came to the Throne the Prince of Wales had long been the most
+travelled man in Europe. He had visited every Court and capital and
+centre upon that Continent; he had toured the North American Continent
+from the capital of Canada to the capital of the United States and from
+the historic heights of Quebec to the great western centre at Chicago;
+he had visited the most noted lands of the distant East.
+
+
+FROM EUROPE TO AFRICA
+
+In 1862, his first visit to Egypt and the Holy Land had taken place, and
+now, six years later, he was to make a more imposing and important tour
+of those and other countries in the company of his wife. On November
+17th, 1868, the Prince and Princess of Wales, accompanied by their three
+eldest children and by Lady Carmarthen, General Sir W. Knollys,
+Lieut.-Col. Keppel and Dr. Minter, left for the Continent and reached
+Compiègne on the morning of the 20th inst., in order to pay a visit to
+the Emperor and Empress of the French. An incident of the hunt which
+took place that afternoon was the rush of a stag at the Prince who, with
+his horse, was completely knocked over. Amongst the shooting party were
+Marshal Bazaine, the Baron Von Moltke, the Marquess of Lansdowne and
+other well-known men of the day. After a stay of a few days here and at
+Paris the Royal party proceeded on their journey and reached Copenhagen
+on November 29th. The birthday of the Princess was celebrated two days
+later in her old home.
+
+Stockholm was reached on December 16th, and a visit of some days'
+duration paid to the King of Sweden. On December 28th the Prince and
+Princess were back again with the Royal family of Denmark and attended a
+State Ball at the Christianborg Palace. In the middle of January they
+embarked in the yacht _Freya_, and at Hamburg the Royal children were
+sent home in charge of Lady Carmarthen, Sir William Knollys and Colonel
+Keppel. At Berlin, on January 17th, they were welcomed by the Crown
+Prince and Princess of Prussia--the Princess Royal of England--and by
+Lord Augustus Loftus, the British Ambassador. On the following day His
+Royal Highness was invested with the famous order of the Black Eagle by
+the King of Prussia. Amongst the limited number of Knights Grand Cross
+who were present at the Chapter were the Baron Von Moltke, General Von
+Roon, Count Von Waldersee, and Count Von Wrangel. From Berlin, where the
+Prince and Princess were joined by those who were to accompany them on
+their further journey and including Colonel Teesdale, V.C., Captain
+Ellis, Lord Carington, Mr. Oliver Montague, Dr. Minter and the Hon. Mrs.
+William Grey, the Royal party went to Vienna which was reached on
+January 21st. At the station they were received by the Emperor Francis
+Joseph and various members of the Austrian Royal family together with
+Prince Von Hohenlohe and Lord Bloomfield, the British Ambassador. State
+visits, dinners, the theatre, skating and a private visit to the King
+and Queen of Hanover in their retirement at Hietsing, constituted the
+programme of the next few days. Vienna was left on January 27th, and
+from Trieste, on the following day, sail was made on board H.M.S.
+_Ariadne_ and Alexandria reached on February 3rd.
+
+
+TRIP UP THE NILE
+
+After their formal reception at Alexandria by Mehemet Tewfik Pasha,
+Shereef Pasha, Mourad Pasha, Sir Samuel Baker and others, the Prince
+and Princess proceeded to Cairo where they were warmly welcomed by the
+Khedive, and met by the Duke of Sutherland and his son, Lord Stafford,
+Professor Owen, Colonel Marshall and the special correspondent, Dr. W.
+H. Russell. The latter gentlemen joined the Royal party and were to
+proceed with them on the journey up the Nile together with Prince Louis
+of Battenberg and Lord Albert Gower. Before starting on this voyage,
+however, the Prince and Princess were privileged in witnessing the
+curious Procession of the Holy Carpet and the departure of a portion of
+the annual stream of pilgrims for Mecca. The Princess and Mrs. Grey were
+also invited, on February 5th, to dine at the Harem with the Khedive's
+mother and the ceremonies, as described by Mrs. Grey in her _Diary_ of
+the tour, were exceedingly interesting. A multitude of smartly dressed
+female slaves in coloured satin and gold; services of silver and gold;
+dishes of the most peculiar and varied composition and taste; music by
+bands of girls and dances by other bands of women--some of whose motions
+were described by Mrs. Grey as graceful and others as "simply
+frightful;" drinks of curious character and pipes and cigarettes with
+holders ornamented by masses of precious gems; costumes which partook of
+both the Eastern and Western character; jewels and gold in every
+direction and upon every possible kind of object--such were some of the
+things seen during the visit. In the evening of the same day the Royal
+couple and suite went to the theatre, and afterwards the Prince had
+supper with the Khedive at the Palace of Gizerek, accompanied with
+elaborate ceremonies and a succession of dancing spectacles.
+
+Meanwhile, every care had been exercised by the Khedive in preparing
+comforts for the Royal guests up the Nile. The chief barge was occupied
+by the Prince and Princess and the Hon. Mrs. Grey, who was in attendance
+upon the latter; a second was occupied by the Suite; a third by the Duke
+of Sutherland's party; a fourth was used as a store-boat and contained
+3,000 bottles of champagne, 20,000 bottles of soda-water, 4,000 bottles
+of claret and plenty of ale, liquors and light wines. Sir Samuel Baker,
+who was at this time Governor of the Soudan region, accompanied the
+Prince and had with him an abundance of guns and nets for capturing
+crocodiles, etc. During the slow progress up the river there was plenty
+of sport, and His Royal Highness won fine specimens of spoonbills,
+flamingoes, herons, cranes, cormorants, doves, etc.
+
+
+THEY VISIT SITES OF ANCIENT CITIES
+
+During the early part of the trip there was not much that was
+interesting; apart from the shooting expeditions which were undertaken
+from time to time. The sight of frightened children, timid women,
+labouring slaves, mosques and villages of huts and occasional ruins of
+more or less interest were all that was visible along the low banks of
+the river as they passed. The caves, or grottoes, of Beni Hassan were
+visited on February 10, and the life of ancient peoples seen in a
+panorama of carved monuments. Then came a more beautiful, cultivated and
+populous part of the region watered by the Nile. Thebes, Luxor, Karnak,
+however, were names and places which made up for much. For two days,
+ending February 19th, the heir to a thousand years of English
+sovereignty wandered amidst these tombs and monuments of the rulers of
+an African empire which had wielded vast power and created works of
+wonderful skill and genius three, and five thousand years before. The
+great hall and collonades and pillars of Karnac, the obelisk of Luxor,
+the famous tombs of the Kings, the Temples of Rameses, the colossal
+statues of Egyptian rulers, were visited by daylight, and, in some
+cases, the wondrous effect of Oriental moonlight upon these massive
+shapes and memorials of a mighty past was also witnessed.
+
+Philæ with its interesting ruins, Assouan with its modern history,
+Korosko, Deré, the early capital of Nubia, the great Temple at Aboo
+Simbel, were seen, and, finally, after the Prince had killed his first
+crocodile, on February 28th, and the party had made an uncomfortable
+trip across a hot waste of desert, Wady Halfah was reached on March 2nd,
+and the journey back was commenced. On their return a special trip was
+made by the Prince and Princess to the Pyramids of Ghizeh, accompanied
+by Mehemet Tewfik, the Khedive's son, with an escort from Cairo. The
+Prince ascended the biggest of the Pyramids and the party was royally
+entertained afterwards in a pavilion specially erected for the purpose.
+
+
+INTERESTING RUINS ARE VISITED
+
+The Prince and Princess also visited the Royal chambers in the great
+Pyramid. A delightful drive to Cairo followed, and the party soon found
+themselves comfortably installed in the Esbekiah Palace. On the
+following day a visit was paid to the great Mosque where lie the revered
+bones of Mehemet Ali, under an embroidered velvet catafalque. One of the
+graceful minarets was ascended and a splendid panorama of the city seen.
+On March 18 the Tombs of the Caliphs, with their picturesque but ruined
+mosques, were visited, and in the evening the theatre was attended, in
+company with His Highness, the Khedive. A visit to the Baulak Museum
+followed and was rendered thoroughly interesting by the presence of the
+learned Orientalist, Marriette Bey, who showed the Prince and Princess a
+bust of the Pharaoh "who would not let the children of Israel go," and
+one of the other Pharaohs, who was a friend of Moses. Sir W. H. Russell
+is authority for the statement that the slightly incredulous smile of
+the Princess brought out a most concise, learned and convincing
+explanation of history and hieroglyphics in this connection.
+
+On the evening of March 19th the Khedive gave a State Dinner in honour
+of his Royal guests at the Garden Kiosk of the new Palace of Gizeh. The
+grounds were brilliantly illuminated, those present included all that
+was eminent in the life of Egypt, the viands were served upon the
+richest plate, the native fireworks sent up afterwards were most
+attractive. The Hon. Mrs. Grey, in her _Diary_, says that "standing in
+the outer marble court, with its beautiful Moorish arches and its
+pillars of rich brown colour, their bases and capitals profusely and
+brilliantly decorated, and looking on every side at the tastefully
+illuminated gardens, the effect produced was indeed most splendid and
+carried one at once back in imagination to one of the scenes you read of
+in the _Arabian Nights_. It is quite impossible to describe it, but I
+shall never forget this beautiful sight." The writer then goes on to
+describe the splendid architecture and tasteful furniture of the
+building and rooms. Most of the latter were decorated in white and gold,
+with myriads of mirrors, rich silk curtains and furniture with all the
+soft and brilliant colourings of the old Arabesque style. There were
+fountains everywhere, and the floors were inlaid marble, porphery and
+alabaster.
+
+Following this function came a visit to the British Mission School,
+where the Princess greatly charmed the children; a state visit to the
+races in a carriage drawn by six horses, and with coachmen and
+postilions wearing most gorgeous liveries of scarlet and gold. The Suite
+were also splendidly equipped in regard to carriages and outriders, and
+the streets were lined with troops. The races were well conducted and
+the general ceremonies of the occasion worthy of Ismail, the Khedive.
+This was to have been the last function prior to departure for the Suez
+Canal, but it was now decided to accept the pressing invitation of His
+Highness and stay three days longer. Following upon this decision came a
+series of visits paid by the Princess of Wales to the wives, or harems,
+of certain distinguished Egyptian gentlemen, and, finally, to the harem
+of the Khedive.
+
+Amongst the places visited were the homes of Murad Pasha, Abd-el-Kader
+Bey and Achmet Bey. On March 23d the Princess, with a couple of
+attendant ladies, visited the Khedive's mother--the real ruler of his
+harem. It was a sort of Eastern drawing-room function, with slaves in
+brightly-coloured dresses everywhere about, and a number of Princesses,
+or daughters and relations of the Khedive, present, together with many
+other ladies of Egyptian rank and position. Mrs. Grey described them as
+mostly pretty--which was not, in her experience, the case as a rule--and
+as looking cheerful and happy. In the evening the Princess attended a
+State Dinner given by the four wives of the Khedive at the Palace of
+Gizerek. The presence of innumerable slaves, coffee and pipes, music and
+cherry jam served on a large gold tray with a gold service inlaid with
+diamonds and rubies, were the initial features of the entertainment. At
+dinner the guests sat on chairs instead of on the floor, as at a
+previous affair of the kind, but still had to pull the meat from the
+turkey with their fingers, while the odour of garlic and onions in many
+of the dishes was very unpleasant. There was some singing during the
+meal, with music and Oriental dancing after it. Meanwhile the bazars had
+been visited privately by the Princess; the people having no idea who
+the inquiring and interested European lady was.
+
+
+THE PRINCE ATTENDS THE KHEDIVE'S RECEPTION
+
+On the same day the Prince of Wales attended in state at a formal
+reception held by the Khedive, and thus conferred a somewhat marked
+compliment upon one who was not actually an independent Sovereign. He
+was accompanied by the Marquess of Huntly and the Earl of Gosford, who
+had just arrived from India on their way home, and proceeded through
+the streets in all the pomp of scarlet and gold outriders, troops in
+brilliant uniforms and a general environment of state which compelled
+unusual respect from the impassive Oriental onlookers. Royal honours
+were given to the Prince on his arrival, and he was met by some 5,000
+troops and the strains of the British national anthem, while the Court
+itself was brilliant in blue and gold uniforms and rich in the
+luxuriance of gold and gems upon every possible article of service or
+personal use. In the evening the Prince dined with his Vice-regal host
+on a yacht in the river, and the Minister of Finance gave a brilliant
+banquet, at which were present the great officers of state, such as
+Shereef Pasha, Zulfikar Pasha, Abdallah Pasha and others, together with
+British visitors or members of the Royal suite, such as Lord Carington,
+Lord Huntly, Lord Gosford, Prince Louis of Battenberg, Sir Samuel Baker
+and Colonel Teesdale, V.C.
+
+This event closed the visit to Cairo and, after formal farewells on the
+following morning, the train was taken for Suez, where the Royal
+visitors were received by the Governor and M. de Lesseps. In the morning
+they left for Ismaila amidst all possible honours, and accompanied by
+the great canal promoter. There a triumphal arch had been erected and a
+crowd of people and troops were found lining the route through the city.
+They were driven out to the Khedive's chalet on Lake Timsah, where
+dinner was served and the night spent, and thence back to Ismaila, and,
+in a steamer, down the Suez Canal to Port Said. The great enterprise was
+not then completed, and, in fact, the opening of the canal did not take
+place for many months, but the Royal tourists were fortunate in seeing
+the pioneer activities of creation in full operation and of being able
+to understand something of the immense initial difficulties which had
+been overcome by the genius and energy of De Lesseps.
+
+Alexandria was reached on March 27th, and visits were paid to
+Ras-el-Teen, the old palace of Mehemet Ali, to Cleopatra's Needle and
+Pompey's Pillar. Then the _Ariadne_ was boarded once more and a farewell
+dinner given to Mourad Pasha, the representative of the Egyptian
+Government, who had done so much for the comfort of the Royal guests;
+the health of the Khedive was drunk and the last word said to the
+ancient land of the Nile and the Pyramids. The impressions left by this
+visit to Egypt were pleasant to the Prince of Wales and useful to his
+country. Ismail, the Khedive, was at this time a most enterprising ruler
+but the predominant influence in the country was French and there can be
+no doubt that the stately reception given the Heir to the British Crown
+proved a substantial service to the present and future residents of his
+nationality in that part of the world. The Prince, himself, must have
+benefited greatly by the insight into Oriental methods of government
+which he obtained and by the curious efforts at an adaptation of western
+ideas which were going on all around him; while the picture left upon
+his mind of ancient traditions and the history of a mighty past could
+not but have been impressive and interesting.
+
+On boarding the _Ariadne_, off Alexandria, and starting for
+Constantinople the Royal party lost Sir Samuel Baker, Lord Gosford, Sir
+Henry Pelly and Lord Huntly, who were leaving for other points of
+destination. During the next few days the vessel passed through the
+"Isles of Greece" and by various famous or historic spots. Patmos and
+Chios were seen for a time in the distance and, on March 31st, the
+Dardanelles were reached and salutes fired from shore to shore--from
+Europe to Asia--as the Royal yacht steamed between the Turkish forts.
+Upon anchoring, the British Ambassador, the Hon. Henry Elliot, came on
+board, together with Raouf Pasha, who attended to offer the earliest
+compliments of his Imperial master the Sultan. At the next landing, off
+Chanak, the Prince was formally welcomed by Eyoub Pasha, Military
+Governor of the Dardanelles, and his staff and guard of honour. Salutes
+from the Forts followed and the Prince returned to his vessel which
+steamed up to Gallipoli, where another stop was made and a visit paid to
+the French and British cemeteries of the Crimean War. Early on the
+morning of April 1st the towers and minarets of Constantinople were
+sighted and various tugs and boats containing British residents and
+others surrounded the Royal vessel and joined in singing "God Save the
+Queen" as the Prince and Princess appeared on deck. Their stepping into
+a barge to row ashore was the signal for a general salute from the
+Turkish iron-clads and, amidst flying colours, fully-manned yards and
+swarming caiques and steam-boats the journey to the shore was made--with
+some private speculation as to what would happen to the Life Guardsmen
+of the Prince's suite if they should be upset in the water with all
+their cumbrous "toggery" on.
+
+When abreast of the Palace of Saleh Bazar the Royal barge was met by the
+state caique of the Sultan, followed by other gorgeously decorated and
+equipped vessels, containing the Grand Vizier, Aali Pasha, and other
+officials dressed in blue and gold and wearing numerous ribands, stars
+and crosses of knightly orders. Amidst cheers from crowded tugs and
+boats and ships the Royal visitors were transferred to the caique and
+thence to the landing place of the Palace where a guard of honour, a
+crowd of officers and a gorgeous staff surrounded the Sultan who, like
+the Prince of Wales, was in full uniform. His Majesty, after various
+gracious greetings, which were translated by the Grand Vizier, led his
+guests up the staircase of the Palace and then retired. Shortly
+afterwards the Prince and his suite were driven to the Dolmabakshi
+Palace where they were received by the Sultan with much state and, after
+a brief visit, returned to Saleh Bazar. Luncheon followed and the Prince
+and Princess called at the British Embassy. On their way back in the
+Sultan's carriages the streets were lined with impassive people who
+saluted in silent respect. At the Palace an admirable dinner was served
+on gold and silver plate. During the entire stay of the Royal visitors
+here they were supplied with every luxury and requirement--guards of
+honour, carriages, saddle-horses, caiques, a band of eighty-four
+splendid musicians and an immense staff always on duty and clad in
+gorgeous uniforms of green and gold.
+
+Every morning there were presents from the Sultan of most exquisite
+flowers and the finest fruit. Mr. W. H. Russell thus described the
+surroundings in one of his letters to the London _Times_: "The
+_valetaille_, in liveries of green and gold, with white cuffs and
+collars, throng the passages and corridors, and black-coated
+Chibouquejees are ready at a clap of the hands to bring in pipes with
+amber mouth-pieces of fabulous value, crested with hundreds of diamonds
+and rubies, and coffee in tiny cups which fit into stands blazing with
+similar jewels. The _cuisine_ cannot be surpassed and the wines are of
+the most celebrated vintage. All the persons attached to the Palace
+speak French or English. There are Turkish baths inside ready at a
+moment's notice. Equerries, aides-de-camp, officers of the Body-Guard,
+radiant in gold lace and scarlet, in blue and in silver lace, flit about
+the saloons and corridors. Human nature can scarce sustain the load of
+obligations imposed on it by such attention. If the Prince is seen on
+the water guards are turned out along all the batteries and the strains
+of music are borne on every breeze that blows. Yards are manned and
+crews turned out on the slightest provocation. The least wish is an
+order."
+
+On April 2nd the Sultan went in state to the Mosque in honour of his
+Royal guests. The streets were lined with five thousand troops and the
+Prince and Princess, with their suite, were driven to the Palace of
+Beshik Jool, from a beautiful room in which they could see the Imperial
+procession pass by. The sloping ground on the opposite side of the road
+was filled by groups of women clad in varied colours and looking from a
+distance like animated flowers. The Sultan came, presently, preceded by
+brilliantly garbed Circassian troops, announced by the blast of a
+trumpet and the acclaim of the Turkish populace and riding a magnificent
+horse, which an English spectator described as a "marvel of beauty." He
+wore a splendid military uniform and his jewelled orders and sabre-hilt
+shone brightly in the rays of the sun, while immediately before and
+behind him were the officers of state. After the pageant had passed,
+little Prince Izzedin--the eldest son of the Sultan and a delicate,
+intelligent-looking child--came over to visit the Prince and Princess.
+The troops then filed past the Palace windows. Later in the day a
+deputation of British residents was received by the Prince and in the
+evening a special performance at the Theatre was attended and witnessed
+from the Sultan's box.
+
+Early in the morning of April 3rd, the various foreign Ambassadors and
+Ministers called on the Prince of Wales and were presented by Mr.
+Elliot. Amongst them was General Ignatieff, of Russia. A visit to
+Seraglio Point followed, and from its heights was seen that most
+exquisite view which embraces the Sweet Waters, the Bosphorus, the Sea
+of Marmora and its islands, the shores of Scutari, the minarets of the
+city and a general mingling of sea and shore, of light and shade, of
+softness and Eastern charm which is hardly equalled in the world. The
+great mosque of St. Sophia was then visited. In the evening a state
+dinner was given by the Sultan at Dolmabakshi Palace--the first ever
+given by His Ottoman Majesty to Christian guests. The Prince and
+Princess were received in the grand drawing-room by the Sultan and all
+his Ministers. The Princess was taken in by His Majesty and Madame
+Ignatieff by the Prince. The dinner-room was already renowned for its
+exquisite candelabra and lustres in rock-crystal; and its other
+decorations, combined with plate and flowers of the most beautiful kind,
+made up a scene well worth remembering. Aside from this, however, it was
+not very interesting, as none of the Sultan's Ministers--except the
+Grand Vizier--had ever sat in his presence before and were apparently
+too much astonished and afraid to speak a word to each other or to any
+of the twenty-four guests who made up the banquet. After dinner the
+Princess and Mrs. Grey visited the Harem, or rather the Sultan's wife
+and mother. Mrs. Grey, in her _Diary_, declares the dullness and
+stiffness of the occasion to have been indescribable. There were
+innumerable slaves, but they were all "hideous," though loaded down with
+jewels, while other incidents and surroundings were not very unlike a
+similar reception at a European Court. The whole affair broke up at
+10.30.
+
+
+A VARIETY OF INCIDENTS
+
+On the following day the Royal party attended service in the church of
+the British Embassy, driving through silent and crowded streets. In the
+afternoon they inspected the Cemetary at Scutari. On the following day
+the Prince and Princess, attended by Mrs. Grey, and all garbed in the
+humblest English clothes they could find, visited the Bazaar. "Mr. and
+Mrs. Williams" seemed to enjoy themselves greatly, the former smoking a
+long pipe; the latter buying quantities of curios and, as the merchants
+soon found out, driving an occasional bargain with earnestness. They
+took in all the entertainments, sipped sherbets and the various
+unnamable drinks which are sold in such places, and revelled in a few
+hours of freedom. Later in the day the Prince paid some formal visits
+and in the evening they again attended the theatre. Meanwhile Sir Andrew
+Buchanan, British Ambassador at St. Petersburg, had arrived with his
+wife, on their way home to England, and were welcomed at the Palace. The
+following day a visit was paid to Belyar Beg, some distance up the
+Bosphorus, which has been described as "the most beautiful place in the
+most beautiful situation in the world." Guards of honour were seen in
+all directions as the Royal party passed in caiques up the river. The
+luxury and elegance of the furniture at the Palace and the beauty of
+both buildings and surroundings evoked expressions of admiration from
+the Prince and Princess and, perhaps, they even regretted their refusal
+to stay here in preference for the other and more accessible residence.
+Tchamlidja, not far away, the summer residence of Mustapha Fazil Pasha,
+brother of the Viceroy of Egypt, was then visited and a "luncheon"
+served which proved to be almost wanton in its luxury--the choicest
+fruits that Paris could produce and the finest wines of the east or the
+west being served in profusion. Afterwards, the Princess and Mrs. Grey
+visited the Harem, while the men smoked exquisite cigars and drank the
+finest obtainable coffee.
+
+The following day included a trip across the Bosphorus in the Sultan's
+yacht and a state ball at the British Embassy in the evening, which was,
+for a short time, attended by the Padishah himself. The Royal party did
+not retire from the gathering until daylight. During the next three days
+one function continued to follow another. A visit to the British
+Memorial Church; attendance with the Sultan at a great special
+performance in the Theatre through densely-crowded streets; a visit to a
+cricket match in the suburbs; attendance at a state banquet given by the
+British Ambassador; inspection by the Prince of a Turkish
+ironclad--Hobart Pasha's flagship; a dinner at the country home of the
+Grand Vizier. The day of departure fixed upon was April 10th, and, after
+a stately breakfast with the Sultan at Dolmabakshi, and farewells
+exchanged amidst all possible pomp and Oriental pageantry, the _Ariadne_
+was boarded and slowly steamed away from the Moslem capital to the sound
+of cheers and thundering guns from fleet and fort. They were soon in
+the gloomy waters of the Black Sea on the way to the Czar's dominions.
+
+Arrangements had been under discussion for some time in connection with
+this visit to the Crimea and Sir Andrew Buchanan's opportune arrival
+had, no doubt, a good deal to do with the matter. On April 12th
+Sebastopol was sighted, crowned with its ruined bastions and replete to
+the Royal tourists with memories of the Redan, the Malakoff, and the
+Mamelon. Neither flags nor men were visible, however, upon the ramparts
+as the yacht came to its moorings although elsewhere Russian soldiers
+could be occasionally seen. Presently, General de Kotzebue, Governor of
+New Russia and Bessarabia, came on board with his suite--a decorated and
+energetic survivor of the great siege at which he had been Chief of
+Staff to Prince Gortschakoff. After the four days programme for the
+Crimea had been settled the Prince and Princess landed and went first to
+inspect the Memorial Chapel and then to visit the great cemetery. A
+drive to some of the scenes of battle during the Crimean conflict
+followed, with an escort of Tartars and with carriage horses which at
+times seemed to fly over the ground. General de Kotzebue knew every foot
+of the soil and was, of course, a splendid host on such an occasion. On
+this first day the field of the desperate Alma fight was gone over
+carefully and on the succeeding morning the ruined ramparts and redoubts
+of the once great Fortress of Sebastopol--not as yet restored--were
+visited and studied. The Cemetery of Cathcart's Hill was visited and
+here there were few in the party who did not find the names of friends
+or relatives in this city of silent streets while the Princess found
+very many around which associations of some kind were twined. In a small
+farmhouse, close to the windmill which was almost a centre of battle on
+the day of Inkerman, the Royal party took lunch.
+
+Afterwards the Prince and some of the gentlemen rode over the ridge
+around which the famous fight occurred and General de Kotzebue
+explained the technical character of the struggle. The Malakoff was next
+seen as well as the colossal statue of Lazareff--the father of the Black
+Sea fleet and of that conception of Russian power which was shattered
+for a time by the success of the Allies. On the 14th the French Cemetery
+was visited and thence they went across country to the famous British
+Headquarters--the home for so long of Lord Raglan, General Simpson and
+Sir W. Codrington. The house was in perfect order and the Prince was
+shown with care one of the rooms on the wall of which was a tablet with
+the simple words: "Lord Raglan died." Balaclava was next visited and the
+scene of the famous charge carefully studied by the Prince. A drive
+followed through a country of varied and striking beauty to the Imperial
+Palace of Livadia where the Czar's Master of Ceremonies, Count Jules
+Stenbock, was waiting to receive the Royal visitors. A ceremonious
+entertainment was given here in the highest style of refinement and with
+the somewhat unexpected accompaniments of chamberlains in green and gold
+and a mass of servants from St. Petersburg, together with every sort of
+luxury. Here the Czar Nicholas had stayed in 1855 when he went to
+reconnoitre the position of the Allies. A visit followed to Alupka, the
+palace of Prince Woronzow and thence, after an exchange of telegrams
+with the Czar, they went on board the _Ariadne_ once more.
+
+April the 16th saw the Royal party once more in the Bosphorus with blue
+lights burning along the shores and bands playing a courteous welcome.
+On the following day the Prince, attended by Colonel Teesdale and
+Captain Ellis, paid a last formal visit to the Sultan and this was
+promptly returned by His Majesty amidst much ceremony. Meanwhile, the
+Princess had taken a last fond "incognito" look at the Bazaars attended
+by Mrs. Grey and Mr. Moore of the Embassy. The Ambassador came to the
+yacht to luncheon and soon afterwards Sir Andrew and Lady Buchanan bade
+farewell. Then, in the evening, came the second departure from
+Constantinople, the _Ariadne_ passing through the lately increased
+Turkish fleet, under Hobart Pasha, amidst a brilliant display of
+rockets, coloured lanterns and blue lights.
+
+
+A VISIT TO HISTORIC ATHENS
+
+The Port of Athens was reached on April the 20th and here Sir A.
+Buchanan once more rejoined the party, followed very soon by various
+Russian, French and Italian officers and diplomatists. Next came the
+King of Greece--George I., brother of the Princess of Wales--accompanied
+by a suite and with sounds of distant cheering and the roar of guns
+echoing around the vessel. After luncheon Athens was visited and found
+to be gaily decorated and thence the Royal party passed by train to the
+King's Palace in the country, a beautiful place surrounded by beautiful
+scenery. In the distance were to be seen the green fields and olive
+forests of the Attic plain, the Piræus and the Bay of Salamis, the
+groves of Academus, the ancient Acropolis and Ilissus, and the modern
+City of Athens. On the following day the Acropolis was visited and the
+glories of that scene of historic greatness revived in the memories of
+the Royal travellers. A state banquet followed in the evening and on the
+next day a number of memorable sights and scenes were visited while the
+evening was the occasion for a coloured and very striking illumination
+of the mighty ruins of the Acropolis. Athens was left behind on the 23rd
+of April and the Royal party, including the King and Queen of Greece,
+proceeded to Corfu, which was reached on the following day and a more
+kindly greeting accorded to the visitors. The stay here was a very quiet
+one enlivened, so far as the Prince of Wales was concerned, by a hunting
+party on the somewhat wild coast of Albania. May 1st saw a formal
+leave-taking from the King and Queen of the Hellenes and a departure
+from this pleasant old-world Island.
+
+On the following day Brindisi was reached, and Turin on the 3rd.
+Accompanied by Sir Augustus Paget, the Minister at Rome, the Royal party
+crossed the mountains by the Mont Cenis Railway and reached Paris two
+days afterwards. Here, until May the 11th, they remained in a succession
+of visits, dinners, reviews and entertainments provided by the Emperor
+and Empress, and on the following day arrived at Marlborough House after
+a six months' absence from England. It had been a round of arduous duty
+mixed with every form of honour and compliment, and including much of
+genuine pleasure and useful experience, together with the acquisition of
+practical and valuable knowledge. To the Heir Apparent it was one more
+step in the training and education necessary for any Prince who is
+destined to reign over the destinies of an infinitely varied and
+scattered people.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Serious Illness of the Prince
+
+
+Following his return from foreign travel and the fulfilment of a brief
+round of public functions and duties came the now historic and really
+eventful illness of the Prince of Wales. It was a critical period in his
+career. Boyhood, youth and the first flush of manhood were gone; his
+marriage had taken place and his family been born into a position of
+present and future importance; his own training in public duties and
+experience in foreign travel and observation had been completed up to a
+very high point of efficiency. The one element which seemed to be a
+little lacking was that of a full appreciation of his own responsibility
+to the nation and the Empire. The brilliant light which blazed around
+the Throne could find no fault in the actual performance of any duty;
+but the critical eye and caustic pen had been prone for some years to
+allege an overfondness for pleasure and amusement and the pursuits of
+social life.
+
+Whether true or false in its not very serious origin this impression had
+been studiously cultivated in certain quarters at home which had an
+interest in the theoretical flash-lights of republicanism; and
+extensively propagated abroad by cabled falsehoods and magnified
+incidents until actual harm had been done to the reputation and
+character of the young Prince amongst those who did not know him and
+could never actually expect to know him except through the journalistic
+food upon which they were fed.
+
+On the other hand, the English people had hardly learned to appreciate
+the important place filled by the Prince of Wales in the community, in
+the daily life of the nation, in the hopes of his future subjects, and
+deep down in the hearts of the masses. Something was apparently needed
+to develop those two lines of feeling--one personal and the other
+national--and this came in the illness which struck down the Prince in
+the closing months of 1871. During the Autumn he had paid a visit to
+Lord Londesborough at Scarborough, and, although not feeling well,
+nothing was supposed to be seriously wrong. From there the Prince had
+gone to stay with Lord Carington at Gayhurst and thence returned to
+Sandringham where he became decidedly ill. The _Times_ of November 22nd
+was compelled to state that His Royal Highness was suffering from "a
+chill resulting in a febrile attack" which had confined him to his room.
+On the following day a bulletin signed by Doctors Jenner, Clayton, Gull
+and Lowe stated that the Prince was suffering from typhoid.
+
+
+ORIGIN OF THE ILLNESS
+
+Amid the anxiety caused by this announcement every one wondered where
+the disease had been contracted, and ere long it was known that all the
+guests of Lord Londesborough at the time of the Royal visit had become
+more or less indisposed; that the hostess herself was seriously ill;
+that the Earl of Chesterfield, one of the recent guests, was down with
+typhoid and, finally that Blegg, the Prince's groom, had caught the same
+disease. Ultimately both peer and peasant died, and the seriousness of
+their illness as it developed in the public eye added to the gradually
+growing excitement over the condition of the Heir-Apparent.
+
+The growth of popular feeling in the matter was evidently deep and
+serious. Bulletins stating that the symptoms of the fever were severe
+but regular continued for a time amid ever-increasing manifestations of
+interest and, as the weeks passed slowly by and the Queen had gone to
+the bedside of her son and something of the devotion of his wife to the
+sick Prince became known, this feeling grew in volume. Meanwhile the
+Princess Alice had also come to lend her brother the sympathetic touch
+and knowledge of nursing for which she was so well known. For a brief
+moment on December 1st, the patient roused from his delirium
+sufficiently to remark that it was the birthday of the Princess, and for
+a week thereafter the news of improvement in his condition was good.
+Then came a crisis when the fever had spent itself while the patient had
+also become worn out. It was impossible to say whether he could live
+another day. The Royal family were summoned to Sandringham on December
+9th, and on the following day (Sunday) prayers were offered up in all
+the churches of the land and in many other countries, by request of the
+Archbishop of Canterbury. In the morning, the Vicar at Sandringham
+Church received a note from the Princess of Wales: "My husband being,
+thank God, somewhat better, I am coming to church, I must leave, I fear,
+before the service is concluded that I may watch by his bedside. Can you
+say a few words in prayer in the early part of the service, that I may
+join with you in prayer for my husband before I return to him?"
+
+
+THE CRISIS AND THE RECOVERY
+
+On December 11th the _Times_ stated that "the Prince still lives, and we
+may, therefore, still hope." During the following days crowds in every
+town surrounded the bulletins and waited in the streets for the latest
+newspaper reports; and the Government found it necessary to forward
+medical statements to every telegraph office in the United Kingdom as
+they were issued. On the 14th of the month a favourable change seemed
+apparent, and on the 16th the Prince had a quiet and refreshing sleep.
+On the following day the Royal family went to church, where, by special
+request, the Royal patient and his dying groom--Blegg--were prayed for
+together. The latter died within a few hours, but not before the
+Princess had found time to visit him and comfort his relations. Slowly,
+but steadily, from that time on the Prince began to make headway towards
+recovery, though it was not until Christmas Day that the danger was
+thought to be past and his Royal mother could express her feeling to the
+nation in a letter which was made public on December 26th: "The Queen is
+very anxious to express her deep sense of the touching sympathy of the
+whole nation on the occasion of the alarming illness of her dear son,
+the Prince of Wales. The universal feeling shown by her people during
+these painful, terrible days, and the sympathy evinced by them with
+herself and her beloved daughter, the Princess of Wales, as well as the
+general joy at the improvement of the Prince of Wales's state, have made
+a deep and lasting impression on her heart which can never be effaced."
+
+
+CELEBRATION OF HIS RECOVERY
+
+The recovery of the Prince took the usual course of the disease and was
+protracted in character; but on January 14th the last bulletin was
+issued. The Princess of Wales and the Princess Alice had been his nurses
+throughout this trying time, and they had never seemed to weary in their
+devoted care. Nine days after the issue of the last bulletin Dr. William
+Jenner was gazetted a K.C.B. and Dr. William W. Gull a baronet. There
+were rumors at this time that the patient had been at one stage actually
+_in extremis_, but had been saved by one of those sudden inspirations
+which sometimes constitute so important a part of medical practice, and
+which consisted in a vigorous and continuous application of old
+champagne brandy over the body until returning animation had rewarded
+the doctor's efforts. The 14th of December, the anniversary of the
+Prince Consort's death and the day upon which the actual turning point
+in the disease took place, was commemorated by a brass lectern in the
+Parish Church of Sandringham, which bears the following inscription:
+
+    To the Glory of God.
+    A Thank-Offering for His Mercies.
+    14th December, 1871.
+    Alexandra.
+
+    "When I was in trouble I called upon the Lord, and He heard me."
+
+The good news from Sandringham was received throughout the country with
+expressions of the most unbounded popular satisfaction; and the
+announcement that an opportunity would be afforded of returning public
+thanks to the Almighty for his mercy was universally approved. The day
+for the National Thanksgiving was finally settled for February 27th, and
+St. Paul's Cathedral as the place; but before that time came Dr.
+Stanley--who had now become Dean of Westminster--suggested a private
+visit to the Abbey and a personal expression of his feelings by the
+Prince. This was done in absolute privacy, with only the Princess and a
+few members of the Royal family present. A sermon was preached by the
+Dean in which, as he told an intimate friend, he was able for once to
+say what he wished to say.
+
+
+THE NATION UNITED IN A COMMON SYMPATHY
+
+Many of the papers of the country commented upon the event with much the
+same freedom as the Dean was able to use on this occasion, and it seemed
+to be felt that the unbounded solicitude and affection so evidently and
+profoundly shown for the Prince had given a certain right of counsel to
+the nation. It was generally admitted that the illness had disclosed to
+the people as a whole something like an adequate knowledge of their own
+convictions in connection with the monarchy and concerning its
+maintenance as a permanent and powerful institution of the realm.
+Whatever might be the abstract ideas held by individuals in times when
+Mr. Bradlaugh and Sir Charles Dilke were preaching republicanism and Mr.
+Chamberlain was suspected of harbouring the same opinions, it had become
+apparent that the subjects of the Queen in Great Britain were
+practically a unit in their preference for a constitutional monarchy and
+in their personal devotion to the Crown and the Royal family. In
+addition to the event having awakened the nation to the strength of its
+own sentiment in this regard, it was also believed that an important
+influence would be found to have been exerted upon the Prince of
+Wales--a steadying sense of responsibility resulting from holding such a
+place as he did in the hearts of his countrymen.
+
+
+THE PUBLIC THANKSGIVING OF THE NATION
+
+The _Illustrated London News_ well embodied this thought in the
+following comment: "Doubtless what has occurred during the last few
+weeks has also a meaning for the Heir Apparent to the Throne. No man of
+the slightest sensibility can witness the emotional effusion of a great
+nation towards himself without being deeply impressed with the
+responsibilities of his position. The Prince comes back to the British
+people from the brink of the tomb, and they who most pathetically
+lamented his danger hail his return to health with devout thanksgivings
+and acclamations of joy. Can there be a more powerful incentive to that
+course of future action which will commend him to their approbation and
+their love? That he will recognize and respond to it, we cannot allow
+ourselves to doubt." One of the interesting incidents of the illness was
+the fact that when the announcement was made that His Royal Highness
+might only survive a few hours his obituary was, of course, prepared and
+put in type in all the leading newspaper offices in the land to an
+extent varying from the pages of a metropolitan daily down to the half
+dozen columns of the Provincial press. Proofs of the obituaries were, it
+is understood, afterwards collected and sent to the Prince, who had
+them pasted into an immense scrap-book at Marlborough House.
+
+The Thanksgiving Day celebration commenced on February 27th at 12
+o'clock, when Her Majesty the Queen, accompanied by the Prince and
+Princess of Wales and the Princess Beatrice and Prince Albert Victor of
+Wales, drove through the gates of Buckingham Palace. There were nine
+Royal carriages in the procession, containing a number of ladies and
+gentlemen of the Court, and the Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Arthur, Prince
+Leopold and Prince George of Wales. With the latter was the Marquess of
+Aylesbury, Master of the Horse; Mr. Brand, Speaker of the House of
+Commons; Lord Hatherley, the Lord Chancellor. H. R. H. the Duke of
+Cambridge, Commander-in-Chief, headed the procession as it passed slowly
+through Pall Mall, Charing Cross, the Strand, Fleet Street and Ludgate
+Hill to St. Paul's Cathedral. The streets were lined with dense masses
+of people, while every shop-window, doorstep, portico and available roof
+were black with cheering throngs. Decorations there were of every sort
+and range--squalid or simple or splendid--but all representing pleasure
+and loyalty. Along Fleet Street and the Strand they took the form of an
+actual canopy of banners, standards, streamers and strings of flowers.
+Venetian masts, flying pennons, countless trophies and miniature
+shields, with varied mottoes and many kinds of loyal wishes, were seen
+all along the route. A band of school children numbering 30,000 sang the
+National Anthem in Green Park, while soldiers lined the roadway from the
+Palace to the Cathedral. Hearty and enthusiastic cheers greeted the
+Royal party, and the Queen and Princess were described as looking bright
+and happy, and the Prince as being pale, but not thin. The Queen wore a
+black velvet dress trimmed with white ermine, the Princess of Wales was
+in blue silk covered with black lace, and the Prince was in the uniform
+of a British General and wearing the orders of the Garter and the Bath.
+
+At Temple Bar the Queen was formally received by the Lord Mayor and
+Sheriffs of London, and the city sword handed to Her Majesty and
+returned in the usual way. At one o'clock the Royal party arrived at the
+Cathedral and passed up a covered way of crimson cloth to the steps,
+where they were received by the Bishop of London, the Dean and Chapter
+of St. Paul's and the officers of Her Majesty's Household. The vast
+interior of the building had been arranged to accommodate 13,000
+persons, and was crowded to the doors. Space under the dome was reserved
+for the Queen, the Royal family, the House of Lords, the House of
+Commons, the Corps Diplomatique and the distinguished foreigners, the
+Judges and the dignitaries of the law, the Lords Lieutenant and Sheriffs
+of Counties, the representatives of universities and other learned
+bodies. The choir was reserved for the Clergy, and the place assigned to
+Her Majesty and their Royal Highnesses was slightly raised, made into a
+kind of pew and covered with crimson cloth.
+
+The Royal procession as it moved up the aisle included, besides the
+members of the Royal family, such well known officials and members of
+the Court as Major-General Lord Alfred Paget, Lieutenant-General Sir
+John Cowell, Colonel H. F. Ponsonby, Major-General Sir T. M. Biddulph,
+General Sir William Knollys, Rear-Admiral Lord Frederick Kerr, the
+(late) Lord Methuen, General Lord Strathnairn, the Marquess of
+Aylesbury, the Viscount Sydney, the Countess of Gainsborough, the Lady
+Churchill, Lady Caroline Barrington, the Hon. Mrs. Grey, the Countess of
+Morton and Lord Harris. Most of the great names and great personages of
+England were present at this function. There were 200 Peers and
+Peeresses; the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and fourteen Bishops;
+nearly every member of the House of Commons. Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone
+were there as were Mr. Disraeli and Viscountess Beaconsfield. Lord
+Northbrook, Mr. W. E. Forster, Mr. Cardwell, Mr. Chichester Fortescue,
+Mr. Goschen, and Lord Granville were visible. Throngs of ladies,
+brilliant in blue and mauve and crimson satin and gems were present,
+and, as the sun suddenly shone through what had been sullen clouds, the
+spectacle within those parts of the Cathedral touched by the stream of
+light was beautiful indeed. It shone upon the bright blue of many
+dresses--the Royal colour of the day--mixed up in a confusion of
+effective shadings with the dark blue and burnished gold of the
+uniforms, the scarlet and white plumes of the officers, the gorgeous
+robes of the Peers, the white lawn of the Bishops.
+
+After walking up the aisle on the arm of the Prince of Wales, with the
+Princess on the other side, Her Majesty took her place in the special
+pew with the chief members of the Royal family on either side. After a
+brief special service of thanksgiving the Archbishop of Canterbury
+preached the sermon for the occasion in words of tact and eloquence from
+which one quotation may be made: "Just as in one of our own homes when
+death threatens, the whole history of the loved object we fear to lose
+comes back in the hours of waiting, so England was stirred by a hundred
+touching memories when danger threatened the Royal house. And God
+doubtless thus touched our hearts to deepen our loyalty and make us
+better prize the thousand good things secured in a well-ordered State by
+love to the head of the State." At the conclusion of the sermon a
+Thanksgiving Hymn was sung and the benediction given. The following was
+the concluding verse:
+
+    "Bless, Father, him thou gavest
+    Back to the loyal land,
+    O Saviour, him Thou savest,
+    Still cover with Thine Hand:
+
+    O Spirit, the Defender,
+    Be his to guard and guide,
+    Now in life's midday splendor
+    On to the eventide."
+
+The Royal party then proceeded in due state to their carriages and the
+procession returned through the streets of the city to Buckingham Palace
+over the Holborn Viaduct, along Holborn and Oxford street to the Marble
+Arch, _via_ Hyde Park to Piccadilly, and thence down Constitution Hill.
+Enthusiastic cheering was heard all along the route and decorations were
+seen everywhere in the greatest abundance. In the evening London was
+brilliant with light. The dome of St. Paul's Cathedral, the Mansion
+House, and the two large triumphal arches were particularly bright and
+beautiful in their varied colours and illuminations. The Lord Mayor and
+Lady Mayoress entertained the Lord Mayor of Dublin and the Provincial
+Mayors to a banquet at the Mansion House and, all over the United
+Kingdom, celebrations of a popular or religious character, holiday
+gatherings, crowded meetings and illuminations, marked the day and the
+pleasure of the people. Addresses poured in by hundreds and rejoicings
+were not confined to the Island portion of the Empire. An incident of
+this celebration was the collection of a Thanksgiving Fund for the
+completion of St. Paul's Cathedral. To it the Queen gave £1000 and the
+Prince of Wales £500. Another feature of the event was the splendid
+behaviour of the millions of people who lined the seven-mile route of
+the procession and paid loyal tribute to their Queen and to the son who
+was heir to all the traditions of his race and the greatness of the
+Royal name. On February 29th Her Majesty wrote to Mr. Gladstone a
+message intended for the nation:
+
+     "The Queen is anxious, as on a previous occasion, to express
+     publicly her own personal very deep sense of the reception she and
+     her dear children met with on Tuesday, February the 27th, from
+     millions of her subjects on her way to and from St. Paul's. Words
+     are too weak for the Queen to say how very deeply touched and
+     gratified she has been by the immense enthusiasm and affection
+     exhibited towards her dear son and herself, from the highest down
+     to the lowest, on the long progress through the Capital, and she
+     would earnestly wish to convey her warmest and most heartfelt
+     thanks to the whole nation for this great demonstration of loyalty.
+     The Queen, as well as her son and dear daughter-in-law, felt that
+     the whole nation joined with them in thanking God for sparing the
+     beloved Prince of Wales's life."
+
+Perhaps the most beautiful and effective presentations of popular
+feeling and hopes in connection with this now historic sickness of the
+Heir Apparent were the sermons preached by Dean Stanley. No one has ever
+been closer in friendship and in personal knowledge to the Prince of
+Wales than had this eloquent and saintly ecclesiastic. No one has been
+more admired and respected in the Church of England in modern days than
+he; nor has any of its clergy possessed a wider view or more generous
+heart. Speaking in Westminster Abbey on December 10th, 1871, when the
+nation was awaiting in deep anxiety the issue of a struggle which seemed
+to be almost fatally and surely decided, he embodied the popular feeling
+in beautiful and appropriate words: "On a day like this when there is
+one topic in every household, one question on every lip, it is
+impossible to stand in this place and not endeavour to give some
+expression to that of which every heart is full. We all press, as it
+were, round one darkened chamber, we all feel that with the mourning
+family, mother, wife, brothers, sisters, who are there assembled, we are
+indeed one. The thrill of their fears or hopes passes through and
+through the differences of rank and station; we feel that, while they
+represent the whole people they also represent and are that which each
+family and each member of each family, is separately. In the fierce
+battle between life and death, for the issues of which we are all
+looking with such eager expectation, we see the likeness of what will
+befall every individual soul amongst us; and the reflection which this
+struggle, with all its manifold uncertainties suggests, concerns us all
+alike."
+
+The sermon which followed was a skillful presentation of thoughts
+suggested by the text, "To live is Christ and to die is gain." It
+concluded with an earnest hope that the Royal life which might so
+greatly influence the national destinies might still be preserved--"a
+life which, if duly appreciated and fitly used, contains within it
+special opportunities for good such as no other existence in this great
+community possesses; a life which may, if worthily employed, stimulate
+all that is noble and beneficent and discourage all that is low and base
+and frivolous." In these and other words he concluded a sermon which
+could not but have had its influence in after days upon the life and
+character of the Prince who so greatly respected and regarded the
+preacher. A week later the cloud had lifted from Sandringham and the
+life which had been so much prayed for in so many lands was slowly
+passing into the region of safety and strength. It gave the opportunity
+to Dean Stanley to speak again at the historic Abbey in a strain of
+instruction and to draw a national moral from the events of the past few
+months. He referred to the spontaneous outburst of every class and every
+party which had, to his mind, proved the permanent supremacy of the
+British Crown in a Christian State. "There are nations and there have
+been times in which the devotion to the reigning family has been a thing
+separate and apart from the love of country. There have been times and
+places when the love of country has existed with no loyal feeling to the
+reigning family. Let us thank God that in England it is not so. Loyalty
+with us is the personal, romantic side of patriotism. Patriotism with us
+is the Christian, philosophic side of loyalty. Long may the two flourish
+together, each supporting and sustaining the other."
+
+On the Sunday following the Thanksgiving Service at St. Paul's--March
+3rd--the Dean preached for the last time upon this subject in
+Westminster Abbey. After stirring references to the wonderful scene of
+national enthusiasm lately witnessed and to the gathering in St. Paul's
+Cathedral of representatives of every creed and religious division in
+Great Britain (except those of one exclusive body) to offer
+thanksgivings in "the venerable forms of the National Church" he
+expressed his belief that the demonstration as a whole was "the response
+in every English heart to the sense of union--too subtle for analysis
+yet true and simple as the primitive instincts of our race--which binds
+the people of England to their Monarchy and the Monarchy to the people."
+He dealt with the functions and character of that institution in most
+striking words. "No other existing throne in Europe reaches back to the
+same antiquity, none other combines with such an undivided charm the
+associations of the past with the interests of the present. It is the
+one name and place which, being beyond the reach of personal ambition,
+beyond the need of private gain, has the inestimable chance of guiding,
+moulding, elevating the tastes, the customs, the morals of the whole
+community. It is the one name and place which, being raised high above
+all party struggles, all local jealousies, over all classes,
+ecclesiastical as well as civil, is the supreme controlling spring which
+binds together in their widest meaning all the forces of the State and
+all the forces of the Church. It is the one institution which by very
+nature of its existence unites the abstract idea of country and of duty
+with the personal endearments of family life, of domestic love, of
+individual character."
+
+It was the greatness of this national possession--one which had steadied
+national progress and promoted peace in the midst of tumults and freedom
+in the midst of disorder--which had, Dean Stanley thought, helped to
+make the people pray that its destined heir should be worthy of his
+noble inheritance. And then the speaker pointedly and clearly pictured
+the increased and increasing responsibilities of the Prince of Wales
+upon whom, henceforth, "as by a new consecration and confirmation,
+devolves the glorious task of devoting to his country's service that
+life which is in a special sense no longer his but ours, for which his
+country's prayers, his country's thanksgivings, have been so earnestly
+offered." The sermon concluded with a description of these great
+responsibilities; an appeal to the Prince to begin life afresh and to
+take the lead in all that was true and holy, just and good; a warning
+that "of him to whom much has been given, much shall be required;" a
+picture of a Christian England fighting evil in every form and in every
+place and growing greater in all the elements of higher national and
+individual life.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+The Prince of Wales in India
+
+
+To make a Royal tour of the vast British possessions in Hindostan was an
+inspiring idea. To constitute the Crown a tangible evidence of Imperial
+power and a living object and centre of Eastern loyalty and respect was
+a policy worthy of Mr. Disraeli and of the statecraft in which he had
+once declared imagination to be an essential ingredient. To precede this
+action by the purchase of the Suez Canal shares in order to safe-guard
+the pathway to the Indian Empire and to succeed it with such an
+impressive appeal to Oriental individualism and personal loyalty as the
+proclamation of Queen Victoria as Empress of India were strokes of
+statesmanship such as no other Englishman of that time was capable of
+initiating.
+
+
+INCEPTION OF THE PROJECT
+
+In Bombay, when the project was finally in full fruition, the Prince of
+Wales told a distinguished audience that "it had long been the dream of
+his life to visit India," and there seems no room to doubt that it was a
+part of the original plan mapped out by the keen perceptions of the
+Prince Consort for the education of his eldest son. It was
+unquestionably suggested to the former by Lord Canning, when
+Governor-General of India in the wild days of the Mutiny, but the idea
+necessarily slumbered until the young Prince was old enough to undertake
+the heavy duties involved.
+
+By that time his father had passed away; the old-time rule of the East
+India Company was gone; a new and greater India had expanded in
+territory and population; while the loyalty of its native Princes had
+become a constant marvel to other peoples. Yet there were causes of
+discontent and grounds for trouble. The myriad masses of Hindostan did
+not yet fully understand who was ruling over them, nor had they ever
+fully comprehended how the rule of the Company passed away. The word
+"Queen" had to them an Eastern significance which did not exactly compel
+respect, and that personal side of Government which means so much to the
+Oriental mind had never been brought home to them. The assassination of
+Lord Mayo proved the possibilities of greater trouble, and there was
+always the danger of Russian aggression and the existence of border
+warfare. In the winter of 1874, therefore, the question of a Royal tour
+was seriously considered, and some correspondence passed between the
+authorities concerned. To send the Heir to the Throne on such a visit
+was a unique project, and there were various difficulties to overcome.
+India was accustomed to visitors of the type of Alexander the Great, of
+Timour, Baber, Mahmoud of Ghuznee and Nadir Shah; but a peaceful
+progress of the foreign Heir to its Throne was another matter. Brief and
+hasty visits to some of its Princes had been made in recent times by
+Prince Adalbert of Prussia, the King of the Belgians and the Duke of
+Edinburgh, but there had never been a state tour of the country with all
+its accompaniments of splendour and costliness, the danger from fanatics
+and the trying changes of climatic conditions.
+
+
+ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE TOUR
+
+It was not an easy matter to arrange, and the probabilities are, that if
+the Prince of Wales had not himself insisted that it was his duty to go,
+the project might ultimately have been abandoned. He had by this time
+come to fill so important a place in the public eye and in the external
+functions of Sovereignty that his absence for six months, or more was a
+serious consideration. The preliminary obstacles, however, were
+overcome, and on the 16th of March, 1875, the Marquess of Salisbury,
+Secretary of State for India, announced that the visit would take place,
+and a little later the _Times_ stated that Sir Bartle Frere would
+accompany His Royal Highness. The former was widely known in India
+through administrative duties admirably performed in Bombay and the
+North-West Provinces. The Duke of Sutherland, a much respected nobleman,
+was selected as one of the suite, together with Lord Suffield, head of
+the Prince's Household; Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Ellis, Equerry to the
+Prince, and who had served in India; Major-General (Sir) D. M. Probyn,
+V.C., who arranged the details regarding horses, transport and sporting;
+Mr. Knollys, who has since been so well known as Sir Francis Knollys,
+the Prince's Private Secretary; Lord Alfred Paget, an old man and most
+attached friend to the Prince; the Rev. Canon Duckworth, who went as
+Chaplain; and Dr. Fayrer, who attended in the capacity of guardian to
+the Prince's health, and afterwards became a well known physician and
+Sir Joseph Fayrer, Bart., F.R.S., etc.
+
+The Earl of Aylesford, Lord Carington and Colonel Owen Williams were
+invited, as personal friends of the Prince of Wales, to join the party,
+while Lieutenant the Lord Charles Beresford, M.P., who had accompanied
+the Duke of Edinburgh on his preceding hasty visit, also lent his
+experience and unflagging gayety to the suite, and was aided by
+Lieutenant Augustus Fitz-George of the Rifle Brigade. Mr. Sydney Hall
+was the official artist of the tour; Mr. Albert Grey (afterwards Earl
+Grey) was Private Secretary to Sir Bartle Frere; and the present Sir
+William Howard Russell was a special correspondent with the nominal
+duties of Honorary Private Secretary to the Prince. When Parliament met
+various questions were asked as to whether the expenses of the tour were
+to be charged to the British or Indian Governments; whether the Prince
+would represent the Queen; whether he would supersede the
+Governor-General for the time being, etc. On July 8th Mr. Disraeli made
+a full statement for the first time in connection with the subject. He
+alluded to the previous travels of the Prince of Wales and expressed the
+opinion that they were the best form of education for a Royal personage.
+But the rules and regulations and etiquette which sufficed for the
+Prince in Canada and other countries would not do in India. One
+important difference was the probably costly character of the ceremonial
+presents which would have to be exchanged between the visitor and his
+hosts amongst the native Princes. Money would have to be granted for
+this, and the sum of £30,000 had been casually estimated for the
+purpose. The estimate of the Admiralty for the expenses of the voyage
+and corresponding movements of the fleet was £52,000. He would ask for a
+vote of £60,000. The Prince would go as the Heir Apparent to the Crown
+and be the formal guest of the Viceroy from the time of setting foot
+upon Indian soil. The expenses of the tour were to be charged to the
+Indian Budget. This statement created some criticism, while the very
+small amount proposed for expenditure caused still more comment. As a
+matter of fact, the Prince did not exceed, in the end, the comparatively
+small amount voted.
+
+
+THE JOURNEY COMMENCED
+
+On Sunday, October 10th, a farewell sermon was preached at Westminster
+Abbey by Dean Stanley, who expressed the hope that the visit might leave
+behind it "on one side the remembrance of graceful acts, kind words,
+English nobleness, Christian principles, and on the other awaken in all
+concerned the sense of graver duties, wider sympathies, loftier
+purposes." On the following day the Prince left London amid marked
+popular demonstrations of respect and regard, and with every evidence of
+a deep public interest shown by the press of the country. At Dover
+thousands of people cheered the Prince farewell. He took the boat for
+Calais, accompanied by the Princess, who, however, did not land, but
+returned home next morning. At Paris he was accidentally met by
+President MacMahon, who was leaving on the train for another place, and
+welcomed to France; officially he was received by Lord Lyons, the
+British Ambassador. On the following day His Royal Highness lunched with
+Marshal MacMahon at the Elysée. This visit and the ensuing journey
+through Turin, Bologna and Ancona to Brindisi was carried out in a
+private and non-official capacity. Nevertheless, at every station there
+were officials, guards of honour and crowds of people to see the special
+go through and to do honour to the traveller. The bulk of the Royal
+suite followed the Prince a little later, and on October 16th the whole
+party met at Brindisi and the voyage proper commenced.
+
+
+WELCOMED BY THE KING OF THE GREEKS
+
+Later in the same day H. M. S. _Serapis_, under the command of Captain
+the Hon. H. Carr-Glyn, accompanied by the Royal yacht _Osborne_, left
+Brindisi, and two days later the Prince was being welcomed in Athens by
+the King of the Hellenes--Otto I--and by a picturesque Court clad in the
+attractive costumes of the nation. Visits to the Acropolis and to the
+country house of the King were followed by a State banquet at the
+Palace, which gathered together all that was eminent in modern Grecian
+life, glittering with laces, orders and decorations, and including some
+young men who have since become famous--Tricoupi, Delyannis,
+Commoundourus and Zaimés. Illuminations of the city ensued, and in the
+morning, after a Royal reception, the Prince left Athens through crowds
+of people, who seemed a little more demonstrative than had been the case
+at first. On October 20th the Piræus was left behind after a farewell
+visit from the King and at dawn the next day Crete was in sight. The
+ship steered steadily ahead and three days later was welcomed at Port
+Said by Egyptian frigates on sea and Egyptian infantry on shore.
+
+There was no cheering from the people but much curiosity. A formal
+welcome was offered for the Khedive by Princes Tewfik, Hussein and
+Hassan, who were accompanied on their visit to the _Serapis_ by the
+well-known statesman Nubar Pasha, and other officers of the Court. The
+Prince then transferred himself to a smaller vessel--the _Osborne_--and
+with a Royal Standard floating over the ship for the first time since
+the Empress Eugénie had opened the Suez Canal, he traversed that famous
+waterway. At Ismaila, the Prince and his suite landed and took a special
+train to Cairo, where His Royal Highness was welcomed by the Khedive in
+person, with the towering form of the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia
+standing behind, and a brilliantly uniformed Court around him. To the
+Prince of Wales the Gezireh Palace was given as his temporary residence.
+The succeeding day was occupied with ceremonials of various kinds, a
+banquet being given by the Khedive at the Abdeen Palace in the evening,
+when the Prince passed to and fro in a lane of light made by myriad
+many-coloured lamps.
+
+On October 25th, the Prince of Wales invested Prince Tewfik--afterwards
+Khedive of Egypt--with the Order of the Star of India amidst all
+possible state. In a letter he told His Highness that the honour was
+conferred to mark British appreciation of the Khedive's friendship to
+England, and his good work in promoting the safety of British
+communication with India. The next day saw the Royal departure from
+Cairo after a formal visit from the Khedive, the Princes his sons, and
+his Ministers, who were again at the station to see him off a little
+later. Suez was reached in the evening and, amid elaborate preparations
+from the Pasha of that place, crowds of people and illuminated
+men-of-war in the roadstead, the Prince and his party boarded the
+_Serapis_ and, accompanied by the _Osborne_, proceeded on the voyage to
+Aden. Perim, which has been described as "a gigantic blistered clinker,"
+was reached and passed on October 31st, and from the ship the Prince got
+his first view of Her Majesty's Indian troops. It is to be hoped that
+the cheering Bombay Infantry drawn up on that vitrified surface, got a
+fair view of the Prince in return. On the following day the
+volcanic-like Island of Aden was reached, and its fortifications gazed
+upon with interest. As the flag flew from the mast-head of the _Serapis_
+to announce its arrival the ships and crags rang with the roar of
+cannon. The Prince landed, clad in uniform of a somewhat mixed
+character, with Field Marshal's insignia, and accompanied by his suite.
+Upon, or around, the platform and triumphal arch erected at the
+landing-place, was every variety of picturesque oriental costume with a
+background of mountain and blistered rock and white, painted houses.
+Chiefs from the mainland in gorgeous array, the King's Own Borderer's
+Regiment, all the ladies of the island in European or Asiatic costume,
+fierce-looking Arabs, meek-looking Hindoos, sleek Parsees, people from
+all the regions between the Persian Gulf, Zanzibar and Arabia, were
+there to welcome him.
+
+
+THE PRINCE RECEIVES AN ADDRESS
+
+A formal address was presented to His Royal Highness by the Resident--a
+Parsee--and then followed a drive through decorated streets with
+numerous arches and curious mottoes to the Residency. A Levée was held
+here and later in the day the ship was again boarded and steamed away
+from the Indian Gibraltar as it lay bathed in lines of light along all
+its town and batteries.
+
+Bombay was reached on November 8th, after a voyage which was upon the
+whole pleasant--certainly as far as surroundings and comforts could
+make it. For a few hours official visitors streamed on board, and then
+in the afternoon Lord Northbrook, Viceroy of India, appeared on the
+scene and was received with the honours due to his station. There had
+been some idea abroad that difficulties might arise as to the respective
+positions of the Heir Apparent and the Viceroy in State ceremonial, but
+from the day of this first formal meeting there does not seem to have
+been the slightest trouble upon the point. Each knew perfectly what
+pertained to the position and rank of the other. Then came the Governor
+of Bombay, Sir Philip Wodehouse, and with him the Commander-in-Chief of
+the Presidency, Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Staveley, and the members
+of the Council. Meanwhile the harbour was filled with ships and boats of
+all kinds, flags were streaming everywhere, in the distance was a vast
+triumphal arch spanning the waterway between two piers, and, as the
+Royal and Vice-regal party stepped into the barge and started for the
+landing-place, the cannon roared, bands played, guards saluted and crews
+cheered.
+
+As the Prince of Wales landed the scene was one of the most splendid
+conceivable. Long lines of seats draped in scarlet cloth stood out under
+the sides of the gigantic archway and upon them stood a multitude of
+native notabilities--Chiefs, Sirdars and gentlemen, Parsees, Hindoos,
+Mahrattas and Mohammedans--a crowd glittering in gems and bright in all
+the brilliant hues of Oriental garb. Amongst them also were the officers
+of the Government and Municipality, leading citizens and dignitaries,
+and all the ladies who could be found within a radius of a hundred
+miles. Flowers and shrubs and banners and flags were everywhere. An
+address expressive of loyalty and pride in the British Throne was
+presented from the Municipality and duly answered, and then the Prince,
+with Lord Northbrook at his side, walked along a carpeted avenue,
+speaking to various Princes and Chiefs as they were presented--the
+first being Sir Salar Jung, the Prime Minister and representative and
+famous statesman of Hyderabad. At the end of the avenue, where carriages
+were taken for the procession of seven miles through the teeming streets
+of the city, a band of Parsee girls in white were waiting to strew
+garlands and flowers in the Prince's carriage and on the roadway.
+
+There was no music in this wonderful night procession and its
+surroundings are difficult to describe. Mr. W. H. Russell, the diarist
+of the Royal tour, speaks of the spectacle as being absolutely baffling
+to the eye. "There was something almost supernatural in these long
+vistas winding down banks of variegated light, crowded with gigantic
+creatures waving their arms aloft and indulging in extravagant gesture,
+which the eye--baffled by rivers of fire, blinded with the glare of
+lamps and blazing magnesium wire and pots of burning matter--sought in
+vain to penetrate." The piled-up masses of human beings along these
+miles of streets; the Parsee women in brilliant costumes, which vied
+with the colours of the surrounding fires and lights; crowds of
+Mohammedans; Hindoo temples with roofs covered by Brahmins and their
+votaries; a Jew bazaar, an American store, a European warehouse, or a
+Japan temple in close proximity to each other and all bearing a burden
+of people in varied dress; flashed a picturesque and never-ending
+variety of sight and colour and character to the gaze of the quiet,
+dignified man who drove through it all as the central figure of a
+spectacle whose like may never be seen again. A banquet followed in the
+great hall of Government House, and a state reception closed the varied
+proceedings of this first busy day in historic Hindostan.
+
+Meanwhile, camp-fires blazed for miles around the city, the fiery
+furnace of the streets settled into as much of silence as an Oriental
+centre under such conditions could attain and all over India, in every
+mart and village and town where a gun could be found, volleys had
+announced the arrival of the heir to its Imperial throne. In the
+morning a Royal reception was held at Government House and, amid
+splendid surroundings and every form of dignity and severe etiquette
+necessary to impress the visiting Princes and Chiefs and Rajahs of the
+great Presidency of Bombay, His Royal Highness stood or sat for hours in
+the intense heat, clad in a stiff uniform, laden with lace and buttoned
+up to the throat. With him were the Duke of Sutherland, Major-General
+Lord Alfred Paget, Sir Bartle Frere, Lord Suffield, Lord Charles
+Beresford and the rest of his suite. The Oriental dignitaries, each in
+great state, came with attendants and ceremonies and gifts in accordance
+with his rank. Each Prince was treated along graded lines of cordiality,
+courtesy or civility, as was supposed to become his position. The little
+Rajah of Kolapore; the Maharajah of Mysore; the Maharana of Oodeypore;
+the Rao of Cutch--who left a sick bed and returned home to die; the
+little Gaekwar of Baroda, who was described as looking like a
+crystallized rainbow and was accompanied by the famous statesman, Sir
+Madhava Rao; Sir Salar Jung of Hyderabad; and the Maharajah of Edur;
+were received one after the other and then a succession of less
+important rulers with tremendous names, fierce-looking guards and more
+or less gorgeous costumes.
+
+At the end of what was a Durbar in all but name the Prince was only
+beginning his functions for the day. The Viceroy had to be received and
+many matters discussed; a visit was paid to the _Serapis_ where the men
+were celebrating the Prince's birthday, as were many millions throughout
+India; telegrams were exchanged with the Princess at Sandringham; every
+step was marked by pomp and splendour; a state banquet was held in the
+evening and another, but less formal, reception afterwards. Meantime,
+the city, the shipping and the harbour were a blaze of light and general
+illumination--the great bay looking as if it were filled with rows of
+fiery pyramids and the streets as if all India were trying to pass
+through them. On November the 10th the Viceroy bade farewell to the
+Prince, who did not see him again until near the end of his tour. He
+went on a journey himself to parts of India which His Royal Highness was
+unable to visit. Another formal reception of lesser Rajahs and Nawabs
+took place in the morning. In the afternoon the Prince drove into
+Bombay, accompanied by Sir Philip Wodehouse and held a Levée in the
+Government Buildings. Then followed a visit to the harbour where, in an
+open space, seven thousand children of all castes, classes, colours and
+creeds, dressed in brilliant hues and laden with flowers, sang patriotic
+songs. They almost smothered the Royal guest in flowers as he ascended
+to his place. State visits were then made to a number of the native
+Princes who had been already received and, in the evening, a grand
+European ball, given by the Byculla Club, was attended. Other Chiefs
+were visited next day by the Prince--those who had not residences or
+were not of sufficient importance being assigned reception rooms at the
+Secretariat, or Government Buildings.
+
+
+THE PRINCE'S POPULARITY AT BOMBAY
+
+After this wearisome and almost unbearably hot business was over the
+Prince attended a dinner given by the people of Bombay to the sailors of
+the fleet and the vigorous cheering of these two thousand seamen as His
+Royal Highness entered the hall must have been a relief after the heavy
+and sustained etiquette of the past few days. Following this was the
+laying of the foundation stone of the Elphinstone Docks with Masonic
+ritual and ceremonies. Then came a visit to the Hyderabad Prime Minister
+and deputation and to others and a busy day closed with the usual state
+dinner and reception. On the evening of November 12th the famous Caves
+of Elephanta were visited and a banquet received by the Prince of Wales
+amongst these wonderful and massive efforts of distant ages to embody
+what seemed to them the divine attributes. Returning to the city the
+Royal barge passed between two rows of ships, discharging volleys, while
+the hulls and riggings were brightly illuminated, coloured fires were
+everywhere and earth and sky seemed merged in a tremendous display of
+fireworks and rockets. A visit to Poonah followed and this included an
+inspection of the Temple of Parbuttee, from one of the windows of which
+the last of the Peishwas had seen his forces routed on the plains of
+Kirkee below; a review of native troops; a reception in the city
+characterized by the usual fireworks, triumphal arches, crowded streets
+and revel of colour.
+
+On the 16th, His Royal Highness was back at Bombay considering plans
+which had been disarranged by the prevalence of cholera in Southern
+India. Finally, it was decided to visit Baroda, the capital of a State
+where the Gaekwar had recently been deposed for his crimes. It was felt
+that danger might exist, as even the most evil of Eastern rulers has
+fanatical followers, but the former Resident, Sir R. Meade, expressed
+the belief that it could be done safely and would be of great service
+and the authorities and Prince, after much discussion, approved the
+change of programme. This last day in Bombay saw the presentation of
+colours to a battalion of Native Infantry amidst an immense concourse of
+people, and a ball given by the citizens at which natives, Chiefs and
+gentlemen could see Europeans dancing and amusing themselves. The
+presents received during this part of the tour numbered over four
+hundred and included specimens of every variety of Indian
+workmanship--tissues, brocade, cloths, arms, jewellery, gold, silver and
+metal. The Rajah of Kolapore, in addition to the gift of an ancient
+jewelled sword and dagger, had assigned £20,000, or $100,000, to the
+founding of a Hospital to be called after the Royal visitor.
+
+The journey to Baroda was commenced on November 18th and finished early
+on the following morning. At the station the Prince of Wales was
+received by the Gaekwar, Sir Madhava Rao, the British agent and other
+officers, and outside were triumphal arches and a rolling sea of dark,
+silent faces, topped by turbans of every colour in the rainbow. Outside
+also was an enormous elephant, with a golden howdah on his back, and
+into this the Prince and the Gaekwar presently entered. Everything was
+cloth of gold and velvet. The procession started after a time with a
+long line of gorgeously-caparisoned elephants following, a way was
+cleared for them by an advance guard of the 3rd Hussars, while in the
+rear were some of the Gaekwar's artillery and cavalry and a great crowd
+of Sirdars and lesser chiefs. The three miles to the Residency was lined
+by cavalry, and the spectacle must have been a superb one to see for the
+first time. The whole of the route was bordered by a light trellis work
+of bamboos, hung with lamps and festooned with flowers, while at certain
+points were special arches and clusters of flags. On his arrival the
+Prince held a sort of Durbar, paid a return visit to the Gaekwar and
+went to the Agga, or arena for wild-beast combats, where he saw Eastern
+wrestlers, an elephant fight, a buffalo fight, a struggle of fighting
+rams, and a show of wild or curious animals. The night was brilliant
+with illuminations, and the Prince accepted an invitation to dine with
+the 9th Native Infantry--an honour of which they were very proud.
+
+The next day was devoted to sport, and in the evening dinner was taken
+with another Native regiment. On the evening of the 21st the Prince
+visited the Gaekwar at the ancient Palace of the Mohtee Bagh, and on the
+way crossed a bridge spanned by triumphal arches, with men holding
+blazing torches placed along the parapets. Lamps and lights were
+everywhere. A great banquet was held, in the course of which Sir Madhava
+Rao expressed the thanks of the Gaekwar, and said that "it was now
+their felicity to see that Prince who was heir to a sceptre whose
+beneficent power and influence were felt in every quarter of the globe;
+which dispelled darkness, diffused light, paralyzed the tyrant's hand,
+shivered the manacles of the slave, extended the bounds of freedom,
+accelerated the happiness and elevated the dignity of the human race. He
+had come to inspect an Empire founded by the heroism and sustained by
+the statesmanship of England; to witness the spectacle of indigenous
+principalities relying more securely on British justice than could
+mighty nations on their embattled hosts."
+
+
+THE PRINCE TAKES PART IN A HUNTING EXPEDITION
+
+After dinner, various Eastern performances in dancing and juggling were
+given, and then they departed for the shooting grounds farther south,
+where "pig-sticking" and other sports were enjoyed. His Royal Highness
+succeeded in killing one wild boar. On November the 24th the Royal
+visitor arrived again at Bombay and went on board the _Serapis_. On the
+following day he landed to take leave of the Governor, and suddenly, to
+the dismay of the local authorities who had lined his announced route
+with troops, intimated his intention to attend the wedding festivities
+of the son of Sir Munguldass Nuthoobhoy, a great native merchant. The
+visit proved well worth the trouble, and the undisguised delight of the
+host and those present was a privilege to see. A farewell incident was
+the knighting of the energetic Chief of Police, Sir F. H. Soutar. At 6
+P.M. the _Serapis_ was on its way to Goa.
+
+The visit to this ancient Portuguese dependency was not prolonged and
+the incidents of importance were few. But much that was curious was seen
+and many historical memories revived. On November 28th the little
+foreign strip of territory was left behind and Beypore was sighted on
+the following day. It was found, however, that cholera existed along all
+the routes which the Prince proposed to take in this part of the
+country and the medical men would not take the responsibility of
+advising a continuance of the tour in this direction. The Prince bore
+his disappointment philosophically, though he had expected much pleasure
+from the splendid shooting places of the Mysore country. What can be
+said, however, of the disappointed people and authorities? The Mysore
+Government had spent thousands of pounds in preparation; Ootacamund,
+Bangalore, Travancore and other places had laid out much money and the
+population for hundreds of miles was stirred with expectancy. A visit
+was paid to the shore and a brief glance taken at the old-time land of
+Tippoo Sahib, and then the voyage was resumed to Ceylon.
+
+On December 1st the lights of Colombo were sighted, and soon the
+familiar spectacle of British men-of-war dressed to welcome royalty was
+seen. The sight at the landing-place was a pretty one, and the long
+avenue of gaily-decorated and flower-garlanded boats through which the
+Royal barge first passed was equally so. The Prince was received in a
+beautiful pavilion under a striking archway and everywhere in sight were
+arches and flags and palm-leaves, and massed displays of fruits and
+flowers, and tier on tier of spectators. All the dignitaries of Ceylon
+were there and the usual addresses and replies were given. Thence the
+Prince passed to the Government Buildings and took a drive round the
+town, meeting everywhere an enthusiastic and sincerely generous
+reception and a wealth of decoration in fruits and flowers and ferns.
+His Royal Highness gave a state banquet on the _Serapis_ in the evening,
+while Colombo was illuminated and the ships were a blaze of light. Never
+were the Cinghelese more happy than on that day and night, and
+spectators found it hard to describe the revel of light, fantastic,
+Eastern pleasure. On the following day the railway train was taken for
+Kandy amid genuine British cheers from throngs of men clad in
+petticoats and wearing combs in front of their _chignons_.
+
+At this splendidly situated town--the ancient stronghold of Chiefs and
+the seat of more than one rebellion against earlier British rule--the
+Prince was received by a great number of queerly-clad but distinguished
+personages and Buddhist priests. The Governor, Mr. W. H. Gregory, who
+accompanied the Royal traveller, was unusually popular and this,
+perhaps, helped in the success of the reception. Addresses were received
+and in the evening the Governor held a state dinner attended by all the
+notabilities of Ceylon and accompanied outside by the beating of native
+drums, the blowing of myriad horns, the clang of mighty gongs and sounds
+of distant cheering. Afterwards the Prince witnessed a grotesque and
+extraordinary procession of elephants, dancers and priests of the
+Temple. On the following day he visited the Royal Botanical Gardens and
+in the evening held an investiture of the Order of St. Michael and St.
+George at which the Governor was knighted and some lesser honours given.
+The Chiefs and their stately and dignified wives were then formally
+presented. From the audience hall he afterwards passed to the Temple and
+was shown the famous "Sacred Tooth of Gotama Buddha"--an object of
+veneration to many millions of the human race and of visible fear to the
+priests who stood around the Prince or took it from its precious and
+numerous cases. On December the 4th the Prince went on a visit to the
+interior of this wonderfully beautiful country and enjoyed the
+excitement of an elephant hunt and of killing some of those colossal
+creatures of the jungle. Colombo was reached again, three days later,
+and another state banquet attended in the evening. On the following day
+the new Breakwater was inaugurated by the Prince and in the evening a
+farewell banquet received and the city left amid scenes of brilliant
+illumination and fantastic Eastern beauty.
+
+The Prince of Wales and his suite landed in Tuticorin on the coast of
+India, again, on December 9th, and proceeded inland by train without any
+particular or formal reception. The Tamils were found to be a handsome,
+mild-natured, respectful people and the land cultivated and apparently
+prosperous. At Mainachy, a deputation of six thousand native Christians
+and one thousand boys and girls, headed by the Rev. Dr. Caldwell and the
+Rev. Dr. Sargent, presented an address and a handsomely-bound Bible and
+Prayer-book in the Tamil language, to His Royal Highness. A native
+"lyric" was then sung by the children including words of which the
+following is a translation: "Crossing seas and crossing mountains, thou
+hast visited this southern-most region and granted to those who live
+under the shadow of thy Royal umbrella a sight of thy benign
+countenance." Madura was reached a few hours later and found to be
+profusely decorated, one of the arches being made of native work in
+perforated paper, covered with talc plates and silver plaques in front
+of a screen of red. The name of the town signified "sweetness" and it
+turned out to be a place of great charm, imposing buildings and unusual
+cleanliness. The Rajah of Pudducottah was duly received and during his
+visit he showed the Prince a book consisting of original letters,
+dispatches etc., which had passed between Clive and his own ancestor
+during the times of French and English struggle for supremacy in
+Southern India. The Prince visited some of the ancient buildings of the
+place, including the Temple of Minakshee, where Nautch girls scattered
+flowers before him and garlands were placed over his shoulders, and the
+Tank of the Golden Lotus and received a number of interesting presents
+from the Rajah and from the Ranee of Shivagunga. He left on December
+11th for Trichinoply, where he arrived in a few hours.
+
+Here, His Royal Highness, after his progress through flowers, arches,
+crowds, officials and decorations of unusual richness and taste, visited
+the famous Temple of Seringham which has been described as "a vast
+bewildering mass of gate, towers, enclosures, courts, terraces and
+halls." In one of the last-named there were one thousand columns of
+granite each consisting of one block and carved with elaborate images of
+deities. The next place seen was the ancient Palace of the Nawabs of the
+Carnatic and here presentation of the notabilities of the city took
+place and an address was received by the future European Emperor of
+India in the very home of the olden Eastern power. The scene from this
+place in the evening was very striking--immense multitudes below, a
+great tank full of boats and blazing with coloured fires and lights,
+Clive's historic home on the opposite side and, above and over all, the
+vast pyramidical pile, the Rock of Trichinoply, with its Temple of
+Ganesa crowning the famous precipice and towering above the city.
+
+
+PRINCE WELCOMED IN MADRAS
+
+On December the 12th, the Royal visitor was again travelling and on the
+following day reached Madras, where he was formally welcomed by
+Lieutenant-Governor the Duke of Buckingham, the Rajah of Cochin, the
+Maharajah of Travancore, the Prince of Arcot, the Rajah of Vizianagram
+and others. The procession then passed from the station to Government
+House through the narrow streets of the native town and the wide
+thoroughfares of the European quarters. A golden umbrella was held over
+the Prince's head and thus the massed populace--more fortunate than that
+of Bombay--was able to be certain of his identity. At the Wallahjah
+Bridge some thousands of students and boys and girls were ranged on both
+sides, each school with its distinctive banners and badges. The
+audiences given afterwards at Government House to Native Chiefs, and the
+return visits, were conducted in the same manner and style as those at
+Bombay. In the afternoon a crowded Levée was held and in the evening a
+state banquet given to which the Governor invited all the chief
+personages in the City and Presidency. A brief reception followed and
+then His Royal Highness drove out to the Duke's country residence where
+he spent the following day in seclusion as being the anniversary of his
+father's death.
+
+The events of the succeeding day included fashionable and interesting
+races at Guindy Park which all the Madras world attended under the
+patronage of the Prince; and in the afternoon a Royal reception of the
+Chancellor and officers and Fellows of the University; of the Grand
+Officers of the local Freemasonry; of Commissions or deputations from
+Mysore and Coorg and Coimbatore. Each of the latter bore gifts and all
+presented addresses. Formal calls were made upon the principal Chiefs
+and a memorial foundation stone of the new Harbour works laid. The
+latter was an impressive scene and on his way home the Prince, despite
+pouring rain, visited the historic Fort of St. George with its many
+reminders of past struggle and conquest. Another state banquet and
+reception followed.
+
+On the following day the Prince enjoyed a spectacle of Indian jugglery
+and saw feats performed which in a western land would be deemed
+miraculous. December the 17th saw His Royal Highness lunching at the
+Madras Club where he tested Indian curries in their highest state of
+development and in the afternoon he was welcomed at the Park by
+thousands of children. A little later he reviewed a body of troops
+accompanied by the Commander-in-Chief, Sir Paul Haines. With the latter
+he dined in the evening and at ten o'clock drove to the Pier to see the
+great event of the visit. This was an illumination of the sea. Mr. W. H.
+Russell in his _Diary_ says: "Man will never see any spectacle more
+strange--nay awful. Neither pen nor pencil can give any idea of it. It
+was exciting, grand, wierd and beautiful." Fireworks from the ships
+looked like volcanoes bursting from the deep, while multiplied
+fireboats had an effect upon the stony ink-blackness of the surf, like
+rolling flames pouring in upon the shores. At midnight the Prince passed
+from this scene to a special Native entertainment in his honour. The
+great railway station had been converted into a decorated theatre
+crowded with many thousand natives. Upon the elevated platform the
+Prince received an address and an exquisite gold casket and then watched
+a programme of eastern dancing. At six in the morning the Prince was up
+and away to attend a meet of the Madras pack and enjoy a few hours'
+sport--and in the afternoon the _Serapis_ was again his home and Madras
+was left behind.
+
+After a pleasant voyage up the Bay of Bengal the Prince of Wales arrived
+at Fort William, passed through a great fleet of vessels and prepared to
+enter Calcutta, the capital of the great Eastern Empire. Meantime, many
+eminent Indian officials and unofficial personages called to pay their
+respects and finally, the Earl of Northbrook, Viceroy and
+Governor-General. Amidst the thunder of artillery from fleet and forts
+His Royal Highness then landed and was welcomed by a great multitude of
+people, luxuriously seated in tiers of seats ranged beside two pavilions
+draped in scarlet, the canopies of which were upheld by gold pillars
+wreathed with flowers. Beyond was a massive arch of triumph and the
+platform and landing stage was carpeted with red cloth. In the
+surrounding crowd was the whole central machinery of government amongst
+three hundred millions of people and Rajahs, Chiefs and authorities
+innumerable. The procession through the "City of Palaces" was marked by
+the same splendour, the same crowds, the same curious contrasts as had
+impressed the observer at Bombay. But the absence of the night effect
+and its wierd illumination and the presence of certain indefinable
+elements made it more dignified; while the greater number of English
+people gave a certain leaven of western enthusiasm which had been
+wanting elsewhere. In the evening a magnificent banquet was given by
+the Viceroy and the city was a blaze of light and the scene of general
+festivity.
+
+The day before Christmas saw a state reception more remarkable than any
+yet held. The first native prince to be received was the Maharajah of
+Puttiala--a melancholy-faced man who died soon afterwards. Then followed
+the Maharajah Holkar of Indore who was said to have £5,000,000 in gold
+stored away; the Maharajah of Jodhpore, who wore an indescribable
+glittering mass of gems; the Maharajahs of Jeypore, Cashmere, Gwalior;
+the Sultana Jehan, Begum of Bhopal, of whom little more than a shawl and
+a silk hood could be seen; and the Maharajah of Rewah, a dignified
+personage who was said by some writers to be suffering from leprosy. A
+Levée was then held and the Prince, for two hours, with the Duke of
+Sutherland on one side of him and Lieutenant-Governor Sir Richard Temple
+on the other, stood in full uniform bowing to a steady stream of people.
+Another state banquet in the evening, and then attendance at an
+entertainment some miles out of town gotten up by Native gentlemen,
+brought this Christmas Eve to a close. On the following day the Prince
+attended service at the Cathedral accompanied by Lord Northbrook and
+listened to a powerful sermon from Bishop Milman--who died of a fever
+caught on his Episcopal tour a few weeks later. He then drove to the
+harbour and went on board the _Serapis_, which was decked out in
+imitation of winter, and here had a sort of Christmas dinner. The rest
+of the day was spent at Barrackpoor, the Viceroy's country residence,
+but better known as the place where the terrible first signs of the
+Mutiny were detected. After church on the 26th (Sunday) the Prince made
+an excursion to the little French territory of Chandernagore--one of the
+remnants of historic empire.
+
+On the following day His Royal Highness held another reception for
+Chiefs attended by envoys from the King of Burmah, the Maharajah of
+Punnah in person, an embassy from Nepaul, the noble-looking Rajah of
+Jheend, the Maharajahs of Benares, Nahun, and Johore. This was the last
+of the Chiefs, for the moment, and the Prince and his wearied suite
+could rest from a succession of sights and ceremonies in which
+dark-featured magnates with diamonds, emeralds, rubies and pearls and an
+infinite variety of Sirdar escorts, must have come to be a mere
+picturesque and confused medley. Many splendid presents were received
+and on the two following days return visits were paid in state. On
+December 21st the Prince witnessed a tent-pegging exhibition by the 10th
+Bengal Cavalry, made a round of the hospitals and asylums, and wound up
+with a garden party at Belvidere and a dinner and grand ball at
+Government House.
+
+On New Year's Day the Prince of Wales held a Chapter of the Order of the
+Star of India in place of the Durbar which could only be held by the
+direct representative of the Sovereign. Opposite the entrance to
+Government House a canopied dais was erected, carpeted with cloth of
+gold, covered with light-blue satin and supported upon silver pillars.
+Two chairs with silver arms were placed upon the dais and around it were
+the marines and sailors of the _Serapis_ while on the left were infantry
+of the line. At nine o'clock came the processions, each presaged by a
+flourish of trumpets. First came the Companions of the Order, Native and
+European, presenting a stream of picturesque uniforms and costumes. Then
+the Knights Grand Cross entered the Pavilion followed in the case of
+each Indian dignitary by a small procession of Sirdars in rich and
+varied dress--the Begum of Bhopal, Sir Salar Jung, the Maharajah of
+Puttiala, Lord Napier of Magdala, the Maharajah of Travancore, Sir
+Bartle Frere, the Maharajahs of Rewah, Jeypoor, Indore, Cashmere, and
+Gwalior. Then came the Prince of Wales wearing a white helmet and plume,
+and a Field Marshal's uniform almost concealed by his sky-blue mantle.
+Following him was the Viceroy and the two took the chairs placed on the
+dais. His Excellency, as Grand Master of the Order, then went through
+the ceremonial of opening the Chapter and then, from out the tented
+field of, literally, cloth of gold which surrounded the Royal pavilion,
+came one by one the Knights to be. Each in turn left his tent with
+stately accompaniments, approached, bowed and knelt at the footstool of
+His Royal Highness who spoke certain prescribed words and placed the
+Collar of the Order around his neck. As he rose the number of guns to
+which he was entitled thundered forth their salute. The Maharajahs of
+Jodhpoor and Jheend were thus invested with the Grand Cross and a number
+of others were made Knights Commander or Companions of the Order. The
+proceedings closed with a procession to Government House which lacked no
+element of Oriental splendour and displayed untold wealth in jewels and
+unique characteristics in costume.
+
+In the afternoon the Prince unveiled an equestrian statue of the late
+Lord Mayo and afterwards attended a polo match. In the evening he drove
+to see the illumination of the fleet and then attended in state a
+theatrical performance with Charles Matthews as the central figure. On
+January 2nd, church was attended at Fort William and the arsenal
+inspected; the Botanical Gardens and Bishop's College visited; and an
+amateur concert of sacred music listened to at Government House in the
+evening. The next day's programme included the spectacle of tent-pegging
+and polo-playing between rival regiments; the reception of an LL. D.
+degree from the University of Calcutta; a visit to a Hindoo Zenana under
+arrangements made by Miss Baring, Lady Temple and others; and a farewell
+reception at Government House.
+
+The Royal special train arrived at Bankipoor station, near Patna, on the
+morning of January 4th and the Prince was duly welcomed by Sir Richard
+Temple, Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, his officers and a great
+concourse of people. He was driven through an avenue of four hundred
+elephants, all gaily caparisoned, to the Durbar tent, where, under a
+canopy and in front of a sort of throne, His Royal Highness held a Levée
+and marked in every way possible his approval of the splendid work
+lately done by Sir R. Temple and his officials in stamping out famine.
+Luncheon followed, and then the train was taken for Benares. Here he
+arrived at dark and found the magnificent ghauts or terraces alive with
+lights. The procession drove over the bridge of boats across the Ganges
+and through crowded streets out to the camp of the Lieutenant-Governor,
+Sir John Strachey, where a special and beautiful structure had been
+prepared for the Prince. On the following day an address was presented
+by the Municipality of Benares and answered, a Levée held, the
+foundation-stone of a Hospital laid, the Rajah of Vizianagram visited,
+the famous Temples inspected. At sunset the Prince embarked in a galley
+and went four miles up the Ganges to the old Fort of Ramnagar, where he
+was received at a carpeted and decorated landing-place by the Maharajah
+of Benares and witnessed a beautiful spectacle of illuminated river and
+battlements. Preceded by spearsmen and banners, carried in gold and
+silver chairs, passing between lines of cavalry, accompanied by
+elephants and the constant strains of wild music, the host and his Royal
+guest then went to the Castle. From the roof was seen another charming
+sight--the Ganges and its banks and terraces so lit up as to look like a
+myriad of tiny stars passing between banks of flaming gold. More
+presents were received and the drive back to the camp commenced.
+
+
+THE PRINCE VISITS LUCKNOW
+
+Next day, the journey was resumed to Lucknow, on the Oudh and Rohilcund
+Railway. At that much-modernized city the Prince of Wales arrived on
+January 6th and stayed at what was once Outram's head-quarters. Here,
+next morning, he held two Levées--a Native and a European one--and then
+drove to see the historic spots of the famous city. In the afternoon he
+laid the foundation-stone of a Memorial to the Natives who fell in
+defence of the Residency and the Empire during the Mutiny. Lord
+Northbrook had succeeded in getting together many of the survivors from
+all over India and they stood around His Royal Highness in their old
+war-worn uniforms. A touching scene followed the Prince's impromptu
+intimation that these veterans might be presented to him, and to each he
+said a word of kindness. In the afternoon a Native entertainment was
+given in his honour at the ancient Palace of the Kings of Oudh and a
+crown set in jewels was presented with the formal address. A reception,
+banquet, and fireworks, followed, and on the next day the Prince enjoyed
+a little hard riding and "pig-sticking" sport, during which Lord
+Carington had his collar-bone broken.
+
+Sunday was spent quietly in visiting various interesting places, after
+church, and on the succeeding day the Prince presented colours to a
+Native regiment and watched a march-past of troops. In the afternoon
+Cawnpore was visited, and then the train taken for Delhi, which was
+reached on the morning of January 11th. The entry into the Imperial City
+was surrounded with all possible pomp and circumstance. Lines of
+soldiery kept the streets from the station to the Royal camp, where rows
+of tents, avenues of shrubs and flowers, marquees and beautiful
+enclosures, formed a temporary home for the visitor and his suite. The
+first function was the reception of an address from the Municipality of
+a city which for one thousand years had been the seat of dynasties and
+native rule. A Levée followed and then dinner with Lord Napier of
+Magdala in his own mess-tent. On the following day a grand review was
+held and for an hour and a half a stream of horse, foot and guns flowed
+past. Then came a great banquet given by the Prince to the generals and
+officers and a ball at Selinghur in those "marble halls of dazzling
+light" which have been so often described. During the next few days a
+great sham fight was held; a visit paid to the Kootab, where the Prince
+mounted the summit of the famous pillar and viewed the wide-spread scene
+of ruin; the beautiful Mausoleum of Houmayoun was seen; and the
+illumination of the ancient city witnessed.
+
+
+A REMARKABLE SPECTACLE AT LAHORE
+
+On January 17th the beautiful city of tents disappeared and the Prince
+of Wales was on his way to Lahore. There, he was received with the usual
+state and drove four miles to Government House under the shade of a
+golden umbrella and in the gaze of a vast multitude of people. A
+remarkable spectacle was presented on the way by the encampment of the
+Rajahs of the Punjaub. In front of them stood a long line of elephants,
+caparisoned in gold and silver and gems, with armed retainers and a
+salute for the Royal visitor, which included all that the roll of drums,
+blare of trumpets and clang and roar of many strange instruments could
+produce. Amidst the elephants flashed lance and sword and cuirass and
+other things reminiscent of the days of western chivalry. At Government
+House an address was presented by the members of the City Council,
+wearing turbans of gold tissue, brocaded robes and coils of gems around
+their necks. A European Levée followed and then came the Native Chiefs.
+Afterwards the Prince visited the citadel and watched the sun set over
+the plains from a window once used by the Lion of Lahore in his days of
+power.
+
+The next day saw a return visit to the Chiefs in their picturesque,
+costly and oriental encampments; the opening of a Soldiers' Industrial
+Exhibition at Mean Meer; and a beautiful illumination of the exquisite
+Shalimar Gardens in the evening. On January 20th the Prince left for
+Jummoo to visit the Maharajah of Cashmere. Later in the day he was
+welcomed by this ruler, some seven miles from his capital and, mounted
+on an elephant preceeded and followed by a stately _cortege_, the Royal
+visitor passed through two miles of winding streets, brilliantly lighted
+and lined by Native troops, while piled-up masses of people showed many
+types of the Cashmeres, Lamas, Sikhs, Afghans, etc. On the summit of a
+great ridge was a specially constructed building created at enormous
+cost for the visitor's accommodation. The usual reception followed
+together with a great banquet. Sport was the occupation of the next day
+and in the evening a procession took place through the illuminated city
+to dine at the Palace with the Maharajah. A feature of the latter's
+entertainment was an extraordinary sacred dancing drama by Lamas from
+Thibet. The departure on the following morning occurred amid all the
+state that Cashmere could present--and that was not little. At
+Wazirabad, on the way back to Lahore, a brief visit was paid, a great
+bridge inaugurated and a banquet accepted. Government House was reached
+in the evening and, with Lieutenant-Governor Sir H. Davies, His Royal
+Highness then attended a Native entertainment at the College and
+witnessed fireworks lighting up all the forts and battlements and a sea
+of heads in the distant darkness.
+
+After a quiet Sunday at Lahore, the departure was made for Agra. On the
+way Umritzur was visited and the route to the Fort was lined and arched
+with artificial cypress-trees, gilded branches and garlands. An address
+was presented from the Municipality in which Sikh, Mohammedan and Hindoo
+united in expressions of fervent loyalty. Here the Golden Temple was
+visited. At Rajpoorah a stop was made to accept a banquet from the
+Maharajah of Puttiala in a beautiful palace of canvas. Early on January
+25th Agra was reached and the usual Oriental reception and procession
+followed. At the camp on the following day a Levée was held and a large
+number of Native Chiefs presented. In the afternoon the troops of the
+latter passed in review before the Prince--a mixture of thousands of men
+and elephants, camels, horses and bullocks, and knights in armour.
+
+The principal event of the ensuing day was a visit to the famous and
+exquisite Taj Mahul--"too pure, too holy, to be the work of human
+hands." During the next few days some time was spent in shooting with
+the Maharajah of Bhurtpore; a grand ball was given at the Fort; a long
+interview granted Sir Dinkur Rao, the Native statesman; local convents
+and schools visited; the tomb of Akbar the Great--described as the
+grandest in the world--seen at Sekundra; a visit paid to the loyal
+Maharajah of Gwalior at Dholepoor. The next point visited was the famous
+old fortress of Bhurtpore and then the beautiful city of Jeypoor. Here
+the Prince went tiger shooting with the Rajpoot Chiefs and shot his
+tiger and, in the evening of February 5th, saw illuminations in which
+every Indian device appeared to have been exhausted. From the
+hospitalities of the Maharajah the Prince, however, soon turned away
+with his face towards the Himalayas and his heart in the prospective
+period of sport and liberty. The land of Kumaoun was the scene and with
+him was a camp which included twenty-five hundred persons without
+counting a perambulating army of provision carriers. Bears, elephants,
+tigers, wild boars and varied birds and game were amongst the trophies
+of his gun during a period of splendid sport which lasted until March
+6th.
+
+On that day the Prince resumed his tour and his Royal state and
+proceeded to Allahabad where he was met by Lord Northbrood and held a
+reception and an investiture of the Star of India at which Major-General
+Sir Samuel Browne, V.C., Major-General Sir D. M. Probyn and
+Surgeon-General Sir J. Fayrer received the ensignias of knighthood. The
+route was then continued to Indore and, on the way, the Prince stopped
+long enough at Jubalpoor to see seven Thugs who had been in jail for
+thirty-five years for having committed an immense number of murders--one
+of them boasted sixty-five. At Indore, His Royal Highness was received
+by the Maharajah Holkar with due state and went through the usual
+programme of reception, visits and banquets--important in this case as
+being the last. Bombay was reached on March 11th and two days later all
+farewells were made and the future Emperor of India had left the shores
+of that mysterious, tragic and historical land, after having travelled
+in seventeen weeks seven thousand six hundred miles by land and two
+thousand three hundred miles by sea; met more Chiefs and notabilities
+than all the Indian Viceroys of the past put together; and seen more of
+the country and its surface life and varied customs than any living man.
+
+
+HE MEETS LORD LYTTON AT SUEZ
+
+Before leaving the Prince addressed a letter to the Viceroy expressing
+appreciation of the reception given to him and of the loyalty shown by
+the people. On the way home news came that Lord Lytton, the first
+representative of the Queen as Empress of India, was on the way out. As
+a personal friend of the Prince of Wales it was fitting that they should
+meet at Suez, where the new Viceroy came on board. At Cairo, the Prince
+was welcomed by the Khedive and his suite and a new round of gaiety
+commenced, including visits to the Pyramids and a little quiet shooting.
+At Alexandria, on April 2nd the Prince entertained the Grand Duke Alexis
+of Russia at dinner on the _Serapis_. The next point touched was Malta,
+where the thunder of the saluting fleet and fortress made the heavens
+ring. Here, seven addresses were presented and much enthusiasm shown by
+the populace. A great banquet was given by Sir W. and Lady Straubenzee
+and on April 7th new colours were presented by His Royal Highness to
+the 98th Regiment. Other functions followed. On April 15th the Prince
+was joined by his brother, the Duke of Connaught. The Island was _en
+fête_, and one of the events of the visit was the reception of a
+deputation from the Sultan of Morrocco. The festive proceedings of the
+time were wound up with a great ball.
+
+
+WELCOMED IN SPAIN
+
+The Prince of Wales landed _incognito_ at Cadiz on April 20th and then
+proceeded, with the Duke of Connaught quietly to visit Seville and
+Cordova. At Madrid, which was reached on April 25th, the Royal party
+were formally welcomed by King Alfonso XII. and attended a state
+reception at the Palace. A military review was held by the King, and
+then a train was taken for the Palace of the Escurial, where King
+Alfonso acted as guide for his Royal guests amidst the bewildering
+artistic and other treasures of that immense and historic pile. Various
+functions of stately dignity followed the return of the Prince to
+Madrid, and the departure of the Duke for London, and the incidents of
+the period included attendance at a sitting of the Spanish Cortes, and
+the spectacle of a bull-fight. On April 30th His Royal Highness departed
+for Lisbon, where, on the following day, he was formally welcomed by
+King Louis of Portugal, his Court, the Foreign Ministers and the British
+Admirals of the fleet in the Tagus. There were no flags, or arches, or
+decorations, or tokens of welcome in the streets of Lisbon, but there
+was a vast mass of silent and respectful people. Many functions followed
+during the next few days and on May 7th the _Serapis_ started once more
+for England. Four days later the ship was met by a yacht bearing the
+Princess of Wales and the Royal children and, in a few hours, the Heir
+Apparent was again at home from his famous journey and receiving a
+welcome at Portsmouth which was a fitting prelude to similar greetings
+in London and elsewhere.
+
+Such a tremendous experience as this tour had proved could not but have
+a pronounced and important effect. The burden of a continuous succession
+of events in which he was the central figure; the strain of a steady
+succession of brilliant spectacles presenting a kaleidoscopic variety of
+sight and sound and splendour and incident; the weight of a constant
+burden of ceremonial and state observances in a land where the slightest
+carelessness, or indifference, or cordiality--at the wrong moment--meant
+mortal offense to some important dignitary, caste, or interest; the
+physical trial of innumerable functions to a man clad in European
+costumes in a tropical climate; the infinite variety of his duties, the
+peculiar character of the hours maintained, the lack of sleep and the
+continuous round of banquets; must have tried the mind and heart and
+body about equally. In the end the experience must have broadened the
+conceptions and ideas of the Prince; educated him in a better perception
+of his immense responsibilities; trained him in an iron school of
+etiquette and helped to teach him that inflexible routine of duty which
+must ever face a British Sovereign.
+
+To the people of India the tour brought home a clearer perception of the
+personal power presiding over their destinies and a vivid picture of the
+greatness of the authority before which all their greatest dignitaries
+with the traditions of many thousand years, bowed in loyal obeisance. To
+the imaginative Indian mind nothing more effective could have been
+presented than the scenes of that brilliant and triumphal passage
+through the stamping ground of ancient conquerors. To the people of
+Great Britain it brought home a more realizable sense of the vastness of
+their dominions and the equivalent greatness of their national duty and
+responsibility. It helped to lay the foundation of that Imperial future
+of which Disraeli then dreamed and for which others have since laboured
+with a measure of success shown in the events preceding and following
+the accession of Edward VII., King and Emperor.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Thirty Years of Public Work
+
+
+During the years between 1872 and the end of the century the Prince of
+Wales filled a place in public affairs not unlike that of the Prince
+Consort in the later and ripest period of his useful life. He grew
+steadily in the faculties which make for wisdom in council and action
+while retaining and developing the qualities which make for popularity
+and, in a Prince, may embody the characteristics and feelings of his
+nation. In those thirty years he saw much and travelled far; met many
+men of varied qualities and attainments and character; learned much by
+personal experience and observation and much from other people's
+experience; tested almost the pinnacle of earthly splendour in his
+Indian tour and learned in private something of the suffering which
+comes to all individuals whether great or little. He created the
+position of Heir Apparent as now understood; gave it a significance and
+value never before attained to; and filled it with a tact and ability
+which no detraction or misrepresentation could practically affect, and
+which in time made him the admittedly most all-round popular man in the
+United Kingdom.
+
+Before his illness the Prince had carried out a good many public
+engagements and helped a great number of useful objects. After that
+event and the outpouring of popular sentiment which found vent in the
+National Thanksgiving he became still more devoted to his round of
+public duties. On July 5th 1872, His Royal Highness visited the new
+Grammar School at Norwich and inspected the Norfolk Artillery Militia
+of which he was Honorary Colonel. At a banquet given by the Mayor he
+referred to his late illness, in expressing thanks for local sympathy,
+and added: "It is difficult now for me to speak upon that subject but as
+it has pleased Almighty God to preserve me to my country I hope I may
+not be ungrateful for the feeling which has been shown towards me and
+that I may do all that I can to be of use to my countrymen." On July
+25th, he reviewed four thousand boys of the Training ships and Pauper
+Schools of the Metropolitan Unions at South Kensington, and distributed
+prizes. The Prince was accompanied by the Princess of Wales and his
+sons. A little later, on August 11th, the Breakwater at Portland was
+inaugurated, the Royal yacht being accompanied from Osborne by a
+splendid fleet of fifteen ironclads. At the conclusion of the ceremony
+the Prince visited Weymouth, which was gaily decorated, and where he
+accepted a public banquet.
+
+
+THE PRINCE MAKES A VISIT TO DERBY
+
+The next important English function of His Royal Highness was a state
+visit to Derby on December 17th. The announcement that the Prince and
+Princess were coming to Chatsworth to stay with the Duke of Devonshire
+and would also visit Derby created much interest and on the appointed
+day brought great crowds from Birmingham, Manchester, Sheffield,
+Nottingham and Chesterfield to swell the population of the city. After
+driving through the decorated streets and cheering crowds various loyal
+addresses were received and prizes presented at the City Grammar School.
+On the evening of March 27th, 1873, the Prince presided at the annual
+dinner of the Railways' Benevolent Institution. In a somewhat lengthy
+little speech he explained its purposes and asked for aid in their
+attainment. The result was a subscription of five thousand guineas to
+which he himself contributed two hundred guineas.
+
+A duty which was congenial in one sense and sad in another was the
+unveiling of a statue of the late Prince Consort at the entrance of the
+Holborn Viaduct in London on January 9th, 1874. A luncheon followed in
+the Guild Hall attended by some eight hundred guests and at which the
+Prince made a short speech. A few weeks later the Prince and Princess of
+Wales were at St. Petersburg to attend the marriage of the Duke of
+Edinburgh with the Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia on January
+23rd. The marriage ceremony was performed in much state with the
+successive rites of the Greek and English Churches--Dean Stanley
+presiding over the latter. Four future Sovereigns were present on the
+occasion, the Prince of Wales, the Crown Prince of Prussia, the
+Czarewitch of Russia and the Crown Prince of Denmark. During this visit
+the Prince and Princess were treated with great distinction by the Czar
+and a grand military review was held in honour of His Royal Highness.
+The anniversary festival of the British Orphan Asylum was attended on
+March 25th, in London, and a speech was made by His Royal Highness
+explanatory of the useful objects of the institution. The subscriptions
+announced during the evening amounted to £2400. An important incident of
+the year was the visit of the Shah of Persia to England and the splendid
+entertainments given in honour of an Oriental Sovereign whose
+friendliness was of serious import in the event of trouble between Great
+Britain and Russia. The Prince of Wales devoted considerable time to the
+task of welcoming and entertaining the Royal visitor and gave one great
+banquet, in particular, at Marlborough House which was remarkable for
+its effective magnificence.
+
+A dinner was given on March 31st by the Lord Mayor of London to
+Major-General Sir Garnet Wolseley--afterward Field Marshal, Viscount
+Wolseley--on his return from the successful Ashantee expedition and the
+Prince of Wales made a tactful speech on the occasion expressive of the
+thanks of the nation for the services of officers and men in that
+arduous campaign. On April 22nd the Prince presided over a dinner in aid
+of the funds of the Royal Medical Benevolent Hospital. The leading men
+of the profession were present and, after a speech from the Prince,
+donations of £1780 were announced by the Secretary with the usual one
+hundred guinea subscription from the Royal chairman. A different kind of
+function was His Royal Highness' attendance at a dinner of the Benchers
+of the Middle Temple on June 11th. The Master of the Temple, the Rev.
+Dr. Vaughan, presided and others present were the Archbishop of
+Canterbury and the Lord Chief Justice. The Prince, as a Bencher, wore
+the silk gown of a Queen's Counsel as well as the riband of the Garter
+and made a brief speech in which he expressed the modest opinion that it
+was a good thing for the profession at large that he had never been
+called to the Bar. On August 13th the new Municipal Buildings and Law
+Courts at Plymouth were opened by the Prince after a formal reception at
+the hands of the Mayor and a procession through the artistically
+decorated and densely packed streets of the city.
+
+
+FIRST STATE VISIT TO BIRMINGHAM
+
+An interesting event of this year and one which created considerable
+discussion and comment was the first state visit of the Prince and
+Princess of Wales to Birmingham. For half a century that city had been a
+centre of Radicalism, of extreme democratic opinion and, in earlier
+days, of Chartist turbulence. The Mayor, in 1874, was Mr. Joseph
+Chamberlain who was then noted for democratic views which were supposed
+in many quarters to extend to the full measure of republicanism. Doubt
+was even expressed as to whether the Royal reception would be as cordial
+as might be desired or the Mayor as courteous, in the sense of loyal
+phraseology, as was customary. The visit took place on November 3rd and
+a most cordial welcome was given by all classes of the people. Mr.
+Chamberlain presented an address in the Town Hall and at a subsequent
+luncheon spoke of the Queen as "having established claims to the
+admiration of her people by the loyal fulfillment of responsible
+duties." In reference to this and other speeches which he made as
+chairman the London _Times_ of the succeeding day declared that
+"whatever Mr. Chamberlain's views may be his speeches of yesterday
+appear to us to have been admirably worthy of the occasion and to have
+done the highest credit to himself." They were described as being
+couched in a line of "courteous homage, manly independence and
+gentlemanly feeling."
+
+The annual dinner of the Royal Cambridge Asylum was presided over by His
+Royal Highness on March 13th, 1875; the Merchant Taylors' School in the
+Charterhouse was visited on April 6th; the German Hospital annual
+banquet was presided over ten days later and donations of £5000 to its
+funds announced during the evening--including one hundred guineas from
+the Prince; the installation of the Heir Apparent as Grand Master of the
+English Freemasons took place on April 28th. On June 5th he presided at
+the yearly banquet of the Royal Agricultural Benevolent Institution for
+providing pensions or annuities for persons ruined by agricultural
+depression. The Earl of Hardwicke in proposing the Royal chairman's
+health said that "the position of the Prince of Wales is not one of the
+easiest. He has no definite duties, but the duty he has laid down for
+himself is of a very definite nature. It is to benefit, to the best of
+his power, all his fellow-creatures." In the course of his speeches the
+Prince made an earnest appeal for aid to the purposes of the institution
+with the result that £8000 was announced as the total donation of the
+evening--including the usual one hundred guineas from the chairman.
+
+The next important event in his public life was the visit of the Prince
+to India in 1875-6. On his return the Royal traveller received many
+demonstrations of popular esteem and the City of London entertained him
+at a great banquet and ball and an address of welcome, in a golden
+casket of Indian design, was presented. During the remainder of the year
+the Prince took a much-needed rest and interested himself largely in
+matters local to his own county of Norfolk. He took in hand the
+necessity existing at Norwich for a new Hospital and a large sum of
+money was soon subscribed for this purpose. Later in the year he visited
+Glasgow and laid the foundation of a new Post Office in that city. In
+the spring of 1877 what may be termed the moral courage of the Prince
+was put to a test in his invitation to preside at the annual banquet of
+the Licensed Victuallers' Asylum. There were many protests made and at
+least two hundred petitions presented urging His Royal Highness not to
+patronize or help the liquor interest. He decided, however, that the
+charity was a useful one and the widows and orphans of licensed
+victuallers as deserving of succour as those of other classes in the
+community, and that he could quite well afford to patronize an
+institution in succession to his own father, the late Prince Consort.
+Earl Granville was present, three Bishops and many members of the Houses
+of Lords and Commons and the proceeds of the occasion were over £5000.
+In one of his speeches the Royal chairman referred to the petitions
+received from Temperance Societies and remarked: "I think this time they
+rather overstep the mark because the object of the meeting to-night is
+not to encourage the love of drink but to support a good and excellent
+charity."
+
+Early in 1878 the Prince unveiled at Cambridge (on January 22nd) a
+statue of his late father, who for years had been Chancellor of the
+University. On June 28th, together with the Princess of Wales, he
+visited the Infant Orphan Asylum at Wanstead and presided at the
+luncheon which followed and at which were Her Royal Highness, the Duke
+and Duchess of Manchester, the Bishop of St. Albans and Mrs. Claughton,
+and a large gathering. In his speech the Royal chairman reviewed the
+history of the institution and afterwards gave one hundred guineas to
+its funds. As a result of his interest in naval matters the Prince had
+already placed his sons on the training ship _Britannia_ and, on July
+24th of this year, he and the Princess consented to distribute the
+annual prizes and medals. An address was presented from the City of
+Dartmouth, on board the Royal yacht _Osborne_, which had been
+accompanied into the estuary of the River Dart by a large number of
+war-ships, yachts, steam-launches and boats. Flags were flying
+everywhere on sea and shore and in the evening the illuminations were
+striking. At the _Britannia_ the Royal visitors were received by Mr. W.
+H. Smith M.P. First Lord of the Admiralty and a distinguished gathering
+amongst whom were Lord and Lady Charles Beresford and Sir Samuel and
+Lady Baker. In his speech the Prince referred to the personal expression
+of confidence in the institution by the Princess and himself in sending
+their two sons to be trained there and expressed the hope that the
+latter might do credit to the ship and to their country. A visit to
+Dartmouth followed and then Prince Edward and Prince George were taken
+home for their holidays.
+
+
+THE DEATH OF PRINCESS ALICE
+
+During this year the Heir Apparent had the misfortune to lose his
+much-loved sister the Princess Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse, to whose
+careful nursing he had owed so much in his own serious illness and the
+sad features of whose death--as a result of nursing her children through
+an attack of malignant diphtheria--had proved such a shock to the
+British public. The Prince and Princess spent some months in retirement
+after this occurrence and had also to mourn the death of the gallant
+young Prince Imperial of France, in whose career they had taken a deep
+personal interest--not only on account of his loveable qualities, but
+because of the long friendship between the Royal house of England and
+the widowed Empress Eugenie, to whose lonely hopes and pride the loss
+was so terrible. The Prince of Wales helped the stricken lady in the
+details of the funeral, acted as the principal pall-bearer and showed
+his sympathy in many ways, of which the wreath of violets sent from
+Marlborough, with the following inscription, was an incident: "A token
+of affection and regard for him who lived the most spotless of lives and
+died a soldier's death fighting for our cause in Zululand. From Albert
+Edward and Alexandra, July 12, 1879." His Royal Highness strongly
+supported the proposal to erect a Memorial in Westminster Abbey, but
+even his great influence could not overcome the international prejudices
+which the suggestion aroused and he had to wait till January, 1883, when
+the "United Service Memorial" was erected at Woolwich, and, accompanied
+by his two sons and the Dukes of Edinburgh and Cambridge, he was able to
+unveil the statue and fittingly eulogize the Royal French youth who had
+fought and died for the country which had been so kind to his parents.
+
+[Illustration: QUEEN ALEXANDRA
+  The Queen Consort of Edward VII]
+
+[Illustration: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, AT
+BRUSSELS, APRIL, 1900]
+
+[Illustration: FLEET STREET, LONDON
+
+This is one of the most interesting thoroughfares of London. On all
+great state occasions it is beautifully and lavishly decorated. In the
+distance is seen the dome of St. Paul's Cathedral, where a great
+memorial service was held, attended by the Corporation of London, great
+numbers of officials and great throngs of mourning people.]
+
+[Illustration: ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR]
+
+On May 5th, 1879, the Prince of Wales presided at the annual banquet of
+the Cabdrivers' Benevolent Association. On May 23, 1880, he presided at
+a dinner in aid of the funds of the Princess Helena College and the
+result of his patronage and the careful speech delivered was a total
+donation of £2000, to which he contributed his customary one hundred
+guineas. On June 17th of the same year he visited the new Breakwater and
+Harbour at Holyhead and, during the visit, there were loyal
+demonstrations on sea and land and a banquet attended by gentlemen
+representing most of the leading English and Irish railway companies.
+During the same month the King of Greece visited England and the Prince
+had an opportunity of returning some of the many hospitalities which he
+had received from His Majesty and of presenting him to the Corporation
+of London at a great banquet of welcome. As Duke of Cornwall he also
+laid the first stone of Truro Cathedral in this month. Writing of this
+and other functions on June 18th the _Times_ declared that the
+representative duties of British royalty were heavier than the private
+functions of the hardest-worked Englishman. "In these scenes and a
+hundred like them a Prince's function cannot be discharged
+satisfactorily unless he be at once an impersonation of Royal state and,
+what is harder still, his own individual self. He must act his public
+character as if he enjoyed the festival as much as any of the
+spectators. He must be able to stamp a national impress upon the
+solemnity yet mark its local and particular significance."
+
+
+DISTRIBUTES PRIZES, PRESENTS AND COLOURS
+
+New colours were presented to the Royal Welsh Fusiliers by the Prince as
+they were embarking from Portsmouth for India, on August 16th. On May
+24th, 1881, he presided at the festival dinner of the Royal Hospital for
+Women and Children in London, contributed one hundred guineas to its
+funds and was able to announce donations totalling £2000. At King's
+College, London, on July 2nd, His Royal Highness, accompanied by the
+Princess, distributed the annual prizes and pointed out the history and
+merits of the institution. On July 18th the Prince, accompanied by the
+Princess of Wales, laid the foundation of a City and Guilds of London
+Institute, established for the technical training of artisans, and
+delivered a speech of considerable range and length. He also accepted
+the Presidency of the Institute. The seventh annual meeting of the
+International Medical Congress was formally opened by the Prince,
+accompanied by the Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia, on August 3rd. He
+was received by a Committee composed of distinguished medical men such
+as Sir W. Jenner, Sir William Gull, Sir James Paget and Sir J. R.
+Bennett and, during the ceremony, spoke upon the progress made in late
+years by medical science.
+
+The death of Dean Stanley on July 18th of this year was felt as a
+personal and severe loss by both the Prince and Princess. The former had
+no warmer or wiser friend; the latter no greater admirer in the highest
+sense of the word. It was fitting, therefore, that His Royal Highness
+should take the lead in raising a suitable Memorial to the distinguished
+Churchman and he attended and spoke earnestly at a meeting called in the
+Chapter-house of Westminster Abbey, for that purpose, on December 13th.
+Dean Bradley presided and there were also present Archbishop Tait of
+Canterbury, the Marquess of Salisbury, Earl Granville, the Duke of
+Westminster, the Marquess of Lorne, Mr. J. Russell Lowell, the American
+Minister, Lord Chief Justice Coleridge and others. In his speech the
+Prince spoke of his intimate friendship with Dean Stanley over a period
+of twenty-two years, of their association in the East and of the great
+charm of his companionship. "As the Churchman, as the scholar, as the
+man of letters, as the philanthropist and, above all, as the true
+friend, his name must always go down to posterity as a great and good
+man and as one who will make his mark on a chapter of his country's
+history."
+
+During the next few years the public events of the Prince's career
+continued along very much the same lines, varied by some rapid trip to
+the continent, or visit to the country home of some noble friend, or a
+shooting excursion to some place where game was plentiful and companions
+congenial. The central events, aside from his promotion of the Fisheries
+and other Exhibitions, were the visit to Ireland in 1885, the support
+given to an Empire policy by his patronage of the Imperial Institute and
+similar concerns, his active connection with the Masonic Order and his
+conduct of the Jubilee of 1887. The International Fisheries Exhibition
+grew out of a comparatively small affair at Norwich in which the Prince
+of Wales had taken an active interest. In July 1881, as a result of his
+initiative, a meeting was held in London, a committee was formed and the
+preliminary work done. In February 1882 a second meeting occurred and
+further organization was effected with the Queen as Patron, His Royal
+Highness as President and the Duke of Richmond as Chairman of the
+General Committee. The Exhibition was finally opened on May 13, 1883, by
+the Prince of Wales, who had around him most of the members of the Royal
+family, the Foreign Ambassadors, Her Majesty's Ministers and other
+distinguished persons, His address defined the reasons for the
+enterprise in a sentence: "In view of the rapid increase of the
+population in all civilized countries, and especially in these sea girt
+kingdoms, a profound interest attaches to every industry which affects
+the supply of food; and in this respect the harvest of the sea is hardly
+less important than that of the land." In results he thought the
+Exhibition should enable practical fishermen to acquaint themselves with
+the latest improvements in both their working craft and life-saving
+systems. It was a great success. The total visitors numbered 2,703,051
+and there was a financial surplus of £15,243. Of this, two-thirds was
+put aside to assist the families of fishermen who had lost their lives
+at sea, and £3000 was used to organize a Fisheries Society in order to
+keep up the interest in the subject and encourage the study of ways and
+means to help the fishermen.
+
+
+THE PRINCE ENCOURAGES EXHIBITIONS
+
+In replying to an address from the Executive Committee at the closing of
+the Exhibition, on October 31st, the Prince had suggested that other
+Exhibitions might very well be held dealing with the three great
+subjects of Health, Inventions and the Colonies. The first subject dealt
+with was that of Health. Owing to the death of his brother, the Duke of
+Albany, on March 28th, 1884, the Prince could not do much more than
+initiate the project but it was carried on by the Duke of Buckingham as
+Chairman of the Committee. Its active progress was marked by the
+inauguration of the work of the International Juries by the Prince of
+Wales on June 17th. Like the Fisheries and the "Colinderies" which
+followed it in 1886, the "Healtheries" proved ultimately a great
+success. Meanwhile, minor incidents were occurring. On March 1st, 1882,
+as Colonel of the Corps, the Prince presided over the 21st anniversary
+dinner of the Civil Service Volunteers and spoke at some length upon the
+importance of the Volunteer force. Others present on the occasion were
+the Dukes of Manchester and Portland, Viscount Bury, Lord Elcho and
+Colonel Lloyd-Lindsay. On March 10th, 1883, the Duke of Cambridge,
+Commander-in-Chief, called a meeting in London to consider what could be
+done with the neglected British graves in the Crimea and the Prince of
+Wales, who had felt the matter keenly during his visit of years before,
+moved a Resolution declaring that immediate steps should be taken in the
+matter. He spoke with earnestness, contributed £50 toward the project
+and was supported by General Sir W. Codrington, Admiral Sir H. Keppel,
+General Sir L. A. Simmons and Lord Wolseley.
+
+The new City School of London, on the Thames Embankment, was opened by
+His Royal Highness on December 12th, 1882, accompanied by the Princess
+of Wales. On May 21st 1883 crowded memories of his Indian tour were
+revived by the opening of the Northbrook Club for the use of Native
+gentlemen from the East Indies. In his speech the Prince referred with
+gratitude to his "magnificent reception" in India and expressed his
+strong approval of the establishment of a place where natives of that
+Empire could meet together for purposes of relaxation and intercourse.
+The City of London College, intended chiefly for young men who could
+only attend evening classes, was inaugurated on July 8th of this year.
+The Princess was also present. In the House of Lords on February 22nd,
+1884, the Prince made one of his very few speeches in that
+Chamber--although a frequent attendant at its sessions. It was in
+connection with a motion presented by Lord Salisbury for the appointment
+of a Royal Commission to inquire into the housing of the working
+classes. His Royal Highness declared that a searching inquiry was very
+necessary, expressed his pleasure at having been named a member of the
+Commission, referred to his own experiments at Sandringham, and
+expressed the hope that measures of a drastic and thorough kind would
+result. Three days later, accompanied by the Princess, their three
+daughters, and Her Royal Highness the Marchioness of Lorne, the Prince
+of Wales visited the Guards' Industrial Home at Chelsea Barracks and
+distributed the annual prizes.
+
+On March 15th, not for the first time, he presided at the annual meeting
+of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution and spoke strongly of its
+valuable and important work. Other speakers were the Dukes of Argyll and
+Northumberland, Admiral Keppel and Lord C. Beresford. The Guilds of
+London Institute was opened on June 25th and the speech made by the
+Prince was more elaborate than usual. He was well supported by Lord
+Carlingford and Mr. A. J. Mundella, M.P. An important and interesting
+incident of this year was the action of the Prince of Wales in presiding
+over a densely-crowded meeting in the Guild Hall, London, called to
+celebrate the Jubilee of the abolition of slavery in British countries
+and to consider the past and present work of the Anti-Slavery Society.
+On the platform were many distinguished men in every sphere of the
+national life and the speech of His Royal Highness was probably the
+longest he had ever delivered. It was a succinct history of the
+abolition of slavery in various countries and colonies and contained
+many expressions of warm approval toward those who had worked to that
+end--the extension of "the sacred principle of freedom." Sir Stafford
+Northcote, Archbishop Benson of Canterbury, Mr. W. E. Forster, M.P.,
+Cardinal Manning and others spoke, and it was afterwards announced by
+the Lord Mayor that the Prince had consented to become Patron of the
+British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society.
+
+The unveiling of the statue of Charles Darwin in the Museum of Natural
+History on June 9th, 1885, evoked a brief speech and a reference to "the
+great Englishman who had exerted so vast an influence upon the progress
+of branches of natural knowledge." On July 4th the Prince and Princess
+attended the opening of the new building of the Birkbeck Institution in
+London and the former spoke upon its objects and character. On July 5th
+of the previous year he presided at the annual dinner in aid of the
+Railway Guards' Friendly Society and referred in his speech to its
+nature and valuable work. More than £3300 was subscribed, to which the
+Royal chairman gave his usual contribution. The Convalescent Home at
+Swanley was opened on July 13th 1885 and the Prince was accompanied by
+his wife and daughters. A visit was paid two days later to Leeds and the
+Prince and Princess stayed at Studley, the seat of the Marquess of
+Ripon. Various addresses were received at the Town Hall and from thence
+the Royal visitors went to the Yorkshire College, which the Prince duly
+inaugurated amid much state. At the succeeding luncheon he spoke of the
+great importance of the industrial educational work which this
+institution was carrying on. "I have for a long time been deeply
+impressed with the advisability of establishing in our great centres of
+population, colleges and schools, not only for promoting the
+intellectual advancement of the people, but also for increasing their
+prosperity by furthering the application of scientific knowledge to the
+industrial arts."
+
+The sad news of the gallant death of General Gordon affected the Prince
+of Wales as only the loss of a friend who is greatly and personally
+admired can do. He took much interest in the Committee which was formed
+to promote a Memorial and finally summoned a special meeting at
+Marlborough House, on January 12th, 1886, to promote the collection of a
+fund looking to the permanent establishment of a Gordon Boys' Home.
+Speeches were made by General Higginson, the Duke of Cambridge and Lord
+Napier of Magdala, and ultimately the enterprise was fairly placed upon
+its feet. A little later, with Prince Albert Victor and Prince George,
+His Royal Highness went to stay with the Duke of Westminster at Eaton
+Hall. From thence, on January 20th, they visited Liverpool and the
+Mersey Tunnel was formally inaugurated after a drive through the city
+and the reception of the usual addresses and popular welcome. A banquet
+was also received and several speeches made by the Prince. The
+Institution of Civil Engineers entertained the Prince of Wales at dinner
+on March 27th and the Royal guest was accompanied by his eldest son and
+the Duke of Cambridge. Sir Frederick Bramwell presided. On June 28th,
+following, he laid the foundation-stone of the Peoples' Palace amidst
+evidences of unbounded personal popularity in the East End of London;
+with ten thousand people around him--including one thousand delegates
+from the various Trade, Friendly and Temperance Societies in East
+London; and with representative persons in attendance such as Dr. Adler,
+the Chief Rabbi, Cardinal Manning, Archbishop Benson and Mr. Walter
+Besant.
+
+As a result of his deep and practical interest in agricultural matters
+the Prince of Wales held a sale of Shorthorn cattle and Southdown sheep
+at Norwich on July 15th of this year. The sale was a most interesting
+and successful event from a technical as well as general standpoint and
+fully proved the right of the Royal owner of Sandringham to be called a
+farmer and to act as President of the Royal Agricultural Society of
+England. A luncheon given to the agricultural celebrities of England
+followed the sale. On March 12th, 1887, the Prince presided at the
+Jubilee banquet of the London Orphan Asylum and defined its objects and
+work while urging more financial assistance to its projects. Amongst
+those present were the Duke of Abercorn, the Earl of Clarendon, General
+Sir Donald Stewart and Sir Dighton Probyn. The subscriptions announced
+during the evening were £5000, including one hundred guineas from the
+Prince.
+
+On March 30th he opened the new College of Preceptors in London,
+accompanied by the Princess of Wales and the Princesses Victoria and
+Maud. The opening of the Manchester Exhibition followed on May 3rd and
+the Prince and Princesses came to the city from Tatton Hall, where they
+had been staying with Lord Egerton. The usual hearty welcome was given
+along the crowded route. On May 22nd the London Hospital's new buildings
+were inaugurated, the Prince being accompanied by his wife and two
+daughters and the Crown Prince of Denmark. Six days later Tottenham was
+visited and the new portion of the Deaconesses Institution and Hospital
+opened. The Shaftesbury House, or home for shelterless boys, was
+inaugurated on June 17th and on November 3rd His Royal Highness visited
+Truro, accompanied by the Princess and his two sons, attended the
+consecration of the new Cathedral by the Primate of England and spoke
+afterwards at a luncheon given by the principal residents of the Duchy
+of Cornwall. On the following day he presented new colours to the Duke
+of Cornwall's Light Infantry at Devonport.
+
+On May the 8th, 1888, the Prince and Princess of Wales opened the
+Glasgow Exhibition and the former spoke interestingly of the industrial
+development of the time. The statesman whose advice and knowledge had
+been so greatly appreciated by the Prince during his Indian tour was
+fittingly commemorated by the statue on the Thames Embankment which His
+Royal Highness unveiled on June 5th following. Sir Bartle Frere was
+described in the speech accompanying the act as "a great and valued
+public servant of the Crown and a highly esteemed and dear friend of
+myself." On July 6th a new Gymnasium for the Young Men's Christian
+Association was opened in London; on May 9th the Prince and Princess
+visited Blackburn and were enthusiastically received; on May 14th His
+Royal Highness, accompanied by his wife and daughters, Prince Charles of
+Denmark and Prince George of Greece, opened the Anglo-Danish Exhibition
+at South Kensington; on July 17th he inaugurated the new buildings of
+the Great Northern Hospital at Islington and in the autumn of the year
+paid a visit to Austria and some of the countries in Southern Europe.
+
+The purely public events of following years may be briefly and partially
+summarized. In June, 1889, the Prince and Princess of Wales visited the
+Paris Exhibition in a semi-private capacity, and were present at Athens,
+on October 27th, at the wedding of the Duke of Sparta and Princess
+Sophia of Germany. The great Forth Bridge was opened by the Prince in
+March, 1890, and a short time spent with Lord Rosebery at Dalmeny; a
+visit was paid to Berlin, accompanied by Prince George, on March 21st; a
+statue of the Duke of Albany was unveiled at Cannes on April 6th; a new
+nave in the ancient Church of St. Saviour, Southwark, was inaugurated on
+July 24th; the new Town Hall at Portsmouth was opened on August 9th; the
+City of London Electric Railway was inaugurated on November 4th. On
+November 9th, 1891, the theatrical managers of London presented His
+Royal Highness with a large gold cigar-box in honour of his fiftieth
+birthday. In 1892 the Prince visited the Royal Agricultural Society at
+Warwick with the Duke of York, laid the foundation-stone of the
+Clarence Memorial addition to St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, and
+supervised the re-building of Sandringham after the fire which had
+consumed a portion of it. One of the events of 1894 was a visit to
+Coburg in April and attendance at the marriage of his niece and nephew,
+the Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and the Grand Duke of Hesse.
+Another was the opening of the Tower Bridge, London, in June, by the
+Prince and Princess on behalf of the Queen.
+
+On May 16, 1895, the Prince of Wales reviewed the Warwickshire Yeomanry;
+on July 8th he laid the foundation-stone of new buildings at the Epsom
+Medical College; in July he reviewed Italian and British fleets off
+Portsmouth; on July 22nd he opened the new building of the Royal Free
+Hospital, Grey's Inn Road, London; in November he presided at a lecture
+in the Imperial Institute. In 1896 he was formally installed as
+Chancellor of the University of Wales, and stayed at Balmoral in
+September during the visit of the Emperor and Empress of Russia to the
+Queen. In January, 1897, the Prince visited the Duke of Sutherland at
+Trentham Hall; on May 22nd he opened the Blackwell Tunnel; in June he
+participated in all the Jubilee functions, was created Grand Master of
+the Order of the Bath and gave a banquet, in honour of the appointment,
+to all living Knights Grand Cross of the Order, which was a unique
+gathering of men distinguished in diplomacy, statesmanship, in the Army
+and Navy, and in Imperial and civil administration. During the following
+year he distributed prizes in June at Wellington College and laid the
+foundation-stone of new buildings at University College Hospital; on
+December 23rd he attended the opening service of a restored church at
+Sherbourne. On June 19, 1899, His Royal Highness held a Levée at St.
+James's Palace; on July 6th he received the freedom of the City of
+Edinburgh; and on September 18th he presented new colours to the Gordon
+Highlanders.
+
+Such was the general character and scope of the Prince's public life.
+There would have been little object served in elaborating the
+description of these ceremonial events. They are of value and necessary
+to a clear comprehension of the position and manifold duties of the
+Prince of Wales, and quite enough have been given for this purpose.
+During all these thirty years the work of the Heir Apparent increased in
+its importance and multifarious character until every interest and
+element in the population found a place in its performance. It was
+arduous and unceasing, but the Prince never showed weariness and always
+appeared with the same unaffected _bonhomie_ and natural dignity
+whatever the extent of his work or the character of the function. The
+end of it all was a popularity as unique as it was thoroughly and well
+deserved.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+Special Functions and Interests
+
+
+The Prince of Wales' connection with the Masonic Order was an early one
+and had always been a close and sincerely interested one. He was first
+initiated in 1868 by the late King of Sweden when staying at Stockholm.
+He served several terms as Worshipful Master of the Royal Alpha Lodge,
+which consisted of a number of Grand Officers, generally noblemen, and
+in this lodge he personally initiated his eldest son, the late Duke of
+Clarence and Avondale, in 1885. He was also permanent Master of the
+Prince of Wales Lodge, to which he initiated the Duke of Connaught in
+1874. When the Marquess of Ripon retired from the Grand Mastership of
+English Freemasons in 1875 the Prince of Wales accepted the post and was
+installed on April 28th at the Royal Albert Hall. The function was
+perhaps the most memorable and imposing in the British history of the
+Order. In the vast Hall there were more than ten thousand members of the
+craft, of all ranks and degrees, and in costume suited to their Masonic
+conditions. Many distinguished visitors and deputations from foreign
+lodges were present in the reserved inclosure. The Earl of Carnarvon
+performed the initial ceremonies and in the address to His Royal
+Highness referred to the gathering around them: "I may truly say that
+never in the whole history of Freemasonry has such a Grand Lodge been
+convened as that on which my eye rests at this moment and there is,
+further, an inner view to be taken, that so far as my eyes can carry me
+over these serried ranks of white and blue, and gold and purple, I
+recognize in them men who have solemnly taken obligations of worth and
+morality--men who have undertaken the duties of citizens and the loyalty
+of subjects."
+
+
+THE PRINCE'S ADDRESS AS MASONIC GRAND MASTER
+
+In his reply the Prince expressed an "ardent and sincere wish" to follow
+in the footsteps of his predecessors and the belief that, so long as
+Freemasons did not mix themselves up in politics, "this high and noble
+Order will flourish and will maintain the integrity of our great
+Empire." After deputations had been received from the Grand Lodges of
+Scotland, Ireland, Sweden and Denmark the new Grand Master appointed
+Lord Carnarvon to be Pro-Grand-Master, Lord Skelmersdale to be Deputy
+Grand Master and the Marquess of Hamilton and the Lord Mayor of London
+to two other chief offices. In the evening a grand banquet was held at
+which he presided and made several tactful speeches. The Duke of
+Connaught, the Duke of Manchester, the late Earl of Rosslyn and the
+representatives of various Grand Lodges also spoke. On July 1st, 1886,
+His Royal Highness was installed as Grand Master of the Mark Master
+Masons in the presence of more than one thousand Grand, Past and
+Provincial Officers from India and the Colonies as well as from the
+United Kingdom. The Earl of Kintore presided in the early stages of the
+function and was afterwards appointed Pro-Grand Master, with Lord
+Egerton of Tatton as Deputy Grand Master and the Duke of Connaught as
+Senior Grand Warden.
+
+During the Queen's Jubilee, on June 13th, 1887, it was decided to
+present an address to Her Majesty as Patron of the Order and of various
+Masonic charities. The formal action was taken at an immense gathering
+in the Royal Albert Hall, on the date mentioned, when some seven
+thousand officers and members, representatives of the Lodges of the
+Empire met and passed a Resolution to that effect. His Royal Highness
+the Grand Master, who was accompanied by Prince Albert Victor and the
+Duke of Connaught, presided and was able to announce, after this part of
+the business had been disposed of and the National Anthem sung with
+enthusiasm, that £6000 had that day been paid in by members and was to
+be entirely devoted to Masonic charities for the children and the aged.
+Two years later, on July 6, 1888, and in the same place, the Prince of
+Wales presided over the centennial banquet of the Royal Masonic
+Institute for Girls. With him were the King of Sweden and Norway, Prince
+Albert Victor, the Earls of Carnarvon, Lathom and Zetland, Lord Egerton
+of Tatton, Lord Leigh and many other eminent Masons. One of the speeches
+of the Chairman was devoted to a history of the institution they were
+trying to help and to a request for funds to erect additional buildings
+and better accommodations. The response afterwards announced to the
+appeal, made before and at this dinner, was £50,472 of which London
+contributed £22,454 and the Provinces, India and the Colonies the
+balance.
+
+
+THE PATRON OF ART
+
+Another subject in which the Prince always took a great and active
+interest was that of Art--especially as embodied in the work of the
+Royal Academy. His first appearance in this connection was at the annual
+banquet on May 4th, 1863, and it has been noted that at the various
+subsequent occasions of this kind at which he spoke, despite the
+sameness of the toasts and subjects, there was always fresh material in
+his remarks. At the banquet on May 5th, 1866, Sir Francis Grant presided
+for the first time as President and amongst the speakers besides His
+Royal Highness were his brother Prince Alfred, the Duke of Cambridge,
+the Archbishop of Canterbury, Earl Russell and the Earl of Derby. In
+1867 and in 1870 he also spoke and on the latter occasion the speakers
+included Mr. J. Lothrop Motley, the American Minister, and Charles
+Dickens. At the banquet in 1871 the Prince spoke and at that of 1874 he
+drew special attention to the picture, "Calling the Roll," which
+afterwards made Miss Elizabeth Thompson so famous, and to a statue by J.
+E. Boehm which was the beginning of that sculptor's rise to distinction.
+
+The Prince of Wales was again present in May, 1875 and then, owing to
+other pressing engagements, missed four years. At the annual banquet on
+May 3rd, 1879, which he attended, Sir Frederick Leighton was President
+of the Academy and the Prince made kindly allusion to the memory of his
+late predecessor. Amongst the other speakers were Lord Beaconsfield, Mr.
+W. H. Smith and Lord Chief Justice Cockburn. At the banquet in 1880, Sir
+F. Leighton paid his Royal guest an unusual compliment: "Sir, of the
+graces by which Your Royal Highness has won and firmly retains the
+affectionate attachment of Englishmen none has operated more strongly
+than the width of your sympathies; for there is no honourable sphere in
+which Englishmen move, no path of life in which they tread, wherein Your
+Royal Highness has not, at some time, by graceful word or deed, evinced
+an enlightened interest." In 1881, the central subject of toast and
+speech was Sir Frederick Roberts, who had come fresh from the fields of
+Cabul and Candahar; but the Prince of Wales did not forget an illusion
+to the death of "that great statesman" the Earl of Beaconsfield. In 1885
+His Royal Highness was accompanied for the first time by Prince Albert
+Victor and in 1888 he was able to refer to the fact of this occasion
+being not only the year of his silver wedding but the year which marked
+a quarter of a century since his first appearance amongst them.
+
+The Corporation of Trinity House, which in the time of Henry VIII. had
+been a guild for the encouragement of the art and science of navigation
+and had latterly come into the work of building lighthouses and
+protecting ships along the coasts of England, was always an object of
+interest and support to the Prince of Wales. In 1865 he declined the
+post of Master--which had been held by men like Lord Liverpool, the Duke
+of Wellington, the Prince Consort and Lord Palmerston--in favour of his
+brother the Sailor Prince. He attended the next annual banquet, however,
+together with the King of the Belgians, and two years later was
+installed as one of the "Younger Brethren" of Trinity House. The Duke of
+Richmond and Lord Napier of Magdala were amongst the other speakers. The
+banquet of July 4th, 1869 was especially interesting from the eminent
+men of all parties whom it brought together. The Prince of Wales
+presided, in the absence of the Duke of Edinburgh, and the speakers
+included Mr. Gladstone, Mr. Bright, Mr. Disraeli, Sir Stafford Northcote
+and Sir John Burgoyne. He again attended and addressed the banquet of
+Trinity House on June 24, 1871, and presided at that of June 27, 1874.
+His speech upon the latter occasion contained various important facts
+and opinions upon the improvement of navigation facilities. At the
+dinner in 1877 the Prince again presided and in the proposing his health
+the late Earl of Derby said: "His Royal Highness has not only now, but
+for many years past done all that is in the power of man to do, by
+genial courtesies towards men of every class and by his indefatigable
+assiduity in the performance of every social duty, to secure at once
+that public respect which is due to his exalted position and that social
+sympathy and personal popularity which no position, however exalted, can
+of itself be sufficient to secure." The most interesting event of this
+occasion was the presence and very brief soldierly speech of General U.
+S. Grant.
+
+[Illustration: A NOTABLE GROUP OF ROYAL RELATIONS PHOTOGRAPHED IN KING
+EDWARD'S HOME
+  King Edward         Emperor of Germany   Queen Alexandra
+  King of Spain       Queen of Spain       Empress of Germany
+  Queen of Portugal   Queen of Norway]
+
+[Illustration: KING EDWARD VII
+  In Highland Garb]
+
+[Illustration: THREE GENERATIONS OF ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS
+  King Edward VII, seated between his son King George V and his
+  grandson Edward, heir apparent to the throne]
+
+[Illustration: THE MAUSOLEUM FROGMORE, WINDSOR]
+
+The encouragement of Musical education and the promotion of a public
+taste for music was one of the subjects in which the Prince of Wales
+took a deep and practical interest. He believed in the humanizing and
+civilizing effects of music and felt that amongst a people who had made
+a home for Händel and who had in older days loved glees and madrigals
+and choral compositions there was room, in a more hum-drum age, for the
+encouragement of popular taste in this direction. The Royal Academy of
+Music, founded in 1822, had done some good but limited service and, in
+1875, he placed himself at the head of a movement to further the love
+and practice of music amongst the people. A meeting was held at
+Marlborough House on June 15th for the immediate purpose of establishing
+free scholarships in connection with the proposed National Training
+Schools for Music, near the Royal Albert Hall, and there were present
+the Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Christian, the Duke of Teck, the
+Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Lord Mayor of London and many
+Provincial Mayors, and a numerous company distinguished by public
+reputation or position. The result of this action was most successful,
+and in 1878, the Prince endeavoured to complete it by bringing the
+Academy and the Training Schools into union.
+
+
+ENCOURAGES MUSICAL EDUCATION
+
+Failing in this, however, he presided on February 28th 1882 at a meeting
+in St. James's Palace held for the purpose of founding a "Royal College
+of Music" and attended by one of the most representative gatherings
+which His Royal Highness had ever brought together. His speech was an
+able and elaborate statement of the importance of a national cultivation
+of music and the necessity for its promotion in the United Kingdom. "Why
+is it," he asked, "that England has no music recognized as national? It
+has able composers but nothing indicative of the national life or
+national feeling. The reason is not far to seek. There is no centre of
+music to which English musicians may resort with confidence and thence
+derive instruction, counsel and inspiration." The plan was then clearly
+outlined and enthusiastically accepted--Lord Rosebery, Mr. Gladstone
+and Sir Stafford Northcote being amongst those who spoke and supported
+the project presented by the Royal chairman. A little later, on March
+23rd, the Prince invited a number of gentlemen connected with the
+Colonial part of the Empire to meet him at Marlborough House in order to
+discuss how best the benefits of the College might be extended and
+applied to the more distant British countries.
+
+On May 7th, 1883, the Royal College of Music was formally inaugurated
+after an effort amongst its supporters which had included the holding of
+forty-four public meetings throughout the country. With the Prince of
+Wales were present the Princess, the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh, the
+Princess Christian and the Trustees, amongst whom were the Duke of
+Westminster, Sir Richard Wallace, M.P., Sir George Grove and Sir John
+Rose. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Mr. Gladstone and many others were
+also present. The Royal founder of the institution spoke at unusual
+length, referred to the teaching and examining powers of the College,
+asked for aid in establishing scholarships and extending its usefulness
+and dilated upon the importance of the objects aimed at. "I trust that
+the College will become the recognized centre and head of the musical
+world in this country. Music is, in the best sense, the most popular of
+all arts. If that government be the best which provides for the
+happiness of the greatest number, that art must be the best which at the
+least expense pleases the greatest number." The project proved most
+successful and the Royal College of Music became one of the recognized
+institutions of the Empire.
+
+
+VISIT TO IRELAND IN 1885
+
+The Royal visit to Ireland in 1885 was an important incident in the
+public life of the Prince of Wales. It was seventeen years since he and
+the Princess had visited that much-troubled country and many untoward
+events had occurred since then. The proposal for another visit was not
+popular with a section of the Irish press and politicians, but when it
+was evident that the generous instincts of the Irish people were going
+to make the occasion a demonstration of kindly feeling, if not of
+loyalty after the English fashion, they changed their attitude and
+recommended a "dignified neutrality." Even this advice was very largely,
+however, lost sight of in the eventual result. On April 9th the Royal
+couple, accompanied by Prince Albert Victor, arrived at Kingstown amid
+the usual decorations and crowds and accepted an address of welcome. In
+Dublin the address was presented by the City Reception Committee instead
+of by the Lord Mayor and Corporation. An important clause in this
+document to which the Prince made no reference in his cautious reply was
+as follows: "We venture to assure you that it would be a great
+gratification to Her Majesty's loyal subjects in Ireland if a permanent
+Royal residence should be established in our country." A visit was paid
+at the conclusion of these proceedings to the Royal Dublin Society and
+the Agricultural Show.
+
+Later in the day the Prince, attended only by his eldest son and without
+notice of his intention, visited some of the poorest parts of the city
+and saw for himself the condition of the people. It soon became known,
+however, that he was amongst them and hearty cheers were given him
+wherever the people caught a glimpse of their visitor. On the following
+day thirty different addresses were received from various public bodies
+and in replying to them the Prince said: "In varied capacities and by
+widely different paths you pursue those great objects which, dear to
+you, are, believe me, dear also to me--the prosperity and progress of
+Ireland, the welfare and happiness of her people. From my heart I wish
+you success and I would that time and my own powers would permit me to
+explain fully and in detail the deep interest which I feel not only in
+the welfare of this great Empire at large but in the true happiness of
+those several classes of the community on whose behalf you have come
+here to-day." The next event was the laying of the foundation stone of
+the new Museum of Science and Art. The route was densely thronged, the
+houses beautifully decorated and the cheers of the people enthusiastic.
+An appropriate speech was made and then the Prince and his wife and son,
+accompanied by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess Spencer, drove to the
+Royal University where they were received by the Chancellor, the Duke of
+Abercorn, and the Honorary degree of LL. D. bestowed upon the Prince and
+that of Doctor of Music upon the Princess.
+
+Succeeding incidents of the visit were a brilliant Levée at Dublin
+Castle; a Drawing-room held by the Princess of Wales; a state ball given
+by the Lord Lieutenant, which was a great success; a visit to the Arlane
+Industrial School; an enthusiastic reception at Trinity College from a
+great and representative gathering; the presentation of new colours to
+the Cornwall Regiment, then stationed in Dublin, with a speech--as on
+most of the other occasions mentioned--from the Prince. On April 13th
+the Prince and Princess started for Cork and on the way thither, at
+Mallow, there was some attempt at a hostile demonstration. An effort of
+the same kind was made at Cork but was nullified by the cordial
+hospitality of the masses of the people. The Royal visitors left Ireland
+on April 17th well satisfied with the general loyalty and courtesy of
+their reception.
+
+
+HIS PART IN THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE
+
+In two of the great events which characterized the closing years of the
+Victorian era and his Mother's reign the Prince of Wales took a
+prominent and most important part--the Queen's Jubilee of 1887 and the
+Diamond Jubilee of ten years later. Upon no other occasion has his
+actual executive ability been better tested than in the latter event.
+Few, perhaps, can adequately realize the immense amount of work which
+devolved upon, or was assumed by, the Prince in this connection. He
+undertook many of the functions; he was present with the Queen at all
+the events of a busy, crowded week; he directed most of the detail and
+guided the complicated etiquette and procedure of the occasion; he
+personally controlled the arrangements for the splendid procession
+through the streets of London; he overlooked the plans for the service
+in the Abbey and for the protection of the massed multitude in the
+streets; he received and entertained many of the Royal personages who
+came from abroad. In both of these great events the Prince of Wales
+appreciated the new and peculiar significance added to the formal or
+popular British celebrations by the presence of Colonial leaders and
+troops and visitors. He had, in fact, to stamp the Imperial character
+and standing of these great demonstrations.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+The Prince and His Family
+
+
+The home life of the Prince and Princess of Wales was never an
+absolutely private one. It was lived in the light of an almost ceaseless
+publicity. Not that the actual house of the Royal couple was, or could
+ever be, unduly invaded; but that every visitor was a more or less
+interested spectator and student of conditions and that every trifling
+incident, as well as the more important matters, of every-day life were
+remembered, repeated, or recorded as they would never be in an ordinary
+household.
+
+
+HOME LIFE OF THE ROYAL COUPLE
+
+Memoirs of British statesmen, leaders in art, or literature, or
+religion, or the Army and the Navy, teem with references, during forty
+years, to the life of the Heir Apparent and his wife at Sandringham or
+Marlborough and, without exception, they convey the impression of honest
+domestic happiness and unity. Gossip during that long period there had
+been, of course; unpleasant inuendoes had been uttered in a small and
+unpleasant section of the press; peculiar and, for the most obvious
+reasons, impossible stories had been cabled from time to time across the
+Atlantic; but they were patiently borne by those who were the easy
+victims of silly statements and they were more than controverted by the
+tributes published from men who have lived on terms of intimacy with the
+Royal family and whose death lifted, occasionally, the seal of secrecy
+from their natural reserve and made the expression of their opinions and
+experiences possible.
+
+The steady growth of the Prince and Princess in popular favour and the
+fact that even the most irresponsible or unscrupulous purveyor of news
+to such sheets as Mr. Labouchere's _Truth_ had never dared to reflect
+upon the Princess of Wales' beauty of character and life sufficed long
+before the accession of His Royal Highness to the Throne to kill even
+the surreptitious stories which always float upon the surface of society
+regarding persons in Royal positions. In this connection may be quoted
+the interesting reference to the subject made by Mr. G. W. Smalley, the
+well-known American writer who for so many years acted as London
+correspondent of the New York _Tribune_. He was dealing, under date of
+January 17th, 1892, with the premature death of the young Duke of
+Clarence and, after referring to the freshness of affection which
+prevailed throughout the Royal family, he proceeded in these words: "It
+is known to be strong and pure in all three generations--indeed there
+are now four--which together make up the Royal family of England. * * *
+The domestic traditions were followed just as faithfully at Marlborough
+House as at Windsor. The Prince of Wales's has been not merely a good
+but a devoted family. The Princess, whose whole life has been beautiful
+is in nothing more beautiful than in her love for her children. She
+passed from the bedside of her second son whose life she helped to
+save--they say that Prince George never rallied till his mother returned
+to nurse him--to the bedside of her first-born by whose grave she has
+now to stand."
+
+Sandringham Hall in Norfolk was the real home of the Royal couple and it
+was there that the children of their marriage spent much of their
+younger days and received much of the training which was to fit them for
+lives of more or less public duty and the responsibilities which go with
+public position. Marlborough House, in London, was the social centre,
+the official environment, the public residence, of the Prince and
+Princess of Wales. But the former place was always the one where they
+liked to be, where the heart of the Princess always rested with most
+interest and affection, where the enjoyment of the comforts of country
+and home life came with most force to the Prince and to his children.
+Around Sandringham the grounds and woods and park were not allowed to be
+spoiled by art--the latter was used in just such a degree as would help
+nature. The house, or palace, was concealed from view until the visitor
+was quite close to it and its home-like simplicity has always been a
+much-described quality. There was no elaboration of decoration, or
+straining after an appearance of stately luxury. Comfort seemed to be
+the aim and it was most certainly attained. The hall was designed
+somewhat after the style of the old-fashioned banquetting halls, the
+various rooms were arranged for convenience and comfort, the decorations
+were beautiful without being gorgeous, the objects of interest, ornament
+and curiosity in the drawing-rooms and elsewhere were, of course, simply
+countless.
+
+Above the porch in front of the Hall was the quaint legend: "This house
+was built by Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, and Alexandra his wife, in
+the year of our Lord 1870". The place was originally purchased for
+£220,000--saved from the revenues of the Duchy of Cornwall by the Prince
+Consort's management--but further large sums had to be spent in order to
+make the mansion comfortable and the estate the model which it
+afterwards became. The former was practically rebuilt in 1870 but not
+until every cottage or farm-house on the property had been first
+rebuilt, or repaired. The house contained, particularly, the great hall
+or saloon decorated with trophies of the chase in all countries and with
+many caskets of gold and silver containing some of the addresses
+presented to the Prince from time to time; the dining-room with its high
+oak roof and great fire-place, walls covered with tapestry given the
+Prince by the late King of Spain and a side-board covered with racing
+and yachting prizes in gold and silver; the chief drawing room with
+hangings of dull gold silk, furniture brocaded in soft red and gold,
+large panel mirrors and quantities of exquisite Sévres and Dresden
+china; the conservatory where tea was often served; a great ball-room
+and handsome billiard and smoking rooms. The boudoir of the Princess has
+been described as a dream of grace and simple beauty and everything
+about the place was arranged with a view to combining comfort with charm
+of appearance. The hundred servants employed in or out of the house had
+everything that could make their lives pleasant and happy.
+
+
+EDUCATION OF THE ROYAL FAMILY
+
+Amidst these surroundings the sons and daughters of the Royal couple
+were brought up. Upon the education of the boys the Prince of Wales
+utilized his own knowledge of life as well as the traditions of his
+father's training of himself. He is said to have believed that the study
+of men and the ways of the world had not been sufficiently considered in
+his own case and that he wished his sons, while escaping the
+nervousness, constraints and adulation which surrounded the Court,
+should also avoid the sycophancy and flattery which might be expected in
+their cases at a public school--even of the highest. He therefore
+decided that a training ship in early youth and the fresh air, vigorous
+life and wholesome discipline of the Navy in immediately following years
+would be the best system of education. Prince Albert Victor and Prince
+George were, consequently, placed on board the _Britannia_ training ship
+in 1870 and there they spent two years under conditions of study, work,
+training, mess, discipline and dress exactly similar to those of their
+shipmates. Their only dissipation was an occasional visit from their
+parents and the usual holiday period at home. During the two years spent
+on this ship they learned carpentering, the details of a ship's rigging
+and a certain amount of engineering.
+
+At the end of this period it was decided by the Prince to send his sons
+for a prolonged cruise around the world as midshipmen on H.M.S.
+_Bacchante_. They were to have the same duties and treatment as the
+other midshipmen--except perhaps that their teaching would be more
+careful and their studies more severe. Special instructors in
+seamanship, gunnery, mathematics and naval conditions were appointed,
+with the Rev. J. N. Dalton, M.A., as Governor, in charge while they were
+on shore and with supervision over their ordinary studies when at sea.
+Lord Charles Scott, Captain of the war-ship, was, of course, supreme
+when the Princes were on board his vessel. The cruise of the _Bacchante_
+commenced in September, 1879, and terminated in August, 1882. During
+that period it traversed over fifty-four thousand miles and the Royal
+midshipmen saw and visited Gibraltar, Madeira, Teneriffe, the West India
+Islands, Bermuda, the Cape Verde Islands, Monte Video, the Falkland
+Islands, Cape Colony, Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland and
+Brisbane, Victoria and Melbourne, New South Wales and Sydney, the Fiji
+Islands, Japan, Hong-Kong, Shanghai, Canton, the Straits Settlements,
+Ceylon, Egypt and the Holy Land, Athens, Crete, Corfu and Sicily. In
+1886 two handsome volumes, carefully edited by the Rev. Mr. Dalton, and
+comprising the private journals and diaries of the young Princes, were
+published in London and were found to contain many sensible reflections
+and much garnered information upon the many countries visited during
+this circumnavigation of the globe. It was not all serious study and
+work, however, during this period, and in almost every place touched at,
+where the Princes had anything like a chance, there is still to be found
+some cherished anecdote of Royal jokes or pranks--especially on the part
+of Prince George.
+
+Meanwhile great care and thought had been devoted to the education of
+the three daughters. From the nursery they passed into a school-room in
+which French and German, music, history and mathematics were the studies
+most interesting to their father, while the learning of dressmaking and
+sewing in various branches, cooking, dairy work, the superintending of a
+garden and the management of a house were carefully watched over by the
+Princess of Wales. The Princess Victoria was said, in the days following
+the completion of her education, to have the most domestic turn of mind
+of the three sisters, together with a pronounced artistic taste.
+Latterly she had taken over much of the supervision of household matters
+at Sandringham and Marlborough from her Royal mother and is, in 1902,
+the only unmarried member of the family. The Princess Maud was, as a
+girl, merry, pretty and clever; a capital all-round sportswoman and fond
+of horses, dogs, birds, yachting and riding; possessed at home of the
+nick-name "Harry," and said to be the Prince's favourite daughter; fond
+of _incognito_ experiences, charities and amusements. The Princess
+Louise was a quieter and less striking character, and, like her younger
+sister, was afterwards allowed to marry the man of her choice, although
+he did not possess the high position which the Royal father might
+naturally have desired.
+
+
+MEMORIES OF PRINCE ALBERT VICTOR
+
+Following the return of the two Princes from their cruise, Prince Albert
+Victor was taken by his father to Cambridge, in 1883, and duly installed
+as an undergraduate of Trinity College. There he read regularly for six
+or seven hours a day, made himself thoroughly familiar with French and
+German, and associated himself in a most marked way with the men of
+intellect and character who were around him--nearly all his companions
+afterwards becoming distinguished in one way or another. Always modest
+and retiring he liked to entertain very quietly and to enjoy any
+possible musical occasion which presented itself. Hockey, polo and a
+little riding were his outdoor amusements. He came of age in 1885, the
+University conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D., and, during
+the next few years, he worked as an officer in the Army. It was on the
+attainment of his majority that Prince Albert Victor received a most
+interesting letter, under date of January 7th, from Mr. Gladstone. In it
+the veteran statesman said to the prospective Sovereign: "There lies
+before Your Royal Highness in prospect the occupation--I trust at a
+distant date--of a throne which, to me at least, appears the most
+illustrious in the world, from its history and associations, from its
+legal basis, from the weight of the cares it brings, from the loyal love
+of the people, and from the unparalleled opportunities it gives, in so
+many ways and so many regions, of doing good to the almost countless
+numbers whom the Almighty has placed beneath the sceptre of England." He
+went on to express the earnest hope that His Royal Highness might ever
+grow in the principles and qualities which should adorn his great
+vocation.
+
+During the Session of Parliament in 1889, the Prince of Wales was voted
+£36,000 annually in trust for the use of his children, and at about the
+same time it was decided to send Prince Albert Victor on a visit to
+India. On the way thither, at Athens, on October 20th, the latter was
+present at the wedding of his two cousins, the Duke of Sparta and the
+Princess Sophia of Prussia, daughter of the Empress Frederick. In the
+great Eastern Empire he remained until April, 1890; visiting Hyderabad,
+Mysore, Madras and Calcutta, and meeting with a cordial reception which,
+however, lacked the great state and ceremony of his Royal father's
+famous tour. Lord Lansdowne was Viceroy and made a most admirable host
+and mentor. On May 24th, following, the young Prince was created Duke of
+Clarence and Avondale and Earl of Athlone, and commenced to take his
+place in public life as Heir Presumptive to the Throne. In November of
+the year 1891 Prince George who had, meanwhile, been pursuing his
+vocation in the Navy, was taken ill at Sandringham. The Princess was
+away but, pending her return, his father nursed him personally with care
+and devotion. Typhoid--the disease which had carried off the Prince
+Consort and so nearly killed the Heir Apparent, developed and the family
+anxiety was very great. At this point, on December 8th, the engagement
+of the Duke of Clarence to his cousin, the very popular and beautiful
+Princess May of Teck, was announced amidst general congratulations.
+
+
+DEATH OF THE DUKE OF CLARENCE
+
+Then came one of the saddest events in the history of the British Royal
+family. The young Duke had only been engaged a few weeks and
+preparations had been commenced for the stately ceremonial of his
+marriage, when it was announced that he had caught cold at the funeral
+of Prince Victor of Hohenlohe and was confined to his room. With but
+little notice pneumonia developed, the constitutional weakness of his
+system was unable to throw it off, and within a few days he was
+dead--January 15th, 1892. Prince George, in the meantime, had recovered,
+but those who saw the Prince of Wales walking beside his eldest son's
+body from Sandringham Church to the station, say that his obvious grief
+was almost pathetic. As to the mother she never really got over the
+sadness of that death and the removal of her favourite son. If there
+was, at times, a sad expression in her eyes, years after the event, it
+was no doubt due to the sudden shock and great loss which then came to
+her.
+
+Five days afterwards, the following telegram to Sir Francis Knollys was
+made public: "The Prince and Princess of Wales are anxious to express to
+Her Majesty's subjects in the United Kingdom, the Colonies, and in
+India, the sense of their deep gratitude for the universal feeling of
+sympathy manifested toward them at a time when they are overpowered by
+the terrible calamity which they have sustained in the loss of their
+beloved eldest son. If sympathy at such a moment is of any avail, the
+remembrance that their grief has been shared by all classes will be a
+lasting consolation to their sorrowing hearts, and, if possible, will
+make them more than ever attached to their dear country." The affection
+of Queen Victoria for this grandson, whom the _Times_ of January 19th
+described as possessing "modesty, affectionateness, kindness, love of
+order, the desire to render every man his due, and reverence for age and
+greatness," is well-known to have been intense, and from Osborne, on
+January 26th, Her Majesty issued the following letter:
+
+     "I must once again give expression to my deep sense of the loyalty
+     and affectionate sympathy evinced by my subjects in every part of
+     my Empire on an occasion more sad and tragical than any but one
+     which has befallen me and mine, as well as the Nation. The
+     overwhelming misfortune of my dearly-loved grandson having been
+     thus suddenly cut off in the flower of his age, full of promise for
+     the future, amiable and gentle, and endearing himself to all,
+     renders it hard for his sorely-stricken parents, his dear young
+     bride and his fond Grandmother to bow in submission to the
+     inscrutable decrees of Providence."
+
+Meantime, on June 27th, 1889, the marriage of the Princess Louise had
+taken place. Her engagement to the Earl of Fife was somewhat of a
+surprise to a social world which does not like to be surprised. Though
+the Princess was twenty-two and the groom forty they had known each
+other for years and Lord Fife had been a frequent and welcome guest at
+Sandringham, while the Prince and Princess of Wales had long been on
+terms of intimacy with his parents. His was the only bachelor's house at
+which the Princess of Wales had ever been entertained. It could not, of
+course, be supposed that this first marriage in his family--the children
+of which might be very close to the Throne--was quite as lofty a match
+as the Royal father might wish, yet when he found that the matter was
+settled so far as the couple were personally concerned, he accepted the
+situation and asked the Queen's consent to the engagement. The wedding
+was duly celebrated at Buckingham Palace in the presence of the Queen,
+the Prince and Princess of Wales and their children, the King of the
+Helenes, the Crown Prince of Denmark, and the Grand Duke of Hesse. Lord
+Fife, who was personally very wealthy, was created Duke of Fife and
+Marquess of Macduff, and his wife shared in the subsequent special grant
+given to the Heir Apparent for the proper maintenance of his children.
+Afterwards, on the birth of the first child of the Duke and Duchess it
+was decided that she should not assume Royal rank but be known by the
+courtesy title due to her father's place in the Peerage. This
+child--Lady Alexandra Victoria Alberta Edwina Louise Duff--was born on
+May 17th, 1891, and on April 3rd, 1893, the Lady Maud Alexandra Victoria
+Georgia Bertha Duff was born. Meanwhile an interesting event had
+occurred on March 10, 1888, in the celebration of the Silver Wedding of
+the Prince and Princess of Wales. Illuminations in London and a ball at
+Buckingham Palace marked the event.
+
+Prince George of Wales was now Heir Presumptive to the Throne and upon
+him were devolved the more or less arduous duties of that position.
+Following his brother's death he gave up active service in the Navy and
+on May 24th, 1892, was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron
+Killarney. The importance of his marriage was now obvious and a year and
+a quarter after the death of the Duke of Clarence the engagement of his
+brother to the Princess May of Teck was officially announced. The
+wedding took place on July 6th, 1893, and there could be no doubt by
+that time of the popularity of the young couple and of the national
+pleasure at their union. The decorations in London eclipsed those of the
+Queen's ubilee and the crowds were equally great. The ceremony was
+performed at the Chapel Royal, St. James's, instead of at St. George's,
+Windsor, where the Queen, the Prince of Wales, the Princesses Helena and
+Louise and the Dukes of Albany and Connaught had been wedded. Amongst
+the great gathering present at the ceremony were Her Majesty and the
+Royal family as a whole, the Duke and Duchess of Teck, Lord Salisbury,
+Lord Rosebery, Mr. Morley, Mr. Bryce, Mr. Chamberlain, Sir W. V.
+Harcourt, Lord Ripon, Lord Spencer, Lord Herschell, Mr. Balfour, Mr.
+Goschen, the Dukes of Argyll, Norfolk and Devonshire, Mr. Gladstone, the
+Hon. T. F. Bayard, American Minister, several Indian Princes and many
+others. The _Times_ of July 7th had the following comment upon the
+event:
+
+     "Few Royal weddings of our time aroused such unusual enthusiasm as
+     the union of the Duke of York with the bride of his choice--an
+     English Princess, born and bred in an English home, endeared to all
+     hearts by the now softened memory of a tragic sorrow and richly
+     endowed with all the qualities which inspire the brightest hopes
+     for the future. Fewer still have ever been celebrated with happier
+     omens, or in more auspicious circumstances than that of yesterday.
+     The pomp of a brilliant Court, the acclaim, at once tumultuous and
+     orderly, of the mightiest of cities, spontaneously making holiday
+     and decking itself in its brightest and bravest, the simultaneous
+     rejoicing of a whole people, the sympathy, unbought and yet
+     priceless, of a world-wide Empire, the radiant splendour of an
+     English summer day--all these combined to make the ceremony of
+     yesterday an occasion as memorable as that of the Jubilee itself."
+
+[Illustration: KING EDWARD AND HIS FAMOUS RACE HORSE MINORU, WHICH WON
+THE DERBY IN 1909.
+
+Minoru (Herbert Jones up), Mr. Richard Marsh (Trainer to
+the late King), Lord Marcus Beresford (Manager of the late King's
+thoroughbreds), King Edward.
+
+King Edward was not only a great King, but a great sportsman as well. He
+had a typically British love of outdoor pastimes as an active
+participator and not a mere looker-on. At various times he was
+associated with nearly every form of British sport. Yachting and
+shooting were two of his favorites, but it was his close connection with
+the turf which most appealed to the general public. Probably no other
+breeder of thoroughbreds ever had such a trio of equine giants as
+Florizel II, Persimmon and Diamond Jubilee. And in one year, 1909, he
+won over £29,000. When his horse Minoru won the Derby in 1909, the
+people in their enthusiasm surged all over the course after the race,
+but the King went down amongst them, and himself led his horse in to the
+paddock.]
+
+[Illustration: FAMILIAR SNAPSHOTS OF KING EDWARD AS HIS SUBJECTS BEST
+KNEW HIM.]
+
+[Illustration: KING EDWARD'S MOST INTIMATE FRIENDS.
+
+1. Lieutenant-Colonel George L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O.,
+Equerry-in-Waiting to the late King. 2. Lord Burnham, K.C.V.O.,
+principal proprietor of the "Daily Telegraph." 3. Count Albert D.
+Mensdorff-Pouilly, the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador. 4. Lord Suffield,
+P.C., G.C.V.O., K.C.B., Lord-in-Waiting to the late King. 5. Mr. Alfred
+C. de Rothschild, C.V.O., Austro-Hungarian Consul-General. 6. Mr. Arthur
+Sassoon, M.V.O., a member of a famous Anglo-Indian family. 7. The
+Marquis de Soveral, G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., the Portuguese Minister. 8. Lord
+Allington, K.C.V.O., a great Dorsetshire landowner. 9. Sir Ernest
+Cassel, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., the well-known financier and
+philanthropist. 10. Lord Farquhar, G.C.V.O., Extra Lord-in-Waiting to
+the late King, and formerly Master of the Household.]
+
+[Illustration: KING EDWARD'S MOST INTIMATE FRIENDS.
+
+1. Lord Esher, G.C.V.O., G.C.B., Deputy Governor of Windsor Castle. 2.
+Lord Marcus Beresford, Extra Equerry and Manager of King Edward's
+thoroughbreds. 3. Earl Howe, G.C.V.O., Lord-in-Waiting to the late King
+and Lord Chamberlain to Queen Alexandra. 4. The Rev. Canon Edgar
+Sheppard, D.D., C.V.O., Domestic Chaplain to the late King. 5. Sir
+Donald Mackenzie Wallace, K.C.L.E., K.C.V.O., Extra Groom-in-Waiting to
+the late King. 6. Lord Ilchester, who has written some delightful books
+of biography. 7. Mr. William James, J.P., D.D., C.V.O., the well-known
+traveler and landowner. 8. Sir Thomas Lipton, Bt., K.C.V.O., the
+well-known sportsman and yacht-owner. 9. Lieutenant-Colonel F. Ponsonby,
+Equerry to the late King. 10. Captain Sir David N. Welch, R.N., formerly
+commander of the royal yacht.]
+
+The bridesmaids were all relations of the young couple--the Princesses
+Victoria and Maud of Wales, Victoria Melita, Alexandra and Beatrice of
+Edinburgh; Margaret and Victoria Patricia of Connaught; Victoria of
+Schleswig-Holstein; Victoria and Alexandra of Battenberg. The Duke of
+York wore a simple Captain's uniform and was supported by his Royal
+father and the Duke of Edinburgh. The bride was described in the papers
+of the time as wearing silver and white brocade, with clustered
+shamrocks, roses and thistles. On July 10th the Queen addressed one of
+her usual tactful and gracious letters to the nation expressive of her
+personal sympathy with the people and of theirs with her and her family.
+
+The eldest child of this marriage--Prince Edward Albert Christian George
+Andrew Patrick David--was direct in succession to the Throne after his
+father and was born on June 23, 1894. The second child was Prince Albert
+Frederick Arthur George, born on December 14, 1895. Princess Victoria
+Alexandra Alice Mary, was born on April 25th, 1897, and Prince Henry
+William Frederick Albert on March 31, 1900. The Prince of Wales was
+greatly attached to his grandchildren and nothing in these later years
+gave him greater pleasure than having around him the youthful scions of
+the House of Fife, or that of York, and giving them presents and other
+means of enjoyment. On July 22, 1896, his third daughter, the Princess
+Maud, was married to Prince Charles, second son of the Crown Prince of
+Denmark. The ceremony was performed in the private Chapel of Buckingham
+Palace, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, in the presence of the Queen
+and most of the members of the Royal family. The Duke and Duchess of
+Sparta, the Crown Prince and Princess of Denmark, Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone
+and Mr. and Mrs. Chamberlain were amongst the guests. The bridesmaids
+were Princesses Ingeborg of Denmark, Victoria of Wales, Victoria of
+Schleswig-Holstein, Thyra of Denmark, Victoria Patricia of Connaught,
+Margaret of Connaught, Alice of Albany and the Lady Alexandra Duff.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+The Prince as a Social Leader
+
+
+The influence wielded upon Society by the Prince of Wales, during nearly
+forty years of public life, was so marked and important as to merit
+extended consideration. Society, of course, in such a connection
+includes much more than any particular set of persons however select, or
+distinguished, or aristocratic; it means, in fact, all the varied social
+circles, high and low, which have recognized principles of etiquette and
+intercourse and common customs of amusement and fashion. Taken in this
+wide sense of the word, no personage in the history of Europe during the
+nineteenth century wielded so great an influence as His Royal Highness.
+He helped to make the unbounded after-dinner drinking of a previous
+period unpopular and socially un-orthodox; he encouraged in his more
+youthful days and always enjoyed the pleasures of dancing; he introduced
+very largely the popular fashion of a cigarette after dinner in place of
+endless heavy cigars and their accompaniment of liquors; he did much to
+encourage and popularize a love for music; he led the fashion in the
+matter of men's dress and, upon the whole, society in most civilized
+countries has to thank him for simple and dignified customs in this
+respect; he supported the race-course with courage and persistence and
+not only made racing more popular but helped to establish its code and
+operation upon a high plane of honour--by far the highest and cleanest
+in the world; he made charity and the support of its varied public
+institutions popular and fashionable; he showed the gilded youth of a
+great social world that work was a good thing for a Prince and a peer
+as well as for a peasant; he, with his beautiful wife, presented for
+many years a model home and family life to the nation and they,
+together, discouraged many of the petty vices and small faults which
+creep into all social systems from time to time.
+
+
+LIFE AT MARLBOROUGH HOUSE
+
+The official and social centre of this leadership in the British world
+was at Marlborough House--a large and unpretentious residence in the
+heart of London. That the place was exquisitely furnished and equipped
+goes without saying; that it was comfortable in the extreme is equally a
+matter of course to those acquainted with the taste and house-keeping
+capacities of the Princess of Wales. It was filled with fine engravings
+and paintings illustrative of the Victorian era; it teemed with
+mementoes and memorials of past incidents, travels and friendships in
+the lives of the Royal couple; it contained rooms suited for every
+purpose required in the exacting life and multifarious public duties of
+its occupants. The Prince's study, where only intimates were admitted,
+has been described as the room of a hard-working man of business. When
+at Marlborough House, His Royal Highness used to mark out his time, each
+day, with care and precision and even then it was difficult to fill his
+many and varied engagements. There were certain public functions such as
+the Horse Show at Islington, or the Royal Military Tournament, to which
+the Prince and Princess always went when in London. There were a certain
+number of state dinners given in place of those which, under other
+circumstances, would have been given by the Sovereign. Diplomatic
+dinners were also incidents of the season at Marlborough House as well
+as dinners which included the Government and Opposition leaders and
+great banquets held from time to time in honour of foreign guests of the
+nation or Royal relations visiting the country.
+
+The dining-room at Marlborough was handsome but plain, the arrangements
+of the table setting an example of simplicity which society, in this
+case, did not always follow. The Prince of Wales never concealed his
+dislike for the extremely lengthy banquets which were the custom in his
+youth and succeeded, so far as private dinner-parties were concerned, in
+revolutionizing the system. To the favoured guest Marlborough House was
+a scene of historic as well as personal interest. It had been the home
+of the great Duke of that name; the residence of Prince Leopold,
+intended husband of the lamented Princess Charlotte, and afterwards King
+of the Belgians; the dower-house of Queen Adelaide; the choice of the
+Prince Consort for his son's London home. The general contents of the
+house were worthy of its history. In one room were splendid panels of
+Gobelin tapestry presented by Napoleon; in another were the rare and
+wonderful treasures of Indian work, in gold, silver, jewelry and
+embroidery, brought home from the Royal visit to Hindostan; elsewhere
+was a beautiful vase given the Prince by Alexander II. of Russia,
+enamelled work from the East, richly ornamented swords, trays of solid
+gold, tables full of presentation keys, medals, trowels and memorials of
+all kinds.
+
+Socially, the drawing-room was the central feature of interest. Its
+general effect has been described[6] as being white and gold and pale
+pink, its floor of polished oak with an Axminster carpet in the centre,
+and with an appearance of vastness modified by pillars of white and
+gold. There were innumerable mirrors and the furniture was upholstered
+in deep red, while rare china, flowers, photographs, statuettes, and
+small ornaments of gold and silver and enamel were scattered in
+profusion upon tables, cabinets and mantels. Here the most eminent men
+and beautiful or clever women of Great Britain and the world have been
+entertained and here, or in the well-kept grounds, the intimate friends
+of the Prince and Princess have gathered from time to time.
+
+The society received at Marlborough was always cosmopolitan in its
+variety but it was never of the kind which slander sometimes insinuated.
+No man has ever been more democratic, so far as mere class barriers are
+concerned, than was the Prince of Wales, but no one knew better than he
+where to draw the line in his entertainments. The Princess, for her
+part, was at all times a model hostess, and each knew too well what was
+due to the other to make the social life of the Palace anything more
+than a correct embodiment and representation of the social life of
+London. The liberality of the Prince was made evident in later years in
+making cultivated and representative Americans or Jews welcome at his
+functions. His very proper and openly-avowed liking for beautiful women
+encouraged at one time a social class of "professional beauties," but as
+soon as this patronage was found to have been misused and vulgarized in
+certain quarters, he and the Princess quietly dropped those who were
+making a trade of the Royal recognition. A story has been told
+illustrating the capacity which the Prince of Wales always showed for
+keeping people in their proper places. On one occasion, at a great
+charitable bazaar in Albert Hall, which he had honoured with his
+presence, he went up to a refreshment stall and asked for a cup of tea.
+The fair vendor--there was no doubt of her beauty--before handing the
+cup to His Royal Highness took a drink from it, saying, "_now_ the price
+will be five guineas!" The Prince gravely paid the money, handed back
+the cup of tea and said, "Will you please give me a clean cup?"
+
+The Royal etiquette, as to social entertainments and the acceptance of
+invitations to country houses, or city functions, was always very exact
+and was carried out along lines fixed by the Prince and Princess in
+their early married life. Outside of the aristocracy, or a small list
+of personal friends, very few hospitable invitations were ever accepted
+and as such acceptance meant certain admission to the higher ranks of
+society the pressure upon personal friends or officials can easily be
+imagined. The Prince always objected to the lavish and extravagant style
+of such entertainments and this was one important reason for limiting
+his circle of hosts and hostesses. At the country houses visited from
+time to time, or at the private dinners to which he accepted
+invitations, the Prince was supposed to usually see a list of the guests
+and to always have the right of adding names to it. The delicate and
+indirect task of attending to this matter was for many years confided to
+Mr. Harry Tyrwhitt Wilson; who also had the arrangement of details in
+connection with the visits largely in his hands. One incident of the
+visits to country houses was an effort on the part of the Prince in
+recent years to discourage and check the wholesale habit of tipping
+servants. He took the method of leaving a moderate and suitable sum for
+the purpose and this was distributed after he had left the place. It may
+be added that whenever the Prince went anywhere he was always
+accompanied by an equerry, his own valets, a footman to wait on him at
+meals, and certain other servants.
+
+
+FRIENDS AND COMPANIONS OF THE PRINCE
+
+The Prince and Princess of Wales, separately or together as the case may
+be, have visited most of the splendid homes of England. Chief amongst
+those whom they delighted to visit were the Duke and Duchess of
+Devonshire and Chatsworth; Hardwick Hall and Compton Place have,
+therefore, more than once seen most brilliant entertainments in their
+honour. Lord and Lady Cadogan were frequent and favourite hosts. Lord
+and Lady Londonderry, the Earl and Countess of Warwick, the Duke of
+Richmond at Goodwood House, the late Duke of Westminster at Eaton Hall,
+all entertained the Royal couple upon more than one occasion. Lord
+Alington, the late Duke of Beaufort, and Sir Edward Lawson gave the
+Prince frequent and enjoyable shooting. The Duchess of Marlborough and
+Mrs. Arthur Paget were two American ladies whom His Royal Highness
+counted as friends and hostesses. Several members of the Rothschild
+family entertained the Heir Apparent at homes which have been described
+as models of comfort and museums of art, while Lord Penrhyn was a Welsh
+magnate whom he once visited with great pleasure, and the late Baron
+Hirsch, in his Hungarian shootings, gave him splendid sport upon more
+than one occasion.
+
+No phrase has been more conspicuous in recent years and none have been
+more abused in meaning and application than that of "the Prince's set."
+Properly used, it meant his personal friends or those who, along
+specific and often very diverse lines of sport, society, work, or
+travel, were necessarily intimate with His Royal Highness. Improperly
+applied, it was supposed to designate a rather fast and very "smart" set
+of wealthy social magnates. In this latter guise it had really no
+existence. Those who were familiar with the Prince of Wales' career and
+character knew that mere wealth was the last thing which ever attracted
+him, and the one thing which was a most certainly uncertain basis upon
+which to gain his patronage; to say nothing of his friendship. Many
+disappointed millionaires can speak with accuracy upon this point--if
+they wished to. On the other hand, honest love of racing, or shooting,
+or yachting; brilliancy of conversation in man or woman and conspicuous
+beauty or charm of manner in the latter; knowledge of the world and
+capacity to do the right thing in the right way at the right time were
+conspicuous factors in obtaining the friendship of the Prince of Wales.
+Achievements in art, or distinction in the Army and Navy, or great
+philanthropic interests and undertakings, were always elements of
+recognized importance.
+
+Deer-stalking in the Highlands made friends and hosts such as the late
+Dukes of Sutherland and Hamilton, Mr. Farquharson of Invercauld and Lord
+Glenesk. During his annual visits to Homburg, for many years, and in the
+rest and liberty which he allowed himself there, the Prince's favourite
+companion, as he was his most devoted friend, was the late Mr.
+Christopher Sykes. Lord Brampton--the clever, witty and eccentric Judge
+who was better known as Sir Henry Hawkins--the Right Hon. "Jimmy"
+Lowther, M.P., Lord Charles and Lord William Beresford, and Sir Allen
+Young were also special friends of the holiday season. Admiral Sir Henry
+Keppel was a very old friend of the Prince and his family and this
+intimacy also included Mr. and Mrs. George Keppel. Lord Rosebery, Lord
+Beaconsfield, Lord Randolph Churchill and the late Lord Derby could all
+claim the Royal friendship, while Lord and Lady Farquhar were delightful
+and favourite hosts of both the Prince and his wife. Colonel Oliver
+Montagu was a very old and dear friend, and the Earl of Aylesford, Lord
+Cadogan, General Lord Wantage, Colonel Owen Williams, Earl Carrington,
+Lord and Lady Dudley and Lord Russell of Killowen ranked in the category
+of friendship. Lord and Lady Alington had the rare distinction of giving
+dances to which the Princess of Wales used to take her daughters when
+they were young girls.
+
+Amongst hostesses other than those already mentioned whose
+entertainments the Prince liked to attend were Mrs. Bischoffstein and
+Mrs. Arthur Rothschild. Other personal friends were the late Earl of
+Lathom, the bright and witty Marchioness of Aylesbury, Lord James of
+Hereford and the late Sir Charles Hall. Amongst artists whom the Prince
+greatly favoured were Sir Charles and Lady Hallé and the late Lord
+Leighton. No closer and more devoted friends of the Prince could be
+found than the members of his own Household, and the public was long
+aware of this in the persons of Lord Suffield, Sir Francis Knollys and
+Sir Dighton Probyn, in particular. The Prince delighted in doing honour
+to those whom he accepted as friends. He marked his sorrow at the deaths
+of Colonel Oliver Montagu and Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild by
+personally attending their funerals--an exception to the rule which he
+had set himself in this connection.
+
+His Royal Highness frequently gave his powerful patronage to the
+promotion of Memorials to those who had been honoured by his friendship
+and who deserved honour upon national grounds. An early instance of this
+was the case of Dean Stanley. A later one, on July 13, 1900, was the
+gathering called at Marlborough House and presided over by the Prince
+for the purpose of erecting a national memorial in Westminster Abbey to
+the Duke of Westminster. In speaking, His Royal Highness said: "To me
+personally the death of the Duke meant the loss of a life-long friend. I
+had known him from his boyhood and there is no one whose friendship I
+appreciated more than his. In my judgment there is no one whose public
+services more fully deserve public recognition by his countrymen."
+
+Fidelity to friends and appreciation of manly qualities and special
+abilities were always characteristic of the Prince of Wales and,
+combined with his tact and the unusual qualifications of the Princess as
+a hostess, made Marlborough and Sandringham, in different ways, the most
+ideal centres of social entertainment. Taken as a whole, the Prince's
+leadership of society was emphatically for good. His approval and
+patronage of the opera or the theatre, the race-course or the
+shooting-box, may not have been agreeable to some people, but they
+represented the popular opinion of the great majority. He took things as
+they were, enjoyed them in a full-hearted and honest way, improved the
+_morale_ of the social system and the practices in vogue in many
+directions and left Society infinitely better and more honest than he
+had found it.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[6] _Private Life of King Edward VII._ By a member of the Royal
+Household. D. Appleton & Co. N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+The Prince as a Sportsman
+
+
+In his devotion to the "sport of kings" the Prince of Wales followed the
+excellent example of Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth, Charles I, Charles II,
+William of Orange, Queen Anne, the Duke of Cumberland, George IV, and
+William IV. He represented in this respect an inherent and seemingly
+natural liking of the English people. With them the manly art of war,
+the physical excitements of chivalry, and tests of endurance in civil
+and foreign struggles, have been replaced by the games and sports of a
+quieter and more peaceful period. Riding to hounds, steeple-chasing and
+the amateur or professional race-course represent a most popular as well
+as aristocratic phase of this development. The Prince of Wales, early in
+his life, took a liking to racing in all its forms and encouraged
+steeple-chasing at a time when it was neither fashionable nor popular.
+He became a member of the Jockey Club in 1868. It was not, however,
+until 1877 that his afterwards famous colours of purple, gold band,
+scarlet sleeves and black velvet cap with gold fringe, were carried at
+Newmarket in the presence of the Princess and before a great and
+fashionable gathering. Five years later His Royal Highness won the
+Household Brigade Cup at Sandown and thenceforward his interest in the
+sport was keen, although it was not till some years afterwards that he
+established his own racing-stable which, in 1890, was placed under the
+efficient management of Lord Marcus Beresford.
+
+During these years the Prince lost a good deal of money, though the
+amount was never known or even truthfully guessed at, but in 1889 his
+horses began also to win. In that year he won £204, in 1891 £4148, in
+1894 £3499, and in the next four years a total of £57,430. In 1892 a
+Royal stud was founded at Sandringham and there _Persimmon_ and _Diamond
+Jubilee_ were bred. The Derby of 1896 was perhaps, the most historic of
+English racing events. Attended by a crowd of three hundred thousand
+people, raced in with horses owned by such generous patrons of the turf
+as the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Westminister and Mr. Leopold de
+Rothschild, watched with unusual interest by the crowd, it resulted in
+the most popular victory in the history of English sport. The Prince had
+fought hard for this blue ribbon of the turf, he had faced defeat and
+discouragement again and again and it was known that he would prize
+success more than anything within the limits of his ambition. When,
+therefore, _Persimmon_ carried his colours to the first victory won at
+Epsom by a Prince of Wales in a hundred years, the delight of the Royal
+owner was evident. The great gathering of people cheered as if each
+person present had himself won the race and their obvious enthusiasm was
+an expression of personal liking as well as loyalty. This was a great
+year for the Prince whose horses not only won the Derby, the St. Leger
+and the £10,000 Jockey Club Stakes but also the Newmarket Stakes. In
+1897 _Persimmon_ won the Ascot Cup and the Eclipse Stakes (worth
+together £12,700) and was then retired from the turf. Trained by Richard
+Marsh and ridden by John Watts, this horse had given his Royal owner not
+only financial success but--what he valued infinitely more--great
+victories in a sport which he loved.
+
+From that time on the Prince continued to be lucky with his horses. At
+the Derby of 1900 _Diamond Jubilee_ won in exactly the same time as the
+Royal horse of 1896 had done. At this race, on May 30th, the Prince was
+accompanied by a large number of noblemen and ladies and gentlemen
+interested in racing. The Duke of Devonshire, Lord Rothschild, Lord
+Cheylesmore, the Marquess of Londonderry, the Duke of Portland, Lord
+Farquhar, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Earl and Countess of Crewe, the
+Earl and Countess Carrington, and others, came from London in the Royal
+special train. In the Royal box at the races were the King of Sweden,
+the Duke and Duchess of Connaught, the Princess Victoria, the Duke of
+Cambridge and other royalties. The success of the Prince's horse in two
+minutes, forty-two seconds, was received with tremendous applause and
+with general congratulation in a large section of the press while, in
+the same year, the Royal colours were also carried to victory at the
+Grand National and the Two Thousand Guineas. The whole record was a
+unique one; the time at the Derby was the fastest in the history of the
+course; the winner of 1900 was a brother to the winner in 1896; and
+those who lost money appeared to be as glad that the popular Prince
+should win as if they had themselves backed his horse.
+
+
+RACING FRIENDS AND YACHTING EXPERIENCES
+
+The part taken by His Royal Highness in sporting matters naturally
+resulted in many friendships built around a mutual love of racing, of
+riding, and of the horse. Conspicuous amongst the good sportsmen who
+were also good friends of the Prince were the names of the Duke of
+Portland, Sir George Wombwell, Sir Reuben Sassoon, the Rothschilds, the
+late Lord Sefton, Mr. Henry Chaplin, the Earl of Zetland and Sir
+Frederick Johnstone. Sir John Astley, Lord and Lady Claude Hamilton, Mr.
+and Mrs. Arthur James, Sir Edward Lawson, Sir Edward Hulse, Lord and
+Lady Gerard, the Earl and Countess of Carnarvon, Sir William Russell and
+Lady Dorothy Neville may be mentioned amongst other devotees of the turf
+who ranked in later years as friends of the Prince of Wales in this
+particular social "set." In this connection the annual Derby Day dinner
+must be mentioned. From 1887 to the time of the Prince's accession this
+Royal banquet to the members of the Jockey Club was an important
+institution and a much looked-for event in racing circles. Latterly it
+was the chief regular entertainment of the year at Marlborough House.
+The function was elaborate yet not too formal. Evening dress and not
+uniform was the custom; the guests included about fifty of the leading
+patrons of the turf and there were generally half-a-dozen of the Royal
+family present; the great silver dinner service ordered by the Prince at
+his marriage was always used; and the dining-room with its side-boards
+laden with gold and silver trophies of the race-course and attendants in
+scarlet, blue and gold, was a brilliant sight. Dinner did not usually
+last more than an hour and then the guests adjourned to the drawing-room
+for whist. In 1896 and 1900 the toast of the Derby winner, which had so
+often been proposed by the Royal host, had to be given to some one
+else--greatly to the enthusiasm of the guests.
+
+The Prince of Wales was always a fearless rider and was fond of it from
+childhood. As an undergraduate at Christ-Church he constantly hunted
+with Lord Macclesfield's pack and was then considered a hard rider; but
+in after years his riding was mainly done in connection with military
+and other functions and for exercise, in a milder way than that of
+following the hounds. Akin, in some respects to the sport of racing, is
+that of yachting and to this the Prince of Wales was almost equally
+devoted. Naturally fond of the sea, trained in ocean travel in days when
+it was no pleasant drawing-room experience to cross the Atlantic,
+familiar with every part of a yacht and detail of its management, it was
+only fitting that the Heir to the throne of the seas should be an
+accomplished yachtsman. His first racing-yacht was the _Aline_ and his
+next one, the _Britannia_, was for a time the most successful of large
+racing-yachts. Many splendid cups and pieces of plate graced the buffets
+of Sandringham and Marlborough and marked the victories of the Prince;
+though any prize moneys won in this way were always handed over to his
+Captain and crew as an addition to their already handsome pay.
+
+His Royal Highness was a capital sailor. In returning from his Canadian
+and American tour in 1860 his ship was driven out of its course by a
+severe storm and so much alarm was caused by the delay that a British
+fleet was sent out to search for it; but, different as were the
+conditions of travel in those days, the Prince was not found to be any
+the worse for his stormy experience. In after years when cruising along
+the coasts of Europe, or traversing the Pacific and Indian oceans, he
+met with many a storm and severe strain, so far as weather was
+concerned, without effect. It is said, however, that he was troubled
+somewhat by rough weather in the English Channel. As Commodore of the
+Royal Yacht Squadron his patronage did very much in making the sport
+popular and fashionable and in creating the Cowes Regatta as a great
+yachting function. To this Royal Yacht Club every consideration in the
+way of prizes was given and the Queen, the Prince, the Emperor William
+of Germany, and Napoleon III. of France, offered prizes or trophies,
+from time to time. As Commodore--which office he accepted in 1882--His
+Royal Highness had as predecessors the Earl of Yarborough, the Marquess
+of Donegal and the Earl of Wilton. The Vice-Commodore for many years was
+the Marquess of Ormonde.
+
+
+THE NAVY AND LOVE OF SHOOTING
+
+On July 18th, 1887, the position of the Heir Apparent was recognized and
+the Navy complimented through his appointment by the Queen as Honorary
+Admiral of the Fleet. Some criticism was expressed in a portion of the
+Radical press mainly, it was stated, through ignorance of the Prince's
+real qualifications as both a seaman and yachtsman. Upon his accession
+to the Throne no single action was more popular than King Edward's
+retention of this latter title and the interest which he continued to
+show in the Navy. His Majesty took as great interest in Sir Thomas
+Lipton's efforts to win the America Cup as he had in the previous
+attempts of Lord Dunraven. Sir Thomas was, apparently, a congenial
+spirit in this connection and from both Prince and King he received a
+good deal of favour. It was while cruising with him on board _Shamrock
+II._, off Southampton, (May 22, 1901) that a heavy wind unexpectedly
+strained the spars and gear too much and brought down the top-mast and
+mainmast in a sudden wreck which crashed over the side of the frail
+yacht. The danger to the King was very great and a difference of ten
+seconds in his position would probably have given fatal results. The
+visit to the yacht was, of course, a private one, but such an incident
+as this made the affair very widely commented upon. The London _Daily
+Express_ of the succeeding day embodied a good deal of public opinion in
+the following remarks:
+
+     "King though he be, he is resolute to live the frank and free life
+     of an English gentleman, taking the chances of sport by land and
+     sea as gaily as any undistinguished son of the people, whose life
+     is of no smallest national import. That is the sort of King we
+     want, the sort of King we will die for if need be--a King who holds
+     his own in every manly exercise, loving sport all the more because
+     it contains the element of danger that possesses such a subtle
+     attraction for men of Anglo-Saxon blood."
+
+Shooting was probably the favourite all-round sport of the Prince of
+Wales and in this he heartily embodied one more characteristic of the
+typical English gentleman. It has been described as a positive passion
+with him and as being "the love of his life." His father had been a
+thorough sportsman, though not a very good shot; the son became not only
+a thorough sportsman but perhaps the best shot in the United Kingdom. At
+seven years of age he was taught deer-stalking, at Oxford he frequently
+did a day's shooting on neighbouring estates, and, in his American and
+Canadian tour, a great pleasure to the young man was an occasional day's
+sport. At Sandringham he early mapped out his estate into a series of
+drives and soon combined with other famous shots to create and make
+popular the big _battues_ which were afterwards so well known and which
+came to constitute so important an event in the shooting seasons at his
+Norfolk home. But His Royal Highness never confined himself to shooting
+pheasants, hares, or rabbits. Deer-stalking and shooting grouse were
+favourite pursuits, and he knew no greater pleasure than to spend a day,
+or days, upon the moors, accompanied by friends and hosts such as the
+late Duke of Sutherland, his son-in-law, the Duke of Fife, Mr. Mackenzie
+of Kintail and Colonel Farquharson of Invercauld. Going out from
+Abergeldie, or Balmoral, or Mar Lodge on a stalking expedition, the
+Prince cared neither for exposure to bad weather, nor severe exertion,
+so long as he could return with a bag of several head of deer. With the
+German Emperor and the late Duke of Coburg he enjoyed splendid sport in
+the vast forests of Central Europe from time to time, and with Baron
+Hirsch, on his great Hungarian estates, he had hunted deer, chamois,
+wild boar and roebuck, as he had shot game in America, hunted tigers and
+elephants in India, shot crocodiles in Egypt and hunted in the forests
+of Ceylon or Denmark.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER AND HIS UNCLE
+  Photograph by Paul Thompson, New York.
+
+The Rt. Hon. David Lloyd-George (on the right), whose Radical budget
+made him the storm-centre of England at the time of King Edward's
+illness and death, is here shown at his new Welsh home with his uncle,
+Richard Lloyd, who adopted the future statesman after his father's death
+and educated him.]
+
+[Illustration: THREE PROMINENT MEMBERS OF KING EDWARD'S LAST CABINET
+  Photograph by Paul Thompson, New York.
+
+Descending the steps are: at the left, Sir Edward Grey, Bart., Foreign
+Secretary; in centre, Rt. Hon. Winston Spencer Churchill, President,
+Board of Trade; at right, the Earl of Crewe, Colonial Secretary and Lord
+Privy Seal.]
+
+[Illustration: THEODORE ROOSEVELT
+
+Who was designated by President Taft as Special Ambassador to represent
+the United States at the Funeral of King Edward VII.]
+
+[Illustration: KING EDWARD'S LAST TRIP ABROAD
+
+This photograph was taken at the railway station in Paris when the King
+was on his way to Biarritz (on the Atlantic border between Spain and
+France). Only a few days after his return from this journey he was taken
+fatally ill.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+Habits and Character of the Prince
+
+
+During forty years of his career as Prince of Wales, King Edward VII.
+was probably the most talked-of man in the United Kingdom. Good-natured
+stories, ill-natured anecdotes, criticisms grading down from the
+malicious to the very mild, praise ranging from the fulsome to the
+feeble point, falsehoods great and falsehoods small, have found currency
+not confined to the English language and ranging through "yarns" of
+gutter journals in London, Paris, Berlin, New York or Calcutta, in
+varied languages, and in many degrees of fabrication. Outside of the
+United Kingdom some of these stories have been more or less believed;
+even in his own national home there were always people ready and willing
+to accept the worst that they heard about a great public personage.
+Where he was known best, however, the influence of these things upon the
+reputation of the Prince of Wales was least and, in fact, so small as to
+afford little or no excuse for dealing with them. Abroad, however, it
+had always been different, and in the United States, thirty years before
+his accession to the Throne, it was conspicuously so. With the passing
+years, of course, and with growing knowledge of the Prince's position
+and character, the situation greatly changed.
+
+As a matter of fact the Prince of Wales, from the early days of his
+manhood, was in his personal and private relations a jovial, honest and
+honourable English gentleman; possessed of a full sense of his
+responsibility in much burdensome work and ceremonial and with a
+growing appreciation, as years passed, of his place as a sort of
+impartial Empire statesman; possessed, also, of a large fund of animal
+spirits and capacity for enjoying the pleasures of life. Within the full
+limits of his rights and his position he lived his life of work and
+pleasure, of public responsibility and of private rest and recreation.
+Yet it was almost always in the blaze of a noon-day publicity and few,
+indeed, were the times and seasons in which the Heir Apparent could
+amuse himself in any genuine _incognito_. Attempt it he might, but if
+any evil-minded critic were to seriously or conscientiously consider the
+situation--both of which suppositions are improbable--he might have seen
+that the best-known and most photographed man in the world would indeed
+have been foolish to trust to an _incognito_ for any but the simplest
+and most innocent of objects. The actual impossibility of the Prince of
+Wales escaping from his _entourage_, his identity, and his surroundings,
+were sufficient to make Continental fictions and foreign fancies about
+him absolutely farcical to those who knew something of his daily
+life--aside altogether from those who knew and understood his real
+character.
+
+
+THE MORDAUNT CASE
+
+There was only one matter involving moral considerations which ever
+emerged from the low region of back-door insinuation to the upper air
+and it was threshed out in a _cause celebre_--that of Lady Mordaunt. Her
+husband, an English baronet, sued for divorce before the Court of
+Divorce and Matrimonial Causes, alleging the usual grounds, and naming
+as co-respondents, Viscount Cole and Sir Frederick Johnstone. The case
+was heard on February 16th, 1870, and following days, and the defence on
+the part of Lady Mordaunt was insanity. The Prince of Wales, though not
+specified in the indictment, was so widely gossiped about as being
+connected with the case that he asked to be heard and swore positively
+that there had been no improper relations between himself and the
+defendant. Two of the Judges on Appeal--Lord Penzance and Mr. Justice
+Keating--agreed with the jury's verdict that Lady Mordaunt was insane,
+while Chief Baron Kelly differed. The woman in the case was for years
+afterwards confined in a lunatic asylum, and it has long since been
+quite well understood that the only basis for scandal was the fact that
+a Royal visit which had been paid upon one occasion was made under the
+invariable rule of etiquette, which prescribes that no other caller
+shall be received while the visit lasts. Before and after the trouble
+Lady Mordaunt's sisters, and especially the Dowager Countess of Dudley,
+were amongst the Princess of Wales' warm friends, while the daughter of
+the plaintiff in the case was, in later years, received at Sandringham,
+and was given many beautiful presents by the members of the Royal family
+upon her marriage to the Marquess of Bath. Such conditions would have
+been absolutely impossible to imagine with the Princess of Wales had she
+entertained the slightest belief in the stories floating about regarding
+that famous trial. During the succeeding thirty years, however, there
+was never even an apparent excuse for the repetition of such stories,
+and the happy home life of the Prince and Princess was patent to all who
+were willing to believe the evidence of their eyes and ears.
+
+What may be said of the characteristics and habits of this many-sided
+heir to Royal position? Probably his first and most pronounced quality
+was one of difficult definition--tactfulness. Through its means he led
+society without rivalry and with unique success; promoted reforms
+without violence of agitation or the creation of antagonisms; carried
+out countless varied and delicate duties, with noiseless celerity, in an
+age of intense and active curiosity. In forty years of ceaseless
+political change and frequently acute political crises not a whisper of
+his private views became known to the million-tongued press or the
+curious public. He had known every kind of partisan and been liked by
+leaders of the masses as well as the classes--by Joseph Arch and Henry
+Broadhurst, as well as by the Earl of Derby or the Marquess of
+Salisbury. If he visited Mr. Gladstone at Hawarden on one occasion he
+paid the same honour to Lord Beaconsfield at Hughenden at another time.
+If Lord Randolph Churchill was a personal friend so also was Lord
+Rosebery, or Mr. Balfour. His genial manner and sometimes cosmopolitan
+view of society encouraged a popular opinion as to his natural
+democracy; while a personal dignity, never forced, or assumed, but
+always present, prevented the most courageous person from taking undue
+advantage of the freedom from ceremonial which he sometimes liked to
+encourage. His preferences in international matters were as little known
+as his political opinions, and yet, at times, his influence in this
+respect was very great.
+
+
+SPORTING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRINCE
+
+The next and perhaps most prominent characteristic of the Prince of
+Wales was his love for sports and his embodiment of qualities which, in
+everyday life, constitute the English country gentleman. Some reference
+has already been made to his interest in racing, yachting and shooting.
+But most of the lesser sports and games were also attractive to him at
+different periods, and there was hardly one with which he was not more
+or less familiar. Boating and riding in his University days and
+fox-hunting at Sandringham from time to time in later years, were
+incidents of this record. Croquet he was an expert in, but never very
+fond of. Lawn-tennis, when first introduced and for years afterwards,
+was a game to which he was very partial, and on the _Serapis_ when
+traversing the route to India he played deck-tennis until everyone else
+was exhausted. The bowling-alley at Sandringham was one of the best in
+England and the Prince was always fond of a game of bowls. Quoits he
+played well, and billiards he played with frequency and skill--his
+daughters being also able to handle the cue with success. Hockey was a
+favourite game, especially on the lakes at Sandringham, and of this
+sport the other members of his family were equally fond. Skating and
+hockey parties were frequent during severe winter seasons and the Prince
+played in many specially arranged hockey matches--one of them against
+members of the House of Commons in the winter of 1894-5 included Mr.
+Balfour, Lord Stanley, Lord Willoughby de Eresby and Mr. Victor
+Cavendish.
+
+Fishing never appealed to him and was, apparently, too quiet and easy a
+sport. He liked pigeon-flying, and bred some very fine birds at
+Sandringham for this purpose. Tricycling he was very fond of and kept
+good machines both at Marlborough and Sandringham. As soon as motor cars
+came into use he could be frequently seen driving a smart carriage along
+the country roads of Norfolk. Chess the Prince never mastered nor cared
+for. In dancing he was an expert, as well as in skating, and was always
+exceedingly fond of the amusement. At his Sandringham balls he was an
+indefatigable dancer, and at great balls all over the world he delighted
+many a partner and varied social circle by his obvious pleasure in the
+entertainment. From Halifax to Montreal, from Toronto to New York, in
+Canada and the United States, in Egypt and India, in Turkey and Greece,
+in all the greater Courts of Europe, from the days of Napoleon III. at
+Paris, to those of William II. at Berlin, he had been the central figure
+of some such occasions. Golf was played by His Royal Highness on the
+links of Musselburgh in early days and at a later time in Windsor Park.
+Cricket he was fond of in his younger days, but latterly he only showed
+his interest by patronizing matches as an onlooker. In these and other
+pursuits the Prince represented in his mode of life and his manner of
+enjoying himself the qualities of a distinct type amongst his
+countrymen and a type most popular throughout the community.
+
+Another characteristic of the Prince was his good manners. The "first
+gentleman in Europe" always knew how to be pleasant without being
+familiar, dignified without being pompous, genial without being free.
+Myriads of stories are told in this connection. At the skating and
+hockey parties on the Sandringham lakes the farmers' wives and daughters
+were included and no Duchess in the land would be handed a cup of tea
+with more courtly manner by the Royal host than would the wife of a
+tenant on his estates. His servants, in houses and farms and stables, in
+sport or travel, at home and abroad, were treated in such a way as to
+make every one of them wish to serve the Prince for a life-time. No more
+charming incident is on record than the way in which His Royal Highness
+approached Mrs. Gladstone at the state funeral of her great husband,
+bowed low before her and kissed her proffered hand. Whether in high
+circles, or in those of ordinary people, in expected surroundings or
+amid unexpected conditions, the Prince seemed to always retain this
+faculty of politeness in the true sense of the word--a product of heart
+and mind rather than of mere instruction or habit.
+
+His manner and style of public speaking was an incident in the Prince of
+Wales' career which exercised considerable influence upon his personal
+popularity. The pronounced factors in his style were not oratory,
+gestures, or brilliancy. Plain in matter and manner the speeches always
+were; full of meat and substance they frequently were; neat and
+effective they were generally considered. Mr. Gladstone once went
+further than this description would seem to warrant when he declared
+that there were few speakers whom he listened to with more pleasure.
+"His speeches are invariably marvels of conciseness, graceful expression
+and clear elocution". His voice was a good one, clear and distinct and
+well-trained. Nervous in his younger days and accustomed to learn the
+speeches off for delivery, he gradually changed with age and experience
+into the delivery of _impromptu_ after-dinner remarks and speeches which
+did not show traces of the midnight oil or earnest preparation--although
+often full of facts and incidents about the immense variety of subjects
+with which he had to deal.
+
+Intimately connected with these characteristics of his was the
+unquestioned ability to judge human nature. This quality enabled the
+Prince to play his difficult part so well as he did, to keep him in
+touch with all classes and the masses, to cultivate all the varied
+elements of a changing national life, and to be as much at home amongst
+business men as at the Royal Academy--amongst the aristocracy of London
+as with the farmers of Norfolk. He was ever a good judge of the people
+around him and, perhaps, no man in modern life was so well and
+faithfully served. His memory for names and faces was extraordinary and
+would remind Canadians of the unique faculty in this connection
+possessed by the late Sir John Macdonald. He always hated affectation
+and toadyism and liked sincerity and simplicity. Marie Corelli, writing
+in 1897, used the following expressive words: "To entertain the Prince
+do little; for he is clever enough to entertain himself privately with
+the folly and humbug of those he sees around him, without actually
+sharing in the petty comedy. He is a keen observer and must derive
+infinite gratification from his constant study of men and manners, which
+is sufficiently deep and searching to fit him for the occupation of even
+the throne of England. I say 'even', for at present, till time's great
+hourglass turns, it is the grandest throne in the world".
+
+Patronage of music, art and the drama were characteristic incidents in
+the life and work of the Prince. The day for helping literature had
+perhaps gone when he came upon the scene and newspapers were then
+supposed to do for budding genius what royalty and aristocracy did for
+Johnson, Goldsmith, Swift or Pope. It is a curious fact of later-day
+democracy that, with the obvious exception of Kipling, most of the
+greater lights in literature--Browning, Rossetti, Tennyson, Mathew
+Arnold or Swinburne--were born with fairly comfortable means. This in
+passing, of course. Something has been said elsewhere as to His Royal
+Highness's patronage of music and there is no doubt that he taught smart
+society to support the opera, while his personal enthusiasm for Wagner
+was pronounced and sincere.
+
+
+THE THEATRE AND THE CHURCH
+
+He patronized the theatre for many years with regularity and
+discrimination; his taste in all matters of light comedy and opera was
+known to be good; and it goes without saying that his approval of a play
+or actor made many a reputation and fortune. He used to make his own
+selection of theatre or play, pay handsomely for his own box, arrive
+punctually on time and remain till the end, or very near it. His dislike
+of ostentation soon did away with the old fashion of a manager walking
+upstairs backward before royalty and his leaving a little early was to
+avoid causing delay and confusion with their carriages amongst the other
+guests of the theatre. Actors have greatly exaggerated the extent of his
+patronage and friendship. But he more than once took supper with Sir
+Henry Irving and it is understood to have been by his advice that the
+great tragedian was knighted. He it was who encouraged the late Queen to
+resume her patronage of the theatre and to begin by having Mr. and Mrs.
+Kendal appear before her at Osborne. He never liked, however, the
+appearance of members of the aristocracy on the stage and his daughters
+are said to have never taken part even in private theatricals. He is
+said to have enjoyed a private visit and smoke behind the scenes and
+George Grossmith is stated to have been one of those who were most
+patronized in this respect.
+
+An interesting feature of his many-sided career and character was the
+Heir Apparent's attention to his religious duties. At Marlborough and at
+Sandringham prayers were read daily, in the morning, and guests, staff
+and servants were expected, though not compelled, to be present. On
+Sunday the Prince invariably attended morning service either at the
+Chapel Royal in London, or at the quaint and beautiful little Chapel of
+St. Mary Magdalene, in the country. The latter was filled with handsome
+Memorial windows and tablets and there, for many years, worshipped the
+future King with the humblest labourers on his estate. The only
+distinction made was in the private entrance for the Prince and the
+reserved pews for his guests and family. His daughters taught in the
+Sunday School and the Princess had charge of the music. It has been said
+that the Prince never attended Divine service on a Sunday in any but an
+Episcopal church. Certainly the records of his travels and habits appear
+to confirm this statement. Whether in Bombay, or Montreal, or New York,
+he seems to have always attended the services of the Established Church
+or its daughter Churches. Even in Rome, where he once spent Easter
+Sunday, impressive ceremonies conducted by the Pope at St. Peter's did
+not prevent him from attending a quiet little English church and
+explaining that when members of the Church were in foreign lands they
+should be especially particular in encouraging their own form of faith.
+
+Of course, as a traveller of wide experience the Prince visited all the
+great cathedrals of the Continent and was familiar with the splendid
+Mohammedan mosques and Hindoo temples and sacred shrines which helped to
+make the glittering East so attractive. But they were visited on
+week-days. He was supposed to be broad in his principles as a Churchman
+and certainly at state weddings and funerals in other countries he
+shared in various forms of worship. The Princess of Wales was known to
+have attended ritualistic services before her husband's accession to
+the Throne, but she far more often attended Low or Broad Church
+services. On Sundays at Sandringham the Prince used, in the afternoons,
+to walk about the grounds with his family or guests, visit the kennels,
+the bear-pit, the model farms or the Princess's lovely little dairy and
+its suite of tiny attached rooms where tea would often be served. In
+London he would sometime attend Divine service again or else pay calls
+in his private hansom and then dine quietly with friends or have a few
+of them to dinner at Marlborough. Sunday afternoons at Sandringham were
+always greatly enjoyed by Sir Frederick Leighton and Lord Beaconsfield
+but Mr. Gladstone is said to have best liked long, lonely rambles
+through the woods of the estate.
+
+An important part of the character of a man in the position so long held
+by the Prince of Wales is the fact of moderation, or otherwise, in
+eating and drinking. It is a vital factor in the lives of all men but
+how much more so when great banquets are for months a daily function;
+when every luxury, or delicacy, or combination of cookery known to the
+civilized world and the barbaric East is at one time or another offered
+for his delectation; when the power of rulers and the wealth of
+millionaires are devoted to the furnishing of choice wines and
+_liqueurs_ and drinks for his use. The good health always enjoyed by the
+Prince was perhaps proof enough of his moderation at the table. His
+habits in this respect became pretty well known. Tea at breakfast and in
+the afternoon he always liked; Moselle cup he enjoyed and was rather
+proud of possessing the receipt brought from Germany by the Prince
+Consort; champagne for many years was almost his exclusive beverage
+though afterwards claret took its place. Between meals he seldom drank
+anything though a well-known "cocktail" in the London clubs is credited
+to his invention. He always strongly disapproved of ladies drinking
+anything but a little wine and this was well understood by his own
+guests or by those at houses where he visited.
+
+Reference must be made here to one unpleasant incident in the Prince of
+Wales' later career--unpleasant in its results and in the comments of
+the press and pulpit. To playing cards for an occasional evening's
+amusement the Prince was always partial, but not to the extent which was
+sometimes asserted.
+
+
+CARDS AND THE BACCARAT AFFAIR
+
+During his journeys abroad he seldom or never played and he made a
+strict and early rule against playing in clubs. His friends say that he
+used to frequently dissuade younger men or the sons of old friends from
+forming a habit in this connection and as a well-known man of the world,
+without affectation and with wide experience and a naturally commanding
+influence, his views no doubt had great weight. Hence the most
+regrettable feature in the famous Baccarat case of 1890 which was, for a
+time, one of the most talked-of and preached-at incidents in modern
+social life. To understand the matter it is necessary to look at the
+Prince's environment. He was the leader of society and society, together
+with a large proportion of people everywhere, saw no harm in a game of
+cards, or even in the accompaniment of playing for ordinary money
+stakes, any more than they saw harm in racing and betting upon the
+results, or in dancing and its accompaniment of late hours and perhaps
+frivolous dissipation. Yet to many people in the United Kingdom and the
+Empire danger and evil lurked in one or all of these amusements and it
+was a shock to them to find that the Heir Apparent actually indulged in
+card-playing; although everyone had known that he patronized the other
+two pursuits referred to.
+
+The history of the affair may be told briefly. On September 8th, during
+the Doncaster races, Mr. Arthur Wilson, a very wealthy shipowner, was
+entertaining a large party at Tranby Croft, near Hull, which included
+the Prince of Wales, Lord Coventry, General Owen Williams, Sir William
+Gordon-Cumming, Lord Craven, Lord and Lady Brougham and Lord Edward
+Somerset. When each day's racing was over and the company had returned
+to Tranby Croft and finished dinner, Baccarat was introduced as the
+amusement of the evening and played for a couple of hours. The stakes
+were moderate--for such a party--and ran from five shillings to ten
+pounds. About seventeen people, ladies and gentlemen, usually sat down
+and the Prince of Wales was the life of the party, as he generally was,
+whatever the occupation or sport. On the date mentioned, Mr. Stanley
+Wilson, the host's son, thought he saw Sir W. Gordon-Cumming using his
+counters fraudulently and informed Lord Coventry and General Williams of
+his suspicions. On the third evening a committee of five--two ladies and
+three gentlemen--watched the baronet and unanimously agreed that they
+saw him cheating. He was privately accused of the offence, denied it
+vehemently, and brought the matter before the Prince, who practically
+acted as judge and regretfully told him that there could be no doubt of
+his guilt.
+
+It was, perhaps the most difficult position the Prince of Wales had ever
+been placed in. To hand a friend and fellow-guest and well-known soldier
+over to justice meant in this case ruin to the man himself, disgrace to
+their host and his family and a considerable amount of discredit to the
+Prince. Of the latter point it is probable that the Prince thought
+least, as his fidelity to friends was always well-known. Yet to let the
+apparently guilty man go without punishment or restriction was
+impossible from every standpoint. The Prince, therefore, tried to square
+his duty all round by a compromise and made Sir W. Gordon-Cumming sign a
+pledge to never play at cards again. The natural result followed where
+at least seven people hold a secret of much importance. It became known,
+or rather rumored, the resignation of the baronet from the Army was not
+accepted pending inquiry and, finally, he precipitated the issue by
+sueing the committee of five--Mrs. Arthur Wilson, Mr. Stanley Wilson,
+Mr. and Mrs. Lycett Green and Mr. Berkeley Levett--for scandal. Sir
+Charles Russell acted for the defence and Sir Edward Clarke for the
+plaintiff and, after a sensational trial, the action was dismissed.
+
+The case created the most intense interest and for a time His Royal
+Highness was the most criticised man in the United Kingdom. Press and
+pulpit thundered forth denunciations of gambling and card-playing, and
+lectured the Prince upon his duty to the nation and his responsibility
+for public morality. Every extreme religious speaker or writer, every
+Radical paper, or pamphleteer, or lecturer found the Heir to the Throne
+an excellent subject for abuse, while the best papers abroad teemed with
+reflections which could hardly be termed generous. Speaking of the
+counters which had been used in these games and which were brought by
+the Prince personally to Tranby Croft the New York _Tribune_ declared
+that in them he had "fingered the fragments of the Crown of England."
+Upon one point all the home papers were united and that was that in
+trying to arrange and settle the matter the Prince had contravened the
+Army regulations.
+
+The better class of papers were very serious upon the subject. The
+London _Times_ declared that the Heir Apparent could not put off his
+responsibilities as he did his official dress and, while admitting the
+assiduity and tact and good-humour with which he performed his dull
+round of routine duties, it yet bitterly regretted the example he had
+now set. The _Daily News_ thought that the Prince had only been guilty
+of an indiscretion, so far as his action toward Gordon-Cumming was
+concerned, but went on to say that what was blameless as an example in
+meaner men, was very different in one of his exalted position. The
+_Standard_ denounced the whole affair from beginning to end. "The Prince
+of Wales is not as other men. His position demands a sobriety, a
+self-restraint, and a dignity from which people of less exalted
+position and lighter responsibilities are absolved." The religious press
+put no bounds to its denunciation. The _Christian World_ spoke of the
+matter as an "outrage to the public conscience" and the _British Weekly_
+thought it "enough to sober the strongest supporters of the Monarchy."
+Resolutions were passed at some Church meetings of a similar character.
+
+
+AFTERMATH OF THE INCIDENT
+
+Then the re-action came. His Royal Highness expressed to the Military
+authorities and the House of Commons his apologies for an unintentional
+infraction of Army regulations; it was pointed out that playing a game
+of cards in a private house was not setting a public example and that
+the situation was so unique that any man in the Prince's place would
+have been pardoned in not knowing what to do; the cause of the trouble
+was dismissed from the Army and expelled from his clubs. The _Daily
+Telegraph_ pointed out that the carrying of the Baccarat counters, which
+was apparently deemed the most serious part of the matter by many
+commentators, was a very common habit with players of this game as the
+symbols for money tended to moderation in playing, and were better in
+every way than slips of paper. Years afterwards, Mr. Arnold White stated
+it as a fact that these famous bits of pasteboard were actually a
+present from the Princess of Wales. The public came to feel after the
+first hasty judgment was given that, after all, the Prince had risked a
+good deal for a friend and the _Observer_ went so far as to say that
+"under the most difficult and trying circumstances His Royal Highness
+has acted as ninety-nine Englishmen out of a hundred would have done."
+The Rev. Dr. Charles A. Berry, the eminent Non-conformist divine,
+declared that the people were not going to be unduly severe in their
+judgment. "They recognize the fact that he does a great deal of public
+work and is compelled to live almost continually a life of unnatural
+pressure. It is, therefore, to say the least, understandable that he
+should seek pleasure and relaxation in some form of excitement."
+
+Then the issue cooled down as suddenly as the tempest had arisen, and
+before long it would have been hard to recognize that so stormy a stage
+of criticism had swept over the popular Prince's head. In the _Life_ of
+Archbishop Benson, published many years afterwards, there appeared a
+long letter from the Heir Apparent in answer to a note of sympathy
+received at this time from His Grace. The Prince spoke of the "deep pain
+and annoyance" which the Baccarat incident had caused him; of the recent
+trial which had given the press occasion "to make most bitter and unjust
+attacks upon me, knowing I was defenceless--and I am not sure that
+politics were not mixed up in it." Speaking of the papers and the
+Nonconformists, who had been especially strong in their remarks, he
+added some interesting expressions as to his general view of gambling.
+"They have a perfect right, I am well aware, in a free country like our
+own, to express their opinions, but I do not consider that they have a
+just right to jump at conclusions regarding myself, without knowing the
+facts. I have a horror of gambling, and should always do my utmost to
+discourage others who have an inclination for it, as I consider
+gambling, like intemperance, is one of the greatest curses which a
+country could be afflicted with. Horse-racing may produce gambling, or
+it may not, but I have always looked upon it as a manly sport which is
+popular with Englishmen of all classes, and there is no reason why it
+should be looked upon as a gambling transaction. Alas, those who gamble
+will gamble at anything."
+
+Such were some of the characteristics and habits and social incidents in
+the career of King Edward while he was Prince of Wales. They show how
+entirely he shared in the life of the majority of the people--a fact all
+the more illustrated in the occasions when he departed from his natural
+and usual course and seemed to participate in matters outside of the
+accepted and popular pursuits of the people. It is the picture of a man
+who loved his England, liked life and its pleasures, hated humbug,
+enjoyed sport, did his duty as it came to him and liked the play, the
+race-course and all the sports of a healthy, hearty Englishman. They
+prove the accuracy of that interesting description penned in his _Diary_
+by the King of Sweden and which, somehow, became public: "The Heir
+Apparent to the British Throne is Prince of Wales by name, Prince of
+Society by inclination, Prince of Good Fellows by nature."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+The Prince as an Empire Statesman
+
+
+The breadth of view shown by the late Prince Consort was one of his
+greatest and most marked qualities. He seemed to have the faculty of
+seeing further into the future than most men and of preparing his own
+mind for developments which were yet hidden from the view of
+contemporary statesmen. Hence his famous Exhibition of 1851 and the
+realization of the fact that to encourage trade and commerce some
+knowledge of the world's products and resources was not only desirable
+but necessary. Hence the early perception, which he shared with the
+Queen, of the coming importance of the Colonies and of the necessity of
+bringing the Crown into touch with those over-sea democracies which were
+growing up to nationhood in such neglected fashion and with such little
+practical concern in the Motherland. Hence the dislike of the Queen and
+himself--because she had the statesman's understanding as well as her
+husband--to the Manchester school, and their opposition to the line of
+thought which said that Colonies were useless except for commerce and
+not much good for that. Hence the Queen's long-after regard for Lord
+Beaconsfield and her appreciation of his stirring and romantic
+Imperialism.
+
+The Prince of Wales unquestionably inherited this capacity for
+statecraft from his parents. Natural and hereditary pride in his future
+Crown and in the greatness of the United Kingdom was developed by
+teaching and study and visits into an intense pride in the vast Empire
+which grew so rapidly from year to year around his country and under
+its Crown. Having a broader and saner outlook than many of those about
+him, without the spur of ordinary ambitions, or the hampering influence
+of partisan considerations, he was enabled to view this development more
+carefully, wisely, and clearly than the busy diplomatist or the
+much-occupied statesman. Hence the pleasure with which he saw the
+Imperial Federation League formed in 1884 and watched the efforts of Mr.
+W. E. Forster and Lord Rosebery to build upon the preliminary principles
+already evolved by Lord Beaconsfield. It was not long before he saw an
+opportunity to promote this sentiment of unity and encourage the
+extension of Imperial trade. He had visited different parts of the
+Queen's dominions and understood something of the immense possibilities
+which were still lying dormant. His sons had since travelled over an
+even larger portion of the Empire and had, no doubt, in private as well
+as in their published journals, told him much of the more recent
+progress of those great outlying communities. Contemporaneously,
+therefore, with the founding of the League just mentioned, His Royal
+Highness proposed the holding of a great Exhibition which should meet
+the new needs of the time as his father's had done in 1851. Then, the
+interests of British trade were cosmopolitan and Colonial development
+slight and unimportant to the immediate concerns of England. Now,
+British commerce was contracting with foreign countries and steadily
+growing with British countries. Hence the new Exhibition should, he
+thought, be confined to British resources and products and be Imperial
+instead of international.
+
+On November 10th, 1884, the Queen issued a Royal Commission to arrange
+for the holding of an Exhibition of the products, manufactures and arts
+of Her Majesty's Colonial and Indian dominions in the year 1886. The
+Prince of Wales was to be President and Sir Philip Cunliffe-Owen,
+Secretary, of the Commission. The first meeting took place at
+Marlborough House on March 30th, 1885, with His Royal Highness in the
+chair. Amongst the members present were F. M. the Duke of Cambridge, the
+Marquess of Salisbury, the Marquess of Lorne, the Earl of Derby, the
+Earl of Dalhousie, Earl Cadogan, the Earl of Kimberley, the Earl of
+Lytton, F. M. Lord Strathnairn, Mr. Edward Stanhope, Sir Stafford
+Northcote, Mr. W. E. Forster, Sir M. E. Hicks-Beach, Sir H. T. Holland,
+Sir John Rose, Sir R. G. W. Herbert, Sir Charles Tupper of Canada, Sir
+Arthur Blyth of South Australia, Sir F. D. Bell of New Zealand, Sir Saul
+Samuel of New South Wales, Mr. Charles Mills of Cape Colony, Mr. R.
+Murray Smith of Victoria, Mr. James F. Garrick of Queensland, Sir W. C.
+Seargeant, Sir G. C. M. Birdwood and many other distinguished
+representatives of British, Colonial and Indian interests. In the course
+of his somewhat lengthy speech detailing the objects of the movement and
+the methods of operation, the Prince described the proposed Exhibition
+as one by which the "reproductive resources" of the Colonies and India
+would be brought before the British people and the different countries
+concerned be able to "compare the advance made by each other in trade,
+manufactures and general material progress". He pointed out the desire
+of the Motherland to participate in the development of Colonial material
+interests and then added: "We must remember that, as regards the
+Colonies, they are the legitimate and natural homes, in future, of the
+more adventurous and energetic portion of the population of these
+Islands."
+
+The Secretary announced that the preliminary list of guarantees provided
+for £128,000, including £20,000 from the Government of India, £10,000
+from that of Canada, £19,000 from the various Australasian Governments
+and £1000 each from individual subscribers such as Lord Cadogan, Sir
+Thomas Brassey, Sir Daniel Cooper, the Earl of Derby, Mr. Henry
+Doulton, Sir J. Whittaker Ellis, Mr. Samuel Morley and the Earl of
+Rosebery. This latter list indicated in a most marked manner the
+personal influence of the Prince of Wales. On May 3, 1886, the eve of
+the formal opening of the Exhibition was marked by a meeting of the
+Royal Commission at which the Prince presided, sketched the history and
+progress of an undertaking to which he had given much time and intimated
+that the guarantee fund now amounted to £218,000, of which the City of
+London had recently voted £10,000. In proposing a vote of thanks to the
+Royal chairman, seconded by Earl Granville, the Duke of Cambridge said:
+"It is not the first time that His Royal Highness has acted as President
+in undertakings of this nature, and it is very difficult for any person
+to praise him in his presence without appearing fulsome; but it is not
+fulsome to say that he has always devoted his whole energies to bringing
+everything to a successful issue with which he is connected."
+
+
+OPENING AND SUCCESS OF THE EXHIBITION
+
+The Colonial and Indian Exhibition was opened on the following day at
+South Kensington by Her Majesty the Queen in the presence of an immense
+gathering, representative of all parts of the British realm. It was, in
+fact, the first of those great fêtes with which the people became so
+familiar in the next two decades and which did so much to unify and
+typify the power of the Empire. In the brilliant throng surrounding the
+Queen and the Prince of Wales, as the latter read an elaborate address
+of loyal welcome, were the members of the Government, the various
+Foreign Ambassadors, distinguished men in every walk of life,
+representatives of Colonies and British islands in all parts of the
+world--Lord Salisbury, Lord Rosebery, Lord Cranbrook, the Earl of
+Northbrook, the Dukes of Manchester, Buckingham and Abercorn, the Earl
+of Iddesleigh, Lord Granville, the Earl of Kimberley, Lord Napier of
+Magdala, Sir M. E. Hicks-Beach, Sir F. Leighton, Sir Charles Tupper and
+Mr. Hector Fabre from Canada, Sir Alexander Stuart, Sir Arthur Blyth,
+Sir Samuel Davenport, the Hon. James F. Garrick and the Hon. Malcolm
+Fraser, from Australia, Sir Lyon Playfair, Sir Richard Cross, Sir
+William Harcourt, Lord Wolseley, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Mr. H. C.
+E. Childers, the Maharajah of Johore, Rustem Pasha, Count Hatzfeldt,
+Earl Spencer, and many others. Madame Albani sang that splendid ode by
+Lord Tennyson beginning:
+
+    "Welcome, welcome with one voice
+    In your welfare we rejoice,
+    Sons and brothers that have sent,
+    From isle and cape and continent
+    Produce of your field and flood,
+    Mount and mine and primal wood,
+    Works of subtle brain and hand
+    And splendours of the Morning Land,
+    Gifts from every British zone
+    Britons, hold your own!"
+
+The National Anthem was first sung in English and then in Sanskrit as a
+compliment to the Indian visitors. The address read by the Prince of
+Wales referred to the origin and progress of the project, to the
+development of the Colonies, to the late Prince Consort's interest in
+Exhibitions and to his own position as President of the present Royal
+Commission, and concluded as follows: "It is our heartfelt prayer that
+an undertaking intended to illustrate and record this development may
+give a stimulus to the commercial interests and intercourse of all parts
+of Your Majesty's dominions; that it may be the means of augmenting that
+warm affection and brotherly sympathy which is reciprocated by all Your
+Majesty's subjects; and that it may still further deepen that steadfast
+loyalty which we, who dwell in the Mother Country, share with our
+kindred who have elsewhere so nobly done honour to her name." The
+Queen's reply expressed an earnest hope that the Exhibition would
+encourage the arts of peace and industry and strengthen the bonds of
+union within the Empire. An interesting feature of the proceedings was
+the receipt of a telegram from Sir Patrick Jennings, Premier of New
+South Wales, expressing that Colonial Government's "thanks and
+appreciation to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales for the profound
+interest" he had shown in the success of the great project now so
+auspiciously opened. The London _Times_ on the following day spoke of
+the "energy and devotion" of the Prince in this connection, and the
+press as a whole at home and in the external Empire joined in
+congratulating him upon the issue.
+
+The Exhibition was a great success in every way. Over five and a half
+million visitors were recorded and the Queen helped, personally, to
+maintain public interest in it by herself visiting the various Sections
+repeatedly. The final meeting of the Royal Commission was held at
+Marlborough House on April 30th, 1897 and the Prince of Wales submitted
+an elaborate and exhaustive Report which was afterwards published. In
+his own remarks the President pointed out that the project had served
+its main purpose in very largely promoting knowledge of the Empire's
+resources and products and that, incidentally, its success had given the
+management a surplus of £35,000. This sum, he suggested, should be
+largely devoted to the advancement of the project for a permanent
+Exhibition or Imperial Institute--"in the promotion of which the Queen
+and I both take so warm an interest." Later in the evening the Prince
+expressed the hope that as the late Exhibition had been, allegorically,
+burnt that day, "the Imperial Institute may be a Phoenix rising out of
+its ashes. I trust that it may be a lasting memorial not only of that
+but of the Jubilee of Her Majesty the Queen." Of the sum mentioned,
+£25,000 was accordingly voted to the new project.
+
+The proposal of the Heir Apparent--as first expressed in a letter to
+the Lord Mayor on September 13, 1886--was that the idea evolved in the
+Exhibition should be made permanent and be embodied in an Imperial
+Institute which should be at once a visible emblem of the unity of the
+Empire, a place for illustrating its vast resources, a museum for
+exhibiting its varied and changing products and industries, a centre of
+information and communication for all British countries, an aid to the
+increase and distribution of national wealth, a medium for combining in
+joint co-operation older and smaller institutions of tried utility, and
+a fitting national memorial of the Queen's Jubilee. The movement
+developed steadily and, on January 12th, 1887, a gathering was held at
+Kensington Palace, upon invitation of the Prince of Wales, and was one
+of the most representative over which even he had ever presided. Amongst
+those present were Lord Herschell, Chairman of the Organizing Committee,
+the Earl of Carnarvon, Lord Revelstoke, Lord Rothschild, Sir Lyon
+Playfair, Sir H. T. Holland, Sir John Rose, Sir Henry James, the Right
+Hon. H. H. Fowler, Sir Frederick Leighton, Sir Charles Tupper, Sir Saul
+Samuel, Sir Edward Guinness, Sir Ashley Eden, Sir Owen T. Bourne, Sir
+Reginald Hanson, Lord Mayor of London, Mr. J. H. Tritton, Chairman of
+the London Chamber of Commerce, Mr. Pattison Currie, Chairman of the
+Bank of England, Sir Frederick Abel, Mr. Neville Lubbock, Lord Campden,
+the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, the Lord Mayor of York, the Mayor of
+Newcastle and nearly two hundred other mayors, or chief magistrates, of
+British towns.
+
+The Prince of Wales was accompanied by Prince Albert Victor and spoke at
+length upon the objects to be served and the progress already made in
+the matter which he had so much at heart. "It occurred to me that the
+recent Colonial and Indian Exhibition, which presented a most successful
+display of the material resources of the Colonies and India, might
+suggest the basis for an Institute which should afford a permanent
+representation of the products and manufactures of the Queen's
+dominions. I, therefore, appointed a Committee of eminent men to
+consider and report to me upon the best means of carrying out this
+idea." So much for the initiation of the scheme. The Report had been
+duly submitted and accepted and he now invited co-operation and
+assistance in establishing and maintaining the proposed "Imperial
+Institute of the United Kingdom, the Colonies and India." His Royal
+Highness pointed out that no less than sixteen million persons had
+attended the four Exhibitions over which he had presided--the Fisheries,
+Healtheries, Inventories and Colinderies, as they were popularly
+called--and expressed the strong belief that they had added greatly to
+the knowledge of the people and largely stimulated the industries of the
+country.
+
+
+INITIATION OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE
+
+"My proposals are that the Imperial Institute be an emblem of the unity
+of the Empire and illustrate the resources and capabilities of every
+section of Her Majesty's dominions." The Colonies and Motherland would
+thus teach other and emigration would also be greatly aided along
+British channels. He believed that the work upon which he had entered in
+this connection would be of lasting benefit to this and future
+generations and, after a careful review of the whole situation, declared
+that "from the close relation in which I stand to the Queen there can be
+no impropriety in my stating that if her subjects desire, on the
+occasion of the celebration of her fiftieth year as Sovereign of this
+great Empire, to offer her a memorial of their love and loyalty, she
+would specially value one which would promote the industrial and
+commercial resources of her dominions in various parts of the world and
+which would be expressive of that unity and co-operation which Her
+Majesty desires should prevail amidst all classes and races of her
+extended Empire."
+
+A public meeting at the Mansion House followed with the Lord Mayor in
+the chair and was addressed by Earl Granville, Mr. A. J. Mundella, Mr.
+G. J. Goschen, and others. Strong resolutions of support and approval
+were passed, many telegrams of sympathy with the object announced, and a
+statement of initial subscriptions given which included the names of
+Lord Rothschild, Sir W. J. Clarke of Australia and Lord Revelstoke.
+During the next six years the project was steadily pressed forward;
+large individual subscriptions obtained by the personal influence of the
+Prince of Wales, supplemented by the growing sympathy with the Colonies
+and with Empire unity; while grants were given by the British, Indian
+and Colonial Governments. Gradually, the splendid building in South
+Kensington, known over the world as the Imperial Institute, approached
+completion and, on May 9th, 1893, was opened by the Queen amidst stately
+ceremonial and all the trappings of regal magnificence. Nearly all the
+Royal family were present and, in the progress through the streets, a
+particularly enthusiastic reception was given to the Duke of York and
+Princess May of Teck whose engagement had been very recently announced.
+Around Her Majesty and the Prince of Wales, as the latter presented the
+address of the Committee, were ranged the most representative men of
+England, many Ambassadors, and Indian Princes and Colonial statesmen.
+Lord Salisbury, Mr. A. J. Balfour, Mr. H. H. Asquith, Sir William
+Harcourt, Lord Rosebery and Lord Randolph Churchill were there, but not
+Mr. Gladstone. After a brief description, in the address, of the objects
+and history of the Institute, the Prince continued as follows: "We
+venture to express a confident anticipation that the Imperial Institute
+will not only be a record of the growth of the Empire and of the
+marvellous advance of its people in industrial and commercial
+prosperity during Your Majesty's reign but will, also, tend to increase
+that prosperity by stimulating enterprise and promoting the technical
+and scientific knowledge which is now so essential to industrial
+development." After some brief words from Her Majesty the great building
+was declared open and another important project initiated by the Prince
+of Wales had reached completion. The London _Times_ of the succeeding
+day referred with accuracy, in this connection, to his "clear-sighted
+initiative and untiring energy" and a member of the Executive Committee,
+which had the enterprise in hand, wrote to the same paper that during
+the past six years "every important step in connection with the
+Institute has been taken under the immediate direction of the Prince of
+Wales. By his energy men have been moved to action and difficulties
+apparently insuperable have been overcome. The result of years of
+devoted labour was accomplished to-day."
+
+
+EARLY ADVOCACY OF IMPERIALISM
+
+These were the two chief products of what may be called the Empire
+statesmanship of the Prince of Wales. Long before either of them were
+undertaken, however, he had shown a deep and sincere interest in the
+unity of the Empire--a natural outcome of his training, his travels, his
+individual abilities. For many years he acted as President of the Royal
+Colonial Institute, accepting the position at a time when people were
+only beginning to awake to the fact that Great Britain was more than an
+Island and sea-power and when the Institute was the rallying ground and
+centre for a small group of men like the late Duke of Manchester, Lord
+Bury, Mr. W. E. Forster and Sir Frederick Young, who devoted much energy
+and enthusiasm to the promotion of what long afterwards became known as
+Imperialism. The patronage and support of His Royal Highness did very
+much to give the movement, in its earlier days, a place and an influence
+and to establish the Institute as the factor which history has since
+recognized it to have been. It was in this connection, on July 16th,
+1881, that the Lord Mayor of London--Sir William McArthur
+M.P.--entertained the Prince of Wales at a banquet attended by many
+representatives of the Colonies and distinguished guests. In his speech
+the Prince referred with extreme regret to his not having been able to
+visit all the Colonies, and especially, Australia. He had greatly
+desired to accept the invitation extended to him two years before to
+visit the Exhibitions at Sydney and Melbourne. "Though, my Lords and
+gentlemen I have not had the opportunity of seeing those great
+Australian Colonies, which every day and every year are making such
+immense development, still, at the International Exhibitions of London,
+Paris and Vienna, I had not only an opportunity of seeing their various
+products then exhibited, but I had the pleasure of making the personal
+acquaintance of many Colonists--a fact which has been a matter of great
+importance and great benefit to myself."
+
+A further reference was made to the sending of his sons to visit
+Australia and memories of his own tour of British America were revived,
+with an expression of special gratification at seeing his "old friend,"
+Sir John Macdonald, Prime Minister of Canada, present on this occasion.
+In August, 1887, the Prince of Wales showed further and practical
+interest in Australia by accepting the post of President of the Royal
+Commission appointed by the Queen, in England, to promote and help the
+Melbourne Exhibition of 1888. The Earl of Rosebery acted as
+Vice-President and much was done in making the British exhibit a good
+one. Years before this, speaking at the laying of the foundation stone
+of the first Melbourne Exhibition--February 19th, 1879--the Governor of
+Victoria, Sir George F. Bowen, declared it to be well-known that the
+Heir Apparent was animated by "a desire to visit the Australian Colonies
+in person should high reasons of state permit." As illustrating the
+opinions formed of him by colonial statesmen, the following may be
+quoted from the autobiography of that uncouth, clever, patriotic
+personality, Sir Henry Parkes: "I met His Royal Highness on several
+occasions in London, and he struck me as possessing in a remarkable
+degree the princely faculty of doing the right thing and saying the
+right word."
+
+Another matter to which the Prince of Wales gave an Imperial character
+was the Royal College of Music which he initiated, organized and finally
+inaugurated on May 7th, 1883. Upon the latter occasion he explained in
+his speech that the institution was open to the whole Empire, that
+scholarships had already been provided by Victoria and South Australia,
+and that he hoped it might become an Imperial centre of musical
+education as well as a British centre. "The object I have in view is
+essentially Imperial as well as national, and I trust that ere long
+there will be no Colony of any importance which is not represented by a
+scholar at the Royal College." During the years which followed, up to
+the time of his accession to the Throne, the interest of the Prince of
+Wales in everything that helped Imperial unity was continuous and most
+earnest. At the Jubilee periods of 1887 and 1897, he entertained many
+Colonial statesmen, as he had done at other times when opportunity
+served, and he was always delighted to meet them and to discuss the
+affairs of their countries with men who naturally knew them best. It was
+a process of mental equipment for the government of a vast empire which,
+in addition to his early travels, must have made the experience and
+knowledge of Queen Victoria's successor as unique as were the conditions
+and greatness of his Empire.
+
+During the last Jubilee the Prince presided, on June 18th, as President
+of the Imperial Institute, at a banquet given to the Colonial Premiers
+and other representatives in London. Upon his right sat Sir Wilfrid
+Laurier, Premier of Canada, and upon his left Mr. Whitelaw Reid, the
+special Envoy of the United States. Amongst others present were Lord
+Salisbury, Sir Hugh Nelson, Premier of Queensland, the Marquess of
+Lansdowne, Lord Rosebery and Mr. Chamberlain--all of whom spoke; while
+Lord Ripon, Lord Dufferin, Lord Kimberley, the Marquess of Lorne, Sir W.
+V. Whiteway, Premier of Newfoundland, Lord Rothschild, Sir Donald Smith
+(Lord Strathcona) the Archbishop of Canterbury and a splendid array of
+other representative men in Church and State, army and navy, art and
+science and literature, were also present. In one of his tactful
+speeches on this occasion, His Royal Highness referred to the enormous
+growth of the Colonies during the Queen's record reign and expressed the
+hope that present peaceful conditions might long continue. "God grant
+it," he added, "but if the national flag is threatened I am convinced
+that all the Colonies will unite to maintain what exists and to preserve
+the unity of the Empire." In little more than a year these words were
+fully borne out by events.
+
+But the Prince of Wales was never content to make mere speeches in
+advocacy of a principle. His aid to the Royal Colonial Institute and
+organization of the Imperial Institute were cases in point. When the
+Imperial Federation League was formed he could only help its aims
+indirectly because there were political possibilities in its platform,
+but when, in 1896, the British Empire League succeeded to its place and
+mission, with a broader and more general platform, the Queen and the
+Prince extended their patronage to the organization. On April 30, 1900,
+a great banquet was given under its auspices to welcome the Australian
+Delegates who had gone "home" to discuss the Commonwealth Act, and to
+recognize the services rendered by Colonial troops in the South African
+war. The Duke of Devonshire occupied the chair, with the Prince of Wales
+and the Duke of York on either hand, and next to them again the Dukes of
+Cambridge and Fife. The Marquess of Salisbury, Lieutenant Colonel
+George T. Denison, President of the League in Canada, Mr. Chamberlain,
+Mr. Edmund Barton of Australia and Mr. J. Israel Tarte of Canada were
+amongst the speakers, and others present included the Right Hon. C. C.
+Kingston, the Hon. Alfred Deakin, the Hon. J. R. Dickson, Sir John
+Cockburn and Sir James Blyth of Australia, the Earl of Hopetoun, Lord
+Lansdowne, Lord Wolseley, Lord Knutsford, Lord Strathcona, the Earl of
+Onslow, the Earl of Jersey, the Earl of Crewe, Lord Kelvin and Earl
+Grey. The Prince of Wales was enthusiastically received and
+congratulated upon his recent escape from assassination at Brussels.
+After some eloquently appropriate remarks upon this point, he welcomed
+the Australians in kindly words and then referred to the war. "We little
+doubt," he went on, "that in a great war like the one we are now waging
+we should have at any rate the sympathy of our Colonies; but it has
+exceeded even our expectations. We know now the feeling that existed in
+our Colonies and that they have sent their best material, their best
+blood and manhood, to fight with us, side by side, for the honour of the
+flag and for the maintenance of our Empire." Such words may fittingly
+conclude a brief record of the Prince of Wales' interest in Empire
+affairs up to the time of his accession to the Throne.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+The Prince as Heir Apparent
+
+
+The Heir to a Throne such as that of Great Britain has an exceptionally
+difficult place to fill. He has to have the broad sympathies and
+knowledge and training of a statesman without the right to express
+himself upon any of the political problems and issues of his time; he
+has to live in a never-ending blaze of publicity and be liable to
+unscrupulous, or too scrupulous, criticism without the power of direct
+reply; he has, perhaps, to suffer in private life and character from the
+caustic shafts of men at home or abroad who do not like the institution
+which he represents; he has to officiate in a ceaseless round of
+functions and public ceremonial; he has to travel constantly from Court
+to Court in Europe and, in the case of the Prince of Wales, he had to
+act for several decades the part of the Sovereign in public life without
+the resources or responsibilities which the actual ruler would naturally
+possess.
+
+There are, of course, important compensations. He has the foremost place
+in every leading national event, the privilege of knowing as intimately
+as he pleases the great men of his own and other countries, in every
+line of statecraft and human attainment, the pleasure of travel in many
+lands and amongst varied scenes and people, the opportunity of taking up
+any matter of a non-political character which he deems useful to the
+state, the people, or the Empire, with a reasonable certainty of
+substantial backing. To succeed, however, in the position as did Albert
+Edward, Prince of Wales, demands a peculiar combination of qualities
+which very few men possess in any rank of life. Tact, self-restraint,
+self-reliance, knowledge of human nature, energy, dignity, good
+intentions earnest patriotism, are more or less necessary.
+
+How seldom these qualities have all been possessed by Heirs to the
+British Throne is plain upon the pages of history. There have been
+amongst them seventeen Princes of Wales of whom the best, before the
+chief of the line, was the Black Prince, and of whom only four have
+reached the Throne since the time of Edward VI. They were Charles I,
+Charles II, George II, and George IV., and the careers of the last two
+consisted in the establishment of rival Courts, continuous disagreements
+with their fathers, the headship of political factions, and the
+possession of characters about which the least said the better. The
+Prince who became Edward VII. may be said to have created the position
+of Heir Apparent, as his Royal mother created that of a modern
+constitutional Monarch.
+
+
+NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE POSITION
+
+He established himself as a sort of advisory statesman to the nation, an
+absolutely impartial leader in questions of high, as distinct from party
+politics, the first gentleman in the land in society, sports and
+manners, the leader of philanthropic projects and social reforms. He
+became the busiest man in England, the most popular personality in the
+three kingdoms, the head and front of many important public
+undertakings. Such a development was new to British institutions, but it
+came about so gradually that only when he ascended the Throne did people
+fully realize how large a place the Prince of Wales had held in public
+affairs as well as in their affections. Mr. Chauncey M. Depew, the
+eloquent American Senator, expressed the personal side of the matter
+very well when he said, with some surprise, after first meeting His
+Royal Highness: "I met a thoughtful dignitary filling to the brim the
+requirements of his exalted position. In fact, a practical as well as a
+theoretical student of the mighty forces which control the government of
+all great countries and make their best history."
+
+There were many sides to this career, and in some of them the Prince
+never received the credit which he deserved. One was the essentially
+business-like management of his financial affairs. From the time of
+attaining his majority the Heir Apparent received £40,000 a year by
+grant of Parliament; at his marriage a special grant of £10,000 was
+given the Princess of Wales; when their children grew up the Prince was
+given £36,000 to apportion amongst them as he saw fit. During his
+minority the wise management of the revenues of the Duchy of
+Cornwall--which is an hereditary appurtenance of the Prince of Wales--by
+the late Prince Consort, gave the Heir Apparent a total of £600,000, of
+which £220,000 were expended upon the purchase of Sandringham, and a
+considerable sum upon improvements there. On the Prince's marriage he
+was voted £23,455 to defray expenses and his allowance for the Indian
+tour of 1875 was £142,000 of which £69,000 was for presents. Marlborough
+House was given him by the nation, though he paid taxes upon it like any
+other citizen. The Duchy of Cornwall was so well managed after it came
+under his control that it yielded in 1897 a total income of nearly
+£74,000, or almost double the value of the returns received forty years
+before. Birk Hall, an estate inherited from the Prince Consort, was sold
+to the Queen for £120,000. The total public income of the Prince of
+Wales during many years was about £180,000, or nearly a million dollars,
+and the management of his finances was always careful. The stories of
+extravagance and indebtedness were absolutely without foundation. Yet
+these tales of poverty were always widespread and were probably believed
+by many millions of people.
+
+The truth is that he was a first-rate business man in money affairs,
+knew how to make his income go to its furthest extent, and had an
+established system on his estates and in his palaces which combined
+comfort and luxury with judicious economy. A few words upon this point
+may be quoted, in passing, from an article in the well-known _Ladies
+Home Journal_ of Philadelphia, written in July, 1897, by Mr. George W.
+Smalley, an American critic of authority who lived in London for many
+years: "It is not a subject which I care to touch upon, but I may refer
+to the stories about the Prince of Wales' financial position. It is a
+matter with which the American public has absolutely no concern.
+Nevertheless all sorts of stories are printed here about his debts to
+this person or that. Such stories were circulated when Baron Hirsch
+died--so circumstantial that they must have either been based upon
+minute knowledge or have been pure fabrications. They were not based
+upon knowledge, minute or otherwise, because they were not true." These
+stories were rendered more absurd by the fact that a rough calculation
+of his receipts during forty years of public life would indicate a sum
+of between thirty and forty millions of dollars.
+
+
+CHARITIES OF THE PRINCE
+
+Of course the expenses of the Heir Apparent were very great even when
+those are excepted which the nation paid. His personal gifts to
+benevolent institutions, educational concerns, religious interests,
+objects of social, moral and physical improvement, hospitals and
+infirmaries, asylums, orphanages, commercial and agricultural
+organizations, the relief of children and foreigners in distress, deaf
+and dumb and blind institutions, memorials and statues, Indian famines,
+war funds, calamity funds of various kinds at home, in the Colonies, and
+abroad, have been reckoned by an English student of statistics at £3,200
+a year, or £128,000 in forty years--$640,000 spent in response to public
+appeals alone without reference to the many private charities about
+which little was known except that a very large amount of assistance
+was given yearly by the Prince and Princess in response to all kinds of
+private and authenticated requests. In this general connection Mr.
+Gladstone, when Prime Minister, spoke very warmly during the
+Parliamentary discussion of 1889 upon the Royal grants of that year. "It
+will be admitted," he said in the course of his somewhat famous speech,
+"that circumstances have tended to throw upon the Prince of Wales an
+amount of public work in connection with institutions as well as with
+ceremonials, which was larger than could reasonably have been expected,
+and with regard to which every call has been honourably and devotedly
+met from a sense of public duty."
+
+Reference has been made in the preceding pages to the infinitely varied
+public functions of His Royal Highness and the aid thus given to
+charities and benevolent objects. A few instances only were quoted in
+which many thousands of pounds were obtained for worthy objects through
+his patronage. The fact is that the Heir Apparent gave his position a
+rather unique characteristic in this respect by becoming a sort of Grand
+Almoner of the nation. Almost any charity which he patronized or which
+the Princess supported with his approval, became a success, and it is
+probable that every thousand pounds which he gave away became a hundred
+thousand pounds through the _prestige_ of his example and his often
+vigorous and effective personal exertions. One of the interests to which
+he was most devoted was that of the London and other hospitals.
+Attendance at the festivals, or annual dinners, was frequent, and the
+consequent subscription to their funds from time to time considerable.
+During the Diamond Jubilee the Prince thought he saw in this cause a way
+to fittingly commemorate that great event--as he had already marked that
+of 1887 by the Imperial Institute.
+
+Under date of February 5th, 1897, therefore, an elaborate statement and
+earnest appeal appeared in the London _Times_ and other great papers
+signed by the Prince of Wales, and asking for organized help in making
+up the existing deficits of £100,000 in London hospitals. The Royal
+writer pointed out that the efforts of individual institutions,
+praiseworthy as they had been, failed to obtain more than a small number
+of subscriptions from the great population of the metropolis; that the
+reasons for this was partly the difficulty of choosing amongst so many
+useful charities, partly the lack of definite opportunity for giving
+annual subscriptions to the cause as a whole, partly a feeling that
+small sums were not worth contributing; that it was proposed to
+establish this "Prince of Wales Hospital Fund" in order to commemorate
+the 60th anniversary of the Queen's reign by obtaining permanent annual
+subscriptions of from £100,000 to £150,000. He also announced that Lord
+Rothschild had accepted the post of Treasurer, that a commencement in
+subscriptions had been made, and that the Lord Mayor had promised his
+active assistance.
+
+The success of the movement thus inaugurated by the Heir Apparent was
+pronounced. The annual Report of the Council of the Fund, which was
+issued on May 2nd, 1899, stated that during the past two years £89,000
+had been distributed, and that the hospitals had been enabled to re-open
+and maintain two hundred and forty-two beds. It had, however, not come
+up yet to the requirements and, on March 1st, of this year, the Prince
+made another effort to help the hospitals. He called a large and
+representative meeting at Marlborough House, and placed before it a plan
+for the establishment of an Order to be called the League of Mercy. Its
+object would be to reach locally persons who did not subscribe to minor
+Funds, or individual institutions, and to do this by offering an honour
+in the form of this decoration, "as a reward for gratuitous personal
+services rendered in the relief of sickness, suffering, poverty or
+distress." These services would be apart, altogether, from gifts of
+money, (although the latter would be gladly accepted) and must be
+continued during five years. The Queen was to be head of the Order and
+the Heir Apparent its Grand President. All names were to be submitted to
+Her Majesty and the honour itself was not to confer any rank, dignity or
+social precedence. The plan was approved, and its success marked despite
+some caustic and unjust criticisms in certain Radical papers. On
+December 1st (1899), following, the annual meeting of the Hospital Fund
+was held at Marlborough House, with His Royal Highness in the chair, and
+attended by Lord Rowton, Lord Iveagh, Cardinal Vaughan, Lord Lister,
+Lord Reay, the Chief Rabbi and others. Lord Rothschild submitted a
+statement which showed the year's receipts to be £47,000, the first
+distribution from the League of Mercy to be £1,000, and the total amount
+of the Fund to be £217,000. The meeting of December 18th, in the
+following year, showed receipts of £49,468; of which £6,000 came from
+the League of Mercy. In his speech upon this occasion Lord Rothschild
+heartily congratulated the Royal chairman upon his "wisdom and
+foresight" in forming this League. In passing, it may be said that
+Grey's Hospital, London, was one of the individual institutions which
+the Prince undertook personally to help, and at one special banquet, at
+which he presided for this purpose, he was enabled to announce total
+subscriptions to the extraordinary amount of £151,000.
+
+
+THE PRINCE AND THE WORKINGMEN
+
+There was no part of his public career more creditable to the Prince of
+Wales than his sincere, unforced friendship and sympathy with the
+workingman. Like his philanthropic work, it was the natural product of a
+generous disposition, and won the honest liking of men who had always
+looked with suspicion upon aristocratic, to say nothing of Royal,
+efforts in their behalf. This was another illustration of the difference
+between Heirs Apparent to the Throne. Imagination fails to grasp the
+thought of the Stuarts or the Georges, when holding that position,
+trying to help the poor or uplift the labourer! Speaking at a meeting in
+London on January 12th, 1887, Lord Mayor, Sir Reginald Hanson, said:
+"All those who have been engaged in this scheme (the Imperial Institute)
+know that the Prince of Wales is one of the first in this country who
+looks to the interests of the working classes." For many years, indeed,
+he had been an annual subscriber to the Workingmen's Club and Institute
+Union and to the Workingmen's College in Great Ormond Street. In the
+Alexandra Trust, founded by Sir Thomas Lipton, at the instance of the
+Princess, much interest was taken by the Heir Apparent as well as his
+wife, and, on March 15th, 1900, they privately and unexpectedly visited
+the Restaurant in City Road and inspected this praiseworthy effort to
+supply wholesome food at low prices to the poor. After walking about and
+speaking to many of the people, they enjoyed a "three-course dinner"
+costing four pence half-penny, and left amid a scene of great
+enthusiasm.
+
+More than once the Prince aided workingmen's institutions by visiting
+them. On one occasion he heard that an Exhibition in South London,
+promoted by workingmen, was languishing for want of patronage and at
+once arranged to visit it unofficially. He went through it carefully,
+buying a number of articles and expressing much interest in the project.
+There was no further neglect of the institution by the general public.
+There was, perhaps, no single work in which he more appreciated the
+opportunity of doing good than that connected with the Housing of the
+Poor Commission to which he was appointed in 1884. He more than once
+presided at its meetings and took an active part in the investigations
+which were necessary. He attended every sitting and studied quietly and
+privately the whole condition of the poor in the poorest quarters of
+London and other cities. The Prince never hesitated to criticize those
+who neglected their charitable duties, or to praise those who lived up
+to the level of their opportunities, and in connection with an
+institution which he opened at Deptford, in 1898, his condemnation of
+the wealthy people in that neighbourhood was severe.
+
+On March 4th, 1900, the working-class dwellings built in Shoreditch by
+the City Council were opened by the Prince of Wales. They were largely
+the product of the Royal Commission in which he had taken such interest
+and whose proposals were the basis of so much progress in this
+direction. His Royal Highness was accompanied on this occasion by the
+Princess and Lord Suffield and was surrounded on the platform by Lord
+Welby, the Earl of Rosebery, the Bishops of London and Stepney, the Earl
+and Countess Carrington and others. In his speech the Prince was
+expressive and vigorous upon the necessity of better housing for the
+poor. "I am satisfied, not only that the public conscience is awakened
+on the subject but that the public demands, and will demand, vigorous
+action in cleansing the slums which disgrace our civilization and the
+erection of good and wholesome dwellings such as those around us, and in
+meeting the difficulties of providing house-room for the
+working-classes, at reasonable rates, by easy and cheap carriage to not
+distant districts where rents are reasonable." He concluded an elaborate
+speech upon the question generally by expressing the hope that the
+Legislature would deal with and punish those who were responsible for
+insanitary property. Speaking at a banquet of the London County Council
+on December 3rd of the same year, the Prince again urged attention to
+the improvement of dwellings in various city areas. A part of this
+generous desire to aid the poor was the Princess of Wales' dinner to
+three hundred thousand persons in London at the Jubilee of 1897.
+Contributions poured in unceasingly to the project and amongst others
+was the gift of twenty thousand sheep from the pastoralists of New
+South Wales, Queensland and Victoria. The organization of the dinner was
+in the hands of the Lord Mayor of London and it proved a great success.
+
+The gifts of a statesman were cultivated by the Prince of Wales upon
+every proper opportunity. His Empire unity ideas and projects were
+abundant evidence of this while a not less distinct proof of statecraft
+was the apparent absence of it--the absolute non-partisan position of
+the Heir Apparent. No one was ever able to say that he held political
+views of any particular type. His delicate tact was particularly shown
+in his kindness and courtesy to Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone. When the aged
+statesman finally retired from politics the Prince visited him again at
+Hawarden Castle and was photographed in a family group. He and the
+Princess attended his funeral and showed the greatest respect for his
+memory and services. When the time came, in 1900, for Mrs. Gladstone to
+be laid beside her husband in Westminster Abbey one of the incidents of
+a sad occasion was the wreath sent in by their Royal Highnesses with the
+following inscription:
+
+    _In Memory of Dear Mrs. Gladstone._
+
+    "It is but crossing with abated breath
+    And with set face, a little strip of sea,
+    To find the loved ones waiting on the shore
+    More beautiful, more precious than before."
+
+In preparing a national memorial to the eminent Liberal leader the
+Prince of Wales accepted the post of President of the General Committee
+with the Duke of Westminster as Chairman of the Executive. With Mr.
+Cecil Rhodes, he was long upon terms of intimacy and never concealed his
+admiration for the great Imperialist's career and objects. There can be
+no doubt that he knew much of South African affairs and was instrumental
+in the Duke of Fife taking a place on the Directorate of the South
+African Chartered Company. The only occasion upon which the Prince ever
+withdrew from a prominent Club was his retirement from the Traveller's
+because they had black-balled Mr. Rhodes. Not the smallest evidence of
+statecraft which the Prince of Wales showed, in a semi-personal way, was
+his warm sympathy with the emancipation of the Jews and his belief in
+their absorption into the life and interests of England. His presence at
+the marriage of Mr. Leopold de Rothschild caused, long since, a
+sensation in Jewish circles but it was only the first of many
+compliments which the Heir Apparent bestowed upon the "chosen people" up
+to the days when one of them became Prime Minister and a daughter of the
+House of Rothschild married a future Premier--the Earl of Rosebery. The
+late Baron Hirsch, the present Lord Rothschild. Sir Reuben Sassoon and
+Sir Moses Montefiore were amongst his personal friends and he made a
+thorough study of the position of the Russian Jews--showing them
+practical sympathy in various indirect ways. Of course, this partiality
+was open to misconstruction and the rumour of indebtedness to Jewish
+financial interests was so prevalent at one time that Sir Francis
+Knollys had to write a correspondent, who directly asked the question,
+an official statement as Private Secretary to the Prince, that the
+latter had no debts worth speaking of and could pay every farthing he
+owed at a moment's notice.
+
+There is no question, however, that this friendship with a powerful
+financial class, ruling great interests in every nation, gave the Prince
+of Wales a much enhanced influence abroad. In the same way his obvious
+liking for American men and women of standing and ability was marked and
+did undoubted service in promoting good feeling between the two
+countries--where it was not grossly and untruthfully misrepresented by
+sensational journals. Really distinguished visitors from the United
+States, whether rich or poor, always found a welcome at the hands of His
+Royal Highness and amongst those whom he appears to have especially
+liked were James Russell Lowell, Thomas F. Bayard, Whitelaw Reid and
+Chauncey M. Depew. American women who have been absorbed into English
+life and society like Lady Harcourt, Mrs. Chamberlain and the Duchess of
+Marlborough were always treated with marked courtesy by both the
+Princess and himself. His visit to the United States in 1860 had also
+taught him something of conditions there which those around him were not
+always fully aware of. Hence the value of the message which was sent to
+the New York _World_ in the name of the Prince of Wales and the Duke of
+York during the Venezuelan crisis. If it be true that a private letter,
+a word spoken in season, or a brief drawing-room conversation, is often
+more influential than a cloud of newspaper writing, then the Prince of
+Wales was for years a potent force in promoting good-will between the
+Empire and the Republic.
+
+As a diplomatist there can be no doubt of the Heir Apparent's influence.
+He succeeded, in fact, to much of the power held in that respect by the
+Prince Consort. It was the post of an unofficial and secret personal
+mediator between the Sovereign of Great Britain and those of other
+countries. Thoroughly acquainted with the personality of foreign rulers,
+related to the majority of those in Europe, knowing their degrees of
+national influence and personal power, familiar with the statesmen's
+position in Court and Legislature, associated more and more closely as
+the years went on with Queen Victoria's personal view of foreign policy,
+the Prince's position was one of very great indirect power. Through his
+heirship to the British throne he was naturally upon terms of something
+like equality with those whom he met as rulers at Berlin or St.
+Petersburg, at Paris or Vienna, and more in sympathy with their point of
+view than men of less than Royal rank. To quote Mr. George W. Smalley in
+_McClure's Magazine_ of March, 1901: "His is a strange nature. He has,
+very fully and strongly, the pride of Kings and what the pride of Kings
+is, a republican who has lived all his life in a republic can hardly
+conceive. He has behind him, moreover, the loyalty of an expectant
+nation." Upon the other hand he knew more about the people and was more
+of them than any other hereditary ruler or prospective ruler in the
+world. Hence the strength of his position when conferring with a German
+Emperor, or a Russian Czar, or talking quietly with some Foreign
+Minister at a time of crisis.
+
+
+INCIDENTS OF DIPLOMATIC INFLUENCE
+
+This personal influence of the Heir Apparent was a factor often ignored.
+"Again and again," says Mr. Smalley, from the point of view of one who
+watched for years at the source of power in London, "the Prince has gone
+abroad as--in effect, though of course never in name--an Ambassador from
+the Queen to some Sovereign on the Continent. He has laid her views at
+some critical moments before the German Emperor and carried home the
+Emperor's response." This sort of personal intercourse must, many a
+time, have solved vital and serious issues. When William II. visited
+Windsor in 1899 and the Queen, with the aid of the Prince of Wales, Lord
+Salisbury and Mr. Chamberlain, evolved the terms upon which the
+countries were to stand in regard to the coming South African war, can
+there be any doubt as to the place in these negotiations which the Heir
+Apparent held, or as to the advantage which his many earlier visits to
+Berlin in the days of Bismarck and the Kaiser's initiatory years of
+rule, must have been to him? The result of this intercourse was, in the
+end, the turning of a possible national enemy into a friend; the change
+of the Emperor who wrote the famous Transvaal cablegram into the ruler
+who took the first train and boat to Windsor and bowed his head at the
+death-bed of Queen Victoria.
+
+Another interesting incident in this connection may be found in the
+friendship known to have existed between the Prince of Wales and the
+Czar of Russia. Nicholas II. bore the same relationship of nephew to him
+that was borne by William II. and, like the other Imperial ruler, came
+to bear a similar feeling of respect and regard for his
+uncle--sentiments not always felt between relations, royal or otherwise.
+It was on August 31st, 1894, that the Princess of Wales received a
+despatch from her sister, the Czarina, that Alexander III. was nearing
+his end in the far-away Palace of Livadia. As rapidly as train and ship
+could carry them the Royal couple travelled to Russia, but only in time
+for the prolonged and splendid ceremonial of a state funeral. In this
+great and solemn pageant, lasting a week, and extending from Livadia to
+St. Petersburg, the Czar and the Prince were constantly together, in the
+most intimate relations, at a moment when the former was just
+emerging--as yet a young and inexperienced man--into the
+responsibilities of perhaps the most difficult position in the world. It
+was little wonder if the youthful autocrat of ninety millions took
+counsel of his experienced and genial relative, and found in his society
+comfort and knowledge and the basis of a lasting friendship. Let Mr. W.
+T. Stead in the _Review of Reviews_, of January, 1895, describe the
+situation:
+
+     It was fortunate for every one that he stood where he did, as no
+     one outside the Royal Castle could have been to the young Czar what
+     the Prince was at Livadia, and afterwards. In the long and almost
+     terrible pilgrimage to the tomb which followed, when the corpse of
+     the dead Czar was carried in solemn state from the shores of the
+     Black Sea to the tomb in the Cathedral that stands on the frozen
+     Neva, the Prince was always at the right hand of the Czar. Alike in
+     public or in private, the uncle and the nephew stood side by side.
+     After the first gush of grief had passed, it was impossible but
+     that thoughts of the relations between the two Empires should not
+     have crossed the minds of both. These two men share between them
+     the over lordship of Asia. To the Czar, the north from the Oural
+     to the far Sagahlien; to the other, the south from the Straits of
+     Babel Mandeb to Hong Kong. No two men on this planet ever
+     represented so vast a range of Imperial power as the first mourners
+     at the bier of Alexander the Third.
+
+At St. Petersburg, the Duke of York joined the mourning group of Royal
+personages, and there, on November 26th, the young Czar was married to
+his cousin, Princess Alix of Hesse, and a still closer tie of
+relationship formed with the Royal House of England. From this time
+forward the diplomatic relations of Russia and Great Britain steadily
+improved and there has never been any doubt amongst those in a position
+to judge that it was very largely due to the close friendship between
+the Prince of Wales and his Imperial nephew. In France, and especially
+amongst its leading men, His Royal Highness was for long an influential
+factor in keeping the wheels of international relations moving smoothly.
+Personally popular, his tactful course at critical periods helped
+greatly in maintaining official amity. The root of this wide-spread
+influence and practical statecraft, in addition to elements already
+indicated and covering more directly the personal equation, was well
+described by Mr. Smalley in an article already quoted: "First of all,
+the impression of real force of character. Next, that combined
+shrewdness and good sense which together amount to sagacity. Third,
+tact. Add to these firmness and courage, and base all of these gifts on
+immense experience of life by one who has touched it on many sides and
+you will have drawn an outline of character which cannot be much
+altered. Add to it the Prince's constant solicitude about public matters
+and his intelligent estimate of forces--which last is the chief business
+of statesmanship. Add to this again the effect upon the hearer of
+conversation from a mind full, not indeed of literature, but of life; a
+conversation of wide range, of acuteness, of clear statement and strong
+opinion, of infinite good humour."
+
+To these varied lines of useful statesmanship and personal labour in
+which the Heir Apparent was engaged for so many years, may be added the
+personal influence which he exercised over men of the Empire from time
+to time, and his constant inculcation of pride in country and of
+patriotic principle. There will then be seen a total record worthy of
+his later place as the hereditary ruler of vast dominions. In the former
+connection one incident may be mentioned as told by a correspondent
+during the Indian tour: "The Prince's tact is remarkable, and the news
+of his friendliness soon spread over India; one officer of great
+experience in Indian affairs declared that in asking the Maharajah
+Scindia to ride down the lines with him at Delhi, His Royal Highness
+performed an act which was worth a million sterling." Upon the latter
+point his speeches during forty years to innumerable military
+bodies--Militia, Volunteer, or Naval--may be mentioned. His earliest
+deliverance of this character was in presenting colours to the 100th, or
+Prince of Wales' Royal Canadian Regiment, at Thorncliffe, on January
+10th, 1859. His first speech as an officer of the Army was, therefore,
+of an Imperialistic character: "The ceremonial, in which we are now
+engaged, possesses a peculiar significance and solemnity because in
+confiding to you for the first time this emblem of military fidelity and
+valour, I not only recognize emphatically your enrollment into our
+national force but celebrate an act which proclaims and strengthens the
+unity of the various parts of this vast Empire under the sway of our
+common Sovereign." The fact that this address of the youthful Prince--he
+was not eighteen--was probably revised and approved by the Prince
+Consort and the Queen, illustrates how early his education in
+Imperialism began, and how far in advance of public opinion the Queen
+and her sagacious husband were.
+
+Through the years that followed the Prince of Wales was never backward
+in urging efficient military and naval protection for British
+interests. Upon the question of the Navy two speeches, delivered in
+1899, may be referred to as indicating the patriotic statesmanship of
+the Heir of the Throne Speaking at the Middlesex Hospital banquet on
+April 12th he said: "In this country it depends on our Navy and our Army
+to uphold the honour and _prestige_ of our nation and to protect the
+interests which have made it the vast empire it is. I rejoice to think
+that Her Majesty's Government have thought fit to increase our Navy. I
+realize by your applause how heartily you reciprocate what I have said,
+and I believe that this feeling exists not only in this room but
+throughout the length and breadth of Her Majesty's dominions. In
+strengthening our Navy, God forbid that it should imply in any way that
+we threatened other countries--just the reverse--for, in order to be at
+peace, we must be strong. Therefore, the best policy is to strengthen
+our first line of defence--the Navy. I hope the motto of which our
+Volunteers are so proud may ever be retained by the Navy; that of
+defence, not defiance." A little later, as President of the Royal
+National Lifeboat Institution, he presided over a banquet in London on
+May 1st. In proposing the toast of the Army and Navy he declared that
+the country owed them much. "I am sure the desire of every Englishman is
+to see both in a high state of efficiency and that he does not grudge
+putting his hand in his pocket to maintain them, because he knows that
+if he has a good fleet and a good army he is safe and the honour of the
+Empire is safe."
+
+An incident occurred on April 4th, 1900, which afforded abundant proof
+of the popularity of the Prince of Wales and indicated the importance
+his position had attained in the eyes of the world. He had been
+travelling to Denmark accompanied by the Princess, and his train had
+arrived at Brussels _en route_ from Calais to Copenhagen. The carriage
+was a special one and was leaving the station at a slow, preliminary
+rate when a youth named Sipido jumped on the foot-board of the car and
+fired two shots, in rapid succession, point-blank at the traveller who
+was just taking a cup of tea with his wife. He was about to fire a third
+time, but was seized by the stationmaster, arrested and sent to prison.
+The man turned out to be a Belgian, expressed no regret for his
+attempted crime, said that he was willing to try again, and stated,
+under cross-examination, that his object was to avenge the thousands of
+men "whom the Prince had caused to be slaughtered in South Africa." He
+was afterwards tried under the laws of Belgium and acquitted. After
+sending dispatches to the Queen and the Duchess of York, containing
+assurance of safety, the Prince and Princess proceeded on their way to
+Denmark.
+
+[Illustration: EDWARD VII AND HIS QUEEN ALEXANDRA CROWNED
+
+On August 9, 1902, amidst all possible pomp and solemnity the Sovereign
+of the British Empire and his beloved Consort received the joyful homage
+of their subjects]
+
+[Illustration: KING EDWARD VII WITH QUEEN ALEXANDRA GOING IN STATE TO
+THE OPENING OF PARLIAMENT]
+
+[Illustration: THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY PAYS HOMAGE TO HIS SOVEREIGN
+
+When the Primate came to do homage to Edward VII and was about to exhort
+the King to "stand firm and hold fast" he was quite overcome, and his
+Majesty to prevent his falling, stretched forth his hand to assist him.]
+
+[Illustration: THE TOWER OF LONDON]
+
+The event created a profound sensation in Great Britain and throughout
+Europe and the British Empire. The first feeling was of astonishment
+that one of the most popular members of the world's Royal circle should
+be the object of such an attempt; the second that more care had not been
+taken by those responsible for his safety in travelling; and the third
+was admiration for the perfect coolness and obvious bravery which he
+showed during and after the ordeal. Everywhere tributes of sympathy were
+tendered in language of unstinted appreciation of the Heir Apparent's
+public services and character. Speaking at Acton, on the same evening,
+Lord George Hamilton, M.P., said: "What could have induced any foreigner
+to raise his hand against the Prince of Wales passed his comprehension.
+If there was one individual who had utilized his position and abilities
+to promote the welfare of the poorer section of society it was the
+Prince of Wales. No kinder, no more philanthropic, no more humane man
+existed on the face of the earth." At other meetings which were going
+on, sympathetic allusions were made to the event, amidst loud cheers, by
+Lord Strathcona, Sir William Wedderburn, M.P., the Earl of Hopetoun, and
+Sir Wilfrid Lawson. Telegrams poured in at Windsor and Marlborough
+House from every point of the compass. Resolutions of congratulation
+were passed in every portion of the Empire during the next few days, and
+"God bless the Prince of Wales" rang loudly through the United Kingdom
+and many a distant country.
+
+King Leopold of Belgium was one of the first to express his deep regret
+at the occurrence; the Governments of Victoria, South Australia, Western
+Australia, Queensland, New Zealand, Tasmania, Cyprus, Mauritius and
+Barbados, the President of France, the Portuguese Parliament, the Town
+Councils of Ballarat and Bendigo in Australia and Durban in South
+Africa, the Agents-General of all the Colonies in London, the Australian
+Federal Delegates in London, the Masonic Grand Lodge of New Zealand, the
+Corporation of London, the Government of Servia, the High Commissioner
+for South Africa and the Hon. W. P. Schreiner, Premier of Cape Colony,
+the Governor-General of Canada, the Governor of Malta, and some eight
+hundred other Governments, public bodies, or prominent persons,
+telegraphed messages of congratulation or formal Resolutions. The
+references of the British and Colonial press were more than sympathetic.
+The London _Standard_ thought that "the veneration felt for the Queen as
+well as the general regard for the Prince's personal qualities and his
+universal popularity might be supposed to give him absolute immunity,
+even in these days of frenzied political animosity and unscrupulous
+journalistic violence. The Prince is almost as well-known on the
+Continent as he is at home, and his invariable courtesy and unaffected
+kindness of heart have been appreciated and acknowledged in capitals
+where his country is not regarded with affection." The London _Daily
+News_ pointed out the utter absence of all excuse for such an attempt.
+"The Prince had refrained with admirable tact and discretion from
+interference with public affairs. All sorts of charitable and
+philanthropic concerns have found in his Royal Highness a sympathetic
+friend."
+
+Returning home, on April 20th, the Prince of Wales was given a pleasant
+surprise at Altona where, as his train stopped on German soil, he found
+the Emperor William and Prince Henry of Prussia waiting with their
+suites to welcome him to Germany and, at the same time, to offer
+personal congratulations upon his escape. This occurrence created wide
+comment in Europe generally, and was taken to mean a desire by the
+German Emperor to express friendly national as well as friendly personal
+feelings. When His Royal Highness arrived at Dover, the welcome was
+immense in numbers and enthusiastic in character. The same thing
+occurred at Charing-Cross Station, London, where he was met by the Duke
+of York and the King of Sweden and Norway and wildly cheered by
+thousands of people on his way to Marlborough House. As the _Standard_
+put it next day: "No address of congratulation, presented by dignitaries
+in scarlet and gold, could have been nearly as eloquent as that sea of
+friendly faces and the ringing cheers of loyal men." In response to the
+innumerable congratulations received, as well as to this reception, the
+Prince of Wales issued a personal and public note of thanks in the
+following terms:
+
+"I have been deeply touched by the numerous expressions of sympathy and
+goodwill addressed to me on the occasion of the providential escape of
+the Princess of Wales and myself from the danger we have lately passed
+through. From every quarter of the globe, from the Queen's subjects
+throughout the world, as well as from the representatives and
+inhabitants of foreign countries, have these manifestations of sympathy
+proceeded, and on my return to this country I received a welcome so
+spontaneous and hearty that I felt I was the recipient of a most
+gratifying tribute of genuine good-will. Such proofs of kind and
+generous feeling are naturally most highly prized by me, and will
+forever be cherished in my memory."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+Accession to the Throne
+
+
+The death of Queen Victoria and the accession of King Edward were the
+first and perhaps the greatest events in the opening year of the new
+century. Before the formal announcement on January 18th, 1901, which
+stated that the Queen was not in her usual health and that "the great
+strain upon her powers" during the past year had told upon Her Majesty's
+nervous system, the people in Great Britain, in Canada, in Australia, in
+all the Isles of the Sea and on the shores of a vast and scattered
+Empire, had become so accustomed to her presence at the head of the
+State and to her personality in their hearts and lives that the
+possibility of her death was regarded with a feeling of shocked
+surprise.
+
+During the days which immediately followed and while the shadow of death
+lay over the towers of Windsor, its influence was everywhere perceptible
+throughout the press, the pulpit and amongst the peoples of the
+Empire--in Montreal as in Winnipeg, in busy Melbourne and in
+trouble-tossed Cape Town, in Calcutta and in Singapore. When the Prince
+of Wales, on Thursday evening, the 22nd of January, telegraphed the Lord
+Mayor of London that "My beloved mother, the Queen, has just passed
+away," the announcement awakened a feeling of sorrow, of sympathy and of
+Imperial sentiment such as the world had never seen before in such
+wide-spread character and spontaneous expression.
+
+Yet there was no expression of uneasiness as to the future; no question
+or doubt as to the new influence and power that must come into existence
+with the change of rulers; no fear that the Prince of Wales, as King
+and Emperor, would not be fully equal to the immense responsibilities of
+his new and great position. Perhaps no Prince, or statesman, or even
+world-conqueror, has ever received so marked a compliment; so universal
+a token of respect and regard as was exhibited in this expression of
+confidence throughout the British Empire.
+
+
+THE EMPIRE'S CONFIDENCE IN THE NEW KING
+
+Public bodies of every description in the United Kingdom, Canada,
+Australia, New Zealand, India and other British countries rivalled each
+other in their tributes of loyalty to the new Sovereign as well as of
+respect for the great one who had gone. The press of the Empire was
+practically a unit in its expression of confidence, while the pulpit,
+which had during past years, expressed itself occasionally in terms of
+criticism, was now almost unanimous in approval of the experienced,
+moderate and tried character of the King. The death which it was once
+thought by feeble-minded, or easily misled individuals, would shake the
+Empire to its foundations was now seen to simply prove the stability of
+its Throne, and the firmness of its institutions in the heart of the
+people. The accession of the Prince of Wales actually strengthened that
+Monarchy which the life and reign of his mother had brought so near to
+the feelings and affections of her subjects everywhere.
+
+On the day following the Queen's death the new Sovereign drove from
+Marlborough House to St. James's Palace; accompanied by Lord Suffield
+and an escort of the Horse Guards. He had previously arrived in London
+from Windsor at an early hour accompanied by the Duke of Connaught, the
+Duke of York, the Duke of Argyll, Mr. Balfour and others. The streets
+were densely crowded with silent throngs of people; crape and mourning
+being visible everywhere, and the raised hat the respectful recognition
+accorded to His Majesty. Later in the day the people found their voices
+and seemed to think that they could cheer again. At St. James's Palace
+the members of the Privy Council had gathered to the number of 150 and
+were representative of the greatest names and loftiest positions in
+British public life.
+
+
+THE KING ADDRESSES THE PRIVY COUNCIL
+
+Members of the Royal family, the members of the Government, prominent
+Peers, leading members of the House of Commons, the principal Judges and
+the Lord Mayor of London--by virtue of his office--were in attendance.
+Lord Salisbury, Lord Rosebery, Mr. Chamberlain, Mr. Balfour; the Dukes
+of Norfolk, Devonshire, Portland, Northumberland, Fife and Argyll; the
+Earls of Clarendon, Pembroke, Chesterfield, Cork and Orrery and Kintore;
+Lord Halsbury, Lord Ashbourne, Lord Knutsford, Sir M. E. Hicks-Beach,
+Lord Balfour of Burleigh, Lord George Hamilton, Mr. St. John Brodrick,
+the Marquess of Lansdowne, Mr. W. H. Long, M.P., Lord Ridley, Sir. H.
+Campbell-Bannerman, Sir J. E. Gorst, the Marquess of Ripon, Lord
+Goschen, Mr. H. H. Asquith, Lord Pirbright, Lord Selborne, Sir R.
+Temple, Mr. W. E. H. Lecky, Sir Drummond Wolff, Sir Charles Dilke, Lord
+Stalbridge, Sir M. E. Grant-Duff, Mr. John Morley, Earl Spencer and Earl
+Carrington were amongst those present. After the Council had been
+officially informed by its President of the Queen's death and of the
+accession of the Prince of Wales, the new Sovereign entered, clad in a
+Field Marshal's uniform, and delivered, without manuscript or notes, a
+speech which was a model of dignity and simplicity. Its terms showed
+most clearly both tact and a profound perception of his position and its
+importance was everywhere recognized:
+
+     "Your Royal Highnesses, My Lords and Gentlemen: This is the most
+     painful occasion on which I shall ever be called upon to address
+     you. My first melancholy duty is to announce to you the death of my
+     beloved mother, the Queen, and I know how deeply you and the whole
+     nation, and, I think I may say, the whole world, sympathize with me
+     in the irreparable loss we have all sustained. I need hardly say
+     that my constant endeavour will be always to walk in her footsteps.
+     In undertaking the heavy load which now devolves upon me I am fully
+     determined to be a constitutional Sovereign in the strictest sense
+     of the word, and, so long as there is breath in my body, to work
+     for the good and amelioration of my people.
+
+     I have resolved to be known by the name of Edward, which has been
+     borne by six of my ancestors. In doing so I do not undervalue the
+     name of Albert, which I inherit from my ever to-be-lamented, great
+     and wise father, who by universal consent is I think, and
+     deservedly, known by the name of Albert the Good, and I desire that
+     his name should stand alone. In conclusion, I trust to Parliament
+     and the nation to support me in the arduous duties which now
+     devolve upon me by inheritance, and to which I am determined to
+     devote my whole strength during the remainder of my life."
+
+After the oath of allegiance had been taken by those present, the
+proclamation announcing the accession of the new Monarch was signed by
+the Duke of York--now also Duke of Cornwall,--the Duke of Connaught, the
+Duke of Cambridge, Prince Christian, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the
+Lord Chancellor, the Lord Mayor of London, and the other Privy
+Councillors present. The Houses of Parliament met shortly afterwards and
+the members took the oath of allegiance, while all around the Empire the
+same ceremony was being gone through in varied tongues and many forms
+and strangely differing surroundings. There was wide-spread interest in
+His Majesty's choice of a name, and the designation of Edward VII. was
+almost universally approved--the exceptions being in certain Scotch
+contentions that the numeral could not properly apply to Scotland as a
+part of Great Britain. The name itself reads well in English history.
+Edward the Confessor, though not included in the Norman chronology, was
+a Saxon ruler of high attainments, admirable character and wise laws.
+Edward I, was not only a successful soldier and the conqueror of wild
+and warlike Wales, but a statesman who did much to establish unity and
+peace amongst his people. Edward II. was remarkable chiefly for the
+thrashing which the Scots gave him at Bannockburn while Edward III. was
+the hero of Crecy, the winner of half of France, and a brave and able
+ruler. Edward IV. was a masterful, hard and not over-scrupulous monarch,
+and Edward V. was one of the unfortunate boys who were murdered in the
+Tower of London. Edward VI. was a mild-natured and honest youth who did
+not live long enough to impress himself upon a strenuous period, or upon
+interests with which his character little fitted him to deal. The last
+of the name had reigned, therefore, before the Kingdom of England got
+out of its national and religious swaddling clothes; before the reign of
+Henry VIII. had freed it from connection with Rome, or that of Elizabeth
+had founded the maritime and commercial empire which, in time, was to
+create the mighty realm over which the new Edward now assumed sway.
+
+
+INCIDENTS SURROUNDING THE ACCESSION
+
+The Proclamation of the King in the cities of the United Kingdom and at
+the capitals of countries and provinces and islands all around the globe
+was a more or less stately and ceremonious function, and the
+Proclamation itself was couched in phraseology almost as old as the
+Monarchy. "We, therefore, do now with consent of tongue and heart,
+publish and proclaim that the high and mighty Prince, Albert Edward, is
+now, by the death of our late Sovereign of happy memory, become our only
+lawful and rightful Liege Lord, Edward the Seventh." At the ceremony in
+London, Dublin, Liverpool, Derby and other cities, immense crowds
+assembled and "God save the King" was sung with unusual heartiness.
+Meanwhile, following his address to the Privy Council, the King had
+returned to Osborne with the Duke of Cornwall and York, and there he
+found the German Emperor awaiting him. The latter had come post-haste
+from Berlin and been in time to see the Queen before she passed away. He
+had now decided to stay until after the funeral and thus to tender every
+respect in his power to the memory of his august grandmother. Parliament
+had been called immediately upon the King's Proclamation, and it met
+hurriedly and briefly on January 24th to enable the members to take the
+oath of allegiance while, all around the Empire, similar proceedings
+were taking place in Courts and Legislatures and Government buildings.
+
+On the following day Parliament met in brief Session and the Marquess of
+Salisbury in the House of Lords and Mr. A. J. Balfour in the Commons
+read a Royal message: "The King is fully assured that the House of Lords
+will share the deep sorrow which has befallen His Majesty and the nation
+by the lamented death of His Majesty's mother, the late Queen. Her
+devotion to the welfare of her country and her people and her wise and
+beneficent rule during the sixty-four years of her glorious reign will
+ever be held in affectionate memory by her loyal and devoted subjects
+throughout the dominions of the British Empire." In moving an address of
+mingled sympathy and congratulation, in reply, Lord Salisbury spoke with
+sincere and weighty words as to the qualities and power of the late
+Queen, her position as a constitutional ruler and her "steady and
+persistent influence on the action of her Ministers in the course of
+legislation and government." Upon the position of the new Sovereign the
+speaker was explicit: "He has before him the greatest example he could
+have to follow, he has been familiar with our political and social life
+for more than one generation, he enjoys a universal and enormous
+popularity, he is beloved in foreign countries and foreign Courts almost
+as much as he is at home, and he has profound knowledge of the working
+of our institutions and the conduct of our affairs."
+
+The motion was seconded by Lord Kimberley as Liberal Leader in the
+House, and spoken to by the Archbishop of Canterbury. In the Commons Mr.
+Balfour referred at length to the great reign and character of Queen
+Victoria and to the Sovereign's influence upon public affairs. "In my
+judgment the importance of the Crown in our Constitution is not a
+diminishing but an increasing factor." Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, the
+Opposition Leader, seconded the motion, dealt with the late Queen's
+personal character, referred to Queen Alexandra as having long reigned
+in the hearts of the people, and paid high tribute to King Edward: "For
+the greater part of his life it has fallen to him not only to discharge
+a large part of the ceremonial public duty which would naturally be
+performed by the head of the State; but also to take a leading part in
+almost every scheme established for the national benefit of the country.
+Religion and charity, public health, science and literature and art,
+education, commerce, agriculture--not one of these subjects appealed in
+vain to His Majesty, when Prince of Wales, for strong sympathy and even
+for personal effort and influence. We know how unselfish he has been in
+the assiduous discharge of all his public duties, we know with what tact
+and geniality he has been able to lend himself to the furtherance of
+these great objects."
+
+The tactful and obviously sincere language of the King's address to his
+Council had, meanwhile, won the warmest and most loyal commendation in
+all parts of the Empire--the unanimity of approval being extraordinary
+in view of the diversity of peoples and interests involved. Other
+messages which followed from His Majesty were of the same statesmanlike
+character. To the Army, on January 25th, he issued a special message, as
+Sovereign and as constitutional head, thanking it for the splendid
+services rendered to the late Queen and describing her pride in its
+deeds and in being herself a soldier's daughter. "To secure your best
+interests will be one of the deepest objects of my heart and I know I
+can count upon that loyal devotion which you ever evinced toward your
+late Sovereign." On the following day the Navy received a message of
+thanks for the distinguished services rendered by it during the long and
+glorious reign of the late Queen and concluding with these words:
+"Watching over your interests and well-being I confidently rely upon
+that unfailing loyalty which is the proud inheritance of your noble
+Service."
+
+An incident followed which once more showed the tactfulness of character
+so desirable and important in a Sovereign. The presence of William II.
+of Germany in England, at this particular period, was creating much
+discussion abroad and his evident friendship for the King, whom he had
+just made an Admiral of the German fleet and with whom he had been
+having prolonged conferences--in company on one occasion with Lord
+Lansdowne who had been hastily summoned to Osborne--increased this
+interest. On January 28th the situation was accentuated by the
+announcement that the German Emperor had been made a Field Marshal in
+the British Army and his son, the Crown Prince, a Knight of the Garter.
+In personally conferring the latter honour King Edward made a brief
+speech in which he expressed the hope that the kindly action of the
+Emperor in coming to London at this juncture and his own presentation of
+this ancient Order to the Prince might "further cement and strengthen
+the good feeling which exists between the two countries."
+
+Between the time of the King's accession and the funeral of Queen
+Victoria, on February 1st, the press and public of the Empire were busy
+taking stock of the great loss sustained and measuring the character and
+possibilities of the new Sovereign. There was, in both connections, a
+curious and striking unanimity, as may be inferred from what has been
+already stated. A few expressions of authoritative opinion about the new
+King may, however, very properly be quoted here in addition to the
+references made in Parliament. The London _Times_, on the day following
+the Queen's death, spoke of the long training undergone by the Prince of
+Wales, of his wide experience and his acquaintance with the ceremonial
+functions of Royalty. "Endowed as he is with many of the most lovable
+and attractive qualities of his mother--with warm sympathies, with a
+kind heart, with a generous disposition, and with a quick appreciation
+of genuine worth--the nation is happy in the confidence that, in spirit
+as well as in form, it may count upon the maintenance of that conception
+of Royalty which is the only one which most of us have ever known. To
+these qualities the King adds perfect tact, wide knowledge of men and
+the business virtues of method, prompt decision, punctuality and great
+capacity for work."
+
+
+KINDLY AND LOYAL WORDS
+
+Speaking on January 24th at the City Temple, the Rev. Dr. Joseph Parker,
+Chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales, spoke of the
+King's great opportunities and personal powers. "As Prince of Wales he
+has played a difficult part with strict sagacity and unfailing
+good-nature. He is a man of great compass of mind. Let us welcome him
+with our warmest appreciation." From across the Atlantic came the voice
+of the Prime Minister of Canada, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, in his eloquent
+speech in Parliament on February 8th: "We have believed from the first
+that he who was a wise Prince will be a wise King, and that the policy
+which has made the British Empire so great under his predecessor will
+also be his policy." From the still more distant Melbourne, Australia,
+came the kindly and loyal words of the _Argus_ on February 1st: "In the
+eyes of his subjects, near and far, he is clothed with the kindliness,
+the tact, the sympathy with social progress, the practical intelligence,
+the political impartiality, and the keen sense of duty he displayed
+during the many years in which he helped his mother in the discharge of
+the Royal tasks. His people know that he possesses the amiability, the
+dignity, the clear vision and the industry which befit the occupant of a
+most exacting as well as exalted position." From all over the world came
+testimonies of similar feeling, and within British dominions the
+opinions and tributes everywhere partook of one quality--that of trust
+and confidence in the new Sovereign.
+
+During this first week of his reign the work which devolved upon the
+King was tremendous. The signing and consideration of necessary
+documents which had been delayed during the illness of the Queen was
+alone a serious task. The slight sickness of the Duke of Cornwall and
+York detached him from the help which he might have given in many ways,
+and the presence of the German Emperor increased the burden of
+discussion and of questions to be dealt with. The King also took charge
+of the large and complicated arrangements connected with the funeral
+ceremonies and supervised the immense variety of details with his usual
+business-like ability and energy. This great function, which eclipsed
+the Jubilee in solemn splendour and exceeded any demonstration in
+history in its unquestioned weight of public sorrow, commenced on
+Friday, February 1st, when the remains of the Queen were removed from
+Osborne to the Royal yacht _Alberta_.
+
+The coffin was carried by Highlanders and blue-jackets, followed by the
+King, the German Emperor, the Duke of Connaught, the German Crown
+Prince, Prince Henry of Prussia, Prince Christian, the Duke of
+Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince Arthur of Connaught, Prince Charles of
+Denmark, Prince Louis of Battenberg, and then Queen Alexandra and the
+Princesses. The _Alberta_ passed across the Solent to Portsmouth,
+through a long and continuous avenue of saluting warships, and was
+followed by another vessel with the Royal mourners on board. The members
+of the Lords and Commons were on vessels placed amongst the warships.
+On Saturday the body of the late Sovereign was brought from Portsmouth
+to the metropolis and borne with solemn state to Paddington station
+through millions of black-garbed, silent and mournful people, and
+between lines, along the entire route, of thirty-three thousand Regular
+troops and volunteers. It was followed by the King, the German Emperor
+and the Duke of Connaught, riding abreast, the Kings of Portugal and
+Greece, forty Princes representing every Royal House in Europe,
+seventeen representatives of the Colonies, a long array of Ambassadors
+and foreign representatives, the Queen, the Princesses, the King of the
+Belgians, the Duke of Cambridge, Lord Roberts, Lord Wolseley. The coffin
+was taken by train to Windsor where, in St. George's Chapel, the funeral
+service was conducted by the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of
+Winchester. The actual interment took place on Monday afternoon in the
+Royal Mausoleum of Frogmore, where the remains of the great Queen were
+laid in death beside those of the husband whose memory she had so long
+cherished in life.
+
+These prolonged obsequies--the most splendid and impressive in
+history--passed off with a smoothness of procedure which, under the
+circumstances of sorrow and crowding duties, indicated more than
+ordinary powers of concentration and management in the new King, as well
+as a most marvellous sentiment and sympathy amongst the people.
+Throughout the Empire, as that solemn procession passed along the
+purple-draped streets of London, funeral services were being held and
+sermons of sorrow preached in an uncounted multitude of churches
+darkened with all the habiliments of mourning. As the _Standard_ well
+put it on February 5th: "The nation is conscious of its debt to the
+King, whose tactful perception and devoted labour gave it so splendid an
+opportunity of showing its reverence for the Sovereign who has just
+passed away. The King on his side has found strength and comfort in
+those eloquent demonstrations of the sympathy of his subjects which have
+reached him, in innumerable ways, from all parts of his dominions."
+Immediately after the last ceremonies had been performed the King issued
+a series of Messages which, for tact and courtesy and kindliness, have
+rarely been excelled--even by the experienced eloquence of his Royal
+mother. They were all dated February 4th and the first was addressed "To
+my People." It commenced by saying: "Now that the last scene has closed
+in the noble and ever-glorious life of my beloved mother, the Queen, I
+am anxious to endeavour to convey to the whole Empire the extent of the
+deep gratitude I feel for the heart-stirring and affectionate tributes
+which are everywhere borne to her memory." His Majesty proceeded to
+speak of the recent magnificent display by sea and land and the
+inspiration of courage and hope which the public sympathy had been to
+him during the recent trying days. "Encouraged by the confidence of that
+love and trust which the nation ever reposed in its late and
+fondly-mourned Sovereign, I shall earnestly strive to walk in her
+footsteps, devoting myself to the utmost of my powers to maintaining and
+promoting the highest interests of my people and to the diligent and
+zealous fulfilment of the great and sacred responsibilities which,
+through the will of God, I am now called to undertake."
+
+A second Message was addressed "To my People beyond the Seas." After
+referring to the countless dispatches which had been received from his
+"Dominions over the Seas" and the universal grief felt throughout the
+Empire, the King spoke of the "heartfelt interest" always evinced by the
+late Sovereign in the welfare of Greater Britain, in the extension of
+self-government, in the loyalty of the people to her Throne and person,
+in the gallantry of those who had fought and died for the Empire in
+South Africa. He concluded as follows: "I have already declared that it
+will be my constant endeavour to follow the great example which has
+been bequeathed to me. In these endeavours, I shall have a constant
+trust in the devotion and sympathy of the people and of their several
+representative assemblies throughout my vast Colonial dominions. With
+such loyal support, I will, with God's blessing, solemnly work for the
+common welfare and security of the great Empire over which I have now
+been called to reign."
+
+The next and last of these historic documents was a letter to the
+Princes and peoples of India in which His Majesty informed them that
+through the lamented death of his mother he had inherited a Throne
+"which has descended to me through a long and ancient lineage" and then
+proceeded: "I now desire to send my greeting to the ruling Chiefs of the
+Native States and to the inhabitants of my Indian dominions, to insure
+them of my sincere good will and affection and of my heartfelt wishes
+for their welfare." He spoke of his illustrious predecessor as having
+first taken upon herself the direct administration of Indian affairs and
+assumed the title of Empress in token of her closer association with the
+government of that country; referred to the loyalty of its people and
+the services rendered by its Princes in the South African war and by its
+native soldiers in other countries; and concluded in the following
+expressive words: "It was by her wish and with her sanction that I
+visited India and made myself acquainted with the ruling Chiefs, the
+people and the cities of that ancient and famous Empire. I shall never
+forget the deep impressions which I then received and I shall endeavour
+to follow the great Queen-Empress, to work for the general well-being of
+my Indian subjects of all ranks and to merit, as she did, their
+unfailing loyalty and affection."
+
+Following these incidents came the return home of the German Emperor, a
+letter of thanks from the King to Earl Roberts for his management of the
+military part of the funeral arrangements, and a most enthusiastic
+reception to His Majesty and Queen Alexandra during a rapid passage
+through London to Marlborough House on February 27th. From this time on,
+during weeks of crowded work and the assumption of new responsibilities
+and functions, the King received many addresses of mingled condolence
+and congratulation. One of the first was from the Royal Agricultural
+Society of England which the King had done so much to aid as Heir
+Apparent. The President, Earl Cawdor, in speaking to the Council on
+February 6th, referred to "the keen personal interest which the King had
+ever taken in all that related to the welfare of the agricultural
+interests of the country at large, and especially of the Royal
+Agricultural Society. They had made many and many calls upon his time
+and thought." Canterbury Convocation referred to the pending visit of
+the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York to Australia, New Zealand and
+Canada. The County of Derby the Royal Society, the Benevolent Society of
+St. Patrick--all sorts of organizations, political, financial,
+commercial, religious, scientific, official, artistic, benevolent and
+literary--expressed their admiration for the late Queen and their
+loyalty to the new Sovereign.
+
+[Illustration: A GROUP AT SANDRINGHAM PALACE
+
+The favourite residence of King Edward while he was Prince of Wales. The
+King is at right of the centre, and the Duke of Cornwall and York, now
+King George V. at the left side of the picture]
+
+[Illustration: THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, WESTMINSTER]
+
+[Illustration: THE HOUSE OF LORDS
+  At Westminster, where the Peers of the Realm assemble in their
+  law-making capacity]
+
+[Illustration: THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT AT OTTAWA
+  The cornerstone was laid by King Edward VII in 1860]
+
+
+RECEPTION OF LOYAL ADDRESS
+
+On January 13th the King received, in state, at St. James's Palace, the
+Corporation of London and the London County Council. In response to the
+addresses His Majesty made a direct reference to the Housing of the Poor
+Question, which he described as one in which "I have always taken the
+deepest personal interest." At a meeting of the Mark Master Masons of
+England on February 19th, with the Earl of Euston in the chair, the
+usual address was passed, and then a letter was read from Sir Francis
+Knollys, saying that the King felt it necessary to resign the
+Grand-Mastership, but that he would remain a Patron of the Order. Five
+days later the King received at St. James's the loyal address of the
+University of Oxford, presented by its Chancellor, the Marquess of
+Salisbury; of the University of Cambridge, presented by its Chancellor,
+the Duke of Devonshire; of the General Assembly of the Church of
+Scotland, presented by the Right Rev. Dr. Norman Macleod; of the
+Corporation of Edinburgh and the Royal Society. Each of the deputations
+presenting these addresses was large and distinguished in membership,
+and to each His Majesty addressed a brief and tactful speech.
+
+On March 12th another brilliant function was held at the same Palace,
+when the King received addresses from the Convocation of Canterbury,
+presented by the Archbishop, and that of the Northern Convocation
+presented by the Archbishop of York; the University of London, the
+English Presbyterian Church and the Society of Friends. Eight days later
+the great event in this connection, amidst surroundings of state and
+splendour, was the reception of over forty addresses from cities,
+boroughs, institutions and various public bodies. Included in the list
+of deputations presenting addresses were those from the Universities of
+Edinburgh, Dublin, Victoria and Wales, the Dutch Reformed Church, the
+Baptist Union, the Congregational Union of England and Wales, the
+National Council of the Evangelical Free Churches, the Cities of York,
+Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Belfast, Cardiff, Exeter, Chester and
+Doncaster, the Bank of England, the Royal Asiatic Society, the
+Incorporated Law Society of the United Kingdom, the Coal Exchange, the
+United Grand Lodge of Freemasons and the Ancient Order of Foresters.
+General replies were given to each address and to only a few separately.
+Amongst the latter were the Freemasons, to whom the King said: "I have
+felt much regret at relinquishing the high and honourable post of Grand
+Master which I have held since 1874, and I shall not cease to retain the
+same interest that I have felt in Freemasonry." He also expressed great
+satisfaction at being succeeded by the Duke of Connaught.
+
+Further addresses were presented in similar state on May 3d. The Roman
+Catholic deputation was headed by Cardinal Vaughan and the Duke of
+Norfolk and included Lord Llandaff and fourteen Bishops--a brilliant
+picture in red and purple and black. Their address was of peculiar
+interest and contained the following paragraph: "Your Majesty's life has
+been spent in the midst of your people, sharing in their happiness and
+prosperity, actively engaged in ameliorating the condition of the lowly
+and in promoting their comfort in sickness and suffering. All classes of
+the population--the leisured, the professional, the industrial and the
+poor--have been the object of your sympathy and interest." A deputation
+from the Jews of Great Britain included Lord Rothschild, the Hon. L. W.
+Rothschild, M.P., the Chief Rabbi, Sir G. Faudel-Phillips, Sir Edward
+Sassoon, M.P., Mr. B. L. Cohen, M.P., and Sir J. Sebag-Montefiore.
+Addresses were also presented by the Presbyterian Church of England, and
+on behalf of a large number of cities and towns.
+
+Meanwhile, King Edward had been conferring honours or positions upon
+some of his old friends and faithful servants, re-organizing his
+Household generally for the still more onerous and important work now
+before them, and not forgetting to conspicuously reward the best and
+oldest servants of the late Sovereign. In this delicate task he showed
+his usual tact and consideration. First in this respect, as she had been
+for so many years wherever he could properly place her in the front, was
+his wife--and to Queen Alexandra was given the first honour of the new
+reign in her creation, under special statute, on February 12th, as Lady
+of the Most Noble Order of the Garter--the greatest order of Knighthood
+in the world. Three days later the Royal Victorian Order in its highest
+form--G.C.V.O.--was given to the Duke of Argyll and the Duke of Fife.
+Lord Edward Pelham-Clinton, Major-General Sir John Carstairs McNeill,
+V.C., Sir Fleetwood Edwards and Sir Arthur J. Bigge, for many years
+important members of Queen Victoria's Household, received the same
+honour, as did the King's own devoted Secretary, Sir Francis Knollys.
+
+On February 18th, a number of appointments were made to the Household
+including Lord Suffield as Lord-in-Waiting with General the Right Hon.
+Sir D. M. Probyn, Sir John McNeill, Lord Wantage, V.C., Sir Fleetwood
+Edwards and Sir Arthur Bigge as Extra Equerries to His Majesty. General,
+Viscount Bridport and General the Duke of Grafton were appointed
+Honorary Equerries and Major-Generals Sir Henry P. Ewart and Sir Stanley
+Clarke to other positions at Court. Queen Alexandra appointed the
+members of her Household under date of March 8th and they included the
+Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry as Mistress of the Robes, the
+Countesses of Antrim, Macclesfield, Gosford and Lytton and the Lady
+Suffield and Dowager Countess of Morton as Ladies of the Bedchamber,
+Lord Colville of Culross as Lord Chamberlain, the Earl of Gosford as
+Vice-Chamberlain, the Earl de Grey as Treasurer, and the Hon. S. R.
+Greville as Private Secretary. Numerous appointments of an honorary kind
+in connection with the Army and Navy followed and on July 24th the Earl
+of Pembroke was announced as Lord Steward of His Majesty's Household,
+the Hon. V. C. W. Cavendish M.P. as Treasurer, Viscount Valentia M.P. as
+Comptroller, Lord Farquhar as Master of the Household, the Earl of
+Clarendon as Lord Chamberlain, Major-General Sir Arthur Ellis as
+Comptroller of Accounts, the Duke of Portland as Master of the Horse,
+the Duke of Argyll as Governor of Windsor Castle and the following as
+Lords-in-Waiting: the Earl of Denbigh, the Earl of Kintore, Earl Howe,
+Lord Suffield, Lord Kenyon, Lord Churchill and Lord Lawrence.
+
+Many of these names may be recognized as amongst the friends or
+officials of the King, in his later years as the Heir Apparent, or as
+companions in some of his travels. On March 24th, following the custom
+of British Sovereigns, several special Embassies were appointed and
+announced to carry to European Courts the official intimation of His
+Majesty's accession. That to Denmark, Sweden and Norway, Russia, Germany
+and Saxony, included the Duke of Abercorn, the Earl of Kintore,
+Major-General Sir Archibald Hunter and the Marquess of Hamilton, M.P.
+and that to Belgium, Bavaria, Italy, Wurtemberg and the Netherlands,
+included the Earl of Mount Edgecombe, Viscount Downe and Admiral Sir
+Michael Culme-Seymour. Earl Carrington, the Earl of Harewood and others
+were appointed to France, Spain and Portugal and Field Marshal Lord
+Wolseley, Viscount Castlereagh and others to Austro-Hungary, Roumania,
+Servia and Turkey.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+The First Year of the New Reign
+
+
+The first year's reign of a Sovereign must always be important, and when
+that Sovereign rules over a third of the earth's surface and a quarter
+of its population, it is more than usually so. King Edward VII., when he
+came to the Throne, found himself the first of Mohammedan rulers, with
+more Moslem subjects than the Sultan of Turkey; the first of Brahmin and
+Parsee Sovereigns; the head of various Confucian colonies and the
+possessor of the most sacred of Buddhist shrines; the ruler of Christian
+sects and idolatries of every conceivable kind and variety. Almost every
+race in the world was included in his Empire--English, Scotch and Irish
+everywhere, French in the Channel Islands and in Canada, Italians and
+Greeks in Malta, Arab, Coptic and Turkish subjects in Egypt, Negroes of
+all descriptions in the Soudan and elsewhere, subjects of infinitely
+varied Asiatic types in India, Chinese in Hong-Kong and Wei-Hai-Wei,
+Malays in Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, Polynesians in the Pacific,
+Red Indians in Canada and Maoris in New Zealand, Dutch, Zulus, Basutos
+and French Huguenots in South Africa, Eskimos in Northern Canada. The
+complicated issues involved in such a Government as that of the British
+Empire, with its curiously non-centralized system, were certainly
+sufficient to make a Sovereign inheriting the position, the
+opportunities, and much of the capacity of Queen Victoria, feel that he
+had, indeed, assumed heavy responsibilities.
+
+His first step had been a most wise one, and in direct line with a
+policy carried out as Heir Apparent--the cementing of close and cordial
+relations with the German Emperor during his long and much-discussed
+visit to the dying Queen and mourning family. To this friendship and the
+enthusiastic and popular reception given William II. when leaving London
+on February 5th, 1901, was undoubtedly due the restraining influence
+held over a part of the press of Germany during the succeeding period of
+vile abuse of England regarding the South African War. Following this,
+on February 24th, was the departure of King Edward on a visit to his
+sister, the Empress Frederick, at Frederichshof, near Cronberg, where he
+was joined by the Emperor William. The King was accompanied by Sir Frank
+Lascelles, Ambassador at Berlin, and by his physician, Sir Francis
+Laking. The Empress was found to be very ill, but not dying, and after a
+few days her Royal brother and son returned to their respective
+capitals.
+
+
+THE KING'S FIRST PARLIAMENT AND DECLARATION
+
+The first Parliament of the new reign was opened by the King in
+brilliant state and with much dignified ceremonial on February 14th. The
+pageantry of the occasion was picturesque and splendid. The staircase in
+Parliament House, up which the Royal pair passed in their progress, was
+lined with a living hedge of men in blue and silver uniforms, topped
+with red plumes and shining with the burnished steel accoutrements of
+the Horse Guards. Before them were stately, robed officials, such as
+Lord Salisbury and the Duke of Devonshire and some of the brilliant
+colours of the Court. The King wore a short ermine cape over his Field
+Marshal's uniform, and beneath the cape a sweeping cloak and train of
+Royal purple. Queen Alexandra, beautiful always, was more than usually
+sweet and dignified in her garb of mingled black and purple. In the
+House of Lords the evidences of mourning for the late Queen were very
+apparent. The ladies were dressed in black though they were permitted to
+blaze with jewels. The Peers' robes of red and ermine, gave a little
+colour to the scene, helped by those of the judges in black and gold, or
+red and white, and the bright uniforms of the Ambassadors in a distant
+corner. Hand-in-hand the King and Queen entered the Chamber and took
+their places upon the chairs of state. The Commons were called in, and
+their the Lord Chancellor presented and the King repeated and signed the
+somewhat famous Declaration against the Mass and other Roman doctrines,
+or observances, as provided by the Bill of Rights. It was as follows:
+
+     "I do solemnly and sincerely in the presence of God, profess,
+     testify and declare that I do believe that in the sacrament of the
+     Lord's Supper there is not any transubstantiation of the elements
+     of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ at or after the
+     consecration thereof by any person whatsoever; and that the
+     invocation or adoration of the Virgin Mary or any other saint and
+     the sacrifice of the mass as they are now used in the Church of
+     Rome are superstitious and idolatrous, and I do solemnly in the
+     presence of God, profess, testify and declare that I do make this
+     Declaration and every part thereof in the plain and ordinary sense
+     of the words read unto me as they are commonly understood by
+     English Protestants, without any evasion, equivocation, or mental
+     reservation whatsoever and without any dispensation already granted
+     me for this purpose by the Pope or any other authority or person
+     whatsoever, or without any hope of any such dispensation from any
+     person or authority whatsoever, or without thinking that I am or
+     can be acquitted before God or man, or absolved of this Declaration
+     or any part thereof, although the Pope or any other person or
+     persons or power whatsoever should dispense with or annull the
+     same, or declare that it was null and void from the beginning."
+
+The next proceeding was the reading of the King's speech to his
+Parliament in strong, full tones which impressively and clearly filled
+the Chamber. This part of the ceremony was rendered unusually
+interesting, in view of the fact that the King was understood to have
+had more to do with the wording of his speech than had been customary,
+and to have changed the conditions by which it had become usual to give
+an advance summary of its contents to the press. Reference was made to
+the death of the Queen and to his own accession, to the progress of the
+South African War, the Chinese troubles, the establishment of the
+Australian Commonwealth, the sending of additional Contingents from the
+Colonies to the front, the famine in India, the relief of the Coomassie
+garrison, and to his intention to carry out the late Sovereign's wish
+regarding the Imperial tour of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and
+York. The whole function was of a solemn and impressive and splendid
+character, in keeping with the traditions of the Crown and in harmony
+with the known intentions of the King to assume the full ceremonial and
+dignity of his position. The _Times_, on the following morning, referred
+to the enthusiastic reception of the King and Queen as they drove to
+Westminster and to the inspiring and exhilarating character of the scene
+in the House of Lords. "The present generation has seen hardly anything,
+not even excepting the processions of 1887 and 1897, at all comparable
+in splendour and solemnity with the pageant yesterday at Westminster."
+
+The session of Parliament which followed was closely and continuously
+associated with subjects arising out of the King's accession. An early
+and prominent topic was the Declaration taken against Roman Catholicism.
+Under date of February 20th, Cardinal Vaughan issued a letter to his
+Diocese declaring that "patriotism and loyalty to the Sovereign are
+characteristic of the Catholics of this country and are to be counted
+on, quite independently of passing emotions of pain or pleasure, because
+they are rooted in a permanent dictate and principle of religion;" that
+Catholics had, however, been made unhappy by the "recent renewal of the
+national act of apostacy" in the Sovereign's branding by solemn
+Declaration their religious doctrines as superstitious and idolatrous;
+that the Catholic Peers had done well in protesting to the Lord
+Chancellor against the continued use of this Declaration; that British
+legislators in all parts of the Empire and the twelve million Catholic
+subjects of the Crown throughout the world should take further measures
+of constitutional protest; that the evil so greatly deplored was the
+result of an anachronism and of a barbaric law which had remained
+accidentally unrepealed; and that there was reason to hope that "this
+remnant of a hateful fanaticism" would soon be removed from the
+statute-book.
+
+In Canada and Australia protests were prepared and presented through the
+Cardinal--that from the Dominion being signed by all the members of the
+Hierarchy. In the House of Lords a Committee was appointed, on motion of
+Lord Salisbury, to deal with the matter although no Catholic Peers would
+serve upon it. They reported early in July that a modification of the
+Declaration might be made so as to omit the adjectives and objectionable
+phraseology without affecting the strength of the pledge itself. A
+Government measure was prepared along these lines and submitted to the
+House. It was opposed by Lord Rosebery on August 1st, on the ground that
+nothing could really bind conscientious convictions, that the King might
+change his views and not be bound by this Declaration in future, and,
+that it did not repudiate the temporal or spiritual supremacy of the
+Pope. The Archbishop of Canterbury did not like the changes, the Duke of
+Norfolk did not care for the new form and the Roman Catholics generally,
+in and out of the House, objected to the compromise as useless. The
+result was that Lord Salisbury eventually withdrew his measure and the
+matter dropped out of public discussion for the time--although the
+Canadian House of Commons and other public bodies in the Empire had
+meanwhile protested against the continued maintenance of the
+Declaration.
+
+
+THE KING'S INCOME AND REVENUES
+
+Another duty which faced the early consideration of Parliament was the
+Civil List. Queen Victoria's Civil List had been £385,000, given as a
+permanent yearly income for her reign, and in return for the formal
+surrender of the revenues of the Crown Lands for the same period. In
+this connection, the _Daily News_ of February 14th, pointed out that the
+late Sovereign had received during her long reign £24,000,000 from the
+people while the revenues of the surrendered Crown Lands had totalled
+£20,000,000. Speaking for the Liberals and Radicals this paper declared
+that there was "no disposition to deal grudgingly with a Monarch who has
+fully borne the share that belongs to him in the country's affairs,"
+that it might be well to adhere closely to the late Queen's Civil List,
+and that the example of "a moderate and sober Court" would be of the
+highest value to the nation. On March 11th Sir M. E. Hicks-Beach moved
+the appointment of a House of Commons' Committee to deal with the
+question, composed of Mr. Balfour, Sir W. Hart Dyke, Sir F.
+Dixon-Hartland, Sir S. Hoare, Mr. W. L. Jackson, with seven other
+members and himself, as representatives of the Government party and Sir
+Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Sir William Harcourt, Sir Henry Fowler, Sir
+James Kitson, Mr. H. Labouchere, and three others, as representing the
+Opposition. The _Times_ of the following day said that there were two
+reasons for somewhat increasing the sum to be voted--the fact of the
+King having a Consort of whom the nation was proud, while Queen Victoria
+was unmarried at the time of the former vote, and the fact, as the
+Chancellor of the Exchequer put it to the House, that the King was now
+the head of a world-wide Empire.
+
+As finally decided in the Report of the Select Committee the new Civil
+List was placed at £470,000 for the Sovereign--of which £110,000 was to
+go to the Privy Purse in place of £60,000 received by Queen Victoria;
+the Duke of Cornwall and York was to receive £20,000 annually, and the
+Duchess £10,000--in addition, of course, to the £60,000 coming to the
+Heir Apparent from the Duchy of Lancaster; the King's children, the
+Duchess of Fife, Princess Victoria and Princess Charles of Denmark, were
+each to have £6,000 a year for life; while the contingent annuity of
+£30,000 provided in the event of Queen Alexandra surviving her husband,
+was to be increased to £70,000 and a similar contingent grant of £30,000
+arranged for the Duchess of Cornwall and York. The only apparent
+opposition in the Committee to these proposals was from Mr. Labouchere,
+who suggested certain variations and reductions. There was little
+influential criticism of the changes proposed--the _Daily News_, from
+which opposition might, perhaps have come, speaking of one special
+increase of £50,000, as follows: "The Queen must have a separate
+Household if the Monarchy is to be maintained, as most people wish that
+it should be maintained, in its ancient splendour; and the gracious
+kindness of Queen Alexandra, who has endeared herself to all the
+subjects of her husband, will make the tax-payer in her case a cheerful
+giver."
+
+On May 9th Resolutions based upon these recommendations were presented
+to the Commons by Sir M. E. Hicks-Beach and eventually carried by three
+hundred and seven to fifty-eight--the latter being composed of Irish
+members and Mr. Labouchere. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, in his
+introductory speech, referred to the Monarchy as "the most popular of
+all our great institutions" and then proceeded to enlarge upon the
+situation as follows: "Throughout the Empire there has grown up a
+feeling, and I think a very right and proper feeling, of the enormous
+importance of the Crown as the main link of the relations with all the
+people of which the Empire is composed. Therefore, I think it happened
+that, in the brief debate in which this subject was dealt with at the
+commencement of the present Session, there was no sign of any difference
+of opinion as to the necessity of making a sufficient and adequate
+provision for the maintenance of the honour and dignity of the Crown."
+He mentioned the fact that the late Sovereign had bequeathed Balmoral
+and Osborne House to her successor and that he had to maintain these
+residences as well as his old-time home at Sandringham; that King Edward
+had no personal fortune and that the late Queen's savings had been
+willed to her younger children. He concluded by expressing approval of
+the proposals as moderate and fair. Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, on
+behalf of the Opposition, declared them to be reasonable and added: "I
+do not doubt at all that the prevailing desire in this House and in the
+country is to see that a provision should be made for maintaining that
+state and dignity of the British Crown which shall fittingly represent
+the loyal attachment of the people." Mr. J. E. Redmond followed and
+declared that not only had the Irish members refused to act upon the
+Committee but they would now vote against the Resolutions because of the
+unrepealed statute and Declaration regarding Roman Catholicism. Mr.
+Labouchere spoke against them at length and was joined in speech and
+vote by two Labour members--Messrs. Keir Hardie and Cremer--who, amidst
+laughter and interruptions, declared themselves to be republicans and
+expressed regret that the working classes liked Royalty.
+
+The next subject discussed in Parliament, as it was also being discussed
+throughout British countries generally, was that of the Royal titles. As
+they stood when the King ascended the throne the only countries of the
+Empire recognized were Great Britain, Ireland and India. It was pointed
+out that Queen Mary in the days of Spanish marriage relations and power
+possessed, with King Philip, titles which included England, France,
+Naples, Jerusalem, Ireland, Spain, Sicily, Austria, Milan &c; that
+Emperor Francis Joseph was not only Emperor of Austria but King of
+Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Sclavonia, Gallicia, Illyria and
+Jerusalem; that the three principal countries of the Empire were now
+strong enough and prominent enough to be properly and permanently
+represented in this way; that it would enhance the dignity of Great
+Britain while placing Canada and Australia in a more equal and national
+position within the Empire; that some such recognition had been
+supported in 1876 by Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Disraeli in the House of
+Commons; and that it had been proposed by the Colonial Conference of
+1887.
+
+
+ADDITION TO THE KING'S TITLES
+
+Within a short time of the King's accession--on January 29th--a dispatch
+was sent by Mr. Chamberlain to the Governors-General of Canada and
+Australia saying that the moment was opportune to consider the matter of
+the Monarch's titles, so as to recognize the "separate and greatly
+increased importance of the Colonies" and suggesting, personally, the
+phrase: "King of Great Britain and Ireland and of Greater Britain beyond
+the Seas." Mr. Chamberlain also expressed the belief that there were
+considerable difficulties in the way of such designations as King of
+Canada and King of Australia, owing to the smaller Colonies which would
+desire to be also specially mentioned. Lord Minto, in his reply,
+expressed his Government's doubt as to the use of the word "Greater
+Britain," their preference for the title "King of Canada" and their
+willingness, in case of jealousies elsewhere, to propose that of
+"Sovereign of all British Dominions beyond the Seas." Lord Hopetoun
+stated that his Government preferred the designation of "Sovereign Lord
+of the British Realms beyond the Seas." The Colonial Secretary then
+communicated with Cape Colony, Newfoundland and New Zealand where the
+Governments all favoured some general designation.
+
+On July 27th, Lord Salisbury introduced a measure in the House of Lords
+authorizing the Sovereign "to make such addition to the style and title
+at present appertaining to the Imperial Crown of the United Kingdom and
+its Dependencies as to His Majesty may seem fit." Speaking unofficially,
+the Premier intimated that the Royal title would probably be "Edward
+VII., by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
+Ireland, and of all the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King,
+Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India." During a short discussion in
+the House, two days later, Lord Rosebery suggested the title of "King of
+all the Britains" Lord Salisbury did not consider this admissible,
+however, and the measure passed its second reason without opposition.
+Eventually the bill became law and was the subject of general approval
+at home and in the Colonies. The title was then officially proclaimed in
+the terms mentioned by Lord Salisbury. Speaking of this action, Sir
+Horace Tozer of Queensland told the _Daily News_ of July 31st that the
+Commonwealth Act declared the desire of the Australian people, in its
+first words, to unite in one indissoluble Commonwealth "under the Crown"
+and he expressed the opinion that this action would "ratify and give
+expression" to that deliberate decision.
+
+On May 10th, a Dublin newspaper called _The Irish People_ published an
+article about the King which was not only seditious in language but
+abominable in its allegations and statements--they could hardly be
+dignified with the name of charges. The paper was at once seized, and on
+the following day the Irish members precipitated a debate in Parliament
+upon the action thus taken. Mr. John Dillon pointed out that this paper
+was the recognized organ of the Nationalist movement, claimed that the
+action of the Government was grossly illegal, and declared that it was
+a blow struck at the freedom of the press. Mr. W. Redmond took much the
+same ground. Mr. George Wyndham, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, spoke
+of the article as containing "outrageous, scurrilous, gross and coarse
+remarks," and as using language more foul than that of certain foreign
+papers which had been so complained of during the year. He had ordered
+it to be seized because it was guilty of "seditious libel," because it
+was his duty to prevent such a nuisance from being inflicted upon the
+public, and because similar action had been taken in the past year upon
+an article attacking the late Queen Victoria. Mr. John Redmond declared
+that the action was taken too late, anyway, and that plenty of copies
+had gone through the mail to America and the Continent. Mr. Balfour
+supported Mr. Wyndham and asked, if "obscene libel" and "a foul and
+poisoned weapon" were necessary aids to Irish agitation. He pointed out
+that the Sovereign was incapable of replying to this sort of statement,
+and declared that the publication was "a gross offense against public
+decency and public law and loyalty." Mr. H. H. Asquith, on behalf of the
+Opposition, took the ground that those concerned could appeal to the
+Courts, if injured, and that he could not but accept the Government's
+description of the article and support them in their action. Messrs.
+Bryn-Roberts, Labouchere and John Burns criticised the Government, and
+the vote stood two hundred and fifty-two to sixty-four in approval of
+their action.
+
+The debate in the Imperial Parliament was, however, not the end of the
+matter. A newspaper in Melbourne, Australia, called _The Tocsin_,
+republished the article in question, and its proprietor, Mr. E. Findley,
+M.L.A., was at once expelled from the Victorian Legislature. The
+discussion and vote took place on June 25th, when Mr. Findley disclaimed
+responsibility as being publisher and not Editor, but defended the
+newspaper's statement that suppression of the Dublin paper was an
+illegal act. He expressed regret, however, that the article had appeared
+in his journal, in view of its having given offence to the House. The
+Premier of Victoria, Mr. A. J. Peacock, at once declared that no apology
+was sufficient unless it included unqualified disavowal and disapproval
+of the article in question, and moved the following Resolution: "That
+the Honourable member for Melbourne, Mr. Edward Findley, being the
+printer and publisher of a newspaper known as _The Tocsin_, in the issue
+of which, on the 20th instant, there is published a seditious libel
+regarding His Majesty the King, is guilty of disloyalty to His Majesty
+and has committed an act discreditable to the honour of Parliament, and
+that he, therefore, be expelled from this House."
+
+Mr. Irvine, Leader of the Opposition, endorsed the action of the
+Government, and declared that the republication--even to the appearance
+of a second edition of the paper--was a deliberate attempt to give
+currency to this "foul and scandalous libel" as being a fact. Many
+others spoke, and Mr. Findley in another speech said he had no sympathy
+whatever with the article, and was extremely sorry that it had appeared.
+Orders had come from outside for thousands of copies of the paper and
+had not been filled. The House, however, was determined to take action,
+and he was expelled by a vote of sixty-four to seventeen. Mr. Findley
+ran again as a Labour candidate in East Melbourne and was opposed by Mr.
+J. F. Deegan--a man of no particular politics, but known for his
+loyalty, and supported on the platform by both party Leaders. The latter
+candidate was elected by a substantial majority. A very few other
+Australian papers had, meanwhile, republished the article, and perhaps
+half a dozen Canadian ones.
+
+The first Parliament of the reign closed on August 17th shortly after
+the King had suffered the loss of his distinguished sister, the Empress
+Frederick. With this event, which occurred on August 8th, there passed
+away what the _Times_ well termed "a life of brilliant promise, of
+splendid hopes, of exalted ideals"--overruled with relentless rigour by
+a hard fate which brought her liberal principles into conflict with the
+iron will of Bismarck, nullified her capacity by the opposition of the
+Court of Berlin, and removed her husband by death at the very moment
+when the opportunity of power and position seemed to have come. The
+King, accompanied by Queen Alexandra and Princess Victoria, at once left
+for Frederickshof. They were received at Homburg by the Emperor William
+and conducted to the Castle. The funeral took place amid scenes of
+stately solemnity on August 13th and the Emperor and the King were
+present as chief mourners. While the obsequies were proceeding memorial
+services were held in England at the Chapel Royal, St. James's, in St.
+Giles's Cathedral, Edinburgh and in various other churches throughout
+the country.
+
+
+PUBLIC INCIDENTS AND FUNCTIONS
+
+Meanwhile, various incidents illustrative of the King's tact and
+influence upon public affairs had occurred. His well-known interest in
+American affairs was shown on June 1st by an official reception given at
+Windsor Castle to the members of the New York Chamber of Commerce who
+were visiting England as guests of the London Chamber of Commerce.
+Accompanied by Lord Brassey and the Earl of Kintore, some twenty-five
+gentlemen were presented to His Majesty and Queen Alexandra. They
+included General Horace Porter, Mr. Morris K. Jessup, the Hon. Levi P.
+Morton, the Hon. Cornelius N. Bliss and Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan. Some of
+the American expressions of opinion upon this not unusual courtesy to
+distinguished foreigners were extremely amusing. Others, such as that of
+the N. Y. _Tribune_ were dignified and appreciative. Immediately upon
+hearing of the attempt on President McKinley's life on September 6th,
+the King sent a despatch of deepest sympathy and instructed the Foreign
+Office to keep him informed as to the President's condition. He was at
+the time spending a week with the King of Denmark at Copenhagen and to
+that place the bulletins were duly cabled from Washington.
+
+On September 11th His Majesty telegraphed to the American Ambassador at
+London: "I rejoice to hear the favourable accounts of the President's
+health. God grant that his life may be spared." After Mr. McKinley's
+death, three days later, the King immediately cabled the Ambassador:
+"Most truly do I sympathize with you and the whole American nation in
+the loss of your distinguished and ever-to-be-regretted President." In
+his reply Mr. Choate declared that "Your Majesty's constant solicitude
+and interest in these trying days have deeply touched the hearts of my
+countrymen." The King ordered a week's mourning at Court and soon
+afterwards received a message from Mr. Choate voicing Mrs. McKinley's
+personal gratitude for the sympathy expressed. In replying, the King
+declared that the Queen and himself "feel most deeply for her in the
+hour of her great affliction and pray that God may give her strength to
+bear her heavy cross." On September 27th the American Ambassador was
+granted a special audience by His Majesty in London and presented the
+formal thanks of Mrs. McKinley and of the people of the United States
+for "the constant sympathy which you have manifested through the darkest
+hours of their distress and bereavement."
+
+During these months the King had not forgotten to show his continued
+appreciation of many of the interests to which, as Heir Apparent, he had
+given so much aid. At a General Council meeting of the Prince of Wales'
+Hospital Fund on May 11th, presided over by the Duke of Fife and
+attended by Lord Rothschild, Lord Farquhar, Lord Iveagh, Lord Reay, Mr.
+Sydney Buxton and others the chairman stated that it was held by His
+Majesty's wish in order to announce his resignation of the Presidency
+and consent to take the position of Patron. The King's place was to be
+taken by the Duke of Cornwall and York. Lord Rothschild spoke at some
+length upon the importance of the work initiated in this connection by
+the King and of the valuable aid which they had consequently been able
+to give the hospitals and suffering poor of London. On June 10th a
+letter was made public, written by Sir Dighton Probyn on behalf of the
+King, expressing to the Royal Agricultural Society of England his
+earnest hope that it would succeed in raising the £30,000 which was
+needed for building purposes, subscribing two hundred and fifty guineas
+toward this end, and expressing not only His Majesty's interest in its
+future welfare but his pleasure at having been associated with it during
+twenty two years of progress. On July 3rd the King and Queen Alexandra,
+accompanied by Princess Victoria and the Duchess of Argyll, received at
+Marlborough House some eight hundred nurses belonging to the Training
+Institute inaugurated by the late Queen. Badges were presented by Her
+Majesty to a couple of hundred and an address read and graciously
+answered. An incident typical of the King's courtesy and thoughtfulness
+was seen in his intimation to the Marquess of Dufferin, who, during the
+early part of the proceedings was standing bare-headed in the sun, to
+put on his hat--the King resuming his in order to create the
+opportunity.
+
+His Majesty took great interest during the year in the proposed National
+Memorial to his Royal mother. He had early appointed a special Committee
+of representatives to deal with the preliminaries and, on March 6th, a
+Report was submitted by Lord Esher, as Hon. Secretary, recommending that
+a statue of Queen Victoria should be the central feature of such a
+Memorial, and the location be either the vicinity of Westminster Abbey
+or that of Buckingham Palace. Accompanied by Mr. Balfour, Mr.
+Akers-Douglas and Lord Esher, the King visited the suggested sites that
+afternoon and finally approved a general position near Westminster
+Abbey. Large amounts were subscribed toward the project during the
+succeeding months. An interesting incident occurred on July 28th when a
+small deputation of ladies, including the Countess of Aberdeen, Lady
+Taylor and others connected with the National Council of Women in
+Canada, were received at Marlborough House by Queen Alexandra and
+tendered an address signed by twenty-five thousand women of the Dominion
+expressive of their earnest loyalty to the King and affection for his
+Consort. In replying, Her Majesty referred with special pleasure to the
+tribute paid the late Queen and spoke of the beauty of the volumes in
+which the address was incorporated.
+
+
+ROYAL CHARITIES AND VISITS
+
+Toward the end of the year it was announced in the _British Medical
+Journal_ that a gentleman who did not at present wish his name
+disclosed--afterwards understood to be Sir Ernest Cassel--had presented
+the King with a donation of £200,000 for some philanthropic purpose to
+be selected, and that His Majesty had decided to devote the money to the
+erection of a Sanatorium in England for Consumptive patients. On January
+22nd, 1902, the first Anniversary of Queen Victoria's death, the _Times_
+paid the following well-deserved tribute to the new Sovereign: "During
+the year that has gone by he has sedulously and successfully set himself
+to fulfill all the duties of a constitutional Sovereign. He has spared
+no pains to make himself familiar with his people, to study their needs,
+to discover their wishes, to express their instincts and their ideals.
+He has been able, in many ways, to promote national objects to a greater
+extent than, perhaps, would have been possible even with Queen Victoria.
+It is no secret that he is in cordial sympathy with the feelings of the
+immense majority of his subjects on the supreme issues which now
+dominate international politics. He has a high and keen perception of
+the honour of the nation, so closely bound up with that of the Royal
+House and with his own."
+
+The succeeding six months were very largely devoted to preparations for
+the Coronation, but the King, nevertheless, found time to do some
+travelling and visiting in the country and to carry out some very
+brilliant Court functions. As an illustration of the way in which he
+sought to do every possible honour to his Queen-Consort, there may be
+instanced a letter written, by command, in reply to an inquiry from the
+Lord Mayor of London as to whether in drinking the second of the loyal
+toasts at public gatherings the company should stand or not. Sir Dighton
+Probyn observed in his letter that the King had no doubt as to what was
+right, and that in his opinion the toast of "Her Majesty, Queen
+Alexandra, the Prince and Princess of Wales and the other members of the
+Royal family" should be received standing, with a few bars of the
+National Anthem and "God bless the Prince of Wales." On February 11th
+King Edward held the first Levée since his accession, and it was made
+the occasion for a revival of much old-time splendour. The Prince of
+Wales who had since his return home from the Colonies merged his title
+of Duke of Cornwall and York in the more historic and familiar
+designation, was present together with a great and representative
+gathering. Bishops in lawn sleeves and scarlet hoods attended by
+chaplains in long black gowns and white bands, great lawyers in wigs and
+flowing robes, foreign officers and diplomatists in gorgeous and varied
+uniforms, British generals and admirals, and the picturesque Windsor
+uniforms of the Privy Councillors, lent a brilliant appearance to a
+function at which most of the eminent men of the Kingdom were to be
+seen.
+
+Ten days afterwards His Majesty visited Lord and Lady Burton at
+Rangemore, and while there inspected the famous Bass and Company
+brewery and started a special brew to be called "the King's Ale"--only
+to be used on special occasions. Early in the year it had been decided
+by the King to pay what might be termed a Coronation visit to Ireland,
+accompanied by his wife. Unfortunately, unpleasant conditions of local
+agitation developed, and then came the outburst of Nationalist sympathy
+for the Boers, in the House of Commons, when Lord Methuen's defeat was
+announced. The result was that his Ministers advised the King not to
+undertake the trip at the time proposed, and its postponement was
+announced on March 12th, greatly to the regret of many in Ireland and
+out of it. Commencing on March 7th the King and Queen Alexandra paid a
+brief visit to the West of England and were loyally welcomed at
+Dartmouth, Plymouth, Stonehouse and Davenport, where certain official
+functions were performed.
+
+On March 14th, King Edward and Queen Alexandra held their first Court,
+and it was expected that the occasion would be the most stately and
+splendid in the modern social history of the nation. It fully equalled
+these anticipations, and the scene in the ball-room of Buckingham Palace
+eclipsed even the traditions of the French Imperial Court in the days of
+Napoleon III. It was well managed, it was attended by the greatest and
+best representatives of English public and social life, it was unusually
+brilliant in jewelry, in dresses and in uniforms, it was stately in its
+setting and more animated and brighter in character than any similar
+function of the late Sovereign's reign--since its early years at least.
+The same success attended succeeding and similar occasions, and it might
+be distinctly appropriate to quote here views expressed by the _Daily
+News_ of February 15th, 1901, when it spoke of the new reign as opening
+with splendid promise for the highest interests of the country and with
+component elements in its Court for a period of extraordinary social
+brilliancy. "King Edward," observed this Radical organ, "is one of the
+most popular of Sovereigns, and his beautiful Queen sheds a lustre upon
+his Court for which it would be difficult to find a parallel. Amiable,
+tender-hearted, actively philanthropic, and possessing exquisite taste,
+the Queen Consort is eminently qualified to be the bright particular
+star in the shining galaxy of our Court. The Royal Princesses are most
+highly accomplished and amiable ladies, each one of whom has achieved
+for herself a high place in the affections of the nation."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+The Empire Tour of the New Heir to the Throne
+
+
+If Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, had been enabled at different times
+in his career to visit various portions of his future realms and to
+create influences and receive impulses which have told for good in the
+upbuilding of the British Empire, his son and heir was destined to make
+a tour in 1901 which was still more impressive in character and
+influential in import. The single visits of the Prince of Wales to India
+and Canada were made in days when they partook of an almost pioneer
+character, and they were chiefly important in moulding crude opinions
+into a more matured and organized form. The tour of the Duke and Duchess
+of Cornwall and York was, on the other hand, a result of clearly
+developed conditions of Colonial power; an embodiment of existing
+aspirations toward Empire unity; an expression of the loyalty existing
+between Mother Country and the Colonies and toward the Crown and British
+institutions.
+
+
+ORIGIN OF THE TOUR
+
+It was on September 17th, 1900, that the Colonial Office first announced
+the assent of Her Majesty the Queen to the request presented by the
+combined Australian Colonies that H. R. H. the Duke of York should open
+their newly-established Parliament in the spring of 1901. It was stated
+in this announcement that "Her Majesty at the same time wishes to
+signify her sense of the loyalty and devotion which have prompted the
+spontaneous aid so liberally offered by all the Colonies in the South
+African war and of the splendid gallantry of her Colonial troops." After
+the death of the Queen it was feared that the time might not be
+considered opportune for so distant a journey by the Heir to the Throne,
+but on February 14th, 1901, the King announced in his speech to
+Parliament that the proposed Australian trip would not be abandoned, and
+that it would be extended to the Dominion of Canada. "I still desire to
+give effect to her late Majesty's wishes * * * as an evidence of her
+interest, as well as my own, in all that concerns the welfare of my
+subjects beyond the seas."
+
+
+FROM PORTSMOUTH TO MELBOURNE
+
+As finally constituted the Royal suite consisted of H. S. H. Prince
+Alexander of Teck, brother of the Duchess; Lord Wenlock, a former
+Governor of Madras; Lieutenant Colonel Sir Arthur Bigge, so well known
+as the Private Secretary for many years of the late Queen Victoria; Sir
+John Anderson, a prominent official of the Colonial Office; Sir Donald
+Mackenzie Wallace, the eminent journalist and author; Captain, the
+Viscount Crichton, and Lieutenant, the Duke of Roxburghe, who acted as
+Military Aides; the Hon. Derek Keppel and Commander Sir Charles Cust,
+R.N., who acted as Equerries; the Rev. Canon Dalton as Chaplain;
+Commander Godfrey-Tansell, R.N., A.D.C., and Major J. H. Bor, A.D.C.;
+Lady Mary Lygon, Lady Catharine Coke and Mrs. Derek Keppel as
+Ladies-in-Waiting to the Duchess. Chevalier de Martino, a marine artist;
+Mr. Sidney Hall and Dr. A. R. Manby were also attached to the staff. On
+March 7th the Duke of York--who had now become also Duke of
+Cornwall--left Portsmouth accompanied by his wife and his large suite to
+make a nine-months' tour of the Empire; to cover a distance of 50,000
+miles by sea and shore under the British flag; and to meet with varied
+experiences and an enthusiasm of popular welcome which stamped the whole
+journey as the most remarkable Royal progress on record.
+
+Three days after leaving Portsmouth the _Ophir_, which was commanded by
+Commander A. L. Winslow, most luxuriously fitted up and accompanied by
+H. M. S. _Juno_ and the _St. George_, sighted the coast of Portugal,
+sailed into sunny waters off the shores at Lisbon and reached Gibraltar
+on March 13th, where the Royal visitors were welcomed by General Sir
+George White, of Ladysmith fame, and who had been Governor for about a
+year. From the Rock the _Ophir_ was escorted by two other ships of the
+Royal Navy to Malta, where Admiral Sir John Fisher and the Mediterranean
+fleet helped to render the welcome interesting and imposing, and from
+thence to Port Said and through the Suez Canal to Aden. Here a
+picturesque reception was given to the Duke and Duchess in a pavilion
+festooned with lights and filled with Indian and Arab ladies in robes of
+silks, officers in white uniforms, the Sultans of two tributary States
+and their dusky retinues. Surrounded by a guard of honour from the West
+Kent Regiment, with towering mountains of brown lava in the distance,
+and with groups of Somalis, Arabs, Hindoos and Seedees gazing at "the
+great lord of the seas," the Prince received an address of welcome. From
+here, through sweltering days and heated nights, the Royal yacht
+traversed the Indian Ocean until Ceylon--"the pearl set in sapphires and
+crowned with emeralds"--was reached on April 12th.
+
+At Colombo, amidst a revel of Oriental colour and a luxurious waste of
+Eastern vegetation; with guards composed of planters in kharki, Bombay
+Lancers in turbans, and Lascoreen troops in crimson and gold; surrounded
+by dense crowds of dancing and shouting natives, His Royal Highness
+received the official welcome of the Legislature and Municipal Councils
+and the Chamber of Commerce. Thence the Royal party proceeded inland to
+Kandy, winding their way upward through an exquisite mountain region
+where the fantastic shapes and eternal green of the mountain sides and
+the valleys and the gorges gleamed and radiated with colour from a
+myriad tropical trees, gorgeous orchids, climbing lilies and enormous
+ferns. The town itself was a bower of beauty, and here the visitors saw
+the Temple of the Tooth, which is an object of adoration to hundreds of
+millions in Burmah, China and India; the procession of the Elephants--a
+weird portion of the Buddhist ritual; the devil dancers, who excel the
+Dervishes of the Soudan in the fantastic nature of their antics. On the
+succeeding day the Duke received an address from the planters of the
+Island, enclosed in a beautiful coffer of ivory; presented colours to
+the Ceylon Mounted Infantry, and medals to men who had returned from
+South Africa; and in the evening held a Durbar, at which the native
+Chiefs were presented.
+
+
+A WILD SEA OF EASTERN COLOR
+
+From Kandy back to Colombo went the Royal visitors, and at the capital
+they found "the white streets and blood-red earth were rivers of light
+and colour," as one picturesque correspondent described the scene. The
+British flag was there, and British merchants and the British Governor
+in the person of Sir J. West Ridgeway were there; but all else was a
+wild sea of Eastern colour; a myriad-voiced tribute of the torrid and
+brilliant tropics to the power of Western civilization. After a night on
+board the _Ophir_, with the war-ships in the harbour a blaze of colour
+and festooned with fire, the visitors left for Singapore on April 16th
+and arrived there five days later. Through the Straits of Malacca an
+experience was had of the most intense heat and keen tropical
+discomfort. The Duke and Duchess were received at Singapore in a
+pavilion hung with flags and flowers, by the Governor, Sir Frank
+Swettenham, and by the Sultans of Pahang, Perak and Selangor. This
+interesting trading centre, with its four hundred and fifty million
+dollars' worth of commerce and its population of mingled Chinese, Dutch
+and Germans, was ablaze with decorations and filled with holiday-makers.
+A Royal reception was held in the Town-Hall on April 22nd attended by
+Chinese, Arabs, Malays, Tamils and representatives of all the medley of
+blood which makes up the East. There were a dozen deputations bringing
+addresses and adding to the steadily accumulating caskets of gold and
+silver and ivory and precious stones which the Duke was destined to
+possess in a measure only excelled by his Royal father's collection in
+the past.
+
+The Malays contributed an elephant's tusk set in gold, the men of Penang
+a great bamboo set in gold, and the Chinese of Malaya a fire-screen
+worked with Oriental skill and beauty. After this ceremony, and
+including dinner, the Duke and Duchess drove through the Chinese
+quarters and in the evening witnessed the strange procession of figured
+reptiles and demons, dragons and monsters of distorted fancy, which
+marked Chinese pleasure and indicated the loyalty of the coolies as
+their costly decorations and caskets and the presence at functions of
+richly-dressed men and women had already illustrated the loyalty of the
+merchant class. An incident of the afternoon was the singing by five
+thousand school-children of mixed Eastern races and the presentation of
+a bouquet to the Duchess. The effect of "God Save the King" in their
+quaint, native accents was described as being strangely pathetic. On the
+following morning the _Ophir_ steamed out of the harbour bound for
+Australia and left eastern civilization behind for the forms and customs
+of England transplanted upon Australian soil. The shores of Sumatra were
+coasted, the Straits of Banka, the Sea of Java and the beautiful Straits
+of Sunda were traversed; the Equator was crossed and His Royal Highness
+willingly subjected to the quaint and immemorial usages of the occasion;
+the Indian Ocean traversed and two thousand five hundred miles of this
+part of the journey experienced before the shores of the
+island-continent were sighted on May 1st.
+
+The formal landing at Melbourne, for which all Australia was looking,
+took place on May 6th and the splendour of the reception far exceeded
+all expectations. For many weeks the people of the Commonwealth had been
+legislating, planning decorating and preparing for the visit of the Heir
+to the British Throne and his wife; the dormant loyalty of years,
+aroused and developed by the events of the war and the despatch of
+thousands of troops to the front, had grown to a white-heat of interest
+and excitement; the completion of confederation and the union of the
+Colonies in one great Commonwealth, which was now to be marked by the
+opening of the first Federal Parliament and stamped through this visit
+with Royal approval and British sympathy, enhanced the public interest.
+There was a great and stately setting at Melbourne for the functions
+which graced the occasion and, as the _Ophir_ rested in the waters of
+the bay, surrounded by British and foreign warships, with roaring
+salutes and a myriad of fluttering flags, there were excellent scenic
+preliminaries to the impressive landing ceremonies. From the St. Kilda
+Pier, through miles of beautiful, decorated streets, great arches and
+hundreds of thousands of cheering people, the Royal couple passed to
+Government House, welcomed also on the way by a gathering of thirty-five
+thousand school children singing "God Save the King."
+
+The whole spectacle was an extraordinary one. Mr. E. F. Knight,
+correspondent of the London _Morning Post_ said that "it was a day of
+splendid pageants, stirring and impressive, and the extraordinary
+enthusiasm of the ovation given to the Duke and Duchess by the hundreds
+of thousands of Australians who packed the streets along the entire
+eight miles of route must ever stand out vivid in the memory of all who
+witnessed it." Mr. W. Maxwell, the correspondent of the _Standard_,
+declared that: "I have seen many Royal progresses but never have I seen
+one more hearty and spontaneous than that of the multitude of
+well-dressed men, women and children who thronged the streets daily for
+nearly two weeks." The scheme of decorations was splendid, the triumphal
+arches were authoritatively stated to be better and more numerous than
+anything yet seen in London itself, the gathering of Australian troops
+lining the streets was representative and effective, the spectators were
+almost everywhere dressed in black or dark clothing as a tribute to the
+late Queen, the evening illuminations were on a magnificent
+scale--buildings and arches and decorations being a flashing, gleaming
+mass of light and fire and varied brightness. A state dinner was given
+at Government House by Lord Hopetoun in the evening and, on the
+succeeding day, a great Levée was held and addresses received. All the
+leaders of Australian life and society were presented and every form or
+phase of loyalty was embodied in the addresses presented from public
+institutions. Another state dinner followed at Government House and on
+May 8th the University of Melbourne was visited and an honorary degree
+conferred upon His Royal Highness. A great procession of various trade
+and labour associations was then witnessed and the third day of the
+visit concluded with a well-managed and stately Royal reception at
+Government House.
+
+
+OPENING OF THE COMMONWEALTH PARLIAMENT
+
+On May 9th the central ceremony of the tour was performed and a new
+British Commonwealth started upon its national course. The streets
+through which the Royal progress was made were packed with enthusiastic
+masses of people; the great Exhibition Building in which the Parliament
+of Australia was to be formally inaugurated was filled with twelve
+thousand persons, representative of every form of Australian life and
+character and achievement; the scheme of decoration--blue and golden
+yellow and chocolate--was effective and bright, the black and white and
+purple of the universal mourning was brightened here and there amongst
+the people by scattering bits of uniform in blue and scarlet and gold.
+At noon, the distant sound of cheers and the blare of trumpets announced
+the approach of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York. Amidst the
+strains of the National Anthem, and accompanied by the Governor-General
+and Countess of Hopetoun, they took their places upon the dais. Around
+the King's son and his wife were all the leaders of Australia; in front
+of them, the Parliament, the classes and a substantial section of the
+masses. The Earl of Hopetoun read some formal prayers and then gave
+place to His Royal Highness who, in clear and distinct tones read his
+speech to Parliament and the people. In it he spoke of himself as
+fulfilling the wish of the late Queen Victoria and his father, the King,
+and as representing their deep interest in Australia and warm
+appreciation of Australian help in the war and loyalty to the Crown. Of
+the future, His Majesty felt assured.
+
+     "The King is satisfied that the wisdom and patriotism which have
+     characterized the exercise of the wide powers of self-government
+     hitherto enjoyed by the Colonies will continue to be displayed in
+     the exercise of the still wider powers with which the United
+     Commonwealth has been endowed. His Majesty feels assured that the
+     enjoyment of these powers will, if possible, enhance that loyalty
+     and devotion to his Throne and Empire of which the people of
+     Australia have already given such signal proofs. It is His
+     Majesty's earnest prayer that this union, so happily achieved, may,
+     under God's blessing, prove an instrument for still further
+     promoting the welfare and advancement of his subjects in Australia,
+     and for the strengthening and consolidation of his Empire."
+
+The Duke then declared the Parliament open in the name and on behalf of
+his Majesty. He also read a cablegram just received from the King: "My
+thoughts are with you on the day of the important ceremony. Most
+fervently do I wish Australia prosperity and happiness." The members of
+Parliament then took the oath of allegiance administered by Lord
+Hopetoun. Meanwhile, as His Royal Highness declared the Houses of
+Parliament open, and while the immense standing audience was making the
+building echo with a mighty cheer, the Duchess touched an electric
+button, and from every school-house in the Commonwealth there waved the
+Union Jack as a sign that the great function was completed. Amidst
+cheering multitudes the Royal couple then drove back to Government
+House. In the evening a brilliant concert was given under the auspices
+of the Commonwealth Government. On the following day fifteen thousand
+Australian troops were reviewed in the presence of one hundred and forty
+thousand people--infantry, mounted men, engineers, army service corps,
+army medical corps, ambulance corps and cadets--representative of all
+the States and of all branches of the system together with blue-jackets
+and marines from the Royal Navy.
+
+Then came a state dinner at Government House. On May 11th an afternoon
+reception was given by the Victorian Government and Parliament at the
+same place, and on Monday May 13th, His Royal Highness and the Duchess
+visited the famous golden city of Ballarat, inspected one of its great
+mines and laid the foundation-stone of a monument to Australian soldiers
+who had fallen in South Africa. Tuesday saw an interesting
+school-children's fête and a reception by the Mayor and Corporation of
+Melbourne. On May 14th, Their Royal Highnesses presented prizes to the
+scholars of the united Grammar Schools of Victoria, and the Prince spoke
+to the boys of the stately and historical events of the past few days.
+"Keep up your traditions and think with pride of those educated in your
+schools who have become distinguished public servants of the state, or
+who have fought, or are still fighting, for the Empire in South Africa."
+To another great gathering of twenty thousand children the Duke was both
+eloquent and impressive. "May your lives be happy and prosperous, but
+do not forget that the youngest of us have responsibilities which
+increase as time goes on. If I may offer you advice I should say: Be
+thorough, do your level best in whatever work you may be called upon to
+perform. Remember that we are all fellow-subjects of the British Crown.
+Be loyal, yes, to your parents, your country, your King and your God."
+
+After a rousing farewell from the people of Melbourne, a special train
+was taken on May 18th by the Royal couple for the capital of Queensland.
+
+
+AT BRISBANE AND SYDNEY
+
+Every town, or settlement, or mining camp on the way contributed its
+cheers and shouts from crowds of sturdy Australians, and on May 20th,
+Brisbane was reached and an enthusiastic welcome received in the drive
+through crowded and beautifully decorated streets. At Government House,
+where the Royal guests were received by Lord Lamington,
+Lieutenant-Governor of the State, twenty-two deputations attended to
+present addresses--as compared with forty-eight at Melbourne. In the
+evening, a brilliant illumination of the city marked the event. On the
+following day a review of troops took place, and the Duke and Duchess
+enjoyed the patriotic singing and happy sports of some five thousand
+children. The evening saw an aboriginal Corrobberee performed for their
+benefit, and on the 23rd of May, the foundation-stone of a new Anglican
+Cathedral, which was being erected as a memorial to the late Queen
+Victoria, was laid by His Royal Highness amid appropriate and dignified
+ceremonial. In the afternoon the Agricultural Exhibition was visited and
+a splendid demonstration of welcome received from over thirty thousand
+people. The following and last day at Brisbane included a Levée, an
+afternoon reception and a concert. Each evening had seen a formal state
+banquet.
+
+On May 24th the route was taken for Sydney, and a stop was made
+near Combooya for a picnic in the bush, or "billy tea." Newcastle
+gave the Royal couple a rousing reception, and at Haukesbury the
+_Ophir_ was boarded and the trip up the splendid harbour of Sydney
+commenced--escorted by warships and welcomed by the roar of cannon from
+ships and shore. As the Duke and Duchess landed amid cheering sailors,
+pealing bells and the shouts of a massed concourse of people stretching
+far back from the landing-place, they were received at a sort of
+graceful portal, decked with flags, flowers and semi-tropical foliage,
+by the Governor-General, the Federal and State Governors and Premiers,
+the Mayor and others. The procession then passed along a three-mile
+route to Government House with bands at intervals playing the
+ever-present National Anthem, with beautiful decorations and arches, and
+with cheering crowds, fluttering handkerchiefs and waving flags in every
+direction. In the evening there was the usual state dinner and more than
+usually striking illuminations. Of this reception the Sydney _Morning
+Herald_ said the next day: "The acquisition of territory is a triumph of
+national achievement; but it is a small thing beside this re-creation of
+a new Britain in another hemisphere. The demonstration in Sydney
+yesterday embodied the message to this effect which our people desire to
+transmit by favour of the Duke and Duchess to the centre of Empire."
+
+The ensuing event was a Royal review of nine thousand troops with the
+presence of one hundred and fifty thousand people as observers. Then
+came a brilliant Reception at Government House, and on the morning of
+May 29th a Levée attended by two thousand citizens and at which
+twenty-four addresses were received--including the various
+denominations, the Masons, and the Orangemen. That of the city was in a
+beautiful gold and jewelled casket. To these His Royal Highness replied
+in eloquent language, and then knighted the Mayor of Sydney, Dr. James
+Graham, as he had already done the Mayor of Melbourne. A state dinner
+followed with continued evening illuminations. The naval depot at Garden
+Island was visited in the morning, and in the afternoon a naval review
+witnessed. A second Reception followed at Government House, and on the
+succeeding day the commemoration-stone of a Queen Victoria Memorial
+addition to the Prince Alfred Hospital was laid by the Duke. In his
+speech he expressed a doubt "whether anymore fitting memorial to that
+great life could have been chosen, for sympathy with the suffering was
+an all-pervading element in the noble and beautiful character of her who
+was your first Patron and with whose name the Hospital will now be
+associated for all time." At the University of Sydney the Royal visitor
+was given an honorary degree amid the amusing chaff of a reception which
+was as hearty and enthusiastic as it was hilarious. A Citizen's Concert
+followed in the evening, and on the next day His Royal Highness
+conferred fourteen hundred medals upon volunteers who had returned from
+the war. In the afternoon there was a brilliant garden party at
+Government House. On Sunday a sermon was listened to at St. Andrew's
+Cathedral, preached by Archbishop Saumarez Smith, and Monday being the
+Duke's birthday was observed as a public holiday. In the afternoon a
+visit was paid to the Young People's Industrial Exhibition where five
+thousand school children sang a special Ode for the occasion. In the
+afternoon the Duke departed for a couple of days shooting, and the
+Duchess visited the neighbouring Blue Mountains.
+
+On June 6th, after a very cordial "send-off" from the people, the Royal
+party boarded the _Ophir_ and started for Auckland, New Zealand. Five
+days later they found that loyal city alive with enthusiasm, crowded
+with people and decorated to the extreme limit. They were welcomed by
+the Governor, Lord Ranfurly and the Premier, Mr. R. J. Seddon. The
+latter presented an address in a superb casket made of New Zealand wood
+and gold, silver, and enamel, in the shape of a Maori war canoe. The
+ceremony of presentation and the reply occurred on board ship.
+Immediately upon landing the Duchess touched the key of a telegraph
+instrument, and flags waved and guns roared a welcome in every city and
+town of New Zealand. The popular welcome in the streets was tumultuous
+and the arches particularly impressive, while one of the incidents of
+the Royal progress to Government House was a living Union Jack composed
+of two thousand children dressed to fit the design. In the afternoon
+eleven addresses were received, and during his reply the Duke said: "I
+look forward to making known to His Majesty how strong I have found the
+feeling of common brotherhood and readiness to share in the
+responsibilities of the Empire, and earnestly trust that the results of
+the journey maybe to stimulate the interest of the different countries
+in each other, and so draw even closer the bonds which now unite them."
+
+
+ROYAL WELCOME IN NEW ZEALAND
+
+A state dinner followed this event and an evening Reception. The
+succeeding day a Royal review of forty-three hundred troops occurred,
+with twelve thousand spectators, and was followed by a luncheon to four
+hundred veterans of the South African and Maori wars, at which the Duke
+of Cornwall and York made one of the several _impromptu_ speeches
+delivered during his tour. Speaking of the combination of old veterans
+and young soldiers he said: "There is nothing like a chip of the old
+block"--to which some one responded with "You're one yourself"--"when
+one knows that the old block was hard, of good grain and sound to the
+core, and if, in the future, whenever and wherever the Mother-hand is
+stretched across the sea, it can reckon on a grasp such as New Zealand
+has given in the present." This speech evoked tremendous cheering.
+Later, the foundation-stone of the Queen Victoria School for Maori Girls
+was laid, and in the evening, after a state dinner at Government House,
+the Royal visitors attended a Reception given by the Mayor, and drove
+through splendidly illuminated streets. The next few days were spent
+amongst that most picturesque, gallant and chivalrous of native
+peoples--the Maoris. Expressions of the most intense and unaffected
+loyalty and contentment with British rule were universal. Most
+interesting sights were witnessed and Maori customs studied--including
+war and other dances, songs of welcome and of challenge to enemies, and
+mimic battles fought with native skill and zest.
+
+Wellington was reached on Waterloo Day (June 18th) and the route to
+Government House was spanned by a dozen handsome arches--two of which
+had been erected by the enthusiastic Maoris. After the conferring of
+some knighthood honours the Royal visitors in the afternoon watched a
+procession of Friendly Societies and laid the foundation-stone of a new
+Town Hall. In the evening there were the usual state dinner, Reception
+and illuminations. On the following day three hundred medals were
+presented to South African veterans and seventeen deputations received.
+A state Reception was attended at the Parliament Buildings in the
+evening and the next day was devoted to visiting certain great
+industries and charitable institutions. On June 20th the
+foundation-stone of new Government Railway offices was laid amid
+torrents of rain and then the departure was made for Christchurch which
+was reached in a few hours amid the welcome of pealing bells, cheering
+people and roaring guns. Here the foundation-stone of a statue of Queen
+Victoria was laid in the presence of a great throng of people. The
+Sunday sermon of next day was preached by the Bishop of Christchurch
+and, on Monday, June 24th, a review of eleven thousand troops was held
+(including three thousand cadets) in the presence of sixty thousand
+spectators. A feature of the drive to the review ground was a welcome
+sung by eight thousand school children. A luncheon to the war veterans
+was also given here and militant New Zealand was well represented in the
+speeches.
+
+Dunedin was reached by train on the following evening and in the Royal
+saloon the Hon. John Mackenzie--whose health had prevented him attending
+the formal ceremony at Wellington--was knighted by the Duke and
+personally invested with his Order. The city was found to be spanned
+everywhere with arches. Several functions were combined here and His
+Royal Highness received addresses in a special pavilion, presented
+medals and inspected the veterans. The Corporation address was in a box
+modelled after a Maori meeting-house and made of gold, silver and
+bronze. Another military luncheon followed and in the afternoon a
+children's demonstration was attended and the Pastoral and Horticultural
+Shows visited. At Lyttleton, on the following day, another
+foundation-stone of a Queen Victoria statue was laid and then the Royal
+couple left for Tasmania after the Duke had issued a farewell address
+speaking of the enthusiasm of his reception, the loyal and military
+spirit of the people, the splendid qualities of the Maoris and the
+exquisite beauty of New Zealand scenery.
+
+The Hobart welcome was given on July 3rd and a most tasteful, loyal and
+enthusiastic one it was. There were a dozen triumphal arches and the
+civic address was presented in a beautiful pavilion specially erected.
+The usual state dinner and Reception followed. In the morning a Levée
+was held and thirty addresses received from the Churches and Friendly
+Societies, the Freemasons and the Orangemen, the Half-castes and the
+Chinese. During his reply the Duke referred to the Island's entry into
+the Commonwealth and said: "I trust that the hopes and aspirations which
+prompted her people to enter this great national union may be fully
+realized in the future prosperity of the Commonwealth and in the
+greatness, power and solidarity of the Empire." In the afternoon the
+foundation-stone of a statue to Tasmanian soldiers who had fallen in the
+war was laid by the Duke and an eloquent speech delivered in which
+reference was made to the event as being a testimony to "that living
+spirit of race, of pride in a common heritage and of a fixed resolve to
+join in maintaining that heritage; which sentiment, irresistible in its
+power, has inspired and united the peoples of this vast Empire." A
+log-chopping contest was then witnessed followed by an _impromptu_ visit
+to inspect an arch in a poor and squalid part of the city. Another
+Reception was held in the evening accompanied by illuminations on sea
+and land. The succeeding day saw a review of two thousand troops, the
+presentation of war medals, a children's demonstration, a trades'
+procession, a Reception by the Mayor in the City Hall with the singing
+of a special Ode, and illuminations and a fire brigade procession in the
+evening. Sunday was spent quietly and then the Royal yacht sailed for
+Adelaide, the capital of South Australia.
+
+
+IN SOUTH AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA
+
+Here the Duke and Duchess were formally received on July 8th by the
+Lieutenant-Governor, Lord Tennyson, and his Ministers, and
+enthusiastically welcomed in crowded and tastefully decorated streets,
+bathed in a bright and genial sunshine. There were four arches--though
+£2000 of the grant had been expended on the poor instead of on temporary
+decorations. At the Town-Hall an address was received and at the the
+same time twelve hundred homing pigeons were liberated to carry news of
+the Royal arrival to all parts of the State. A state banquet followed in
+the evening and after the Levée on the next day a number of addresses
+were received. Meanwhile the Duchess visited the two local hospitals.
+Her Royal Highness also attended a football match in the afternoon and
+received a brilliant assemblage of people in the evening--the Duke
+being compelled to have a tooth extracted. On the succeeding day the Art
+Gallery was visited and a bust of the late Lord Tennyson unveiled and an
+honorary degree accepted from the Adelaide University by His Royal
+Highness, who also laid the corner-stone of a new building in connection
+with this institution. Later, a demonstration of six thousand children
+was attended and a Reception held in the evening. The next day was
+devoted to shooting and to seeing an exhibition of sheep-shearing,
+bullock-riding and buck-jumping, with a military Tattoo in the evening
+and the usual spectacle of brilliant illuminations. The last day, but
+one, in South Australia included in its programme the laying of a
+foundation-stone for a Maternity Home in memory of Queen Victoria, and
+the review of four thousand troops with a state concert at night. On
+Sunday, a recently-completed Nave in St. Peter's Cathedral was dedicated
+by the Bishops of Adelaide and Newcastle and a tablet to South African
+heroes unveiled by the Duke.
+
+The voyage was then resumed for Freemantle and Perth, in Western
+Australia, but stress of weather on July 2nd caused the _Ophir_ to put
+in at Albany, instead, and there the surprised and delighted people gave
+the Duke and Duchess a rousing welcome as they took the train for Perth.
+The State capital was reached two days later and, amid perfect weather,
+through great crowds and a dozen splendid arches, the Royal progress was
+made to the Town Hall where the inevitable address was received. In the
+evening there was the usual state dinner given by the Governor, Sir
+Arthur Lawley, and ensuing Reception. On the following day the programme
+included a Levée, the reception of addresses, the laying of the
+foundation-stone of the State's monument to its sons lying on the South
+African veldt, the presentation of war medals and a civic Reception and
+state concert. The last two days of the visit were devoted to attendance
+at a state service in St. John's Cathedral where the Duke unveiled a
+brass tablet in memory of South African heroes, laying the
+foundation-stone of a new building connected with the Museum, a visit to
+the Mint, an enthusiastic welcome given by a children's demonstration
+and a visit to the Zoological Gardens. Before sailing for South Africa
+on July 26th, the new Heir Apparent addressed a formal farewell to the
+people of Australia in the form of a letter to the Earl of Hopetoun.
+Reference was made at some length to the twenty-five thousand troops
+reviewed during the visit, to the educational systems of the States, to
+the loyalty exhibited to the King and the generous personal reception
+given by the people, to the hospitality of Governments and the good
+management and kindness of officials. Finally he said:
+
+     "We leave with many regrets, mitigated, however, by the hope that
+     while we have gained new friendships and good will, something may
+     also have been achieved towards strengthening and welding together
+     the Empire, through the sympathy and interest which have been
+     displayed in our journey both at home and in the Colonies. The
+     Commonwealth and its people will ever have a warm place in our
+     hearts. We shall always take the keenest interest in its welfare,
+     and our earnest prayer will be for its continued advancement not
+     only in material progress, but in all that tends to make life noble
+     and happy."
+
+The response of the press to this Message was pronounced and may be
+represented by the statement of the Melbourne _Argus_ on June 29th, that
+from first to last "the Australasian visit was a success, in every way
+worthy of its statesmanlike conception and purpose." The Royal couple
+came from King and Empire, and their mission was personally performed
+with unique success. "Everywhere they were received with demonstrations
+of delighted loyalty. They were living symbols of British unity. From
+all they will take back a reciprocal message to King and Empire. There
+is not a single blemish upon the record of the visit. Not one imprudent
+word was spoken, not one slight left a stinging recollection."
+
+Mauritius was reached on August 4th, and the brightly-decorated streets
+of the capital were crowded with Creoles, Mohammedans, Hindoos, and
+Chinese, while the French language was everywhere, and the English
+tongue seldom heard. Tropical flowers and foliage were brilliant and
+plentiful in the plans of decoration, and the streets were lined with a
+combination of Bengal Infantry, Royal Artillery and Engineers. At
+Government House the first investiture of knighthood in the Island's
+history was held and various addresses received. The foundation-stone of
+a statue of Queen Victoria was then laid, a procession of Hindoo and
+Chinese children witnessed and a drive taken through the town. The next
+four days were spent in strict privacy at the residence of Sir Charles
+Bruce, the Governor, with the exception of a state dinner and Reception
+on the first evening.
+
+
+ROYAL RECEPTION IN SOUTH AFRICA
+
+War-tossed South Africa was sighted on August 13th and the landing took
+place at Durban, where the welcome was enthusiastic. There were many
+arches and excellent decorations, eleven thousand singing children,
+crowded streets and shouting spectators who included Zulus, Kaffirs of
+all kinds, Indian coolies and the whole white population. In a Royal
+pavilion, specially constructed, addresses were presented and answered,
+and the train was taken to Pietermaritzburg after luncheon with the
+Mayor and a distinguished gathering. A deputation of ladies had,
+meanwhile, presented the Duchess with a table-gong made of pompom shells
+mounted on a rhinoceros horn. The railway to the capital of Natal was
+patrolled by mounted troops, and the drive through the illuminated city
+and densely-packed streets to Government House was done at night. On the
+following day the place was found to be handsomely decorated with many
+arches and the first function was the Royal inauguration of a new Town
+Hall. The cheering of the people was intense and continuous in the
+streets. Afterwards addresses were presented--that of the Corporation
+in a singularly beautiful casket of ivory and gold. In his eloquent
+speech the Duke referred to the events and sacrifices of the war. They
+had not been in vain. "Never in our history did the pulse of Empire beat
+more in unison; and the blood which has been shed on the veldt has
+sealed for ever our unity, based upon a common loyalty and a
+determination to share, each of us according to our strength, the common
+burden." An address was also presented from Johannesburg and specially
+replied to.
+
+In the afternoon there was an extraordinary assemblage, composed of the
+dignitaries of political and social life and the pick of the great
+British army in South Africa--a quarter of a million fighting men. It
+was a gathering of eleven holders of the V.C., and forty-three holders
+of the honour next in degree for bravery in the field--the D.S.O. These
+famous medals were conferred by the Duke of Cornwall and York, and then
+a great deputation of Zulu Chiefs, clad in barbaric war paraphernalia,
+presented loyal congratulations. A reception was held in the evening and
+the city illuminated. The next day the voyage was resumed, and Simon's
+Bay reached on August 19th. After landing, through a guard of one
+thousand bluejackets, and receiving an address from the Mayor, the
+special train was taken to Cape Town. There the formal reception was
+given by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, the President of the
+Legislative Council, the Archbishop, the Chief Justice, the Mayor, the
+President of the Africander Bond and other officials or public men. The
+reception in the streets was enthusiastic, and it has been said that
+more Union Jacks were displayed than at any other point on the tour. A
+Levée was held in the afternoon at the Parliament Buildings and two
+thousand citizens were presented, while addresses were received from
+many public bodies in Cape Colony, Orange River Colony, and Rhodesia.
+
+A memorable event occurred on the succeeding day, when in the
+Government House grounds, His Royal Highness and the Duchess received
+over one hundred native chiefs who had come from all parts of South
+Africa, laden with unique and peculiar gifts, clad in extraordinary
+costumes and led by Lerothodi of the Basutos and Khama, the famous Chief
+of Bechuanaland. Short speeches were interchanged, and then the Duke and
+Duchess drove to Grootschur, to visit Mr. Cecil Rhodes. On the following
+day the Duke accepted an honorary degree from the University of Cape
+Town--of which he was already Chancellor--and in the afternoon received
+some six thousand school children, Colonial and Dutch, who sang an Ode
+of welcome and presented a gift of Basuto ponies for the Royal children
+in far-away London. There was also an evening reception and the same
+splendid illuminations which had graced the previous night. The last day
+of the visit included the laying of the foundation-stone of a Nurse's
+Home in memory of the late Queen, and of the corner-stone of the new St.
+George's Cathedral. Despatches were interchanged with Lord Kitchener,
+and a letter written by His Royal Highness to the Governor, Sir Walter
+Hely-Hutchinson, expressive of the deep gratitude of his wife and
+himself for their reception and the earnest hope that peace would soon
+be restored. An investiture of knighthood was also held, and on August
+23rd the Royal couple were once more on the _Ophir_ heading for distant
+Canada.
+
+
+ARRIVAL AT HISTORIC QUEBEC
+
+After a voyage in which every kind of ocean weather was experienced, or
+suffered, the mighty St. Lawrence was reached, and finally the City of
+Quebec, on the 15th of September. The arrival was the commencement of a
+continental tour which proved a fitting crown to the whole splendid
+Empire progress and a more than appropriate continuation of the King's
+visit of forty years before--in which he had touched only the smaller
+central Provinces of the great railway-girdled Dominion which now
+welcomed his son and his son's Consort. On Monday, September 17th, the
+Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York, accompanied by the Earl of Minto,
+Governor-General, and Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the Prime Minister--who had
+gone down the river to meet them--set their feet upon Canadian soil. The
+Dominion Ministers were present to join in the welcome, and the
+procession then passed through the city, many thousands of people lining
+the streets, and three thousand French children at the St. Louis Gate
+singing "O Canada, Land of Our Ancestors." At the Parliament Buildings,
+the Hon. S. N. Parent, Mayor of Quebec and Premier of the Province, read
+a lengthy address which referred to this visit as a proud privilege,
+expressed the renewed devotion of the citizens to the Crown and person
+of their Sovereign, and spoke of French-Canadians as "a free, united and
+happy people, faithful and loyal, attached to their King and country,
+and rejoicing in their connection with the British Empire and those
+noble self-governing institutions which are the palladium of their
+liberties." In his reply the Duke referred to the success of the
+Canadian troops at Paardeberg, and spoke with sorrow of the death of
+President McKinley. "It is my proud mission to come amongst you as a
+token of that feeling of admiration and pride which the King and the
+Empire feel in the exploits of the Canadians who rushed to the defence
+of the Empire."
+
+A Royal procession to the Citadel followed and in the afternoon the Duke
+and Duchess visited Laval University, where they were received by
+Archbishop Bégin, the Rector, and five hundred clergymen of the
+Arch-diocese. In the address which was read by the Archbishop reference
+was made to the late Queen, to the accession of the present Sovereign,
+to the triumphal welcome on the banks of the mighty St. Lawrence which
+was being prepared for the nation's guests, and to the pleasure of the
+Church in sharing that welcome. "To the history of our Catholic Church
+belongs the honour of having forged between the English Throne and a
+French Canadian people solid bonds which neither adversity nor bribery
+can sever." Faith in the Church and loyalty to the Crown were the
+lessons they desired to inculcate. The University address was then read
+by the Rev. O. E. Mathieu, the Rector. His Royal Highness in replying
+and accepting the honorary degree of LL. D., paid a high tribute to
+Roman Catholicism in Canada. "I am glad to acknowledge the noble part
+which the Catholic Church in Canada has played throughout its history;
+the hallowed memories of its martyred missionaries are a priceless
+heritage; and in the great and beneficial work of education and in
+implanting and fostering a spirit of patriotism and loyalty, it has
+rendered signal service in Canada and the the Empire." In the evening, a
+state dinner was held at the Citadel.
+
+During the ensuing morning the Royal review took place on the Plains of
+Abraham. It rained during the greater part of the proceedings and this,
+together with the cancellation of the proposed Reception, for which
+fifteen hundred invitations had been issued, threw a measure of gloom
+over the City. But neither the rain nor the sad death of the President
+of the United States could be helped and certainly the Duke never
+flinched from the discomforts of the former. There were some five
+thousand troops on the ground under command of Major-General
+O'Grady-Haly assisted by Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. M. Aylmer as
+Adjutant-General. After the parade was over, His Royal Highness
+distributed the South African medals to the men and presented
+Lieut.-Colonel R. E. W. Turner, of the Queen's Own Canadian Hussars,
+with his V.C. and D.S.O. and a sword of honour from the City of Quebec.
+In the evening, as on the previous one, the city was brilliantly
+illuminated and the ships and river showed sudden blazes of light amid
+the blackness of surrounding night and through the flash of fireworks
+and gleam of electricity. The Royal couple gave a farewell dinner on the
+_Ophir_ to a select number and in the morning started for Montreal. The
+journey was made in the splendid train built by the Canadian Pacific
+Railway Company for the special purposes of this tour and destined to
+carry the Royal visitors all over the Dominion. Their immediate train of
+cars was preceded, as elsewhere throughout the country, by one bearing
+the Governor-General and Lady Minto.
+
+
+RECEPTION AT MONTREAL AND OTTAWA
+
+Very few stops took place on the way to Montreal, where some change in
+the programme was to be made owing to the President's funeral. At Port
+Neuf, Three River's and Lanoraie, however, a few minutes' pause had been
+arranged. At the Montreal station the Royal couple were received by Mr.
+Raymond Prefontaine, M.P., Mayor of the city, in gorgeous official
+robes. With him were Archbishop Bruchési, Vicar-General Racicot,
+Archbishop Bond, Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal, Mr. T. G. Shaughnessy,
+Senator Drummond, Rev. Dr. Barclay, Principal Peterson, Sir William
+Hingston, Sir W. C. Van Horne and Sir Wilfrid Laurier. The Civic address
+was read in French and the Duke replied in English. Other addresses were
+presented from the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, the Daughters of
+the Empire and the Baron de Hirsch Institute. There was an immense crowd
+present and the proceedings concluded with the introduction of a number
+of Indian chiefs to His Royal Highness and the presentation of medals to
+the South African veterans.
+
+The procession through the streets to Lord Strathcona's house, where the
+Royal visitors were to stay, was a rather swift drive and the throngs of
+people were not given very much time to see the Duke and Duchess.
+Elsewhere in Canada the rate was slower. Several beautiful arches
+decorated the route. The cheers of the Laval students and the enthusiasm
+of five thousand school children on Peel Street were the most marked
+incidents of this parade through gaily decorated streets. In the evening
+Lord Strathcona entertained at dinner in honour of his Royal guests and
+the whole city was a blaze of light from electric illuminations and the
+fireworks on Mount Royal. The Reception in the evening was cancelled
+owing to the President's funeral. A visit was paid to the mountain in
+the morning and then followed the formal functions of a busy day. At
+McGill University an address was read by its Chancellor, Lord
+Strathcona, and an honorary degree received. Then followed an address
+from the Medical Faculty, read by Dr. Craik, and including the
+presentation of a casket of Labradorite--a native Canadian product. The
+Duke also formally opened the new Medical building.
+
+At Laval University the decorations were most elaborate and there was a
+great assemblage of local clergy. Archbishop Bruchési extended a verbal,
+instead of written, welcome and informed the Duke that the clergy and
+Professors devoted themselves to training the youth of the University
+"in science and in arts, in loyalty to the throne, as well as in love of
+religion and country." An honorary degree was also given and accepted.
+Another place visited was the Royal Victoria Hospital which, like McGill
+University and its Medical Faculty, owed much to Lord Strathcona. At the
+Diocesan Institute an address was presented from the assembled
+Provincial Synod of Canada by the Lord Bishop of Toronto. In the
+afternoon the Duke and Duchess drove out to the Ville Marie Convent
+where they were received by the Archbishop of Montreal, the Lady
+Superior and Sir Wilfrid Laurier. An address was presented and, as at
+Laval, the Duke replied informally though here, for the first time, he
+said a few words in French. A torchlight procession of the people,
+general illumination of the city and more fire-works, followed in the
+evening. At nine o'clock on the succeeding morning the Royal couple
+started for Ottawa.
+
+They remained in Ottawa from September 20th until September 24th. On the
+way to the capital a brief stop was made at Alexandria and an address
+received. The arrival at Ottawa and the Royal progress through the city
+was marked by brilliant decorations, cheering crowds and finer weather
+than had been the case either at Quebec or Montreal. The Civic address
+was read by Major W. D. Morris in a pavilion erected on the Parliament
+grounds and eighteen other addresses were received. The reply of His
+Royal Highness was sympathetic and eloquent in language. It was, he
+said, impossible for him not to think of the difference between forty
+years ago and the present time. "Ottawa was then but the capital of two
+Provinces, yoked together in uneasy union. To-day it is a capital of a
+great and prosperous Dominion, stretching from the Atlantic to the
+Pacific Ocean, the centre of the political life and administration of a
+contented and united people. The Federation of Canada stands permanent
+among the political events of the century just closed for its fruitful
+and beneficent results on the life of the people concerned." He hoped
+that mutual toleration and sympathy would continue and be extended to
+the Empire as a whole and that, more than ever, the people would remain
+"determined to hold fast and maintain the proud privileges of British
+citizenship."
+
+On leaving for Government House the Duke and Duchess were greeted with
+"The Maple Leaf," sung by thousands of school children and were given a
+great cheer by the students of Ottawa College. In the afternoon a visit
+was paid to the Lacrosse match between the Cornwalls and Ottawas and at
+night a state dinner was held at Government House. The city was
+illuminated on this and subsequent evenings in a way to rival the
+famous effects of the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo. On the
+following morning an investiture of knighthood was held at Government
+House followed by a drive through Hull. At noon the statue of Queen
+Victoria on the Parliament grounds was unveiled amid the usual
+surroundings of state and soldiers and crowds. South African medals were
+presented by the Duke and to Lieutenant E. J. Holland was given his V.C.
+as well as medal. His Royal Highness was then lunched by a number of
+prominent gentlemen at the Rideau Club and in the afternoon a garden
+party was held at Government House. In the evening there was a quiet
+dinner and drive through the city to see the illuminations.
+
+On the following day, Sunday was quietly observed and Christ Church
+Cathedral attended in the morning by the Royal couple and the
+Governor-General and Lady Minto. Bishop Hamilton officiated and the
+sermon was preached by the Rev. Mr. Kittson. The morning of September 23
+was notable for the entertainment given by the lumbermen of Ottawa. The
+Duke and Duchess travelled on a special electric car to their
+destination, went in canoes with _voyageurs_ through the rapids,
+descended the famous lumberslides of the Chaudiére, witnessed a race of
+war canoes, saw tree cutting and logging, watched the strange dances of
+the woodsmen, ate a lumbermen's lunch in a shanty, heard the jolly songs
+of the _voyageurs_, and listened to a speech from a _habitant_ foreman
+which made them and all Canada laugh heartily. In the evening a
+brilliant Reception was held in the Senate Chamber.
+
+At noon on the following morning the Royal couple left for Winnipeg
+through crowded streets and cheering people. Before her departure the
+Duchess of Cornwall was given a handsome cape by the women of Ottawa.
+The presentation was made by Lady Laurier, on behalf of the
+contributors, at Government House. In Montreal a beautiful gift had also
+been made to her in the shape of a corsage ornament composed of a spray
+of maple leaves made of enamel and decorated with 366 diamonds and one
+large pearl. It was presented by Lady Strathcona and Mrs. George A.
+Drummond. The Royal journey across the continent commenced with the
+departure from Ottawa and, between the capital of the Dominion and the
+metropolis of the West, a number of places were passed at a few of which
+the Royal visitors paused for a brief time. At Carleton Place there was
+a cheering crowd and gaily decorated station and singing school
+children; at Almonte the town was _en fête_ and cheering could be heard
+from even the roofs of the distant cotton mills; at Arnprior the whole
+population turned out and the decorations were extensive; at Renfrew and
+Pembroke the same thing occurred; at Petawawa and Chalk River crowds of
+country people had gathered; at Mattawa and North Bay the stations were
+gaily decorated and bands played their welcome.
+
+Everywhere in the wilds of Algoma and along the rocky shores of Lake
+Superior little groups of settlers might be seen at the lonely stations
+watching for a sight of the Duke and Duchess. At Missanabie, a stop was
+made to see a Hudson's Bay post and stockade and at White River, the
+coldest place in Canada east of the Yukon, a picturesque party of
+Indians was seen. A stop was made at Schrieber, and the whole population
+turned out to see an address presented to the Duke and a bouquet to the
+Duchess. Late in the evening of the 25th Fort William was reached and
+the school children of the town sang "The Maple Leaf" from an
+illuminated stand at the station. At Port Arthur the Duke accepted a
+case of mineral specimens. Winnipeg was reached at noon of the next day
+after a quick journey through the "Lake of the Woods" district and a
+splendid welcome was accorded the Royal visitors. Flags flew everywhere
+and decorations abounded throughout the city. At the station about a
+hundred of Manitoba's leading men were gathered. The Governor-General
+and Lady Minto and Sir Wilfrid Laurier were also present to assist in
+the welcome, as their trains had preceded the Royal party to Winnipeg.
+The same order was observed in this connection throughout the Canadian
+tour.
+
+
+IN WINNIPEG AND THE WEST
+
+The Royal procession then passed along the wide main street of the city,
+through splendid arches of wheat, to the City Hall, where Mayor
+Arbuthnot presented the address to the Duke. Archbishop Machray then
+presented an address from the Church of England in Rupert's Land,
+expressive of welcome and attachment to the Throne and Empire.
+Archbishop Langevin, on behalf of the Catholics of Manitoba and the
+West, in his address dwelt upon the French pioneer labours in the
+Northwest, and declared the pride felt by the people of his Church in
+having defended England's noble standard, even at the expense of their
+blood. "We thank God for the amount of religious liberty we enjoy under
+the British flag." In his reply, the Duke of Cornwall and York spoke of
+the marvellous progress made by Winnipeg--"the busy centre of what has
+become the great granary of the Empire, the political centre of an
+active and enterprising population in the full enjoyment of the
+privileges and institutions of British citizenship." Then followed the
+presentation of South African medals and a luncheon at Government House
+attended by many leading citizens. In the afternoon the University of
+Manitoba was visited and an address read by Archbishop Machray,
+Chancellor of the University. A state dinner was given in the evening at
+Government House and about ten o'clock the Royal visitors passed through
+the crowded and illuminated streets of the city to the train, followed
+by a torchlight procession and the sound of many cheers.
+
+At Regina, on September 27th, a loyal welcome was received. The
+procession to Government House was followed by the reception of twelve
+addresses from Territorial centres and the distribution of South African
+decorations. A luncheon was given by Lieutenant-Governor Forget, and at
+3 P.M., the Royal visitors departed for Calgary. There, on the following
+morning, they witnessed a thoroughly typical Western scene and received
+a Western welcome. The streets were gaily decorated and many cheers
+followed the Duke and Duchess as they proceeded to Victoria Park, where
+a review of 240 Mounted Police was held, medals presented to the South
+African veterans and Major Belcher decorated with his C.M.G. At another
+point near the city the Duke then met a large party of Indians and
+received from them an address which recited their past privations and
+present progress and expressed the hope that when His Royal Highness
+should accede to the Throne it would be "to long reign over us, our
+children, and the other many peoples of the British Empire in peaceful
+security and abundant happiness."
+
+Speeches were made by a number of the Chiefs and the Duke replied in
+most picturesque terms. "The Indian is a live man, his words are true
+words and he never breaks faith. And he knows that it is the same with
+the Great King, my father, and with those whom he sends to carry out his
+wishes. His promises last as long as the sun shall shine and the waters
+flow. And care will ever be taken that nothing shall come between the
+Great King and you, his faithful children." Indian children then sang
+the National Anthem, and, after witnessing an extraordinary spectacle of
+broncho busting and cow-boy riding, the journey was resumed to the
+Rockies towering up on the horizon. Sunday was spent in traversing the
+marvellous panorama of nature which spreads out through the Rockies and
+Selkirks, the mighty glaciers, rushing rivers, lightning changes of
+colour and varied splendours of scene. A stop was made at Banff and at
+Laggan and Field, the stations were tastefully decorated with evergreens
+and flags. Revelstoke was passed, the lower levels of the mountains
+traversed, the plains reached, and on the morning of September 30th the
+Royal train drew into Vancouver.
+
+Mounted Police and blue-jackets from the fleet were there and as the
+procession left for the Court House, where addresses were to be
+received, the deep-mouthed guns of the fleet in the harbour, the ringing
+bells of the city churches and the cheers of the people sounded a
+combined welcome. Through several arches and gay decorations--the
+Japanese and Chinese arches being noteworthy--the parade proceeded, with
+the Premier of Canada in a carriage at its head. At the pavilion, in
+front of the Court House, the Royal visitors were received by Mayor
+Townley, an address was presented and a bouquet given to the Duchess as
+well as a handsome portfolio of British Columbia views from the Local
+Council of women. The Duke was very brief in his reply. The next thing
+on the programme was the opening of the new Drill-Hall and the
+presentation of South African medals. The Boy's Brigade was also
+inspected. After luncheon a visit was paid to the Hastings Saw-Mill, and
+a drive taken through the splendid trees and vistas of Stanley Park. At
+Brockton Point a drill of school children was held in sight of some
+seven thousand persons and a grand stand full of children looking on.
+Here the Duke presented a silken banner to the school which had won the
+prize for drilling and was given an enthusiastic reception. As the C. P.
+R. steamer, _Empress of India_, with the Royal party on board, passed in
+the evening across the Bay of Victoria the waters were illuminated with
+multitudes of lighted craft and the city was a vision of golden light
+with a background of surrounding blackness.
+
+Accompanied by five warships, the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall arrived
+at Victoria on the morning of October 1st and were greeted by
+Lieut.-Governor Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniére as they landed. The drive
+through the decorated streets to the Parliament Buildings was the scene
+of much cheering and at the destination Their Royal Highnesses were
+received by the officials of the Province and an immense surrounding
+crowd. Mayor Hayward presented the Civic address and various deputations
+followed him. In his reply the Duke made no allusion to the
+international relations mentioned in one of the addresses but declared
+that Canadian sacrifices in South Africa had "forged another link in the
+golden chain which binds together the brotherhood of the Empire." Medals
+were distributed and the school children inspected. A drive followed
+through the gay streets of the city out to Esquimalt, where a barge was
+taken to the Admiral's flagship and luncheon served, with Real-Admiral
+Bickford as the host.
+
+In the afternoon the Agricultural Exhibition at Victoria was opened and
+in the evening the city and Parliament Buildings were brilliantly
+lighted up by electricity and fireworks. After a state dinner at the
+Lieutenant-Governor's residence a Reception was held at the Parliament
+Buildings. The following day was a very quiet one. Her Royal Highness
+called on Mrs. Dunsmuir, wife of the Prime Minister, to express sympathy
+over a terrible disaster which had occurred at the Extension Mines and,
+after luncheon, the Duke and Duchess visited the Royal Jubilee Hospital.
+During the day the latter was presented by the miners of Atlin with a
+bracelet of gold nuggets. Late in the afternoon farewells were made and
+the voyage back to Vancouver commenced. From Vancouver they departed in
+the morning, the Duchess going to Banff where she stayed for a couple of
+days and the Duke going on to Poplar Point, Manitoba, forty miles from
+Winnipeg, where he enjoyed a couple of days' shooting with Senator
+Kirchhoffer. Winnipeg was reached on October 8th. They were cordially
+welcomed again and a visit was paid to Oglivie's Mill--said to be the
+largest in the Empire--and the direct journey for Toronto was then
+commenced. From North Bay, through the Muskoka region and on to the
+capital of Ontario, there were cheering crowds at every station.
+Huntsville, Bracebridge, and Gravenhurst were marked in this respect. At
+Orillia, Barrie and Newmarket short stops were made and, amidst gay
+decorations, singing children and cheering throngs, the Duke and Duchess
+appeared on the platform, received a few presentations and in the case
+of Her Royal Highness accepted bouquets of flowers.
+
+
+MEMORABLE RECEPTION AT TORONTO
+
+The occurrences at Toronto during the Royal visit were of a character to
+make history. The morning of October 10th, when the Duke and Duchess
+arrived was gloomy and later on the rain poured with steady and
+depressive persistence. But it did not seem to affect the patience of
+the waiting crowds or dampen the enthusiasm of the reception. A special
+and beautiful station had been erected at the head of St. George Street
+and here, amid the patriotic songs of 6000 children, the Royal visitors
+were received by the Hon. G. W. Ross, Premier of Ontario and a number of
+his Ministers. The Vice-regal party and Sir Wilfrid Laurier had, as
+usual, arrived first. The procession followed through miles of decorated
+streets and throngs of cheering people until the City Hall was reached
+and a scene of colour and serried masses of people witnessed such as
+Toronto had never known. The streets were lined with ten thousand troops
+stretching from the station to the Hall and the Alexandra Gate, erected
+by the Daughters of the Empire, and the Foresters' Arch, erected by the
+Independent Order of Foresters, were notable features of the welcome. At
+the City Hall the Royal couple were received by Mayor O. A. Howland and
+welcomed by the singing of a large trained chorus of voices. An immense
+crowd was present and addresses were handed in by eleven deputations and
+replied to at some length.
+
+During the afternoon a presentation was made to the Duchess by Miss
+Mowat, daughter of the Lieutenant-Governor, on behalf of the women of
+Toronto. It consisted of a writing set made of Klondike gold and
+Canadian amethysts and chrystal. The case was made of Canadian maple. A
+state dinner was given at Government House in the evening by Sir Oliver
+Mowat and the Royal couple afterwards attended a Concert at Massey Hall
+where Madame Calvé and others sang. The streets were filled with
+enthusiastic crowds far into the night and the illuminations were
+something unequalled in the history of the city and unexcelled by any
+others during the Royal tour in Canada. Powerful search-lights from the
+top of the City Hall tower were an unique feature of the demonstration.
+
+On the following morning--October 12th--the Royal review took place on
+the Exhibition grounds. It was unquestionably the most brilliant and
+effective military spectacle ever seen in Canada. Nearly eleven thousand
+men were mustered under command of Major-General O'Grady-Haly. Before
+the review commenced His Royal Highness presented the South African
+medals to a number of the soldiers and the V.C. to Major H. C. Z.
+Cockburn. To the latter also was given a sword of honour on behalf of
+the City Council. Colours were presented to the Royal Canadian Regiment
+of Infantry and the Royal Canadian Dragoons in the name of the King and
+as a mark of appreciation for their services in the war. The march past
+then took place. There were said to be twenty-five thousand people on
+the grounds and the streets and approaches were lined with many other
+thousands. In the afternoon the Duke and Duchess visited the Bishop
+Strachan School and the Duke planted a tree in Queen's Park and reviewed
+the Fire Brigade. Then came the state visit to Toronto University, the
+presentation of an address by the Chancellor, Sir William Meredith, and
+the bestowal of the honorary degree of LL. D.
+
+In the evening a Reception was held in the Parliament Buildings when
+two thousand people shook hands, amid brilliant surroundings, with the
+Heir to the Throne and his wife. Prior to this a very large state dinner
+had been held in the halls of the same building with His Excellency the
+Governor-General as host. The city was again most brilliantly
+illuminated and filled with waiting throngs anxious to see and cheer the
+Royal visitors. Early in the following morning they left Toronto for a
+rapid trip through Western Ontario. As the Royal train rushed through
+the populous centres, or quiet villages of this rich section of the
+country, every railway station was crowded with cheering people anxious
+for a sight of their future Sovereign and his Consort. At Brampton a
+short stop was made, and a mass of beautiful roses, carried by eight
+children, was presented to the Duchess from the well-known rosaries of
+the town. At Guelph a platform had been erected near the station, and
+here two thousand school children sang patriotic songs. At Berlin there
+was another chorus and another exquisite bouquet of flowers for the
+Duchess. There was a great crowd of people at this point, and the
+children carried branches of maple leaves, as well as flags, which they
+waved while the singing was going on and the presentations were being
+made by Mayor Bowlby. The City of Stratford had a gaily decorated
+station, eight thousand cheering citizens and children singing "The
+Maple Leaf." An arch had been erected festooned with evergreens and
+flowers. The visit to London was a matter of more formality and length.
+The city was packed with people from outlying points, and the reception
+to the Royal couple as they drove through decorated streets to the
+Victoria Park was most enthusiastic. There an address was proffered by
+Mayor Rumball. After the Duke's reply colours were presented to the 7th
+Regiment and the departure took place through the same kind of cheering
+throngs which had previously lined the streets.
+
+From London the route was taken up to Niagara. Every station was
+crowded with people, and in the vineyard and fruit region a brief stop
+was made at Grimsby. Finally, the Royal train ran into the historic
+village of Niagara-on-the-Lake, and there, at the Queen's Royal Hotel,
+the visitors found elaborate preparations for their comfort during the
+ensuing day of rest. Masses of flowers and fruit were displayed as
+further proof of the diverse productions of the Dominion. Sunday was,
+however, a busy day in some respects. In the morning the steamer was
+taken to Queenston, and from thence a special electric car conveyed the
+Royal couple along the banks of the mighty Niagara, past Brock's
+monument and the scene of the historic conflict upon Queenston Heights,
+and on to the famous whirlpool where half an hour of sight-seeing was
+spent. In Queen Victoria's Park there were crowds of people waiting to
+see the Duke and Duchess, but only a few minutes' glance at the Falls
+was taken. A visit to Loretto Convent followed with songs from the
+pupils and luncheon afterwards. Archbishop O'Connor of Toronto assisted
+in the reception. The rest of the day was spent in viewing and admiring
+the ever-changing glories of Niagara Falls, and the return took place in
+the evening. On the 14th of October Hamilton was visited and three hours
+spent in receiving one of the most enthusiastic welcomes of the whole
+tour. Thousands had gathered in the spacious grounds surrounding the
+station and in the streets, and the cheering was hearty and continuous.
+The usual address was presented by Mayor J. S. Hendrie at the City Hall.
+The Royal visitors then lunched at "Holmstead," the residence of Mr.
+William Hendrie, and afterwards the Duke presented new colours to the
+13th Regiment. The departure took place amidst the cheers of thousands.
+
+At St. Catharines there was a short stop and the whole city turned out,
+business was suspended and the colleges and schools attended in a body.
+There was a guard of honour at the station, cheers from eight thousand
+throats, a beautiful bouquet presented to the Duchess and a few citizens
+introduced by Mayor McIntyre. Brantford had its station handsomely
+decorated, and three thousand children massed on the platform to sing
+patriotic songs as the train rolled in. Another bouquet for the Duchess
+was presented and also a casket containing a silver long-distance
+telephone from Professor Bell, the father of its inventor, who was born
+in Brantford. Their Royal Highnesses here signed the Bible which was
+given in 1712 by Queen Anne to the Mohawk Church of the Six Nations and
+which already contained the autographs of the King and the Duke of
+Connaught. A very brief stop was made at Paris, where the school
+children were gathered and a large crowd cheered the Royal couple. At
+Woodstock the whole population turned out and the train entered the
+station amid the cheers of ten thousand people. Mayor Mearns presented
+some of the citizens and his little daughter handed a beautiful bouquet
+of roses to the Duchess. A thousand school children waved flags and sang
+the National Anthem.
+
+
+FROM WESTERN TO EASTERN ONTARIO
+
+From the West to the East travelled the Royal train during the night,
+and on the morning of October 15th reached Belleville, where some eight
+thousand people had assembled to welcome the Duke and Duchess.
+Presentations by Mayor Graham, a guard of honour, cheers and a bouquet
+for the Duchess, with singing school children, were the familiar
+features of the reception. An address from 250 deaf and dumb children
+was, however, an interesting exception. At Kingston the Royal couple
+drove through the crowded and decorated streets to a pavilion in front
+of the City Hall, where three thousand children sang, cheered and waved
+flags, while flowers were given to the Duchess and several addresses
+presented to the Duke. Following this ceremony the Royal procession
+passed on through the historic city to Queen's University where his
+Royal Highness was given an honorary LL.D. and presented with an address
+by the Chancellor, Sir Sandford Fleming. In replying to the latter the
+Duke expressed the regret of himself and the Duchess at the absence
+through illness of the Very Rev. Principal Grant. He then laid the
+corner-stone of a new building donated to the University by the citizens
+of Kingston. There was tremendous cheering from the students and gay
+decorations along the route which was then taken to the Royal Military
+College.
+
+At the College the Royal visitors witnessed a march past and gymnastic
+display from the Cadets. A spontaneous and unexpected incident occurred
+in the private visit of Their Royal Highnesses to Principal Grant at the
+General Hospital. They talked with him a few minutes and then the Duke
+personally conferred upon him the C.M.G. which had been recently granted
+by the King. About one o'clock the Royal party reached the wharf where
+they embarked on the steamer _Kingston_, which had been most elaborately
+decorated and fitted up for the occasion, and started for a trip through
+the Thousand Islands of the St. Lawrence. At six o'clock the steamer
+arrived at Brockville, and the Duke and Duchess were greeted with a
+brilliant display of fireworks from the shore. At the landing-place they
+were met by Mayor Buell, Senator Fulford and other prominent citizens. A
+bouquet was given the Duchess and the procession from the wharf to the
+station passed through cheering people and the departure was made in a
+blaze of fireworks. At Cornwall, which was reached on the morning of
+October 16th, there were some four thousand people at the station, and
+Mayor Campbell presented the Duke and Duchess with a complete set of
+lacrosse sticks for the Royal children. They were enclosed in a
+gold-mounted case. The next stoppage was at Cardinal, where thousands
+had assembled from the same surrounding country and the school children
+sang national songs.
+
+On the way from Ontario to the Provinces by the Atlantic a pause was
+made at Montreal on October 16th to visit the Victoria Jubilee Bridge--a
+reconstruction of the one into which His Majesty the King had driven the
+last rivet when visiting Canada in 1860. The Duke of Cornwall and York
+was now presented with a gold rivet by Mr. George B. Reeve, General
+Manager of the Grand Trunk Railway system, as a souvenir of that event
+and of his present visit. The Bridge, which was called one of the
+wonders of the world at the time of its construction, now had a double
+track and double roadway. During the afternoon half-an-hour was spent at
+Sherbrooke, where the station was gaily decorated. Mayor Worthington
+presented the address and during his reply the Royal speaker declared
+that "among the many pleasant experiences of our delightful visit to
+Canada one will remain most deeply graven in our memories--the solemn
+declaration of personal attachment to my dear father, the King, and of
+loyalty to the throne of our glorious Empire." A beautiful bear-skin was
+then presented to the Duchess by Mrs. Worthington on behalf of the
+ladies of Sherbrooke. Some South African veterans were decorated with
+the medal and a delegation from the Caughnawaga Indians received.
+
+From Sherbrooke the Royal party then travelled straight through to St.
+John, New Brunswick, which they reached in the afternoon of October
+17th. After they had arrived and the echoes of the roaring guns had died
+away the Royal procession was formed and passed through the usually
+crowded and decorated streets to the Exhibition Buildings where Mayor
+Daniel, in his official robes, welcomed the Duke and Duchess and
+presented an address from the City as did Mayor Crocket from Fredricton.
+Some nine other local addresses were also presented and replied to. His
+Royal Highness then presented colours to British Veterans from
+Massachusetts. There was to have been a review of troops in the
+afternoon but, owing to some mistake in the arrangements, a Royal
+presentation of South African medals, of colours to the 62nd Battalion,
+and of a sword of honour to Captain F. Caverhill Jones, comprised the
+proceedings. The return from the Exhibition grounds to Caverhill Hall,
+which had been specially fitted up by the Provincial Government for the
+visitors, was through crowds of more or less enthusiastic people. In the
+evening there were fireworks and electrical displays and a Reception at
+the Exhibition Building attended by a large representation of New
+Brunswick society. Late in the afternoon a deputation of ladies waited
+upon Her Royal Highness and presented her with a beautiful mink and
+ermine muff on behalf of the women of St. John. At noon on the following
+day the Duke and Duchess left the city amid much cheering and the
+farewells of a representative gathering at the station. On the way to
+Halifax the City of Moncton, N. B., celebrated the arrival of the Royal
+tourists with a half holiday, a decorated station and a mass of cheering
+people. Mayor Atkinson presented a number of prominent people and the
+Duchess received a couple of handsome bouquets. At Dorchester, as the
+train arrived it passed through a gaily decorated station, cheering
+crowds and local officials ranged along the platform. At Amherst, N. S.,
+a short stop was made.
+
+
+FROM NEW BRUNSWICK INTO NOVA SCOTIA
+
+When Halifax was reached, on the morning of October 19th, the reception
+was beautiful and impressive as well as loyal. Thousands of soldiers
+with glittering bayonets lined the streets, together with hundreds of
+sailors armed with cutlasses and rifles, and many thousands of crowding
+and cheering citizens. As the Royal visitors arrived at the station they
+were welcomed with a roar of guns from the magnificent citadel heights
+and defences of Halifax and from the vessels of the most formidable
+fleet of war-ships which, it was said, had ever graced a Canadian port.
+They were received by the Vice-regal party, Vice-Admiral Sir Frederick
+Bedford and his staff, Colonel Biscoe and his staff, Lieutenant-Governor
+the Hon. A. G. Jones, of Nova Scotia, Lieutenant-Governor P. E. McIntyre
+of Prince Edward Island, the Hon. G. H. Murray and the members of his
+Government, Mayor Hamilton of Halifax, the Mayor of Charlottetown and
+various other officials and representative men. At the platform in front
+of the station various addresses were presented amid cheers from an
+immense gathering. The Duke, in replying, did so separately to the
+Prince Edward Island welcome and to that from Nova Scotia. To the former
+he expressed the "true regret" which they felt at not being able to
+visit that well-remembered Province, and to the latter he made a really
+eloquent response. "It is perhaps fitting that we should take leave of
+Canada in the Province that was the first over which the British flag
+waved, a Province so full of moving, checquered, historic memories, and
+that, embarking from your capital which stands unrivalled amongst the
+naval ports of the world, we should pass through waters that are
+celebrated in the annals of our glorious Navy." He also spoke of the
+"affectionate sympathy" with which they had been received throughout the
+Dominion.
+
+Following this function the Royal couple passed through streets lined
+with troops and sailors and cheering crowds and at times presenting the
+appearance of a net-work of colour, a canopy of bunting. In the grounds
+of the Provincial Building His Royal Highness laid the foundation-stone
+of a monument erected by the Government and people of Nova Scotia in
+honour of the Provincial heroes who had fallen in South Africa. The
+procession then passed on to a handsome arch, guarded by a detachment of
+Royal Engineers, where the Duke inspected the members of the British
+Veterans' Society who were drawn up on parade. Conspicuous amongst them
+was a negro holder of the V.C. Thence the parade continued to the
+Dockyard where the Royal couple went on board the _Ophir_, which had
+come up from Quebec during the long inland tour. In the afternoon a
+great review and massing of many thousands of soldiers and sailors,
+infantry, cavalry and artillery, was held on the Halifax Common in the
+presence of a crowd of spectators--probably twenty-five thousand in
+number. The troops were under the supreme command of Colonel Biscoe, and
+the Royal Naval Brigade included four thousand sailors from twelve of
+Britain's most modern cruisers. It was a sight such as had never been
+witnessed in Canada before and the review eclipsed in effect the
+previous military spectacle at Toronto; while the environment of great
+fortifications and a harbour full of war-ships enhanced the character of
+the scene. Near the Royal pavilion was a stand containing six thousand
+school children who sang patriotic songs.
+
+After the review the Duke presented colours to the 66th Princess Louise
+Fusiliers and was informed by the Lieutenant-Governor that H.R.H. the
+Duke of Kent had conferred a similar honour upon the Regiment in the
+early part of the preceeding century. His Royal Highness then handed the
+war medals to the South African veterans and presented a sword of honour
+to Major H. B. Stairs. In the evening a state dinner was given by the
+Lieut.-Governor at Government House when occasion was taken by the Duke
+to present the Hon. Dr. Borden with the medal won by the gallant son who
+had lost his life in South Africa. A Reception was held afterwards in
+the Provincial Buildings amid scenes of striking beauty and brightness.
+The city and fleet were brilliantly illuminated and the spectacle one of
+the most beautiful of the whole Canadian tour. The next day was Sunday
+and was spent very quietly on board the _Ophir_. At night the Duke dined
+with Vice-Admiral Bedford on board his flag-ship. On the following
+morning the Royal visitors left the shores of Canada in their yacht,
+accompanied by the fleet of battleships and with the cheers of many
+thousands of people, the roar of guns and the sound of bands playing on
+sea and shores, echoing out over the waters of the harbour.
+
+
+THE ROYAL FAREWELL TO CANADA
+
+Before leaving Halifax, and under date of October 19th, the Duke of
+Cornwall and York sent a communication to the Earl of Minto expressive
+of the regret felt by the Duchess and himself at bidding farewell to "a
+people who by their warm-heartedness and cordiality have made us feel at
+home amongst them from the first moment of our arrival on their shores."
+He referred to the loyal demeanour of the crowds, the general
+manifestations of rejoicing and the trouble and ingenuity displayed in
+the illuminations and street decorations. They were specially touched by
+the great efforts made in small and remote places to manifest feelings
+of kindness toward them. "I recognize all this as a proof of the strong
+personal loyalty to the throne as well as the deep-seated devotion of
+the people of Canada to that unity of the Empire of which the Crown is
+the symbol." Thanks were tendered to the Dominion Government, the
+Provincial authorities and municipal bodies and to various individuals
+for the care and trouble bestowed upon the varied arrangements. Of the
+Militia His Royal Highness spoke in high terms. The reviews at Quebec,
+Toronto and Halifax had enabled him to judge of the military capacity of
+the Dominion and of the "splendid material" at its disposal. Their
+hearts, he added, were full at leaving Canada and their regrets extreme
+at having to decline so many kind invitations from different centres.
+"But we have seen enough to carry away imperishable memories of
+affectionate and loyal hearts, frank and independent natures, prosperous
+and progressive communities, boundless productive territories, glorious
+scenery, stupendous works of nature, a people and a country proud of
+its membership in the Empire and in which the Empire finds one of its
+brightest offspring."
+
+On the way home Newfoundland was visited and an enthusiastic reception
+given by the people of St. John's and the Government of the Island. The
+usual addresses, decorations and functions followed and then the _Ophir_
+steamed away over the last stretch of ocean in this long, strenuous and
+memorable Royal progress of over fifty thousand miles on sea and land.
+When in sight of English shores again the King and Queen and the Royal
+children, accompanied by the Channel squadron of thirteen warships, met
+the travellers and escorted them to Portsmouth. After eight months of
+separation the Royal family of three generations were again together.
+The popular welcome at Portsmouth was brilliant and enthusiastic as well
+it might be. As the _Times_ put it on November 1st--the day of the
+arrival home--"The Duke and Duchess have made the greatest tour in
+history; they have accomplished an act of high statesmanship without
+statecraft but by simple arts which are better than any statecraft; they
+have been under many skies and seen many strange, lovely and impressive
+sights; they have been greeted and acclaimed by many peoples, races and
+languages." In his speech to the Civic deputation waiting upon him on
+the following day His Royal Highness stated that their journey had
+covered thirty-three thousand miles by sea and twelve thousand five
+hundred by land. "Everywhere we have been profoundly impressed by the
+kindness, affection and enthusiasm extended to us and the universal
+declarations of loyalty to the Throne; and by the conscious pride in
+membership of our great Empire which has constantly displayed itself."
+
+A dinner was given by the King and Queen on board the yacht _Victoria
+and Albert_ in honour of the Royal travellers' return and, in the course
+of a speech of welcome, His Majesty referred to the cordiality and
+loyal enthusiasm of their reception everywhere. "The accounts of their
+receptions, regularly transmitted to me by telegrams and letters and
+amply confirmed in my conversations to-day, have touched me deeply and I
+trust that the practical result will be to draw closer the strong ties
+of mutual affection which bind together the old Motherland with her
+numerous and thriving offspring". The special train was then taken to
+London and from Victoria station to Marlborough House the Royal couple
+drove through numerous crowds of cheering people and gaily decorated
+streets, with little Prince Edward beside them--for the first time
+making a public appearance and accepting the acclamations of the public
+with becoming gravity. It was a triumphal ending to a triumphant
+progress. A sort of climax to this termination was afforded, however, in
+the great banquet given by the Lord Mayor of London at the Guild Hall on
+December 5th, to him who had been created Prince of Wales on the 9th of
+November preceding by his father the King. There were only four
+toasts--the King, proposed by Sir Joseph Dimsdale, the Lord Mayor and
+chairman; Queen Alexandra and the Royal family, responded to by the new
+Prince of Wales; the Colonies, proposed by the Earl of Rosebery and
+responded to by Mr. Chamberlain; the Lord Mayor and Corporation proposed
+by the Marquess of Salisbury.
+
+Besides the speakers and the members of the Royal suite during this
+famous tour there were present the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, Mrs.
+Chamberlain, Lord James of Hereford, Mr. John Morley, Lord Knutsford,
+Lord and Lady Tweedmouth, Lord and Lady Lamington, Lord Brassey, Lord
+Avebury, Sir Frederick Young and many other interesting or important
+personages. The speech delivered by the Prince of Wales was one which
+startled England from its directness of statement and its eloquence of
+style and delivery. It was not merely a clear, or good description of
+the tour; it was the utterance of one who was both statesman and
+orator. His Royal Highness referred to the historic title which he now
+bore, to the voyage, unique in character and rich in experience, to the
+loyalty, affection and enthusiasm of the greetings everywhere, to the
+special characteristics of the visit in each country. He analysed
+Colonial loyalty as being accompanied by "unmistakable evidences of the
+consciousness of strength; of a true and living membership in the
+Empire; and of power and readiness to share the burden and
+responsibility of that membership". He spoke of the influence of Queen
+Victoria's life and memory, of the qualities of the sixty thousand
+troops whom he had reviewed, of the openings for better commercial
+interchange. "I venture to allude to the impressions which seemed
+generally to prevail among our brethren across the seas that the Old
+Country must wake up if she intends to maintain her old position of
+pre-eminence in her Colonial trade against foreign competitors". The
+need of more population in the Colonies was referred to and an urgent
+appeal made to encourage the sending out of suitable emigrants. "By this
+means we may still further strengthen, or at all events, pass on
+unimpaired, that pride of race, that unity of sentiment and purpose,
+that feeling of common loyalty and obligation which knit together and
+alone can maintain the integrity of our Empire".
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+The King and the South African War
+
+
+No event in many years has created such keen interest amongst, and been
+so closely followed by, the Royal family of Great Britain as the war in
+South Africa. Apart from Queen Victoria's natural and life-long dislike
+of the horrors of war, there was the earnest sympathy which she felt in
+the last two years of her reign with thousands of her subjects who had
+suffered in the loss of husband, or brother, or father, or friend; and
+the womanly sorrow which she herself felt for the many promising young
+officers whom she had personally known or liked, or whose relations and
+friends had been upon terms of intimacy with members of the Royal
+circle. The matter was still more brought home to her, in a personal
+sense, by the death of her grandson, Prince Christian Victor, who, after
+months of hard campaigning and with the reputation of an able, modest
+and hard-working officer, succumbed in the autumn of 1900 to enteric
+fever, and was buried, at his own request, upon the South African veldt.
+But these personal considerations had never been so potent with the
+Queen as had her broader sympathies for her people, and there can be no
+doubt the gloomy days of Colenso and Spion Kop told severely upon the
+sensibilities of a Sovereign who was as proud of the nation's position
+and as keen to feel national humiliation, or sorrow, as was the humblest
+and most loyal of her subjects. And the fact that her duty to the people
+and the Empire lay in supporting her Ministers and pressing, if
+necessary, for a still more vigorous prosecution of the struggle, could
+not but have its effect upon the constitution of a Queen who felt her
+responsibilities very keenly and who was an aged woman as well as a
+great ruler.
+
+Where she could help in keeping behind her Ministers a united people
+Queen Victoria did her utmost. Early in March, 1900, the Royal
+recognition of Irish valour in South Africa, shown in the order to the
+soldiers of the Empire to wear the Shamrock on St. Patrick's day, was as
+tactful and wise a step as statesmanship ever initiated. The ensuing
+postponement of Her Majesty's spring visit to sunny Italy and her
+prolonged stay in Dublin during the month of April were pronounced
+appeals to Irish loyalty. Her Christmas present of chocolate to the
+troops in the field, her ever-thoughtful telegrams, and occasional
+letters and speeches upon public occasions, were also of great value to
+the cause of national unity and action in differing degrees. Meantime,
+the Duke of Connaught had volunteered early in the period of trouble
+which eventually developed into war, but the Queen did not wish him to
+go to the front and, though he had offered to waive his rank and
+seniority in order to do so, his mother's wishes, of course, prevailed.
+
+
+DUTIES OF THE HEIR APPARENT
+
+The Prince of Wales was exceedingly active during this period in paying
+every possible compliment to departing troops, in welcoming home the
+veterans of the war, in conferring medals and in helping the many
+charities, hospital interests and military organizations which the
+situation evoked. As soon as the war broke out the Princess of Wales had
+commenced to organize a hospital ship for the care of the wounded at
+Cape Town and, on November 22d, 1899, Her Royal Highness visited the
+vessel prior to its departure. She was accompanied by the Prince with
+Princess Victoria, the Duchess of York and the Duke and Duchess of Fife.
+Badges and gifts were presented to the nursing sisters and the men of
+the Royal Army Medical Corps and St. John Ambulance Brigade and a brief
+speech delivered by the Prince. To this object, it may be added, the
+Princess had given £1000, and a Committee formed by her and composed of
+Lady Lansdowne, Lady Wolseley, Lady Wantage, Sir Donald Currie and
+others, had raised the large additional sum required. At Windsor, on
+December 15th, the Prince of Wales, accompanied by his wife, the Duke of
+Cambridge and Prince Christian, presented to the Grenadier Guards the
+medals they had won in the Soudan. On January 26th, 1900, he reviewed
+six hundred officers and men of the Imperial Yeomanry under command of
+Colonel, Lord Chesham. He thanked them for making him their Hon.
+Colonel, and then added: "You have all, like true men, volunteered for
+active service to do your duty to your Sovereign and your country. I
+feel sure that when you leave your homes and country you will feel that
+a great duty devolves on you--to maintain the honour of the British
+flag--and that you will ably assist the Regular forces of Her Majesty
+abroad and do credit to your country and your corps."
+
+A little later, on February 9th, another contingent of Yeomanry, under
+Colonel Mitford, were inspected by the Prince ere they departed for
+South Africa. "Most heartily" he said to them, "do I hope that the
+services you intend to render your Sovereign and your country will bring
+credit upon yourselves. I feel sure that, under your commanders, you
+will know that one of the first principles is good discipline. Then, I
+hope you are good shots and good riders." In the afternoon, at
+Devonshire House, His Royal Highness received the one hundred and fifty
+nurses and men connected with the Imperial Yeomanry Hospital. When the
+Princess of Wales' Hospital Ship returned with its sorrowful burdens of
+wounded men the Prince and Princess were the first to visit it and do
+what was possible by kind thought and word and action to soothe the
+suffering of the soldiers. Netley Hospital they visited again and
+again, and more than one Canadian or Australian, or other Colonial
+soldier of the Queen, will always speak of the gracious personal
+kindness of the Royal couple.
+
+When the Naval Brigade returned in triumph from its achievements at
+Ladysmith there was added to the seething, cheering, enthusiastic
+popular welcome the formal reception and inspection by the Heir
+Apparent, accompanied by the Princess and other members of the Royal
+family and the Lords of the Admiralty. After brief speeches from Mr.
+Goschen and His Royal Highness the former, as First Lord of the
+Admiralty, entertained the officers of the Brigade and the Prince of
+Wales at luncheon. On November 2nd, following, the Prince presided at a
+great banquet given in London to the officers and men of the Honourable
+Artillery Company and the City Imperial Volunteers. Colonel Mackinnon of
+the latter force sat on the right of the Royal chairman and the Lord
+Mayor on the left. In his speeches the Prince gave a brief history of
+the origin and the war achievements of the Artillery and the City
+Imperial Volunteers, congratulated many of the officers by name, spoke
+of the opportunity they had been given of taking part in "a great and
+important war and of maintaining the honour of the British flag," and
+referred in pathetic terms to the death of Prince Christian Victor--who
+had been through five campaigns and was under thirty-four years of age.
+
+When the Composite Regiment of the Household Cavalry went to war in
+November 1899 they had been inspected by the Heir Apparent. Upon their
+return, December 3rd 1900, he paid them the same compliment, accompanied
+by various members of the Royal family and leading officers of the Army.
+He expressed pride at being Colonel-in-Chief of a corps which had so
+greatly distinguished itself--in the distant past as well as the near
+present. Following them came the Royal Canadian Regiment, commanded by
+Colonel W. D. Otter. To them the Prince made a neat and patriotic
+speech. "I am well aware of what you have gone through and the splendid
+way in which you have served in South Africa and I deeply regret and
+mourn with you the loss of so many brave men." Ever anxious, like the
+Queen and her own husband, to promote the well-being of the soldiers and
+sailors the Princess of Wales had acted since the beginning of the war
+as President of the Soldiers and Sailors' Families Association and, on
+December 31st, 1900, reported through the press that £500,000 had been
+directly subscribed to their purposes, £190,000 given through the
+Mansion House subscription, and £50,000 through a special Lord Mayor's
+Fund. The whole of this sum had now been expended in caring for the
+wives and families of those at the front and distributed through the
+voluntary services of eleven hundred ladies and gentlemen throughout the
+United Kingdom. At least £50,000 was still being expended monthly and
+Her Royal Highness made and personally signed an earnest appeal for the
+further funds required.
+
+When Lord Roberts left to take command in South Africa, the Prince of
+Wales personally saw him off at the station--accompanied by the Duke of
+Connaught, who had been again praying the Military authorities to allow
+him to go to the front in the new crisis which had arisen and who had
+even obtained Lord Roberts' approval to his taking a place upon his
+Staff. But the War Office would only say that with so many general
+officers out of the country His Royal Highness could do better service
+by remaining with the Army at home.
+
+There were many reasons for the Prince of Wales taking a keen interest
+in the war apart altogether from the natural and patriotic reason. A
+peculiarly large number of the sons of personal friends were at the
+front and many of them were fated to fall from time to time. The
+reputation of the officers engaged in the struggle was necessarily very
+dear to him. He knew them all and had many associations with their
+regiments and themselves. A blow to Sir George White, a disaster to Sir
+Redvers Buller, a danger to Col. Baden Powell, a threatened illness in
+the case of Lord Roberts, were all matters of personal concern to him as
+well as of national or patriotic interest. The central figure in the
+beginning of the war--the great personality of Mr. Cecil Rhodes--had
+long been a friend and had been received by the Prince upon a kindly
+social footing. Through the Duke of Fife's connection with the South
+African Chartered Company, the Prince must have been closely interested
+in all the earlier developments of the struggle and it could only have
+been by special permission that his son-in-law held a Director's place
+up to the actual outbreak of the war. Mr. Chamberlain and Lord Milner
+were both men who had been closely associated with his own Imperialistic
+projects and ideals and there can be little doubt--though it was never
+publicly expressed--that the Prince of Wales sympathised with the policy
+which has since made South African expansion and empire possible.
+
+The Prince of Wales had seen Lord Roberts off upon his career of
+successful action; on January 3rd, 1901, accompanied by the Princess,
+the Duke and Duchess of York and the Duke of Connaught, he welcomed him
+home and on behalf of the Queen received him as a Royal guest at
+Buckingham Palace. A magnificent banquet followed, given by the Prince,
+in honour of the Field Marshal--who had just been created an Earl and a
+Knight of the Garter--and six months later as King of Great Britain, he
+was able to send a special message to Parliament recommending a grant to
+Earl Roberts of £100,000. Shortly after this reception came the
+much-mourned death of the Queen and the accession of His Royal Highness
+to the Throne. It was not long before the King was showing his
+appreciation of South African soldiers by inspecting or addressing them
+before their departure, or upon their return. On February 15th,
+accompanied by Queen Alexandra, the Duke and Duchess of Connaught, the
+Duke of Cambridge, Princess Louise, the Duchess of Argyll, the Duke of
+Argyll, Lord Roberts, Sir Redvers Buller, Lord Strathcona and Mr.
+Chamberlain, he inspected Lord Strathcona's Regiment of Horse and
+presented a King's colour to Colonel Steele. His Majesty's speech to the
+officers and men was tactful and gracious: "I welcome you here on our
+shores on your return from active service in South Africa. I know it
+would have been the urgent wish of my beloved mother, our revered Queen,
+to have welcomed you also. That was not to be; but be assured she deeply
+appreciated the services you rendered as I do. It has given me great
+satisfaction to inspect you to-day, to have presented you with your
+war-medals and also with the King's colour. I feel sure that in
+entrusting this colour to you, Colonel Steele, and to those under you,
+you will always defend it and will do your duty as you have done in the
+past year in South Africa and will do it on all future occasions. I am
+glad that Lord Strathcona is here to-day, as it is owing to him that
+this magnificent force has been equipped and sent out." The King then
+presented Colonel Steele, personally with the M.V.O. decoration.
+
+
+PERSONAL INTEREST IN THE WAR
+
+Following this and other similar events came the re-organization of the
+Army, in which the King no doubt took a great deal of interest though it
+would only be shown the form of advice or expressions of opinion. By Mr.
+St. John Brodrick's scheme, as outlined on March 9th, and ultimately
+accepted in the main, it was decided to have the military forces so
+organized that three Army corps could be sent abroad at any time; that
+the artillery and mounted troops should be increased and the medical and
+transport service reformed; that officers should be better trained, with
+less barrack-square drill and more musketry, scouting and
+individuality. It was proposed also to "decentralize administration,
+centralize responsibility;" to increase the Militia from 100,000 to
+115,000, to increase the pay of the soldiers, to utilize the Yeomanry
+and to affiliate, if possible, the Colonial forces. The new arrangements
+would provide, it was hoped, a home force of 155,000 Regulars, 90,000
+Reserves, 150,000 Militia, 35,000 Yeomanry and 250,000 Volunteers--a
+total of 680,000 men.
+
+Meanwhile, peace negotiations had been progressing. On February 28th a
+long interview took place between Lord Kitchener and General Louis Botha
+who, according to the British general's despatch, "showed very good
+feeling and seemed anxious to bring about peace." The question of
+government, grading from a Crown Colony system up to full
+self-government, was discussed; the licensing of rifles for protection
+and hunting; the use of English and Dutch languages; the enfranchising
+of Kaffirs; the protection of Church and trust funds and the guarantee
+of legal debts and notes of the late Republics; the question of a
+war-tax on the farms and the time of return of prisoners of war;
+pecuniary assistance to the burghers, so as to enable them to start
+afresh; the question of amnesty and the proposal to disfranchise Cape
+rebels; were all freely discussed. After considerable interchange
+between Lord Kitchener and Mr. Brodrick and Lord Milner and Mr.
+Chamberlain, a definite statement of terms was offered General Botha and
+by letter, dated March 16th, declined. The details of this cabled
+correspondence and the proposed terms were, of course, submitted to the
+King and approved by His Majesty, and it is certain that had the war
+then ended the Coronation would have taken place at an earlier date than
+was afterwards fixed.
+
+The question of honours conferred by the Crown in peace or war has
+always been one of considerable discussion in Colonial, if not in home
+circles. How far the Sovereign acts in this connection with, or without
+the advice of responsible Ministers, cannot be exactly known. The action
+is unquestionably guided by circumstances based primarily upon the
+admitted fact that all honours and titles, constitutionally as well as
+theoretically, lie in the hands of the Sovereign. It is probable that
+the recommendations made are generally accepted; that the name of any
+one known to be disapproved of by the King would never be submitted;
+that the slightest hint of disapproval would suffice for any name to be
+at once dropped; that any suggestion made by the Sovereign is at once
+included in the official list as a matter of course; that the interest
+taken by the Sovereign in the honours bestowed depends somewhat upon
+whether they are conferred in the ordinary way for routine services or
+granted for special reasons of action or state; that Colonial honours
+are seldom changed as they come from the hands of the Governor-General
+or Viceroy.
+
+On the other hand it may be reasonably assumed that King Edward took
+more interest in this subject than did the late Queen. His many years of
+active association with public life and men of all classes and political
+opinion had made him keenly and impartially aware of personal claims and
+merits and more than usually able to judge amongst the great numbers who
+desire or deserve Royal recognition from time to time. His Majesty's
+first Honour List dealt with services in the South African War under
+terms of a multitudinous catalogue submitted by F. M. Lord Roberts up to
+November 29th, 1900. Amongst those who were made Knights Commander of
+the Bath, or K.C.B. were Lieut.-General Charles Tucker,
+Lieutenant-General Lord Methuen, Major-General Reginald Pole-Carew,
+Major-Generals W. G. Knox and H. J. T. Hildyard, Lieut.-General Ian S.
+M. Hamilton, Major-General Hector A. Macdonald, Lieut.-General J. D. P.
+French, Brigadier-Generals Henry S. Settle, Edward Y. Brabant and J. G.
+Dartnell--all well-known officers in the South African conflict. The
+Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George, or G.C.M.G. was conferred
+upon General Sir Redvers Buller, Lieut.-General Lord Kitchener,
+Lieut.-General Sir Frederick Forestier-Walker and General Sir George
+White. The K.C.M.G., or Knight Commandership in the same Order, was
+given to Major-General Sir C. F. Clery, Major-General Sir Leslie Rundle,
+Major-General E. T. H. Hutton, Lieut.-Colonel E. P. C. Girouard and
+others. A number of minor honours were bestowed upon British, Canadian,
+Australian, New Zealand and South African officers and men and an
+Investiture of various Orders was held at St. James's Palace on June
+3rd, 1901. In such a list much discrimination was necessary and it is
+probable that the tact and knowledge of the King would have a very
+controlling influence apart altogether from his constitutional rights
+and powers.
+
+
+VARIOUS CEREMONIES AND INCIDENTS
+
+On May 24th, His Majesty helped to make the welcome home to Sir Alfred
+Milner splendid and impressive and worthy of the statesman who had
+toiled amidst personal danger and depressive surroundings, public
+disasters and continuous misrepresentation, to maintain British rights
+and justice in South Africa. The High Commissioner was received at the
+station by Lord Salisbury, Mr. Chamberlain, Lord Roberts, Lord
+Lansdowne, Mr. Balfour and many others. Thence he was driven to
+Buckingham Palace and received by the King in a prolonged and private
+audience. The honour of a peerage was conferred upon him and on the
+following day Lord Milner was entertained at a large luncheon given by
+the Colonial Secretary and Mrs. Chamberlain and attended by the most
+eminent public men of the Metropolis--outside of the Liberal party
+ranks. On the same day the King presented colours to the Third Scots
+Guards.
+
+On June 13th a most imposing ceremony was held by His Majesty on the
+Horse Guards Parade when thirty-two hundred officers and men from South
+Africa were presented with war medals by the King amid scenes which had
+not been duplicated since the memorable function when the late Queen
+Victoria and the Crimean soldiers had been the central figures. The
+Royal platform was covered with crimson cloth and in its centre was
+spread a beautiful Persian silk carpet above which a canopy of crimson
+and gold, supported on silver poles, had been erected. Around the
+platform was a bewildering display of splendid uniforms and, after the
+arrival of the King and Queen Alexandra, accompanied by Princess
+Victoria, the distribution of the medals lasted over two
+hours--Major-General Sir Henry Trotter handing them to His Majesty who,
+in turn, presented them to the officer or soldier as he filed past. The
+first recipients were Lord Roberts, Lord Milner and Sir Ian Hamilton. A
+most brilliant and successful function concluded with cheers and the
+National Anthem.
+
+[Illustration: THE RIGHT HON. HERBERT HENRY ASQUITH. K.C., D.C.L., M.P.
+  Prime Minister of Great Britain and Ireland at the time of King
+  Edward's Death]
+
+[Illustration: THE MOST REVD. DR. RANDALL T. DAVIDSON, P.C., G.C.V.O.
+  Ninety-fourth Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of England under King
+  Edward, 1903-10.]
+
+[Illustration: THE RIGHT HON. SIR WILFRID LAURIER, P.C., G.C.M.G., M.P.
+  Prime Minister of Canada during King Edward's Reign]
+
+[Illustration: THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL GREY, P.C., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O.
+  The King's Representative in Canada, 1904-10]
+
+The war now dragged on its weary way. Victories and occasional defeats
+marked the stages of attrition by which the bravery and obstinacy of a
+determined foe was gradually worn down. On August 16th, 1901, Lord
+Kitchener issued his proclamation banishing all Boer leaders taken in
+arms after September 15th: three days later the Duke of Cornwall landed
+at Cape Town; on August 27th Lord Milner returned to take up his arduous
+duties. Mr. Cecil Rhodes died on March 26th, 1902, and on April 9th Boer
+delegates met at Klerksdorp under safe conducts from Lord Kitchener, and
+there Mr. Steyn, General Delary and General De Wet, and others,
+conferred upon the possibilities of peace. Three days later they
+proceeded to Pretoria and were given every facility for discussion and
+consultation by the British authorities. On April 18th they temporarily
+dispersed to consult their Commandos after being given the terms and
+concessions which it was decided to grant. There were supposed to be, at
+the most liberal computation--London _Times_ of April 25th--some 10,000
+Boers in the field at this time, while the women, children and Boer
+residents of the refugee camps, who were being fed and cared for by the
+authorities, numbered 110,000.
+
+The keenest interest had been taken by the King in the course of the war
+during this period and in the negotiations which ensued. He had been
+hoping for its termination before his Coronation and, some months prior
+to this, on January 15th, had addressed a re-inforcement of the
+Grenadier Guards in rather sanguine terms: "I trust that the duties you
+will be called upon to perform will be less arduous than those of some
+of the men who have gone before you and that the war will shortly be
+brought to a close. But, whatever duties you may be called upon to
+perform, I am sure you will fulfil them efficiently and will keep up the
+old spirit and traditions for which the Guards are famous." His wishes,
+like so many entertained throughout the Empire, were not speedily
+realized, but it is safe to say that His Majesty would no more have
+unduly hurried the course of negotiations or changed their effective and
+final character in order to attain his natural desire for a peaceful
+celebration of the Coronation--as was asserted in some sensational
+quarters--than he would have cut his own hand off.
+
+It is sometimes forgotten that the King not only embodies the authority
+of his vast realm in his position, but must concentrate in his own
+person a natural strength of pride in his Empire so great as to be far
+beyond the possibility of a reflection upon its patriotism. He would
+hardly be human in his qualities if the most intense patriotic pride in
+the unity and power of his realms was not the first and strongest
+instinct of his nature. But this in passing. Lord Salisbury illustrated
+the attitude of both the Sovereign and his Ministers when speaking at
+the Albert Hall, London, on May 7th, during the pending negotiations: "I
+only wish to guard against misapprehension which I think I have seen, to
+the effect that the willingness we have shown to listen to all that may
+be said to us is a proof that we have retreated or receded from our
+former position and are willing to recognize that the rights we claimed
+are no longer valid. There is no ground for such an assertion. We cannot
+afford after such terrible sacrifice, not only of treasure but of men,
+after the exertions, unexampled in our history, that we have made--we
+cannot afford to submit to the idea that we are to allow things to slide
+back into a position where it will be in the power of our enemy again,
+when the opportunity suits him and the chance is favourable to him, to
+renew again the issue that we have fought this last three years."
+
+
+TERMINATION OF THE WAR
+
+Meanwhile the negotiations were proceeding. At first the Boer delegates
+proposed that the two Republics should merely concede what had been
+demanded before the outbreak of the war. When this was refused, even as
+a matter for consideration, and they were referred to previous
+statements as to terms, the request was made that some of the leaders be
+allowed to consult their friends in Europe, or at least to have one of
+the European refugee leaders come over and assist them in their
+decision. To this Lord Kitchener gave an instant veto, and intimated
+that unless their proposals were to be serious the negotiations had
+better drop. Then they asked for an armistice in order to consult the
+burghers in the field, but Lord Kitchener would not stop military
+operations a moment further than to allow the delegates to hold meetings
+of their Commandos. But in that event they were to return to Pretoria
+armed with full powers to conclude peace--if they returned at all. As a
+result of this decision the leading officers of the Boer forces met
+their respective Commandos, and delegates were duly appointed to a total
+number of one hundred and fifty. These met on May 16th at Vereeniging
+and spent a couple of weeks in discussion, in obtaining absolutely final
+terms for acceptance or rejection from the British authorities, and in
+presenting these again to the Commandos. The opponents of peace during
+these preliminaries were generally believed to include Mr. Steyn and
+Commandants Wessels, Muller, Celliers and Herzog, while Generals Delarey
+and De Wet were in favour of accepting the British terms. Finally, on
+May 31st, the conditions of surrender were signed. Mr. Steyn was the
+only important absentee from the final conferences at Pretoria.
+
+Thus ended a war in which Great Britain had spent £200,000,000, raised
+and equipped some three hundred thousand men, of whom one-sixth were
+Colonial troops, and performed the unparalleled feat of supplying quick
+and satisfactory transport and subsistence for this great body of troops
+to a distance of seven thousand miles from the seat of Government. The
+people had never wavered, the Government had, apparently, never
+hesitated, the credit of the country had not been affected, even the
+prosperity of Great Britain had not been touched. Speaking of the
+conduct of the people in this connection the _Times_ of July 2d paid the
+following personal tribute: "A splendid example of patriotism and
+devotion was set them by our late Sovereign Lady, and they nobly
+followed it. It is worth recalling now that, while she deplored the
+necessity of war, she never wavered to the end in her conviction that it
+must be fought through. It is to her, perhaps, above all others, that we
+owe the calm dignity of temper with which the peoples of her Empire have
+passed through the greatest ordeal they have been called upon to undergo
+since the days of Napoleon. Her son, King Edward, has inherited her
+spirit and kept before his subjects the ideals she held up to them."
+
+The terms of peace included the promise by Great Britain of
+self-government in gradual stages and "as soon as circumstances will
+permit"; the exemption of burghers from civil or criminal proceedings in
+connection with the war (with certain specified exceptions); the
+recognition of English as the official language, and the promise that
+Dutch should be taught in the schools when desired; the granting of
+arms, under license, to the burghers and the postponement of native
+franchise questions until the period of free government had arrived; the
+grant of £3,000,000 to be expended by Commissioners in the work of
+repatriation and the supply of shelter, seed, stock, etc., to the
+returning burghers; and the reference of rebels to their own Colonial
+Courts for trial, with the proviso that the death penalty should not in
+any case be inflicted.
+
+The settlement was well received by the burghers, of whom fully twenty
+thousand came in and gave up their arms in the course of a week or two.
+Many of the Commandos fraternized with the British troops and joined
+them in singing "God Save the King." As soon as the decision for peace
+had been ratified Lord Kitchener paid a visit to Vereeniging and
+addressed the assembled Boer leaders. He congratulated them upon the
+splendid fight they had made. "If he had been one of them himself he
+would have been proud to have done as they had done. He welcomed them as
+citizens of a great Empire and hoped they would do their duty to the
+Sovereign as loyally as they had to the old State." Messrs.
+Schalk-Burger and Louis Botha had, meanwhile, written farewell letters
+to the burghers which concluded by asking them to be obedient and
+respectful to their new Government.
+
+Immediately on receipt of the information that peace had been signed
+King Edward issued the following message: "The King has received the
+welcome news of the cessation of hostilities in South Africa with
+infinite satisfaction, and trusts that peace may be speedily followed by
+the restoration of prosperity in his new dominions, and that the
+feelings necessarily engendered by war will give place to the earnest
+co-operation of all His Majesty's South African subjects in promoting
+the welfare of their common country." At the same time His Majesty
+cabled Lord Milner: "I am overjoyed at the news of the surrender of the
+Boer forces and I warmly congratulate you on the able manner in which
+you have conducted the negotiations." A similar despatch went to Lord
+Kitchener, with hearty congratulations on the termination of
+hostilities: "I also most heartily congratulate my brave troops under
+your command for having brought this long and difficult campaign to so
+glorious and successful a conclusion." The King also announced that he
+had created Lord Kitchener a Viscount and promoted him to be full
+General. Following the public announcement of peace on Sunday, June 1st,
+came a flood of congratulatory telegrams to the King from public bodies
+and private individuals, and celebrations were held all over the United
+Kingdom and the British Empire.
+
+On June 8th, by order of the King, a special thanksgiving service was
+held in St. Paul's Cathedral and His Majesty attended in person
+accompanied by Queen Alexandra, Princess Victoria, the Prince and
+Princess of Wales, Prince and Princess Charles of Denmark, the Duke and
+Duchess of Connaught, the veteran Duke of Cambridge, and other members
+of the Royal family. A great gathering of representative Britons was
+present in the crowded Cathedral, including most of the members of the
+Houses of Lords and Commons and the Corporation of London. Amongst many
+other notabilities were the Duke and Duchess of Argyll, Mr. Balfour, the
+Earl of Rosebery, the Marquess of Lansdowne, Earl and Countess Roberts,
+Earl and Countess Carrington, Lady Macdonald of Earnscliffe, Sir Redvers
+and Lady Audrey Buller. A short and eloquent sermon was preached by
+Bishop Winnington-Ingram, of London, in which he referred to the
+blessings of peace for the people and the completion of the causes for
+rejoicing at the approaching Coronation. Meanwhile, on June 4th, the
+King had followed up the honours already conferred on Lord Kitchener by
+sending a special message to the House of Commons at the hands of Mr. A.
+J. Balfour, the Government Leader, to the following effect: "His
+Majesty taking into consideration the eminent services rendered by Lord
+Kitchener and being desirous, in recognition of such services, to confer
+on him some signal mark of his favour, recommends that he, the King,
+should be enabled to grant Lord Kitchener £50,000." The vote was carried
+by a majority of three hundred and eighty-two to forty-two and marked
+the final stage in the war--its prolonged struggles, its negotiations,
+its honours and its rewards. To the King this result was the one thing
+needful and seemed to leave a fair field, a peaceful Empire, a loyal
+people, waiting without a shadow on the sun to share in the splendid
+celebration of his approaching Coronation. To the Lord Mayor and
+Corporation of London and the London County Council His Majesty
+addressed, on June 13th, some words in reply to their expressions of
+loyalty and congratulation at the conclusion of peace, which may
+appropriately be quoted here:
+
+     "I heartily join in your expression of thankfulness to Almighty God
+     at the termination of a struggle which, while it has entailed on my
+     people at home and beyond the seas so many sacrifices, borne with
+     admirable fortitude, has secured a result which will give increased
+     unity and strength to my Empire. The cordial and spontaneous
+     exertions of all parts of my dominions, as well as of your ancient
+     and loyal city, have done much to bring about this happy result."
+
+     "You give fitting expression to the admiration universally felt for
+     the valour and endurance of the officers and men who have been
+     engaged in fighting their country's battles. They have been opposed
+     by a brave and determined people, and have had to encounter
+     unexampled difficulties. These difficulties have been cheerfully
+     overcome by steady and persistent effort, and those who were our
+     opponents will now, I rejoice to think, become our friends. It is
+     my earnest hope that, by mutual co-operation and good-will, the
+     bitter feelings of the past may speedily be replaced by ties of
+     loyalty and friendship and that an era of peace and prosperity may
+     be in store for South Africa."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+Arrangements for the Coronation
+
+
+The preparations for the Coronation of the King were of a character
+which eclipsed anything in the history of the world. It was
+unquestionably his aim and intention to make the event an illustration
+of the power of the British Empire, the loyalty of its people and the
+unity of its complex races. The pride of the King in his great position,
+the knowledge which he had acquired of the Empire in his innumerable
+travels, the statecraft which he had inherited and developed, were all
+factors in the determination to make this occasion memorable. Connected
+with the splendour of the event, as planned, was the personal
+relationship and friendship of most of the Sovereigns of Europe with and
+for His Majesty and, associated with every detail of its anticipated
+success, was the enthusiastic loyalty of Indian Princes and great
+self-governing British dominions beyond the seas. Finally, the end of
+the South African War came as if to add the one thing wanting to the
+entire success of the most magnificent Coronation in all history.
+Preparations went on apace from the beginning of Spring, 1902. The mere
+material evidences of the coming event transformed busy and commercial
+London into a forest of boards and poles and platforms. Westminster
+Abbey was changed inside and out and a special entrance was made for the
+King and Queen Alexandra to enter through, and so made as to harmonize
+with the general architecture and character of the building.
+
+A thousand great beacon lights were built over the United Kingdom so
+that from shore to shore the news of the crowning of the King might be
+flashed in flames of light to the people. In London and other centres
+every kind of device for electrical display and illumination was
+prepared and, toward the middle of June, flags and bunting in myriad
+forms began to show themselves. In other parts of the Empire almost
+every city and town and village arranged for some kind of demonstration.
+Banquets and garden parties and band concerts and processions and
+military reviews and all the varied means by which the English-speaking
+person expresses his feelings were in full tide of preparation as the
+time of the Coronation grew near. India had its own unique and Oriental
+modes of expressing loyalty and the feeling there was enhanced by the
+news that the new Prince of Wales was going to repeat the state visit of
+his father, the King, in December of this year and see the people of
+practically the only part of the British realms which he had not yet
+visited. South Africa was to celebrate peace and loyalty at the same
+time and the great centres of Australia were not behind the rest of the
+Empire despite the existing gloom of draughts and sheep famine.
+
+The guests invited to attend the great function might be divided into
+two classes--those who came to a common centre for the celebration of
+their Sovereign's crowning, for the presentation of a picture of
+Imperial unity, and for the discussion of questions incident to the
+wide-spread dominions of the King; and those who came from foreign
+nations as a tribute to the position of Great Britain in the world and
+as a token of their friendship for its people as well as their respect
+for its ruler. In the first list the first place may be given to India
+because of the element of gorgeousness and Oriental pomp which its
+representatives were to bring to the function. Calcutta was to be
+represented by Maharajah Kumar Tagore; Bombay by Sir Jamsetjee
+Jeejeebhoy, the scion of a series of great merchants; Madras by Rajah
+Sir Savalai Ramaswami Mudaliyar; Bengal and the Presidencies of Bombay
+and Madras by distinguished gentlemen of long names and varied titles;
+the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh by the Hon. N. M. D. F. Ali Khan,
+who had served in both the Provincial and Supreme Councils, and by Rajah
+Pertab Singh; the Punjab sent two representatives of whom Sir Harnman
+Singh Ahluwalia belonged to the Viceroy's Legislative Council and
+represented indirectly the native Christians; the Central Provinces,
+Assam, Burmah and the new North-West Frontier Province also appointed
+representatives. Other guests from India included the Sultan Muhammad
+Agha Khan of the Khoga Community.
+
+The special Royal guests from the Colonies were General Sir Francis W.
+Grenfell, representing Gibraltar, Malta and Cyprus; Sir Joseph West
+Ridgeway, representing Fiji and various Eastern Colonies and
+Protectorates; Sir Walter J. Sendall, for the West Indies, Bermudas,
+British Honduras and the Falkland Islands; Sir William MacGregor,
+representing the West African Colonies and Protectorates; the Right Hon.
+Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Prime Minister, representing the Dominion of
+Canada; the Right Hon. Edmund Barton, Prime Minister, representing the
+Commonwealth of Australia; the Right Hon. Richard J. Sedden, Prime
+Minister, representing New Zealand; the Right Hon. Sir J. Gordon Sprigg,
+Prime Minister, representing Cape Colony; Sir Albert H. Hime, Prime
+Minister, representing Natal; and Sir Robert Bond, Prime Minister,
+representing Newfoundland. Other British guests were His Highness the
+Sultan of Perak and Lewanika, Chief of the Barotzes, in Africa. There
+were many invitations accepted outside of the list of special names
+mentioned who were privileged as the King's guests and as such were to
+be put up in state at the Hotel Cecil and be provided with Royal
+carriages and servants and escorts. Governors of various minor Colonies
+and dependencies; Native Princes of India apart from the official
+representatives of its Cities and Provinces; Premiers of Australian
+States and Canadian Provinces; were all invited to be present and many
+of them came to grace the occasion. Amongst those from Canada who
+accepted the invitation and were in London, with the others already
+referred to, as the day for the ceremony approached, were the Hon. G. W.
+Ross, Premier of Ontario, the Hon. H. T. Duffy, representing the Premier
+of Quebec, the Hon. R. P. Roblin, Premier of Manitoba, the Hon. James
+Dunsmuir Premier of British Columbia, the Hon. L. J. Tweedie, Premier of
+New Brunswick and the Hon. G. H. Murray, Premier of Nova Scotia.
+
+Every foreign country or state of importance had its official
+representative appointed and they poured into London and were received
+with varying degrees of state and ceremony as the eventful day
+approached. Prominent amongst them were the Hon. Whitelaw Reid, special
+Ambassador from the United States and, in an unofficial capacity,
+Senator Chauncey M. Depew. From Russia came the Grand Duke Michael, Heir
+Presumptive to the Throne; from Italy His Royal Highness the Duke
+d'Aosta; from Greece the Crown Prince and Heir to the Throne; from
+Bulgaria, the reigning Prince Ferdinand I.; from Belgium, Prince Albert
+of Flanders; from Germany, Prince Henry of Prussia; from Denmark the
+Crown Prince Frederick, Heir to the Throne; from Roumania the Crown
+Prince; from Austria the Arch-duke Francis Ferdinand, Heir Presumptive;
+from France, Admiral Gervais, special Ambassador; from Rome, Mgr. Merry
+del Val; from Abyssinia, Ras Makonnen, the victorious general and
+special envoy of the Emperor Menelik; from Bavaria, Prince Leopold; from
+Sweden and Norway the Crown Prince; from Portugal, the Crown Prince.
+
+Other foreign representatives were Duke Albert of Würtemberg, Prince
+Waldemar of Denmark, General Dubois of France, Field Marshal Count Von
+Waldersee and Admiral Von Koeter of Germany, Prince George, Prince
+Nicholas and Prince Andrew of Greece, the Grand Duke of
+Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince Danilo of Montenegro, the Duke of
+Saxe-Coburg and Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg, Prince George of
+Saxony, the Prince of the Asturias from Spain, Prince Chen of China,
+Prince Mohamed Ali of Egypt, Prince Akihito Komatsu of Japan, Prince Yo
+Chai-Kak of Korea, Baron de Stein of Liberia, the Prince of Monaco, the
+Crown Prince of Siam and special Ministers from Luxemburg, the
+Netherlands, Turkey, Honduras, Mexico, Morocco, Nicaragua, Persia,
+Servia and Uruguay.
+
+Soldiers of the King from all parts of the Empire were present in
+England for the occasion. The Indian troops, quartered at Hampton Court,
+numbered nine hundred strong and represented every phase of the military
+and native life of Hindostan. Sikhs, Dogras, Jats, Pathans, Mohammedans
+from the Punjaub, the Deccan and Madras, Mahrattas, Rajpoots, Garwhal's,
+Gurkhas, Afridis, Tamils, Moplahs, Hazaras and Beloochis, were each
+represented in uniforms of their local regiments. Scarlet, yellow, blue,
+grey, green and red, were some of the colours to be seen. At the
+Alexandra Palace were soldiers from a great variety of countries. Canada
+sent six hundred and fifty-six men, representative of all its regiments,
+under command of Lieut.-Colonel H. M. Pellatt and Lieut.-Colonel R. E.
+W. Turner V.C., D.S.O.; Australia sent one hundred and forty men under
+Colonel St. Clair Cameron C.B.; New Zealand seventy-nine men under
+Colonel Porter; Cape Colony one hundred and fifty under Major-General
+Sir Edward Y. Brabant; Natal, ninety-nine under Lieut.-Colonel E. M.
+Greene; Rhodesia twenty-six, Ceylon fifty-four, Malta forty-six, and
+Cyprus fourteen men. Native contingents included variously coloured and
+clad soldiers from the Gold Coast of Africa, Nigeria, Sierra Leone,
+Lagos, British Central Africa, British East Africa, Uganda, Somaliland,
+Straits Settlements, Bermuda, British Borneo, the West Indies, Fiji,
+Hong-Kong and Wei-hai-Wei. The Colonial troops, with their interesting
+war record, their varied and striking uniforms, their varieties of race
+and colour and country, their differences of physique and appearance,
+were not the least remarkable of the Empire contributions to a great
+function. The Duke of Connaught was in command of all the Forces for the
+occasion and with him were associated Lord Roberts, Lord Wolseley, Sir
+Francis Grenfell, Sir William Butler, Major-General W. H. Mackinnon, Sir
+Edward Brabant and other officers connected with the late war. Colonel
+and Maharajah Sir Pertab Singh represented India on this Staff and
+Lieutenant-General Sir Archibald Hunter was in immediate command of the
+Colonial Contingents.
+
+Various Foreign regiments were to be represented including the 1st
+Prussian Dragoons of Germany, the 12th Hussars of Austria, the Guard
+Hussars of Denmark and the forces of Russia and Portugal. All the great
+British regiments were to be included, either in the procession as
+cavalry, or along the route as infantry. Preparations for the great
+Naval Review were elaborate. The Channel, Home and Cruiser squadrons
+were to be in attendance with Admiral Sir Charles Hotham as
+Commander-in-Chief. Besides a number of Foreign warships, which were
+specially sent to participate in the function, the British battle-ships
+numbered twenty-one, the cruisers twenty-six, the torpedo gun-boats
+seventeen, the torpedo boat destroyers twenty-eight and the sea-going
+training vessels ten. Amongst the Foreign contributors to the Review
+were Germany, the United States, Russia, Sweden and Norway, Denmark,
+Greece, France, Japan, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal, Chili,
+Austro-Hungary and the Argentine.
+
+All the complex arrangement of the details in connection with these and
+other elements of the Coronation festivities were in the hands of an
+Executive Committee appointed on June 28th, 1901, at a meeting of the
+King and his Privy Council and attended by most of the members of the
+Cabinet, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Dukes of Norfolk,
+Portland and Fife, the Earls of Rosebery, Selborne and Carrington, Earl
+Roberts, Earl Spencer, Lord Alverstone, Sir W. V. Harcourt, and Sir
+Henry Campbell-Bannerman. Amongst the members of this Executive of
+fifteen were the Duke of Norfolk (chairman) Lord Esher, the Bishop of
+Winchester, Lord Farquhar, Mr. Schomberg K. McDonnell, Colonel Sir
+Edward Bradford, Sir Francis Knollys, Sir Edward W. Hamilton, Colonel
+Sir E. W. D. Ward, Major-General Sir Arthur Ellis and Rear-Admiral W. H.
+Fawkes. Later on Sir Montagu Ommanney, Sir William Lee-Warner, Sir
+Kenelm Digby, Lieut.-General Kelly-Kenny, and others, were added. Their
+work was, of course, closely overlooked by the King who was in constant
+communication with the Duke of Norfolk and Sir Francis Knollys. The
+following programme of leading events was finally announced as approved
+by His Majesty:
+
+     June 23 State Dinner at Buckingham Palace.
+
+     June 24 The King and Queen to receive Foreign Envoys and
+     Deputations. State Dinner at Buckingham Palace.
+
+     June 25 Royal Reception of Colonial Premiers. Dinner by Prince of
+     Wales to Princes and Envoys at St. James's Palace.
+
+     June 26 The Coronation.
+
+     June 27 Procession through London, Luncheon at Buckingham Palace.
+     Dinner at Landsdowne House to King and Queen. Lady Lansdowne's
+     Reception.
+
+     June 28 The Naval Review.
+
+     June 29 Ambassadors and Ministers give Dinners to their respective
+     Princes.
+
+     June 30 The King and Queen proceed from Portsmouth to London. Gala
+     Opera.
+
+     July 1 Royal Garden Party at Windsor Castle.
+
+     July 2 Dinner at Londonderry House to the King and Queen.
+
+     July 3 The King and Queen to attend a Special Service at St. Paul's
+     Cathedral and a Luncheon at the Guildhall given by Lord Mayor and
+     Corporation.
+
+     July 4 Reception at the India Office in honour of the Indian
+     Princes to be attended by the King and Queen.
+
+     July 5 The King's Coronation Dinner to the Poor.
+
+Many other functions developed around these central ones until the weeks
+before and after the event were to be crowded with every sort of
+festivity and celebration--partly in honour of the occasion, partly as
+evidences of hospitality to Colonial, Indian and Foreign visitors. At
+Portsmouth arrangements were made for a banquet in the Drill-hall, on
+June 26th, to one thousand men from the Foreign war-ships, with five
+hundred British seamen and marines as hosts. On the following day there
+were to be athletic sports for the sailors and a garden party by the
+Mayor and Mayoress for the officers of the fleets and distinguished
+visitors. Following the Review, on June 28th, arrangements were made for
+a garden party at Whale Island, for an Admiralty ball in the Town-Hall,
+for a luncheon to the officers, a Civic entertainment to the men and a
+ball given by the Mayor and Mayoress. In London a Coronation bazaar, in
+aid of the Sick Children's Hospital, was announced with various stalls
+in charge of Princess Henry of Pless, the Duchess of Westminster, Lady
+Tweedmouth, Mrs. Harmsworth, the Countess of Bective, Mrs. Choate, the
+Duchess of Somerset and Countess Carrington. The King's Dinner to the
+Poor of London was planned upon an enormous scale and His Majesty stated
+that he would spend £30,000 in thus entertaining half-a-million of his
+poorer subjects. Sir Thomas Lipton, who had been in charge of a smaller
+affair at the Diamond Jubilee, was given control of the details. Similar
+preparations, upon a minor scale of course, were going on all over the
+Empire and in New York a Coronation Ode was issued by Mr. Bliss
+Carman--a Canadian by birth--which did the subject noble justice and
+commenced with the following verse:
+
+    "There are joy-bells over England, there are flags in London town;
+    There is bunting on the Channel where the fleets go up and down;
+    There are bon-fires alight
+    In the pageant of the night;
+    There are bands that blare for splendour and guns that speak for might;
+    For another King of England is coming to the Crown."
+
+Meanwhile, a Colonial Conference had also been arranged to take place
+during these weeks of celebration and the delegates were to be special
+Royal guests for the Coronation--Sir Francis W. Grenfell, Sir Wilfrid
+Laurier, Mr. Seddon, Mr. Barton, Sir W. J. Sendall, Sir William
+MacGregor, Sir Gordon Sprigg, Sir Albert Hime, Sir Robert Bond, and Sir
+West Ridgeway--together with Mr. Chamberlain and the Earl of Onslow,
+Under-Secretary of the Colonies. The official programme, published a few
+days before the date set for the Coronation, gave the details of the
+Royal procession on that and the following days. On June 26th, in
+passing from Buckingham Abbey, there were to be eight carriages
+containing the Royal visitors and members of the Royal family, the
+Prince and Princess of Wales and then the state coach with the King and
+Queen--having the Duke of Connaught riding to its right and a
+considerable staff and brilliant escort of Life Guards behind.
+
+The procession of the following day was to be essentially an Imperial
+pageant and was to pass over a popular city route. The Colonial portion
+came first on the programme, headed by Lieut.-General Sir A. Hunter, and
+with detachments of Canadian artillery and cavalry and Australian
+cavalry preceding a carriage containing Sir Wilfrid and Lady Laurier and
+Mr. and Mrs. Barton. Then followed carriages with Sir R. Bond and Mr.
+and Mrs. Seddon, Sir Gordon and Miss Sprigg, Sir Albert and Miss Hime,
+Sir W. Ridgeway and Sir F. Grenfell, Sir W. Sendall, and Sir W.
+MacGregor, the Sultan of Perak and King Lewanika--each preceded or
+followed by detachments of New Zealand, Cape, Natal, Ceylon, Trinidad,
+Cyprus and other Colonial cavalry, in accordance with the country
+represented. Then was to come the Indian portion of the procession
+including varied detachments of Native cavalry, and with carriages
+containing the Maharajahs of Jaipur, Kolapore and Bikanur. Following
+these was to be a long line of British artillery and Aids-de-Camp to the
+King, representing the Volunteers, Yeomanry, Militia and Regular forces
+and the Marines. The Head-Quarters staff came next, then Field Marshals
+in the Army, Foreign naval and military attachés, deputations of Foreign
+officers, then Indian Aides-de-Camp to the King--the Maharajahs of
+Gwalior, Gooch and Idur--and several members of the Royal family on
+horseback. Then came thirteen carriages containing Royal visitors,
+special Ambassadors and members of the Royal family, followed by special
+escorts of Colonial and Indian troops and Royal Horse Guards. The King
+and Queen were to come next, in a splendid state coach drawn by eight
+horses, with the Duke of Connaught riding on one side of them and the
+Prince of Wales on the other.
+
+[Illustration: THE RIGHT HON. SIR HENRI E. TASCHEREAU, P.C.
+  Chief Justice of Canada, 1902-1906]
+
+[Illustration: THE HON. WILLIAM STEVENS FIELDING, D.C.L., M.P.
+  Finance Minister of Canada during King Edward's Reign]
+
+[Illustration: THE HON. RODOLPHE LEMIEUX. K.C., M.P.
+  Postmaster-General and Minister of Labour in Canada during King
+  Edward's Reign]
+
+[Illustration: THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF MINTO, P.C., G.C.M.G.
+  The King's Representative in India, 1905-10]
+
+[Illustration: THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF ABERDEEN, K.T., G.C.M.G.
+  The King's Representative in Ireland, 1905-10]
+
+
+THE KING'S PRELIMINARY WORK AND ILLNESS
+
+Some of the incidents connected with the Coronation as preliminaries
+were carried out by the King with apparent energy and in the midst of
+what were known to be very heavy labours. On May 30th His Majesty
+presented colours to the Irish Guards, received the Maharajah Sir Pertab
+Singh, held an investiture of the Garter in great state, visited
+Westminster Abbey to see the Coronation preparations, and gave a large
+dinner party. During the next three days he presented medals to the St.
+John Ambulance Brigade and held a Levée and investiture of the Bath. On
+June 4th he gave audiences to various Ministers, proceeded with the
+Queen to the Derby, gave a dinner to the Jockey Club and then joined the
+Queen at the Duchess of Devonshire's dance. On June 6th the King
+received the Indian Princes at Buckingham Palace and afterwards, with
+Queen Alexandra, held a stately Court function. Two days later the King
+and Royal family attended a service of thanksgiving for peace at St.
+Paul's Cathedral. Other incidents followed and on June 14th His Majesty,
+accompanied by Queen Alexandra, the Prince and Princess of Wales, the
+Duke and Duchess of Connaught, Princess Victoria and Princess Margaret,
+of Connaught, visited Aldershot to inspect the forty thousand troops
+which had been slowly gathering there for weeks. A stormy and wet day
+changed to brightness as the Royal party arrived and the town was found
+to be prettily decorated and filled with enthusiastic people. A great
+Tattoo was held in the evening with massed bands and myriad
+torch-lights, but with not very pleasant weather.
+
+On the following day it was announced in the _Times_ that the King could
+not attend church owing to a slight attack of lumbago caused by a chill
+contracted the night before. Queen Alexandra attended the service,
+however, and in the afternoon visited several charitable institutions.
+Monday the 16th saw His Majesty still too much indisposed to take his
+part in reviewing the troops and this function was fulfilled by the
+Queen, accompanied by the Prince and Princess of Wales. In the afternoon
+the King and Queen returned to Windsor and in the evening His Majesty
+was able to be present at a dinner party in the Castle. On the following
+day the _Times_ expressed editorial pleasure at the King's apparent
+recovery but urged caution and suggested that, despite the
+disappointment of the people, it might be better if Ascot were not
+visited by him on that day and the next but a substantial rest taken
+instead. The same idea seemed to occur to the Royal physicians because
+not only was the visit to Ascot cancelled but also a long-expected visit
+to Eton which had been arranged for June 21st.
+
+Other functions were postponed or cancelled and it was announced that
+His Majesty was resting quietly and preparing himself for the essential
+and heavy functions of the Coronation week. Such was the apparent
+position of affairs in connection with this great event as massed
+myriads of people roamed the streets of London and the other and varied
+millions of the British Empire threw themselves into the final stages of
+preparation. Such was the position on June 21st when the Toronto
+_Globe_, in a very fitting editorial, embodied the popular feeling of
+Canada. It declared that on the following Thursday the historic Abbey of
+Westminster and the streets of London would see "the greatest ceremonial
+which our times have known"; that no King "ever ascended a throne with
+the more universal consent of the governed than does Edward VII."; and
+that the British people had never been fickle in their feelings toward
+him who was once Prince of Wales and was now King. "Their affection for
+him has never faltered and they will feel gratified on Thursday that the
+concluding ceremony of Coronation has fixed him firmly on the most
+glorious of earthly thrones".
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+The Illness of the King
+
+
+If the almost fatal sickness of the Prince of Wales in 1871 was
+historic, from the sympathy it evoked and the influence it wielded, that
+of the King in June 1902 was infinitely more memorable. At the latter
+period the attention of the whole civilized world was focussed upon the
+figure of the Sovereign who was about to be crowned amid scenes of
+unprecedented splendour; the press of the Empire and the United States
+was filled with the record of his movements; the representatives of the
+Courts of Europe had arrived or were arriving; the Prime Ministers of a
+dozen countries and the Governors of many other countries of his
+far-flung realm were in London; dense crowds were swarming through the
+streets of the gaily-decorated metropolis; the approaching day was being
+looked forward to by many millions of people in many lands as an
+evidence, in its successful splendour, of the power and prosperity of
+the Empire. Three days before the 26th of June the King and Queen
+Alexandra had arrived in London from Windsor and the Coronation
+festivities proper had commenced. His Majesty had looked well and had
+smiled and bowed freely to the welcoming multitudes along the line of
+route. Rumors of his having caught cold had prevailed, it is true, and
+in certain sensational quarters there had been statements as to serious
+illness and even allegations of paralysis.
+
+But the evidence of that drive through the cheering streets of London
+was deemed conclusive and during that afternoon and the next morning
+the crowds increased and the excitement grew until sober-minded
+observers who had seen the celebrations of the Queen's Jubilee and the
+Diamond Jubilee and knew something of the millions then gathered
+together were dismayed at the prospect of the massed multitudes of
+Coronation day. It was at 12.45 P.M. on June 24th, when the streets were
+packed with moving, happy, holiday crowds and the decorations were
+nearing completion and their full effect and force becoming apparent to
+the on-lookers, that an official bulletin was posted at the Mansion
+House which seemed to reach every one in London at the same instant--so
+rapidly was the news spread. News that almost on the steps of the
+throne, within a day of the mightiest festival ever designed by human
+government and helped by a willing people, the King had been stricken
+down! It appeared incredible. The people of England and of the Empire
+were almost as dumb-founded as the masses on the streets of the
+Metropolis. But there was no way of getting beyond the simple words of
+the bulletin signed by Lord Lister, Sir Thomas Smith, Sir Francis
+Laking, Sir Thomas Barlow and Sir Frederick Treves: "The King is
+suffering from perityphlitis. His condition on Saturday was so
+satisfactory that it was hoped that with care His Majesty would be able
+to go through the ceremony. On Monday evening a recrudescence became
+manifest rendering a surgical operation necessary to-day."
+
+The trouble approximated to the disease known in the United States and
+Canada as appendicitis and was of a character which made certainty as to
+recovery quite impossible and left the widest scope for fears and
+discussion and speculation. It was analysed by Dr. Cyrus Edson, a
+well-known New York physician, as follows: "Perityphlitis is
+inflammation, including the formation of an abscess of the tissues
+around the vermiform appendix and hence it is very hard to distinguish
+from appendicitis. Usually an operation is necessary to ascertain
+whether the appendix or the surrounding tissue is diseased." The King's
+physicians gave the public all the information they wisely could. The
+operation was performed by Sir Frederick Treves, the most eminent living
+surgeon in this connection, shortly after the first bulletin was issued
+and at six o'clock it was announced that "His Majesty continues to make
+satisfactory progress and has been much relieved by the operation." Five
+hours later the physicians stated that the King's condition was "as good
+as could be expected after so serious an operation." It would be some
+days, however, they added, before it would be possible to say he was out
+of danger. The doctors remained at Buckingham Palace all that night and
+but little news crept out from the silence surrounding the great pile of
+buildings to that stirring outer world which had grown so suddenly and
+strangely quiet.
+
+Following the startling announcement of the King's illness came the
+necessary statement that the Coronation ceremony was indefinitely
+postponed and the further intimation that the King himself had asked
+that celebrations in the Provinces outside London might be continued. In
+London, he had specified his wish, before the operation took place, that
+the dinner which was to be given to half-a-million of poor people should
+not be postponed and His Majesty had expressed keen sorrow, not at what
+he had already suffered himself or was likely to suffer, but at the
+disappointment which his people would everywhere feel. Gradually it came
+out that for over a week he had been ill; that the pain had been very
+great at times; that the physicians had acceded to his determination to
+go on with the ceremonies and the Coronation until longer delay in
+operation would have made the result fatal; that the King's one anxiety
+had been not to disappoint the millions who would be in London and the
+millions who would look on from abroad during the long-looked for event.
+
+The story of the illness as it developed was made known by the _Lancet_
+on June 27th. It seems that on Friday June 13th His Majesty had gone
+through a particularly arduous day and next morning was attended by Sir
+Francis Laking who found him suffering from considerable abdominal
+discomfort. In the afternoon he felt better and went to Aldershot where
+the unfortunately wet and cold weather at the Tattoo caused a distinct
+revival of the trouble in the early morning accompanied by severe pain.
+Sir F. Laking was sent for and in turn telegraphed Sir Thomas Barlow. On
+the 15th, the Royal patient had a chilly fit but on Monday returned to
+Windsor and bore the journey well. Two days later he was seen by Sir
+Frederick Treves who found symptoms of perityphlitis. These, however,
+gradually disappeared and on Saturday, the 21st, His Majesty was
+believed to be on the road to rapid recovery and to be able to go
+through the Coronation ceremonies.
+
+"Sunday was uneventful. On Monday the King travelled from Windsor to
+London. Next day the necessity for an operation became clear." The
+_Lancet_ gave no reason for this sudden change in condition and it may
+have been the excitement and strain of the drive through cheering masses
+of the London populace. "At ten o'clock Tuesday morning (24th) the
+urgency of an operation was explained to His Majesty. Recognizing that
+his ardent hope that the Coronation arrangements might not be upset must
+be disappointed he cheerfully resigned himself to the inevitable. Before
+the actual decision upon an operation was arrived at Sir Frederick
+Treves took the advice of two other sergeant-surgeons to the King, Lord
+Lister and Sir Thomas Smith. They, as well as Sir Thomas Barlow and Sir
+Francis Laking, came to the unanimous conclusion that no course but an
+operation was possible in all the circumstances. To delay would, in
+fact, be to allow His Majesty to risk his life." Such appears to have
+been the plain statement of this serious incident. Following the
+operation the course of the disease was steadily towards recovery and
+without serious complications of any kind. Danger at first there was and
+neither physicians, nor family, nor the public could feel anything like
+assurance of recovery.
+
+
+PROGRESS TOWARDS RECOVERY
+
+The London _Times_ went out of its way to warn the people against
+over-confidence in the result, and the bulletins were cautious in the
+extreme. On June 25th the King was said to have been very restless and
+without sleep during the early part of the night. He was, however, free
+from pain, and his five physicians declared that, under all the
+circumstances, he might be described as "progressing satisfactorily." On
+June 26th they reported His Majesty's condition as satisfactory, his
+strength as having been well maintained, and the wound as doing well.
+The reports of June 27th showed a normal temperature, no disquieting
+symptoms and, finally, a substantial improvement. On the next day the
+five physicians issued the following bulletin: "We are happy to be able
+to state that we consider His Majesty out of immediate danger. His
+general condition is satisfactory. The operation wound, however, still
+needs constant attention and such concern as attaches to His Majesty's
+case is connected with the wound. Under the most favourable condition
+His Majesty's recovery must of necessity be protracted." The bulletins
+thenceforward were regular in their statements of slow and steady
+improvement. On July 2d it was announced that the wound was beginning to
+heal; then only daily reports were issued; and finally, on July 13th,
+the Royal patient was taken by private train from Buckingham Palace to
+his yacht at Portsmouth and, during the next few weeks, while it was
+anchored or quietly cruising off Cowes, the King was steadily growing
+stronger and better.
+
+The bare details of an illness such as this can give no idea of the
+burden of apprehension which it entailed upon millions of people, the
+financial losses which it meant to thousands of merchants and others in
+all parts of the world, the dislocation of a political, social, and
+general character which it involved in London, the consternation which
+it naturally caused in every centre in the Empire. The first effect of
+the King's illness was to create a new tie of sympathy between himself
+and his subjects. Human suffering borne so patiently during that week of
+concealed sickness and with such earnest determination to go through
+what must have come to appear the frightful ordeal of the Coronation
+appealed strongly to people everywhere in the Empire, while the
+externally dramatic passage from preparations for the greatest of
+national festivities down into the valley of the shadow of death came
+home to the hearts of every one with peculiar force. This was
+particularly apparent in Westminster Abbey where the last rehearsal of
+the great Coronation choir, in the presence of the Bishop of London and
+under the musical direction of Sir Frederick Bridge, was proceeding at
+noon on June 24th. Suddenly, Lord Esher entered and told the sad news to
+the Bishop, who, in a few words, turned the service of national
+rejoicing into one of solemn intercession. Everywhere there were similar
+services and similar sudden changes. Coronation day, despite the King's
+kindly wish that demonstrations and functions outside of London should
+proceed, was turned into a season of special service and prayer in Great
+Britain and in the many other countries of the Empire.
+
+A pathetic service was held in St. Paul's Cathedral on the evening of
+the announced illness, and the Bishop of Stepney spoke in most
+impressive terms. "As the days have passed, our thoughts and, I trust,
+our prayers have been centred in the King as he has moved to his
+Coronation watched by millions of eyes. Only yesterday we welcomed him
+to London with heartfelt joy. All around us is the glamour of
+preparation for a splendid festival. The very air is vivid with the glow
+of popular enthusiasm. From all parts of the earth our brethren have
+come to rivet anew the links which bind them to our ancient Monarchy.
+And now come the tidings that this King is laid low with sickness and
+that the great day has been postponed. We are bewildered. We cannot
+realize, except in imagination, the dislocation of the life of a whole
+Empire." Meanwhile, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York had asked
+their clergy to hold intercessory services on June 26th, and Cardinal
+Vaughan, for his Church, had given similar orders. "The finger of God,"
+he wrote to his clergy, "has appeared in the midst of our national
+rejoicing and on the eve of what promised to be one of the most splendid
+pageants in English history. This is in order to call the thoughts of
+all men to Himself. The King's life is in danger. Danger being imminent,
+let us have immediate recourse to the Divine mercy and by public prayer
+seek His Majesty's recovery." The Chief Rabbi held special Jewish
+supplications and the Chairman of the Congregational Union of England
+and Wales telegraphed to Sir Francis Knollys their hope that it might
+please God to spare the King's valuable life so "that he may rule for
+many years over his devoted people."
+
+Telegrams of inquiry and sympathy poured into the Palace, the
+Departments of the Government, and the Guildhall, for days after the
+eventful incident of the operation. On the day that should have
+witnessed the stately splendour of the Coronation, St. Paul's Cathedral
+was the scene of a solemn service of intercession for the recovery of
+the King. The Bishops of London and Stepney, the Archdeacon of London
+and Canons Holland and Newbolt were the officiating clergy and with them
+were the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and a dozen other Bishops.
+The Lord Mayor of London was present officially and the Duke of
+Cambridge and Duke of Teck. So were the special missions of France,
+Spain, Germany, Mexico and other countries, the Hon. Whitelaw Reid and
+Mr. Choate, the American Ambassador. Lord Selborne, Lord Cadogan and Mr.
+Ritchie represented the Cabinet while the Premiers of Canada, Australia,
+Cape Colony, Natal, New Zealand, Western Australia, and South Australia,
+with the Sultan of Perak, the Rajah of Bobbili, Sir Jamesetjee
+Jejeebhoy, and others represented the Colonial and Indian Empire. A
+large number of the leaders in the public, social and general life of
+the country were also there. At the same time a similarly impressive
+service was held in Margaret's, Westminster, the official church of the
+House of Commons, attended by the Lord Chancellor and Speaker, the Duke
+and Duchess of Devonshire, Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman, Lord and Lady
+Londonderry, and many members of both Houses of Parliament. A multitude
+of other churches held intercessory services at home and abroad on this
+day--notably, perhaps, one arranged by the National Council of Free
+Churches and held in the City Temple. Orders were given by the heads of
+all kinds of denominations in all kinds of countries to pray for the
+King on the succeeding Sunday and, in most of the great Colonies of the
+Crown, that day was specially set apart for the purpose.
+
+
+EXPRESSIONS OF SYMPATHY
+
+Meanwhile, the messages continued to pour in from Governments as well as
+individuals or institutions. General Sir Neville Lyttelton for the Army
+in South Africa, Lord Hopetoun for the Government and people of
+Australia, Sir Edmund Barton, the Premier of Australia, the Legislature
+of New South Wales, the Governors of the other Australian States and New
+Zealand, the Governors of Fiji, Gambia, Cape Colony, Mauritius, Bermuda,
+Newfoundland, and Gibraltar, the Administrators of Sierra Leone,
+Seychelles, Ceylon, Hong-Kong and Wei-hai-Wei, the Governor of the
+Straits Settlements and the Premier of Natal sent despatches of
+sympathy and regret. In the United States much kindly feeling was
+expressed. Papers such as the New York _Commercial-Advertizer_,
+_Tribune_ and _Post_ were more than kindly and generous in their
+regrets; others were merely sensational. The President hastened to cable
+an expression of the nation's sentiments and, at Harvard University on
+June 25th, said: "Let me speak for all Americans when I say that we
+watch with the deepest concern and interest the sick-bed of the English
+King and that all Americans, in tendering their hearty sympathy to the
+people of Great Britain will now remember keenly the outburst of genuine
+grief with which all England last fall greeted the calamity which befell
+us in the death of President McKinley." Prayers were also offered up for
+His Majesty in the Senate and House of Representatives. Germany was
+largely silent in its press but outspoken and warmly sympathetic in the
+person of its Emperor. Austria was more than friendly and at Rome a
+Resolution passed unanimously through both Houses expressing earnest
+wishes for "the prompt recovery of the head of the State which has long
+been Italy's best friend." The French press was moderately sympathetic
+and dwelt upon King Edward's love of peace, while the leading Russian
+newspapers paid tribute to the same elements in his character and laid
+stress upon his high qualities as a man and a Sovereign.
+
+On the Sunday following the serious stage in the King's illness the
+metropolis was the scene of many special services. At Marlborough House
+Chapel, Queen Alexandra, the Prince and Princess of Wales and other
+members of the Royal family were present in the morning, together with a
+crowded gathering of members of the Court and old friends of His
+Majesty. Bishop Randall Davidson of Winchester preached a sermon of
+eloquent retrospect--a picture of the events of the past few days and
+weeks. Almost from his seat on a great throne their Sovereign had passed
+to a hushed sick-room; during a crowded week the people had passed from
+bouyant expectancy to crushing disappointment, from loyal admiration of
+a splendid occasion to personal sympathy with a stricken King. At the
+Chapel Royal the Bishop of London preached and drew a lesson of humility
+from the tragic event, while in St. Paul's Cathedral the Bishop of
+Stepney preached to an audience which included various Indian Chiefs and
+King Lewanika of Barotze. Mgr. Merry del Val, the Papal Envoy to the
+Coronation, addressed a gathering at the Brompton Oratory attended by
+Sir Wilfrid and Lady Laurier and Mr. Justice Girouard of Canada, Sir
+Nicholas O'Conor, British Ambassador at Constantinople, Lord Edmund
+Talbot, Lord Walter Kerr, first Sea Lord of the Admiralty, Lord Howard
+Glossop and Lord Clifford of Chudleigh. The Reverend Bernard Vaughan, at
+the Warwick Street Roman Catholic Church, dwelt upon the great loyalty
+of his people to the Throne and declared that much might and should be
+done by Roman Catholics "to build up and consolidate an Empire where
+every man could breathe the air of freedom, claim his share of justice
+and practice his religion in peace."
+
+Amongst the special incidents of the day were prayers for King Edward in
+all the principal towns of Greece as well as in the churches of Athens
+and prayers and sermons upon the subject in many of the churches of New
+York. On July 3rd Cape Town was brilliantly illuminated as an expression
+of pleasure at the King's recovery. Four days later the Prince and
+Princess of Wales visited Grey's Hospital and His Royal Highness in
+speaking to the institution, for which the King had done so much when
+Heir Apparent, referred to the occasion as the first on which he had
+been able to attempt an expression of the unbounded gratitude which they
+all felt for "the merciful recovery of my dear father, the King." He
+spoke of the important work undertaken by the Hospital and then
+proceeded: "I wish to take this first opportunity to say how His
+Majesty the King, the Queen, and whole of our family have been cheered
+and supported during a time of severe trial by the deep sympathy which
+has been displayed towards them from every part of the Empire. And I
+should like to say that we who have watched at the sick bed of the King
+fully realize how much, humanly speaking, is due to the eminent surgical
+and medical skill, as well as to the patient and highly-trained nursing
+which it has been His Majesty's good-fortune to enjoy".
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+The Coronation
+
+
+In the middle of July it was announced that the Royal patient had
+recovered sufficiently to be able to fix a date once more for the
+Coronation ceremony and that, with the advice of his physicians, August
+9th had been decided upon. Many of the events surrounding and connected
+with the central function originally proposed for June 26th had already
+taken place by special wish or consent of the King. Deeply regretting
+the disappointment of his people and keenly thoughtful, as he always had
+been, for the feelings and anticipations of others, His Majesty had
+specially ordered the carrying out of two incidents of the Coronation
+festivities upon the date arranged--the Dinner to the London poor and
+the publication of the Coronation honours. In both cases much
+disappointment would have followed delay though it would necessarily
+have been different in degree and effect. On June 26th, as already
+decided upon and expected, the Honour List was made public and the names
+of those whom the King desired to especially compliment were announced.
+The promotion of the Earl of Hopetoun to be Marquess of Linlithgow, was
+well deserved by his services as Governor-General of Australia and the
+creation of Lord Milner as a Viscount by his work in South Africa. A
+number might almost be called personal honours. Sir Francis Knollys, the
+veteran and efficient Private Secretary became Lord Knollys; Lord
+Rothschild and Sir Ernest Cassel, old friends of the King when Prince of
+Wales, were made members of the Privy Council; Lord Colville of
+Culross, Chamberlain to the Queen Alexandra since 1873, was made a
+Viscount; Sir Francis Laking and Sir Frederick Treves, the well-known
+surgeons, and Sir Thomas Lipton, the King's yachting companion upon more
+than one occasion, were created baronets; the Earl of Clarendon, Lord
+Chamberlain to the King, and General the Right Hon. Sir Dighton Probyn,
+so long the faithful official of his Household, were given the G.C.B.;
+Viscount Esher was made a K.C.B. General H. R. H. the Duke of Connaught,
+brother of the King and Commanding the Forces in Ireland, was made a
+Field Marshal, and H. R. H. the Prince of Wales, was created a General.
+
+
+CORONATION HONOURS AND INCIDENTS
+
+In the more general list every rank and profession was represented--the
+Army and the Navy in honours conferred upon a large number of officers;
+Art in the creation of Sir Edward Poytner as baronet, and the knighting
+of Sir F. C. Burnand and Sir Ernest Waterlow; Literature in the
+knighting of Sir Conan Doyle, Sir Gilbert Parker and Sir Leslie Stephen;
+Medicine and Surgery in the same honour conferred upon Sir Halliday
+Croom, Sir Thomas Fraser, Sir H. G. Howse and Sir William Church;
+Science in the person of Sir Arthur Rucker; Music in that of Sir Charles
+Villiers Stanford; Architecture in that of Sir William Emerson; the
+Stage in that of Sir Charles Wyndham, The Colonies were amply honoured.
+Australia saw knighthoods bestowed upon Sir E. A. Stone, Sir J. L.
+Stirling, Sir Henry McLaurin, Sir A. J. Peacock, Sir Arthur Rutledge,
+Sir John See, Sir A. Thorpe-Douglas, Sir N. E. Lewis. In New Zealand,
+Captain Sir W. Russell-Russell and Sir J. L. Campbell received their
+knighthoods. Sir John Gordon Sprigg of Cape Colony, received a G.C.M.G.,
+as did Sir Edmund Barton of Australia. In Canada, Sir D. H. McMillan,
+Sir F. W. Borden and Sir William Mulock received the K.C.M.G. The King
+also announced the establishment of a new Order of Merit, restricted in
+numbers and for the purpose of special Royal recognition of
+distinguished and exceptional merit in the Army and Navy services, and
+in Art, Science and Literature. The first list of members included Lord
+Roberts, Lord Wolseley, Lord Kitchener, Lord Rayleigh, Lord Lister, Lord
+Kelvin, Admiral Sir Henry Keppel, Mr. John Morley, Mr. W. E. H. Lecky,
+Admiral Sir E. H. Seymour, Sir William Huggins and Mr. George Frederick
+Watts.
+
+A very important event connected with the Coronation--though not exactly
+a part of it--and which proceeded in spite of the King's illness, at his
+earnest desire, was the Colonial Conference composed of General Lord
+Grenfell, Sir J. W. Ridgeway, Sir W. J. Sendall and Sir William McGregor
+representing the lesser Colonies, Protectorates and Military posts and
+the Premiers of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Natal, Cape Colony and
+Newfoundland. It was called by Mr. Chamberlain, largely as a result of
+so many Colonial leaders being in London at this time, and partly
+because of negotiations between Australia and Canada looking to a
+discussion during the Coronation period of such questions as trade
+relations between the Commonwealth and the Dominion, the establishment
+of a fast mail service, the organization of a better steamship service
+between Canada and Australia, the establishment of a line of steamers
+from Australia to Canada _via_ South Africa, and the position of the
+Pacific Cable scheme. The Conference met a few days after the King's
+illness was announced and proceeded to discuss these and other questions
+in secret session during the next few weeks.
+
+A great many of the functions surrounding and forming part of the
+Coronation festivities took place during the period immediately
+following the Coronation day, which was to have been, and these
+increased in number and brilliancy as the days of actual danger passed
+away. On June 26th it was determined not to disappoint the twelve
+hundred children from Orphanages and Homes who had been looking forward
+for many weeks to an entertainment promised them by the Prince and
+Princess of Wales in Marlborough House grounds. They were according
+received on that day and another twelve hundred on the succeeding day,
+and enjoyed their feasts and games to the uttermost. On July 1st, amid
+perfect weather, immense and enthusiastic crowds and in the presence of
+Queen Alexandra and the Prince and Princess of Wales, a parade of
+Colonial troops took place at the Horse Guards. The route was lined by
+Regular troops and the Colonial force of about two thousand men was
+headed by General Sir Henry Trotter and the Canadian Contingent. The
+Duke of Connaught commanded the whole and was supported by a brilliant
+staff.
+
+The Queen came first on the review ground accompanied by many members of
+the Royal family, and soon afterwards there appeared a glittering
+cavalcade headed by the Prince of Wales in general's uniform. With him
+were Lord Roberts, Commander-in-Chief, the Duke d'Aosta, the Crown
+Princes of Denmark, Greece, Sweden and Roumania, the Grand Duke of
+Hesse, Prince Nicholas and Prince Andrew of Greece, the Duke of
+Saxe-Coburg, Prince Akihitu Komatsu of Japan, Prince Christian and
+Prince Albert of Schleswig-Holstein and two Indian Princes. After the
+inspection the Prince of Wales personally conferred the Distinguished
+Service Order, the Victoria Cross, the Companionship of the Bath and the
+Distinguished Conduct Medal upon a number of Colonial officers and men
+who had won them in the South African War. The parade followed and men
+from Canada and Australia, New Zealand, Cape Colony and Natal, Ceylon,
+Cyprus and many other parts of the British world filed past the Queen
+and the Heir Apparent--special cheers greeting the gallant Sir Edward
+Brabant of Cape Colony. Well might the _Times_ in its description
+express the keen regret of all at the absence of the King, and then add:
+"Perhaps never in the whole history of the world has there been such a
+display of Empire power as was witnessed yesterday. Here we had men of
+every colour, creed, denomination and descent, all answering to the same
+word of command, all performing the same manoeuvre, all animated with
+the single object of paying homage to the head of the greatest Empire
+the world has ever seen."
+
+Meanwhile, on June 30th, some fifteen hundred Colonial officers and men
+and one thousand Indian troops had embarked on special transports to see
+the great fleet at Spithead and to obtain an insight into that mighty
+naval power of England which the Coronation review was to have brought
+before the world once more. In the evening a multitude of bon-fires
+around the Kingdom, intended to celebrate the Coronation, were fired to
+mark the King's having passed the danger-point in his illness, and they
+afforded a most weird and striking effect. On the evening of July 1st a
+number of important festivities took place. At the Inner Temple the
+Colonial Premiers and distinguished visitors were banquetted. Amongst
+the guests were the Lord Chancellor, Mr. Chamberlain, Lord Cross, Lord
+Davy, Lord Macnaghten, Lord Lindley, Lord Knutsford, Lord Robertson, and
+Sir Edmund Barton of Australia, Sir John Forrest of Australia, Sir
+Robert Bond of Newfoundland, Sir Albert Hime of Natal, Sir West
+Ridgeway, General Sir Francis Grenfell, Sir W. J. Sendall, Sir John
+Carrington, Sir William MacGregor, Sir Julian Salomons, Mr. Justice
+Girouard of Canada, the Hon. Arthur Peters and Hon. F. W. G. Haultain.
+The Premiers of Australia, Newfoundland and Natal spoke and paid loyal
+tributes to the King and the Empire. In his speech Mr. Chamberlain
+referred to Sir Albert Hime's statement that the Colonies would be glad
+to join the Councils of the Motherland. "If that be their feeling, I
+say--and I know I speak the view of the whole of the people of Great
+Britain--we shall welcome them. They have enjoyed all the privileges of
+the Empire; if they are now willing to take upon themselves their share
+of its responsibilities and its burdens we shall be only too glad of
+their support." The Canadian Dinner, to celebrate Dominion Day, was held
+the same evening; as was Lady Lansdowne's Reception. At the
+first-mentioned event, the speakers included Lord Strathcona, Sir
+Charles Tupper, the Hon. G. W. Ross, the Earl of Dundonald, Sir F. W.
+Borden, the Earl of Minto, the Duke of Argyll, Sir W. Mulock and Mr.
+Seddon.
+
+
+ROYAL AND COLONIAL FUNCTIONS
+
+Lady Lansdowne's function was given in the magnificent drawing-rooms of
+Lansdowne House in honour of the special Envoys to the Coronation and
+the Colonial and Indian guests of the King. Nearly all the Colonial
+Premiers were present at some period during the evening and the Crown
+Princes of Roumania, Sweden, Japan and Siam, Mgr. Merry del Val, King
+Lewanika, the Duke and Duchess d'Aosta, the Maharajahs of Gwalior,
+Jaipur, Kolapore, Bikanur, and Kuch Behar, Sir Pertab Singh, and Mr. and
+Mrs. Whitelaw Reid. The Ambassadors of France, Austria, Turkey, Spain,
+United States, Germany, Persia, Belgium and half the countries in the
+world were also in attendance on what had been originally intended to be
+a reception by the Foreign Secretary and his wife in honour of the
+Coronation. After the Dominion Day banquet Lord Strathcona also held a
+Reception in Piccadilly attended by a great gathering of Canadian and
+other Colonial celebrities.
+
+The Review of the Indian Coronation Contingent on July 2nd by the Queen
+and the Prince of Wales was a brilliant spectacle, the enthusiasm of the
+reception accorded the members of the Royal family as great as on the
+preceding day, the massed crowds even larger than on that occasion, the
+kaleidoscopic colour and glittering splendour of the scene even more
+marked. The ordinary incidents of the parade were much the same as in
+that of the day before but British officers from British countries were
+superseded by a staff of native Princes blazing with gems, while the
+white soldier in ordinary British uniform, with only an occasional
+contingent of Houssas, or Fiji troops, or some other dark-coloured
+Colonial subjects, were replaced by an Oriental combination of varied
+uniform and complex colours. They numbered twelve hundred strong and the
+Eastern side of the display was one which the stricken King--deeply
+sensitive to the Imperial significance of the Coronation as he
+was--would have greatly appreciated and understood. The _Times_
+description was an eloquent one: "To those sitting in the stands it
+appeared as if a great rich ornamental carpet of kaleidoscopic colour
+had been suddenly unrolled across the gravel of the parade-ground; a
+line of dazzling tints, before which the impressive grandeur of
+Household uniforms with attendant cuirasses, bear-skins, scarlet and
+bullion, dwarfed into insignificance. The front of the Asiatic line was
+crested with fluttering lance pennons, and beneath these flags were
+stalwart frames in vermillion, rich orange, purple-drab, French-grey,
+and gold-tipped navy-blue, dressed shoulder to shoulder, making a nether
+border of snow-white or orange breeching."
+
+One after another the representatives of famous Indian regiments passed
+by and no Roman Emperor, or conqueror of old, ever had such a triumphal
+gathering in victorious procession through his ancient capital as this
+which passed the windows of the room where the Emperor-King lay slowly
+verging toward recovery. Finally, they had all passed--Rajpoot, Sikh,
+Pathan, Afridi, Jat, Hazura, Gurkha, Dogra, Multani, Madrassee, Baluchi,
+Dekani--and, after a great cheer for the Emperor of India and to the
+strains of the National Anthem and personal cheering of another kind,
+the Queen and Princess of Wales drove from the grounds followed by the
+Prince and the rest of the Royal family.
+
+In the evening a ball was held at the Crystal Palace, the proceeds of
+which were to go to King Edward's Hospital Fund, as a sort of Coronation
+tribute to His Majesty's well-known interest in this subject. The
+function, which had been managed by Mrs. Arthur Paget, Lady Maud
+Wilbraham and others was a great success. During the same day Mr. W. H.
+Grenfell M.P. entertained the Colonial Premiers and visitors, on behalf
+of the British Empire League, at a water-party on the Thames and a
+luncheon at Taplow Court. The King's Dinner to the poor people of London
+took place on July 5th and constituted probably the most remarkable
+event of the kind in all history. A statistician estimated that six
+hundred thousand persons sat down at ninety miles of tables served by
+eighty thousand voluntary waiters. The cost of the occasion was about
+_£_30,000 and how the guests enjoyed their substantial meal of meat,
+potatoes, bread, cheese, pudding, beer, lime-juice, chocolate,
+cigarettes and tobacco can be better imagined than stated. There were
+eight hundred separate feasts and eighteen thousand people entertaining
+the guests while thirteen members of the Royal family devoted themselves
+to representing the King and giving the pleasure of their presence to
+the crowded and happy multitudes.
+
+The day was beautiful, the arrangements, which had been so largely in
+the hands of Sir Thomas Lipton, were excellent, and the assistance
+abundant. The Coronation mugs gave tremendous pleasure and it would be a
+problem in psychology to say why the mere sight of Royalty should give
+the intense satisfaction which it unquestionably afforded the
+crowds--especially the women. Decorations were everywhere and the Prince
+and Princess of Wales drove in semi-state all through East London. The
+final climax to the day was the physicians' announcement from the
+Palace that the King was out of danger. Princess Christian, the Duke and
+Duchess of Connaught, the Duke and Duchess of Fife, the Prince and
+Princess Charles of Denmark, the Duchess of Albany, the Duke and Duchess
+of Argyll did more than their duty in visiting the various points and
+giving the feasters a glimpse of those who represented, even indirectly,
+their Royal host. On the following day Lord Knollys wrote the Lord
+Mayor, by command of the King, expressing the greatest satisfaction at
+the success of the affair and at the energy, foresight and skill
+displayed by those who had taken it in hand. "I am further commanded",
+he wrote, "to repeat how sincerely His Majesty regretted his inability
+to be present at any of his dinners and how deeply also he has been
+touched by the loyal and kind feeling so universally displayed when the
+bulletin of yesterday morning was read at the various dining-places."
+
+On the following day and at various times and places in the succeeding
+weeks the Queen entertained thousands of young servants at tea. Mayors
+and other officials or prominent persons presided, and each guest, after
+listening to a musical programme, was sent away happy with a box of
+chocolate bearing Queen Alexandra's portrait in colours. A function of a
+different character was the great state dinner given by the Prince and
+Princess of Wales at St. James's Palace on July 8th in honour of the
+Colonial guests and visitors. The leading members of the suite during
+the late Empire tour were present together with the Countess of
+Hopetoun, the Earl and Countess of Onslow, the Earl and Countess of
+Minto, the Lord and Lady Lamington, the Lord and Lady Strathcona, Mrs.
+Chamberlain, Sir Wilfrid and Lady Laurier, Sir Edmund and Lady Barton,
+Mr. Seddon, Sir Gordon and Miss Sprigg, Sir Albert and Miss Hime, Sir R.
+Bond, Sir John and Lady Forrest, General Sir Edward Brabant, Sir W.
+Mulock, the Hon. Mr. Fielding and Hon. Mr. Paterson. During this week
+the Countess of Jersey gave three garden parties at Osterley Park in
+honour of the visitors, and Lady Howard de Walden entertained the
+Colonial and Indian dignitaries at a reception and concert on July 7th.
+Three days later the Queen opened the Imperial Coronation Bazaar which
+was held on behalf of the Ormonde St. Hospital for Sick Children. Her
+Majesty was accompanied by Princess Victoria, the Duke and Duchess of
+Connaught, the Princess Christian and other members of the Royal family,
+and the occasion was successful despite a storm of wind and rain. In the
+evening the Prince and Princess of Wales held a Reception of some nine
+hundred more or less distinguished people at St. James's Palace in
+honour of the Colonial visitors. Most of the members of the Royal family
+were present as well as Royal representatives of Roumania, Denmark,
+Greece and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and the Colonial Premiers and other
+officials or visitors from the outside Empire. It was a really brilliant
+function, delightful in its surroundings, decorations and illuminations,
+and elaborate in its final incident of supper. On the preceding day a
+detachment of troops from Australia and New Zealand, under arrangements
+made by Lord Carrington and the Duke of Argyll, visited Windsor Castle
+and were given luncheon in the town with the former nobleman as host.
+About the same time twelve thousand Kensington school-children were
+entertained under the auspices of Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll,
+and revelled in a pleasure such as had perhaps never come before to the
+most of them.
+
+There were various functions and incidents of interest in the second
+week following the postponed Coronation. One of the most picturesque
+scenes ever witnessed in London occurred on July 3rd, when the Fijian
+soldiers, who had come to the Empire capital for the great event, were
+being driven around the city. On reaching Buckingham Palace they
+expressed a wish to sing an intercessory hymn for the King. With their
+bare heads, legs and feet, their long and frizzy hair, their white
+cotton skirts and quaint tunics, they made a most unique appearance as
+they turned toward the Palace and chanted words of which the following
+is a rough translation:
+
+    "The King is great, and noble, and good.
+    May he find favour in the sight of the Ruler of Kings;
+    May he wax strong and stay the tears of us all, for his people are sad.
+    Mighty is the King and his people shall be glad."
+
+Other parties of West African and Indian troops were driven up and
+cheered the bare walls of the Palace with fervour. The Duke of
+Connaught, and afterwards the Duke of Cambridge, visited the Indian
+troops at Hampton Court. On July 9th, Colonel Lord Binning and the
+officers and men of the Royal Horse Guards provided an entertainment for
+the Colonial contingents at the Albany Barracks. Entertainments for the
+Colonial Premiers were almost continuous. The Duke and Duchess of
+Westminster gave an afternoon party in their honour at Grosvenor House;
+Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach gave a garden party at the official residence of
+the Chancellor of the Exchequer; parties of the King's Indian guests
+were taken at different times by Lord Esher and Lord Churchill to see
+Windsor Castle; Sir Gilbert Parker gave a dinner in honour of the
+Premiers of Australia and Canada; Lady Wimborne gave a dinner and
+reception for the Colonial Premiers; the Constitutional Club on July 7th
+entertained the guests from the Colonies at a banquet presided over by
+the Duke of Marlborough. Sir Wilfrid Laurier, in the course of his
+speech, made a notable declaration: "The bond of the British Empire, let
+me tell you this my fellow-countrymen, and accept it from a man not of
+your own race, the bond of union of the British Empire is allegiance to
+the King without distinction of race or colour." The Primrose League in
+London entertained the visiting Premiers at a banquet; and the
+Fishmonger's Company did the same. An interesting incident was the visit
+of Mr. R. J. Seddon, Premier of New Zealand, and his wife and daughters
+to Windsor Castle whence, on July 3rd, they were driven to Frogmore
+Mausoleum and placed a wreath of lilies and rosebuds on the tomb of the
+Queen and on behalf of the people of New Zealand.
+
+The Empire Coronation banquet was the great event of these weeks in the
+way of dining and speaking, although Mr. Chamberlain's unfortunate
+accident and absence created a serious void. The Earl of Onslow
+presided, and amongst the speakers were Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the
+Maharajah of Kolapore, Sir Gordon Sprigg and Sir Edmund Barton. Earl
+Cromer and Lord Lansdowne, Lord Minto, Lord Kelvin and the Maharajahs of
+Bikanur and Cooch-Behar were also present together with a distinguished
+array of Colonial dignitaries.
+
+An event of historic importance occurred on July 11th when the Marquess
+of Salisbury waited upon the King and tendered his resignation of the
+post of Prime Minister. The fact that His Majesty was able to receive
+him and deal with the questions involved also served to indicate his
+progress toward recovery. Mr. A. J. Balfour was at once sent for and,
+after an interview with Mr. Chamberlain, accepted the task of forming a
+new Ministry. It had been pretty well understood that Lord Salisbury
+intended to resign when peace had come and the Coronation ceremonies
+were disposed of. Delay had naturally occurred owing to the King's
+illness, but His Majesty's progress toward recovery and the fact of the
+principal Coronation functions having been disposed of--outside of the
+event itself--induced the Premier to feel that he could now lay down his
+burdensome position. Mr. Balfour was received again by the King on July
+12th and a little later in the day General Lord Kitchener, after passing
+in triumphal procession through the streets of London on his return from
+South Africa, was also admitted into audience by the King and
+personally decorated from his couch with the special Coronation
+honour--the new Order of Merit. Lord Kitchener then dined with the
+Prince of Wales, as representing His Majesty, at St. James's Palace.
+
+Meanwhile, the King had been winning golden opinions from all sorts and
+conditions of men. His plucky conduct at the beginning of the illness,
+his thoughtful consideration for others through every stage of its
+continuance, his evidently strong place in the hearts of his subjects,
+combined to increase the personal popularity of the Sovereign at home
+while enhancing or promoting respect for him abroad. As the New York
+_Tribune_ put it on the day before the Coronation: "The King is showing
+himself 'every inch a King' in some of those respects which are most
+prized and cherished by all men of his race, and which unfailingly
+command admiration among all men and all races. Those are the qualities
+of unselfishness, and indomitable and uncomplaining pluck." He had
+struggled long and earnestly against the malady--not for his own sake,
+because safety and ease would have early been found in surrender to its
+natural course. When that became finally necessary, and recovery then
+succeeded the period of suspense, his whole desire seemed to be the
+re-assuring of the popular mind and the relieving of public
+inconvenience. On August 6th the King and Queen Alexandra had landed at
+Portsmouth from the Royal yacht and proceeded to London. The stations
+were profusely decorated, and dense crowds were awaiting their arrival
+in the capital. At the Metropolitan station the King walked easily to
+the end of the platform and to his carriage, helped the Queen to enter,
+and followed himself without any apparent difficulty. The route to
+Buckingham Palace was lined with great throngs of people, and His
+Majesty acknowledged the continuous cheering with a most cheerful
+expression and by frequently raising his hat. He was described as
+looking better than for a long time past--while the Queen appeared
+positively radiant. On the evening of August 8th, the King issued an
+autograph message of thanks and appreciation to the nation, through the
+Home Secretary, couched in the following terms:
+
+     "To My People:--On the eve of my Coronation, an event which I look
+     upon as one of the most solemn and most important in my life, I am
+     anxious to express to my people at home and in the Colonies and
+     India, my heartfelt appreciation of the deep sympathy they have
+     manifested towards me during the time my life was in such imminent
+     danger.
+
+     "The postponement of the ceremony, owing to my illness, caused, I
+     fear, much inconvenience and trouble to all those who intended to
+     celebrate it, but their disappointment was borne by them with
+     admirable patience and temper.
+
+     "The prayers of my people for my recovery were heard, and I now
+     offer up my deepest gratitude to Divine Providence for having
+     preserved my life and given me strength to fulfil the important
+     duties which devolve upon me as Sovereign of this great Empire.
+
+     EDWARD R. I."
+
+While this tactful and sympathetic letter was being written by the
+Sovereign, his people in London were preparing for the great event of
+the morrow. The streets were crowded with moving masses of people; the
+decorations, though not as numerous or imposing as in June, were
+nevertheless effective; the streets were illuminated to a considerable
+extent, and the stands were nearly all sold out of their seating
+capacity. During the afternoon the King walked in the grounds of
+Buckingham Palace and held an Investiture, at which he gave the Order of
+the Garter to the Dukes of Wellington and Sutherland and of the Thistle
+to the Duke of Roxburghe and the Earl of Haddington. A little later, he
+received in audience Ras MaRonnen, the Abyssinian Envoy. Two interesting
+announcements were also made at this time--that Lord Salisbury was
+unwell and would be unable to attend the Coronation, and that Bramwell
+Booth had been granted special permission by the King to appear at
+Westminster Abbey in Salvation Army garb. The first incident marked the
+closing of an era of statecraft; of an age marked by the name and fame
+of Queen Victoria and her Ministers. The other illustrated the tact of
+the Sovereign as it proved the existence of a religious toleration and
+equality characteristic of the new period in which the new reign was
+commencing.
+
+On August 9th the great ceremony finally took place. Though shorn of
+some of the International splendour of the first arrangements and
+without some of the military and naval glory which would have then
+surrounded the event its Imperial significance was in some respects
+enhanced and there was a deeper note in the festivities and an even more
+enthusiastic tone in the cheering than would have been possible on the
+26th of June. The solemn ceremony in the ancient Abbey--which had not
+been used or opened to the public since that final practice of the
+choir--was brilliant in all the colours and shadings and dresses and
+gems and uniforms of a Royal function while it presented that other and
+more sacred side which all the traditions and forms of the Coronation
+ceremony so clearly illustrate. The enthusiasm of the people in the
+streets can hardly be described but the spirit and thought and feeling
+were well summed up in the words of a Canadian poet--Jean Blewett:
+
+    "Long live the King!
+    Long live the King who hath for his own
+    The strongest sceptre the world has known,
+    The richest Crown and the highest Throne,
+    The staunchest hearts, and the heritage
+    Of a glorious past, whose every page
+    Reads--loyalty, greatness, valour, might."
+
+The day opened with brilliant promise and bright sunshine, but became
+overcast and gloomy by the time the Royal progress from the Palace had
+commenced. The crowds gathered early, and soon every seat in the many
+stands were filled with expectant and interested people who numbered in
+the end fully half a million. Picked troops, chiefly Household Cavalry
+and Colonial and Indian soldiers of the King, to the number of 30,000,
+guarded the route, with a picturesque line of white, black, brown and
+yellow men of many countries and varied uniforms. When the King and
+Queen appeared in their gorgeous state coach from out the gates of
+Buckingham Palace they were greeted with tremendous cheers from the
+multitude, and these cheers continued all along the way to the Abbey. In
+the Royal procession were the Prince and Princess of Wales with
+thirty-one other members of the Royal family. The Princess was beautiful
+in a long Court mantle of purple velvet trimmed with bands of gold and a
+minever cape fastened with hooks of gold over a dress of white satin
+embroidered in gold and jewelled with diamonds and pearls. Then followed
+Lord Knollys and Lord Wolseley and Admiral Seymour, Lord Kitchener and
+General Gaselee and Lord Roberts, with many other notabilities. The
+Indian Maharajahs, who acted as Aides-de-Camp to the King, were
+brilliant in red and white and brown and blue and gold and jewels.
+Immediately in front of the King was the Royal escort of Princes and
+Equerries with a body of Colonial and Indian troops. The arrival at the
+Abbey was marked by great enthusiasm in the massed multitudes
+surrounding the famous building and seated in the crimson-covered stands
+which had been built on every side.
+
+The scene in the interior was indescribable. The blend of many colours
+in costume mixed with the time-mellowed harmonies of shade and substance
+in the mighty structure, while the air was permeated with the solemn
+sounds of the recently sung Litany and the slowly pealing bells of loyal
+welcome. Around were the greatest men and noblest and most beautiful
+women of Great Britain, and in the stalls was a veritable roll-call of
+fame in a world-wide Empire. Lord Salisbury was practically the only
+British personage of historic repute who was not present while the
+veteran Duke of Cambridge appeared as one of the two living links
+present between the Coronation which had marked the beginning of the
+Victorian era and that which was now to illustrate the birth of a new
+period. Into this scene of splendour and revel of colour came the King
+and the state officials of his realm.
+
+The procession as it passed from the west door of the Abbey through the
+standing and brilliantly-garbed gathering was one of the most stately
+spectacles recorded in history. First came the Clergy of the Abbey in
+copes of brown shot with gold, the Archbishops in purple velvet and
+gold, the gorgeously-clad officers of the Orders of Knighthood, and the
+Heralds. Then came the Standard of Ireland, carried by the Right Hon.
+O'Conor Don, the Standard of Scotland by Mr. H. S. Wedderburn, the
+Standard of England by Mr. F. S. Dymoke and the Union Standard borne by
+the Duke of Wellington. Various great officials and nobles followed, the
+coronet of each borne by a beautifully dressed page. They included the
+Lord Privy Seal, the Lord President of the Council the Lord Chancellor
+of Ireland, the Lord Archbishop of York, the Lord High Chancellor, the
+Lord Archbishop of Canterbury. Then came the Earl of Gosford as Lord
+Chamberlain, Lord Harris carrying the Queen's regalia and the Duke of
+Roxburghe carrying Her Majesty's Crown. The Queen herself followed in
+robes of exquisite character and splendour and looking as only the most
+beautiful woman in England could look. On either side of her were the
+Bishops of Oxford and Norwich with five gentlemen-at-arms to the right
+and left of them and Her Majesty's train was borne by the Duchess of
+Buccleuch assisted by eight youthful personages of title or heirship to
+aristocratic position. The Ladies of the Bedchamber followed and then
+came the King's regalia, carried by the Earl of Carrington, the Duke of
+Argyll, the Earl of Loudoun, Lord Grey de Ruthven, Viscount Wolseley,
+the Duke of Grafton and Earl Roberts.
+
+The next personage in this splendid procession of rich-robed noblemen
+and gorgeously-clad officials was the Lord Mayor of London and then came
+the Marquess of Cholmondeley, as Lord Great Chamberlain, the Duke of
+Abercorn as High Constable of Ireland, the Earl of Erroll as High
+Constable of Scotland, the Earl of Shrewsbury as Lord High Steward of
+Ireland, the Earl of Crawford as Lord High Steward of Scotland (Deputy
+to the Duke of Rothesay and Prince of Wales), the Duke of Norfolk as
+Earl Marshal of England, the Marquess of Londonderry carrying the Sword
+of State, and the Duke of Fife as Lord High Constable of England.
+Following these high officers of state came central figures in the
+procession--the Duke of Marlborough as Lord High Steward carrying St.
+Edward's ancient Crown, the Earl of Lucan carrying the Sceptre, and the
+Duke of Somerset bearing the Orb. The Bishop of Ely followed bearing the
+Patina, the Bishop of Winchester bearing the Chalice, the Bishop of
+London carrying the Bible and then, behind him came the Sovereign of the
+mighty little Islands and of an Empire girdling the world in power and
+wealth and service to civilization.
+
+His Majesty was clad in Royal crimson robes of state and wore the Order
+of the Garter. His train was borne by the Earl of Portarlington, the
+Duke of Leinster, the Marquess Conyngham, the Earl of Caledon and Lord
+Somers, with Viscount Torrington and Hon. P. A. Spencer, as Pages of
+Honour and Lord Suffield, Master of the Robes. On either side of the
+King walked the Bishop of Bath and Wells and the Bishop of Durham and
+beside them again ten gentlemen-at-arms. Following the bearers of the
+Royal train came Admiral Sir Michael Culme-Seymour, the Duke of
+Portland, General Lord Chelmsford, the Duke of Buccleuch, Earl
+Waldgrave, Lord Belper, various Lords-in-Waiting, Lord Knollys, Sir D.
+M. Probyn and Major-General Sir Arthur Ellis.
+
+The services and ceremonies in the Abbey were beautiful and impressive
+in the extreme. Enriched with a thousand years' traditions, moulded upon
+ancient forms of a sacred and essentially religious character,
+symbolizing and expressing a solemn compact between the Sovereign and
+his subjects, registering by forms of popular acceptance, homage and
+ecclesiastical ritual the final consecration of the King to the
+government of his nation, it was a ceremony of exceeding solemnity as
+well as of impressive splendour. The great Abbey had been transformed by
+tier above tier of seats, covered with blue and yellow velvet, and so
+arranged as to form one dazzling mass of brightness and colour when
+filled with the peers in their gorgeous robes and peeresses in their
+crimson velvet mantles, ermine capes and beautiful gowns. As the King
+and Queen entered the Abbey on this eventful day and moved toward their
+chairs the choir of trained voices sang with exquisite feeling and sound
+the anthem: "I was glad when they said unto me, we will go into the
+house of the Lord." The King at different times during the ceremonies
+was clad in vestments combining an ecclessiastical character with Royal
+magnificence. The dalmatic was a robe of cloth of gold, the stole was
+lined with crimson cloth and richly embroidered, the alb, or sleeveless
+tunic of fine cambric, was trimmed with beautiful lace. The whole effect
+was one of harmonized colour and splendour.
+
+After brief prayer, kneeling on faldstools in front of their chairs, the
+King and Queen took their seats and then the Archbishop of Canterbury
+turned north, south, east and west and, while the King stood, he said to
+the people: "Sirs, I here present unto you King Edward, the undoubted
+King of this Realm; wherefore all you who have come this day to do your
+homage, are you willing to do the same?" Ringing acclamations of "God
+save the King," to the sound of trumpets strongly blown, greeted this
+part of the ceremony. The Bible, Patina, Chalice and Regalia were then
+borne to the Altar, and the Communion service of the Church of England
+proceeded with. Then followed the taking of the Coronation Oath, the
+Archbishop of Canterbury first asking His Majesty if he was willing to
+do so and receiving an affirmative reply. The questions and answers were
+as follows, the King holding a Bible in his hands:
+
+     _Archbishop._ Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the
+     people of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the
+     Dominions thereto belonging, according to the statutes in
+     Parliament agreed on and the respective laws and customs of the
+     same?
+
+     _The King._ I solemnly promise to do so.
+
+     _Archbishop._ Will you to your power cause law and justice, in
+     mercy, to be executed in all your judgments?
+
+     _The King._ I will.
+
+     _Archbishop._ Will you to the utmost of your power maintain the
+     laws of God, the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant
+     Reformed religion established by law? And will you maintain and
+     preserve inviolably the Settlement of the Church of England and the
+     doctrine, worship, discipline and government thereof as by law
+     established in England? And will you preserve unto the Bishops and
+     Clergy of England and to the Church therein committed to their
+     charge, all such rights and privileges as by law do, or shall
+     appertain to them or any of them?
+
+     _The King._ All this I promise to do.
+
+His Majesty, when he had said these words passed to the Altar, knelt
+down and with his hand on the Bible said: "The things which I have here
+before promised I will perform and keep. So help me God." After signing
+the Oath the King returned to his chair. A hymn, a prayer by the
+Archbishop and an anthem followed. Meanwhile His Majesty, after being
+relieved of his crimson robes by the Lord Great Chamberlain and of his
+cap of state, proceeded to King Edward's Chair, near the Altar and, and
+while four Knights of the Garter in their magnificent robes and
+insignia--the Earl of Rosebery, Earl of Derby, Earl of Cadogan and Earl
+Spencer--held over him a Pall of golden Silk, the Archbishop, assisted
+by the Dean of Westminster, anointed him with holy oil on the crown of
+the head, on his breast and on his hands. His Grace of Canterbury
+concluded this part of the ceremony with the words: "And as Solomon was
+anointed King by Zadok the Priest and Nathan the Prophet, so be you
+anointed, blessed and consecrated King over this People whom the Lord
+your God hath given you to rule and govern. In the name of the Father,
+and the Son and the Holy Ghost, Amen." The King, after a brief prayer by
+the Archbishop then resumed his place in King Edward's Chair and was
+robed by the Dean of Westminster with cloth of gold and symbolic girdle.
+
+
+INCIDENTS OF THE CEREMONY
+
+Various typical or symbolic functions were then performed. The Lord
+Great Chamberlain touched the King's feet with a pair of golden spurs as
+constituting the ancient emblems of Knighthood; a Sword of State, with
+scabbard of purple velvet, was then handed with elaborate ceremony to
+the Archbishop who, after placing it upon the Altar and delivering a
+short prayer proffered it to His Majesty about whom it was girt by the
+Lord Great Chamberlain, His Grace of Canterbury giving the following
+injunction: "With this sword do justice, stop the growth of iniquity,
+protect the Holy Church of God, help and defend widows and orphans,
+restore the things that are going to decay, maintain the things that are
+restored, furnish and reform what is amiss and confirm what is in good
+order; that by doing these things you may be glorious in all virtue; and
+so faithfully serve our Lord Jesus Christ in this life that you may
+reign for ever with him in the life that is to come." The King then
+placed the Sword upon the Altar from which it was presently taken and
+held drawn from the scabbard before him during the rest of the
+ceremony. The Dean of Westminster then invested His Majesty with the
+Armilla, or gold bracelets, and with the Imperial mantle of cloth of
+gold, while the Archbishop presented the Orb of Empire--a golden ball,
+made originally for Charles II. with a band covered with gems and a
+cross set in brilliants. As he did so His Grace said: "Receive this
+Imperial Robe and Orb; and the Lord your God endow you with knowledge
+and wisdom, with majesty and with power from on high; the Lord clothe
+you with the robe of righteousness and with the garments of salvation."
+
+The next incident was the placing of a gold ring--carried off by James
+II. in his flight, and afterwards recovered in Rome by George IV.--upon
+the fourth finger of the King's right hand with an Episcopal injunction
+to receive the ring as "the ensign of kingly dignity and of defence of
+the Catholic faith." Then came the presentation of the Sceptre by the
+Archbishop as the ensign of kingly power and justice, and the rod of
+equity and mercy, while the Duke of Newcastle as Hereditary Lord of the
+Manor of Worksop, had the privilege or right of placing a glove upon the
+King's hand. Following this came the central and most dramatic feature
+of the ceremonies--the placing of the Crown upon His Majesty's head by
+the Archbishop of Canterbury. As the action was performed the venerable
+Abbey shook with the acclamation of "God Save the King" while the
+trumpets blared and the scene, already brilliant with varied splendours,
+flashed in added beauty when the Peers and Peeresses put on their
+glittering coronets. A brief prayer and the presentation of a copy of
+the Bible by the Archbishop followed with a benediction ending in the
+words: "The Lord give you a fruitful country and healthful seasons;
+victorious fleets and armies and a quiet Empire; a faithful Senate, wise
+and upright Counsellors and magistrates, a loyal nobility and dutiful
+gentry; a pious and learned and useful Clergy; an honest, industrious
+and obedient community."
+
+After the _Te Deum_ was sung by the choir, His Majesty for the first
+time took his place upon the Throne surrounded by the leading officials,
+nobles and clergy, and listened to a brief exordium from the Archbishop,
+ending with the hope that God would "establish your Throne in
+righteousness that it may stand fast for evermore." Then came the
+impressive ceremony of Homage. First the Archbishop of Canterbury,
+kneeling in front of His Majesty with all the Bishops in their places,
+repeated an oath of allegiance. Then the Prince of Wales, taking off his
+coronet, knelt in front of the King and the other Princes of the blood
+royal knelt in their places and repeated the quaint mediæval formula in
+which they swore "to become your liege man of life and limb and of
+earthly worship, and faith and truth I will bear unto you, to live and
+die against all manner of Folks." At this point occurred an abbreviation
+of the ceremony as well as an _impromptu_ change in the proceedings. As
+the Prince rose from his knees touched the Crown on his father's head
+and kissed his left cheek in the the formal manner prescribed, the King
+rose, threw his arms round his son's neck for a moment and then took his
+hand and shook it warmly. After the homage of the Heir Apparent each
+Peer of the realm should have followed the traditionary form in the
+order of his rank and touched the Crown and kissed the King's cheek.
+This was modified, however, so as to enable each grade of the nobility
+to perform the function through its representative of oldest patent--the
+Duke of Norfolk, the Marquess of Winchester, the Earl of Shrewsbury, the
+Viscount Hereford and the Baron de Ros. After this had been done the
+trumpets once more sounded their acclaims and the audience joined in
+shouting "God save King Edward."
+
+A short but stately ceremony of crowning the Queen then followed. The
+Archbishop of York officiated and four Peeresses upheld the Cloth of
+Gold over Her Majesty as she was anointed upon the head. A ring was
+placed upon her finger with a brief prayer, and a sceptre in her hand
+with the following words: "Grant unto this thy servant Alexandra, our
+Queen, that by the powerful and mild influence of her piety and virtue,
+she may adorn the high dignity which she hath obtained, through Jesus
+Christ our Lord." Her Majesty was then escorted from the Altar to her
+own Throne, bowing reverently to the King as she passed him to take her
+place.
+
+The King and Queen then passed to the Altar together, taking off their
+Crowns and kneeling on faldstools and His Majesty formally offered the
+Sacrament of Communion to the Archbishop. After thus indicating his
+headship of the National Church, the King returned with his Consort to
+their chairs and listened to some brief prayers. Thence they returned to
+the Altar, received Communion from the Archbishop of Canterbury and then
+passed into the Chapel of Edward the Confessor accompanied by a stately
+procession. There they were arrayed in Royal robes of purple and velvet,
+in place of the mantels previously worn, and passed with slow and
+stately dignity down the nave, out to their carriage and thence through
+masses of cheering people to Buckingham Palace.
+
+There were several incidents in connection with the Coronation
+ceremonies which deeply impressed the onlookers. One was the spontaneous
+and obvious sincerity of the King's affectionate greeting to his son.
+Another was the enfeebled condition of the aged Archbishop of
+Canterbury. With his massive frame, brilliant intellect, and piercing
+eyes Dr. Temple had lived a life of intense mental activity and
+religious zeal, but in these declining days the massive form had become
+bent and trembling, the memory and the eyes found difficulties in the
+solemn words of the service, and his shaking hands could hardly place
+the Crown upon the head of his King. But the latter's solicitude and
+anxious care to save the Primate any exertion, not absolutely essential,
+were marked and noticed by all that vast assemblage. The Royal patient
+was transformed, by kindly sympathy, into a guardian of the Archbishop's
+weakness. When tendering his homage as first of all the subjects of the
+King, the aged Primate almost fainted and was unable to rise from his
+knees until His Majesty assisted him. Prior to the actual Coronation,
+Mr. Edwin A. Abbey, R.A., who had been commissioned by the King to paint
+a picture of the historic scene, was allowed to take note of the
+surroundings. Another incident of the event was the presence of the
+Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz--placed by desire of Queen Alexandra in
+a seat at the exact spot which she had held during the Coronation of
+Queen Victoria.
+
+On the day following the great event a final bulletin was issued by Sir
+F. Laking and Sir F. Treves, which stated that "His Majesty bore the
+strain of the Coronation ceremony perfectly well, and experienced but
+little fatigue. The King has had a good night, and his condition is in
+every way satisfactory." Being Sunday, special services were held in the
+St. James's Chapel Royal, at St. Paul's Cathedral, in Marlborough House
+Chapel, and at St. Margaret's, Westminster. On Monday, a Royal message
+to the nation was made public through Mr. Balfour, the Prime Minister.
+Dated on Coronation Day, it described the Osborne House estate, on the
+Isle of Wight, as being the private property of the Sovereign, and
+expressed his wish to establish this once favourite residence of the
+late Queen as a National Convalescent Home for Officers of the Army and
+Navy--maintaining intact, however, the rooms which were in her late
+Majesty's personal occupation. "Having to spend a considerable part of
+the year in the capital of this Kingdom and in its neighbourhood, at
+Windsor, and having also strong home ties in the County of Norfolk,
+which have existed now for nearly forty years, the King feels he will
+be unable to make adequate use of Osborne House as a Royal residence,
+and he accordingly has determined to offer the property in the Isle of
+Wight as a gift to the nation." Following the Coronation came multitudes
+of editorial comments upon the event, and one of the most concise and
+expressive was that of the London _Times_: "The significance of the
+Coronation ceremony on Saturday lay in its profound sincerity, as a
+solemn compact between the Sovereign and his subjects, ratified by oath,
+and blessed by the highest dignitaries of the National Church. It was a
+covenant between a free people, accustomed for long centuries to be
+governed according to statutes in Parliament agreed on, and their
+hereditary King, and a supplication from both to God that the King may
+be endowed with all princely virtues in the exercise of his great
+office. Though the details of the ceremony do not mean to us all they
+meant to our forefathers, the ceremony itself is a no less strong and
+enduring bond between the King and subjects. The most striking feature
+of the Coronation was that it was the first to be attended by the
+statesmen of self-governing Colonies, and by the feudatory Princes of
+India."
+
+With the event also came an Ode from Mr. Alfred Austin, entitled "The
+Crowning of Kingship." On August 11th the King held a Council at
+Buckingham Palace, attended by the retiring and new members of the
+Cabinet; invested many distinguished personages with their Coronation
+honours; and gave an audience to Sir Joseph Dimsdale, Lord Mayor of
+London, who presented the City's Coronation gift of $575,000 toward the
+King Edward Hospital Fund, in which His Majesty had so long taken so
+deep an interest and to which, on this occasion, there was contributed
+20,000 penny donations from the poorest quarters of London.
+
+Various functions of a Coronation character or connection ensued. On
+August 12th some 2000 Colonial troops who were present at the event, in
+a representative capacity, from British dominions beyond the seas, were
+received by the King on the grounds of Buckingham Palace. Under the
+Royal canopy were the Queen and the children of the Prince of Wales, and
+in attendance were Earl Roberts, Lord Kitchener, Mr. Chamberlain and
+various Colonial Premiers, including Sir Wilfrid and Lady Laurier. After
+the march past, the King pinned a Victoria Cross on the breast of
+Sergeant Lawrence, and the Prince of Wales conferred Coronation medals
+upon the officers and men. His Majesty then addressed the troops as
+follows: "It has afforded me great pleasure to see you here to-day and
+to have the opportunity of expressing my high appreciation of your
+patriotism and the way you distinguished yourselves in South Africa. The
+services you have rendered the Mother-Country will never be forgotten by
+me, and they will, I am sure, cement more firmly than ever the union of
+our distant Colonies with the other parts of my great Empire."
+
+On the following day the Indian troops sent from the great Eastern realm
+to honour the Coronation of its Emperor were reviewed at the same place.
+His Majesty wore a jewelled sword which cost some $50,000, and had been
+presented to him on the previous day by the Maharajah of Jaipur. The
+scene was a most brilliant and picturesque one. The British notables
+present wore military or Levée dress; the great lawn of the Palace was a
+splendid spectacle in red, yellow, green and blue; the Eastern Princes
+were gorgeous in jewels and many-coloured raiment, and the little
+Princes Edward and Albert of Wales constituted themselves Aides of the
+King and brought several general officers up to have an audience. After
+the march past and the distribution of medals at the hands of the Prince
+of Wales, His Majesty addressed the troops in the following words: "I
+wish to convey to all ranks the high satisfaction it has given me to see
+this splendid contingent from India. I almost feared, owing to my
+serious illness, that I would be prevented from having the advantage of
+seeing you, but I am glad to say that by God's mercy I am well again. I
+recognize among you many of the regiments I had the advantage of seeing
+at Delhi during my tour of India." During the next few days various
+minor functions took place, and the Colonial leaders especially were
+feasted and entertained in every possible way.
+
+On August 17th the final event occurred in connection with the
+Coronation. It was the mighty greeting of a great fleet to the Sovereign
+of a wide-flung realm. It was the inspection of a naval force which a
+generation before could have dominated the seas of the world and put all
+civilized nations under tribute. Gathered together from the Home
+Station, the Channel squadron and the Cruising squadron; without the
+detachment of a ship from foreign waters or Colonial stations, it
+included 20 battleships, 24 cruisers and 47 torpedo crafts, with an
+outer fringe of foreign vessels contributed in complimentary fashion to
+honour the occasion. From Spithead to the Isle of Wight the horizon was
+black with great grim vessels of war decked out with flags, and as the
+King's yacht approached the first line of ships, a hundred Royal salutes
+made a tremendous burst of sound such as probably the greatest
+battle-fields of history had never heard. As the King, in Admiral's
+uniform, stood upon the deck of his vessel and passed slowly down the
+lines, a signal given at a certain moment evoked one of the most
+impressive incidents which even he had ever encountered--a simultaneous
+roar of cheers from the powerful throats of 50,000 enthusiastic sailors.
+The sound rolled from shore to shore, and ship to ship, was echoed from
+100,000 spectators on land and sea, and repeated again from the
+battleships. The King was deeply moved by this crowning tribute of
+loyalty, and at once signaled his gratification to the fleet and an
+invitation to its flag officers to come aboard his yacht and receive a
+personal expression of his feelings. In the evening electric and
+coloured lights of every kind and in countless number combined with
+flashing searchlights to illuminate the great fleet and to cast a
+glamour of fairy land over the splendid scene.
+
+Meanwhile, in the morning, His Majesty had received on board his yacht
+the celebrated Boer Generals, Botha, De Wet and De la Rey. Afterwards,
+in company with Lord Kitchener and Earl Roberts they had returned to
+London greatly pleased with the cordiality of their reception and
+especially gratified at the kind manner of Queen Alexandra. Following
+the official Naval Review, the King on the next day visited the fleet in
+a stormy sea and watched it go through certain manoeuvres of a
+practical kind before being dispersed to its different local stations.
+On his return to London he found the Shah of Persia a guest of the
+nation and awaiting formal reception at the hands of its Monarch. And
+thus King Edward took up again his unceasing round of duty and
+ceremonial and high responsibility. In the past year or two he had gone
+through every variety of emotional experience and official work and
+brilliant ceremony--his mother's death and the consequent mourning of a
+nation and empire; his own assumption of new and heavy duties; the
+special labours of an expectant period; the time of serious illness and
+the anxieties of complex responsibility to a world-wide public; the
+realization of his Coronation hopes; the change from an old to a new
+period stamped by the change in his national advisers and the presence
+of his Colonial Premiers. He now entered upon his further lifework, with
+chastened feelings in a personal sense but, it is safe to say, with high
+and brilliant hopes for the future of his own home country and its
+far-flung Empire.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+The Reign of King Edward
+
+
+The history of this reign--not long in years--is yet crowded with
+events, rich in national and Imperial developments, conspicuous in the
+importance of its discussions and international controversies. The first
+brief months, which have been already reviewed, saw the completion of
+the memorable Empire tour of the new Prince of Wales and the settling
+down of Australia to a life of national unity and progress; the
+conclusion of the South African War and the beginning of an
+extraordinary process of unification which was in a few years to evolve
+the Union of South Africa; the almost spectacular incidents of the
+Coronation and the important proceedings of the Colonial Conference of
+1902. In July of this latter year the Marquess of Salisbury retired and
+was succeeded in the Premiership by his nephew, Arthur J. Balfour. To
+the King this meant the removal of a strong arm and powerful intellect
+and respected personality from his side and increased the importance of
+his own experience and _prestige_ as a statesman.
+
+Something has already been said of the qualities with which King Edward
+entered upon his task and with which it was conducted to the moment when
+in passing to his rest he said: "It is all over, but I think I have done
+my duty." The unique feature of his career in a personal sense was his
+amazing popularity, the real affection with which every class in the
+great community of the British Isles regarded him. In the days of his
+unofficial labours as Prince of Wales, Lord Beaconsfield greatly
+esteemed him and Mr. Gladstone was "devotedly attached" to him. At the
+latter's funeral the Prince went up to Mrs. Gladstone and in a spirit of
+spontaneous courtesy bent over her hand and kissed it with an air of
+sympathy so great as to be beyond the expression of words. It was little
+acts such as this that won unstinted liking for the man as well as
+loyalty to the King. It was this magnetism of the kindly heart, this
+instinctive courtesy of character, coupled with a remarkable dignity of
+bearing at the right moment and in the right place, and a rare memory
+for faces and incidents and peoples and places, that made King Edward so
+truly the Sovereign of his people. In this connection a religious orator
+of the Radical type in London--Rev. R. J. Campbell--told an audience in
+Toronto, Canada, on July 22, 1903, that "Queen Victoria is gone but her
+son remains and I would not exchange King Edward, with all the criticism
+that has been directed against him, for any Sovereign ruler on the face
+of the earth or any President of any Republic on either side of the
+water."
+
+Following the visit to Paris of this year, which paved the way for
+better relations in the future between Britain and France, the King made
+a successful tour of a part of Ireland--July 21st to August 1st--and
+impressed himself upon the mercurial temperament of the sons of Erin. In
+September came the memorable retirement of Mr. Chamberlain from the
+Balfour Government; his declaration of devotion to the new-old ideal of
+limited protective tariffs for the United Kingdom _plus_ preferential
+duties in favour of the external Empire; the split in the Conservative
+party and the presentation of a great issue to the people which,
+however, was clouded over by other policies in either party and had not,
+up to the time of the King's death, won a clear presentation to the
+people as a whole. Mr. Chamberlain's letter to Mr. Balfour dated
+September 8th expressed regret that the all-important question of fiscal
+reform had been made a party issue by its opponents; recognised the
+present political force of the cry against taxing food and the
+impossibility of immediately carrying his Preferential policy; suggested
+that the Government should limit their immediate advocacy to the
+assertion of greater fiscal freedom in foreign negotiations with a power
+of tariff retaliation, when necessary, as a weapon; and declared his own
+intention to stand aside, with absolute loyalty to the Government in
+their general policy but in an independent position, and with the
+intention of "devoting myself to the work of explaining and popularizing
+those principles of Imperial union which my experience has convinced me
+are essential to our future welfare and prosperity." In his reply the
+Premier paid high tribute to Mr. Chamberlain's services to the Empire,
+sympathized personally with his Imperial ideals and agreed with him that
+the time was not ripe for the Government or the country to go to the
+extreme length of his Preferential policy.
+
+Mr. Chamberlain's action and policy gave a thrill of pleasant
+hopefulness to Imperialists everywhere; it stirred up innumerable
+comments in the British, Colonial and Foreign press; it made Germany
+pause in a system of fiscal retaliation and tariff war into which she
+had intended to enter with Canada--and with Australia and South Africa
+if they presumed to grant a tariff preference to Britain. Meanwhile, the
+King had suffered the loss, a personal as well as national one, of Lord
+Salisbury's retirement from office and his death not long afterwards;
+the Balfour-Chamberlain Government had struggled along until the Tariff
+Reform movement, as above described, broke in upon and dissipated the
+party's unanimity of opinion and uniformity of action; a long series of
+Liberal victories at bye-elections reduced the Conservative majority
+from 134 as it was in 1900 to 69 in November, 1905; Mr. Balfour, in his
+Newcastle speech of November 14th, defined his fiscal policy as (1)
+Retaliation with a view to compelling the removal of some of the
+restrictions in Foreign markets and (2) the calling of a Conference of
+Empire leaders to arrange, if possible, a closer commercial union of the
+Empire. As to himself he had never been and was not now "a
+protectionist." In December he resigned and the King called on Sir H.
+Campbell-Bannerman, the Liberal Leader in the Commons, to form a
+Government.
+
+A general election followed in which the Liberals swept the great towns
+of the country--excluding London and Birmingham--and came back with the
+largest majority in modern English history; the total of the Labour,
+Home Rule, Liberal and Radical majority being 376 over the supporters of
+Tariff Reform. The result, however, evoked on February 14, 1906, a
+declaration from Mr. Balfour in favour of "a moderate general tariff on
+manufactured goods and the imposition of a small duty on Foreign corn,"
+and this united the Conservative or Unionist party with the exception of
+about sixteen Free-trade members who still followed the Duke of
+Devonshire. The rise of the Labour Party began at this election; the
+serious illness of Mr. Chamberlain followed and hampered Conservative
+work and progress; the retirement of the Premier took place early in
+1908 and, on April of that year, the King called on Mr. Asquith to form
+the Ministry which carried its election in 1910 by so small a Liberal
+majority. The reconstruction of 1908 was notable for the rise or
+promotion of the fighting, aggressive, youthful elements in the new
+Liberalism--men like David Lloyd-George, Winston Churchill and Reginald
+McKenna. There followed the establishment of Old-Age Pensions at an
+initial expenditure of $40,000,000 a year; the prolonged and ultimately
+successful struggle to increase the taxation upon landed interests,
+property, and invested income by means of the much-discussed Budget of
+1909; the natural resentment of the Lords, the Conservatives, and many
+who were neither--as illustrated in the subsequent wiping out of the
+Liberal majority in England itself; the constitutional issue which the
+Liberals so cleverly forced to the front with the House of Lords as
+their chief antagonists and which relegated Tariff Reform temporarily to
+the background; the prolonged period in which King Edward took minute
+and anxious and personal interest in the question.
+
+There can be no doubt as to this interest or as to the natural and valid
+reasons for it. A House of Lords, either abolished or existing without
+power in the constitution, would leave no check upon the Commons except
+the King and this might be bad for both the Commons and the Sovereign.
+Over and over again in English history the people have reversed the
+action or vote of the Commons but if this was ever to be done in future
+it could only be through the interjection of the King's veto, and the
+bringing of the Crown into the hurly-burly of party struggle. This would
+be the very thing which all parties had hitherto endeavoured to prevent
+and for at least seventy years had been successful in preventing. Then
+came the general elections of 1909-10, with their continual query as to
+what the King would do if the Liberals did win. Would he accept the
+Government's policy and the proposed Commons legislation as to the Lords
+and thus take an active part in the destruction of one portion of the
+constitution which he was pledged to guard--through and by means of the
+creation of hundreds of peers to swamp the Conservative vote in that
+House? Or would he take the situation boldly in hand and insist on
+another election with this question of practical abolition of the Lords
+as the distinct issue before the people? It was little wonder that His
+Majesty's physicians should declare after his death that the political
+situation had been one of its causes! It must be remembered that in all
+countries the Upper House and the aristocracy are natural and
+inevitable, if not necessary, adjuncts to and supporters of a Throne.
+Where, as in Britain, that House and that aristocracy have upon the
+whole much to be proud of in personal achievement, much to be credited
+with in social legislation and still more to be approved of in the
+individual public work of its Salisburys, Roseberys, Devonshires, and a
+multitude of other historic personalities with, also, a close and vital
+interest in the country through large landed responsibilities, the
+situation can readily be appreciated. Not that the Monarchy was an issue
+in itself; but there can be no doubt, despite such speeches as the
+following quotation from Mr. Winston Churchill's address at Southport on
+December 8, 1909, that King Edward felt the danger of weakening his
+immediate, natural and fitting environment of (with certain exceptions)
+an energetic and patriotic aristocracy surrounding a popular Throne:
+
+     "There is no difficulty in vindicating the principle of a
+     hereditary monarchy. The experience of every country and of all the
+     ages show the profound wisdom which places the supreme leadership
+     of the state beyond the reach of private ambition and above the
+     shocks and changes of party strife. And, further, let it not be
+     forgotten that we live under a limited and constitutional monarch.
+     The Sovereign reigns but does not govern; that is a maxim we were
+     all taught out of our school-books. The British monarchy has no
+     interests divergent from those of the British people. It enshrines
+     only those ideas and causes upon which the whole British people are
+     united. It is based upon the abiding and prevailing interests of
+     the nation and thus, through all the swift changes of the last
+     hundred years, through all the wide developments of a democratic
+     state, the English monarchy has become the most secure, as it is
+     the most ancient and the most glorious monarchy in the whole of
+     Christendom."
+
+While all this political change and controversy was going on the King
+was performing a multitude of personal and social and State duties.
+There was always the vast amount of detailed study of current
+documents--all of which he looked into before signing as had Queen
+Victoria before him; there was the strenuous and incessant round of
+State functions including the reception of visiting Sovereigns and
+ambassadors, and special deputations, visits to cities and towns and the
+private houses of his greater subjects, State dinners to men and women
+of every school of thought and life in its higher branches, frequent
+trips to the Continent and continuous conferences with public men. In
+this connection it is interesting to note that just before the General
+Elections--towards the close of 1909--he did what no Sovereign had done
+for many a long year and did it not only without criticism but with
+public approval when he called Lord Lansdowne, Lord Rosebery and Mr.
+Balfour into quiet conference regarding the political situation. How
+many others of all parties he may have invited to similar discussions in
+the privacy of Buckingham or Windsor only such a personage as his
+faithful and old-time Secretary, Lord Knollys, really knows. Military
+and Naval reviews were amongst the more important general functions of
+these years coupled with gracious and conciliatory visits to Ireland in
+1904 and 1907. In this latter year he reviewed a magnificent fleet of
+warships at Portsmouth eleven miles long, headed by the first of the
+Dreadnaughts, and manned by 35,000 officers and men. Upon another
+occasion in 1909, the greatest fleet ever gathered together in any
+waters in the history of the world was also reviewed by His Majesty as,
+perhaps, a comment on the recently revealed crisis caused by German
+Naval construction. As to this the King was intensely concerned and we
+can safely assume that if one cause of his latter ill-health was
+political worry another cause may well have been the Naval rivalry of a
+Power which boasted 4,000,000 of a trained Army to Britain's 250,000
+men.
+
+With all these varied home duties and his many diplomatic efforts King
+Edward never forgot his own external Empire, never overlooked his vast
+interests overseas. To India in 1908 had gone a vivid and statesmanlike
+Royal Message, on November 2d, which recalled to the minds of its
+Princes and peoples their fifty years of progress under the Crown, the
+obligations which they were under to the liberty-loving rule of Britain,
+and the pride of their Emperor in governing so vast a congeries of races
+and interests. To them also in 1906 he had sent the Prince and Princess
+of Wales in a tour which repeated his own triumphs of 1876. To South
+Africa, upon frequent and appropriate occasions, came expressions of the
+King's interest in the people's welfare, in their strivings for unity,
+in their efforts to retrieve the misfortunes of war. It was King
+Edward's Imperial policy that dictated the sending of the Prince of
+Wales to open the first Parliament of the Union of South Africa--a
+policy which his own death rendered impossible--as curiously enough, it
+had been Queen Victoria's last public duty to send the Duke of
+Cornwall--as he then was--to open the first Parliament of the Australian
+Commonwealth. It was the King who sent the Duke of Connaught to visit
+East Africa in 1906 and Prince Arthur of Connaught to return from Japan
+_via_ Canada in the same year. To the people of Australia Lord
+Northcote, the new Governor-General, on January 28, 1904, conveyed a
+Royal Message of greeting and then proceeded to say that: "Every
+constitutional process having for its object the linking together of the
+different component parts of this great Empire is sure to be
+sympathetically regarded by our Sovereign and I know his hope is that
+his people who live outside the narrow seas of Great Britain may believe
+that His Majesty regards them primarily, not as inhabitants of colonies
+or dependencies of the Mother-country, but as equally valued component
+parts of one mighty nation."
+
+As to Canada and King Edward much might be said. On July 22, 1905,
+His Majesty was at Bisley and presented the Kolapore Cup to the
+proud Canadian team which had won it and to whose Commander,
+Lieutenant-Colonel A. G. Hesslein, a few kind and tactful words were
+addressed. About the same time it was announced that the London Hospital
+Fund in which the King had for many years taken a deep personal
+interest, and in the maintenance of which he was really the chief power,
+had received a gift of $1,000,000 from Lord Mount Stephen of Canadian
+Pacific Railway fame. In 1906 His Majesty showed special interest in
+Canadian affairs. A cablegram through Lord Elgin, on January 2d,
+expressed the King's regret at the sudden death of the Honorable R.
+Prefontaine; he received Canadian delegates to the Empire Commercial
+Congress at Windsor on July 13th, when Sir D. H. McMillan, Sir Sandford
+Fleming, Messrs. R. Wilson-Smith, G. E. Drummond, F. H. Mathewson, J. F.
+Ellis and W. F. Cockshutt were presented; a deputation of Indian chiefs
+from British Columbia was received by him on August 13th and submitted
+an address and a petition; a number of shire-horses were lent by His
+Majesty in the autumn for exhibition at Toronto and as a proof of his
+interest in that branch of Canadian development. But the chief event of
+the year in this respect was Canada's invitation to the King, and Queen
+Alexandra, to pay the country and its people a visit. In the House of
+Commons on April 18th, the Hon. N. A. Belcourt, seconded by Mr. W. B.
+Northrup, moved a Resolution expressive of Canadian loyalty and devotion
+to the King's person and of the hope that His Majesty and the Queen
+would be pleased to visit Canada at such time as might be found possible
+and convenient.
+
+In his short speech the Prime Minister laid stress upon the King's
+personal qualities and his work in the cause of peace. Sir Wilfrid
+Laurier then made a reference which was probably of more consequence in
+the final decision than was supposed at the time, "I believe it is the
+opinion of all who sit in this House that if the King were to visit
+Canada--and he could not visit Canada without visiting the United States
+also--the effect would be to bring more closely together than they are
+at the present time--and they are more so than ever before--the two
+great branches of the Anglo-Saxon race on both sides of the Atlantic."
+This additional suggestion involved tremendous considerations of travel,
+functions, ceremonial, time, and responsibility. After being spoken to
+by men of such opposite opinions as Colonel S. Hughes and Mr. H.
+Bourassa, as well as warmly endorsed by the Opposition Leader, the
+Resolution was passed unanimously, as it was later in the Senate. All
+the Provincial Legislatures, then in session, joined in this invitation,
+while centres such as Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, Quebec, Three
+Rivers, St. Hyacinthe, Valleyfield, Hamilton, London, Guelph, Woodstock,
+Halifax, Sydney, St. John, Fredericton, Regina, Calgary, Vancouver,
+Victoria and about forty others warmly endorsed the request; as did
+every newspaper of standing in Canada. In reply Lord Elgin, Colonial
+Secretary, under date of July 7th wrote a long despatch to the
+Governor-General in which he expressed the King's appreciation of the
+invitation, his pleasant memories of the Royal visit to Canada in 1860,
+and his comprehension of the wonderful growth of the country since that
+time, and continued:
+
+     "I need scarcely remind Your Lordship of two circumstances which
+     must not be overlooked in the consideration of these proposals. In
+     the first place the current business of the Empire, which is
+     continuous and incessant, imposes a heavy tax on the time and
+     strength of its Sovereign and it is well known that the absence of
+     His Majesty from this country for any length of time is difficult,
+     if not impossible except under very definite limitations and
+     restrictions; even when considerations of health and the need for
+     comparative rest can render it expedient. In the second place it
+     must be remembered that there can be practically no limits within
+     the habitable globe of the distance which must be traveled to reach
+     all parts of the British Empire and that it would be very difficult
+     to visit one important part and decline to visit the other. In
+     spite of the many and strong inducements which prompt him to
+     gratify the loyal wishes of his Canadian subjects, I am to say that
+     the King feels unable at present to entertain the idea of a journey
+     to Canada."
+
+It would be quite impossible to indicate here the great regret expressed
+by the Canadian press, and the people generally, at this result of the
+invitation. Many reasons were adduced, other than those given in the
+despatch, and including diplomatic requirements in Europe, Royal visits
+and delicate negotiations then pending, Eastern troubles and
+complications, Australian jealousy if omitted from such a tour, as well
+as the difficulties involved in any possible visit to the United States.
+During the year a full-length portrait of the King was received at
+Government House, Ottawa, painted by Luke Fildes, R.A., and the
+portraits of the King and Queen, specially painted by J. Colin Forbes,
+the Canadian artist, were also received and hung in the Parliament
+Houses. In 1907 King Edward visited the Canadian pavilion at the Dublin
+Exhibition of that year and inspected its exhibits while Queen Alexandra
+accepted from one of the Departments the gift of a rug made by
+French-Canadian women. In the next year much practical appreciation was
+shown in Canada of His Majesty's special arrangement under which the
+"Life and Letters of Queen Victoria" was offered for sale at a low
+popular price; a Royal cablegram of sympathy was sent to the sufferers
+by the Fernie (B. C.) fire; the Edward Medal, established by the King
+for the recognition of courage in saving or trying to save life in
+quarries or mines, was extended to Canada and all parts of the Empire.
+In the last year of his reign the King's third Derby victory was a
+popular one in Canada and throughout the Empire and his establishment of
+a Police Medal for the recognition of "exceptional service, heroism or
+devotion to duty" was also applied to Canada and all the British
+Dominions. During the year His Majesty presented a gift of money to T.
+L. Wood, a blacksmith at Port Elgin, N. S., and accepted a horse-shoe of
+exquisite workmanship which had been wrought by him while lying on a
+sick-bed; visited and praised the exhibition of British Columbia fruit
+at Islington on December 6th.
+
+On October 21, 1909, a Tuberculosis Institute, established at Montreal
+by Lieutenant-Colonel J. H. Burland, was opened by the King through
+special electric communication between the Library of West Dean Park,
+Colchester, where he was staying, and the Institute at Montreal, with a
+cablegram which read as follows: "I have much pleasure in declaring the
+Royal Edward Institute at Montreal now open. The means by which I make
+this declaration testifies to the power of modern science and I am
+confident that the future history of the Institute will afford equally
+striking testimony to the beneficent results of that power when applied
+to the conquest of disease and the relief of human suffering. I shall
+always take a lively interest in the Institute and I pray that the
+blessing of the Almighty may rest upon all those who work in and for it
+and also upon those for whom it works. Edward R. & I." On November 20th
+His Majesty sent a personal despatch to Sir Wilfrid Laurier in the
+following terms: "Let me express my hearty congratulations to you on the
+anniversary of your birthday. I hope you will be spared for many years
+to come to serve the Crown and Empire, Edward." The Premier replied with
+an expression of "humble duty and deep gratitude."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+The King as a Diplomatist and Peace-Maker.
+
+
+In the olden days Kings used to very often be their own Generals; in
+these modern times King Edward has set an example by means of which they
+may well be their own Ambassadors. He had every qualification of
+capacity, intellect and trained experience to serve him in such
+conditions. If Queen Victoria, remaining very largely at home, could
+wield an immense and undoubted personal influence in Europe, partly
+because of an ability which made the late Lord Tennyson describe her as
+"the greatest statesman in Europe" and the Earl of Rosebery say that in
+matters of foreign policy she advised her Minister of Foreign Affairs
+more then he advised her,[7] how much more was King Edward entitled to
+personal _prestige_ in Europe and fitted for diplomatic work amongst its
+rulers. His Royal Mother had known many Sovereigns and seen many Kings
+and statesmen come and go; he had also met and known many of them more
+intimately than she could possibly do in the semi-seclusion of her quiet
+Court. He was uncle to the German Emperor, the mother of the Russian
+Czar was Queen Alexandra's sister, the King of Norway was a son of Queen
+Alexandra's brother the King of Denmark, the King of Spain was married
+to his niece and King George of Greece was his wife's brother. Even more
+important were the friendships which, as Prince of Wales, the King had
+made in all the Courts of Europe, the statesmen whom he knew like a
+book, the policies of which he understood the origin and every detail of
+development.
+
+In 1902 King Edward had received the German Emperor in England and had
+entertained other visiting monarchs and statesmen and diplomats. Early
+in 1903 he visited Rome, was received by His Holiness, the Pope, and by
+the King of Italy, and managed the difficult situation of the moment
+with a delicacy and tact which prevented even a hint of unpleasantness;
+and served to greatly increase the traditional friendship of Italy and
+Britain while sending a glow of appreciation throughout the Roman
+Catholic world which lives under the British flag, and helping to settle
+troubles which had arisen in Malta between the Government and the
+Italian residents. A little later he was in Portugal and proved a prime
+factor in promoting an understanding in Lisbon which substantially
+facilitated arrangements at far-away Delagoa Bay which, in turn, were of
+great advantage to South Africa. Then, on May 1st, came his famous visit
+to Paris and the commencement of an era of new and better feeling. It
+was not an easy task or one entirely without risk. French sentiment had
+been greatly excited during the South African war, the Parisian populace
+had not been friendly to Britain, the press had, at times, been grossly
+abusive and relations were undoubtedly strained. Through all the formal
+ceremonies of this visit, however, the King showed his usual tact and
+powers of conciliation. A difficult situation was successfully met;
+ill-feeling engendered by the misrepresentations of the War period were
+greatly ameliorated; the friendly settlement of controversial questions
+rendered probable. In his speech to the British Chamber of Commerce in
+Paris, on May 1st, His Majesty touched the key-note of the visit:
+
+     "A Divine Providence has designed that France should be our near
+     neighbour and I hope always a dear friend. There are no two
+     countries in the world whose mutual prosperity is more dependent
+     upon each other. There may have been misunderstandings and causes
+     of dissension in the past but all such differences are, I believe,
+     happily removed and forgotten, and I trust that the friendship and
+     admiration which we all feel for the French nation and their
+     glorious traditions may in the near future develop into a sentiment
+     of the warmest affection and attachments between the peoples of the
+     two countries. The achievement of this aim is my constant desire."
+
+Such an incident, followed by the cordial expressions of the French
+press and by a visible _rapprochement_ between the two countries, could
+not but be of special interest to the French-Canadians of Quebec.
+Naturally monarchists at heart, the incident seemed to increase the
+personal loyalty already existing there. The Toronto _Globe_ of April
+20, 1903, voiced a strong feeling in Canada when it hoped for a future
+Royal visit to the Dominion and declared that "it would be a mistake to
+suppose that Edward VII. is merely an urbane gentleman, not to say a
+lover of the common people; he is a statesman and diplomat of breadth of
+view, depth of insight, and quickness of intuition. He knows how to time
+his visits in the interest of the peace of the world for which he
+humanely and seriously labours." From July 6th to 9th President Loubet
+of France was the guest of the King and his reception in London tended
+to still further promote good feeling. On October 14th came the
+signature of an Arbitration Treaty between England and France. In this
+connection much praise was accorded to the King as one of the chief
+factors in its evolution. Mr. W. R. Cremer, M.P., the well-known
+Radical, made the following comment in the _Daily News_ as to this
+victory for Arbitration: "It has been the privilege and joy of others to
+do the spade work in this beneficent movement, but to King Edward the
+opportunity was, at the psychological moment, presented to complete the
+work of thirty years. How well and how nobly His Majesty performed his
+part the history of the past nine months clearly shows. Indeed, the King
+seems likely to distinguish himself by efforts of a character not
+recorded in the reigns of any other English or Foreign monarch."
+Addressing a British Parliamentary Delegation to Paris on November 26th,
+the Premier, M. Combes, eulogized King Edward and toasted him as the
+sovereign to whom they owed the treaty. At the annual banquet of the
+British Chamber of Commerce in Paris on December 3d, its president, Mr.
+O. E. Bodington, made a similar reference to the King. To the Montreal
+_Witness_ on December 7th, Senator Dandurand, who had just returned from
+England, paid the following French-Canadian tribute to His Majesty: "The
+King is the most popular crowned head in Europe to-day. He is beloved at
+home, he is admired and praised in France, he is respected by every
+Power on the Continent."
+
+But the Continental tour of 1903 by King Edward did more than effect
+great results in France. The signing of a Treaty of Arbitration with
+Italy in January, 1904, with Spain in March, and with Germany on July
+12th--following upon the King's visit to Berlin in June--were supposed
+to be largely due to His Majesty's personal influence with the rulers of
+those countries and to a popularity with the masses which, in two cases
+at least, helped greatly in soothing current animosities. On April 8th
+of this year a Treaty was signed with France, in addition to the
+Arbitration Treaty already mentioned, which disposed of all outstanding
+and long-standing subjects of dispute and as to which, while Lord
+Lansdowne was the negotiator, King Edward was a most potent factor.
+Under this arrangement Egypt was freed from foreign control and
+practically admitted to be British territory, while Newfoundland was
+finally relieved of its coast troubles and conflicts of a century. On
+November 9th, preceding, Sir W. McGregor, Governor of Newfoundland,
+had, during a banquet at St. John's, conveyed a personal message from
+the King which assured the people of that colony of his earnest
+endeavours to promote a settlement of the French Shore question. To
+Canada this matter was also one of the most vital importance, because of
+its large French population. In the controversy with Russia over the
+Hull fishing fleet outrage of October 23, 1904, which so nearly plunged
+the Empire into a great war, it may be said that the King's influence,
+coupled with the statecraft of Lord Lansdowne, as exhibited in the
+latter's historic speech of November 9th, alone held the dogs of war in
+leash. The remark of a member of the Trades' Union Congress at Leeds on
+September 7th of this year that in his opinion "King Edward was about
+the only statesman that England possessed" was significant in this
+connection even if it was unfair. Still more significant was the
+description of His Majesty in the Radical _News_ of London, on November
+10th, as "the first citizen of the world and the chief Minister of
+Peace."
+
+During 1905 King Edward continued his public services along these lines
+of international statecraft. On April 30th he paid an unofficial visit
+to Paris, accompanied by the Marquess of Salisbury as Minister in
+attendance. A great banquet was given at the Elysée by President Loubet
+and there followed a general press discussion of the _entente_ between
+England and France. In June the King of Spain visited England and at a
+state banquet given by King Edward at Buckingham Palace, on June 6th,
+the latter said: "Spain and England have often been allies; may they
+always remain so; and above all march together for the benefit of peace,
+progress and the civilization of mankind." On August 7th a French fleet
+arrived in the Solent and its men fraternized with those of the British
+cruiser squadron while the King gave a banquet on board the Royal yacht
+to the chief French officers. On the following day His Majesty reviewed
+two fleets which together made a splendid aggregation of seventy
+warships; while the press of the civilized world commented upon the new
+friendship of the two nations and very largely credited King Edward with
+the achievement.
+
+Early in 1907 the King's visit of two months' duration in Europe did
+more service in the cause of international friendliness; later on the
+German Emperor visited England, as did the King and Queen of Denmark,
+and the King and Queen of Portugal. In June a triple agreement was
+concluded between Great Britain, France and Spain for the joint
+protection of their mutual interests in the Mediterranean and on the
+Atlantic. This arrangement and the improved relations with Germany were
+credited largely to the efforts of King Edward, just as the _entente
+cordiale_ with France had previously been conceded to be greatly due to
+his tact and popularity. In October he was able to crown his work by
+accepting a Convention with Russia which dealt primarily with the
+affairs of Persia, Afghanistan and Thibet, but really made future war
+between the two Powers a matter of difficulty. The year 1908 saw state
+visits to Copenhagen, Stockholm and Christiana in April; the King's
+opening of the Franco-British Exhibition in London on May 26th and
+reception of President Fallières of France; his visit, with Queen
+Alexandra and a large suite, to Russia--the first of the kind in British
+history--and a meeting with the Czar at Revel on June 8th; his
+conference with the German Emperor at Cronberg on August 11th and with
+the Austrian Emperor at Ischl on the 12th. During the last year of his
+reign, King Edward's personal intercourse and diplomatic meetings with
+other rulers were undoubtedly conducive to continued peace and to better
+mutual understandings. His Majesty met the German Emperor at Berlin on
+February 8, 1909, the French President at Paris on March 6th, the King
+of Spain at Biarritz on March 31st, the King of Italy on April 29th, the
+Emperor of Russia at Cowes on August 2d. Just as Britain was an
+American Power at this time because of Canada, an Asiatic Power because
+of India and an African Power because of many possessions, so Canada was
+an European Power because of its connection with Great Britain, and
+Australia an Eastern Power because of its proximity to China and Japan,
+and a European Power because of the nearness of Germany in New Guinea
+and of France in New Caledonia. Hence, to all these countries and for
+obvious reasons of common interest, the importance in an Empire sense of
+the King's personality and diplomacy during these years.
+
+King Edward's training was of a nature which fitted into his personal
+characteristics in this respect. His Royal mother had cultivated his
+boyhood memory for faces and names most carefully; from the days of his
+youth he was thoroughly conversant with many foreign languages; from his
+coming of age he was in constant touch with the best of British and
+European leaders. He had not reached maturity before experiencing the
+difficulties of a tour of Canada and the United States in days when
+there was no royal road mapped out by precedent for the management of
+the tour and at a time when Orange and Green were in frequent conflict
+in the British-American provinces and feelings of international
+kindliness were not quite so strong in the United States as they were at
+the close of his reign. In 1876 he had toured India amidst gorgeous
+ceremonial and amid an infinite variety of racial and religious
+occasions, or incidents, which only rare tact could successfully meet.
+How much exercise there was of this Royal statecraft behind the scenes
+during his nine years of sovereignty only the distant future can reveal
+and then but partially. His Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs,
+Lord Salisbury, Lord Lansdowne and Sir Edward Grey, were all men of
+exceptional capacity and rare experience.
+
+It is probable, in view of the broad statecraft and high standing of
+these Ministers and the uniformity of policy which they pursued, that
+advice was frequently given by the King and consultations continuously
+held. They were only too glad, as was Lord Rosebery during the late
+Queen's reign, to benefit personally by his knowledge and experience;
+they were only too happy that the Nation and other nations should
+benefit by his tactful conduct of delicate negotiations with monarchs
+and rulers abroad. The alliance with Japan may or may not stand to his
+credit; the probabilities are that it does, in part at least. It
+safeguarded British interests in the East, checkmated the, at that time,
+dangerous ambitions of Russia, put up a barrier against certain efforts
+of Germany. The French _entente cordiale_ and subsequent treaties gave
+British interests in the Mediterranean and Northern Africa an ally
+against German plans and settled the Newfoundland troubles while
+solidifying Britain's position in Egypt. Italy was partially separated
+from its German alliance; Spain was brought close to Britain by the
+young King's marriage with the Princess Ena; Russia was swung into the
+circle of a friendship which not even the Japanese alliance has broken;
+Norway made King Edward's son-in-law its King. If Germany did not become
+one of this circle of friendly nations it was not due to any lack of
+diplomacy, or effort, or desire on the part of the British Sovereign; it
+was because of national ambitions and an aggressive personal leadership
+by the Kaiser which had other ends in view. Nominally, at any rate, the
+friendly relations existed, and it is safe to say that there was no
+greater admirer of King Edward's character and statecraft in Europe than
+the Emperor William.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[7] Personal statements made to the writer of these pages.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+The Death of King Edward
+
+
+There had been rumours flying around London early in 1910 as to the
+King's health, but it would seem that only a limited circle understood
+that, while there was no serious disease involved, there was a general
+weakness of the system which rendered great care necessary and made it
+easy to see danger in any otherwise trifling illness. Occasional
+cablegrams to this Continent were largely disregarded and looked upon as
+more or less sensational and little was thought of the attack of
+bronchitis at Biarritz in March. There seems small reason to doubt that
+the political situation hastened the end though it did not actually
+cause the sad event. The conditions of weakness were there; the worry of
+a great and urgent responsibility was added to the King's normal work
+and subjects of thought. Though the constitutional crisis was probably
+not as serious as the press and politicians made out, it must
+undoubtedly have had its effect upon a ruler conscientiously devoted to
+his duty. On May 5th, it was announced that the King was again ill with
+bronchitis and that his condition caused "some anxiety;" a few hours
+afterwards it was officially stated that "grave anxiety" was felt; on
+May 6th, near midnight, there came the sorrowful announcement of his
+physicians that the King had passed away in the presence of Queen
+Alexandra, the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Princess Royal [Duchess
+of Fife], Princess Victoria and the Princess Louise [Duchess of Argyll].
+
+So unexpected was any serious or immediate issue of His Majesty's
+condition that the Queen was still on the Continent when he was taken
+ill and the King himself was transacting state business in an arm-chair
+the day before he died. A pathetic incident of the latter date was the
+bearing of the well-known purple and gold colours to victory at Kempton
+Park Races by "The Witch of the Air." When the news came it was hard to
+believe. People throughout the Empire were entirely unprepared. In
+Britain, Canada, Australia, etc., public functions and social
+arrangements were at once cancelled; black and purple drapings rapidly
+covered the important buildings--and many that were even more important
+as representing individual and spontaneous feeling--of the British
+world; mourning was seen everywhere in the United Kingdom and to a
+lesser extent in the other countries; papers appeared universally draped
+in black. In Canada, H. E. the Governor-General cabled to Lord Crewe an
+official expression of regret--one which was real as well as official:
+"The announcement of the death of King Edward VII, which has just
+reached Canada, has created universal sorrow. His Majesty's Canadian
+Ministers desire that you will convey to His Majesty, King George, and
+the members of the Royal family, an assurance that the people of Canada
+share in the great grief that has visited them. In discharge of the
+duties of his exalted station His late Majesty not only won the respect
+and devotion of all British subjects, but by his efforts on behalf of
+international harmony and good-will he became universally esteemed as a
+great Peacemaker. Nowhere was this gracious attribute of Royal character
+more deeply appreciated than in His Majesty's Dominion of Canada."
+
+Every kind of loyal tribute was paid to the late King by the Press and
+in the pulpit of all the countries concerned, while from the United
+States came expressions of admiration and respect very little short of
+those dictated by the natural loyalty and knowledge of his own subjects.
+In Canada the Premiers of the Provinces were amongst the first to
+express their feelings. At Quebec Sir Lomer Gouin, supported by the
+Opposition Leader, moved the adjournment of the Legislature on May 6th:
+"Those who love in a Chief of State the greatest qualities, peace,
+goodness, nobility and _entente cordiale_, all feel his loss. It is for
+that reason that we cannot do otherwise than suspend our sittings, and I
+am convinced that all the Members of this House will endorse this
+proposal for adjournment."
+
+In Toronto Sir James Whitney, the Provincial Premier, declared that "it
+would be difficult to express the feeling of love, respect, and
+admiration entertained by British peoples for their late sovereign, who
+in his comparatively short reign, has so borne himself and has so done
+his part, that the whole human race has participated in the benefit
+resulting from the wisdom shown by him. Probably no wiser monarch ever
+reigned over a nation." To the New Brunswick press the local Premier,
+Hon. Douglas Hazen, said: "King Edward's reign was a comparatively short
+one, but the verdict of history will undoubtedly be that he was one of
+the wisest and greatest rulers that ever sat upon a throne. He took a
+most keen and active interest in all his country's institutions,
+endeavouring at all times to promote the well-being of his subjects and
+to show his appreciation of the British Dominions beyond the Seas." The
+Hon. A. K. Maclean, Acting-Premier of Nova Scotia, stated that "to his
+pacific tendencies and his powerful mediation is due the existence of
+friendly relations between Great Britain and other nations and the
+removal of many long-standing differences and historic prejudices." The
+Conservative leader at Ottawa, Mr. R. L. Borden, gave eloquent
+expression to his feelings:
+
+     "The tidings of sorrow which have just been flashed across the
+     ocean come to the people of Canada with startling suddenness.
+     Words of foreboding had hardly reached us before the last message
+     came; 'God's finger touched him and he slept.' To the people of the
+     overseas Dominions the Crown personifies the dignity and majesty of
+     the whole Empire; and through the Throne each great Dominion is
+     linked to the others and to the Motherland. Thus the Sovereign's
+     death must always thrill the Empire. But to-day's untimely tidings
+     bring to the people of Canada the sense of a still deeper and more
+     personal bereavement. They gloried in their King's title of
+     Peacemaker, and they believed him to be the greatest living force
+     for right within the Empire. In him died the greatest statesman and
+     diplomat of Europe."
+
+The Hon. R. Lemieux, Postmaster-General and a Liberal leader in Quebec,
+added this succinct description: "As a peacemaker and as a
+constitutional king he had no equal in the history of modern times." He
+expressed the hope that "in the common sorrow of his subjects at the
+death of an exemplary Sovereign the ties making for unity and common
+interest throughout the Empire may be strengthened and his influence for
+good find continued fruition." The Hon. G. P. Graham, Minister of
+Railways, also touched on the Empire thought: "His part in the growth
+and increasing solidarity of the Empire in matters of defense, of trade,
+of common effort for the common interest, must bulk large in history.
+Since his assumption of the throne there has been a steady growth in
+Canada's loyalty to the Sovereign based on esteem for his personal
+character, confidence in his judgment and statesmanship, and pride in
+his commanding position among the world's sovereigns." From Mr. Richard
+McBride, Premier of far-away British Columbia, came the declaration that
+King Edward was infinitely tactful and always patient, the first
+gentleman and best beloved monarch of his time; that he was "an
+unusually gifted ruler who performed unostentatiously and with inspired
+ability his part in the making of British history." To Archbishop
+Bruchési of Montreal he was "a great and good King;" to the Rev. Dr.
+Carman, Canada's Methodist leader, he was "royally born and ruled
+royally over a free, loyal and loving people;" to Archbishop McEvay
+(Roman Catholic) of Toronto he was a ruler "trusted and loved by all his
+subjects;" to President R. A. Falconer, of Toronto University, there was
+a special appeal in his "experience, sympathy and broad humanity."
+
+There is no need to largely quote the tributes of Britain, Australia or
+South Africa. Their people thought and felt and acted as Canada's did.
+Great Britain felt the loss, of course, in a more strictly personal
+sense than the Dominions beyond the Seas. The reverent crowds with bared
+heads, and every sign of severe personal grief, standing outside
+Buckingham Palace grounds could hardly be exactly duplicated abroad,
+though the scenes in countless churches, as memorial sermons were
+delivered and memorial services held amidst tokens of obvious and
+sincere sorrow, came very near to it. In particular, was the open-air
+service in Toronto facing the Parliament Buildings and attended by
+silent masses of people, with respectful and sympathetic addresses, with
+drapings and evidences of mourning on every hand, with the solemn
+strains of muffled music from many bands, and the presence of thousands
+of loyal troops, an indication of the popular feeling shown throughout
+the Dominion on May 20th, which was appointed to be a day of mourning, a
+holiday of sorrow for the people. But this is anticipating. Perhaps, in
+England, the tribute of Mr. Premier Asquith, at the special meeting of
+Parliament on May 11th, was most significant of the innumerable tributes
+of earnest loyalty and appreciation expressed at the passing of one who
+was not only a great King but a much-loved personality.
+
+After pointing out the nature of events in recent years, the growth of
+international friendships and new understandings and stronger safeguards
+for peace, together with the ever-tightening bonds of corporate unity
+within the British realms, Mr. Asquith went on to say that: "In all
+these multiform manifestations of national and Imperial life, the
+history of the world will assign a part of singular dignity to the great
+ruler Great Britain has lost. In external affairs King Edward's powerful
+influence was directed not only to the avoidance of war, but to the
+causes of and pretexts of war, and he well earned the title by which he
+will always be remembered, the Peace-maker of the World." Continuing,
+the Premier said, that within the boundaries of the Empire his late
+Majesty, by his broad and elastic sympathies, had won a degree of
+loyalty and affectionate confidence which few Sovereigns had ever
+enjoyed. "Here at home," he added, "all recognized that above the din
+and dust of their hard-fought controversies, detached from party, and
+attached only to the common interest, they had in the late King an
+arbiter ripe in experience, judicial in temper, and at once a reverent
+worshipper of their traditions, and a watchful guardian of their
+constitutional liberties." King Edward's life as a devotee of duty, as a
+sportsman in the best sense of the word, as an ardent and discriminating
+patron of the arts, as a good business man at the head of a great
+business community, possessed of intuitive shrewdness in the management
+of men and difficult situations, as a keen social reformer with "no self
+apart from his people," was then dwelt upon. It would be impossible in
+any limited space to analyze the views of the British press. The _Times_
+declared that "his people loved him for his honesty and kindly courtesy.
+To all he was not merely every inch a King but every inch an English
+King and an English gentleman. His influence was not the same as that of
+Queen Victoria, but in some respects it was almost stronger." The _Daily
+Mail_ considered that "to his initiative his subjects and the Empire
+owe the pacification of South Africa and the final reconciliation with
+the Boers. The system of understandings with foreign powers which is our
+security to-day was in a great part his handiwork." To the Radical
+_Daily News_ he was "the supreme example of a people's King by common
+consent" and this the Liberal _Morning Leader_ echoed with a further
+tribute to "the sheer instinctive deference paid to his proved wisdom,
+his large-minded statesmanship, his unequaled knowledge of the world,
+and the tact that never failed him in the greatest or the least
+occasion."
+
+A notable incident of this first week of mourning, during which the
+people were waiting to pay their final tribute of loyal sympathy on the
+day of the Royal interment, was the unanimous Resolution of the
+Legislature of Quebec. Coming from a French-Canadian people, amongst
+whom special interest had been aroused by King Edward's creation of the
+_entente cordiale_ with France, something earnest and sympathetic as
+well as loyal in expression might have been expected and, if so, the
+hope was certainly realized. The Legislature in its address to King
+George V. (May 10th) put the feelings of the people of the Province in
+the following expressive words:
+
+     "We mourn the loss in him of a monarch whose chief aim was to draw
+     all the nations closer together and to promote universal peace.
+     Ever mindful of the great principles of the British constitution,
+     through his broad-mindedness, his tolerance, and the exquisite
+     charm of his personality, he succeeded in creating a potent bond of
+     union between the various parts of our common country, and in
+     closely consolidating the different branches of the greatest Empire
+     that ever existed. Representing as we do the Province of Quebec it
+     gives us pleasure to recall that the development of the idea of a
+     powerful Canadian nation, devoted to the interest of the
+     Mother-Country, was favoured by that great King. Imbued with the
+     grandeur and nobility of his mission he won our admiration and our
+     love through his solicitude in respecting our laws and our dearest
+     traditions, aspirations and liberties."
+
+The individual utterances of the Ministers were equally patriotic in
+terms. Sir Lomer Gouin spoke along the lines of his earlier tribute and
+declared that King Edward's reign had been "a glory to his people and a
+blessing to humanity." Mr. J. M. Tellier, the Opposition leader, joined
+the Premier in expressing the "confidence and sincere affection" of his
+people for this "the most powerful King of the most powerful of Empires"
+and in presenting to the new King "the allegiance, the faith and the
+heartfelt wishes of Canadians." Mr. H. Bourassa, the Nationalist
+representative, Hon. P. S. G. Mackenzie, the English-speaking member of
+the Cabinet, and Hon. J. C. Kaine and Hon. C. R. Devlin, the Irish
+Ministers, joined in these tributes.
+
+The view of Foreign countries was unique in its friendliness, in its
+expressions of admiration for the great qualities of heart and head in
+the late Sovereign, for appreciation of his broad sympathies and
+international statecraft. One of the earliest official telegrams of
+sympathy to King George was from President Fallières of France: "I
+learnt with emotion of the death of your beloved Father. The French
+Government and the French people will regret profoundly the demise of
+the august Sovereign who upon so many occasions has given them evidence
+of his sincere friendship; and associate themselves fully in the great
+grief which his unexpected loss brings to you, the Royal family, and the
+entire British Empire. It is with a heart full of sadness that I ask
+Your Royal Highness to accept my personal condolences, those of the
+French Government and of all France." From the President of the United
+States came a prompt message of condolence to Queen Alexandra, and from
+the American Congress a unanimous Resolution of adjournment and
+expressive words of sympathy with the British people "in the loss of a
+wise and upright ruler whose great purpose was the cultivation of
+friendly relations with all nations and the preservation of peace"; from
+ex-President Roosevelt, speaking at Stockholm on May 8th, came words of
+regret and of regard for the people "who mourn the loss of a wise ruler
+whose sole thought was for their welfare and for the good of mankind,
+and the citizens of other nations can join with them in mourning for a
+man who showed throughout his term of Kingship that his voice was always
+raised for justice and peace among the nations."
+
+From United States newspapers, the exponents of public opinion in a
+great kindred nation, came a wonderfully unanimous and kindly expression
+of real feeling. To the New York _Herald_ the late King appeared as
+blessed with "a genial personality, a kind heart and a strong common
+sense, together with that highest quality of supreme importance in a
+ruler and statesman--tact"; to the Buffalo _News_ King Edward was "the
+ablest Royal ruler England has known in centuries;" to the Baltimore
+_American_ "he was, and the world to-day generously accords him the
+distinction, the first diplomatist of his time, the man who beyond all
+others shaped the policies of the world." To the Indianapolis _News_ he
+had "served his country and the world wisely and well, and will go into
+history as one of the most successful monarchs that England has ever
+had." The New York _Journal of Commerce_ paid special and high tribute
+to King Edward's diplomacy and, after dealing with the French _entente
+cordiale_ went on as follows: "Even more marvelous than the closing of
+the secular feud with France was the termination of that with Russia,
+which seemed more bitter and more hopeless of adjustment. The seemingly
+impossible was, nevertheless, accomplished, and the power which but a
+few short years before had been the chief menace to the safety of
+British India became one of the guarantors of its immunity from attack.
+It will be reckoned one of the miracles of history that Russia could
+have been induced to abandon a policy which she had steadfastly
+supported and been ready to concede that the affairs of Afghanistan were
+purely a British interest and those of Korea exclusively Japanese."
+
+In most of these tributes of regard and respect--British, Imperial or
+Foreign--there was a reference of affectionate admiration for the Queen
+Consort who, at this moment, allowed it to be understood that she would
+like in future to be known as the Queen Mother. The far-famed beauty of
+person, the charm and graciousness of manner, and nobility of mind and
+character, which had won a way so quickly and permanently into the
+hearts of the British people and had been such potent forces in the life
+of King Edward and of her own family, brought to Queen Alexandra at this
+time a world-tribute of sympathy and regard. British subjects all over
+the Empire, multitudes outside of its bounds, were ready to echo those
+famous words of Lord Tennyson, applied to the similar sorrow of Queen
+Victoria:
+
+                        May all love,
+    His love, unseen but felt, o'ershadow Thee,
+    The love of all Thy sons encompass Thee
+    The Love of all Thy Daughters cherish Thee
+    The Love of all Thy people comfort Thee
+    Till God's love set Thee at his side again.
+
+Few more touching words have been written than the Queen's Message to
+the Nation which was made public on May 10th: "From the depth of my poor
+broken heart," she wrote, "I wish to express to the whole Nation and our
+own kind people we love so well, my deep-felt thanks for all their
+touching sympathy in my overwhelming sorrow and unspeakable anguish. Not
+alone have I lost everything in him, my beloved husband, but the nation,
+too, has suffered an irreparable loss in their best friend, father, and
+Sovereign thus suddenly called away. May God give us all his Divine help
+to bear this heaviest of crosses which He has seen fit to lay upon us.
+His will be done. Give to me a thought in your prayers which will
+comfort and sustain me in all that I have to go through. Let me take
+this opportunity of expressing my heartfelt thanks for all the touching
+letters and tokens of sympathy I have received from all classes, high
+and low, rich and poor, which are so numerous that I fear it would be
+impossible for me ever to thank everybody individually. I confide my
+dear Son to your care, who I know, will follow in his dear Father's
+footsteps, begging you to show him the same loyalty and devotion you
+showed his dear Father. I know that both my dear son and daughter-in-law
+will do their utmost to merit and keep it."
+
+It may be added that the surviving children of King Edward and Queen
+Alexandra at the time of the King's death were his successor--George
+Frederick Ernest Albert, Prince of Wales; Princess Louise, Duchess of
+Fife, who was born in 1867 and married in 1889; Princess Victoria, who
+was born in 1868 and was unmarried; Princess Maud, Queen of Norway, who
+was born in 1869 and married in 1896 to Charles, then Crown Prince of
+Denmark. King Edward's only surviving brother was H. R. H., the Duke of
+Connaught, who was born in 1850. His surviving sisters were Princess
+Helena, married to Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein; Princess
+Louise, married to the Duke of Argyll; and Princess Beatrice, widow of
+the late Prince Henry of Battenberg.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+The Solemn Funeral of the King
+
+
+The death of King Edward was an event of more than British importance,
+of more than Imperial significance. His funeral was a stately, solemn
+and splendid ceremony preceded by two weeks of real mourning throughout
+his Empire, of obvious and sincere regret throughout the world. In
+London and Cape Town, in Melbourne and Toronto, in Wellington and Dawson
+City, in Ottawa and Khartoum, in Calcutta and in Cairo; wherever the
+British flag flies, efforts were made to mark the funeral as one of
+individual and local and national sorrow. All the great cities of the
+Empire, the smaller towns, and even the hamlets, had their drapings of
+purple and black. In every church and chapel and Sunday meeting-house
+during the two weeks of mourning at least one service was given up to
+the memory of the late King. In all foreign countries preparations were
+made for the formal expression of the general admiration which the
+qualities and reign of the dead monarch had aroused. Formal resolutions,
+public meetings, the appointment of national representatives to the
+coming funeral were world-wide incidents.
+
+At home in London the casket to contain the Royal remains was fashioned
+of British oak from the Forest of Windsor and on May 14th, the body of
+King Edward was removed from the room in which he died to the Throne
+Room of Buckingham Palace, and there placed on a catafalque in front of
+a temporary altar where it was guarded night and day by four Royal
+Grenadiers. On May 16th, amidst a solemn and imposing but preliminary
+pageant the late King was carried from the Palace where he died to
+Westminster Hall, where the remains were to lie in solemn state. A
+farewell family service had been held by the Bishop of London and then
+the body at 11.30 in the morning was transported to its new
+resting-place between double lines of red-coated soldiers, flanked by
+dense and silent masses of mourning people, with buildings on every hand
+heavily draped.
+
+Preceded by the booming of minute guns, the slow pealing of bells and
+the roll of muffled drums the procession passed to its destination. It
+included the Headquarters Staff of the Army with Lord Roberts leading,
+the Admiralty Board, the great officers of Army and Navy, dismounted
+troops, Indian officers. These preceded the plain gun-carriage on which
+rested the Royal remains, the coffin covered with a white satin pall and
+the Royal Standard, on which rested the Crown, the Orb and the Sceptre.
+Drawn by eight magnificent black horses and flanked by the King's
+Company of the Royal Grenadiers the bier was followed by King George on
+foot with his two eldest sons and behind them were the Kings of Denmark
+and Norway, the Duke of Connaught, various visiting royalties, or
+representatives, and the household of the late King. A mounted escort
+succeeded and then came a carriage containing the Queen-Mother, her
+sister the Dowager Empress of Russia, the Princess Royal and Princess
+Victoria, another with Queen Mary, and others with the Queen of Norway
+and various members of the royal family. Last of all came a body of
+mounted troops. All along the route, which was scarcely half a mile in
+length, the attitude of the uncounted multitude was one of deep personal
+grief. No word was spoken and after heads had been uncovered, the masses
+of people were described as looking like an assembly of graven images.
+At the noble Hall, famous in British history for more than 800 years,
+the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Duke of Norfolk received the coffin
+and preceded it to the catafalque. No attempt at funeral decoration
+marred the noble simplicity of the grand interior. The spacious floor
+was laid with dull grey felt. In the centre, on a slightly elevated dais
+spread with a purple carpet stood the lofty purple draped catafalque. No
+flowing draperies softened its outlines and it appeared like smoothly
+chiselled blocks of purple granite.
+
+[Illustration: Above--The west front of Buckingham Palace, showing the
+windows of the room in which King Edward died. (Nos. 1 and 2, King
+Edward's bedroom; No. 3, Queen Alexandra's bedroom.)]
+
+[Illustration: Below--The Private Chapel of Buckingham Palace, where the
+family service was held on the Sunday following King Edward's death.]
+
+[Illustration: Photo by Paul Thompson. N. Y. Monarchs in the funeral
+procession of King Edward. King George, the German Emperor and the Duke
+of Connaught are seen in the center of the photograph.]
+
+[Illustration: The funeral procession of King Edward passing the Marble
+Arch. The gun carriage bearing his body is seen in the foreground,
+followed by the late King's horse with empty saddle.
+
+Photo by Paul Thompson, N. Y.]
+
+[Illustration: King Edward's funeral procession moving into Edgeware
+Road, flanked by thousands of military and tens of thousands of
+mourning citizens.
+
+Photo by Paul Thompson. N. Y.]
+
+Slowly and quietly a great company assembled and then the Westminster
+Abbey choir of men and boys clad in white surplices and scarlet
+cassocks, took its position. On the left, preceded by the mace-bearer
+with his glittering mace, came the Speaker of the House of Commons in
+his flowing robes of black and gold, followed by 400 members of the same
+House led by the Prime Minister. All the members of the Cabinet were
+there while Radical, Labour and Unionist members mingled behind the low
+purple barrier. A little later the Lord Chancellor, wearing his
+full-bottomed wig and black and gold gown and preceded by the
+mace-bearer, led the Peers down the staircase in front of the choir to
+an enclosure on the right side of the catafalque. On bars immediately
+opposite each other rested the masses of the House of Commons and the
+House of Lords. Behind each there was arranged a nearly equal number of
+Commoners and Peers. Between them stood the catafalque. Presently, amid
+a deep hush, great military and naval officers led the procession into
+the hall. Proceeded by the Garter King-at-Arms, and Heralds they marched
+slowly and ranged themselves in a glittering array over the steps below
+the choir while the coffin was borne in by soldiers. Behind it was
+carried by other soldiers the covering of the coffin on which rested the
+crown, sceptre and orb. Very gently the heavy coffin was raised to the
+catafalque and the glittering emblems of royalty replaced on its top.
+Then, leaning on either side of the catafalque, and resting on the
+ground, were placed two plain wreaths of cypress. Behind the coffin
+followed the Queen Alexandra, King George and the Dowager Empress Marie
+of Russia, each holding one of her arms. The purple carpeted dais was
+occupied by the dead King's family and royal visitors. A short service
+followed and the first part of the royal funeral was over while from the
+heart and pen of the great poet of the Empire--Rudyard Kipling--came
+verses addressed to and representing the people of which a few lines may
+be quoted:
+
+    And God poured him an exquisite wine, that was daily renewed to him
+    In the clear welling love of his peoples, that daily accrued to him.
+    Honour and service we gave him, rejoicingly, fearless;
+    Faith absolute, trust beyond speech, and a friendship as peerless.
+    And since he was master and servant in all that we asked him
+    We leaned hard on his wisdom in all things, knowing not how we
+      tasked him.
+
+    For on him each new day laid command, every tyrannous hour
+    To confront, or confirm or make smooth some dread issue of power.
+    To deliver true judgment aright at the instant unaided
+    In the strict, level, ultimate phrase that allowed or dissuaded;
+    To foresee, to allay, to avert from us perils unnumbered;
+    To stand guard at our gates when he guessed that our watchman had
+      slumbered;
+    To win time, to turn hate, to woo folly to service, and mightily
+      schooling
+    His strength to the use of his nations; to rule as not ruling.
+    These were the works of our King; earth's peace is the proof of
+      them.
+    God gave him great works to fulfil and to use the behoof of them.
+
+Following these events Westminster Hall for two days was thrown open to
+the public and a continuous procession of half a million mourners passed
+the coffin and looked for the last time upon the face of their
+well-loved Sovereign. Into Windsor, meanwhile, there poured innumerable
+evidences of the peoples' sympathy from the costliest tribute of wealth
+and aristocracy to the thousands of simple green wreaths sent in by the
+poorer classes. To Westminster Hall, on May 19th, the Emperor William of
+Germany, soon after his arrival, proceeded with King George, stood for a
+while in the private enclosure as the countless stream of people passed
+slowly by, then descended to the floor of the Hall--the Kaiser carrying
+a wreath of purple and white flowers--and together knelt within the
+rails while the stream of passers-by was temporarily suspended. When the
+two monarchs arose the Emperor William held out his hand which King
+George clasped and held for some moments.
+
+By May 20th the preparations were all in readiness for the final
+functions and splendid ceremonial. The streets were draped from
+Buckingham Palace to Westminster Hall, and thence to Paddington Station,
+in great masses of purple and white and black; Venetian masts lined the
+route on which hung masses of funeral wreaths from the people;
+half-masted flags were everywhere. The town of Windsor was almost buried
+from sight in the purple trappings of grief and royalty. On the day
+itself solemn, silent multitudes of men and women, estimated at from
+three to five millions, were massed along the route of the procession
+with 35,000 soldiers lining the streets and a parade which even London
+had never equalled for mingled splendour and solemnity. At 9:10 a. m.,
+the deep-toned bell of Westminster announced the beginning of the royal
+obsequies. King George, Queen Mary, the Queen Mother, the royal family
+and the visiting monarchs and representatives of the powers and the
+Empire, left Buckingham Palace and proceeded with a small escort to
+Westminster Hall amidst the tolling of bells and the firing of minute
+guns. Only Queen Alexandra, the Princess Victoria, the King and the
+Emperor William entered the Hall and saw the body removed from the
+catafalque to the gun-carriage outside where it rested under conditions
+similar to those of the earlier removal from Buckingham Palace. Outside,
+the Queen Mother entered her coach and, as the body-guard of Kings
+wheeled around and passed her carriage, three by three, each saluted her
+with silent reverence.
+
+The procession left Westminster at 9.30 headed by a long column of
+troops and bluejackets and the greater officers of the Army and Navy.
+Bands of the Household cavalry, the new Territorial troops, Colonial
+soldiers, were first and then came various volunteer corps, the
+Honourable Artillery Company, officers of the Indian regiments in their
+picturesque uniforms and turbans, followed by detachments of infantry,
+Foot Guards, Royal Engineers, Garrison, Field and Horse Artillery. Naval
+representatives came next with the military attaches of the foreign
+embassies, the officers of the Headquarters Staff of the Army and the
+Field Marshals and massed bands playing solemn funeral marches. Then
+followed the chief officers of State, followed by the Duke of Norfolk
+and succeeded by a single soldier carrying the Royal Standard; the
+gun-carriage carrying the mortal remains of the King came next and just
+behind it walked a groom leading his favourite charger and another with
+his favourite dog "Caesar"; King George followed, riding between the
+German Emperor and the Duke of Connaught, all clad in brilliant uniforms
+with a long and unique line of nine Monarchs, Princes of great States
+and special Ambassadors and Imperial representatives. They rode in the
+following order:
+
+The Duke of Connaught, King George and the Emperor William.
+
+King Haakon of Norway, King George of Greece, and King Alfonso of Spain.
+
+King Ferdinand of Bulgaria, King Frederick of Denmark and King Manuel of
+Portugal.
+
+Prince Yussof Zvyeden, the Heir Apparent of Turkey, King Albert of
+Belgium and Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of
+Austro-Hungary.
+
+Prince Sadanaru Fushimi of Japan, Grand Duke Michael of Russia, the Duke
+of Aosta, representing Italy, the Duke of Sparta, Crown Prince of
+Greece, and the Crown Prince Ferdinand of Roumania.
+
+Prince Henry of Prussia representing the German Navy, Prince Charles of
+Sweden, Prince Henry of Holland, the Duke of Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha, the
+Crown Prince of Montenegro and Crown Prince Alexander of Servia.
+
+Prince Mohammed Ali, Said Pasha Zulfikar, Watsen Pasha of Egypt and the
+Sultan of Zanzibar. Then followed the Princely and Ducal representatives
+of a dozen German States, the members of the British Royal family, the
+Duc D'Alencon, and Prince Bovaradej of Siam.
+
+The mounted group was followed by twelve State carriages. The first was
+occupied by the Queen-Mother, Alexandra, and her sister the Russian
+Dowager Empress Marie, the Princess Royal and the Princess Victoria; the
+second carriage contained Queen Mary of Great Britain, Queen Maud of
+Norway, the Duke of Cornwall, heir to the British Throne, and the
+Princess Mary; the next four carriages carried Royal ladies and
+ladies-in-waiting; the seventh carriage contained Prince Tsai-Tao of
+China and his suite; the eighth carriage was shared by Special American
+Ambassador Theodore Roosevelt, M. Pichon, French Foreign Minister, and
+the representative of Persia; the ninth carriage was occupied by Lord
+Strathcona, High Commissioner for Canada, Sir George Reid, High
+Commissioner for Australia and William Hall-Jones, High Commissioner for
+New Zealand.
+
+The train to Windsor contained a funeral car upholstered in purple and
+white silk with a catafalque on which the casket was placed and around
+it were grouped the near members of the Royal Family and eight
+Sovereigns of Foreign States. From Windsor station to the Castle the
+procession formed in the previous order except that the Royal mourners
+walked while sailors drew the gun-carriage to the famous home of
+Britain's monarchs and to the entrance of the historic St. George's
+Chapel. Here, where King Edward was christened and married and shared in
+so many stately functions, the final religious ceremonies were performed
+by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York. While the coffin rested on a
+purple catafalque before the altar, which was almost buried in floral
+emblems, and minute guns boomed and bells tolled, the briefest service
+of the Church of England--at Queen Alexandra's request--was proceeded
+with and the body slowly, reverently, lowered into the vault. A prayer
+was then uttered for the new King and the Benediction pronounced by the
+Archbishop of Canterbury.
+
+What can be said of the day elsewhere? A full record would fill many
+volumes. In Canada, in Australia, in South Africa, in New Zealand, in
+Newfoundland, in all British countries and territories, there was a
+great similarity of solemn and popular demonstration. Everywhere
+factories and financial institutions and commercial establishments
+closed their doors. Wherever that was impossible in Canadian factories
+work was stopped at a certain stage in the funeral ceremonies and every
+man stood in silence, with bared head for the time arranged; on all the
+great railways of Canada at the moment when the King's body was lowered
+into his grave, and for three minutes, everything stopped, every kind of
+work ceased, every one of at least 40,000 men stood in reverent silence.
+Military parades took place with muffled drums and passage through long
+lanes of silent people, in Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton, Chatham, London,
+St. Catharines, Kingston, Woodstock, Ottawa, St. Thomas, Winnipeg and
+Victoria, and other places. Memorial services were everywhere held; in
+Ottawa, Vice-Royalty and the Ministers took part in a great open-air
+ceremony in front of the Parliament Buildings, with troops and massed
+bands and superb drapings, to still further emphasize the solemnity of
+the occasion. Toronto had 100,000 people attend a similar service under
+the auspices of the Government in front of its Parliament Buildings and
+so with other centres. It may be added here that besides Lord
+Strathcona, Canada had as representatives at the funeral ceremonies Hon.
+A. B. Aylesworth, Minister of Justice; Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, Chief
+Justice of the Supreme Court; Hon. C. Marcil, Speaker of the House of
+Commons; Hon. S. A. Fisher, Minister of Agriculture; Sir D. M. McMillan,
+Lieut.-Governor of Manitoba; Mayors Geary of Toronto, Sanford Evans of
+Winnipeg, and Guerin of Montreal.
+
+In other parts of the Empire similar scenes occurred. Throughout South
+Africa the most solemn memorial services were held and attended by vast
+congregations. There were scenes of heartfelt sorrow and hundreds of
+magnificent wreaths were deposited on the statue of the King at Cape
+Town. Funeral services were held throughout India, the Hindus joining in
+the services in a remarkable manner. All military trains were halted for
+fifteen minutes. In Australia the Governor-General and all the Ministers
+assembled on the great tier of steps at the Parliament Buildings,
+Melbourne, in the presence of perhaps the most solemn assembly ever
+gathered together in that country. For a long space there was a reverent
+silence and the crowd then sang the National Anthem. The day was
+observed as a day of mourning in Sydney, bells were tolled from noon to
+sunset, and salutes of sixty-eight minute guns fired in the afternoon.
+A hundred thousand persons attended the memorial service in Centennial
+Park at Wellington, New Zealand. Services were general throughout that
+Dominion while every outpost of the Empire flew the Union Jack at
+half-mast and paid a tribute to the dead Sovereign's memory.
+
+Thus there passed away and was buried a great King, a man of
+whole-souled, genial and honourable type, a character rich in graces
+granted to few in this world, a ruler who combined intellect with heart
+and knowledge with discrimination, a Briton who could love and believe
+in the greatness of his own country and Empire without antagonizing the
+legitimate pride and aspirations of other nations, a diplomatist made by
+nature's own hand to soothe international acerbities and embody the
+ideal of peace in an age of preparation for war.
+
+[Illustration: Funeral procession of King Edward VII from Buckingham
+Palace to Westminster Hall for the public lying-in-state. King George,
+Prince Edward and Prince Albert are seen following immediately behind
+the gun carriage.
+
+Photo by Paul Thompson, N. Y.]
+
+[Illustration: Bearing the Coffin of King Edward into St. George's
+Chapel, Westminster. The Dowager Queen Alexandra and other royal
+mourners following the body.
+
+Photo by Paul Thompson, New York.]
+
+[Illustration: The lying-in-state of King Edward VII at Westminster
+Hall.
+
+Photo by Paul Thompson, N. Y.]
+
+[Illustration: The gun carriage bearing King Edward's body drawn by
+sailors from Windsor Station.
+
+Photo by Paul Thompson, N. Y.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+The New King and His Imperial Responsibilities
+
+
+In assuming the burden of his great position and manifold duties King
+George V had the disadvantage of succeeding a great monarch; he had also
+the advantage of having been trained in statecraft, diplomacy, and the
+science and practice of government, by a master in the art. He was young
+in years--only forty-five--strong, so far as was known, in body and
+health, equipped with a vigorous intelligence and wide experience of
+home and European politics and, what was of special importance at the
+time of his accession, instinct with Imperial sentiment and acquainted,
+practically and personally, with the politics and leaders of every
+country in the British Empire--notably India, Canada, South Africa and
+Australia. He was not known to the public as a man of genial temperament
+but rather as a strong, reserved, quiet thinker and student of men and
+conditions. Great patience and considerable tact, common sense and
+natural ability, eloquence in speech and fondness for home life and
+out-door sports, he had shown as Prince of Wales or Duke of Cornwall. He
+spoke German, French, and, of course, English with ease and accuracy; he
+had seen much service in the Royal Navy and was understood to be
+devotedly attached to the wide spaces of the boundless seas; his Consort
+was beautiful, kindly, and graceful in bearing, with a profound sense of
+the importance of her place and duties and a sincere belief in the
+beneficence and splendid mission of British power.
+
+The Prince of Wales became, of course, King at the moment of his
+Father's death; on May 7th His Majesty met the Privy Council, signed
+the proclamation relating to his Accession and accepted the oath of
+fealty from the Lords and gentlemen assembled. To them he delivered a
+brief address expressive of his personal sorrow and sense of his onerous
+responsibilities: "In this irreparable loss, which has so suddenly
+fallen upon me and the whole Empire, I am comforted by the feeling that
+I have the sympathy of my future subjects, who will mourn with me for
+their beloved Sovereign, whose own happiness was found in sharing and
+promoting theirs. I have lost not only a Father's love, but the
+affectionate and intimate relations of a dear friend and adviser. No
+less confident am I of the universal and loving sympathy which is
+assured to my dearest Mother in her overwhelming grief.
+
+"Standing here, little more than nine years ago, our beloved King
+declared that so long as there was breath in his body he would work for
+the good and amelioration of his subjects. I am sure that the opinion of
+the whole nation will be that this declaration has been fully carried
+out. To endeavour to follow in his footsteps, and at the same time to
+uphold the constitutional government of these realms will be the earnest
+object of my life. I am deeply sensible of the heavy responsibilities
+which have fallen upon me. I know that I can rely upon the Parliament
+and on the people of these Islands and my Dominions beyond the Seas for
+their help in the discharge of these arduous duties and their prayers
+that God will grant me strength and guidance. I am encouraged by the
+knowledge that I have in my dear wife one who will be a constant
+helpmate in every endeavour for our people's good."
+
+This speech, delivered with obvious feeling and indicating a real
+understanding and appreciation of his late Father's character and
+career, made a most favourable impression upon the Council, the Nation,
+and the Empire. It was followed by others--all showing tact and a clear
+grasp of the fundamental conditions of the time and of his new
+responsibilities. To the British Army King George issued the following
+Message: "My beloved Father was always closely associated with the Army
+by ties of strong personal attachment, and from the first day he entered
+the service he identified himself with everything conducive to its
+welfare. On my accession to the Throne I take this earliest opportunity
+of expressing to all ranks my gratitude for their gallant and devoted
+service to him. Although I have been always interested in the Army,
+recent years have afforded me special opportunities of becoming more
+intimately acquainted with our forces both at home and in India, as well
+as in other parts of the Empire. I shall watch over your interests and
+efficiency with continuous and keen solicitude and shall rely on that
+spirit of loyalty which has at all times animated and been the proud
+tradition of the British Army." To the Royal Navy His Majesty's Message
+was issued with special and personal interest. He was devoted to that
+arm of the service. From the year 1877 when he entered as a Cadet of
+twelve years old, and 1879 when, with Prince Albert Victor--afterwards
+Duke of Clarence--he went around the world in H. M. S. _Bacchante_, and
+1885 when he became a Midshipman, he had delighted in the Naval service,
+imbibed the free air of the seas of the world and become instinct with
+pride in England's naval record and achievements. He had been attached
+to and served in several great battleships; in 1888 he commanded a
+torpedo boat and in 1890 the gunboat _Thrush_; in succeeding years he
+held more important commands and finally in 1897 had become an Admiral.
+To his Navy King George spoke as follows:
+
+     "It is my earnest wish on succeeding to the Throne to make known to
+     the Navy how deeply grateful I am for its faithful and
+     distinguished services rendered to the late King, my beloved
+     Father, who ever showed great solicitude for its welfare and
+     efficiency. Educated and trained in that profession which I love so
+     dearly my retirement from active duty has in no sense diminished my
+     feelings of affection for it. For thirty-three years I had the
+     honour of serving in the Navy, and such intimate participation in
+     its life and work enables me to know how thoroughly I can depend
+     upon that spirit of loyalty and zealous devotion to duty of which
+     the glorious history of our Navy is the outcome. That you will ever
+     continue to be, as in the past, the foremost defenders of your
+     country's honour I know full well, and your fortunes will always be
+     followed by me with deep feelings of pride and affectionate
+     interest."
+
+Parliament met in special Session on May 11th to tender its combined
+condolences and congratulations to the new Sovereign. The Addresses from
+both Houses were identical in terms and referred eulogistically to the
+great work of the late King in building up and maintaining friendly
+Foreign relations. To them His Majesty replied briefly as to his
+personal grief and the national sorrow and then added: "King Edward's
+care for the welfare of his people, his skill and prudent guidance of
+the nation's affairs, his unwavering devotion to public duty during his
+illustrious reign, his simple courage under pain, will long be held in
+honour by his subjects both at home and beyond the Seas." Meanwhile an
+infinite variety of articles were being written about the new King. In
+Canada and the United States the same despatches, practically, came to
+the leading papers; in Canada were reproduced many of the attractive
+articles written by special American correspondents in England. Some of
+them could hardly have come from personal knowledge; others contained
+much of current gossip, passing stories, hasty impressions; all were
+interesting. A remarkable feature of nearly all that was written
+regarding His Majesty was the absence of serious criticism or the
+slightest cause for condemnation in a life of forty-five years lived in
+the continuous white light which beats upon Royalty with such merciless
+precision.
+
+The facts are that King George was and had been essentially a sailor
+Prince; that he had in his younger days been open-handed, free, and
+possessed of a certain natural and bluff and pleasant geniality which
+was, however, quite different from the urbane, charming, courtly
+geniality of King Edward; that something of this characteristic had
+disappeared from public view after the death of his brother, the Duke of
+Clarence, and his own assumption of public duties and public work as
+heir presumptive--functions greatly enlarged by the accession of his
+father to the Throne; that in his travels through the outer spaces, the
+vast Colonial Dominions, of the Empire he was too hedged about with
+etiquette, too much surrounded by a varied, and constantly changing, and
+bewildering environment to exhibit anything except devotion to the
+immediate duty of the moment; that under the circumstances of his
+Imperial tours, amidst political conditions wherein a wrong word or even
+an unwise gesture might, upon occasions, evoke a storm, where not even
+his carefully-selected suite could be expected to understand all the
+varied shades of political strife and the infinite varieties of public
+opinion, it would have been more than human for him to show continuous
+geniality--as that word is interpreted in democratic countries; that
+upon many occasions and despite these obstacles he did thoroughly
+indicate a personal and unaffected enjoyment very different in manner
+from that of a prince receiving a formal address--notably so in his
+drives around Quebec during the Tercentenary; that the responsibilities
+of his position, the personal limitations of his environment, the
+difficulties always surrounding an heir to the throne, had however, and
+upon the whole, sobered the one-time "jolly" Prince into a serious and
+thoughtful personage--a statesman in the making; that he was, what none
+of the Royal family had ever been, something of an orator as he proved
+by his splendid speech in London upon returning from the Empire tour of
+1901 and by his delivery of otherwise routine addresses upon many
+occasions; that there could be absolutely no doubt as to his love of
+home, his devotion to wife and family, his personal preference for a
+quieter life than that which destiny had given him. King George was
+married to Princess May of Teck, on July 6, 1893, and the children of
+the Royal pair at the Accession were as follows:
+
+  H. R. H., Edward Albert      Born June  23, 1894
+  H. R. H., Albert Frederick     "  Dec.  14, 1895
+  H. R. H., Victoria Alexandra   "  April 25, 1897
+  H. R. H., Henry William        "  March 31, 1900
+  H. R. H., George Edward        "  Dec.  20, 1902
+  H. R. H., John Charles         "  July  12, 1905
+
+Of the new Queen Mary much might be said. Unspoiled by the social
+adulation, the personal power of her environment; devoted to her home,
+its duties and its responsibilities, and believing her children to be
+the first object and aim of a woman's study and attention, she yet found
+time to master the underlying principles of her future position, to
+become thoroughly conversant with all the details of sovereignty--not
+only in the ordinary sense but in that new meaning which has come to
+stamp the British Monarchy with such an international and Imperial
+prestige. The future Queen had some special qualifications for her
+position. She was British by birth and training and habit of
+thought--the first Queen-Consort who could claim these conditions in
+centuries of history. A great-granddaughter of George the Third she was
+the popular child of a popular mother--Princess Mary of Teck--and was
+born in Kensington Palace on May 26, 1867, in a room adjacent to that
+in which Queen Victoria first saw the light of day. Interested in the
+theatre, in music, and the drama, charitable by nature and incessant in
+her work for, and amongst, the poor, a cheerful though not exactly eager
+participant in social affairs and presiding at the Marlborough House
+functions with tact and distinction; winning during her tour around the
+Empire the unstinted liking and respect of the people; the mistress and
+careful head of her household, a constant friend and adviser and
+associate of her Royal husband, a loving and devoted mother; the
+Princess of Wales before she entered upon her inheritance of power had
+well proved her right to help in holding the reins of a greater position
+and in setting the example of leadership in her natural and important
+share of the duties surrounding the throne of Britain and its far-flung
+realm.
+
+[Illustration: KING GEORGE V
+  Son and successor of Edward VII upon the throne of England]
+
+[Illustration: QUEEN MARY, CONSORT OF GEORGE V]
+
+[Illustration: THE KING AND QUEEN AT TORONTO
+  King George V and the Queen when they visited Toronto, Canada, October
+  10, 1901, as Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York]
+
+[Illustration: KING GEORGE V LEARNING TO SPLICE ROPE
+
+In this interesting old photograph King George (on the left), and his
+older brother, the Duke of Clarence (on the right), are shown as boys on
+the "Britannia," where they were thoroughly taught the principles of
+seamanship. The Duke of Clarence, who was Heir to the Throne, died in
+1892 at the age of 28 years, leaving the right of succession to his
+younger brother.]
+
+[Illustration: THE ROYAL CHILDREN OF KING GEORGE V AND QUEEN MARY
+  Photograph by Paul Thompson, New York.
+
+Reading from left to right: Their Royal Highnesses, Henry William;
+Albert Frederick; Edward Albert, Prince of Wales; John Charles; Victoria
+Alexandra, George Edward.]
+
+What can be said of the future? It may be assumed that King George V
+will know his people well. He is thoroughly English in life, character,
+feelings; he knows Europe and the Empire better perhaps than any other
+living man; he is in sympathetic touch with rich and poor alike and has
+taken for many years deep interest in philanthropic and other schemes
+for the betterment of the poor; he has been trained in the school of
+constitutional monarchy by the personal teachings of his father and the
+potent example of Queen Victoria. The London _Daily Telegraph_ said of
+him at the time of his accession--speaking probably with the knowledge
+of Lord Burnham, its proprietor, who had for many years been on intimate
+terms of friendship with the Royal Family--that the new King had
+undergone sedulous training and been educated to rule by learning to
+obey. "The country will discover in him what those admitted to his
+confidence have always realized--admirable traits of kindliness and
+strength; wise common sense, practical judgment of affairs; shrewd
+insight into character; and a singularly upright and lofty conception
+of his kingly duty. He has a frank, generous, unspoiled nature, is
+quick in apprehension, deliberate in thought, careful in expression,
+controlled by a far-reaching consciousness of duty and is animated by a
+vivid sense of his exalted mission. He is a keen sportsman, an admirable
+father and husband, and a lovable man."
+
+King George has also been trained Imperially. He has trod the soil of
+his empire in every part of the globe and visited seas and lands which
+no other British sovereign ever saw; he has seen the courage and
+commercial skill and success of his more distant peoples, the pioneering
+activities and growing civilizations of new states and territories
+thousands of miles apart; he has obviously learned from them lessons of
+great import. It required considerable courage in 1902 to make that
+speech of "Wake up, England," to a people who do not readily take advice
+from their rulers and who notoriously dislike being hurried along the
+lines of their development. In other directions there is much to be
+hopeful for. His Majesty has chosen his friends well. They are said, in
+an intimate sense, to be few in number, but the fact of Lord Rosebery
+being one of them augurs well of the others. He has a strong sense of
+duty, his addresses indicate the principle of Imperialism in its best
+sense, his life has commanded the respect of his people. It may well be,
+and surely will be in his case, as with the late Queen, with Wellington
+and Nelson and King Edward himself, that
+
+    "Not once or twice in our fair Island's story
+    The path of duty was the road to glory."
+
+To the political situation at his accession, therefore, King George
+brings a trained intelligence, detailed and intimate knowledge, a keen
+perception of the basic interests and feelings of his people. No one
+knows, no one can know, what are his political opinions. The
+probabilities are that his principles are not those of any so-called
+party. If they were closely analyzed in the light of environment,
+education, instincts, and natural predelictions the King's policy might,
+perhaps, be found to be something like this: (1) The maintenance of
+British power, including a strong Navy and a United Empire; (2) the
+maintenance of the Monarchy in all its essential rights and privileges
+and absolute independence of party. These two lines of ambition would
+really be, and are, one, as in his opinion and, indeed, in that of most
+thinking men who are not blinded by passing party phantoms the interests
+of Great Britain, of the Empire, and the Monarchy, are identical.
+
+In the political crisis of 1910 two questions are uppermost--a
+constitutional change and a fiscal change. In order to defeat the latter
+proposals the Liberals in part have created the former situation. The
+King can act only upon the advice of his Ministry unless tacitly and by
+unusual agreement, as latterly was the case with King Edward, he acts as
+a conciliatory force. If the Government asks him to create 300 peers so
+as to compel the acceptance of legislation curbing and crippling, if not
+abolishing, the Upper House, he can either assent or refuse. Assent
+means the destruction of a portion of the Constitution--and a portion
+very close to the Throne and which acts as a real buffer against the
+hasty action of an impetuous and sometimes imperious Commons. Refusal
+means that the Ministry must resign or go to the country on an issue in
+which it is quite possible the people will not support them.
+
+Against the Government, also, in this contest will be urged the full
+force of the growing fiscal feeling, the desire for Tariff Reform, the
+development of an Imperial sentiment which wants some means of giving
+the Colonies a preference in the British market, the pressing need for
+some weapon of retaliation upon highly protective foreign nations.
+Whatever course the King takes under all these conditions will bring
+the Crown into the conflict--either as yielding to the Liberals and thus
+antagonizing the Conservatives, or by refusing the demands of the
+former, raising up a party--small but vehement--against the Monarchy
+itself. There is another element in the situation to be remembered.
+England, "the dominant partner," is not really behind the Asquith
+Government. Its majority at the recent elections was infinitesimal; what
+there was came from Wales and Ireland and Scotland; and that of Ireland
+was divided upon the fiscal issue. The whole situation is, therefore,
+very much clouded to the eye.
+
+So far as one writer can estimate the end of such a crisis it will
+probably be one of compromise. Almost everything in the British
+constitution is in the nature of a compromise. Constitutional monarchy
+in its essence is a half-way house between Autocracy and Republicanism
+and its great advantage to the minds of its supporters is that the
+system has the extremes of neither, the best qualities of each, and all
+the advantages of that strength and permanence which moderation and
+toleration always afford. In Britain the system certainly has the
+affection and devotion of the great mass of the people. Mr. Asquith is
+not an extremist, Mr. Haldane and Sir Edward Grey are moderate forces in
+the Cabinet, and though Messrs. Lloyd-George and Winston Churchill are
+more heard of it does not follow, and it certainly is not the fact, that
+they are more influential. They hold the same place in Liberalism that
+Mr. Chamberlain with his republican tendencies (which they do not
+profess) and his "three acres and a cow" held to Mr. Gladstone and the
+Liberal leaders of thirty or forty years ago. The Conservatives, also,
+are not desirous of pushing the issue too far. They believe in and have
+tested the affection of rural England for the aristocracy and the
+preference of nearly all England for a second Chamber of some kind. But
+they do not intend to fight the issue on the hereditary principle. The
+acceptance, by a very large majority, of Lord Rosebery's motion in the
+Lords declaring that "the possession of a peerage should no longer, of
+itself, give the right to sit and vote in the House of Lords," removes
+this point from the actual conflict and leaves the Conservatives as
+urging a strong, reformed and democratised Upper House against the
+Liberal policy of a weakened, emasculated echo of the House of Commons.
+
+[Illustration: THE YOUNG PRINCES AT THE WALL OF MARLBOROUGH HOUSE
+WATCHING THE PROCLAMATION OF THEIR FATHER AS KING; AND TEXT OF THE
+PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it has pleased Almighty God to call to His Mercy our late
+Sovereign Lord King Edward the Seventh, of Blessed and Glorious Memory,
+by whose Decease the Imperial Crown of the United Kingdom of Great
+Britain and Ireland is solely and rightfully come to the High and Mighty
+Prince George Frederick Ernest Albert:
+
+We, therefore, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of this Realm, being
+here assisted with these of His late Majesty's Privy Council, with
+Numbers of other Principal Gentlemen of Quality, with the Lord Mayor,
+Aldermen, and Citizens of London, do now hereby, with one Voice and
+Consent of Tongue and Heart, publish and proclaim, That the High and
+Mighty Prince George Frederick Ernest Albert, is now by the Death of our
+late Sovereign of Happy Memory, become our only lawful and rightful
+Liege Lord George the Fifth by the Grace of God, King of the United
+Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and of the British Dominions
+Beyond the Seas, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India:
+
+To whom we do acknowledge all Faith and constant Obedience, with all
+hearty and humble Affection; beseeching God, by whom Kings and Queens do
+reign, to bless the Royal Prince George the Fifth with long and happy
+years to reign over Us.
+
+GOD SAVE THE KING!]
+
+[Illustration: PROCLAIMING THE ACCESSION OF KING GEORGE V TO THE CROWDS
+IN LONDON.
+
+The third proclamation by the Heralds was made from the Royal Exchange
+and was witnessed by an enormous crowd. The ceremony opened with a
+fanfare of trumpets, after which Somerset Herald read the proclamation.
+He then lifted his hat and cried, "God save the King." Three cheers were
+then given for King George V, followed by three more for Queen Mary.]
+
+[Illustration: Reading from left to right--Sir Almeric Fitzroy (Clerk of
+the Privy Council), Earl Beauchamp (Lord Steward), Viscount Althorp
+(Lord Chamberlain), the Earl of Crewe (Lord Privy Seal), the King,
+Prince Christian, Lord Loreburn (the Lord Chancellor), the Earl of
+Granard (Master of the Horse), the Duke of Fife, the Duke of Argyll, the
+Archbishop of Canterbury.
+
+KING GEORGE'S FIRST OFFICIAL ACT.
+
+According to ancient procedure a meeting of the Privy Council was held
+at St. James's Palace on Saturday, May 7th, the morning after King
+Edward's death. After the Earl of Crewe had officially informed the
+Council of the death of the late King, and of King's George's accession,
+His Majesty entered the Council Chamber and after addressing the
+Councillors, took the usual oath for the security of the Church of
+Scotland.]
+
+Genealogical Chart
+
+SHOWING DESCENT OF KING GEORGE V, FROM EGBERT (A. D. 827)
+
+  1. Egbert. 2. Ethelwolf. 3. Alfred the Great. 4. Edward the Elder.
+  5. Edmund. 6. Edgar. 7. Ethelred. 8. Edmund Ironside. 9. Edward
+  (not a king). 10. Margaret, wife of Malcolm, King of Scotland.
+  11. Matilda, wife of Henry I. 12. Matilda or Maud, Empress of Germany,
+  and wife of Geoffrey of Anjou. 13. Henry II. 14. John. 15. Henry III.
+  16. Edward I. 17. Edward II. 18. Edward III.
+                                      |
+             ----------------------------------------------------
+             |                        |                         |
+    19. Lionel, Duke               Edmund                 John of Gaunt,
+      of Clarence               Duke of York           Duke of Lancaster,
+             |                        |              m. Catherine Swynford
+        20. Phillippa,                |        (issue afterwards legitimated)
+  m. Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March   |                         |
+             |                        |                         |
+  21. Roger Mortimer, Earl of March   |                  John Beaufort,
+             |                        |                 Earl of Somerset
+  22. Anne Mortimer.......m........Richard,                     |
+             |                Earl of Cambridge           John Beaufort,
+             |                        |                  Duke of Somerset
+             --------------------------                         |
+                        |                                       |
+                  23. Richard,                              Margaret.
+                  Duke of York                          m. Edmund Tudor,
+                        |                               Earl of Richmond
+                 24. Edward IV                                  |
+                        |                                       |
+                 25. Elizabeth............married............Henry VII
+                        |                                       |
+                        -----------------------------------------
+                                        |
+   James IV...m....26. Margaret Tudor.....m.....2ndly, Archibald Douglas,
+   of Scotland              |                         |    Earl of Angus
+                 27. James of Scotland        Margaret Douglas
+                            |                 m. Earl of Lennox
+                            |                         |
+              28. Mary, Queen of Scots.....m....Lord Darnley
+                            |                         |
+                            ---------------------------
+                                         |
+                    29. James VI of Scotland (James I of England)
+                                         |
+                    30. Elizabeth m. Frederick, Elector Palatine
+                                         |
+           31. Sophia m. Ernest Augustus of Brunswick, Elector of Hanover
+                                         |
+                32. George, Elector of Hanover, afterwards George I
+                                         |
+                                  33. George II
+                                         |
+                          34. Frederick, Prince of Wales
+                                         |
+                                 35. George III
+                                         |
+                            36. Edward, Duke of Kent
+                                         |
+                                  37. Victoria
+                                         |
+                                 38. Edward VII
+                                         |
+                                  39. George V
+
+There is plenty of room for compromise in this, and there is every
+possibility that something will be done along the lines of, perhaps,
+restricting the financial veto of the Lords, leaving the other questions
+open, and, meantime, reforming the structure of the House. Whatever the
+developments of the future, the new King may be depended upon to
+preserve the general principle of a second chamber; to conserve the
+legitimate interests and influence of the aristocracy and landed classes
+in the state--when, of course, they do not conflict with the well-being
+of the people as a whole; to stand for stability and gradual reform
+rather than change for the sake of change; to prefer and enforce
+evolution rather than revolution. In all this His Majesty will voice the
+deliberate and well-known opinions--instinct it may almost be said--of
+his people in general. Be it also said, in conclusion, that these
+thoughts are generalizations; that the King's opinions are his own and
+are not known to the people; that newspaper writers in England, the
+United States, or Canada, who proclaim an intimate acquaintance with his
+views, and hidden qualities, and private conversations, only betray
+their absolute ignorance of actual conditions. King George is an honest,
+honourable and patriotic Englishman, guarding the greatest birthright
+that a man can have, watching over the evolution of the greatest of
+world-empires, sitting at the heart of vital and powerful political
+movements. The steps he takes, or does not take, will be carefully
+considered, and all public knowledge of the new King's character and
+life leads one to believe that they will be wisely taken--in this
+respect following the precedents left by his august father and
+grandmother and realizing the principles and training and looming
+responsibilities of a lifetime.
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+The scan of page 287 is unclear, but it makes sense for the text to be:
+"The King was accompanied by Sir Frank Lascelles, Ambassador at Berlin,
+and by his physician, Sir Francis Laking."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Life of King Edward VII, by J. Castell Hopkins
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Life of King Edward VII, by J. Castell Hopkins.
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's The Life of King Edward VII, by J. Castell Hopkins
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life of King Edward VII
+       with a sketch of the career of King George V
+
+Author: J. Castell Hopkins
+
+Release Date: April 20, 2008 [EBook #25112]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF KING EDWARD VII ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Stacy Brown, Juliet Sutherland and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
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+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h1>
+THE LIFE OF<br />
+KING EDWARD VII
+</h1>
+
+<p class="subhead2">WITH A SKETCH OF THE CAREER OF<br />
+KING GEORGE V
+</p>
+
+<h2 class="padtop">By J. CASTELL HOPKINS, F.S.S.</h2>
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-left: 25%; margin-right: 25%;"><b><i>Author of "Queen Victoria, Her Life and Reign;" "Life and Work of
+Mr. Gladstone;" "The Story of the Dominion", &amp;c., &amp;c.</i></b></p>
+
+<p class="subhead2 padtop"><span class="smcap">Profusely Illustrated</span></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="subhead2 padtop">
+Copyright 1910, by<br />
+W. E. Scull.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter padtop" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo2.jpg" width="300" height="501" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+EDWARD VII, KING OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN
+AND IRELAND AND OF THE BRITISH DOMINIONS BEYOND THE SEAS, AND EMPEROR OF
+INDIA<br /><br />
+Born November 9, 1841. Ascended the throne January 22, 1901. Died May 6, 1910
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>During a number of years' study of British institutions in their modern
+development and of British public life in its adjustment to new and
+changing conditions I have felt an ever-growing appreciation of the
+active influence exercised by the late Sovereign of the British Empire
+upon the social life and public interests of the United Kingdom and an
+ever-increasing admiration for his natural abilities and rare
+tactfulness of character. King Edward the Seventh, in a sixty years'
+tenure of the difficult position of Heir to the British Throne, built
+into the history of his country and Empire a record of which he and his
+people had every reason to be proud. He had for many years the
+responsibilities of a Royal position without the actual power; the
+public functions of a great ruler without the resources usually
+available; the knowledge, experience and statecraft of a wise Sovereign
+without Regal environment.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince of Wales, however, rose above the apparent difficulties of
+his position and for more than a quarter of a century emulated the wise
+example of his princely father&mdash;Albert the Good&mdash;and profited by the
+beautiful character and unquestioned statesmanship of his august mother.
+As with all those upon whose life beats the glare of ever-present
+publicity and upon whose actions the press of friendly and hostile
+nations alike have the privilege of ceaseless comment, the Heir to the
+British Throne had to suffer from atrocious canards as well as from
+fulsome compliments. Unlike many others, however, he afterwards lived
+down the falsehoods of an early time; conquered by his clear, open life
+the occasional hostility of a later day; and at the period of his
+accession to the Throne was, without and beyond question, the best liked
+Prince in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span> Europe&mdash;the most universally popular man in the United
+Kingdom and its external Empire. Upon the verge of His Majesty's
+Coronation there occurred that sudden and dramatic illness which proved
+so well the bravery and patience of the man, and increased so greatly
+the popularity and <i>prestige</i> of the Monarch.</p>
+
+<p>Since then the late King has yearly grown in the regard of his people
+abroad, in the respect of other rulers and nations, in the admiration of
+all who understood the difficulties of his position, the real force of
+his personality and influence, the power with which he drew to the
+Throne&mdash;even after the remarkable reign of Victoria the Good&mdash;an
+increased affection and loyalty from Australians and South Africans and
+Canadians alike, an added confidence and loyal faith in his judgment
+from all his British peoples whether at home or over seas.</p>
+
+<p>In the United States, which King Edward always regarded with an
+admiration which the enterprise and energy of its people so well
+deserved, he in turn received a degree of respect and regard which did
+not at one time seem probable. To him, ever since the visit to the
+Republic in 1860, a closer and better relation between the two great
+countries had been an ideal toward which as statesman and Prince and
+Sovereign he guided the English-speaking race.</p>
+
+<p>The reader of these pages will, I hope, receive a permanent impression
+of the career and character of one who has been at once a popular
+Prince, a great King, a worthy head of the British Empire and of his own
+family, a statesman who has won and worn the proud title of "The Royal
+Peacemaker."</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+J. CASTELL HOPKINS.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Toronto, Canada, 1910.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS"></a>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+<table summary="contents" style="width: 50%;" cellspacing="10"><tbody>
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER I.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">The Crown and the Empire</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER II.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">Early Years and Education of the Prince</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER III.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">Royal Tour of British America and the United States</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER IV.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">The Royal Marriage</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">Early Home Life and Public Duties</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER VI.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">Travels in the East</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER VII.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">Serious Illness of the Prince</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER VIII.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">The Prince of Wales in India</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER IX.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">Thirty Years of Public Work</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td></tr>
+</tbody></table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p>
+
+<table summary="contents" style="width: 50%;" cellspacing="10"><tbody>
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER X.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">Special Functions and Interests</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER XI.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">The Prince and His Family</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER XII.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">The Prince as a Social Leader</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER XIII.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">The Prince as a Sportsman</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER XIV.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">Habits and Character of the Prince</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER XV.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">The Prince as an Empire Statesman</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER XVI.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">The Prince as Heir Apparent</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER XVII.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">Accession to the Throne</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_268">268</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER XVIII.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">The First Year of the New Reign</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_286">286</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER XIX.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">Empire Tour of the New Heir to the Throne</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_305">305</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER XX.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">The King and the South African War</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_351">351</a></td></tr>
+</tbody></table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p>
+
+<table summary="contents" style="width: 50%;" cellspacing="10"><tbody>
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER XXI.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">Preparations for the Coronation</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_368">368</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER XXII.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">Serious Illness of the King</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_380">380</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER XXIII.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">The Coronation</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_391">391</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER XXIV.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">The Reign of King Edward</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_420">420</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER XXV.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">The King as a Diplomatist and Peace-maker</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_432">432</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER XXVI.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">The Death of King Edward</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_440">440</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER XXVII.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">The Solemn Funeral of the King</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_451">451</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">CHAPTER XXVIII.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tl"><span class="smcap">The New King and His Imperial Responsibilities</span></td>      <td class="tr"><a href="#Page_461">461</a></td></tr>
+</tbody></table>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo1.png" width="300" height="303" alt="drawing of crown and scepter" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo3.jpg" width="300" height="361" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE PRINCESS ALEXANDRA<br />
+At the time of her marriage
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo4.jpg" width="300" height="420" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+KING EDWARD AS PRINCE OF WALES IN 1879
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo5.jpg" width="500" height="344" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+MARRIAGE OF EDWARD AND ALEXANDRA, THEN PRINCE AND
+PRINCESS OF WALES, 1863<br />
+From a painting at Windsor by W. P. Firth R.A.
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">The Crown and the Empire</p>
+
+
+<p>The great development of a political nature in the British Empire of the
+nineteenth century was the complete harmony which gradually evolved
+between the Monarchy and a world-wide democracy. This process was
+all-important because it eliminated an element of internal discord which
+has destroyed more than one nation in the past; because it permitted the
+peaceful progress of scattered states to continue through the passing
+years without having questions of allegiance to seriously hamper their
+growth; because it trained political thought along lines of stability
+and continuity and made loyalty and liberty consistent and almost
+synonymous terms; because it made the Crown the central symbol of the
+Empire's unity, the visible object of a world-wide allegiance, the
+special token of a common aspiration and a common sentiment amongst many
+millions of English-speaking people&mdash;the subject of untutored reverence
+and unquestioned respect amongst hundreds of millions of other races.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE POSITION OF THE CROWN</p>
+
+<p>The chief factor in this development was the late Queen Victoria, and to
+the inheritance of the fabric thus evolved came a son who was educated
+amid the constitutional environment in which she lived and was trained
+in the Imperial ideas which she so strongly held and so wisely impressed
+upon her statesmen, her family and her people. King Edward came into
+responsibilities which were greater and more imposing than those ever
+before inherited by a reigning sovereign. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> had not only the great
+example and life of his predecessor as a model and as a comparison; not
+only the same vast and ever-changing and expanding Empire to rule over;
+not only a similar myriad-eyed press and public to watch his every
+expression and movement; but he entered with his people upon a new
+century in which one of the first and most prominent features is a decay
+in popular respect for Parliament and a revival of the old-time love for
+stately display, for ceremonial and for the appropriate trappings of
+royalty. With this evident and growing influence of the Crown as a
+social and popular factor is the knowledge which all statesmen and
+constitutional students now possess of the personal influence in
+diplomacy and statecraft which was wielded by the late Queen Victoria
+and which the experience and tact of the new Monarch enabled him to also
+test and prove. Side by side with these two elements in the situation
+was the conviction which has now become fixed throughout the Empire that
+the Crown is the pivot upon which its unity and future co-operation
+naturally and properly turns; that the Sovereign is the one possible
+central figure of allegiance for all its scattered countries and
+world-wide races; that without the Crown as the symbol of union and the
+King as the living object of allegiance and personal sentiment the
+British realms would be a series of separated units.</p>
+
+<p>These facts lend additional importance to the character and history of
+the Monarchy; to the influences which have controlled the life and
+labours of King Edward; to the abilities which have marked his career
+and the elements which have entered into the making of his character. He
+may not in succeeding years of his reign have declared war like an
+Edward I., or made secret diplomatic arrangements like a Charles II. He
+may not have manipulated foreign combinations like a William III., or
+dismissed his Ministers at pleasure like a George III., or worked one
+faction in his Kingdom against<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> another like a Charles I. None of these
+things have been attempted, nor will his successor desire to undertake
+them. But none the less there lay in his hand a vast and growing
+power&mdash;the personal influence wielded by a popular and experienced
+Monarch over his Ministry, his Court, his Diplomatic Staff throughout
+the world, and his high officers in the Army and Navy. The prestige of
+his personal honours or personal wishes and the known Imperialism of his
+personal opinions must have had great weight in controlling Colonial
+policy in London; while his experience of European and Eastern
+statecraft through many years of close intercourse with foreign and home
+statesmen undoubtedly had a marvelous effect in the control of British
+policy abroad.</p>
+
+<p>To the external Empire, as constituted at the beginning of the twentieth
+century, the Crown is a many-sided factor. The personal and diplomatic
+influence of the Sovereign is obvious and was illustrated by Queen
+Victoria in such historic incidents as the personal relations with King
+Louis Philippe which probably averted a war with France in the early
+forties; in the later friendship with Louis Napoleon which helped to
+make the Crimean War alliance possible; in the refusal by the Queen to
+assent to a certain <i>casus belli</i> despatch during the American War which
+saved Great Britain from being drawn into the struggle; in her influence
+upon the Cabinet in connection with the Schleswig-Holstein question,
+which was exerted to such an extent (according to Lord Malmesbury) as to
+have averted a possible conflict with Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The political power of the Crown and its wearer is proven to exist in
+the dismissal of Lord Palmerston for his rash recognition of the French
+<i>coup d'&eacute;tat</i>; in the occasional exercise of the right of excluding
+certain individuals from the Government&mdash;notably the case of Mr.
+Labouchere a decade ago; in such direct exercise of influence as the
+Queen's intervention in the matter of the Irish Church Disestablishment<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+Bill as related by the late Archbishop Tait. The Imperial influence of
+the Sovereign has been shown in more than merely indirect ways. The
+Queen's refusal to approve the first draft of the Royal Proclamation for
+India in 1858 and her changes in the text were declared by Lord Canning
+to have averted another insurrection. Her personal determination to send
+the Prince of Wales to Canada in 1860 and her own visit to Ireland in
+one of the last years of her reign were cases of actual initiative and
+active policy. South Africa owed to the late Queen the several visits of
+the Duke of Edinburgh and the exhibition of her well-known sympathy with
+the views of Sir George Grey&mdash;who, had he been allowed a free hand,
+would have consolidated and united those regions many years ago and
+averted the recent disastrous struggle.</p>
+
+<p>Australia owed to her the compliment of various visits from members of
+the Royal family, the kindly personal treatment of its leaders and a
+frequently expressed desire for its unity in one great and growing
+nationality&mdash;British in allegiance and connection and power; Australian
+in local authority, patriotism and development. India was indebted to
+its Queen-Empress for continued sympathy and wise advice to its
+Governors-General; for the phraseology in the Proclamation after the
+Mutiny, already referred to, which rendered the new conditions of
+allegiance comprehensible and satisfactory to the native mind; for the
+important visit of the Prince of Wales to that country in 1877; and for
+the support given to Lord Beaconfield's Imperial policy of asserting
+England's place in the world, of purchasing the Suez Canal shares in
+order to help in keeping the route to the East and of paving the way for
+that acquisition of Egypt and the Soudan which has since made Cecil
+Rhodes' dream of a great British-African empire a realizable
+probability. The Colonies, as a whole, owed to Queen Victoria a
+condition of government which made peaceful<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> constitutional development
+possible; which extinguished discontent and the elements or embers of
+republicanism; which gradually eliminated the separative tendencies of
+distance and slowly merged the Manchester school ideas of the past into
+the Imperialism of the present; which made evolution rather than
+revolution the guiding principle of British countries in the nineteenth
+century.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE MONARCHY IN HISTORY</p>
+
+<p>How has the Crown become such an important factor in the modern
+development of British peoples? The answer is not found altogether in
+personal considerations nor even in those of loyalty to somewhat vague
+and undefined principles of government. These considerations have had
+great weight but so also has the traditional and actual power of the
+Monarchy in moulding institutions and ideas during a thousand years of
+history. To a much greater extent than is generally understood in these
+democratic days has this latter influence been a factor. Through nearly
+all British history the Sovereign has either represented the popular
+instincts of the time or else led in the direction of extended territory
+and power under the individual influence of royal valour or statecraft.
+The history of England has not, of course, been confined to the
+biography of its Kings or Queens, but it would be as absurd to trace
+those annals without extended study of the rulers and their characters
+as it would be to write the records without reference to the people and
+popular progress. And the Monarchy has done much for the British Isles.
+Its influence has effected their whole national life in war and in
+peace, in religion and in morals, in literature and in art. The
+individual achievements and actions of some of these rulers constitute
+the very foundation stones in the structure of modern British power.
+Others again have helped to build the walls of the national edifice
+until the Sovereign at the beginning of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> twentieth century has
+become the pivot upon which turns the constitutional unity of a great
+Empire and which forms the only possible centre for a common allegiance
+amongst its varied peoples.</p>
+
+<p>At first this monarchical principle was embodied in the form of military
+power, was based upon feudal loyalty, and was associated with the noble
+ideals, but somewhat reckless practices, of medi&aelig;val chivalry. The
+victories of Egbert and Alfred the Great transformed the Heptarchy into
+a substantial English Kingdom. The military skill of William the
+Conqueror gave an opportunity to blend the graces of Norman chivalry,
+and a somewhat higher form of civilization, with the rougher virtues of
+the Saxon character. Henry II. personally illustrated this combination,
+with his ruddy English face and strong physical powers, and impressed
+himself upon British history by the conquest of Ireland. Richard C&oelig;ur
+de Lion gave his country many famous pages of crusading in the East, and
+embodied in his life and character the adventurous and daring spirit of
+the age. Edward I. dominated events by his energy and ability, subdued
+Wales, and for a time conquered the Kingdom of Scotland. Edward III., in
+his long reign of fifty years, carried the British flag over the fields
+of France, and won immortality at the battles of Crecy and Poictiers.
+Henry V. gained the victory of Agincourt, and won and wore the title of
+King of France. Then came the Wars of the Roses and the turbulent
+termination to a period of six centuries during which the English
+Monarchs had represented the military spirit of their times, and had led
+in the rough process of struggle and conquest out of which was growing
+the United Kingdom of to-day.</p>
+
+<p>With the reign of Henry VIII. commenced the period of religious
+change&mdash;the struggles for religious liberty against ecclesiastical
+dominance. Limited as were the achievements of Henry and Elizabeth, in
+this respect, by prevailing bigotry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> and narrowness of view as well as
+by diverse personal characteristics, they none the less did great
+service to the country and the people. The rule of Cromwell&mdash;who, in the
+exercise of Royal power and the possession of regal personal ability,
+may properly be included in such a connection&mdash;gave that liberty of
+worship to a portion of the masses with which previous Sovereigns had
+more especially endowed the classes. During the reign of the Stuarts
+religious dissensions and ecclesiastical controversies and intermittent
+persecutions, illustrated the predominant passion of the period; and
+forced the weak or indifferent monarch of the moment to be an
+unconscious factor in the progress towards that general toleration which
+the Revolution of 1688 and the crowning of William and Mary finally
+accomplished. But, whether it was Henry persecuting the monks, or
+Elizabeth the Roman Catholics, or Mary the Protestants, or Cromwell the
+Episcopalians, or Charles II. the Dissenters, each ruler was being led,
+to a great degree, by the undercurrent of surrounding bigotry and was,
+in the main, representative of a strong, popular sentiment of the time.
+Henry voiced the national uprising against Rome, just as the second
+Charles embodied popular reaction against the Puritans, and as William
+of Orange was enabled to lead a successful opposition to the gloomy and
+personal bigotry of the last of the Royal Stuarts.</p>
+
+<p>The third period of British monarchical history in this connection was
+that marked by the growth toward constitutional government under the
+sway of the House of Hanover. Coupled with this was the equally
+important foundation of a great Colonial empire, and the loss of a large
+portion of it in the reign of George III. But the development of
+constitutional rule under the Georges should not be confounded with the
+growth of the popular and Imperial system which exists to-day. The
+latter is simply a progressive evolution out of the aristocratic and
+oligarchical government of the Hanoverian<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> period, just as that system
+had been a step from the kingly power of the Tudors and the Stuarts,
+which, in turn, had arisen upon the ruins of feudalism and military
+monarchical power. It is this gradual growth, this "gently broadening
+down from precedent to precedent," which makes the British constitution
+of to-day the more or less perfected result of centuries of experience
+and struggle. But that result has only been made possible by a peculiar
+series of national adjustments in which the power of the Monarchs has
+been modified from time to time to suit the will of the people, while
+the ability of individual Sovereigns has been at the same time given
+full scope in which to exercise wise kingcraft or pronounced military
+skill. It has, in fact, been a most elastic system in its application
+and to that elasticity has been due its prolonged stability of form
+under a succession of dynastic or personal changes.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE CONSTITUTION AND THE MONARCHY</p>
+
+<p>It is a common mistake to minimize the importance and value of the
+aristocratic rule by which the government of England was graded down
+from the high exercise of royal power under the Tudors and Stuarts to
+that beneficial exercise of royal influence which marks the opening of
+the present century period. To the aristocracy of those two centuries is
+mainly due the fact that the growth from paternal government and
+personal rule to direct popular administration was a gradual
+development, through only occasional scenes of storm and stress, instead
+of involving a succession of revolutions alternating with civil war.
+Somers and Godolphin, Walpole and Chatham, Pitt and Shelburne, Eldon and
+Canning, Grey and Liverpool, Wellington and Durham, Melbourne and
+Palmerston, were all of this aristocratic class, though of varying
+degrees in rank and title and with varied views of politics. They filled
+the chief places in the Government of the country during a period when
+the people were being slowly trained in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> the perception and practice of
+constitutional and religious liberty. At the best such processes are
+difficult and often prove bitter tests of national endurance; and it was
+well for Great Britain that the two centuries under review produced a
+class of able and cultured men who&mdash;though naturally aristocratic at
+heart&mdash;were upon the whole honestly bent upon furthering the best
+interests of the masses. And this despite the mistakes of a Danby or a
+North.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, even towards the close of this period of preparation, popular
+government, as now practised, was neither understood by the immediate
+predecessors of Queen Victoria, nor by the nobles who presided over the
+changing administrations of the day. It was not clearly comprehended by
+Liberals like Russell and Grey; it was feared by Wellington and the
+Tories as being republican and revolutionary; it was dreaded by many who
+could hardly be called Tories and who, in the condition of things then
+prevalent, could scarcely even be termed Loyalists. Writing in 1812,
+Charles Knight, the historian, described the fierce national struggle of
+the previous twenty years with Napoleon and expressed a longing wish for
+the prop of a sincere and spontaneous loyalty to the throne in the
+critical times that were to follow. But such a sentiment of loyalty was
+not then expressed, and could hardly have been publicly evoked by a
+ruler of the type of George IV., whether governing as Prince-Regent or
+as King.</p>
+
+<p>There is, however, no doubt of its having existed, and there seems to
+have been, even through those troubled years, an inborn spirit of
+loyalty to the Crown as being the symbol of the State and of public
+order. Its wearer might make mistakes and be personally unpopular, but
+he represented the nation as a whole and must consequently be respected.
+This powerful feeling has often in English history made the bravest and
+strongest submit to slights from their Sovereign, and has won the most
+disinterested devotion and energetic action from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> men who have never
+even seen the Monarch in whose personal character there was sometimes
+little to evoke or deserve such faith and sacrifice. For ages this
+loyalty had been the preservative of society in England, and it is still
+indispensable to the tranquility and permanence of a state, whether
+given in its full degree to the Sovereign of Great Britain, or in a more
+divided sense to the elective and partisan head of a modern republic.</p>
+
+<p>In the time of the Georges, as well as in the middle ages and at the
+present moment, loyalty was and is a sincere and honest patriotism,
+refining the instincts and elevating the actions of those who were
+willing to waive self-interest on any given occasion in order to guard
+what they believed to be the true basis of national stability and order.
+Certainly, a Monarchy which could survive the wars and European
+revolutions, the internal discontents and personal deficiencies, of the
+period which commenced with the reign of George I. and closed with that
+of William IV., must have possessed some inherent strength greater than
+may be gathered from many of the superficial works which pass for
+history. But, whatever that influence was, it does not appear to have
+been personal. With the close of the reign of Queen Anne the brilliant
+<i>prestige</i> of personal authority and power wielded by the Sovereign had
+passed quietly away and, up to the death of William IV. and the
+accession of Victoria, had not been replaced by the personal influence
+of a constitutional ruler.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">PRESENT POSITION OF THE MONARCHY</p>
+
+<p>Out of all these changing developments has come a military position in
+which the Sovereign no longer leads his forces in war but in which he
+commands a sentiment of loyalty as hearty, in the breasts of the
+Colonial soldiers ten thousand miles away from his home at Windsor, as
+ever did the personal presence of an Edward I., or a Richard the
+Lion-Hearted. Out of them has come a religious position in which the
+Sovereign is head of a particular Church and yet, as such, gives<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> no
+serious offence to masses of his subjects who belong to other faiths and
+who receive through his Governments around the world absolute freedom of
+religious worship&mdash;almost as a matter of course. Out of the
+constitutional evolution has come the adaptation of the Monarchy to not
+only new conditions but to countries separated by oceans and continents
+from the mother-state, and the evolution of a system which combines
+420,000,000 people under one Crown and one flag. In August, 1884, the
+<i>Times</i> spoke of a correspondent amongst the Khirgese of Central Asia
+who stated that the people of that region had not the remotest idea of
+where or what England was&mdash;but they had heard of Queen Victoria; and a
+few years later Mr. Henry Labouchere, the inconsistent and bitter
+Radical, told the <i>Forum</i> of New York that "were a Parliamentary
+candidate to address an electoral meeting on the advantages of a
+republic he would be deemed a tilter at a windmill."</p>
+
+<p>Such is a summary of the history and position of the British Monarchy. A
+thousand years ago it combined the seven little Kingdoms of England into
+one; to-day it combines the Kingdoms and Dominions and Commonwealths and
+Islands of a quarter of the earth's surface into one. The power of the
+Crown was once chiefly employed in making war and compelling peace by
+force of arms and military skill; to-day it is largely utilized in
+promoting peace and controlling diplomacy. The position of the Monarch
+was once that of the head of a class, or the leader of some distinct
+manifestation of public feeling, or the military chief of a great
+faction; to-day it is that of embodying the power of a united people,
+giving dignified interpretation to the policy of a nation, and serving
+as the symbol of unity to the masses of population in an extended
+empire.</p>
+
+<p>One of the interesting features in the Crown's popularity and influence
+is the absence of serious criticism or controversy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> over the expense of
+its maintenance. Perhaps the only practical expression of disapproval
+affecting the Monarchy heard during Queen Victoria's long reign was an
+occasional grumbling as to the paucity of Court functions, the absence
+of Royal splendour and expenditures from the City of London, the
+sombreness and quiet which characterized the ordinary, everyday life of
+the Sovereign. The total financial cost of the Monarchy has been placed
+at a million pounds sterling per annum, but this total includes various
+large sums which could just as properly be charged to the ordinary
+governing requirements of the country without reference to the
+particular form of its institutions. Against this sum may also be placed
+the proceeds of the Crown Lands which were surrendered to Parliament
+upon the accession of William and Mary and which had before that been
+recognized as a personal estate of the Sovereign over which Parliament
+had no control. In addition to these Crown Land revenues other sums were
+voted as required. Upon their surrender to the nation (during the life
+of each Sovereign) it has become the custom, since 1868, to vote a
+permanent Civil List for the ensuing reign and out of this sum the
+ordinary Court and personal expenses are supposed to be met. In the case
+of Queen Victoria the amount was &pound;385,000 a year, supplemented, however,
+by other votes and special allowances to herself and the Royal family
+from time to time.</p>
+
+<p>Upon her accession the Queen retained out of the old Crown Lands, or
+revenues, those of the Duchy of Lancaster and they have risen in value
+from &pound;20,000 to &pound;50,000 per annum. The Royal palaces are maintained
+apart from the Civil List and the building of Royal yachts and other
+similar expenses are considered as additional items. The revenues of the
+Duchy of Cornwall, which have always pertained to the Prince of Wales,
+and the incomes or special sums voted to the members of the Royal
+family, make up an amount nearly as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> large as the Civil List. But these
+apparently large sums have not in recent years created any feeling of
+dissatisfaction; nor has any been expressed save by certain individuals
+of the Labouchere type, who possess little influence and less sincerity.
+Upon the whole the situation in this connection possesses considerable
+interest to the student of history, or of popular sentiment, as showing
+how a practical, business-loving, money-making people can become devoted
+to an institution which must in the nature of things be expensive and
+which, in the ratio of its dignity and effectiveness as an embodiment of
+growing national power, must be increasingly so as the years roll on.</p>
+
+<p>The reason for this condition of feeling is the combination which the
+Monarchy has during the past century come to present to the minds of the
+public. Tradition and history reaching down into the hearts and lives of
+the people may be considered the basic influence; a general belief in
+the superiority of British institutions over all others may be stated as
+a powerful conservative force; while personality and character in the
+Sovereign may be described as the chief constructive element in this
+process of increasing loyalty to the Crown. Convenience, custom, love of
+ceremony, belief in stability and aversion to change, are lesser factors
+which may be mentioned. The result is that Mr. George W. Smalley, for so
+many years the American correspondent of the New York <i>Tribune</i> in
+London, could write recently in the <i>Century</i> the belief of a foreigner
+and a republican that "England is a very democratic country, but there
+does not exist in England the vestige of a republican party."</p>
+
+<p>King Edward, therefore, came to the throne of Great Britain and its
+Empire at a time when the influence of the Sovereign was growing in
+proportion as the influence and popularity of Parliament appeared to be
+waning. Fifty years before his accession it was a truism to assert that
+power in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> England was being steadily concentrated in the House of
+Commons; to-day it may be said with equal truth that the position of the
+Crown is growing steadily in a power which is wielded by personal
+influence and popularity and which, while it touches no privilege, nor
+right, nor liberty of Parliament, increases in proportion as the latter
+body is relegated to the back-ground by public opinion and popular
+interest. Vast responsibility, therefore, rests to-day in the hands of a
+British Sovereign and the results for good or ill, depend largely upon
+his character, his training, his previous career and his present sense
+of duty. Alarm has even been expressed upon this point by historical
+theorists such as Professor Beesly and Dr. Goldwin Smith. Certain it is,
+however, that in the hands of King Edward this growing power was safe.
+If prolonged experience and acquired statecraft and intimate knowledge
+of his people can be considered sufficient guarantees for its exercise,
+it is also safe in the hands of King George.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">Early Years and Education of the Prince</p>
+
+
+<p>The married life of Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort was one of the
+happiest recorded in history or known in the private annals of
+individual lives. It was a love-match from the first and it lasted to
+the end as one of those beautiful illustrations of harmony in the home
+which go far in a materialistic and selfish age to point to higher
+ideals and to conserve the best principles of a Christian people. His
+affection was shown in myriad ways of devoted care and help; her feeling
+was well stated in a letter to Baron Stockmar&mdash;"There cannot exist a
+purer, dearer, nobler being in the world than the Prince." From such a
+union was born Albert Edward, the future King and Emperor, on November
+9th, 1841. The Queen's first child had been the Princess Royal, and
+there was naturally some hope that the next would be a male heir to the
+Throne. There was much public rejoicing over the event which was
+announced from Buckingham Palace at mid-day of the date mentioned; the
+Privy Council met and ordered a thanksgiving service; the national
+anthem was sung with enthusiasm in the theatres and public places;
+telegrams of congratulation poured in from Princes abroad and peers and
+peasants at home; and <i>Punch</i> perpetrated verses which well illustrated
+the public feeling:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Huzza! we've a little Prince at last<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A roaring Royal boy;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And all day long the booming bells<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Have rung their peels of joy."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p><p>On December 8th following, the little Prince was created by
+letters-patent Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester&mdash;the titles of Prince
+of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Saxony, Duke
+of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron Renfrew, Lord of
+the Isles and Prince, or Great Steward of Scotland, being his already by
+virtue of his mother being the reigning Sovereign at the time of his
+birth. During six hundred years there had been from time to time a
+Prince of Wales. The first was the son of Edward I., but the title was
+never made hereditary, and there have been periods, totalling altogether
+288 years, in which it lay dormant. The Black Prince was perhaps the
+best known of the line. The new Prince of Wales&mdash;destined to hold the
+designation for nearly sixty years and to make it one of the best known
+in the world&mdash;was solemnly baptized on January 25th, 1842, in St.
+George's Chapel, Windsor, by the simple names of Albert Edward. The
+first was after his father, the second in memory of the Queen's father,
+the Duke of Kent. The scene was one of splendour, and the uniforms and
+glittering orders and gleaming gems and beautiful dresses harmonized
+well with the stately setting of the Chapel Royal.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE GORGEOUS CHRISTENING CEREMONY</p>
+
+<p>Besides the Royal party, which included Frederick William IV., King of
+Prussia, there were a throng of Ambassadors, Knights of the Garter,
+Members of the Privy Council, Peers and Peeresses, statesmen and heads
+of the Church. The Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Bishops of
+London, Winchester, Oxford and Norwich were in special attendance, and
+the sponsors for the young Prince were the King of Prussia, the Duchess
+of Kent (proxy for the Duchess of Saxe-Cobourg), the Duke of Cambridge
+(proxy for the Duchess of Saxe-Gotha), Princess Augusta of Cambridge
+(proxy for Princess Sophia) and Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Cobourg. The
+cost of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> this gorgeous christening ceremony and attendant functions was
+said to have been fully two million dollars. A part of this was,
+however, due to the entertainments accorded King Frederick William IV.,
+who, as the chief Protestant monarch of the Continent, was given a
+particularly cordial and elaborate welcome. In connection with the
+christening of the future King it is interesting to note that an
+ecclesiastical newspaper, of Toronto, called <i>The Church</i>, referred to
+the event on March 19th, 1842, and declared that should the Prince live
+to be King he would be known as Edward VII. On February 3rd Queen
+Victoria opened Parliament in person with the following as the
+preliminary words in the Speech from the Throne: "I cannot meet you in
+Parliament assembled without making a public acknowledgment of my
+gratitude to Almighty God on account of the birth of the Prince, my son;
+an event which has completed the measure of my domestic happiness and
+has been hailed with every manifestation of affectionate attachment to
+my person and Government by my faithful and loyal people."</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">CHILDHOOD OF THE PRINCE</p>
+
+<p>The early events of the Prince's life were followed with much interest
+by the public and with a personal and individual feeling which grew in
+volume with the ever-increasing popularity of the young Queen. The Court
+in those years was a gay one and events such as the Queen's famous
+Plantagenet Ball of 1842; the state visit to King Louis Philippe of
+France in 1843; the coming of Nicholas I., Czar of all the Russias, to
+the Court of St. James in 1844, followed a little later by William,
+Prince of Prussia&mdash;afterwards William I. of Germany, and by a return
+visit of the King and Queen of the French; kept the social demands of
+the period up to a very high pitch. Yet the quiet, careful surroundings
+of an almost ideal home were given to the young Prince and to those who
+afterwards came to the family circle, by a mother who, in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> midst of
+many national cares and private anxieties could write to her
+much-respected friend and uncle&mdash;Leopold of Belgium&mdash;that "my happiness
+at home, the love of my husband, his kindness, his advice, his support
+and his company make up for all and make me forget all."</p>
+
+<p>The Princess Victoria, afterwards for a brief year Empress of Germany,
+had been born on November 21, 1840; the Prince of Wales was the next
+child; the Princess Alice, who afterwards married the Grand Duke of
+Hesse, was born on April 25, 1843; Prince Alfred&mdash;Duke of Edinburgh and
+of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in later years&mdash;followed on August 6, 1844; the
+Princess Helena came next on May 25, 1846, and afterwards became the
+wife of Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein; the Princess Louise, who
+married the Marquess of Lorne and future Duke of Argyll, was born on
+March 18, 1848; Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, followed on May 1,
+1850; Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, on April 7, 1853; Princess
+Beatrice, afterwards wife and widow of Prince Henry of Battenberg, was
+born on April 14, 1857, and completed the Royal family for the time.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest care and attention was given to the youthful Prince.
+Writing to King Leopold soon after his birth&mdash;on December 7, 1841&mdash;the
+Queen had said: "I wonder very much who my little boy will be like. You
+will understand how fervent are my prayers, and I am sure every one's
+must be, to see him resemble his father in every respect, both in body
+and mind." From the earliest period the child grew into his life of
+ceremony and state, but it was a process carefully graded to suit the
+development of natural faculties. Nothing appears to have been allowed
+to unduly burden his gradual growth in experience and knowledge and
+certainly a more pleasant domestic environment and life could hardly be
+imagined. At a later period his studies were so varied in character as
+to excite some slight apprehension in a part of the public mind.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p><p>The first public appearance of the Prince was on February 4, 1842, when
+the Queen was inspecting some troops near Windsor and the babe was held
+up by his nurse from a window of the Castle so that the crowd could see
+him. He has been described in many prints and stories as being a very
+lively infant and child. Lady Lyttelton<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>, a sister to Mrs. Gladstone,
+was in charge of the Royal nursery as a sort of trusted Governess during
+the first six years of his life and everything was conducted with
+regularity and care. The Queen personally supervised the arrangements,
+whether for instruction, pleasure or exercise, though she often had to
+express in diary or letter her regret at not being able to be as much
+with her children as she desired. Simplicity was, perhaps, the guiding
+principle of this early training, though it was combined with a certain
+amount of familiarity in matters of ceremony and formality. In
+September, 1843, when the Queen and Prince Consort were in France the
+Royal children were at Brighton in charge of Lady Lyttelton and the
+people used to take great delight in waiting for the daily outing of the
+little Prince and his sister and the presentation of a loyal salute by
+the raising of hats and the waving of handkerchiefs. The child had been
+taught to raise his chubby fist to his forehead in reply and a
+journalist of the time veraciously declares that he did it with "evident
+enjoyment and infantile dignity." A little later, on December 20th, a
+party of nine Ojibbeway Indians were presented to the Queen at Windsor
+Castle and the Chief gravely referred to the toddling Royal infant in
+his speech as "the very big little White Father whose eyes are like the
+sky that sees all things and who is fat with goodness like a winter
+bear."</p>
+
+<p>Another attractive event in these annals of childhood was a visit of Tom
+Thumb to Buckingham Palace on March 23,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> 1844. Not long afterwards, on
+June 5th, the little Prince saw his first Review, on the occasion of the
+Emperor of Russia's visit, and clapped his hands and shouted at the
+splendid spectacle. On March 24, 1846, he was given that first and
+greatest pleasure of all children, a visit to the circus (Astley's). He
+applauded liberally and when the clown was brought to the Royal box at
+his request, the little Prince gravely shook hands with him and thanked
+him "for making me laugh so much." Similar stories might be multiplied
+in many pages. Every trifling incident of the Royal childhood seems,
+indeed, to have been treasured by some one. Late in 1846 a visit was
+made on the <i>Victoria and Albert</i> yacht to the coast of Cornwall and,
+after the landing, the Royal party went to Penrhyn where the little
+Prince, as Duke of Cornwall, was formally welcomed by Mayor and
+Corporation as their feudal lord. In August of the succeeding year he
+was taken by the Queen and Prince Consort on a tour around the west
+coast of Scotland and during a visit to Cluny Macpherson's Scottish
+home, he received one of the first of a multitude of interesting
+presents&mdash;a ring containing a miniature of Prince Charles Stuart. In
+August 1844, he accompanied his parents on a visit to Ireland, where he
+met with splendid acclamation from the people and was created Earl of
+Dublin by the Queen. It has been said that the reception was so
+enthusiastic as to have left a profound impression on the child's mind.</p>
+
+<p>On October 30, 1849, when nearly eight years old, the Prince of Wales
+performed his first public function. Accompanied by the little Princess
+Royal and his father he proceeded in state from Westminister in a Royal
+barge rowed by watermen. All London turned out to see the youthful
+royalties&mdash;"Puss and the boy" as the Queen called them in her Diary&mdash;and
+Lady Lyttelton in a letter to Mrs. Gladstone has left a charming picture
+of the pleasure expressed by the little Prince at his reception and at
+the various quaint customs<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> revived for the occasion. It was at this
+time that Miss Louisa Alcott, author of <i>Little Women</i>, wrote home that
+the Prince was "a yellow-haired laddie, very like his mother. Fanny and
+I nodded and waived as he passed and he openly winked his boyish eye at
+us, for Fanny with her yellow curls waving looked rather rowdy and the
+poor little Prince wanted some fun." Two years later, on May 1st, the
+youthful Heir to the Throne assisted the Queen at the brilliant
+ceremonies attending the opening of the first and great Exhibition of
+that year.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">EARLY EDUCATION OF THE PRINCE</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, the important matter of education had been occupying the
+attention of the Queen and her husband. After careful inquiry during
+nearly a year the Rev. Henry Mildred Birch was selected and on April 10,
+1844, the Prince Consort wrote, in a private and family letter, that
+"Bertie will be given over in a few weeks into the hands of a tutor whom
+we have found in Mr. Birch, a young, good-looking, amiable man who was a
+tutor at Eton and who not only himself took the highest honours at
+Cambridge but whose pupils have also won special distinction. It is an
+important step and God's blessing be upon it, for upon the good
+education of princes and especially of those who are destined to govern,
+the welfare of the world in these days very greatly depends." This
+gentleman acted until 1852 when, upon the advice of Sir James Stephen,
+the appointment was given to Mr. Frederick W. Gibbs, who retained it for
+the succeeding six years. In special lines of study such as Art and
+Music there were various instructors for the young Prince as well as for
+the rest of the family&mdash;the Rev. Charles Tarver being his classical
+tutor, Sir Edwin Landseer an instructor in the art of painting and Mr.
+E. H. Corbould his teacher in water-colours.</p>
+
+<p>The descriptions of the Prince of Wales in these childhood days vary
+greatly; probably in natural accordance with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> the variable temperament
+of his age. Lady Lyttelton who, perhaps, knew him best, described him to
+Mr. Greville in 1852&mdash;though that interesting <i>litterateur</i> is not
+always reliable&mdash;as being "extremely shy and timid, with very good
+principles and, particularly, an exact observer of truth." The
+description is, however, so much in harmony with his bringing up that it
+may well be accepted as accurate. These years, however, passed rapidly
+away in a commingling of instruction, ceremonial and innocent
+recreation. The Baroness Bunsen in her <i>Memoirs</i> gives a pleasant
+picture which illustrates the character of the amusements current in the
+Royal family at their different homes at Windsor, Osborne, or Balmoral.
+This particular incident was a Masque devised by the children, when
+Prince "Bertie" was twelve years old, in honour of the anniversary of
+their parents' marriage. The Prince who represented Winter and was clad
+in a coat covered with imitation icicles, recited some verses from
+Thomson's Seasons. Princess Alice was Spring; the Princess Royal,
+Summer; Prince Alfred, Autumn; while Princess Helena, representing St.
+Helena, the traditional mother of Constantine and native of Britain,
+called down Heaven's benediction upon the Royal couple.</p>
+
+<p>About this time the Prince of Wales made his first appearance in the
+House of Lords, sitting beside the Queen as she received Addresses from
+Parliament concerning the impending war with Russia. He seems to have
+taken a keen interest in that conflict and, in March 1855, went with his
+parents to visit the wounded at Chatham Military Hospital. In August he
+accompanied the Queen and Prince Consort upon the first visit paid by an
+English Sovereign to Paris since the days of Henry II. and shared in the
+splendid reception given by the Emperor Napoleon and the French people.
+Even here, however, his tutor was with him and idleness or pleasure was
+not allowed to occupy the field entirely. With the Princess Royal, he
+was present at a splendid ball given in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> Versailles&mdash;the first since the
+days of Louis XVI&mdash;and they sat down at supper with the Emperor and
+Empress. The young Prince enjoyed the visit so much and liked his
+Imperial hosts so well&mdash;a liking which he never forgot in later years of
+sorrow and suffering&mdash;that he begged the Empress to get leave for his
+sister and himself to stay a little longer. The Queen and his father, he
+explained, had six more children at home and they could, he thought, do
+without them for a while.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, this was not possible. The Prince Consort, however, was
+greatly pleased with the way in which the children had behaved and wrote
+to Baron Stockmar, shortly after, expressing his belief that the Prince
+had been a general favourite. To the Duchess of Kent he wrote that "the
+task was no easy one for them but they discharged it without
+embarrassment and with natural simplicity." From this it is evident that
+the shyness spoken of by Lady Lyttelton had largely passed away from the
+manner of the Prince. During this year the latter&mdash;now fourteen years
+old&mdash;took an incognito walking tour through the west of England
+accompanied by Mr. Gibbs and Colonel Cavendish. The next two or three
+years were spent in a happy life of mixed pursuits in England and
+Scotland, or in travel abroad, alternating, according to the place and
+season, between fishing and shooting, ponies and picnics, deer-stalking
+and juvenile dances, studies, tours and occasional functions. Many
+pictures of the Royal family in these days of childhood and youth have
+been preserved from the brushes of Winterhalter, Richmond, Landseer,
+Saul and others.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">LATER EDUCATION OF THE PRINCE</p>
+
+<p>Not the least important of the educative influences of this period were
+the tours undertaken by the young Prince. In the autumn of 1856,
+accompanied by those who could best instruct him in the matters
+witnessed, he visited the great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> seats of industry in Provincial England
+including mills, ironworks, coal mines and engineering centres. In April
+1857 he enjoyed a tour through the beautiful Lake region and especially
+appreciated the hill-climbing in Cumberland. During June he accompanied
+the Queen on a state visit to Manchester and witnessed the first
+distribution of the Victoria Cross medals in Hyde Park, London. In July
+the Prince left England for Konigswinter with a short European tour in
+view for "purposes of study," as the Prince Consort put it in a private
+letter. With him were General Grey, Colonel (afterwards Sir Henry)
+Ponsonby, his tutors and Dr. Armstrong. During the tour several young
+men joined him as companions&mdash;the late Mr. W. H. Gladstone; Mr. Charles
+Wood, now Lord Halifax; Mr. Frederick Stanley, now Earl of Derby and
+Governor-General of Canada; and the present Earl Cadogan, Viceroy of
+Ireland. The Prince on this occasion went up the Rhine and through
+Germany and Switzerland. Upon his return, in October, he attended
+lectures on science by Dr. Faraday while continuing his regular studies.
+Early in the succeeding year he attended the marriage of his sister, the
+Princess Royal, to the Prussian Prince who afterwards became the Emperor
+Frederick, and parted from the sister "Vicky," to whom he was much
+attached, with evident sorrow.</p>
+
+<p>On April 1, 1858, when nearly seventeen years of age, the Prince was
+confirmed in the Chapel Royal at Windsor. Writing of this ceremony, the
+Prince Consort observed to Baron Stockmar that Lord Derby, Lord
+Palmerston and Lord John Russell were amongst those who were present and
+that the event "went off with great solemnity and, I hope, with an
+abiding impression on his mind." At the examination before the
+Archbishop of Canterbury and his Royal parents the Prince was described
+as acquitting himself "extremely well." On the succeeding day he took
+the Sacrament. Shortly afterwards followed a two weeks walking tour in
+the south of Ireland<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> in which the Prince was accompanied by Mr. Gibbs,
+Captain de Ros&mdash;afterwards Lieutenant-General Lord de Ros&mdash;and Dr.
+Minter. Succeeding this came a short period of steady study and the
+formal establishment of the young Prince at White Lodge in Richmond
+Park, under the tuition of Mr. Gibbs and Mr. Tarver and with three
+companions carefully selected by his father&mdash;Lord Valletort, the present
+(1902) Earl of Mount Edgecumbe, Major Teesdale V.C. and Major Lindsay
+V.C. Of the first named the Prince Consort wrote privately that he had
+been much on the Continent and was "a thoroughly good, moral and
+accomplished man," who had passed his youth in attendance on his invalid
+father. He also referred to the manner in which Major Teesdale had
+distinguished himself at Kars and Major Lindsay at Alma and Inkerman and
+of the latter said: "He is studious in his habits, lives little with the
+other young officers, is fond of study and familiar with French and
+Italian."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> These considerations are interesting as indicating with
+what care the companions of the young Prince were selected by his wise
+father from time to time. Here the Prince had, amongst his elements of
+instruction, lectures on History from the Rev. Charles Kingsley, the
+well-known author of <i>Westward Ho</i> and, for ten years following,
+Professor of History at Cambridge. They were given by special desire of
+the Queen and must have proved deeply interesting. Canon Kingsley was,
+during the rest of his life, an object of special liking to the Prince
+and always an honoured guest at Sandringham and Marlborough.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo6.jpg" width="300" height="420" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, AT THE AGE OF SEVEN<br />
+In Sailor's Dress
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo7.jpg" width="300" height="397" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, AGED FIVE<br />
+Represents the Prince as feeding a pet rabbit
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo8.jpg" width="300" height="373" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, AGED SIXTEEN<br />
+In Highland costume
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo9.jpg" width="300" height="331" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE YOUTHFUL EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, 1859
+</div>
+
+<p class="padtop">On November 9, 1859, the Prince of Wales completed his eighteenth year
+and attained his legal majority. The Queen wrote him a letter which
+Charles Greville, in his <i>Diary</i>, describes as "one of the most
+admirable ever penned." On the same day he was appointed a Colonel in
+the Army and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> given the Order of the Garter&mdash;that most distinguished of
+all orders of knighthood. At the same time Colonel the Hon. Robert
+Bruce, brother of the Lord Elgin who had proved so successful a
+Governor-General of Canada and India, was appointed Governor to the
+Prince and was described by the Prince Consort as possessing amiability
+with great mildness of expression and as being "full of ability." He had
+been Military Secretary to Lord Elgin in Canada and was at this time in
+command of a battalion in the Grenadier Guards.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> A month later the
+Prince started on a Continental tour accompanied by the Rev. Mr. Tarver
+as his chaplain and director of studies. He stayed some time in Rome,
+where he visited the Pope, on May 7 reached Gibraltar, and from thence
+visited the south of Spain and Lisbon. He reached home in the middle of
+June and took up a serious course of study at Edinburgh, with the late
+Lord Playfair as his instructor in chemistry, and with other equally
+distinguished teachers in specific lines or subjects. The public was at
+this time taking much interest in these studies of the Heir Apparent and
+fear was expressed that he might, perhaps, be over-educated. <i>Punch</i>
+expressed this feeling in the following lines:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"To the south from the north, from the shores of the Forth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where at hands Presbyterian pure science is quaffed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Prince, in a trice, is whipped to the Isis,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where Oxford keeps springs medi&aelig;val on draught.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Dipped in grey Oxford mixture (lest <i>that</i> be a fixture),<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The poor lad's to be plunged in less orthodox Cam.,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where dynamics and statics, and pure mathematics,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Will be piled on his brain's awful cargo of cram."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>After three months of Edinburgh training the Prince Consort went down
+and held a sort of conference with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> teachers. He wrote as to the
+result<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> that they all spoke highly of their pupil, who seemed to have
+shown zeal and goodwill. "Dr. Lyon Playfair is giving him lectures on
+chemistry in relation to manufactures and, at the close of each special
+course, he visits the appropriate manufactory with him so as to explain
+its practical application. Dr. Schmitz gives him lectures on Roman
+history. Italian, German and French are advanced at the same time; and
+three times a week the Prince exercises with the 16th Hussars who are
+stationed in the city." It was of this period that Sir Wemyss Reid, in
+his biography of Lord Playfair, tells an amusing story. The Prince and
+Dr. Playfair were standing near a cauldron containing lead which was
+boiling at white heat. "Has Your Royal Highness any faith in science,"
+said the Professor and the reply was, "Certainly." The latter then
+carefully washed the Prince's hand with ammonia and said:</p>
+
+<p>"Will you now place your hand in this boiling metal and ladle out a
+portion of it?"</p>
+
+<p>"Do you tell me to do this?" asked the Prince.</p>
+
+<p>The answer was in the affirmative and the Prince instantly put his hand
+into the boiling mass and ladled out some of it without sustaining any
+injury. Following this period of study at Edinburgh University came the
+celebration of the Prince's nineteenth birthday and a hunting party in
+the Highlands. Thence the Prince went to Oxford for a time and was
+admitted a member of Christ Church College where he joined freely in the
+social life and sports of the institution. On January 16, 1861, after
+his return from Canada, he became an under-graduate of Trinity College,
+Cambridge, and was allowed, by special favour, to live in a neighbouring
+village with his Governor&mdash;Colonel Bruce. Here lectures were again given
+to the Prince by Canon Kingsley and the young man was kept pretty close
+to his studies during the winter of that year. In the summer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> he went on
+military duty in Ireland and the Queen thus recorded in her <i>Diary</i> a
+visit paid to him at Curragh on August 26th: "At a little before three
+we went to Bertie's hut which is, in fact, Sir George Brown's. It is
+very comfortable&mdash;a nice little bedroom, sitting-room, drawing-room, and
+a good sized dining-room where we lunched, with our whole party. Col.
+Percy commands the Guards and Bertie is placed specially under him. I
+spoke to him and thanked him for treating Bertie as he did, just like
+any other officer, for I know that he keeps him up to his work in a way,
+as General Bruce told me, that no one else had done; and yet Bertie
+likes him very much."</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">DEATH OF THE PRINCE CONSORT</p>
+
+<p>This was the last birthday of the Prince Consort and it was spent
+travelling to Killarney with the Queen, the Prince of Wales and the
+younger members of the Royal family. A few days there and then the young
+Prince returned to camp. In the autumn he visited the Rhine man&oelig;uvres
+of the German army and met his future bride, the Princess Alexandra. He
+then returned to Cambridge and from thence journeyed in haste to Windsor
+on December 13th to be present at his father's death-bed on the
+following evening. No sadder event has occurred in the history of
+English royalty than this premature and much-mourned death of the good
+and really great Prince Consort. To the young Heir Apparent it meant the
+loss of a loving father, a careful guardian, a watchful and wise
+adviser. To the wife and widow it meant the ruin of a great happiness
+and a sorrow which no passing years could ever remove. Sir Theodore
+Martin's beautiful description of the scene at the death-bed, at which
+knelt the Queen, the Princess Alice, the Princess Helena and the Prince
+of Wales, may well be given here: "In the solemn hush of that mournful
+chamber there was such grief as has rarely hallowed any death-bed. A
+great light, which had blessed the world, and which the mourners<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> had
+but yesterday hoped might long bless it, was waning fast away. A
+husband, a father, a friend, a master, endeared by every quality by
+which man in such relations can win the love of his fellow-man, was
+passing into the Silent Land, and his loving glance, his wise counsels,
+his firm, manly thought should be known among them no more. The Castle
+clock chimed the third quarter after ten. Calm and peaceful grew the
+beloved form; the features settled into the beauty of a perfectly serene
+repose; two or three long, but gentle breaths were drawn; and that great
+soul had fled to seek a nobler scope for its aspirations in the world
+within the veil, for which it had often yearned, where there is rest for
+the weary, and where 'the spirits of the just are made perfect.'"</p>
+
+<p>Not long before his death the Prince Consort had readily agreed to his
+son's wish for a visit to the Holy Land and had planned the
+preliminaries of the tour before he was stricken by the disease which
+carried him off. After that sad event it was felt by the Queen that such
+a journey would now be doubly wise and proper and she made arrangements
+for General Bruce to accompany the Prince, together with Major Teesdale,
+Captain Keppel and a small suite. By special wish of the Prince Consort
+and at the urgent request of the Queen, the Rev. Dr. Arthur Penrhyn
+Stanley consented to accompany the Prince. He joined the Royal party at
+Alexandria on February 28, 1862, and they at once proceeded to Cairo and
+from thence visited the Pyramids. A little later Palestine was reached
+and, following in the historic steps of Richard C&oelig;ur de Lion and
+Edward I., another Heir to the British Throne finally reached Jerusalem.
+The closely-guarded Cave of Macphelah was opened to the Prince of Wales
+as well as the famous Mosque of Hebron which for nearly seven hundred
+years had been closed to even Royal visitors. Lake Tiberias, Bethany,
+Bethlehem, the Groves of Jericho, were visited and some time was spent
+in tents upon the journey to Damascus.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> From thence the party traveled
+to Beyrout, visited Tyre and Sidon, and proceeded to Tripoli. The
+journey was made by the Prince so as to include Patmos, Ephesus, Smyrna,
+Constantinople, Athens and Malta. From every place where it was possible
+the Prince collected flowers which he carefully sent to his sister, the
+Princess Royal. Of His Royal Highness during this interesting tour Dean
+Stanley put on record his opinion at the time: "It is impossible not to
+like him and to be constantly with him brings out his astonishing memory
+of names and persons.... I am more and more struck by the amiable and
+endearing qualities of the Prince."</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Sarah, Lady Lyttelton, daughter of the second Earl Spencer
+and wife of the third Lord Lyttelton. Born 1787, Died 1870.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> This officer afterwards became Major-General Sir C. C.
+Teesdale V.C., K.C.M.G., C.B. and was A.D.C. to the Queen in 1877-87.
+Major Lindsay was better known in later years as Colonel Sir Robert
+Lloyd-Lindsay K.C.B. In 1885 he was raised to the Peerage as Lord
+Wantage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> He afterwards became a Major-General in the Army and died
+in 1862 of fever caught while with the Prince of Wales during his
+Eastern tour.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Martin's <i>Life of the Prince Consort</i>.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">Royal Tour of British America and the United States</p>
+
+
+<p>The first important public event in the career of the young Prince was
+one which, during forty years, has held a marked place in Canadian
+memories and a prominent place in Canadian and American history. In some
+respects the tour of the Prince of Wales, in 1860, through the scattered
+and disconnected Provinces of British America has wielded an influence
+far out of proportion to the contemporary judgment of the event; beyond,
+perhaps, what the Queen and Prince Consort in their wise and patriotic
+policy of the time hoped to achieve. It was, in reality, the first break
+in the hitherto steady progress of the Manchester school theory
+regarding ultimate Empire disruption; the first check given to the
+widely accepted doctrine that the Colonies were of no use except for
+trade and, in any case, were like the fruit which ripens only to fall
+from the parent stem.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bright, Lord John Russell, Sir George Cornewall Lewis, Mr. Cobden,
+Lord Ashburton, Lord Ellenborough, Lord Derby, and many others, were at
+this time touched with the blight of these theories and to them there
+was no sense, and nothing but expense, in trying to cultivate Colonial
+loyalty or promote Colonial co-operation.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">IMPERIAL CONDITIONS IN 1860</p>
+
+<p>To this school&mdash;and it was one embracing many able men and
+thinkers&mdash;trade was more important than any other consideration, and the
+greatest object of external policy was the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> development of friendly
+relations with the United States. American extension of territory was
+not looked upon with alarm even when it took a slice of the Maine
+boundary and threatened trouble over that of Oregon. The Republic had
+not yet gone in seriously for high protection and did not, therefore,
+vitally touch the pockets of patriots who could not foresee, even in
+their keen regard for commerce and its development, that trade and
+territory were in the future to be most intimately related.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen and Prince Consort did, however, understand something of the
+future of the Empire&mdash;dimly it might be but still effectively. It had
+been announced during the progress of the Crimean War that a Royal tour
+of British America might be arranged within a few years, and the
+Canadian Legislature, on May 14th, 1859, took advantage of the coming
+completion of the great Victoria Bridge across the St. Lawrence, at
+Montreal, to tender a formal invitation to the Sovereign herself to be
+present at the opening ceremonies; to receive a personal tribute of the
+unwavering attachment of her subjects; and to more closely unite the
+bonds which attached the Province to the Empire. This unanimously-passed
+address was taken to London by Mr. Speaker Henry Smith, and the response
+elicited was most favourable to the indirect request of the Assembly and
+Legislative Council&mdash;the initiative in the matter being due to a motion
+by the Hon. P. M. M. S. Vankoughnet in the latter House. The
+Governor-General received a reply, dated January 30th, 1860, and signed
+by the Duke of Newcastle, Colonial Secretary, which stated that Her
+Majesty greatly regretted that her duties at the Seat of the Empire
+would prevent so long an absence, but that it might be possible for H.
+R. H. the Prince of Wales to attend the ceremony at a later date. "The
+Queen trusts that nothing may interfere with this arrangement for it is
+Her Majesty's sincere desire that the young Prince, on whom the Crown
+of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> this Empire will devolve, may have the opportunity of visiting that
+portion of her dominions from which this Address has proceeded and may
+become acquainted with a people in whose progress towards greatness, Her
+Majesty, in common with her subjects in Great Britain, feels a lively
+and enduring sympathy."</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE PRINCE COMMENCES HIS TOUR</p>
+
+<p>Preparations were at once commenced in the British Provinces to properly
+receive the Royal guest. By the 9th of July all arrangements in England
+had been made, including the acceptance of an invitation to visit the
+United States&mdash;as a private gentleman under the title of Lord Renfrew.
+On that date the Prince sailed from Plymouth in the ship <i>Hero</i>
+after replying to a farewell address, when he declared that he was
+proceeding to "the great possessions of the Queen in North America
+with a lively anticipation of the pleasure which the sight of a noble
+land, great works of nature and human skill and a generous and active
+people must produce." The Royal suite was composed of the Duke of
+Newcastle&mdash;practically guardian to the youthful Prince; the Earl of St.
+Germans, Lord Chamberlain to the Queen; General, the Hon. Robert Bruce;
+Dr. Auckland and two Equerries&mdash;Major Teesdale, V.C., and Captain Grey.</p>
+
+<p>Newfoundland was first reached on July 23d. An enthusiastic reception
+was given to the Royal visitor at St. John's by ringing bells, lusty
+cheers, waving flags and evening illuminations. The Prince was received
+by the Governor, Sir Alexander Bannerman, and then passed in procession
+through beautiful arches and decorations to Government House. A lev&eacute;e
+was held, many addresses received and a collective reply given, in which
+the Prince made the statement that "I shall carry back a lively
+recollection of the day's proceedings and your kindness to myself
+personally; but, above all, of these hearty demonstrations of patriotism
+which prove your deep-rooted <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>attachment to the great and free country
+of which we all glory to be called sons." A ride around the town
+followed, without ceremony, and in the evening a state dinner and ball
+were given. The attendance at the latter was very large and the Prince
+delighted everyone, and particularly the ladies, by dancing with evident
+zest and pleasure until three o'clock in the morning. During the day
+thus commenced he left the Island amid every evidence of popularity and
+loyalty&mdash;after accepting a handsome Newfoundland dog as a present from
+the people and presenting Lady Bannerman with a set of jewels in
+commemoration of his visit.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">ARRIVAL AT HALIFAX</p>
+
+<p>The Royal squadron arrived at Halifax on the morning of July 30th and,
+despite unpleasant weather, the entire city turned out to welcome the
+Queen's son. The streets were lined by the regular soldiers and
+volunteers and were beautifully decorated with arches, transparencies
+and evergreens. The arches numbered seventeen and included one which the
+Roman Catholic Archbishop Connolly had erected at his own expense. The
+Prince was received by His Excellency the Earl of Mulgrave&mdash;afterwards
+Marquess of Normanby&mdash;and Rear-Admiral Sir Alexander Milne,
+Major-General Trollope and the members of the Provincial Government.
+Mayor Caldwell read an address expressing "devotion to the British
+throne and attachment to British institutions" and His Royal Highness in
+reply referred to the noble Harbour of Halifax in which all the navies
+of Great Britain could "ride in safety." There was much enthusiasm shown
+in the streets and at one point 4000 children sang an adaptation of the
+National Anthem as a sort of welcoming ode. At Government House the Hon.
+William Young read an address from the Executive Council of the Province
+in which special reference was made to the Nova Scotians who had won
+laurels "beneath the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> Imperial flag" in the recent Crimean campaign. It
+was signed by the Hon. Joseph Howe, the Hon. A. G. Archibald, the Hon.
+J. McCully, the Hon. William Annand and others and, in replying, the
+Prince made a significant allusion to the Confederation policy of
+several years later when he expressed hopes for their happiness as a
+loyal and united people.</p>
+
+<p>On the following day a Royal review was held and in the evening a state
+dinner and ball were attended while illuminations turned the darkness of
+the outside night into brightness. At the ball the ladies selected as
+partners, according to a contemporary historian, were "principally the
+wives and daughters&mdash;much oftener the latter&mdash;of gentlemen connected
+with the staff or with the Government of the Province." The same
+writer<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> states that when the Prince adjourned to supper he begged that
+the ball might not proceed in his absence "as he would not be long away
+and his programme was full." The third day in Halifax included a Lev&eacute;e
+at Government House; the reception of the addresses from the Church of
+England, King's College, Windsor, the Masons, the Methodist Conference,
+the Free Church of Scotland, the Kirk of Scotland, the Roman Catholic
+Church, the Presbyterian Church, and Acadia College. A visit followed to
+the one-time residence and grounds of H. R. H. the Duke of Kent and a
+Regatta was witnessed. A state dinner and reception at Government House,
+a torch-light procession of Firemen and a display of fireworks in the
+evening closed the events of the visit. Early in the morning of August
+2nd, His Royal Highness left for St. John&mdash;stopping on the way at
+Windsor, which was beautifully decorated, to receive an address and
+partake of a banquet. An address was also accepted at Hautsport.</p>
+
+<p>On the following morning the Prince was welcomed at St. John by Mr.
+Manners-Sutton, the Lieutenant-Governor, the members of the Government,
+the Judges, etc. At one point<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> during the procession to his temporary
+residence 5000 school children sang patriotic airs and threw flowers at
+their Royal guest. The usual addresses and evening illuminations
+followed&mdash;the latter eclipsing those of Halifax, or St. John's,
+Newfoundland. August 4th and the Sunday which followed were spent at
+Fredericton. The Anglican Cathedral was attended there and a sermon from
+Bishop Medley listened to. On the following day the Executive Council
+presented an address in which it stated that "if the necessity should
+ever arise all the available resources of New Brunswick will be freely
+offered for the defence of Imperial interests and the maintenance of
+national honour." The address from the City referred to "the universal
+heart-throb of our Empire of perpetual sunlight" and another address was
+presented from the Anglican clergy. The Prince replied appropriately to
+each and afterwards held a Lev&eacute;e at Government House and attended a
+grand ball held in his honour. On Tuesday, August 7th, he started from
+Prince Edward Island, being enthusiastically welcomed on the way at
+Indiantown and Carleton in New Brunswick, and at Truro and Picton in
+Nova Scotia.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince of Wales arrived at Charlottetown on the morning of August
+9th and, despite pouring rain, was received by crowds in a tastefully
+decorated city. He was formally welcomed by Lieutenant-Governor George
+Dundas, Chief Justice Hodgson, Premier, the Hon. Charles Palmer, and all
+the dignitaries and officials of the Island. As the procession passed to
+Government House 2000 children sang the National Anthem and the crowds
+cheered enthusiastically. A Lev&eacute;e was held on the following day, a
+review of the volunteers proceeded with, and addresses received from the
+Provincial and Civic authorities. A ball at the Provincial Building
+concluded the festivities and the Prince danced until three in the
+morning. The Royal visitor then departed for the Upper Provinces<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> and
+arrived in Gasp&eacute; Bay, on August 12th, after seeing much that was
+beautiful in the way of scenery. Here the Prince was formally welcomed
+to the Canada of that day by His Excellency Sir Edmund W. Head,
+Governor-General of all British America, and by the Canadian Ministry,
+which included the Hon. John A. Macdonald, George E. Cartier, A. T.
+Galt, John Ross, N. F. Belleau, J. C. Morrison, L. S. Morin and others
+of historic name. A visit to the gloomy and splendid scenes along the
+Saguenay followed and on August 17th, after passing further up the St.
+Lawrence, Quebec was reached by the Royal fleet. The succeeding day was
+marked by His Royal Highness' first public entry into Canada.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE ROYAL WELCOME AT QUEBEC</p>
+
+<p>No more splendid natural setting for a national event can be found in
+the world than that afforded by the crowning heights, the broad sweep of
+river, the ancient and towering fortress of Quebec. Upon this occasion
+the old-fashioned French city, nestling upon the sides of the cliff, was
+vivid with flags and the narrow streets filled with arches, while crowds
+of interested people thronged every part of the place. The Heir to the
+Throne was formally received at the wharf by the Governor-General, who
+was accompanied by the Canadian Ministry in their uniforms of blue and
+gold; Lord Lyons, the British Minister at Washington; Lieutenant-General
+Sir W. Fenwick Williams, Commander of the Forces; Sir A. N. McNab, Sir
+E. P. Tach&eacute;, Major H. L. Langevin and others prominent in the public
+life of the Provinces. In a special Pavilion which had been erected, the
+Prince was presented by Major Langevin&mdash;better known to a subsequent
+generation as Sir Hector Langevin, M.P.&mdash;with an address describing the
+loyalty of the French population to British institutions and connection.
+In his reply the Royal guest spoke of the differences of origin,
+language and religion as being "lost in one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> universal spirit of
+patriotism which had knit all classes to the Mother-land in common ties
+of equal liberty and free institutions." During the procession through
+the city which followed there was much cheering, and in the evening,
+despite the rain which had poured all day, the illuminations were
+exceedingly good.</p>
+
+<p>On the following day the Anglican Cathedral was attended by His Royal
+Highness with the Governor-General and their suites. The succeeding day
+was again stormy but a visit was paid to the Chaudi&egrave;re Falls and on
+Tuesday a Lev&eacute;e was held at the old Parliament Buildings attended by the
+Roman Catholic Hierarchy of the Province of Quebec in a body, clad in
+purple robes, and followed in order by the Judges and members of the
+Legislative Council and Assembly of the United Provinces of Upper and
+Lower Canada&mdash;as Ontario and Quebec were then generally called. An
+address was presented on behalf of the Council by its Speaker, the Hon.
+N. F. Belleau and replied to by the Prince, after which he conferred the
+honour of knighthood upon Mr. Belleau. An address was then presented on
+behalf of the Assembly by its Speaker, the Hon. Henry Smith, who also
+received the distinction of being personally knighted by the Royal
+visitor. Other addresses were presented and later in the day a visit was
+paid to the beautiful Falls of Montmorenci&mdash;the route to which was
+ornamented with arches, flags and evergreens. In the evening a grand
+ball was given and the Prince danced through almost the entire
+programme. On the following day a visit was paid to Laval University and
+an address received from the Roman Catholic Hierarchy at the hands of
+Bishop Horan of Kingston, as well as one from the University. The former
+document stated that the Church was always careful to teach that Kings
+reign by God's will and that, therefore, "entire submission is due to
+the authority they have received from on high." They believed
+"traditional respect for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> high moral principle of legitimate
+authority" to be the real strength of Canadian society. The Prince
+responded in fitting terms to both addresses. The Ursuline Convent was
+also visited and an address received. In the evening a display of
+fireworks was given and on the morning of August 23rd His Royal Highness
+departed for Three Rivers.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE PRINCE AT MONTREAL</p>
+
+<p>The trip up the River was a pleasant one and, after a brief stay at
+Three Rivers where the Mayor&mdash;Mr. J. E. Turcotte M.P.P.&mdash;presented an
+address, the journey was resumed to Montreal. Accompanying the steamer
+<i>Kingston</i> (which had been specially fitted up for this occasion) from
+Three Rivers was another containing the members of the Legislature. All
+along the shores of the St. Lawrence were little crowds of <i>habitants</i>
+striving for a glimpse of the Royal visitor and, when nearing Montreal,
+he was received by a fleet of vessels crowded with cheering people. The
+reception in the city commenced on the morning of August 25th and was
+marked by the gathering of numerous crowds and intense interest. An
+address was presented by Mr. Charles S. Rodier, the Mayor of Montreal,
+in a handsome Pavilion specially erected for the purpose, and surrounded
+by the entire military and volunteer force of the district and city. The
+Mayor in his scarlet robes, the Ministers in their new Windsor uniforms,
+the officers in their varied military dress and Bishop Fulford and the
+Anglican clergy in their gowns, made quite a brilliant spectacle on the
+dais. After the Prince had replied to the address the Royal procession
+passed through the city to the Crystal Palace, the streets being gay
+with flags, banners, evergreens, transparencies and eight, more or less,
+handsome arches.</p>
+
+<p>At the new building, or Crystal Palace, an Exhibition was duly opened by
+the Prince, who then proceeded to the Victoria<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> Bridge station where he
+was met by the Hon. John Ross, President of the Grand Trunk Railway, and
+other officials. An address was presented descriptive of the great
+structure across the St. Lawrence and, after his reply, the Prince was
+taken from the station to the Bridge in a carriage lined with crimson
+velvet and there proceeded to formally open it for public use. An
+elaborate luncheon, attended by 600 persons and presided over by Sir
+Edmund Head, followed. After receiving an address from the workmen
+employed in the undertaking His Royal Highness returned to the city and
+in the evening witnessed illuminations which made Montreal a blaze of
+light. On Sunday, the 26th, the Prince attended Christ Church Cathedral
+and heard a sermon from Bishop Fulford. During the succeeding day he
+witnessed a lacrosse game by Indians, watched a procession of Temperance
+organizations, and held a Lev&eacute;e at the Court House where addresses were
+presented from the Church of England, McGill College, the inhabitants of
+Red River Colony&mdash;now the City of Winnipeg&mdash;and others.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening one of the finest balls ever given on the Continent of
+America was attended by the Prince. The decorations were gorgeous and
+yet tasteful and the Royal guest is stated to have danced incessantly
+until half-past four in the morning. On Tuesday he visited Dickenson's
+Landing in a special car built by the Grand Trunk Railway and from
+thence went down the Rapids of the St. Lawrence in the steamer
+<i>Kingston</i>. The evening saw a Grand Musical Festival in his honour and
+on the following day a Royal review of 1600 troops took place. A visit
+followed to Sir George Simpson's residence at Isle Dorval, accompanied
+by a canoe excursion down the St. Lawrence under the auspices of the
+Hudson's Bay Company, of which Sir G. Simpson had so long been head. The
+evening witnessed a torch-light procession of Montreal Firemen. On
+August 30th the Royal visitor, the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>Governor-General and their suites,
+took a special train for St. Hyacinthe where the Prince was
+enthusiastically received and several addresses presented at the Roman
+Catholic College. At Sherbrooke, in the afternoon, flags were flying
+everywhere and arches had been erected on all the principal streets. An
+address was read by the Mayor, Mr. J. G. Robertson&mdash;afterwards for many
+years Treasurer of the Province. A visit was then paid to the residence
+of the Hon. A. T. Galt, Minister of Finance, and on the way thither His
+Royal Highness was almost smothered in bouquets of flowers thrown at him
+by young women along the route. A Lev&eacute;e was held here and hundreds of
+people presented. At Montreal in the evening, a great display of
+fireworks took place and on the following morning the Prince left the
+city finally.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo11.jpg" width="300" height="421" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+KING EDWARD AS PRINCE OF WALES<br />
+When visiting Canada in 1860
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo10.jpg" width="500" height="329" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+VISIT OF KING EDWARD WHEN PRINCE OF WALES TO TORONTO IN 1860
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3 padtop">AT THE CAPITAL OF THE UNITED PROVINCES</p>
+
+<p>At every village and town and tiny settlement on the way to Ottawa
+crowds turned out to welcome and cheer the passing visitor; while flags
+and arches and decorations indicated the pleasure of the people in more
+practical shape. Near the capital of the United Provinces of Upper and
+Lower Canada&mdash;seven years hence to be the capital of the new
+Dominion&mdash;the Prince of Wales was received by a fleet of steamers and
+1200 lumbermen and Indians in birch-bark canoes and was escorted into
+the city in a most picturesque style. Mayor Workman presented an address
+and a procession through the capital followed. On September 1st the
+corner stone of the splendid Parliament Buildings, which afterwards
+graced the hills of the Chaudi&egrave;re, was laid by the Royal visitor amid
+scenes of considerable dignity and much enthusiasm. Amongst those
+present were H. E. Sir Edmund Head, Lord Mulgrave, General Sir Fenwick
+Williams, Hon. John A. Macdonald and the other members of the Ministry.
+In the afternoon a state luncheon was given by the Government at which
+the Governor-General <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>presided and the toasts proposed were presented
+respectively by His Excellency, Sir N. F. Belleau, Sir Henry Smith and
+the Prince himself. A visit to the Chaudi&egrave;re Falls followed and the
+usual illuminations were given in the evening. On Sunday Christ Church
+Cathedral was attended and early in the succeeding day the journey was
+resumed&mdash;Arnprior, Almonte and Brockville being visited and addresses
+received.</p>
+
+<p>At this point in the tour occurred an unfortunate misunderstanding with
+the Orangemen of Kingston and Toronto. While in Montreal the Duke of
+Newcastle&mdash;who was practically in charge of the Prince's movements so
+far as they affected state and public interests&mdash;heard that the members
+of the Loyal Orange Order proposed to erect arches along the route of
+the Royal procession in Toronto and Kingston and to decorate them with
+Orange colours and regalia. The Duke at once wrote to Sir Edmund Head
+that this would not do. "It is obvious that a display of this nature on
+such an occasion is likely to lead to religious feud and breach of the
+peace; and it is my duty to prevent, so far as I am able, the exposure
+of the Prince to supposed participation in a scene so much to be
+deprecated, and so alien to the spirit in which he visits Canada." He
+added that if the policy was persisted in he would advise the Prince not
+to visit the places in question.</p>
+
+<p>Sectarian feeling, it may be added, was very strong at this time in
+Upper Canada and the Catholics and Orangemen were drawn up in two
+distinctly hostile camps of religious and political thought. This was
+especially the case in Toronto and Kingston. The Governor-General at
+once wrote the Mayors of these two towns under date of August 31st and,
+in the course of his letter said: "You will bear in mind, Sir, that His
+Royal Highness visits this Colony on the special invitation of the whole
+people, as conveyed by both branches of the Legislature, without
+distinction of creed or party; and it would be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> inconsistent with the
+spirit and object of such an invitation, and such a visit, to thrust on
+him the exhibition of banners or other badges of distinction which are
+known to be offensive to any of Her Majesty's subjects." Roman Catholics
+called meetings to protest at the intended action of the Orangemen; the
+latter met in public and private and convinced themselves that the
+representatives of the former were being allowed to control the Prince's
+movements. They pointed to their own well-known loyalty to the Crown and
+British institutions and to the fact that Roman Catholics had been
+permitted every privilege in welcoming the Prince in Lower Canada.
+Eventually, although the Duke of Newcastle made every effort to smooth
+matters over, the City Council of Kingston and the Orangemen of that
+place refused to give way and the steamer <i>Kingston</i>, after sixteen
+hours had been given for consideration, passed in her course to
+Belleville without the Prince landing in the gaily decorated and
+historic town.</p>
+
+<p>Writing from the steamer on September 5th, before leaving for the next
+destination in the Royal tour, the Duke wrote to the Mayor a long letter
+in which the following sentence occurs: "What is the sacrifice I asked
+the Orangemen to make? Merely to abstain from displaying in the presence
+of a young Prince of 19 years of age&mdash;the heir to a sceptre which rules
+over millions of every form of Christianity&mdash;symbols of religious and
+political organization which are notoriously offensive to the members of
+another creed!" He expressed regret that the City Council had not
+accepted the suggestion to present their address on board the steamer as
+had been done by the Church of Scotland Synod. The reply of the Mayor,
+Mr. O. S. Strange, disclaimed sympathy with the Orangemen while
+defending a refusal to approve the advice given to the Prince of Wales.
+It also pointed out that the garbs and flags of the Orange Order were no
+more compromising to the Royal visitor than were the robes and insignia<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+of the Catholic Hierarchy of Quebec during the reception in that
+Province.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">ROYAL RECEPTION AT TORONTO</p>
+
+<p>Belleville was reached on September 5th, but no landing was effected on
+account of Orange troubles of the same kind as at Kingston. The
+disappointment of the people was extreme, as the preparations had been
+elaborate and the decorations costly. Visits followed to Cobourg, where
+a ball was given; to Rice Lake, where an address was received from the
+Mississaga Indians; to Peterborough, Whitby and Port Hope, which were
+most lavishly decorated. Toronto was reached on September 7th and the
+greatest reception of the tour given to the Royal visitor. As the centre
+of Orange sentiment in Upper Canada some difficulty was feared, and as a
+matter of fact there was a misunderstanding between the Duke of
+Newcastle and Mayor Wilson&mdash;afterwards Sir Adam Wilson, Chief Justice of
+Ontario&mdash;regarding the Orange arch; but this was ultimately smoothed
+over. The city was gay with flags and decorations; nine arches had been
+erected in the principal streets; a large amphitheatre was built for the
+purposes of the formal reception; and the city was crowded with people.
+At the amphitheatre an address was received from the city and replied to
+by the Prince in a speech in which he referred to the generous loyalty
+of his welcome as the Queen's representative&mdash;"a loyalty tempered and
+yet strengthened by the intelligent independence of the Canadian
+character." A welcome was sung by 5000 school children and a procession
+through Toronto followed. Brilliant illuminations in the evening made
+the town bright and in the ensuing morning the Prince held a Lev&eacute;e at
+which one thousand gentlemen were presented.</p>
+
+<p>Addresses were presented during this function from the Upper Canada
+Bible Society, the Church of England Synod<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> Trinity University, the
+Presbyterian Synod, the St. George's Society, the Temperance
+organizations, the County Council of York, and Knox College, and were
+duly replied to. In the afternoon His Royal Highness attended a
+reception given by the Law Society and in the evening a dance under the
+same auspices at Osgoode Hall. On the next day, Sunday, the Prince
+attended service at St. James Cathedral and listened to a sermon from
+Bishop Strachan. On Monday, an excursion was made to Collingwood, on the
+Georgian Bay, and the Prince was accompanied by the Governor-General,
+Sir Fenwick Williams and the Hon. Messrs. A. T. Galt, P. M. Vankoughnet,
+W. B. Robinson, J. Hillyard Cameron and others, as well as by his suite.
+At Newmarket, Aurora, Bradford and Barrie addresses were received and at
+every point along the Northern Railway there were decorations and crowds
+of people.</p>
+
+<p>At Collingwood there was luncheon and an enthusiastic reception and the
+Prince then returned to Toronto, where he watched the games of the
+Canadian Highland Society for a time. September 11th was a very wet day,
+but the Royal visitor attended a Regatta held under the auspices of the
+Royal Canadian Yacht Club, opened Queen's Park, and laid a pedestal for
+a statue to the Queen. He also reviewed the Toronto Volunteer Corps, and
+visited the University of Toronto where he received an address as well
+as one from Upper Canada College. A visit to the Educational Department
+of the Province and Knox College followed and a busy day was concluded
+by a great ball in the evening, at which the Prince danced until four in
+the morning.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE PRINCE IN THE WEST</p>
+
+<p>On September 12th His Royal Highness left Toronto for a trip through the
+western portion of Upper Canada (Ontario) and was welcomed at every
+station by decorations and cheering<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> crowds. Arches were everywhere and
+salutes were fired with frequency. A short stop was made at Guelph and
+Stratford and an address was received at the German settlement of
+Peterburg, to which the Prince replied in the same language. In the
+afternoon London was reached and an enthusiastic reception given which
+included a torchlight procession and evening illuminations. Sarnia was
+visited on the following day and, besides the usual addresses, one was
+presented from the Indians of Upper Canada. At London, in the evening, a
+ball was given and the young Prince danced with the animation which he
+had displayed at all the entertainments of this character given in his
+honour. On September 14th he proceeded to visit Niagara Falls in a new
+and beautiful car specially constructed by the Great Western Railway
+Company.</p>
+
+<p>Woodstock, Paris, Brantford, Dunnville and Port Colborne were visited
+<i>en route</i>, and at the Falls in the evening most exquisite illuminations
+were exhibited for the pleasure of the visitor&mdash;lines of fire running
+along the cliffs while other kinds of light intensified the natural
+splendour of the scene. During his several days at this point, the
+Prince saw Blondin cross the chasm on a rope; attended service at the
+little church in the Canadian village; paid a brief visit to the
+American fort on the other side of Niagara River; saw the Welland Canal
+and visited Queenston Heights and the tomb of Sir Isaac Brock. At the
+latter place he received an address from one hundred and sixty survivors
+of the War of 1812 at the hands of Chief Justice Sir J. Beverley
+Robinson and, on September 18th, laid the corner-stone of an obelisk in
+honour of the chief Canadian hero of that contest. A visit to Port
+Dalhousie and Hamilton followed, and at the latter place the reception
+was marked by splendid decorations and much enthusiasm.</p>
+
+<p>In his reply to the address the Royal visitor was more than usually
+impressive&mdash;no doubt realizing that the end of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> this visit to a great
+country of the future was close at hand. "I can never forget," he said,
+"the scenes I have witnessed during the short time in which I have
+enjoyed the privilege of associating myself with the Canadian people,
+which must ever be a bright epoch in my life. I shall bear away with me
+a grateful remembrance of kindness and affection which, as yet, I have
+been unable to do anything to merit; and it shall be the constant effort
+of my future years to prove myself not unworthy of the love and
+confidence of a generous people." Fire-works, a state concert, a visit
+to the Central School, a luncheon at the Royal Hotel, a visit to the
+waterworks and a grand ball in the evening were amongst the events of
+the stay in Hamilton. On September 20th the last address received and
+answered by His Royal Highness in Canada was presented by the
+Agricultural Society of Upper Canada. To its loyal phrases the King and
+Emperor of a distant future made this final response: "My duties as
+representative of the Queen, deputed by her to visit British North
+America, cease this day; but in a private capacity I am about to visit,
+before I return home, that remarkable land which claims with us a common
+ancestry and in whose extraordinary progress every Englishman feels a
+common interest. Before I quit British soil let me once more address
+through you the inhabitants of United Canada and bid them an
+affectionate farewell. May God pour down his choicest blessings upon
+this great and loyal people."</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE PRINCE OF WALES IN THE UNITED STATES</p>
+
+<p>Windsor was reached in the evening and after words of loyal greeting had
+been received from its people, the Prince of Wales left Canadian soil
+and, accompanied by the Governor of Michigan and the Mayor of Detroit,
+crossed the river to United States territory and was welcomed there as
+Lord Renfrew&mdash;one of his many minor titles. This part of the Royal tour
+had been arranged as a result of an invitation received by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> Queen
+from President Buchanan dated June 4th, 1860, and expressing the hope
+that His Royal Highness' visit would be extended to the Republic. This
+had been agreed to by the Queen who intimated in reply that, while in
+the United States, the Prince would drop all Royal state and travel
+under the name of Lord Renfrew as he was accustomed to do on the
+Continent of Europe. It may be said, in passing, that this <i>incognito</i>
+was very slightly observed and that the Royal visitor was welcomed
+everywhere as the heir to the British throne and the son of a
+much-respected and friendly Sovereign.</p>
+
+<p>At Detroit the Prince parted from the Governor-General of Canada and the
+members of the Canadian Government who had hitherto accompanied him and,
+after a drive around the city and a brilliant illumination in the
+evening, departed on the morning of September 21st for Chicago. A
+special car was provided by the Michigan Central Railway. At Chicago
+there was no formal welcome or function; no particular enthusiasm or
+crowds. The Prince was driven around the great new city of the West and
+enjoyed his first experience of the panorama of American development
+which that centre even then presented. He did not stay long and on the
+22nd departed for Dwight, in the same State, where four days were spent
+in shooting. On September 27th he arrived at St. Louis, then a place of
+about seventeen thousand people, and here His Royal Highness visited the
+State Fair. There were estimated to have been twenty-eight thousand
+persons in the amphitheatre of the Fair and a curious incident of the
+visit is recorded by a writer, already quoted, who states that a vain
+search of the city had been made for a Union Jack to place beside the
+American flag on the central building.</p>
+
+<p>From St. Louis the Prince proceeded to Cincinnati, in Ohio, and on the
+evening of September 29th attended a ball given by an enterprising
+citizen who had just erected a handsome new theatre. On Sunday, St.
+John's Church was visited<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> and a sermon preached by Bishop McIlvaine.
+Pittsburg was reached on October 1st and an enthusiastic but informal
+reception accorded. Harrisburg was the next place visited and it was
+noted that, as the Prince and his suite went further east and south, the
+curious crowds gave place to increasingly enthusiastic crowds. At
+Baltimore immense throngs of people had gathered and thence on October
+3rd the Royal party proceeded to Washington which they reached in the
+afternoon. The Prince, who had been accompanied through American
+territory by Lord Lyons, the British Minister, was welcomed to the
+capital by General Cass and then driven to the White House where, in the
+evening, a state reception was given in his honour.</p>
+
+<p>On the following day the President held a Lev&eacute;e, accompanied by "Lord
+Renfrew," and a great number of people attended. Afterwards a visit was
+paid to the handsome public buildings of the city. On October 5th,
+President Buchanan, his niece, Miss Harriet Lane, the Prince of Wales
+and many members of the American Cabinet and Diplomatic Corps, as well
+as the Duke of Newcastle and Lord Lyons, visited Mount Vernon. There,
+for a few moments, the descendant of George III. stood with uncovered
+head before the tomb of George Washington. In the evening a state dinner
+was given by Lord Lyons and on the following day the Prince left
+Washington for Richmond. Here his most enjoyable experience is said to
+have been, not the historical explanations and hospitable companionship
+of Governor Letcher, but the first taste of a mint julep mixed by a
+negro of much local fame in the preparation of this cooling drink.
+Baltimore was visited on October 8th and Philadelphia on the 10th. At
+some of these centres of population the Prince was able to spend a part
+of the day, incognito, amongst the people who, in perfect ignorance of
+his presence, no doubt taught the future King of Great Britain much that
+he would never otherwise have known as to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> public opinion in a country
+where the courses of freedom were uncontrolled by custom and unshackled
+by precedent or tradition. A feature of the visit to Philadelphia was a
+splendid concert given in the Opera House, at which Patti and others
+sang to a brilliant audience amidst striking decorations. To the verses
+of "God Save the Queen" were added the following lines:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Long may the Prince abide,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">England's hope, joy and pride,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Long live the Prince;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">May England's future King,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Victoria's virtues bring,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To grace his reign.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">God save the Prince."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>On October 11th the Prince of Wales arrived in New York and was welcomed
+on his steamer by General Winfield Scott and a reception committee. At
+the landing place Mayor Fernando Wood received him with the simple
+words: "As Chief Magistrate of this city, I welcome you here and believe
+that I represent the entire population without exception." The guest's
+reply was equally brief and then, clad in a Colonel's uniform, the
+Prince was driven through crowded streets to the City Hall, where six
+thousand soldiers were reviewed, and thence to the Fifth Avenue Hotel.
+The only unpleasant incident of the visit was the refusal of an Irish
+regiment to turn out upon this occasion with the other troops. During
+the following day His Royal Highness visited the University of New York,
+the Astor Library and the Cooper Institute. At the first-named
+institution he listened to an address on the electric telegraph from
+Professor Morse. In the evening a splendid ball was given at the Academy
+of Music where brilliant decorations vied with the beautiful costumes.</p>
+
+<p>On the following day the Prince, with his suite, visited Brady's
+photograph gallery and Barnum's Museum and, in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> the evening, witnessed a
+torch-light procession of five thousand Firemen. At the first-named
+place he inspected and asked for portraits of the eminent men of the
+United States and especially inquired for one of Secretary W. L. Marcy.
+Trinity Church was attended on Sunday and a sermon heard from the Rev.
+Dr. Francis Vinton&mdash;assisted in the service by a number of other
+clergymen. The church was crowded and ten thousand people waited outside
+to see the Royal visitor. New York was left on the following morning and
+West Point and Albany visited. In the afternoon of October 17th the
+Prince and his suite arrived at Boston and were formally welcomed by the
+Governor of Massachusetts as representing a country with which the
+American people were, he declared, united by "many ties of language, law
+and liberty." At luncheon the Hon. Edward Everett was one of the guests
+as the Hon. W. H. Seward had been at a dinner in Albany. In the
+afternoon a children's concert was given at the Music Hall in honour of
+the Prince and an Ode written by Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes was sung with
+enthusiasm to the air of the British National anthem. It commenced with
+the following verse:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"God bless our fathers' Land,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Keep her in heart and hand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">One with our own.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From all her foes defend,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Be her brave people's friend,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On all her realms descend<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Protect her throne!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>A ball was given in the evening at the Boston Theatre and, on the
+following morning, a flying visit paid to Cambridge and to Harvard
+University. Incidentally, it may be added, the Prince met Longfellow,
+Emerson, Holmes and others during his stay in Boston. On October 20th he
+reached Portland and, amid roaring cannon, ringing bells and crowds<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> of
+cheering people passed from the shores of America to his ship in the
+ranks of a British squadron and thence home to the British Isles. On
+November 15th, His Royal Highness arrived at Plymouth and shortly
+afterwards the Duke of Newcastle received the Order of the Garter from
+the Queen as a token of her appreciation of his conduct during the Royal
+tour. Under date of December 8th Her Majesty communicated to the
+American President, through Lord Lyons, her great satisfaction at "the
+feeling of confidence and affection" which had been shown upon this
+occasion by the people of the United States towards herself and her
+country.</p>
+
+<p>Speaking on the same date at Nottingham, England, the Duke of Newcastle
+stated that during his recent visit to British North America he had
+"witnessed such devotion to the Sovereign and these realms as no one who
+had not witnessed it himself would be willing to believe. It was a
+demonstration of the attachment of the entire people to the throne of
+England and of their veneration for the lady who at present occupied it.
+It was a loyalty not of creed, nor of party, nor of race." As to the
+United States the influence of the Queen's personality had been even
+more striking. The reception of the Prince there had been an
+extraordinary one. "With one solitary exception they met with nothing
+but enthusiasm and, in fact, he did believe that the visit of the Prince
+of Wales to America had done more to cement the good feeling between the
+two countries than could possibly have been affected by a quarter of a
+century of diplomacy."</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Robert Cellem in <i>Visit of the Prince of Wales</i> to Toronto,
+Canada, 1861.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">The Royal Marriage</p>
+
+
+<p>Three years after the birth of the Heir to the British Throne, in one of
+the historic palaces of his family and country, there was born on
+December 1st, 1844, in a comparatively humble home at Copenhagen, the
+Princess Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louisa Julia of Denmark. The
+house was called a palace, her father was Heir to the Throne of Denmark,
+and became King Christian IX. on November 15th, 1863, but the mansion
+was, none the less, a quiet and unostentatious place, and the Prince a
+personage with hardly more resources or a larger revenue than many an
+English country gentleman.</p>
+
+<p>Simplicity and domesticity were the guiding principles of the Princess
+Alexandra's education and training. Her mother, the late Queen Louise of
+Denmark, was beautiful, graceful and clever, and seems to have possessed
+that love of home which is more rare than even the striking combination
+of qualities just mentioned. She was passionately fond of music, while
+Prince Christian was fond of drawing, and these subjects, together with
+languages and needle-work and all the essentials of the most simple home
+work and management, were taught to the girls who were respectively to
+become Empress of Russia, Queen of Great Britain, and Duchess of
+Cumberland in after years.</p>
+
+<p>As the years passed on the Princess Alexandra became probably the most
+beautiful girl in the Courts of Europe, and one of the least known
+outside a limited family circle. When hardly seventeen, and at a period
+in which the marriage of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> young Prince of Wales was being seriously
+thought of by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, he chanced to see a
+portrait of the Princess. There seems to be no doubt that it was purely
+by accident&mdash;unless the wise and far-seeing Prince Consort indirectly
+controlled the incident&mdash;and that the picture of the lovely young girl,
+smiling from out of simple surroundings and a simple costume, had an
+immediate effect. He kept the photograph, and a little later saw a
+miniature of the Princess at the home of a friend. In a surprisingly
+short time the Prince had heard that the original of the picture was
+"the most beautiful girl in Europe," and was on his way to Prussia to
+attend the military man&oelig;uvres of the season. The Crown Prince and
+Princess of Denmark happened to be travelling in the vicinity at the
+time.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE PRINCE MEETS PRINCESS ALEXANDRA</p>
+
+<p>On September 24th, 1861, the Prince of Wales and his party met the
+Danish Royal party in the Cathedral of Worms, and the former had a first
+glance at his future wife. Then followed a few days at the Castle of
+Heidelberg, where they were all guests together, and about which a note
+in Prince Albert's <i>Diary</i> of September 30th says that "the young people
+seem to have taken a warm liking for each other." Less than three months
+after this entry the writer had passed away, but the sad event only made
+the widowed Queen more anxious for her son's marriage. Further meetings
+occurred at the Princess Frederick's&mdash;the English Crown Princess&mdash;and
+elsewhere, and on September 9th, 1862, the betrothal took place;
+although it was not publicly announced until November 8th. The Prince
+was then just twenty-one and the Princess not yet eighteen, and it was
+understood that some months would elapse before the marriage. Meanwhile,
+in August, Queen Victoria had first met and been charmed by her future
+daughter-in-law at the Laacken Palace of the King of the Belgians.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> The
+Danish people were naturally delighted at the news, and, poor as they
+were in a national sense, they at once subscribed a total sum of &pound;8,000
+to constitute what was called the People's Dowry. This the Princess
+accepted with cordial thanks to the nation, but asked that a substantial
+portion of it be allotted to provide a dowry for six poor girls whose
+weddings should take place on the same day as her own.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE COMING OF THE PRINCESS</p>
+
+<p>Meantime the English people were expressing their pleasure at the news
+in various ways. The House of Commons voted the Prince of Wales a yearly
+income of &pound;40,000 and his bride-to-be &pound;10,000 for herself. Including the
+&pound;40,000 from the Duchy of Cornwall this made a reasonable sum, while
+Sandringham and Marlborough House were allotted as Royal
+residences&mdash;requiring, however, much remodelling and improvement.
+Preparations of the most elaborate and splendid sort were made to
+welcome the lovely Danish Princess and into these arrangements the whole
+people seemed to throw themselves with mingled excitement and pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>In the little Copenhagen palace this turmoil was hardly known; the
+preparations certainly were not comprehended; and the quiet family were
+preparing in the most simple way for the great occasion&mdash;not the least
+excitement of the moment being the fact of their all going to England
+together. The wedding day was fixed for the 10th of March, and a few
+days before this the Princess left Denmark for her new home; passing
+over carpets of flowers strewn in her way by pressing and cheering
+crowds of affectionate people; receiving addresses everywhere, and
+smiles and tears and good wishes from simple peasants, who had decorated
+even their hedgerows and who made the departure look like a triumphal
+procession. Then King Frederick VII., presented her with a necklace of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
+diamonds and a facsimile of the Dagmar Cross&mdash;that precious relic of
+early days and of the first Christian Queen of Denmark.</p>
+
+<p>The Princess arrived in the Thames on board the <i>Victoria and
+Albert</i>&mdash;which had been escorted from Flushing by a squadron of
+war-ships&mdash;on the morning of March 1st, and was welcomed at Gravesend by
+an outburst of enthusiasm which literally astounded her. A stately and
+formal reception she had, of course, anticipated but the splendour of
+what actually appeared, the elaborate character of the preparations, the
+surprising interest shewn by the people, were indeed revelations of the
+changed conditions into which the bride of the Heir Apparent had come.
+At Gravesend the dense crowds which lined the shores, or at least some
+portion of them, saw a sight which has been well described as pretty&mdash;"A
+timid girlish figure, dressed entirely in white, who appeared on the
+deck at her mother's side and then retiring to the cabin, was seen first
+at one window then at another, the bewildering face framed in a little
+white bonnet; the work of her own hands."</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">HER RECEPTION IN ENGLAND</p>
+
+<p>When the Prince's yacht approached and he was seen to rush across the
+gangway, catch his bride in his arms and kiss her, the delight of the
+onlookers was unconstrained. As the Royal couple landed, girls strewed
+flowers under their feet. Then followed the glittering procession from
+Gravesend to London and thence to Windsor through long lines of
+decorated houses, garlanded and festooned roadways, flashing sabres and
+gorgeous uniformed soldiers. In London the streets were packed with
+people; triumphal arches, banners and devices were everywhere. In the
+poorer streets, in the homes of the artisan and the factory girl, there
+was the same effort to show pleasure in the happiness of the Princess
+and appreciation of her grace and beauty as there was in the great
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>residential squares. At Eton there was a triumphal arch and a loyal
+gathering of enthusiastic boys; at Windsor the Queen received the
+Princess and conducted her to the suite of rooms which had been lately
+occupied by the Princess Alice. The first part, the popular reception,
+was over and it had proved how accurately the Poet Laureate had grasped
+the situation when he wrote of "the sea-king's daughter from over the
+sea" and gave that lordly command to the nation:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Welcome her; thunders of fort and of fleet!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Welcome her; thundering cheer of the street!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Welcome her; all things youthful and sweet!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Scatter the blossoms under her feet."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo12.jpg" width="300" height="427" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+QUEEN VICTORIA, 1901<br />
+The Honored Mother of Edward VII
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo13.jpg" width="300" height="482" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+H. R. H. ALBERT, PRINCE CONSORT, THE FATHER OF EDWARD VII<br />
+From a painting by F. Winterhalter
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo14.jpg" width="500" height="316" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE CROWN JEWELS OF ENGLAND<br />
+These Jewels of untold value are kept to a well protected case in the
+Tower of London. They include the ancient and modern Crowns
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo15.jpg" width="500" height="346" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE CORONATION OF EDWARD VII<br />
+King Edward received his crown at the hands of the venerable Archbishop
+of Canterbury, at Westminster Abbey, on August 9, 1902, in the presence
+of representative peers and commoners of the Empire
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3 padtop">CELEBRATION OF THE MARRIAGE</p>
+
+<p>The marriage was celebrated in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, on March
+10th, the ceremony being performed by Dr. Longley, Archbishop of
+Canterbury, assisted by the Bishops of London, Winchester and Chester
+and by Dean Wellesley of Windsor. The Queen, owing to the Prince
+Consort's recent death, took no part officially but looked on from the
+Royal closet. The historic Chapel was a blaze of colour and jewels and
+the wedding guests numbered nine hundred of the highest rank and station
+and reputation in the land. Mr. Speaker Denison, afterwards Lord
+Ossington, in his <i>Diary</i> gives a description of the scene. "It was a
+very magnificent sight&mdash;rich, gorgeous and imposing. Beautiful women
+were arrayed in the richest attire, in bright colours, blue, purple,
+red, and were covered with diamonds and jewels. Grandmothers looked
+beautiful: Lady Abercorn, Lady Westminster, Lady Shaftsbury. Among the
+young, Lady Spencer, Lady Castlereagh, Lady Carmarthen, were bright and
+brilliant. The Knights of the Garter in their robes looked each of them
+a fine picture. As each of the Royal persons, with their attendants,
+walked up the Chapel, at a certain point each<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> stopped and made an
+obeisance to the Queen&mdash;the Princess Mary, the Duchess of Cambridge, the
+Princess of Prussia, the Princess Alice of Hesse, the Princess Helena,
+the Princess Christian, etc., each in turn formed a complete scene. The
+Princess Alexandra, with her bridesmaids, made the best and most
+beautiful scene. The Princess looked beautiful and very graceful in her
+manner and demeanour." The bridesmaids were eight in number&mdash;Lady
+Victoria Scott, Lady Victoria Howard, Lady Agneta Yorke, Lady Feodora
+Wellesley, Lady Diana Beauclerk, Lady Georgina Hamilton, Lady Alma
+Bruce, and Lady Helena Hare. They represented many of the noblest houses
+in England and wore dresses described as being of "white tulle over
+white glac&eacute; silk" and trimmed with roses, shamrocks and white heather.
+Each of them also wore a locket presented by the Prince of Wales and
+composed of coral and diamonds so as to represent the red and white
+national colours of Denmark. It is interesting to note that, in 1898,
+all these ladies were still living.</p>
+
+<p>During the ceremony, the Prince of Wales was supported by his uncle, the
+Duke of Saxe-Coburg, and his brother-in-law, the Crown Prince of
+Prussia. He wore the uniform of a British General, the Collar of the
+Garter, the Order of the Star of India and the rich, flowing purple
+velvet mantle of a Knight of the Garter. Princess Alexandra was given
+away by her father and wore a white satin skirt trimmed with garlands of
+orange blossoms and puffings of tulle and Honiton lace, the bodice being
+draped with the same lace, while the train of silver moire antique was
+covered with orange blossoms and puffings of tulle. She wore also the
+diamond and pearl necklace, earings and brooch, given her by the
+bridegroom and the <i>rivi&egrave;re</i> of diamonds presented by the Corporation of
+London, as well as three bracelets given, respectively, by the Queen,
+the ladies of Leeds and the ladies of Manchester. Her beautiful hair was
+very simply dressed and on it lay a wreath of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> orange blossoms covered
+by a veil of Honiton lace. The bridal bouquet was composed of orange
+blossoms, white rosebuds, orchids and sprigs of myrtle. The actual
+ceremony was a very short one, the Prince giving his responses clearly,
+though the Princess was at times almost inaudible. The whole function
+had been a brilliant one&mdash;the first marriage celebrated in this Chapel
+since that of Henry I. in 1122&mdash;and no touch of mourning was allowed to
+mar the pageantry of the scene and the bright colours of uniforms and
+dresses.</p>
+
+<p>The wedding breakfast was held in the State dining-room and in St.
+George's Hall and, while it was proceeding, the King of Denmark was
+lavishly entertaining both rich and poor in the home country of the
+Royal bride. Throughout Great Britain that night bon-fires blazed, bells
+rang, houses were illuminated, balls and festivities were held, school
+children treated and banquets spread. Edinburgh excelled itself and some
+one has said that a pen of fire dipped in rainbow hues would have been
+needed to describe its pyrotechnic display. Meanwhile, the Prince and
+Princess of Wales had taken their departure for Osborne, which had been
+lent them by the Queen, and there the brief honeymoon was spent. At
+Reading, on the way thither, thirty thousand people met the train and
+presented the Princess with a bouquet. Writing of this most popular of
+historic weddings Canon Kingsley said in a private letter, dated March
+12th, that "one real thing I did see, and felt too, the serious grace
+and reverent dignity of my dear young Master, whose manner was perfect.
+And one other real thing&mdash;the Queen's sad face. I cannot tell you how
+auspicious I consider this event or how happy it has made the little
+knot of us (the Prince's Household in which he had recently become a
+Chaplain) who love him because we know him. I hear nothing but golden
+reports of the Princess from those who have known her long." A few days
+later, on March 25th, Lady Waterford wrote to a friend that she had just
+seen at a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> reception "the graceful, charming young Princess of Wales"
+and that she had been in no way disappointed as to the beauty of which
+all England was talking. "There was something charming in that very
+young pair walking up the room together. Her graceful bows and carriage
+you will delight in and she has&mdash;with lovely youth and well-formed
+features&mdash;a look of great intelligence beyond that of a mere girl. She
+wore the coronet of diamonds and a very long train of cloth of silver
+trimmed with lace, pearl and diamond necklace, bracelet and a stomacher
+and two love-locks of rich brown hair floated on her shoulders."</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">EARLY HOME LIFE OF THE ROYAL COUPLE</p>
+
+<p>The Royal pair did not stay very long on the Isle of Wight and, after a
+visit to Buckingham Palace and Windsor, entered their new home at
+Sandringham on March 28th. Here the beautiful personality and character
+of the Princess soon impressed themselves upon the life of the house and
+its more public environment. She proved to be a model housewife, later
+on a model mother, and always and everywhere a model of tactful action
+and conversation. Pliability and adaptability were useful and important
+qualities which she found more than serviceable in these early years of
+her transition from a comparatively humble home to one of continuous
+splendour and almost constant state. Difficulties there naturally were
+of many minor sorts and formidable they no doubt were in the sum total.
+New customs to comprehend and adopt; new intricacies of a not entirely
+familiar language to become acquainted with; new and varied
+responsibilities in both domestic and public life to understand and put
+in practice; qualities of natural diffidence and reserve to overcome.
+But these and other obstacles were conquered with an apparent ease which
+concealed any real trouble in the struggle, and the Princess threw
+herself into the life and work of her husband<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> and the spirit of the
+English people in a way which has ever since ensured to her the lasting
+love of those in her immediate circle and the deep-seated affection of
+the many-sided British public.</p>
+
+<p>During the three or four immediately following years the public
+appearances of the Prince and Princess of Wales were not numerous.
+Philanthropic interests were taken up and maintained, but domestic and
+home interests seemed to hold the first place. In August, 1864, a visit
+was paid to the Highlands and some weeks spent at Abergeldie. Here, Dr.
+Norman Macleod was amongst their guests and here they saw much of the
+Earl and Countess of Fife, parents of their future son-in-law, the
+present Duke of Fife. An autumn visit to Denmark followed and the Prince
+for the first time saw his wife's early home. A good deal of shooting
+was indulged in at and around Bernsdorff and from Elsinore, after a few
+weeks, the Royal couple went in their yacht to Stockholm on a visit to
+the King and Queen of Sweden. The infant, Prince Albert Victor, had been
+with them up to this time but he was now sent home in charge of the
+Countess de Grey and the Prince and Princess returned by way of Germany
+and Belgium. A short stay was made with the Prince and Princess Louis of
+Hesse at Darmstadt and another at Brussels. Sandringham was reached in
+time to celebrate the twentieth birthday of the Princess.</p>
+
+<p>An incident of this year was the personal subscription of &pound;10,000 by the
+Prince of Wales toward the erection of the Frogmore Mausoleum in honour
+of his father and, it may be added, a very marked and significant
+feature of all his speeches during these years was deep respect and
+admiration for the Prince Consort's life and memory. In 1865 the Prince
+made his first State visit to Ireland and on May 9th opened the
+International Exhibition at Dublin. The weather was beautiful, the loyal
+demonstrations in the streets were most enthusiastic, the great hall
+where the ceremony took place was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> decorated with the flags of the
+nations and filled with the most distinguished gathering which Ireland
+could produce. The Duke of Leinster, the Earl of Rosse, and all the
+leading noblemen of the country were there, as well as the Lord Mayor
+and Corporation of Dublin in their civic robes, the Mayors of Cork and
+Waterford and Londonderry, the Lord Mayors of London and York and the
+Lord Provost of Edinburgh. When His Royal Highness took his place in the
+Chair of State an orchestra of one thousand voices performed the
+National Anthem and ten thousand other voices joined in song. After the
+ceremony, during which the Prince made two brief speeches, he attended
+in the evening a ball at the Mansion House given by the Lord Mayor.
+Meanwhile the city was brilliantly illuminated. In the morning he
+reviewed a number of troops in Ph&oelig;nix Park and was received with much
+enthusiasm by the enormous crowds gathered around the scene.</p>
+
+<p>A little later, on May 19th, the Prince attended the opening of an
+International Reformatory Exhibition at Islington and received and
+answered an address from its President, Lord Shaftesbury. Three days
+afterwards he opened the Sailors' Home in the East End of London and was
+greeted by great crowds of cheering people. On June 5th, he marked his
+liking for the Drama by inaugurating the Royal Dramatic College at
+Woking and six days later received a banquet at the hands of the
+Fishmongers' Company in London. On July 3rd he was distributing prizes
+at Wellington College attended by the Bishop of Oxford, the Earl of
+Derby, Earl Stanhope, Lord Eversley and others.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">Early Home Life and Varied Duties</p>
+
+
+<p>During the years immediately succeeding his marriage the career of the
+Prince of Wales was one of initiation into the responsibilities of home
+life and the duties of public life. It was a period of moulding
+influences and a round of functions&mdash;some perfunctory, some pleasant. It
+was a time of trial for a very young man placed in a very high position,
+and with temptations which might easily have led him into temporary and
+even permanent forgetfulness of the responsibilities of the future.
+Several causes, apart from his own natural strength of character,
+combined to avert such a result. The sympathetic and gracious character
+of his wife and the perfection of management and detail which she
+introduced into the home life of Sandringham and the more public and
+social life of Marlborough House, were factors of importance. The
+recollection of his father's teachings and high ideals and the knowledge
+of his Royal mother's character and devotion to principle were important
+influences. The growth of family ties had its effect, and, finally, the
+shock of a sickness in 1871, which brought him to the verge of death and
+showed him the loving affection of the nation, completed the process of
+education in that difficult and dangerous road which the youthful Heir
+to a great Throne must always travel.</p>
+
+<p>Of the Princess of Wales in these years it is hard to speak too highly.
+Fond of domestic life, retiring by disposition and character, caring
+more for husband and family than for all the glitter and glory of the
+world's greatest functions or positions,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> she yet lived in the blaze of
+a continuous publicity without possible or actual criticism and with a
+ceaseless and ready charm of manner, a never-failing courtesy to high
+and low, an ever-increasing popularity. Amid all the innumerable duties
+and difficulties of her position there has never been a visible mistake
+committed. The right people have been cultivated and encouraged; the
+wrong people treated in a way which could not be resented nor
+misunderstood. The right thing has been said so often that it has come
+to appear the natural thing. An atmosphere of ideal refinement has
+always surrounded her, and its subtle influence has pervaded many a
+brilliant home and circle where other influences might easily have
+prevailed. In a time when calumny would attack an Archangel, and when
+its bitter barbs have been known to reach even the humanly perfect life
+of Queen Victoria, no shadow has ever crossed the curtain of her
+character. Of her tact&mdash;a quality which she possesses in common with the
+Prince of Wales&mdash;stories are innumerable, and of her quiet,
+unostentatious, continuous charity and natural kindliness of heart there
+are as many more.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">A BUSY MARRIED LIFE</p>
+
+<p>The married life of the Prince and Princess was a busy one. Sandringham
+had to be remodelled and various public duties attended to by the
+Heir-Apparent. One of the first visitors at their country home was the
+Rev. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, who had been so intimately associated with
+the education and early life of the Prince, and who was destined to
+always possess the privileges of a personal friend. Of this Easter
+Sunday, following the wedding, Dean Stanley wrote in his <i>Diary</i> that
+"the Princess came to me in a corner of the drawing-room with Prayer
+Book in hand and I went through the common service with her, explaining
+the peculiarities and the likenesses and differences from the Danish
+service. She was most simple and fascinating. My visit to Sandringham<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>
+gave me intense pleasure. I was there for three days. I read the whole
+service, preached, then gave the first English Sacrament to this 'angel
+in the Palace,' I saw a great deal of her, and can truly say she is as
+charming and beautiful a creature as ever passed through a fairy tale."</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE PRINCE IN PUBLIC LIFE</p>
+
+<p>One of the first public appearances of the Prince of Wales after his
+marriage was attendance at the Royal Academy Banquet on May 2nd, 1863.
+Sir Charles Eastlake, the President, proposed the usual loyal toast, and
+in responding the young Prince is said to have spoken in a particularly
+clear and pleasing manner. Of the important personal event to which
+reference had been made he declared that neither the Princess nor
+himself could "ever forget the manner in which our union has been
+celebrated throughout the nation." Amongst the other speakers were Lord
+Palmerston, Mr. W. M. Thackeray and Sir Roderick Murchison. The first
+really important public event in the Prince's life at this period was
+the presentation of the freedom of the City of London on June 8th.
+Invitations had been issued to a couple of thousand of the most eminent
+persons in the public, social and diplomatic life of the country and
+exceedingly costly preparations were made for the reception, and for the
+ball and banquet which followed. The Prince and Princess of Wales were
+accompanied by Prince Alfred, the Duchess of Cambridge, the Duke and
+Princess Mary of Cambridge and other Royal personages. The Princess was
+clad in white, with a coronet and brooch of diamonds and a necklace of
+brilliants&mdash;the one her husband's wedding present and the other that of
+the City of London. The reply to the address and presentation was very
+brief but appropriate and the events which followed were remarkable for
+their splendour and air of general joyousness.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p><p>A week later the Royal couple attended the Commemoration at Oxford and
+the Prince of Wales was presented with the degree of D.C.L. in the
+presence of a brilliant assemblage of Professors and visitors, and an
+enthusiastic throng of students. The latter gave the Princess a
+reception which made her flush with mingled nervousness and pleasure
+though it could not affect her natural dignity of bearing. She had not
+yet become accustomed to the overwhelming character which British
+enthusiasm sometimes assumes and, indeed, is said to have never
+absolutely overcome a personal shrinking from the publicity which was
+inseparable from her position and popularity. However that may be, the
+feeling was never shown to the people and, if a fact, can only be
+considered as enhancing the graciousness of manner which has been so
+marked a characteristic of her life in England. During this brief visit
+to Oxford Their Royal Highnesses distributed prizes to the Rifle
+Volunteers, opened a bazaar in aid of the Radcliffe Infirmary, inspected
+the exhibits at the Horticultural Show, and went over the Prince's
+one-time college residence at Frewen Hall.</p>
+
+<p>A hasty visit to the North of England in August was made to include the
+opening ceremony for a new Town Hall at Halifax and here the Royal
+couple received a most hearty welcome. Another function was the opening
+of the British Orphan Asylum on June 24th by the Prince, who became its
+Patron and promoted large subscriptions to its work&mdash;one of which from
+Mr. Edward Mackensie totalled $60,000. Though this was a very quiet year
+in comparison with those of the future, His Royal Highness extended his
+patronage, usually accompanied by liberal subscriptions, to eight public
+charities, eight hospitals and asylums, five agricultural societies and
+eleven learned and scientific societies&mdash;including the Society of Arts
+of which he became President. His first work in this latter connection
+was to promote and obtain a fund for sending<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> a number of British
+workmen to the Paris Exhibition with a view to improving their
+mechanical and technical knowledge. He also associated himself with the
+Mendicity Society by means of which all the innumerable appeals for aid
+which came to him from time to time were investigated, sifted, and
+reported upon before action was taken. On May 18, 1864 the Prince
+presided for the first time at the Royal Literary Fund banquet and thus
+commenced a long period of active patronage toward an institution which
+has served a most useful purpose in England&mdash;the quick and secret
+dispensing of aid to literary men who from some cause or other might be
+destitute, or in need. Its objects were not local but international and
+in his speech on this occasion His Royal Highness pointed how well and
+quietly the work had been done.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE PRINCESS AND HER FAMILY</p>
+
+<p>Early in the year the first-born child of the Royal couple arrived on
+the scene. The event had been expected for March 1864 but the infant was
+born at Frogmore on January 9th and was christened on March 10th as
+Albert Victor Christian Edward. From infancy the Prince was somewhat
+delicate and, no doubt for that reason, was always supposed to be his
+mother's favourite child. The Princess of Wales was, at this time, not
+yet twenty but was devoted to her domestic duties and especially to the
+new arrival in their home. She would rather visit the nursery at any
+time than attend a State function or ball. Other children came in the
+following years. Prince George Frederick Ernest Albert, afterwards
+Prince of Wales, was born on June 3, 1865; Princess Louise Victoria
+Alexandra Dagmar, afterwards Duchess of Fife, on February 20, 1867;
+Princess Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary on July 6, 1868; and Princess Maud
+Charlotte Mary Victoria, sometime to be Princess Charles of Denmark, on
+November 26,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> 1869. In 1871 Prince Alexander John Charles Albert was
+born, but only lived for one brief day.</p>
+
+<p>As these children came one by one they found a most happy home circle
+and a devoted mother. In all their little amusements and games the
+Princess took part; in their training and education she took a watchful
+share; in their lives as a whole simplicity was made the guiding
+principle, as it had been in the Royal family of the past generation.
+From all accounts which are open to us she delighted much more in the
+nursery than in society. Dr. William Jenner saw the Royal children
+whenever necessary but the "coddling" so often seen in modern homes was
+unknown at Sandringham. The Prince believed as much in simplicity of
+bringing up as did his wife and, by special order, the Household and
+servants never used the prefix of "Royal Highness" to the children but
+addressed them as Prince Eddy, or Princess Louise, or whatever the name
+might be. The little girls, as their father always called them, had
+their tea with the nurses and were given few toys and never allowed to
+accept presents. No fuss was made over the little accidents inevitable
+to childhood and in every way life was kept devoid of state formality,
+or anything that would breed a sense of childish self-importance. When
+the Prince and Princess were away from home, as they frequently had to
+be, letters were daily exchanged with the head nurse. The result of this
+general system and of the later plan of making the young Princesses more
+and more companions of their mother and the boys, as far as
+circumstances would permit, of their father, created and maintained at
+Sandringham one of the most pleasant home circles in all England. An
+illustration of the spirit in which domestic anniversaries and incidents
+were approached may be found in lines composed by the Princess, on one
+occasion, for Prince George when the family were commencing to celebrate
+the birthday of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> husband and father. The thought was admirable even
+if the poetry was not quite perfect:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Day of pleasure, brightly dawning,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Take the gift of this sweet morning,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Our best hopes and wishes blending<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Must yield joy that's never ending."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>During these years the Prince of Wales was gradually assuming many of
+the duties and public tasks which would have devolved upon the Queen, or
+in earlier days have been performed with such fidelity and care by the
+Prince Consort. At this time the Queen was living in strict retirement
+and for a long period still to follow she maintained the same sorrowing
+seclusion in a more or less modified form. Toward the close of 1865 the
+death of Lord Palmerston removed a statesman in whom the Prince had
+found a personal friend and whom he had consulted and greatly trusted in
+private matters. In February, 1866, the Queen made one of her rare
+public appearances and opened Parliament, in person, accompanied by the
+Prince and Princess of Wales. A little later came the cholera epidemic
+which killed one hundred thousand people in Austria and caused a number
+of deaths in England. To the Mansion House Relief Fund, which ultimately
+reached the total of $350,000 and to another Fund, the Prince
+contributed $17,500. In August the Royal couple visited Studley Royal,
+the seat of the Earl de Grey and Ripon&mdash;better known afterwards as the
+Marquess of Ripon&mdash;and were given a great reception in the City of York.
+An incident of the latter occasion was a sudden downpour of rain during
+which the Prince stood up in his carriage, bareheaded, so that the
+people should not be disappointed.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">VARIOUS PUBLIC FUNCTIONS AND EVENTS</p>
+
+<p>A little before this, on May 9th, the President and Council of the
+Institution of Civil Engineers entertained the Heir<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> Apparent at a
+banquet in London and amongst the other guests were the veteran Field
+Marshal Sir John Burgoyne, the Dukes of Sutherland and Buccleuch, Earl
+Grey, Lord Salisbury, Sir John Pakington, Sir Edwin Landseer, Sir
+Richard Owen and many other eminent scientists and leaders of the time.
+During his speech the Prince paid a tribute to the work of Brunel and
+Stephenson and, in the latter connection, referred to the great bridge
+across the St. Lawrence, in Canada, which he had inaugurated in 1860 and
+to which he gave the credit for an opportunity to visit British America
+and the United States. On June 11th His Royal Highness had also laid the
+foundation of the new building of the British and Foreign Bible Society
+in London. He was received formally by the President, the Earl of
+Shaftsbury, the Lord Mayor, the Archbishop of York and others and, in
+the course of his speech, pointed out that the Society had already spent
+$30,000,000 in the promotion of its objects and in the translation of
+the Bible into two hundred and eighty different languages and dialects.
+After referring to the efforts in this cause by his grandfather, the
+Duke of Kent, the Prince went on to say that "it is my hope and trust
+that, under Divine guidance, the wider diffusion and deeper study of the
+Scriptures will, in this as in every age, be at once the surest
+guarantee of the progress and liberty of the mind and the means of
+multiplying in the present time the consolations of our holy religion."</p>
+
+<p>The next function shared in was the anniversary gathering of the Clergy
+Corporation, attended by the Archbishops of Canterbury, York and Armagh,
+the Marquess of Salisbury and other dignitaries. In his speech the
+Prince pointed out that there were ten thousand clergymen in the United
+Kingdom whose benefices were of less value than $750 a year and urged
+the usefulness of an institution which distributed $20,000 per annum to
+orphans and unmarried daughters of clergymen as well as temporary aid to
+necessitous clergymen themselves.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> The result of his appeal was a
+subscription of $6,000 to which he contributed $525 personally. On June
+18th he inaugurated a Warehousemen and Clerks' School at Croydon at a
+gathering presided over by Earl Russell and ten days later visited the
+Merchant Seamen's Orphan Asylum in the suburbs of London. In August the
+Prince and Princess of Wales made one of their first public appearances
+in the County where they had made their country home and where the
+Prince so well embodied the hearty, healthy life of the English
+gentleman. During the month, therefore, they paid a visit to Norwich as
+the principal town of Norfolk and, accompanied by the Queen of Denmark
+and the Duke of Edinburgh, attended one of Sir Michael Costa's
+oratorios, opened a Drill-hall, planted memorial trees and in other ways
+helped to make the occasion memorable to the people of the ancient town.</p>
+
+<p>A visit followed in the autumn to the Duke and Duchess of Sutherland, at
+their splendid Castle of Dunrobin, in the north of Scotland. In driving
+twenty-five miles from the station to the Castle a most enthusiastic
+welcome was received along the entire route. In reviewing the Sutherland
+Volunteers during his stay the Prince expressed a wish that the Corps
+would wear the kilt as their uniform and this was, of course, done with
+the greatest pleasure. Shortly after the return from Scotland the Queen
+of Denmark came again to England and stayed for some time at Sandringham
+with her daughter. Late in the year (November) the Prince of Wales went
+to St. Petersburg to attend in an official capacity the marriage of the
+Princess Dagmar of Denmark&mdash;sister of his wife&mdash;to the Czarewitch who
+afterwards became Alexander III. The cold was deemed a sufficiently
+strong reason for the Princess not to accompany him. In his suite were
+Lord Frederick Paulet, the Marquess of Blandford, Viscount Hamilton, and
+Major Teesdale. He was welcomed at the station by the Emperor, the
+Czarewitch and others of the Imperial family and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> given splendid
+quarters at the Hermitage Palace. After the marriage he visited Moscow,
+accompanied by the Crown Prince of Denmark, went over the historic
+Kremlin and called on the Metropolitan, the highest dignitary in the
+Russian Church, who received his Royal visitor in a cell and gave him
+his blessing after a brief conversation.</p>
+
+<p>The year 1867 was marked by a painful illness of the Princess through
+acute rheumatism and inflammation of a knee-joint. During the serious
+period of the illness the Prince devoted himself to the invalid, never
+leaving her side unless compelled to do so and having his desk brought
+into the sick-room so that he might carry on his correspondence in her
+presence. It was not until July that the Princess was able to drive out
+and during the rest of the year the Royal couple lived very quietly and
+made as few public appearances as possible. It was in the beginning of
+this year that Princess Louise, afterwards Duchess of Fife, was born.
+Some functions had to be performed, however, and they included the
+presiding at a meeting of the National Lifeboat Institution and at the
+one hundred and fifty-second anniversary festival of the Welsh Society
+of Ancient Britons, on March 1st; a visit to the International
+Exhibition at Paris in May; and the presence of the Prince at the laying
+of the foundation stone of the Albert Hall, in London, later in the same
+month. On July 10th His Royal Highness inaugurated the London
+International College, which had been organized by Mr. Cobden and M.
+Michel Chevalier, as a branch of an international institution. At the
+luncheon were the Duc d'Aumale, the Prince de Joinville and the Comte de
+Paris as well as Professor Huxley and Dr. Leonard Schmitz, the head of
+the institution. In his speech the Prince pointed out the usefulness of
+a College which would more or less devote itself to the teaching of
+modern languages at a time when the interests of varied nationalities
+were becoming so intermingled.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo16.jpg" width="500" height="352" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE CORONATION OF EDWARD'S QUEEN<br />
+Queen Alexandra received her crown at the hands of the venerable
+Archbishop of York at Westminster Abbey, August 9, 1902, immediately
+after the crowning of the King by the Archbishop of Canterbury
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo17.jpg" width="500" height="343" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+KING EDWARD VII AND QUEEN ALEXANDRA<br />
+At the Opening of Parliament
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo18.jpg" width="500" height="314" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE ROYAL LINE OF SUCCESSION AT THE TIME OF QUEEN
+VICTORIA'S DIAMOND JUBILEE<br />
+Queen Victoria, Prince of Wales, Duke of York and Prince Edward
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo19.jpg" width="300" height="482" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE CORONATION CHAIR<br />
+Containing the Stone of Scone on which traditional Irish Kings, Scotch
+Kings and British Kings have been crowned
+</div>
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+<p>An interesting event occurred in July when Ismail Pasha, Khedive of
+Egypt, visited England, as his father had done twenty-one years before.
+At a banquet in the Mansion Home, on July 11th, a distinguished
+gathering met to do him honour and amongst them were the Prince of
+Wales, the Duke of Cambridge, Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar and many men
+eminent in politics and diplomacy. In his speech the Prince spoke of his
+personal indebtedness to the late Khedive for kindness received during
+his own visit to Egypt in 1862 and, also, of the national importance of
+the facilities given by that country to England in the transit of troops
+to India. He then referred to the illness of the Princess and to the
+words in that connection used by the Lord Mayor. "I know I only express
+her feelings when I say that she has been deeply touched by that
+universal good feeling and sympathy which has been shown to her during
+her long and painful illness. Thank God, she has now nearly recovered
+and I trust that in a month's time she will be able to leave London and
+enjoy the benefits of fresh air."</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">ROYAL VISIT TO IRELAND</p>
+
+<p>The Prince of Wales early in his public life showed his sympathy with
+the people of Ireland. He had already visited Dublin in 1865 and, on
+March 17, 1868, while planning a State visit to that country, attended a
+brilliant celebration of the anniversary of St. Patrick's birth, in
+Willis's Rooms, London. Amongst those present were the Archbishop of
+Armagh, the Bishop of Derry, the Earl of Longford, the Earl of Mayo and
+Lord Kimberley. The Prince, in his speech, expressed the belief that
+despite disagreeable occurrences of the past few years the people of
+Ireland generally were "thoroughly true and loyal." On April 15th the
+Prince and Princess of Wales landed at Kingstown and were received with
+tremendous acclaim. With his usual tact the Prince asked that no <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>troops
+should be present in the streets. The Princess, who was dressed in Irish
+poplin, was presented with a white dove, emblematic of peace, and fairly
+captured the hearts of the populace. The visit lasted ten days and
+included amongst its functions a gorgeous installation of the Prince as
+a Knight of St. Patrick, when he used the sword worn by George IV. on a
+similar occasion; his presence at the Punchestown races&mdash;where the Royal
+couple appeared in open carriages and received an enthusiastic welcome;
+attendance at the Royal Hibernian Academy's rooms and at the Royal
+Dublin Society's Conversazione; a visit to the Catholic University and
+the receipt of an LL.D.&mdash;together with the Duke of Cambridge and Lord
+Abercorn, the Lord Lieutenant&mdash;from Trinity College; a visit to the
+Cattle Show and a Royal review of troops; attendance at Sunday service
+in historic Christ Church; personal visits to Lord Powerscourt's
+beautiful place in Wicklow and to the Duke of Leinster at Carton; a
+formal visit to Maynooth College and the unveiling in Dublin of a statue
+of Edmund Burke.</p>
+
+<p>The London <i>Times</i> described the crowded life of those ten days in
+rather interesting language: "There were presentations and receptions,
+and receiving and answering addresses, processions, walking, riding and
+driving, in morning and evening, in military, academic and medi&aelig;val
+attire. The Prince had to breakfast, lunch, dine and sup with more or
+less publicity every twenty-four hours. He had to go twice to races with
+fifty or a hundred thousand people about him; to review a small army and
+make a tour in the Wicklow Mountains, everywhere receiving addresses
+under canopies and dining in state under galleries full of spectators.
+He visited and inspected institutions, colleges, universities,
+academies, libraries and cattle shows. He had to take a very active part
+in assemblies of from several hundred to several thousand dancers and
+always to select for his partners the most important personages. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>He had
+to listen to many speeches sufficiently to know when and what to answer.
+He had to examine with respectful interest pictures, books, antiquities,
+relics, manuscripts, specimens, bones, fossils, prize beasts and works
+of Irish art. He had never to be unequal to the occasion, however
+different from the last, or however like the last, and whatever his
+disadvantage as to the novelty or dullness of the matter and the scene."</p>
+
+<p>On April 25th the Royal visitors returned to Holyhead and on their way
+home stopped at Carnarvon, the birthplace of the first Prince of Wales,
+where a banquet was received and a brief speech made by the living
+successor of a great King's son. Among the incidents connected with this
+visit was the fact that while the Prince was freely passing through and
+amongst the people of the Irish capital his brother, the Duke of
+Edinburgh, was shot at Clontarf, Australia, by an Irishman named
+O'Farrell, while he was accepting the hospitality of a local Sailors'
+Home. Another was the tact and judgment displayed by the Heir Apparent
+in forwarding a cheque to the Dublin Hospital Sunday Fund after his
+return home. This institution had then and has since exercised a most
+beneficial effect upon Irish hospital affairs; but the marvel was that
+the Prince should have found time amid his multifarious duties and
+functions to look into its management and influence. May the 5th, saw
+the Prince attending the sixty-second anniversary of the "Society of
+Friends of Foreigners in Distress" and pointing out in a preliminary
+speech that the Queen had taken deep interest in this charity ever since
+her accession in 1837. In proposing the health of the Prince and
+Princess of Wales, Sir Travers Twiss, the Advocate-General, said that
+though it was not generally known, he would take the liberty of stating
+that during His Royal Highness' Eastern travels he had passed through no
+great city without visiting and helping any institutions which might
+exist in aid of suffering humanity.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p><p>Eight days later the Prince presided at the annual banquet of the
+Governors of St. Bartholomew's Hospital&mdash;after visiting and inspecting
+the wards. During the same day His Royal Highness attended a great state
+function in the laying of the foundation of St. Thomas' Hospital by the
+Queen in person. The last important matter in which the Prince took part
+before leaving for his second Eastern tour was the laying of the
+foundation stone of new buildings for Glasgow University on October 8th.
+They cost over two millions of dollars and in the stately proceedings
+accompanying this event, the Princess of Wales was able to participate.
+From November 1868 to May 1869 the Royal couple were in the distant
+East, but, on the Queen's birthday in the latter year, the Prince of
+Wales was able to be present at the anniversary banquet of the Royal
+Geographical Society and to receive congratulations on having been
+instrumental in effecting the appointment of his late travelling
+companion, Sir Samuel Baker, to the government of the Soudan region in
+Africa, under the control of the Egyptian Government and with the object
+of suppressing the slave trade. His Royal Highness warmly eulogized Sir
+S. Baker&mdash;who had also just received the Society's medal for the
+year&mdash;and the events of the evening were considered to have made the
+occasion memorable. Prince Hassan of Egypt was present and amongst the
+speakers were Sir Roderick Murchison, Admiral Sir George Back, Professor
+Owen, the Duke of Sutherland, Dr. W. H. Russell, Sir Francis Grant
+P.R.A., and Sir Henry Rawlinson.</p>
+
+<p>The next two or three years saw the Prince participating in many public
+and more or less important events. Accompanied by the Princess of Wales
+he laid the foundation of new buildings in connection with the Earlswood
+Asylum, in Surrey, on June 28, 1869. An incident of this event was not
+only the usual gift of a hundred guineas by the Prince but a procession
+of ladies who passed up to the dais in single file and deposited<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>
+upwards of four hundred purses, which they had collected for the
+Charity, under the influence of Royal patronage and encouragement. On
+July 7th Their Royal Highnesses visited Lynn, inaugurated the new
+Alexandra Dock, and took part in several local events. A state visit to
+Manchester followed, on July 29th, and the Prince opened the annual
+exhibition of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, of which he was
+President, and was given a warm welcome in and around the city. On the
+succeeding day he inaugurated a new dock at Hull.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, on July 23rd, the Prince had visited London in order to
+unveil a statue of George Peabody, the distinguished American
+philanthropist. At the ceremony Sir Benjamin Phillips, Chairman of the
+Committee, addressed the Prince formally and thus concluded: "Let us
+hope that this statue, erected by the sons of free England to the honour
+of one of Columbia's truest and noblest citizens, may be symbolical of
+the peace and good will that exist between the two countries." In
+replying His Royal Highness spoke of Mr Peabody as a great American
+citizen and of his gift of over a quarter of a million pounds sterling
+to the charities of a country not his own, as being unexampled, and
+concluded as follows: "Be assured that the feelings which I personally
+entertain toward America are the same as they ever were. I can never
+forget the reception which I had there nine years ago and my earnest
+wish and hope is that England and America may go hand in hand in peace
+and prosperity." Following the example of King William IV., when Duke of
+Clarence, and of the late Dukes of Kent, Sussex and Cambridge, the
+Prince of Wales presided on November 30th at the anniversary banquet of
+the Scottish Corporation&mdash;or as it was popularly called the Scottish
+Hospital&mdash;in order to mark his approval of an institution which had done
+much to assist, by means of pensions, poor and aged natives of Scotland
+living in London; to afford temporary relief to Scotchmen in distress;
+or to educate poor Scottish<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> children. On this occasion there was a
+large gathering which included Prince Christian and the Duke of
+Roxburghe and, after a speech from the Prince describing the objects and
+work of the institution, it was announced that $12,500 had been
+specially subscribed to the purposes of the Hospital&mdash;including $500
+from the Prince of Wales himself.</p>
+
+<p>Exhibitions, in the years between his coming of age and his accession to
+the Throne, were always favourite objects of attention and support at
+the hands of Heir Apparent. He had already studied closely his father's
+conduct of the first great International Exhibition, and had himself
+opened one of the same kind at Dublin, and been present at an
+International Reformatory gathering and at the Paris Exhibition. On
+April 4th, 1870, he presided at a meeting of the Society of Arts called
+to promote an International Educational Exhibition for the succeeding
+year. Resolutions were passed to this end, and after an explanatory
+speech from His Royal Highness and, it may be added here, the Exhibition
+was duly opened on May 1st, 1871, by the Prince of Wales, with imposing
+pageantry and with details worked out by his assistant in various future
+undertakings Sir Philip Cunliffe-Owen. On May 16, 1870, the Prince
+presided at the annual banquet of the Royal General Theatrical Fund,
+established as far back as 1839, for the relief and assistance of
+members, and of widows and orphans of members, of the dramatic
+profession. During the evening, after a speech from the Royal chairman,
+Mr. Buckstone, the well-known actor, spoke in warm words of the kindness
+of the Prince in attending their function: "The duties he has to perform
+are so numerous and fatiguing that we only wonder how he gets through
+them all. Even within these few days he has held a Lev&eacute;e; on Saturday
+last he patronized a performance at Drury Lane in aid of the Dramatic
+College; then had to run away to Freemasons' Hall to be present at the
+installation of the Grand Master; and now we find him in the chair this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>
+evening; so what with <i>conversaziones</i>, laying foundation stones,
+opening schools, and other calls upon his little leisure, I think he may
+be looked upon as one of the hardest working men in Her Majesty's
+dominions." This was a fact or condition not recognized very generally
+in those days; in after years it became a truism in popular opinion.</p>
+
+<p>St. George's Hospital received the combined patronage of the Prince and
+Princess on May 26th. The former occupied the chair and made an earnest
+appeal for aid to this most deserving institution. The Earl of Cadogan,
+who was one of the Treasurers, announced a little later in the evening
+that the Prince of Wales had handed him a check for two hundred guineas,
+the Princess one for fifty guineas, and the Marquess of
+Westminster&mdash;afterwards the first Duke of that name&mdash;one for two hundred
+guineas. Amongst the other speakers on this occasion were Earl
+Granville, the Earl of Derby, the Earl of Carnarvon and Mr. W. H. Smith,
+M.P. On June 21st, His Royal Highness opened a new building in
+connection with Dulwich College in Surrey; nine days later he and the
+Princess opened new schools for the children of seamen near the London
+Docks; on July 1st they visited in state the ancient town of Reading and
+laid the foundation stone of a new Grammar School. A week later the
+Prince had the congenial task of giving the Albert gold medal of the
+Society of Arts to M. de Lesseps. As President of the Society he
+addressed the father of the Suez Canal, in French, and congratulated him
+upon the completion of his great undertaking, not only in a public
+capacity, but "as a personal friend." In his reply, M. de Lesseps said
+that he had received much private encouragement from the late Prince
+Consort in the early stages of his enterprise, and that he could never
+forget that fact. It may be added here that the presentation of this
+Medal was always a peculiar pleasure to the Prince of Wales, and that
+amongst those in after<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> years who received it at his hands were Sir
+Henry Bessemer, M. Chevalier and Sir Henry Doulton.</p>
+
+<p>On July 13th His Royal Highness, on behalf of the Queen, and accompanied
+by the Princess Louise and the grand officers of the Household, opened
+with elaborate ceremony the new Thames Embankment. Three days later he
+opened the Workmen's International Exhibition at Islington in the name
+of the Queen. During this year the war between France and Germany caused
+the Prince and his family keen interest and many natural anxieties. He
+arranged for a special telegraph service so that news might reach him at
+once and took an active part in associations and subscription lists for
+aid to the wounded on both sides. The Royal family had such close
+relations with that of Prussia through the Princess Royal and with that
+of France through long personal friendship with the Emperor and Empress
+that the position of individual members, like the Heir Apparent, and his
+wife could be easily understood.</p>
+
+<p>The Royal Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences was opened with stately and
+imposing ceremony by the Queen on March 29th, 1871. When Her Majesty,
+accompanied by the Princess of Wales and other members of the Royal
+family, had taken her place on the dais of a Hall containing eight
+thousand people and an orchestra of twelve hundred persons, under Sir
+Michael Costa, the Prince of Wales advanced and, as President of the
+Provisional Committee, detailed the origin and history of the project.
+He then, after receiving a formal reply, declared the Hall open in the
+name of the Queen. On May 7th, following, the Prince presided at a
+dinner in aid of the Artists' Orphan Fund and, after explaining its
+useful objects, expressed the wish that further contributions would be
+offered for the purpose in view. At the close of the affair the
+Treasurer announced subscriptions to the amount of $60,000, of which a
+check for $525 was from the Royal chairman. The Earlswood<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> Asylum for
+Idiots was again visited by the Prince on May 17th, when he presided at
+the anniversary dinner of the institution in London and explained its
+continued progress. Subscriptions of $21,000 were announced, of which
+$525 were given by the Prince. The same result followed his chairmanship
+of a dinner in aid of the Farningham Homes for Little Boys on June 2nd.
+He pointed out that the institution was still in need despite a recent
+anonymous contribution of $5000. Before the close of the evening some
+$17,000 had been subscribed, including $750 from His Royal Highness.
+Such incidents, often repeated, indicate better than many words the
+value attached to the Prince's presence and support of deserving
+charities, and they also afford some proof of the generous expenditure
+of his private means for public benefit. On June 28th, the Prince acted
+as Chairman of the anniversary festival of the Royal Caledonian Asylum
+in London. There were three hundred and fifty guests present, mostly in
+Highland costume, and amongst them were Prince Arthur and the Duke of
+Cambridge, the Dukes of Buccleuch and Richmond, the Marquess of Lorne
+and Marquess of Huntly, the Earls of Fife, Mar, and March.</p>
+
+<p>On July 31st His Royal Highness again paid a visit to Dublin. He was
+accompanied by the Princess Louise, the Marquess of Lorne, and the young
+Prince Arthur&mdash;better known in later years as the Duke of Connaught. An
+address was presented at Kingstown by the Lord Mayor and Corporation
+and, on the following day, the Royal visitors witnessed a cricket match,
+lunched with the officers of the Grenadier Guards and inspected the
+cattle, horses, and sheep of the Royal Agricultural Society's annual
+show. In the evening the Prince of Wales presided at a great banquet of
+four hundred and fifty guests, with galleries thronged with ladies. He
+made several brief speeches and a particularly happy one in proposing
+the health of Earl Spencer, the Lord-Lieutenant of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> Ireland. A series of
+engagements and entertainments followed, amongst which were a brilliant
+military review in Ph&oelig;nix Park and the installation of the Prince as
+Grand Patron of the Masonic Institution in Ireland. This was the last
+important event taken part in by His Royal Highness before the serious
+illness which, a little later, so greatly stirred the nation and
+affected himself.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">Travels in the East</p>
+
+
+<p>Before he came to the Throne the Prince of Wales had long been the most
+travelled man in Europe. He had visited every Court and capital and
+centre upon that Continent; he had toured the North American Continent
+from the capital of Canada to the capital of the United States and from
+the historic heights of Quebec to the great western centre at Chicago;
+he had visited the most noted lands of the distant East.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">FROM EUROPE TO AFRICA</p>
+
+<p>In 1862, his first visit to Egypt and the Holy Land had taken place, and
+now, six years later, he was to make a more imposing and important tour
+of those and other countries in the company of his wife. On November
+17th, 1868, the Prince and Princess of Wales, accompanied by their three
+eldest children and by Lady Carmarthen, General Sir W. Knollys,
+Lieut.-Col. Keppel and Dr. Minter, left for the Continent and reached
+Compi&egrave;gne on the morning of the 20th inst., in order to pay a visit to
+the Emperor and Empress of the French. An incident of the hunt which
+took place that afternoon was the rush of a stag at the Prince who, with
+his horse, was completely knocked over. Amongst the shooting party were
+Marshal Bazaine, the Baron Von Moltke, the Marquess of Lansdowne and
+other well-known men of the day. After a stay of a few days here and at
+Paris the Royal party proceeded on their journey and reached Copenhagen
+on November 29th. The birthday of the Princess was celebrated two days
+later in her old home.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p><p>Stockholm was reached on December 16th, and a visit of some days'
+duration paid to the King of Sweden. On December 28th the Prince and
+Princess were back again with the Royal family of Denmark and attended a
+State Ball at the Christianborg Palace. In the middle of January they
+embarked in the yacht <i>Freya</i>, and at Hamburg the Royal children were
+sent home in charge of Lady Carmarthen, Sir William Knollys and Colonel
+Keppel. At Berlin, on January 17th, they were welcomed by the Crown
+Prince and Princess of Prussia&mdash;the Princess Royal of England&mdash;and by
+Lord Augustus Loftus, the British Ambassador. On the following day His
+Royal Highness was invested with the famous order of the Black Eagle by
+the King of Prussia. Amongst the limited number of Knights Grand Cross
+who were present at the Chapter were the Baron Von Moltke, General Von
+Roon, Count Von Waldersee, and Count Von Wrangel. From Berlin, where the
+Prince and Princess were joined by those who were to accompany them on
+their further journey and including Colonel Teesdale, V.C., Captain
+Ellis, Lord Carington, Mr. Oliver Montague, Dr. Minter and the Hon. Mrs.
+William Grey, the Royal party went to Vienna which was reached on
+January 21st. At the station they were received by the Emperor Francis
+Joseph and various members of the Austrian Royal family together with
+Prince Von Hohenlohe and Lord Bloomfield, the British Ambassador. State
+visits, dinners, the theatre, skating and a private visit to the King
+and Queen of Hanover in their retirement at Hietsing, constituted the
+programme of the next few days. Vienna was left on January 27th, and
+from Trieste, on the following day, sail was made on board H.M.S.
+<i>Ariadne</i> and Alexandria reached on February 3rd.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">TRIP UP THE NILE</p>
+
+<p>After their formal reception at Alexandria by Mehemet Tewfik Pasha,
+Shereef Pasha, Mourad Pasha, Sir Samuel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> Baker and others, the Prince
+and Princess proceeded to Cairo where they were warmly welcomed by the
+Khedive, and met by the Duke of Sutherland and his son, Lord Stafford,
+Professor Owen, Colonel Marshall and the special correspondent, Dr. W.
+H. Russell. The latter gentlemen joined the Royal party and were to
+proceed with them on the journey up the Nile together with Prince Louis
+of Battenberg and Lord Albert Gower. Before starting on this voyage,
+however, the Prince and Princess were privileged in witnessing the
+curious Procession of the Holy Carpet and the departure of a portion of
+the annual stream of pilgrims for Mecca. The Princess and Mrs. Grey were
+also invited, on February 5th, to dine at the Harem with the Khedive's
+mother and the ceremonies, as described by Mrs. Grey in her <i>Diary</i> of
+the tour, were exceedingly interesting. A multitude of smartly dressed
+female slaves in coloured satin and gold; services of silver and gold;
+dishes of the most peculiar and varied composition and taste; music by
+bands of girls and dances by other bands of women&mdash;some of whose motions
+were described by Mrs. Grey as graceful and others as "simply
+frightful;" drinks of curious character and pipes and cigarettes with
+holders ornamented by masses of precious gems; costumes which partook of
+both the Eastern and Western character; jewels and gold in every
+direction and upon every possible kind of object&mdash;such were some of the
+things seen during the visit. In the evening of the same day the Royal
+couple and suite went to the theatre, and afterwards the Prince had
+supper with the Khedive at the Palace of Gizerek, accompanied with
+elaborate ceremonies and a succession of dancing spectacles.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, every care had been exercised by the Khedive in preparing
+comforts for the Royal guests up the Nile. The chief barge was occupied
+by the Prince and Princess and the Hon. Mrs. Grey, who was in attendance
+upon the latter; a second was occupied by the Suite; a third by the Duke
+of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> Sutherland's party; a fourth was used as a store-boat and contained
+3,000 bottles of champagne, 20,000 bottles of soda-water, 4,000 bottles
+of claret and plenty of ale, liquors and light wines. Sir Samuel Baker,
+who was at this time Governor of the Soudan region, accompanied the
+Prince and had with him an abundance of guns and nets for capturing
+crocodiles, etc. During the slow progress up the river there was plenty
+of sport, and His Royal Highness won fine specimens of spoonbills,
+flamingoes, herons, cranes, cormorants, doves, etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THEY VISIT SITES OF ANCIENT CITIES</p>
+
+<p>During the early part of the trip there was not much that was
+interesting; apart from the shooting expeditions which were undertaken
+from time to time. The sight of frightened children, timid women,
+labouring slaves, mosques and villages of huts and occasional ruins of
+more or less interest were all that was visible along the low banks of
+the river as they passed. The caves, or grottoes, of Beni Hassan were
+visited on February 10, and the life of ancient peoples seen in a
+panorama of carved monuments. Then came a more beautiful, cultivated and
+populous part of the region watered by the Nile. Thebes, Luxor, Karnak,
+however, were names and places which made up for much. For two days,
+ending February 19th, the heir to a thousand years of English
+sovereignty wandered amidst these tombs and monuments of the rulers of
+an African empire which had wielded vast power and created works of
+wonderful skill and genius three, and five thousand years before. The
+great hall and collonades and pillars of Karnac, the obelisk of Luxor,
+the famous tombs of the Kings, the Temples of Rameses, the colossal
+statues of Egyptian rulers, were visited by daylight, and, in some
+cases, the wondrous effect of Oriental moonlight upon these massive
+shapes and memorials of a mighty past was also witnessed.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p><p>Phil&aelig; with its interesting ruins, Assouan with its modern history,
+Korosko, Der&eacute;, the early capital of Nubia, the great Temple at Aboo
+Simbel, were seen, and, finally, after the Prince had killed his first
+crocodile, on February 28th, and the party had made an uncomfortable
+trip across a hot waste of desert, Wady Halfah was reached on March 2nd,
+and the journey back was commenced. On their return a special trip was
+made by the Prince and Princess to the Pyramids of Ghizeh, accompanied
+by Mehemet Tewfik, the Khedive's son, with an escort from Cairo. The
+Prince ascended the biggest of the Pyramids and the party was royally
+entertained afterwards in a pavilion specially erected for the purpose.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">INTERESTING RUINS ARE VISITED</p>
+
+<p>The Prince and Princess also visited the Royal chambers in the great
+Pyramid. A delightful drive to Cairo followed, and the party soon found
+themselves comfortably installed in the Esbekiah Palace. On the
+following day a visit was paid to the great Mosque where lie the revered
+bones of Mehemet Ali, under an embroidered velvet catafalque. One of the
+graceful minarets was ascended and a splendid panorama of the city seen.
+On March 18 the Tombs of the Caliphs, with their picturesque but ruined
+mosques, were visited, and in the evening the theatre was attended, in
+company with His Highness, the Khedive. A visit to the Baulak Museum
+followed and was rendered thoroughly interesting by the presence of the
+learned Orientalist, Marriette Bey, who showed the Prince and Princess a
+bust of the Pharaoh "who would not let the children of Israel go," and
+one of the other Pharaohs, who was a friend of Moses. Sir W. H. Russell
+is authority for the statement that the slightly incredulous smile of
+the Princess brought out a most concise, learned and convincing
+explanation of history and hieroglyphics in this connection.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p><p>On the evening of March 19th the Khedive gave a State Dinner in honour
+of his Royal guests at the Garden Kiosk of the new Palace of Gizeh. The
+grounds were brilliantly illuminated, those present included all that
+was eminent in the life of Egypt, the viands were served upon the
+richest plate, the native fireworks sent up afterwards were most
+attractive. The Hon. Mrs. Grey, in her <i>Diary</i>, says that "standing in
+the outer marble court, with its beautiful Moorish arches and its
+pillars of rich brown colour, their bases and capitals profusely and
+brilliantly decorated, and looking on every side at the tastefully
+illuminated gardens, the effect produced was indeed most splendid and
+carried one at once back in imagination to one of the scenes you read of
+in the <i>Arabian Nights</i>. It is quite impossible to describe it, but I
+shall never forget this beautiful sight." The writer then goes on to
+describe the splendid architecture and tasteful furniture of the
+building and rooms. Most of the latter were decorated in white and gold,
+with myriads of mirrors, rich silk curtains and furniture with all the
+soft and brilliant colourings of the old Arabesque style. There were
+fountains everywhere, and the floors were inlaid marble, porphery and
+alabaster.</p>
+
+<p>Following this function came a visit to the British Mission School,
+where the Princess greatly charmed the children; a state visit to the
+races in a carriage drawn by six horses, and with coachmen and
+postilions wearing most gorgeous liveries of scarlet and gold. The Suite
+were also splendidly equipped in regard to carriages and outriders, and
+the streets were lined with troops. The races were well conducted and
+the general ceremonies of the occasion worthy of Ismail, the Khedive.
+This was to have been the last function prior to departure for the Suez
+Canal, but it was now decided to accept the pressing invitation of His
+Highness and stay three days longer. Following upon this decision came a
+series of visits paid by the Princess of Wales to the wives, or harems,
+of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> certain distinguished Egyptian gentlemen, and, finally, to the harem
+of the Khedive.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the places visited were the homes of Murad Pasha, Abd-el-Kader
+Bey and Achmet Bey. On March 23d the Princess, with a couple of
+attendant ladies, visited the Khedive's mother&mdash;the real ruler of his
+harem. It was a sort of Eastern drawing-room function, with slaves in
+brightly-coloured dresses everywhere about, and a number of Princesses,
+or daughters and relations of the Khedive, present, together with many
+other ladies of Egyptian rank and position. Mrs. Grey described them as
+mostly pretty&mdash;which was not, in her experience, the case as a rule&mdash;and
+as looking cheerful and happy. In the evening the Princess attended a
+State Dinner given by the four wives of the Khedive at the Palace of
+Gizerek. The presence of innumerable slaves, coffee and pipes, music and
+cherry jam served on a large gold tray with a gold service inlaid with
+diamonds and rubies, were the initial features of the entertainment. At
+dinner the guests sat on chairs instead of on the floor, as at a
+previous affair of the kind, but still had to pull the meat from the
+turkey with their fingers, while the odour of garlic and onions in many
+of the dishes was very unpleasant. There was some singing during the
+meal, with music and Oriental dancing after it. Meanwhile the bazars had
+been visited privately by the Princess; the people having no idea who
+the inquiring and interested European lady was.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE PRINCE ATTENDS THE KHEDIVE'S RECEPTION</p>
+
+<p>On the same day the Prince of Wales attended in state at a formal
+reception held by the Khedive, and thus conferred a somewhat marked
+compliment upon one who was not actually an independent Sovereign. He
+was accompanied by the Marquess of Huntly and the Earl of Gosford, who
+had just arrived from India on their way home, and proceeded through<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>
+the streets in all the pomp of scarlet and gold outriders, troops in
+brilliant uniforms and a general environment of state which compelled
+unusual respect from the impassive Oriental onlookers. Royal honours
+were given to the Prince on his arrival, and he was met by some 5,000
+troops and the strains of the British national anthem, while the Court
+itself was brilliant in blue and gold uniforms and rich in the
+luxuriance of gold and gems upon every possible article of service or
+personal use. In the evening the Prince dined with his Vice-regal host
+on a yacht in the river, and the Minister of Finance gave a brilliant
+banquet, at which were present the great officers of state, such as
+Shereef Pasha, Zulfikar Pasha, Abdallah Pasha and others, together with
+British visitors or members of the Royal suite, such as Lord Carington,
+Lord Huntly, Lord Gosford, Prince Louis of Battenberg, Sir Samuel Baker
+and Colonel Teesdale, V.C.</p>
+
+<p>This event closed the visit to Cairo and, after formal farewells on the
+following morning, the train was taken for Suez, where the Royal
+visitors were received by the Governor and M. de Lesseps. In the morning
+they left for Ismaila amidst all possible honours, and accompanied by
+the great canal promoter. There a triumphal arch had been erected and a
+crowd of people and troops were found lining the route through the city.
+They were driven out to the Khedive's chalet on Lake Timsah, where
+dinner was served and the night spent, and thence back to Ismaila, and,
+in a steamer, down the Suez Canal to Port Said. The great enterprise was
+not then completed, and, in fact, the opening of the canal did not take
+place for many months, but the Royal tourists were fortunate in seeing
+the pioneer activities of creation in full operation and of being able
+to understand something of the immense initial difficulties which had
+been overcome by the genius and energy of De Lesseps.</p>
+
+<p>Alexandria was reached on March 27th, and visits were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> paid to
+Ras-el-Teen, the old palace of Mehemet Ali, to Cleopatra's Needle and
+Pompey's Pillar. Then the <i>Ariadne</i> was boarded once more and a farewell
+dinner given to Mourad Pasha, the representative of the Egyptian
+Government, who had done so much for the comfort of the Royal guests;
+the health of the Khedive was drunk and the last word said to the
+ancient land of the Nile and the Pyramids. The impressions left by this
+visit to Egypt were pleasant to the Prince of Wales and useful to his
+country. Ismail, the Khedive, was at this time a most enterprising ruler
+but the predominant influence in the country was French and there can be
+no doubt that the stately reception given the Heir to the British Crown
+proved a substantial service to the present and future residents of his
+nationality in that part of the world. The Prince, himself, must have
+benefited greatly by the insight into Oriental methods of government
+which he obtained and by the curious efforts at an adaptation of western
+ideas which were going on all around him; while the picture left upon
+his mind of ancient traditions and the history of a mighty past could
+not but have been impressive and interesting.</p>
+
+<p>On boarding the <i>Ariadne</i>, off Alexandria, and starting for
+Constantinople the Royal party lost Sir Samuel Baker, Lord Gosford, Sir
+Henry Pelly and Lord Huntly, who were leaving for other points of
+destination. During the next few days the vessel passed through the
+"Isles of Greece" and by various famous or historic spots. Patmos and
+Chios were seen for a time in the distance and, on March 31st, the
+Dardanelles were reached and salutes fired from shore to shore&mdash;from
+Europe to Asia&mdash;as the Royal yacht steamed between the Turkish forts.
+Upon anchoring, the British Ambassador, the Hon. Henry Elliot, came on
+board, together with Raouf Pasha, who attended to offer the earliest
+compliments of his Imperial master the Sultan. At the next landing, off
+Chanak, the Prince was formally welcomed by Eyoub Pasha, Military
+Governor of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> Dardanelles, and his staff and guard of honour. Salutes
+from the Forts followed and the Prince returned to his vessel which
+steamed up to Gallipoli, where another stop was made and a visit paid to
+the French and British cemeteries of the Crimean War. Early on the
+morning of April 1st the towers and minarets of Constantinople were
+sighted and various tugs and boats containing British residents and
+others surrounded the Royal vessel and joined in singing "God Save the
+Queen" as the Prince and Princess appeared on deck. Their stepping into
+a barge to row ashore was the signal for a general salute from the
+Turkish iron-clads and, amidst flying colours, fully-manned yards and
+swarming caiques and steam-boats the journey to the shore was made&mdash;with
+some private speculation as to what would happen to the Life Guardsmen
+of the Prince's suite if they should be upset in the water with all
+their cumbrous "toggery" on.</p>
+
+<p>When abreast of the Palace of Saleh Bazar the Royal barge was met by the
+state caique of the Sultan, followed by other gorgeously decorated and
+equipped vessels, containing the Grand Vizier, Aali Pasha, and other
+officials dressed in blue and gold and wearing numerous ribands, stars
+and crosses of knightly orders. Amidst cheers from crowded tugs and
+boats and ships the Royal visitors were transferred to the caique and
+thence to the landing place of the Palace where a guard of honour, a
+crowd of officers and a gorgeous staff surrounded the Sultan who, like
+the Prince of Wales, was in full uniform. His Majesty, after various
+gracious greetings, which were translated by the Grand Vizier, led his
+guests up the staircase of the Palace and then retired. Shortly
+afterwards the Prince and his suite were driven to the Dolmabakshi
+Palace where they were received by the Sultan with much state and, after
+a brief visit, returned to Saleh Bazar. Luncheon followed and the Prince
+and Princess called at the British Embassy. On their way back in the
+Sultan's carriages the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> streets were lined with impassive people who
+saluted in silent respect. At the Palace an admirable dinner was served
+on gold and silver plate. During the entire stay of the Royal visitors
+here they were supplied with every luxury and requirement&mdash;guards of
+honour, carriages, saddle-horses, caiques, a band of eighty-four
+splendid musicians and an immense staff always on duty and clad in
+gorgeous uniforms of green and gold.</p>
+
+<p>Every morning there were presents from the Sultan of most exquisite
+flowers and the finest fruit. Mr. W. H. Russell thus described the
+surroundings in one of his letters to the London <i>Times</i>: "The
+<i>valetaille</i>, in liveries of green and gold, with white cuffs and
+collars, throng the passages and corridors, and black-coated
+Chibouquejees are ready at a clap of the hands to bring in pipes with
+amber mouth-pieces of fabulous value, crested with hundreds of diamonds
+and rubies, and coffee in tiny cups which fit into stands blazing with
+similar jewels. The <i>cuisine</i> cannot be surpassed and the wines are of
+the most celebrated vintage. All the persons attached to the Palace
+speak French or English. There are Turkish baths inside ready at a
+moment's notice. Equerries, aides-de-camp, officers of the Body-Guard,
+radiant in gold lace and scarlet, in blue and in silver lace, flit about
+the saloons and corridors. Human nature can scarce sustain the load of
+obligations imposed on it by such attention. If the Prince is seen on
+the water guards are turned out along all the batteries and the strains
+of music are borne on every breeze that blows. Yards are manned and
+crews turned out on the slightest provocation. The least wish is an
+order."</p>
+
+<p>On April 2nd the Sultan went in state to the Mosque in honour of his
+Royal guests. The streets were lined with five thousand troops and the
+Prince and Princess, with their suite, were driven to the Palace of
+Beshik Jool, from a beautiful room in which they could see the Imperial
+procession pass by.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> The sloping ground on the opposite side of the road
+was filled by groups of women clad in varied colours and looking from a
+distance like animated flowers. The Sultan came, presently, preceded by
+brilliantly garbed Circassian troops, announced by the blast of a
+trumpet and the acclaim of the Turkish populace and riding a magnificent
+horse, which an English spectator described as a "marvel of beauty." He
+wore a splendid military uniform and his jewelled orders and sabre-hilt
+shone brightly in the rays of the sun, while immediately before and
+behind him were the officers of state. After the pageant had passed,
+little Prince Izzedin&mdash;the eldest son of the Sultan and a delicate,
+intelligent-looking child&mdash;came over to visit the Prince and Princess.
+The troops then filed past the Palace windows. Later in the day a
+deputation of British residents was received by the Prince and in the
+evening a special performance at the Theatre was attended and witnessed
+from the Sultan's box.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the morning of April 3rd, the various foreign Ambassadors and
+Ministers called on the Prince of Wales and were presented by Mr.
+Elliot. Amongst them was General Ignatieff, of Russia. A visit to
+Seraglio Point followed, and from its heights was seen that most
+exquisite view which embraces the Sweet Waters, the Bosphorus, the Sea
+of Marmora and its islands, the shores of Scutari, the minarets of the
+city and a general mingling of sea and shore, of light and shade, of
+softness and Eastern charm which is hardly equalled in the world. The
+great mosque of St. Sophia was then visited. In the evening a state
+dinner was given by the Sultan at Dolmabakshi Palace&mdash;the first ever
+given by His Ottoman Majesty to Christian guests. The Prince and
+Princess were received in the grand drawing-room by the Sultan and all
+his Ministers. The Princess was taken in by His Majesty and Madame
+Ignatieff by the Prince. The dinner-room was already renowned for its
+exquisite candelabra<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> and lustres in rock-crystal; and its other
+decorations, combined with plate and flowers of the most beautiful kind,
+made up a scene well worth remembering. Aside from this, however, it was
+not very interesting, as none of the Sultan's Ministers&mdash;except the
+Grand Vizier&mdash;had ever sat in his presence before and were apparently
+too much astonished and afraid to speak a word to each other or to any
+of the twenty-four guests who made up the banquet. After dinner the
+Princess and Mrs. Grey visited the Harem, or rather the Sultan's wife
+and mother. Mrs. Grey, in her <i>Diary</i>, declares the dullness and
+stiffness of the occasion to have been indescribable. There were
+innumerable slaves, but they were all "hideous," though loaded down with
+jewels, while other incidents and surroundings were not very unlike a
+similar reception at a European Court. The whole affair broke up at
+10.30.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">A VARIETY OF INCIDENTS</p>
+
+<p>On the following day the Royal party attended service in the church of
+the British Embassy, driving through silent and crowded streets. In the
+afternoon they inspected the Cemetary at Scutari. On the following day
+the Prince and Princess, attended by Mrs. Grey, and all garbed in the
+humblest English clothes they could find, visited the Bazaar. "Mr. and
+Mrs. Williams" seemed to enjoy themselves greatly, the former smoking a
+long pipe; the latter buying quantities of curios and, as the merchants
+soon found out, driving an occasional bargain with earnestness. They
+took in all the entertainments, sipped sherbets and the various
+unnamable drinks which are sold in such places, and revelled in a few
+hours of freedom. Later in the day the Prince paid some formal visits
+and in the evening they again attended the theatre. Meanwhile Sir Andrew
+Buchanan, British Ambassador at St. Petersburg, had arrived with his
+wife, on their way home to England, and were welcomed at the Palace. The
+following day a visit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> was paid to Belyar Beg, some distance up the
+Bosphorus, which has been described as "the most beautiful place in the
+most beautiful situation in the world." Guards of honour were seen in
+all directions as the Royal party passed in caiques up the river. The
+luxury and elegance of the furniture at the Palace and the beauty of
+both buildings and surroundings evoked expressions of admiration from
+the Prince and Princess and, perhaps, they even regretted their refusal
+to stay here in preference for the other and more accessible residence.
+Tchamlidja, not far away, the summer residence of Mustapha Fazil Pasha,
+brother of the Viceroy of Egypt, was then visited and a "luncheon"
+served which proved to be almost wanton in its luxury&mdash;the choicest
+fruits that Paris could produce and the finest wines of the east or the
+west being served in profusion. Afterwards, the Princess and Mrs. Grey
+visited the Harem, while the men smoked exquisite cigars and drank the
+finest obtainable coffee.</p>
+
+<p>The following day included a trip across the Bosphorus in the Sultan's
+yacht and a state ball at the British Embassy in the evening, which was,
+for a short time, attended by the Padishah himself. The Royal party did
+not retire from the gathering until daylight. During the next three days
+one function continued to follow another. A visit to the British
+Memorial Church; attendance with the Sultan at a great special
+performance in the Theatre through densely-crowded streets; a visit to a
+cricket match in the suburbs; attendance at a state banquet given by the
+British Ambassador; inspection by the Prince of a Turkish
+ironclad&mdash;Hobart Pasha's flagship; a dinner at the country home of the
+Grand Vizier. The day of departure fixed upon was April 10th, and, after
+a stately breakfast with the Sultan at Dolmabakshi, and farewells
+exchanged amidst all possible pomp and Oriental pageantry, the <i>Ariadne</i>
+was boarded and slowly steamed away from the Moslem capital to the sound
+of cheers and thundering<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> guns from fleet and fort. They were soon in
+the gloomy waters of the Black Sea on the way to the Czar's dominions.</p>
+
+<p>Arrangements had been under discussion for some time in connection with
+this visit to the Crimea and Sir Andrew Buchanan's opportune arrival
+had, no doubt, a good deal to do with the matter. On April 12th
+Sebastopol was sighted, crowned with its ruined bastions and replete to
+the Royal tourists with memories of the Redan, the Malakoff, and the
+Mamelon. Neither flags nor men were visible, however, upon the ramparts
+as the yacht came to its moorings although elsewhere Russian soldiers
+could be occasionally seen. Presently, General de Kotzebue, Governor of
+New Russia and Bessarabia, came on board with his suite&mdash;a decorated and
+energetic survivor of the great siege at which he had been Chief of
+Staff to Prince Gortschakoff. After the four days programme for the
+Crimea had been settled the Prince and Princess landed and went first to
+inspect the Memorial Chapel and then to visit the great cemetery. A
+drive to some of the scenes of battle during the Crimean conflict
+followed, with an escort of Tartars and with carriage horses which at
+times seemed to fly over the ground. General de Kotzebue knew every foot
+of the soil and was, of course, a splendid host on such an occasion. On
+this first day the field of the desperate Alma fight was gone over
+carefully and on the succeeding morning the ruined ramparts and redoubts
+of the once great Fortress of Sebastopol&mdash;not as yet restored&mdash;were
+visited and studied. The Cemetery of Cathcart's Hill was visited and
+here there were few in the party who did not find the names of friends
+or relatives in this city of silent streets while the Princess found
+very many around which associations of some kind were twined. In a small
+farmhouse, close to the windmill which was almost a centre of battle on
+the day of Inkerman, the Royal party took lunch.</p>
+
+<p>Afterwards the Prince and some of the gentlemen rode over the ridge
+around which the famous fight occurred and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> General de Kotzebue
+explained the technical character of the struggle. The Malakoff was next
+seen as well as the colossal statue of Lazareff&mdash;the father of the Black
+Sea fleet and of that conception of Russian power which was shattered
+for a time by the success of the Allies. On the 14th the French Cemetery
+was visited and thence they went across country to the famous British
+Headquarters&mdash;the home for so long of Lord Raglan, General Simpson and
+Sir W. Codrington. The house was in perfect order and the Prince was
+shown with care one of the rooms on the wall of which was a tablet with
+the simple words: "Lord Raglan died." Balaclava was next visited and the
+scene of the famous charge carefully studied by the Prince. A drive
+followed through a country of varied and striking beauty to the Imperial
+Palace of Livadia where the Czar's Master of Ceremonies, Count Jules
+Stenbock, was waiting to receive the Royal visitors. A ceremonious
+entertainment was given here in the highest style of refinement and with
+the somewhat unexpected accompaniments of chamberlains in green and gold
+and a mass of servants from St. Petersburg, together with every sort of
+luxury. Here the Czar Nicholas had stayed in 1855 when he went to
+reconnoitre the position of the Allies. A visit followed to Alupka, the
+palace of Prince Woronzow and thence, after an exchange of telegrams
+with the Czar, they went on board the <i>Ariadne</i> once more.</p>
+
+<p>April the 16th saw the Royal party once more in the Bosphorus with blue
+lights burning along the shores and bands playing a courteous welcome.
+On the following day the Prince, attended by Colonel Teesdale and
+Captain Ellis, paid a last formal visit to the Sultan and this was
+promptly returned by His Majesty amidst much ceremony. Meanwhile, the
+Princess had taken a last fond "incognito" look at the Bazaars attended
+by Mrs. Grey and Mr. Moore of the Embassy. The Ambassador came to the
+yacht to luncheon and soon afterwards Sir Andrew and Lady Buchanan bade
+farewell. Then,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> in the evening, came the second departure from
+Constantinople, the <i>Ariadne</i> passing through the lately increased
+Turkish fleet, under Hobart Pasha, amidst a brilliant display of
+rockets, coloured lanterns and blue lights.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">A VISIT TO HISTORIC ATHENS</p>
+
+<p>The Port of Athens was reached on April the 20th and here Sir A.
+Buchanan once more rejoined the party, followed very soon by various
+Russian, French and Italian officers and diplomatists. Next came the
+King of Greece&mdash;George I., brother of the Princess of Wales&mdash;accompanied
+by a suite and with sounds of distant cheering and the roar of guns
+echoing around the vessel. After luncheon Athens was visited and found
+to be gaily decorated and thence the Royal party passed by train to the
+King's Palace in the country, a beautiful place surrounded by beautiful
+scenery. In the distance were to be seen the green fields and olive
+forests of the Attic plain, the Pir&aelig;us and the Bay of Salamis, the
+groves of Academus, the ancient Acropolis and Ilissus, and the modern
+City of Athens. On the following day the Acropolis was visited and the
+glories of that scene of historic greatness revived in the memories of
+the Royal travellers. A state banquet followed in the evening and on the
+next day a number of memorable sights and scenes were visited while the
+evening was the occasion for a coloured and very striking illumination
+of the mighty ruins of the Acropolis. Athens was left behind on the 23rd
+of April and the Royal party, including the King and Queen of Greece,
+proceeded to Corfu, which was reached on the following day and a more
+kindly greeting accorded to the visitors. The stay here was a very quiet
+one enlivened, so far as the Prince of Wales was concerned, by a hunting
+party on the somewhat wild coast of Albania. May 1st saw a formal
+leave-taking from the King and Queen of the Hellenes and a departure
+from this pleasant old-world Island.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p><p>On the following day Brindisi was reached, and Turin on the 3rd.
+Accompanied by Sir Augustus Paget, the Minister at Rome, the Royal party
+crossed the mountains by the Mont Cenis Railway and reached Paris two
+days afterwards. Here, until May the 11th, they remained in a succession
+of visits, dinners, reviews and entertainments provided by the Emperor
+and Empress, and on the following day arrived at Marlborough House after
+a six months' absence from England. It had been a round of arduous duty
+mixed with every form of honour and compliment, and including much of
+genuine pleasure and useful experience, together with the acquisition of
+practical and valuable knowledge. To the Heir Apparent it was one more
+step in the training and education necessary for any Prince who is
+destined to reign over the destinies of an infinitely varied and
+scattered people.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">Serious Illness of the Prince</p>
+
+
+<p>Following his return from foreign travel and the fulfilment of a brief
+round of public functions and duties came the now historic and really
+eventful illness of the Prince of Wales. It was a critical period in his
+career. Boyhood, youth and the first flush of manhood were gone; his
+marriage had taken place and his family been born into a position of
+present and future importance; his own training in public duties and
+experience in foreign travel and observation had been completed up to a
+very high point of efficiency. The one element which seemed to be a
+little lacking was that of a full appreciation of his own responsibility
+to the nation and the Empire. The brilliant light which blazed around
+the Throne could find no fault in the actual performance of any duty;
+but the critical eye and caustic pen had been prone for some years to
+allege an overfondness for pleasure and amusement and the pursuits of
+social life.</p>
+
+<p>Whether true or false in its not very serious origin this impression had
+been studiously cultivated in certain quarters at home which had an
+interest in the theoretical flash-lights of republicanism; and
+extensively propagated abroad by cabled falsehoods and magnified
+incidents until actual harm had been done to the reputation and
+character of the young Prince amongst those who did not know him and
+could never actually expect to know him except through the journalistic
+food upon which they were fed.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, the English people had hardly learned to appreciate
+the important place filled by the Prince of Wales in the community, in
+the daily life of the nation, in the hopes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> of his future subjects, and
+deep down in the hearts of the masses. Something was apparently needed
+to develop those two lines of feeling&mdash;one personal and the other
+national&mdash;and this came in the illness which struck down the Prince in
+the closing months of 1871. During the Autumn he had paid a visit to
+Lord Londesborough at Scarborough, and, although not feeling well,
+nothing was supposed to be seriously wrong. From there the Prince had
+gone to stay with Lord Carington at Gayhurst and thence returned to
+Sandringham where he became decidedly ill. The <i>Times</i> of November 22nd
+was compelled to state that His Royal Highness was suffering from "a
+chill resulting in a febrile attack" which had confined him to his room.
+On the following day a bulletin signed by Doctors Jenner, Clayton, Gull
+and Lowe stated that the Prince was suffering from typhoid.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">ORIGIN OF THE ILLNESS</p>
+
+<p>Amid the anxiety caused by this announcement every one wondered where
+the disease had been contracted, and ere long it was known that all the
+guests of Lord Londesborough at the time of the Royal visit had become
+more or less indisposed; that the hostess herself was seriously ill;
+that the Earl of Chesterfield, one of the recent guests, was down with
+typhoid and, finally that Blegg, the Prince's groom, had caught the same
+disease. Ultimately both peer and peasant died, and the seriousness of
+their illness as it developed in the public eye added to the gradually
+growing excitement over the condition of the Heir-Apparent.</p>
+
+<p>The growth of popular feeling in the matter was evidently deep and
+serious. Bulletins stating that the symptoms of the fever were severe
+but regular continued for a time amid ever-increasing manifestations of
+interest and, as the weeks passed slowly by and the Queen had gone to
+the bedside of her son and something of the devotion of his wife to the
+sick Prince<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> became known, this feeling grew in volume. Meanwhile the
+Princess Alice had also come to lend her brother the sympathetic touch
+and knowledge of nursing for which she was so well known. For a brief
+moment on December 1st, the patient roused from his delirium
+sufficiently to remark that it was the birthday of the Princess, and for
+a week thereafter the news of improvement in his condition was good.
+Then came a crisis when the fever had spent itself while the patient had
+also become worn out. It was impossible to say whether he could live
+another day. The Royal family were summoned to Sandringham on December
+9th, and on the following day (Sunday) prayers were offered up in all
+the churches of the land and in many other countries, by request of the
+Archbishop of Canterbury. In the morning, the Vicar at Sandringham
+Church received a note from the Princess of Wales: "My husband being,
+thank God, somewhat better, I am coming to church, I must leave, I fear,
+before the service is concluded that I may watch by his bedside. Can you
+say a few words in prayer in the early part of the service, that I may
+join with you in prayer for my husband before I return to him?"</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE CRISIS AND THE RECOVERY</p>
+
+<p>On December 11th the <i>Times</i> stated that "the Prince still lives, and we
+may, therefore, still hope." During the following days crowds in every
+town surrounded the bulletins and waited in the streets for the latest
+newspaper reports; and the Government found it necessary to forward
+medical statements to every telegraph office in the United Kingdom as
+they were issued. On the 14th of the month a favourable change seemed
+apparent, and on the 16th the Prince had a quiet and refreshing sleep.
+On the following day the Royal family went to church, where, by special
+request, the Royal patient and his dying groom&mdash;Blegg&mdash;were prayed for
+together. The latter died within a few hours, but not before the
+Princess had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> found time to visit him and comfort his relations. Slowly,
+but steadily, from that time on the Prince began to make headway towards
+recovery, though it was not until Christmas Day that the danger was
+thought to be past and his Royal mother could express her feeling to the
+nation in a letter which was made public on December 26th: "The Queen is
+very anxious to express her deep sense of the touching sympathy of the
+whole nation on the occasion of the alarming illness of her dear son,
+the Prince of Wales. The universal feeling shown by her people during
+these painful, terrible days, and the sympathy evinced by them with
+herself and her beloved daughter, the Princess of Wales, as well as the
+general joy at the improvement of the Prince of Wales's state, have made
+a deep and lasting impression on her heart which can never be effaced."</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">CELEBRATION OF HIS RECOVERY</p>
+
+<p>The recovery of the Prince took the usual course of the disease and was
+protracted in character; but on January 14th the last bulletin was
+issued. The Princess of Wales and the Princess Alice had been his nurses
+throughout this trying time, and they had never seemed to weary in their
+devoted care. Nine days after the issue of the last bulletin Dr. William
+Jenner was gazetted a K.C.B. and Dr. William W. Gull a baronet. There
+were rumors at this time that the patient had been at one stage actually
+<i>in extremis</i>, but had been saved by one of those sudden inspirations
+which sometimes constitute so important a part of medical practice, and
+which consisted in a vigorous and continuous application of old
+champagne brandy over the body until returning animation had rewarded
+the doctor's efforts. The 14th of December, the anniversary of the
+Prince Consort's death and the day upon which the actual turning point
+in the disease took<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> place, was commemorated by a brass lectern in the
+Parish Church of Sandringham, which bears the following inscription:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+To the Glory of God.<br />
+A Thank-Offering for His Mercies.<br />
+14th December, 1871.<br />
+Alexandra.<br />
+"When I was in trouble I called upon the Lord, and He heard me."
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The good news from Sandringham was received throughout the country with
+expressions of the most unbounded popular satisfaction; and the
+announcement that an opportunity would be afforded of returning public
+thanks to the Almighty for his mercy was universally approved. The day
+for the National Thanksgiving was finally settled for February 27th, and
+St. Paul's Cathedral as the place; but before that time came Dr.
+Stanley&mdash;who had now become Dean of Westminster&mdash;suggested a private
+visit to the Abbey and a personal expression of his feelings by the
+Prince. This was done in absolute privacy, with only the Princess and a
+few members of the Royal family present. A sermon was preached by the
+Dean in which, as he told an intimate friend, he was able for once to
+say what he wished to say.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE NATION UNITED IN A COMMON SYMPATHY</p>
+
+<p>Many of the papers of the country commented upon the event with much the
+same freedom as the Dean was able to use on this occasion, and it seemed
+to be felt that the unbounded solicitude and affection so evidently and
+profoundly shown for the Prince had given a certain right of counsel to
+the nation. It was generally admitted that the illness had disclosed to
+the people as a whole something like an adequate knowledge of their own
+convictions in connection with the monarchy and concerning its
+maintenance as a permanent and powerful institution of the realm.
+Whatever<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> might be the abstract ideas held by individuals in times when
+Mr. Bradlaugh and Sir Charles Dilke were preaching republicanism and Mr.
+Chamberlain was suspected of harbouring the same opinions, it had become
+apparent that the subjects of the Queen in Great Britain were
+practically a unit in their preference for a constitutional monarchy and
+in their personal devotion to the Crown and the Royal family. In
+addition to the event having awakened the nation to the strength of its
+own sentiment in this regard, it was also believed that an important
+influence would be found to have been exerted upon the Prince of
+Wales&mdash;a steadying sense of responsibility resulting from holding such a
+place as he did in the hearts of his countrymen.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE PUBLIC THANKSGIVING OF THE NATION</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Illustrated London News</i> well embodied this thought in the
+following comment: "Doubtless what has occurred during the last few
+weeks has also a meaning for the Heir Apparent to the Throne. No man of
+the slightest sensibility can witness the emotional effusion of a great
+nation towards himself without being deeply impressed with the
+responsibilities of his position. The Prince comes back to the British
+people from the brink of the tomb, and they who most pathetically
+lamented his danger hail his return to health with devout thanksgivings
+and acclamations of joy. Can there be a more powerful incentive to that
+course of future action which will commend him to their approbation and
+their love? That he will recognize and respond to it, we cannot allow
+ourselves to doubt." One of the interesting incidents of the illness was
+the fact that when the announcement was made that His Royal Highness
+might only survive a few hours his obituary was, of course, prepared and
+put in type in all the leading newspaper offices in the land to an
+extent varying from the pages of a metropolitan daily down to the half
+dozen columns of the Provincial press. Proofs of the obituaries were, it
+is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> understood, afterwards collected and sent to the Prince, who had
+them pasted into an immense scrap-book at Marlborough House.</p>
+
+<p>The Thanksgiving Day celebration commenced on February 27th at 12
+o'clock, when Her Majesty the Queen, accompanied by the Prince and
+Princess of Wales and the Princess Beatrice and Prince Albert Victor of
+Wales, drove through the gates of Buckingham Palace. There were nine
+Royal carriages in the procession, containing a number of ladies and
+gentlemen of the Court, and the Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Arthur, Prince
+Leopold and Prince George of Wales. With the latter was the Marquess of
+Aylesbury, Master of the Horse; Mr. Brand, Speaker of the House of
+Commons; Lord Hatherley, the Lord Chancellor. H. R. H. the Duke of
+Cambridge, Commander-in-Chief, headed the procession as it passed slowly
+through Pall Mall, Charing Cross, the Strand, Fleet Street and Ludgate
+Hill to St. Paul's Cathedral. The streets were lined with dense masses
+of people, while every shop-window, doorstep, portico and available roof
+were black with cheering throngs. Decorations there were of every sort
+and range&mdash;squalid or simple or splendid&mdash;but all representing pleasure
+and loyalty. Along Fleet Street and the Strand they took the form of an
+actual canopy of banners, standards, streamers and strings of flowers.
+Venetian masts, flying pennons, countless trophies and miniature
+shields, with varied mottoes and many kinds of loyal wishes, were seen
+all along the route. A band of school children numbering 30,000 sang the
+National Anthem in Green Park, while soldiers lined the roadway from the
+Palace to the Cathedral. Hearty and enthusiastic cheers greeted the
+Royal party, and the Queen and Princess were described as looking bright
+and happy, and the Prince as being pale, but not thin. The Queen wore a
+black velvet dress trimmed with white ermine, the Princess of Wales was
+in blue silk covered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> with black lace, and the Prince was in the uniform
+of a British General and wearing the orders of the Garter and the Bath.</p>
+
+<p>At Temple Bar the Queen was formally received by the Lord Mayor and
+Sheriffs of London, and the city sword handed to Her Majesty and
+returned in the usual way. At one o'clock the Royal party arrived at the
+Cathedral and passed up a covered way of crimson cloth to the steps,
+where they were received by the Bishop of London, the Dean and Chapter
+of St. Paul's and the officers of Her Majesty's Household. The vast
+interior of the building had been arranged to accommodate 13,000
+persons, and was crowded to the doors. Space under the dome was reserved
+for the Queen, the Royal family, the House of Lords, the House of
+Commons, the Corps Diplomatique and the distinguished foreigners, the
+Judges and the dignitaries of the law, the Lords Lieutenant and Sheriffs
+of Counties, the representatives of universities and other learned
+bodies. The choir was reserved for the Clergy, and the place assigned to
+Her Majesty and their Royal Highnesses was slightly raised, made into a
+kind of pew and covered with crimson cloth.</p>
+
+<p>The Royal procession as it moved up the aisle included, besides the
+members of the Royal family, such well known officials and members of
+the Court as Major-General Lord Alfred Paget, Lieutenant-General Sir
+John Cowell, Colonel H. F. Ponsonby, Major-General Sir T. M. Biddulph,
+General Sir William Knollys, Rear-Admiral Lord Frederick Kerr, the
+(late) Lord Methuen, General Lord Strathnairn, the Marquess of
+Aylesbury, the Viscount Sydney, the Countess of Gainsborough, the Lady
+Churchill, Lady Caroline Barrington, the Hon. Mrs. Grey, the Countess of
+Morton and Lord Harris. Most of the great names and great personages of
+England were present at this function. There were 200 Peers and
+Peeresses; the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and fourteen Bishops;
+nearly every member of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> House of Commons. Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone
+were there as were Mr. Disraeli and Viscountess Beaconsfield. Lord
+Northbrook, Mr. W. E. Forster, Mr. Cardwell, Mr. Chichester Fortescue,
+Mr. Goschen, and Lord Granville were visible. Throngs of ladies,
+brilliant in blue and mauve and crimson satin and gems were present,
+and, as the sun suddenly shone through what had been sullen clouds, the
+spectacle within those parts of the Cathedral touched by the stream of
+light was beautiful indeed. It shone upon the bright blue of many
+dresses&mdash;the Royal colour of the day&mdash;mixed up in a confusion of
+effective shadings with the dark blue and burnished gold of the
+uniforms, the scarlet and white plumes of the officers, the gorgeous
+robes of the Peers, the white lawn of the Bishops.</p>
+
+<p>After walking up the aisle on the arm of the Prince of Wales, with the
+Princess on the other side, Her Majesty took her place in the special
+pew with the chief members of the Royal family on either side. After a
+brief special service of thanksgiving the Archbishop of Canterbury
+preached the sermon for the occasion in words of tact and eloquence from
+which one quotation may be made: "Just as in one of our own homes when
+death threatens, the whole history of the loved object we fear to lose
+comes back in the hours of waiting, so England was stirred by a hundred
+touching memories when danger threatened the Royal house. And God
+doubtless thus touched our hearts to deepen our loyalty and make us
+better prize the thousand good things secured in a well-ordered State by
+love to the head of the State." At the conclusion of the sermon a
+Thanksgiving Hymn was sung and the benediction given. The following was
+the concluding verse:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Bless, Father, him thou gavest<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Back to the loyal land,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O Saviour, him Thou savest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Still cover with Thine Hand:<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O Spirit, the Defender,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Be his to guard and guide,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Now in life's midday splendor<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On to the eventide."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Royal party then proceeded in due state to their carriages and the
+procession returned through the streets of the city to Buckingham Palace
+over the Holborn Viaduct, along Holborn and Oxford street to the Marble
+Arch, <i>via</i> Hyde Park to Piccadilly, and thence down Constitution Hill.
+Enthusiastic cheering was heard all along the route and decorations were
+seen everywhere in the greatest abundance. In the evening London was
+brilliant with light. The dome of St. Paul's Cathedral, the Mansion
+House, and the two large triumphal arches were particularly bright and
+beautiful in their varied colours and illuminations. The Lord Mayor and
+Lady Mayoress entertained the Lord Mayor of Dublin and the Provincial
+Mayors to a banquet at the Mansion House and, all over the United
+Kingdom, celebrations of a popular or religious character, holiday
+gatherings, crowded meetings and illuminations, marked the day and the
+pleasure of the people. Addresses poured in by hundreds and rejoicings
+were not confined to the Island portion of the Empire. An incident of
+this celebration was the collection of a Thanksgiving Fund for the
+completion of St. Paul's Cathedral. To it the Queen gave &pound;1000 and the
+Prince of Wales &pound;500. Another feature of the event was the splendid
+behaviour of the millions of people who lined the seven-mile route of
+the procession and paid loyal tribute to their Queen and to the son who
+was heir to all the traditions of his race and the greatness of the
+Royal name. On February 29th Her Majesty wrote to Mr. Gladstone a
+message intended for the nation:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Queen is anxious, as on a previous occasion, to express
+publicly her own personal very deep sense of the reception she and
+her dear children met with on Tuesday, February the 27th, from
+millions of her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> subjects on her way to and from St. Paul's. Words
+are too weak for the Queen to say how very deeply touched and
+gratified she has been by the immense enthusiasm and affection
+exhibited towards her dear son and herself, from the highest down
+to the lowest, on the long progress through the Capital, and she
+would earnestly wish to convey her warmest and most heartfelt
+thanks to the whole nation for this great demonstration of loyalty.
+The Queen, as well as her son and dear daughter-in-law, felt that
+the whole nation joined with them in thanking God for sparing the
+beloved Prince of Wales's life."</p></div>
+
+<p>Perhaps the most beautiful and effective presentations of popular
+feeling and hopes in connection with this now historic sickness of the
+Heir Apparent were the sermons preached by Dean Stanley. No one has ever
+been closer in friendship and in personal knowledge to the Prince of
+Wales than had this eloquent and saintly ecclesiastic. No one has been
+more admired and respected in the Church of England in modern days than
+he; nor has any of its clergy possessed a wider view or more generous
+heart. Speaking in Westminster Abbey on December 10th, 1871, when the
+nation was awaiting in deep anxiety the issue of a struggle which seemed
+to be almost fatally and surely decided, he embodied the popular feeling
+in beautiful and appropriate words: "On a day like this when there is
+one topic in every household, one question on every lip, it is
+impossible to stand in this place and not endeavour to give some
+expression to that of which every heart is full. We all press, as it
+were, round one darkened chamber, we all feel that with the mourning
+family, mother, wife, brothers, sisters, who are there assembled, we are
+indeed one. The thrill of their fears or hopes passes through and
+through the differences of rank and station; we feel that, while they
+represent the whole people they also represent and are that which each
+family and each member of each family, is separately. In the fierce
+battle between life and death, for the issues of which we are all
+looking with such eager expectation, we see the likeness of what will
+befall every individual soul amongst us; and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> reflection which this
+struggle, with all its manifold uncertainties suggests, concerns us all
+alike."</p>
+
+<p>The sermon which followed was a skillful presentation of thoughts
+suggested by the text, "To live is Christ and to die is gain." It
+concluded with an earnest hope that the Royal life which might so
+greatly influence the national destinies might still be preserved&mdash;"a
+life which, if duly appreciated and fitly used, contains within it
+special opportunities for good such as no other existence in this great
+community possesses; a life which may, if worthily employed, stimulate
+all that is noble and beneficent and discourage all that is low and base
+and frivolous." In these and other words he concluded a sermon which
+could not but have had its influence in after days upon the life and
+character of the Prince who so greatly respected and regarded the
+preacher. A week later the cloud had lifted from Sandringham and the
+life which had been so much prayed for in so many lands was slowly
+passing into the region of safety and strength. It gave the opportunity
+to Dean Stanley to speak again at the historic Abbey in a strain of
+instruction and to draw a national moral from the events of the past few
+months. He referred to the spontaneous outburst of every class and every
+party which had, to his mind, proved the permanent supremacy of the
+British Crown in a Christian State. "There are nations and there have
+been times in which the devotion to the reigning family has been a thing
+separate and apart from the love of country. There have been times and
+places when the love of country has existed with no loyal feeling to the
+reigning family. Let us thank God that in England it is not so. Loyalty
+with us is the personal, romantic side of patriotism. Patriotism with us
+is the Christian, philosophic side of loyalty. Long may the two flourish
+together, each supporting and sustaining the other."</p>
+
+<p>On the Sunday following the Thanksgiving Service at St.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> Paul's&mdash;March
+3rd&mdash;the Dean preached for the last time upon this subject in
+Westminster Abbey. After stirring references to the wonderful scene of
+national enthusiasm lately witnessed and to the gathering in St. Paul's
+Cathedral of representatives of every creed and religious division in
+Great Britain (except those of one exclusive body) to offer
+thanksgivings in "the venerable forms of the National Church" he
+expressed his belief that the demonstration as a whole was "the response
+in every English heart to the sense of union&mdash;too subtle for analysis
+yet true and simple as the primitive instincts of our race&mdash;which binds
+the people of England to their Monarchy and the Monarchy to the people."
+He dealt with the functions and character of that institution in most
+striking words. "No other existing throne in Europe reaches back to the
+same antiquity, none other combines with such an undivided charm the
+associations of the past with the interests of the present. It is the
+one name and place which, being beyond the reach of personal ambition,
+beyond the need of private gain, has the inestimable chance of guiding,
+moulding, elevating the tastes, the customs, the morals of the whole
+community. It is the one name and place which, being raised high above
+all party struggles, all local jealousies, over all classes,
+ecclesiastical as well as civil, is the supreme controlling spring which
+binds together in their widest meaning all the forces of the State and
+all the forces of the Church. It is the one institution which by very
+nature of its existence unites the abstract idea of country and of duty
+with the personal endearments of family life, of domestic love, of
+individual character."</p>
+
+<p>It was the greatness of this national possession&mdash;one which had steadied
+national progress and promoted peace in the midst of tumults and freedom
+in the midst of disorder&mdash;which had, Dean Stanley thought, helped to
+make the people pray that its destined heir should be worthy of his
+noble inheritance. And then the speaker pointedly and clearly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> pictured
+the increased and increasing responsibilities of the Prince of Wales
+upon whom, henceforth, "as by a new consecration and confirmation,
+devolves the glorious task of devoting to his country's service that
+life which is in a special sense no longer his but ours, for which his
+country's prayers, his country's thanksgivings, have been so earnestly
+offered." The sermon concluded with a description of these great
+responsibilities; an appeal to the Prince to begin life afresh and to
+take the lead in all that was true and holy, just and good; a warning
+that "of him to whom much has been given, much shall be required;" a
+picture of a Christian England fighting evil in every form and in every
+place and growing greater in all the elements of higher national and
+individual life.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">The Prince of Wales in India</p>
+
+
+<p>To make a Royal tour of the vast British possessions in Hindostan was an
+inspiring idea. To constitute the Crown a tangible evidence of Imperial
+power and a living object and centre of Eastern loyalty and respect was
+a policy worthy of Mr. Disraeli and of the statecraft in which he had
+once declared imagination to be an essential ingredient. To precede this
+action by the purchase of the Suez Canal shares in order to safe-guard
+the pathway to the Indian Empire and to succeed it with such an
+impressive appeal to Oriental individualism and personal loyalty as the
+proclamation of Queen Victoria as Empress of India were strokes of
+statesmanship such as no other Englishman of that time was capable of
+initiating.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">INCEPTION OF THE PROJECT</p>
+
+<p>In Bombay, when the project was finally in full fruition, the Prince of
+Wales told a distinguished audience that "it had long been the dream of
+his life to visit India," and there seems no room to doubt that it was a
+part of the original plan mapped out by the keen perceptions of the
+Prince Consort for the education of his eldest son. It was
+unquestionably suggested to the former by Lord Canning, when
+Governor-General of India in the wild days of the Mutiny, but the idea
+necessarily slumbered until the young Prince was old enough to undertake
+the heavy duties involved.</p>
+
+<p>By that time his father had passed away; the old-time rule of the East
+India Company was gone; a new and greater India had expanded in
+territory and population; while the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> loyalty of its native Princes had
+become a constant marvel to other peoples. Yet there were causes of
+discontent and grounds for trouble. The myriad masses of Hindostan did
+not yet fully understand who was ruling over them, nor had they ever
+fully comprehended how the rule of the Company passed away. The word
+"Queen" had to them an Eastern significance which did not exactly compel
+respect, and that personal side of Government which means so much to the
+Oriental mind had never been brought home to them. The assassination of
+Lord Mayo proved the possibilities of greater trouble, and there was
+always the danger of Russian aggression and the existence of border
+warfare. In the winter of 1874, therefore, the question of a Royal tour
+was seriously considered, and some correspondence passed between the
+authorities concerned. To send the Heir to the Throne on such a visit
+was a unique project, and there were various difficulties to overcome.
+India was accustomed to visitors of the type of Alexander the Great, of
+Timour, Baber, Mahmoud of Ghuznee and Nadir Shah; but a peaceful
+progress of the foreign Heir to its Throne was another matter. Brief and
+hasty visits to some of its Princes had been made in recent times by
+Prince Adalbert of Prussia, the King of the Belgians and the Duke of
+Edinburgh, but there had never been a state tour of the country with all
+its accompaniments of splendour and costliness, the danger from fanatics
+and the trying changes of climatic conditions.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE TOUR</p>
+
+<p>It was not an easy matter to arrange, and the probabilities are, that if
+the Prince of Wales had not himself insisted that it was his duty to go,
+the project might ultimately have been abandoned. He had by this time
+come to fill so important a place in the public eye and in the external
+functions of Sovereignty that his absence for six months, or more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> was a
+serious consideration. The preliminary obstacles, however, were
+overcome, and on the 16th of March, 1875, the Marquess of Salisbury,
+Secretary of State for India, announced that the visit would take place,
+and a little later the <i>Times</i> stated that Sir Bartle Frere would
+accompany His Royal Highness. The former was widely known in India
+through administrative duties admirably performed in Bombay and the
+North-West Provinces. The Duke of Sutherland, a much respected nobleman,
+was selected as one of the suite, together with Lord Suffield, head of
+the Prince's Household; Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Ellis, Equerry to the
+Prince, and who had served in India; Major-General (Sir) D. M. Probyn,
+V.C., who arranged the details regarding horses, transport and sporting;
+Mr. Knollys, who has since been so well known as Sir Francis Knollys,
+the Prince's Private Secretary; Lord Alfred Paget, an old man and most
+attached friend to the Prince; the Rev. Canon Duckworth, who went as
+Chaplain; and Dr. Fayrer, who attended in the capacity of guardian to
+the Prince's health, and afterwards became a well known physician and
+Sir Joseph Fayrer, Bart., F.R.S., etc.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Aylesford, Lord Carington and Colonel Owen Williams were
+invited, as personal friends of the Prince of Wales, to join the party,
+while Lieutenant the Lord Charles Beresford, M.P., who had accompanied
+the Duke of Edinburgh on his preceding hasty visit, also lent his
+experience and unflagging gayety to the suite, and was aided by
+Lieutenant Augustus Fitz-George of the Rifle Brigade. Mr. Sydney Hall
+was the official artist of the tour; Mr. Albert Grey (afterwards Earl
+Grey) was Private Secretary to Sir Bartle Frere; and the present Sir
+William Howard Russell was a special correspondent with the nominal
+duties of Honorary Private Secretary to the Prince. When Parliament met
+various questions were asked as to whether the expenses of the tour were
+to be charged to the British or Indian Governments; whether the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> Prince
+would represent the Queen; whether he would supersede the
+Governor-General for the time being, etc. On July 8th Mr. Disraeli made
+a full statement for the first time in connection with the subject. He
+alluded to the previous travels of the Prince of Wales and expressed the
+opinion that they were the best form of education for a Royal personage.
+But the rules and regulations and etiquette which sufficed for the
+Prince in Canada and other countries would not do in India. One
+important difference was the probably costly character of the ceremonial
+presents which would have to be exchanged between the visitor and his
+hosts amongst the native Princes. Money would have to be granted for
+this, and the sum of &pound;30,000 had been casually estimated for the
+purpose. The estimate of the Admiralty for the expenses of the voyage
+and corresponding movements of the fleet was &pound;52,000. He would ask for a
+vote of &pound;60,000. The Prince would go as the Heir Apparent to the Crown
+and be the formal guest of the Viceroy from the time of setting foot
+upon Indian soil. The expenses of the tour were to be charged to the
+Indian Budget. This statement created some criticism, while the very
+small amount proposed for expenditure caused still more comment. As a
+matter of fact, the Prince did not exceed, in the end, the comparatively
+small amount voted.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE JOURNEY COMMENCED</p>
+
+<p>On Sunday, October 10th, a farewell sermon was preached at Westminster
+Abbey by Dean Stanley, who expressed the hope that the visit might leave
+behind it "on one side the remembrance of graceful acts, kind words,
+English nobleness, Christian principles, and on the other awaken in all
+concerned the sense of graver duties, wider sympathies, loftier
+purposes." On the following day the Prince left London amid marked
+popular demonstrations of respect and regard, and with every evidence of
+a deep public interest shown by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> the press of the country. At Dover
+thousands of people cheered the Prince farewell. He took the boat for
+Calais, accompanied by the Princess, who, however, did not land, but
+returned home next morning. At Paris he was accidentally met by
+President MacMahon, who was leaving on the train for another place, and
+welcomed to France; officially he was received by Lord Lyons, the
+British Ambassador. On the following day His Royal Highness lunched with
+Marshal MacMahon at the Elys&eacute;e. This visit and the ensuing journey
+through Turin, Bologna and Ancona to Brindisi was carried out in a
+private and non-official capacity. Nevertheless, at every station there
+were officials, guards of honour and crowds of people to see the special
+go through and to do honour to the traveller. The bulk of the Royal
+suite followed the Prince a little later, and on October 16th the whole
+party met at Brindisi and the voyage proper commenced.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">WELCOMED BY THE KING OF THE GREEKS</p>
+
+<p>Later in the same day H. M. S. <i>Serapis</i>, under the command of Captain
+the Hon. H. Carr-Glyn, accompanied by the Royal yacht <i>Osborne</i>, left
+Brindisi, and two days later the Prince was being welcomed in Athens by
+the King of the Hellenes&mdash;Otto I&mdash;and by a picturesque Court clad in the
+attractive costumes of the nation. Visits to the Acropolis and to the
+country house of the King were followed by a State banquet at the
+Palace, which gathered together all that was eminent in modern Grecian
+life, glittering with laces, orders and decorations, and including some
+young men who have since become famous&mdash;Tricoupi, Delyannis,
+Commoundourus and Zaim&eacute;s. Illuminations of the city ensued, and in the
+morning, after a Royal reception, the Prince left Athens through crowds
+of people, who seemed a little more demonstrative than had been the case
+at first. On October 20th the Pir&aelig;us was left behind<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> after a farewell
+visit from the King and at dawn the next day Crete was in sight. The
+ship steered steadily ahead and three days later was welcomed at Port
+Said by Egyptian frigates on sea and Egyptian infantry on shore.</p>
+
+<p>There was no cheering from the people but much curiosity. A formal
+welcome was offered for the Khedive by Princes Tewfik, Hussein and
+Hassan, who were accompanied on their visit to the <i>Serapis</i> by the
+well-known statesman Nubar Pasha, and other officers of the Court. The
+Prince then transferred himself to a smaller vessel&mdash;the <i>Osborne</i>&mdash;and
+with a Royal Standard floating over the ship for the first time since
+the Empress Eug&eacute;nie had opened the Suez Canal, he traversed that famous
+waterway. At Ismaila, the Prince and his suite landed and took a special
+train to Cairo, where His Royal Highness was welcomed by the Khedive in
+person, with the towering form of the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia
+standing behind, and a brilliantly uniformed Court around him. To the
+Prince of Wales the Gezireh Palace was given as his temporary residence.
+The succeeding day was occupied with ceremonials of various kinds, a
+banquet being given by the Khedive at the Abdeen Palace in the evening,
+when the Prince passed to and fro in a lane of light made by myriad
+many-coloured lamps.</p>
+
+<p>On October 25th, the Prince of Wales invested Prince Tewfik&mdash;afterwards
+Khedive of Egypt&mdash;with the Order of the Star of India amidst all
+possible state. In a letter he told His Highness that the honour was
+conferred to mark British appreciation of the Khedive's friendship to
+England, and his good work in promoting the safety of British
+communication with India. The next day saw the Royal departure from
+Cairo after a formal visit from the Khedive, the Princes his sons, and
+his Ministers, who were again at the station to see him off a little
+later. Suez was reached in the evening and, amid elaborate preparations
+from the Pasha of that place,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> crowds of people and illuminated
+men-of-war in the roadstead, the Prince and his party boarded the
+<i>Serapis</i> and, accompanied by the <i>Osborne</i>, proceeded on the voyage to
+Aden. Perim, which has been described as "a gigantic blistered clinker,"
+was reached and passed on October 31st, and from the ship the Prince got
+his first view of Her Majesty's Indian troops. It is to be hoped that
+the cheering Bombay Infantry drawn up on that vitrified surface, got a
+fair view of the Prince in return. On the following day the
+volcanic-like Island of Aden was reached, and its fortifications gazed
+upon with interest. As the flag flew from the mast-head of the <i>Serapis</i>
+to announce its arrival the ships and crags rang with the roar of
+cannon. The Prince landed, clad in uniform of a somewhat mixed
+character, with Field Marshal's insignia, and accompanied by his suite.
+Upon, or around, the platform and triumphal arch erected at the
+landing-place, was every variety of picturesque oriental costume with a
+background of mountain and blistered rock and white, painted houses.
+Chiefs from the mainland in gorgeous array, the King's Own Borderer's
+Regiment, all the ladies of the island in European or Asiatic costume,
+fierce-looking Arabs, meek-looking Hindoos, sleek Parsees, people from
+all the regions between the Persian Gulf, Zanzibar and Arabia, were
+there to welcome him.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE PRINCE RECEIVES AN ADDRESS</p>
+
+<p>A formal address was presented to His Royal Highness by the Resident&mdash;a
+Parsee&mdash;and then followed a drive through decorated streets with
+numerous arches and curious mottoes to the Residency. A Lev&eacute;e was held
+here and later in the day the ship was again boarded and steamed away
+from the Indian Gibraltar as it lay bathed in lines of light along all
+its town and batteries.</p>
+
+<p>Bombay was reached on November 8th, after a voyage which was upon the
+whole pleasant&mdash;certainly as far as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> surroundings and comforts could
+make it. For a few hours official visitors streamed on board, and then
+in the afternoon Lord Northbrook, Viceroy of India, appeared on the
+scene and was received with the honours due to his station. There had
+been some idea abroad that difficulties might arise as to the respective
+positions of the Heir Apparent and the Viceroy in State ceremonial, but
+from the day of this first formal meeting there does not seem to have
+been the slightest trouble upon the point. Each knew perfectly what
+pertained to the position and rank of the other. Then came the Governor
+of Bombay, Sir Philip Wodehouse, and with him the Commander-in-Chief of
+the Presidency, Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Staveley, and the members
+of the Council. Meanwhile the harbour was filled with ships and boats of
+all kinds, flags were streaming everywhere, in the distance was a vast
+triumphal arch spanning the waterway between two piers, and, as the
+Royal and Vice-regal party stepped into the barge and started for the
+landing-place, the cannon roared, bands played, guards saluted and crews
+cheered.</p>
+
+<p>As the Prince of Wales landed the scene was one of the most splendid
+conceivable. Long lines of seats draped in scarlet cloth stood out under
+the sides of the gigantic archway and upon them stood a multitude of
+native notabilities&mdash;Chiefs, Sirdars and gentlemen, Parsees, Hindoos,
+Mahrattas and Mohammedans&mdash;a crowd glittering in gems and bright in all
+the brilliant hues of Oriental garb. Amongst them also were the officers
+of the Government and Municipality, leading citizens and dignitaries,
+and all the ladies who could be found within a radius of a hundred
+miles. Flowers and shrubs and banners and flags were everywhere. An
+address expressive of loyalty and pride in the British Throne was
+presented from the Municipality and duly answered, and then the Prince,
+with Lord Northbrook at his side, walked along a carpeted avenue,
+speaking to various Princes and Chiefs as they were presented&mdash;the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>
+first being Sir Salar Jung, the Prime Minister and representative and
+famous statesman of Hyderabad. At the end of the avenue, where carriages
+were taken for the procession of seven miles through the teeming streets
+of the city, a band of Parsee girls in white were waiting to strew
+garlands and flowers in the Prince's carriage and on the roadway.</p>
+
+<p>There was no music in this wonderful night procession and its
+surroundings are difficult to describe. Mr. W. H. Russell, the diarist
+of the Royal tour, speaks of the spectacle as being absolutely baffling
+to the eye. "There was something almost supernatural in these long
+vistas winding down banks of variegated light, crowded with gigantic
+creatures waving their arms aloft and indulging in extravagant gesture,
+which the eye&mdash;baffled by rivers of fire, blinded with the glare of
+lamps and blazing magnesium wire and pots of burning matter&mdash;sought in
+vain to penetrate." The piled-up masses of human beings along these
+miles of streets; the Parsee women in brilliant costumes, which vied
+with the colours of the surrounding fires and lights; crowds of
+Mohammedans; Hindoo temples with roofs covered by Brahmins and their
+votaries; a Jew bazaar, an American store, a European warehouse, or a
+Japan temple in close proximity to each other and all bearing a burden
+of people in varied dress; flashed a picturesque and never-ending
+variety of sight and colour and character to the gaze of the quiet,
+dignified man who drove through it all as the central figure of a
+spectacle whose like may never be seen again. A banquet followed in the
+great hall of Government House, and a state reception closed the varied
+proceedings of this first busy day in historic Hindostan.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, camp-fires blazed for miles around the city, the fiery
+furnace of the streets settled into as much of silence as an Oriental
+centre under such conditions could attain and all over India, in every
+mart and village and town where a gun could be found, volleys had
+announced the arrival of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> heir to its Imperial throne. In the
+morning a Royal reception was held at Government House and, amid
+splendid surroundings and every form of dignity and severe etiquette
+necessary to impress the visiting Princes and Chiefs and Rajahs of the
+great Presidency of Bombay, His Royal Highness stood or sat for hours in
+the intense heat, clad in a stiff uniform, laden with lace and buttoned
+up to the throat. With him were the Duke of Sutherland, Major-General
+Lord Alfred Paget, Sir Bartle Frere, Lord Suffield, Lord Charles
+Beresford and the rest of his suite. The Oriental dignitaries, each in
+great state, came with attendants and ceremonies and gifts in accordance
+with his rank. Each Prince was treated along graded lines of cordiality,
+courtesy or civility, as was supposed to become his position. The little
+Rajah of Kolapore; the Maharajah of Mysore; the Maharana of Oodeypore;
+the Rao of Cutch&mdash;who left a sick bed and returned home to die; the
+little Gaekwar of Baroda, who was described as looking like a
+crystallized rainbow and was accompanied by the famous statesman, Sir
+Madhava Rao; Sir Salar Jung of Hyderabad; and the Maharajah of Edur;
+were received one after the other and then a succession of less
+important rulers with tremendous names, fierce-looking guards and more
+or less gorgeous costumes.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of what was a Durbar in all but name the Prince was only
+beginning his functions for the day. The Viceroy had to be received and
+many matters discussed; a visit was paid to the <i>Serapis</i> where the men
+were celebrating the Prince's birthday, as were many millions throughout
+India; telegrams were exchanged with the Princess at Sandringham; every
+step was marked by pomp and splendour; a state banquet was held in the
+evening and another, but less formal, reception afterwards. Meantime,
+the city, the shipping and the harbour were a blaze of light and general
+illumination&mdash;the great bay looking as if it were filled with rows of
+fiery<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> pyramids and the streets as if all India were trying to pass
+through them. On November the 10th the Viceroy bade farewell to the
+Prince, who did not see him again until near the end of his tour. He
+went on a journey himself to parts of India which His Royal Highness was
+unable to visit. Another formal reception of lesser Rajahs and Nawabs
+took place in the morning. In the afternoon the Prince drove into
+Bombay, accompanied by Sir Philip Wodehouse and held a Lev&eacute;e in the
+Government Buildings. Then followed a visit to the harbour where, in an
+open space, seven thousand children of all castes, classes, colours and
+creeds, dressed in brilliant hues and laden with flowers, sang patriotic
+songs. They almost smothered the Royal guest in flowers as he ascended
+to his place. State visits were then made to a number of the native
+Princes who had been already received and, in the evening, a grand
+European ball, given by the Byculla Club, was attended. Other Chiefs
+were visited next day by the Prince&mdash;those who had not residences or
+were not of sufficient importance being assigned reception rooms at the
+Secretariat, or Government Buildings.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE PRINCE'S POPULARITY AT BOMBAY</p>
+
+<p>After this wearisome and almost unbearably hot business was over the
+Prince attended a dinner given by the people of Bombay to the sailors of
+the fleet and the vigorous cheering of these two thousand seamen as His
+Royal Highness entered the hall must have been a relief after the heavy
+and sustained etiquette of the past few days. Following this was the
+laying of the foundation stone of the Elphinstone Docks with Masonic
+ritual and ceremonies. Then came a visit to the Hyderabad Prime Minister
+and deputation and to others and a busy day closed with the usual state
+dinner and reception. On the evening of November 12th the famous Caves
+of Elephanta were visited and a banquet received by the Prince of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> Wales
+amongst these wonderful and massive efforts of distant ages to embody
+what seemed to them the divine attributes. Returning to the city the
+Royal barge passed between two rows of ships, discharging volleys, while
+the hulls and riggings were brightly illuminated, coloured fires were
+everywhere and earth and sky seemed merged in a tremendous display of
+fireworks and rockets. A visit to Poonah followed and this included an
+inspection of the Temple of Parbuttee, from one of the windows of which
+the last of the Peishwas had seen his forces routed on the plains of
+Kirkee below; a review of native troops; a reception in the city
+characterized by the usual fireworks, triumphal arches, crowded streets
+and revel of colour.</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th, His Royal Highness was back at Bombay considering plans
+which had been disarranged by the prevalence of cholera in Southern
+India. Finally, it was decided to visit Baroda, the capital of a State
+where the Gaekwar had recently been deposed for his crimes. It was felt
+that danger might exist, as even the most evil of Eastern rulers has
+fanatical followers, but the former Resident, Sir R. Meade, expressed
+the belief that it could be done safely and would be of great service
+and the authorities and Prince, after much discussion, approved the
+change of programme. This last day in Bombay saw the presentation of
+colours to a battalion of Native Infantry amidst an immense concourse of
+people, and a ball given by the citizens at which natives, Chiefs and
+gentlemen could see Europeans dancing and amusing themselves. The
+presents received during this part of the tour numbered over four
+hundred and included specimens of every variety of Indian
+workmanship&mdash;tissues, brocade, cloths, arms, jewellery, gold, silver and
+metal. The Rajah of Kolapore, in addition to the gift of an ancient
+jewelled sword and dagger, had assigned &pound;20,000, or $100,000, to the
+founding of a Hospital to be called after the Royal visitor.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p><p>The journey to Baroda was commenced on November 18th and finished early
+on the following morning. At the station the Prince of Wales was
+received by the Gaekwar, Sir Madhava Rao, the British agent and other
+officers, and outside were triumphal arches and a rolling sea of dark,
+silent faces, topped by turbans of every colour in the rainbow. Outside
+also was an enormous elephant, with a golden howdah on his back, and
+into this the Prince and the Gaekwar presently entered. Everything was
+cloth of gold and velvet. The procession started after a time with a
+long line of gorgeously-caparisoned elephants following, a way was
+cleared for them by an advance guard of the 3rd Hussars, while in the
+rear were some of the Gaekwar's artillery and cavalry and a great crowd
+of Sirdars and lesser chiefs. The three miles to the Residency was lined
+by cavalry, and the spectacle must have been a superb one to see for the
+first time. The whole of the route was bordered by a light trellis work
+of bamboos, hung with lamps and festooned with flowers, while at certain
+points were special arches and clusters of flags. On his arrival the
+Prince held a sort of Durbar, paid a return visit to the Gaekwar and
+went to the Agga, or arena for wild-beast combats, where he saw Eastern
+wrestlers, an elephant fight, a buffalo fight, a struggle of fighting
+rams, and a show of wild or curious animals. The night was brilliant
+with illuminations, and the Prince accepted an invitation to dine with
+the 9th Native Infantry&mdash;an honour of which they were very proud.</p>
+
+<p>The next day was devoted to sport, and in the evening dinner was taken
+with another Native regiment. On the evening of the 21st the Prince
+visited the Gaekwar at the ancient Palace of the Mohtee Bagh, and on the
+way crossed a bridge spanned by triumphal arches, with men holding
+blazing torches placed along the parapets. Lamps and lights were
+everywhere. A great banquet was held, in the course of which Sir Madhava
+Rao expressed the thanks of the Gaekwar, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> said that "it was now
+their felicity to see that Prince who was heir to a sceptre whose
+beneficent power and influence were felt in every quarter of the globe;
+which dispelled darkness, diffused light, paralyzed the tyrant's hand,
+shivered the manacles of the slave, extended the bounds of freedom,
+accelerated the happiness and elevated the dignity of the human race. He
+had come to inspect an Empire founded by the heroism and sustained by
+the statesmanship of England; to witness the spectacle of indigenous
+principalities relying more securely on British justice than could
+mighty nations on their embattled hosts."</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE PRINCE TAKES PART IN A HUNTING EXPEDITION</p>
+
+<p>After dinner, various Eastern performances in dancing and juggling were
+given, and then they departed for the shooting grounds farther south,
+where "pig-sticking" and other sports were enjoyed. His Royal Highness
+succeeded in killing one wild boar. On November the 24th the Royal
+visitor arrived again at Bombay and went on board the <i>Serapis</i>. On the
+following day he landed to take leave of the Governor, and suddenly, to
+the dismay of the local authorities who had lined his announced route
+with troops, intimated his intention to attend the wedding festivities
+of the son of Sir Munguldass Nuthoobhoy, a great native merchant. The
+visit proved well worth the trouble, and the undisguised delight of the
+host and those present was a privilege to see. A farewell incident was
+the knighting of the energetic Chief of Police, Sir F. H. Soutar. At 6
+<span class="smcap">p.m.</span> the <i>Serapis</i> was on its way to Goa.</p>
+
+<p>The visit to this ancient Portuguese dependency was not prolonged and
+the incidents of importance were few. But much that was curious was seen
+and many historical memories revived. On November 28th the little
+foreign strip of territory was left behind and Beypore was sighted on
+the following day. It was found, however, that cholera existed along all
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> routes which the Prince proposed to take in this part of the
+country and the medical men would not take the responsibility of
+advising a continuance of the tour in this direction. The Prince bore
+his disappointment philosophically, though he had expected much pleasure
+from the splendid shooting places of the Mysore country. What can be
+said, however, of the disappointed people and authorities? The Mysore
+Government had spent thousands of pounds in preparation; Ootacamund,
+Bangalore, Travancore and other places had laid out much money and the
+population for hundreds of miles was stirred with expectancy. A visit
+was paid to the shore and a brief glance taken at the old-time land of
+Tippoo Sahib, and then the voyage was resumed to Ceylon.</p>
+
+<p>On December 1st the lights of Colombo were sighted, and soon the
+familiar spectacle of British men-of-war dressed to welcome royalty was
+seen. The sight at the landing-place was a pretty one, and the long
+avenue of gaily-decorated and flower-garlanded boats through which the
+Royal barge first passed was equally so. The Prince was received in a
+beautiful pavilion under a striking archway and everywhere in sight were
+arches and flags and palm-leaves, and massed displays of fruits and
+flowers, and tier on tier of spectators. All the dignitaries of Ceylon
+were there and the usual addresses and replies were given. Thence the
+Prince passed to the Government Buildings and took a drive round the
+town, meeting everywhere an enthusiastic and sincerely generous
+reception and a wealth of decoration in fruits and flowers and ferns.
+His Royal Highness gave a state banquet on the <i>Serapis</i> in the evening,
+while Colombo was illuminated and the ships were a blaze of light. Never
+were the Cinghelese more happy than on that day and night, and
+spectators found it hard to describe the revel of light, fantastic,
+Eastern pleasure. On the following day the railway train was taken for
+Kandy amid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> genuine British cheers from throngs of men clad in
+petticoats and wearing combs in front of their <i>chignons</i>.</p>
+
+<p>At this splendidly situated town&mdash;the ancient stronghold of Chiefs and
+the seat of more than one rebellion against earlier British rule&mdash;the
+Prince was received by a great number of queerly-clad but distinguished
+personages and Buddhist priests. The Governor, Mr. W. H. Gregory, who
+accompanied the Royal traveller, was unusually popular and this,
+perhaps, helped in the success of the reception. Addresses were received
+and in the evening the Governor held a state dinner attended by all the
+notabilities of Ceylon and accompanied outside by the beating of native
+drums, the blowing of myriad horns, the clang of mighty gongs and sounds
+of distant cheering. Afterwards the Prince witnessed a grotesque and
+extraordinary procession of elephants, dancers and priests of the
+Temple. On the following day he visited the Royal Botanical Gardens and
+in the evening held an investiture of the Order of St. Michael and St.
+George at which the Governor was knighted and some lesser honours given.
+The Chiefs and their stately and dignified wives were then formally
+presented. From the audience hall he afterwards passed to the Temple and
+was shown the famous "Sacred Tooth of Gotama Buddha"&mdash;an object of
+veneration to many millions of the human race and of visible fear to the
+priests who stood around the Prince or took it from its precious and
+numerous cases. On December the 4th the Prince went on a visit to the
+interior of this wonderfully beautiful country and enjoyed the
+excitement of an elephant hunt and of killing some of those colossal
+creatures of the jungle. Colombo was reached again, three days later,
+and another state banquet attended in the evening. On the following day
+the new Breakwater was inaugurated by the Prince and in the evening a
+farewell banquet received and the city left amid scenes of brilliant
+illumination and fantastic Eastern beauty.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince of Wales and his suite landed in Tuticorin on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> the coast of
+India, again, on December 9th, and proceeded inland by train without any
+particular or formal reception. The Tamils were found to be a handsome,
+mild-natured, respectful people and the land cultivated and apparently
+prosperous. At Mainachy, a deputation of six thousand native Christians
+and one thousand boys and girls, headed by the Rev. Dr. Caldwell and the
+Rev. Dr. Sargent, presented an address and a handsomely-bound Bible and
+Prayer-book in the Tamil language, to His Royal Highness. A native
+"lyric" was then sung by the children including words of which the
+following is a translation: "Crossing seas and crossing mountains, thou
+hast visited this southern-most region and granted to those who live
+under the shadow of thy Royal umbrella a sight of thy benign
+countenance." Madura was reached a few hours later and found to be
+profusely decorated, one of the arches being made of native work in
+perforated paper, covered with talc plates and silver plaques in front
+of a screen of red. The name of the town signified "sweetness" and it
+turned out to be a place of great charm, imposing buildings and unusual
+cleanliness. The Rajah of Pudducottah was duly received and during his
+visit he showed the Prince a book consisting of original letters,
+dispatches etc., which had passed between Clive and his own ancestor
+during the times of French and English struggle for supremacy in
+Southern India. The Prince visited some of the ancient buildings of the
+place, including the Temple of Minakshee, where Nautch girls scattered
+flowers before him and garlands were placed over his shoulders, and the
+Tank of the Golden Lotus and received a number of interesting presents
+from the Rajah and from the Ranee of Shivagunga. He left on December
+11th for Trichinoply, where he arrived in a few hours.</p>
+
+<p>Here, His Royal Highness, after his progress through flowers, arches,
+crowds, officials and decorations of unusual richness and taste, visited
+the famous Temple of Seringham<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> which has been described as "a vast
+bewildering mass of gate, towers, enclosures, courts, terraces and
+halls." In one of the last-named there were one thousand columns of
+granite each consisting of one block and carved with elaborate images of
+deities. The next place seen was the ancient Palace of the Nawabs of the
+Carnatic and here presentation of the notabilities of the city took
+place and an address was received by the future European Emperor of
+India in the very home of the olden Eastern power. The scene from this
+place in the evening was very striking&mdash;immense multitudes below, a
+great tank full of boats and blazing with coloured fires and lights,
+Clive's historic home on the opposite side and, above and over all, the
+vast pyramidical pile, the Rock of Trichinoply, with its Temple of
+Ganesa crowning the famous precipice and towering above the city.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">PRINCE WELCOMED IN MADRAS</p>
+
+<p>On December the 12th, the Royal visitor was again travelling and on the
+following day reached Madras, where he was formally welcomed by
+Lieutenant-Governor the Duke of Buckingham, the Rajah of Cochin, the
+Maharajah of Travancore, the Prince of Arcot, the Rajah of Vizianagram
+and others. The procession then passed from the station to Government
+House through the narrow streets of the native town and the wide
+thoroughfares of the European quarters. A golden umbrella was held over
+the Prince's head and thus the massed populace&mdash;more fortunate than that
+of Bombay&mdash;was able to be certain of his identity. At the Wallahjah
+Bridge some thousands of students and boys and girls were ranged on both
+sides, each school with its distinctive banners and badges. The
+audiences given afterwards at Government House to Native Chiefs, and the
+return visits, were conducted in the same manner and style as those at
+Bombay. In the afternoon a crowded Lev&eacute;e was held and in the evening a
+state banquet<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> given to which the Governor invited all the chief
+personages in the City and Presidency. A brief reception followed and
+then His Royal Highness drove out to the Duke's country residence where
+he spent the following day in seclusion as being the anniversary of his
+father's death.</p>
+
+<p>The events of the succeeding day included fashionable and interesting
+races at Guindy Park which all the Madras world attended under the
+patronage of the Prince; and in the afternoon a Royal reception of the
+Chancellor and officers and Fellows of the University; of the Grand
+Officers of the local Freemasonry; of Commissions or deputations from
+Mysore and Coorg and Coimbatore. Each of the latter bore gifts and all
+presented addresses. Formal calls were made upon the principal Chiefs
+and a memorial foundation stone of the new Harbour works laid. The
+latter was an impressive scene and on his way home the Prince, despite
+pouring rain, visited the historic Fort of St. George with its many
+reminders of past struggle and conquest. Another state banquet and
+reception followed.</p>
+
+<p>On the following day the Prince enjoyed a spectacle of Indian jugglery
+and saw feats performed which in a western land would be deemed
+miraculous. December the 17th saw His Royal Highness lunching at the
+Madras Club where he tested Indian curries in their highest state of
+development and in the afternoon he was welcomed at the Park by
+thousands of children. A little later he reviewed a body of troops
+accompanied by the Commander-in-Chief, Sir Paul Haines. With the latter
+he dined in the evening and at ten o'clock drove to the Pier to see the
+great event of the visit. This was an illumination of the sea. Mr. W. H.
+Russell in his <i>Diary</i> says: "Man will never see any spectacle more
+strange&mdash;nay awful. Neither pen nor pencil can give any idea of it. It
+was exciting, grand, wierd and beautiful." Fireworks from the ships
+looked like volcanoes bursting from the deep, while multiplied<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>
+fireboats had an effect upon the stony ink-blackness of the surf, like
+rolling flames pouring in upon the shores. At midnight the Prince passed
+from this scene to a special Native entertainment in his honour. The
+great railway station had been converted into a decorated theatre
+crowded with many thousand natives. Upon the elevated platform the
+Prince received an address and an exquisite gold casket and then watched
+a programme of eastern dancing. At six in the morning the Prince was up
+and away to attend a meet of the Madras pack and enjoy a few hours'
+sport&mdash;and in the afternoon the <i>Serapis</i> was again his home and Madras
+was left behind.</p>
+
+<p>After a pleasant voyage up the Bay of Bengal the Prince of Wales arrived
+at Fort William, passed through a great fleet of vessels and prepared to
+enter Calcutta, the capital of the great Eastern Empire. Meantime, many
+eminent Indian officials and unofficial personages called to pay their
+respects and finally, the Earl of Northbrook, Viceroy and
+Governor-General. Amidst the thunder of artillery from fleet and forts
+His Royal Highness then landed and was welcomed by a great multitude of
+people, luxuriously seated in tiers of seats ranged beside two pavilions
+draped in scarlet, the canopies of which were upheld by gold pillars
+wreathed with flowers. Beyond was a massive arch of triumph and the
+platform and landing stage was carpeted with red cloth. In the
+surrounding crowd was the whole central machinery of government amongst
+three hundred millions of people and Rajahs, Chiefs and authorities
+innumerable. The procession through the "City of Palaces" was marked by
+the same splendour, the same crowds, the same curious contrasts as had
+impressed the observer at Bombay. But the absence of the night effect
+and its wierd illumination and the presence of certain indefinable
+elements made it more dignified; while the greater number of English
+people gave a certain leaven of western enthusiasm which had been
+wanting elsewhere. In the evening a magnificent banquet was given<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> by
+the Viceroy and the city was a blaze of light and the scene of general
+festivity.</p>
+
+<p>The day before Christmas saw a state reception more remarkable than any
+yet held. The first native prince to be received was the Maharajah of
+Puttiala&mdash;a melancholy-faced man who died soon afterwards. Then followed
+the Maharajah Holkar of Indore who was said to have &pound;5,000,000 in gold
+stored away; the Maharajah of Jodhpore, who wore an indescribable
+glittering mass of gems; the Maharajahs of Jeypore, Cashmere, Gwalior;
+the Sultana Jehan, Begum of Bhopal, of whom little more than a shawl and
+a silk hood could be seen; and the Maharajah of Rewah, a dignified
+personage who was said by some writers to be suffering from leprosy. A
+Lev&eacute;e was then held and the Prince, for two hours, with the Duke of
+Sutherland on one side of him and Lieutenant-Governor Sir Richard Temple
+on the other, stood in full uniform bowing to a steady stream of people.
+Another state banquet in the evening, and then attendance at an
+entertainment some miles out of town gotten up by Native gentlemen,
+brought this Christmas Eve to a close. On the following day the Prince
+attended service at the Cathedral accompanied by Lord Northbrook and
+listened to a powerful sermon from Bishop Milman&mdash;who died of a fever
+caught on his Episcopal tour a few weeks later. He then drove to the
+harbour and went on board the <i>Serapis</i>, which was decked out in
+imitation of winter, and here had a sort of Christmas dinner. The rest
+of the day was spent at Barrackpoor, the Viceroy's country residence,
+but better known as the place where the terrible first signs of the
+Mutiny were detected. After church on the 26th (Sunday) the Prince made
+an excursion to the little French territory of Chandernagore&mdash;one of the
+remnants of historic empire.</p>
+
+<p>On the following day His Royal Highness held another reception for
+Chiefs attended by envoys from the King of Burmah, the Maharajah of
+Punnah in person, an embassy from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> Nepaul, the noble-looking Rajah of
+Jheend, the Maharajahs of Benares, Nahun, and Johore. This was the last
+of the Chiefs, for the moment, and the Prince and his wearied suite
+could rest from a succession of sights and ceremonies in which
+dark-featured magnates with diamonds, emeralds, rubies and pearls and an
+infinite variety of Sirdar escorts, must have come to be a mere
+picturesque and confused medley. Many splendid presents were received
+and on the two following days return visits were paid in state. On
+December 21st the Prince witnessed a tent-pegging exhibition by the 10th
+Bengal Cavalry, made a round of the hospitals and asylums, and wound up
+with a garden party at Belvidere and a dinner and grand ball at
+Government House.</p>
+
+<p>On New Year's Day the Prince of Wales held a Chapter of the Order of the
+Star of India in place of the Durbar which could only be held by the
+direct representative of the Sovereign. Opposite the entrance to
+Government House a canopied dais was erected, carpeted with cloth of
+gold, covered with light-blue satin and supported upon silver pillars.
+Two chairs with silver arms were placed upon the dais and around it were
+the marines and sailors of the <i>Serapis</i> while on the left were infantry
+of the line. At nine o'clock came the processions, each presaged by a
+flourish of trumpets. First came the Companions of the Order, Native and
+European, presenting a stream of picturesque uniforms and costumes. Then
+the Knights Grand Cross entered the Pavilion followed in the case of
+each Indian dignitary by a small procession of Sirdars in rich and
+varied dress&mdash;the Begum of Bhopal, Sir Salar Jung, the Maharajah of
+Puttiala, Lord Napier of Magdala, the Maharajah of Travancore, Sir
+Bartle Frere, the Maharajahs of Rewah, Jeypoor, Indore, Cashmere, and
+Gwalior. Then came the Prince of Wales wearing a white helmet and plume,
+and a Field Marshal's uniform almost concealed by his sky-blue mantle.
+Following him was the Viceroy and the two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> took the chairs placed on the
+dais. His Excellency, as Grand Master of the Order, then went through
+the ceremonial of opening the Chapter and then, from out the tented
+field of, literally, cloth of gold which surrounded the Royal pavilion,
+came one by one the Knights to be. Each in turn left his tent with
+stately accompaniments, approached, bowed and knelt at the footstool of
+His Royal Highness who spoke certain prescribed words and placed the
+Collar of the Order around his neck. As he rose the number of guns to
+which he was entitled thundered forth their salute. The Maharajahs of
+Jodhpoor and Jheend were thus invested with the Grand Cross and a number
+of others were made Knights Commander or Companions of the Order. The
+proceedings closed with a procession to Government House which lacked no
+element of Oriental splendour and displayed untold wealth in jewels and
+unique characteristics in costume.</p>
+
+<p>In the afternoon the Prince unveiled an equestrian statue of the late
+Lord Mayo and afterwards attended a polo match. In the evening he drove
+to see the illumination of the fleet and then attended in state a
+theatrical performance with Charles Matthews as the central figure. On
+January 2nd, church was attended at Fort William and the arsenal
+inspected; the Botanical Gardens and Bishop's College visited; and an
+amateur concert of sacred music listened to at Government House in the
+evening. The next day's programme included the spectacle of tent-pegging
+and polo-playing between rival regiments; the reception of an LL. D.
+degree from the University of Calcutta; a visit to a Hindoo Zenana under
+arrangements made by Miss Baring, Lady Temple and others; and a farewell
+reception at Government House.</p>
+
+<p>The Royal special train arrived at Bankipoor station, near Patna, on the
+morning of January 4th and the Prince was duly welcomed by Sir Richard
+Temple, Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, his officers and a great
+concourse of people. He was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> driven through an avenue of four hundred
+elephants, all gaily caparisoned, to the Durbar tent, where, under a
+canopy and in front of a sort of throne, His Royal Highness held a Lev&eacute;e
+and marked in every way possible his approval of the splendid work
+lately done by Sir R. Temple and his officials in stamping out famine.
+Luncheon followed, and then the train was taken for Benares. Here he
+arrived at dark and found the magnificent ghauts or terraces alive with
+lights. The procession drove over the bridge of boats across the Ganges
+and through crowded streets out to the camp of the Lieutenant-Governor,
+Sir John Strachey, where a special and beautiful structure had been
+prepared for the Prince. On the following day an address was presented
+by the Municipality of Benares and answered, a Lev&eacute;e held, the
+foundation-stone of a Hospital laid, the Rajah of Vizianagram visited,
+the famous Temples inspected. At sunset the Prince embarked in a galley
+and went four miles up the Ganges to the old Fort of Ramnagar, where he
+was received at a carpeted and decorated landing-place by the Maharajah
+of Benares and witnessed a beautiful spectacle of illuminated river and
+battlements. Preceded by spearsmen and banners, carried in gold and
+silver chairs, passing between lines of cavalry, accompanied by
+elephants and the constant strains of wild music, the host and his Royal
+guest then went to the Castle. From the roof was seen another charming
+sight&mdash;the Ganges and its banks and terraces so lit up as to look like a
+myriad of tiny stars passing between banks of flaming gold. More
+presents were received and the drive back to the camp commenced.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE PRINCE VISITS LUCKNOW</p>
+
+<p>Next day, the journey was resumed to Lucknow, on the Oudh and Rohilcund
+Railway. At that much-modernized city the Prince of Wales arrived on
+January 6th and stayed at what was once Outram's head-quarters. Here,
+next morning,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> he held two Lev&eacute;es&mdash;a Native and a European one&mdash;and then
+drove to see the historic spots of the famous city. In the afternoon he
+laid the foundation-stone of a Memorial to the Natives who fell in
+defence of the Residency and the Empire during the Mutiny. Lord
+Northbrook had succeeded in getting together many of the survivors from
+all over India and they stood around His Royal Highness in their old
+war-worn uniforms. A touching scene followed the Prince's impromptu
+intimation that these veterans might be presented to him, and to each he
+said a word of kindness. In the afternoon a Native entertainment was
+given in his honour at the ancient Palace of the Kings of Oudh and a
+crown set in jewels was presented with the formal address. A reception,
+banquet, and fireworks, followed, and on the next day the Prince enjoyed
+a little hard riding and "pig-sticking" sport, during which Lord
+Carington had his collar-bone broken.</p>
+
+<p>Sunday was spent quietly in visiting various interesting places, after
+church, and on the succeeding day the Prince presented colours to a
+Native regiment and watched a march-past of troops. In the afternoon
+Cawnpore was visited, and then the train taken for Delhi, which was
+reached on the morning of January 11th. The entry into the Imperial City
+was surrounded with all possible pomp and circumstance. Lines of
+soldiery kept the streets from the station to the Royal camp, where rows
+of tents, avenues of shrubs and flowers, marquees and beautiful
+enclosures, formed a temporary home for the visitor and his suite. The
+first function was the reception of an address from the Municipality of
+a city which for one thousand years had been the seat of dynasties and
+native rule. A Lev&eacute;e followed and then dinner with Lord Napier of
+Magdala in his own mess-tent. On the following day a grand review was
+held and for an hour and a half a stream of horse, foot and guns flowed
+past. Then came a great banquet given by the Prince to the generals and
+officers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> and a ball at Selinghur in those "marble halls of dazzling
+light" which have been so often described. During the next few days a
+great sham fight was held; a visit paid to the Kootab, where the Prince
+mounted the summit of the famous pillar and viewed the wide-spread scene
+of ruin; the beautiful Mausoleum of Houmayoun was seen; and the
+illumination of the ancient city witnessed.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">A REMARKABLE SPECTACLE AT LAHORE</p>
+
+<p>On January 17th the beautiful city of tents disappeared and the Prince
+of Wales was on his way to Lahore. There, he was received with the usual
+state and drove four miles to Government House under the shade of a
+golden umbrella and in the gaze of a vast multitude of people. A
+remarkable spectacle was presented on the way by the encampment of the
+Rajahs of the Punjaub. In front of them stood a long line of elephants,
+caparisoned in gold and silver and gems, with armed retainers and a
+salute for the Royal visitor, which included all that the roll of drums,
+blare of trumpets and clang and roar of many strange instruments could
+produce. Amidst the elephants flashed lance and sword and cuirass and
+other things reminiscent of the days of western chivalry. At Government
+House an address was presented by the members of the City Council,
+wearing turbans of gold tissue, brocaded robes and coils of gems around
+their necks. A European Lev&eacute;e followed and then came the Native Chiefs.
+Afterwards the Prince visited the citadel and watched the sun set over
+the plains from a window once used by the Lion of Lahore in his days of
+power.</p>
+
+<p>The next day saw a return visit to the Chiefs in their picturesque,
+costly and oriental encampments; the opening of a Soldiers' Industrial
+Exhibition at Mean Meer; and a beautiful illumination of the exquisite
+Shalimar Gardens in the evening. On January 20th the Prince left for
+Jummoo to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> visit the Maharajah of Cashmere. Later in the day he was
+welcomed by this ruler, some seven miles from his capital and, mounted
+on an elephant preceeded and followed by a stately <i>cortege</i>, the Royal
+visitor passed through two miles of winding streets, brilliantly lighted
+and lined by Native troops, while piled-up masses of people showed many
+types of the Cashmeres, Lamas, Sikhs, Afghans, etc. On the summit of a
+great ridge was a specially constructed building created at enormous
+cost for the visitor's accommodation. The usual reception followed
+together with a great banquet. Sport was the occupation of the next day
+and in the evening a procession took place through the illuminated city
+to dine at the Palace with the Maharajah. A feature of the latter's
+entertainment was an extraordinary sacred dancing drama by Lamas from
+Thibet. The departure on the following morning occurred amid all the
+state that Cashmere could present&mdash;and that was not little. At
+Wazirabad, on the way back to Lahore, a brief visit was paid, a great
+bridge inaugurated and a banquet accepted. Government House was reached
+in the evening and, with Lieutenant-Governor Sir H. Davies, His Royal
+Highness then attended a Native entertainment at the College and
+witnessed fireworks lighting up all the forts and battlements and a sea
+of heads in the distant darkness.</p>
+
+<p>After a quiet Sunday at Lahore, the departure was made for Agra. On the
+way Umritzur was visited and the route to the Fort was lined and arched
+with artificial cypress-trees, gilded branches and garlands. An address
+was presented from the Municipality in which Sikh, Mohammedan and Hindoo
+united in expressions of fervent loyalty. Here the Golden Temple was
+visited. At Rajpoorah a stop was made to accept a banquet from the
+Maharajah of Puttiala in a beautiful palace of canvas. Early on January
+25th Agra was reached and the usual Oriental reception and procession
+followed. At the camp on the following day a Lev&eacute;e was held and a large<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>
+number of Native Chiefs presented. In the afternoon the troops of the
+latter passed in review before the Prince&mdash;a mixture of thousands of men
+and elephants, camels, horses and bullocks, and knights in armour.</p>
+
+<p>The principal event of the ensuing day was a visit to the famous and
+exquisite Taj Mahul&mdash;"too pure, too holy, to be the work of human
+hands." During the next few days some time was spent in shooting with
+the Maharajah of Bhurtpore; a grand ball was given at the Fort; a long
+interview granted Sir Dinkur Rao, the Native statesman; local convents
+and schools visited; the tomb of Akbar the Great&mdash;described as the
+grandest in the world&mdash;seen at Sekundra; a visit paid to the loyal
+Maharajah of Gwalior at Dholepoor. The next point visited was the famous
+old fortress of Bhurtpore and then the beautiful city of Jeypoor. Here
+the Prince went tiger shooting with the Rajpoot Chiefs and shot his
+tiger and, in the evening of February 5th, saw illuminations in which
+every Indian device appeared to have been exhausted. From the
+hospitalities of the Maharajah the Prince, however, soon turned away
+with his face towards the Himalayas and his heart in the prospective
+period of sport and liberty. The land of Kumaoun was the scene and with
+him was a camp which included twenty-five hundred persons without
+counting a perambulating army of provision carriers. Bears, elephants,
+tigers, wild boars and varied birds and game were amongst the trophies
+of his gun during a period of splendid sport which lasted until March
+6th.</p>
+
+<p>On that day the Prince resumed his tour and his Royal state and
+proceeded to Allahabad where he was met by Lord Northbrood and held a
+reception and an investiture of the Star of India at which Major-General
+Sir Samuel Browne, V.C., Major-General Sir D. M. Probyn and
+Surgeon-General Sir J. Fayrer received the ensignias of knighthood. The
+route was then continued to Indore and, on the way, the Prince<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> stopped
+long enough at Jubalpoor to see seven Thugs who had been in jail for
+thirty-five years for having committed an immense number of murders&mdash;one
+of them boasted sixty-five. At Indore, His Royal Highness was received
+by the Maharajah Holkar with due state and went through the usual
+programme of reception, visits and banquets&mdash;important in this case as
+being the last. Bombay was reached on March 11th and two days later all
+farewells were made and the future Emperor of India had left the shores
+of that mysterious, tragic and historical land, after having travelled
+in seventeen weeks seven thousand six hundred miles by land and two
+thousand three hundred miles by sea; met more Chiefs and notabilities
+than all the Indian Viceroys of the past put together; and seen more of
+the country and its surface life and varied customs than any living man.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">HE MEETS LORD LYTTON AT SUEZ</p>
+
+<p>Before leaving the Prince addressed a letter to the Viceroy expressing
+appreciation of the reception given to him and of the loyalty shown by
+the people. On the way home news came that Lord Lytton, the first
+representative of the Queen as Empress of India, was on the way out. As
+a personal friend of the Prince of Wales it was fitting that they should
+meet at Suez, where the new Viceroy came on board. At Cairo, the Prince
+was welcomed by the Khedive and his suite and a new round of gaiety
+commenced, including visits to the Pyramids and a little quiet shooting.
+At Alexandria, on April 2nd the Prince entertained the Grand Duke Alexis
+of Russia at dinner on the <i>Serapis</i>. The next point touched was Malta,
+where the thunder of the saluting fleet and fortress made the heavens
+ring. Here, seven addresses were presented and much enthusiasm shown by
+the populace. A great banquet was given by Sir W. and Lady Straubenzee
+and on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> April 7th new colours were presented by His Royal Highness to
+the 98th Regiment. Other functions followed. On April 15th the Prince
+was joined by his brother, the Duke of Connaught. The Island was <i>en
+f&ecirc;te</i>, and one of the events of the visit was the reception of a
+deputation from the Sultan of Morrocco. The festive proceedings of the
+time were wound up with a great ball.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">WELCOMED IN SPAIN</p>
+
+<p>The Prince of Wales landed <i>incognito</i> at Cadiz on April 20th and then
+proceeded, with the Duke of Connaught quietly to visit Seville and
+Cordova. At Madrid, which was reached on April 25th, the Royal party
+were formally welcomed by King Alfonso XII. and attended a state
+reception at the Palace. A military review was held by the King, and
+then a train was taken for the Palace of the Escurial, where King
+Alfonso acted as guide for his Royal guests amidst the bewildering
+artistic and other treasures of that immense and historic pile. Various
+functions of stately dignity followed the return of the Prince to
+Madrid, and the departure of the Duke for London, and the incidents of
+the period included attendance at a sitting of the Spanish Cortes, and
+the spectacle of a bull-fight. On April 30th His Royal Highness departed
+for Lisbon, where, on the following day, he was formally welcomed by
+King Louis of Portugal, his Court, the Foreign Ministers and the British
+Admirals of the fleet in the Tagus. There were no flags, or arches, or
+decorations, or tokens of welcome in the streets of Lisbon, but there
+was a vast mass of silent and respectful people. Many functions followed
+during the next few days and on May 7th the <i>Serapis</i> started once more
+for England. Four days later the ship was met by a yacht bearing the
+Princess of Wales and the Royal children and, in a few hours, the Heir
+Apparent was again at home from his famous journey and receiving a
+welcome at Portsmouth which was a fitting prelude to similar greetings
+in London and elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p><p>Such a tremendous experience as this tour had proved could not but have
+a pronounced and important effect. The burden of a continuous succession
+of events in which he was the central figure; the strain of a steady
+succession of brilliant spectacles presenting a kaleidoscopic variety of
+sight and sound and splendour and incident; the weight of a constant
+burden of ceremonial and state observances in a land where the slightest
+carelessness, or indifference, or cordiality&mdash;at the wrong moment&mdash;meant
+mortal offense to some important dignitary, caste, or interest; the
+physical trial of innumerable functions to a man clad in European
+costumes in a tropical climate; the infinite variety of his duties, the
+peculiar character of the hours maintained, the lack of sleep and the
+continuous round of banquets; must have tried the mind and heart and
+body about equally. In the end the experience must have broadened the
+conceptions and ideas of the Prince; educated him in a better perception
+of his immense responsibilities; trained him in an iron school of
+etiquette and helped to teach him that inflexible routine of duty which
+must ever face a British Sovereign.</p>
+
+<p>To the people of India the tour brought home a clearer perception of the
+personal power presiding over their destinies and a vivid picture of the
+greatness of the authority before which all their greatest dignitaries
+with the traditions of many thousand years, bowed in loyal obeisance. To
+the imaginative Indian mind nothing more effective could have been
+presented than the scenes of that brilliant and triumphal passage
+through the stamping ground of ancient conquerors. To the people of
+Great Britain it brought home a more realizable sense of the vastness of
+their dominions and the equivalent greatness of their national duty and
+responsibility. It helped to lay the foundation of that Imperial future
+of which Disraeli then dreamed and for which others have since laboured
+with a measure of success shown in the events preceding and following
+the accession of Edward VII., King and Emperor.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">Thirty Years of Public Work</p>
+
+
+<p>During the years between 1872 and the end of the century the Prince of
+Wales filled a place in public affairs not unlike that of the Prince
+Consort in the later and ripest period of his useful life. He grew
+steadily in the faculties which make for wisdom in council and action
+while retaining and developing the qualities which make for popularity
+and, in a Prince, may embody the characteristics and feelings of his
+nation. In those thirty years he saw much and travelled far; met many
+men of varied qualities and attainments and character; learned much by
+personal experience and observation and much from other people's
+experience; tested almost the pinnacle of earthly splendour in his
+Indian tour and learned in private something of the suffering which
+comes to all individuals whether great or little. He created the
+position of Heir Apparent as now understood; gave it a significance and
+value never before attained to; and filled it with a tact and ability
+which no detraction or misrepresentation could practically affect, and
+which in time made him the admittedly most all-round popular man in the
+United Kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>Before his illness the Prince had carried out a good many public
+engagements and helped a great number of useful objects. After that
+event and the outpouring of popular sentiment which found vent in the
+National Thanksgiving he became still more devoted to his round of
+public duties. On July 5th 1872, His Royal Highness visited the new
+Grammar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> School at Norwich and inspected the Norfolk Artillery Militia
+of which he was Honorary Colonel. At a banquet given by the Mayor he
+referred to his late illness, in expressing thanks for local sympathy,
+and added: "It is difficult now for me to speak upon that subject but as
+it has pleased Almighty God to preserve me to my country I hope I may
+not be ungrateful for the feeling which has been shown towards me and
+that I may do all that I can to be of use to my countrymen." On July
+25th, he reviewed four thousand boys of the Training ships and Pauper
+Schools of the Metropolitan Unions at South Kensington, and distributed
+prizes. The Prince was accompanied by the Princess of Wales and his
+sons. A little later, on August 11th, the Breakwater at Portland was
+inaugurated, the Royal yacht being accompanied from Osborne by a
+splendid fleet of fifteen ironclads. At the conclusion of the ceremony
+the Prince visited Weymouth, which was gaily decorated, and where he
+accepted a public banquet.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE PRINCE MAKES A VISIT TO DERBY</p>
+
+<p>The next important English function of His Royal Highness was a state
+visit to Derby on December 17th. The announcement that the Prince and
+Princess were coming to Chatsworth to stay with the Duke of Devonshire
+and would also visit Derby created much interest and on the appointed
+day brought great crowds from Birmingham, Manchester, Sheffield,
+Nottingham and Chesterfield to swell the population of the city. After
+driving through the decorated streets and cheering crowds various loyal
+addresses were received and prizes presented at the City Grammar School.
+On the evening of March 27th, 1873, the Prince presided at the annual
+dinner of the Railways' Benevolent Institution. In a somewhat lengthy
+little speech he explained its purposes and asked for aid in their
+attainment. The result was a subscription of five thousand guineas to
+which he himself contributed two hundred guineas.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p><p>A duty which was congenial in one sense and sad in another was the
+unveiling of a statue of the late Prince Consort at the entrance of the
+Holborn Viaduct in London on January 9th, 1874. A luncheon followed in
+the Guild Hall attended by some eight hundred guests and at which the
+Prince made a short speech. A few weeks later the Prince and Princess of
+Wales were at St. Petersburg to attend the marriage of the Duke of
+Edinburgh with the Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia on January
+23rd. The marriage ceremony was performed in much state with the
+successive rites of the Greek and English Churches&mdash;Dean Stanley
+presiding over the latter. Four future Sovereigns were present on the
+occasion, the Prince of Wales, the Crown Prince of Prussia, the
+Czarewitch of Russia and the Crown Prince of Denmark. During this visit
+the Prince and Princess were treated with great distinction by the Czar
+and a grand military review was held in honour of His Royal Highness.
+The anniversary festival of the British Orphan Asylum was attended on
+March 25th, in London, and a speech was made by His Royal Highness
+explanatory of the useful objects of the institution. The subscriptions
+announced during the evening amounted to &pound;2400. An important incident of
+the year was the visit of the Shah of Persia to England and the splendid
+entertainments given in honour of an Oriental Sovereign whose
+friendliness was of serious import in the event of trouble between Great
+Britain and Russia. The Prince of Wales devoted considerable time to the
+task of welcoming and entertaining the Royal visitor and gave one great
+banquet, in particular, at Marlborough House which was remarkable for
+its effective magnificence.</p>
+
+<p>A dinner was given on March 31st by the Lord Mayor of London to
+Major-General Sir Garnet Wolseley&mdash;afterward Field Marshal, Viscount
+Wolseley&mdash;on his return from the successful Ashantee expedition and the
+Prince of Wales made<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> a tactful speech on the occasion expressive of the
+thanks of the nation for the services of officers and men in that
+arduous campaign. On April 22nd the Prince presided over a dinner in aid
+of the funds of the Royal Medical Benevolent Hospital. The leading men
+of the profession were present and, after a speech from the Prince,
+donations of &pound;1780 were announced by the Secretary with the usual one
+hundred guinea subscription from the Royal chairman. A different kind of
+function was His Royal Highness' attendance at a dinner of the Benchers
+of the Middle Temple on June 11th. The Master of the Temple, the Rev.
+Dr. Vaughan, presided and others present were the Archbishop of
+Canterbury and the Lord Chief Justice. The Prince, as a Bencher, wore
+the silk gown of a Queen's Counsel as well as the riband of the Garter
+and made a brief speech in which he expressed the modest opinion that it
+was a good thing for the profession at large that he had never been
+called to the Bar. On August 13th the new Municipal Buildings and Law
+Courts at Plymouth were opened by the Prince after a formal reception at
+the hands of the Mayor and a procession through the artistically
+decorated and densely packed streets of the city.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">FIRST STATE VISIT TO BIRMINGHAM</p>
+
+<p>An interesting event of this year and one which created considerable
+discussion and comment was the first state visit of the Prince and
+Princess of Wales to Birmingham. For half a century that city had been a
+centre of Radicalism, of extreme democratic opinion and, in earlier
+days, of Chartist turbulence. The Mayor, in 1874, was Mr. Joseph
+Chamberlain who was then noted for democratic views which were supposed
+in many quarters to extend to the full measure of republicanism. Doubt
+was even expressed as to whether the Royal reception would be as cordial
+as might be desired or the Mayor as courteous, in the sense of loyal
+phraseology, as was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> customary. The visit took place on November 3rd and
+a most cordial welcome was given by all classes of the people. Mr.
+Chamberlain presented an address in the Town Hall and at a subsequent
+luncheon spoke of the Queen as "having established claims to the
+admiration of her people by the loyal fulfillment of responsible
+duties." In reference to this and other speeches which he made as
+chairman the London <i>Times</i> of the succeeding day declared that
+"whatever Mr. Chamberlain's views may be his speeches of yesterday
+appear to us to have been admirably worthy of the occasion and to have
+done the highest credit to himself." They were described as being
+couched in a line of "courteous homage, manly independence and
+gentlemanly feeling."</p>
+
+<p>The annual dinner of the Royal Cambridge Asylum was presided over by His
+Royal Highness on March 13th, 1875; the Merchant Taylors' School in the
+Charterhouse was visited on April 6th; the German Hospital annual
+banquet was presided over ten days later and donations of &pound;5000 to its
+funds announced during the evening&mdash;including one hundred guineas from
+the Prince; the installation of the Heir Apparent as Grand Master of the
+English Freemasons took place on April 28th. On June 5th he presided at
+the yearly banquet of the Royal Agricultural Benevolent Institution for
+providing pensions or annuities for persons ruined by agricultural
+depression. The Earl of Hardwicke in proposing the Royal chairman's
+health said that "the position of the Prince of Wales is not one of the
+easiest. He has no definite duties, but the duty he has laid down for
+himself is of a very definite nature. It is to benefit, to the best of
+his power, all his fellow-creatures." In the course of his speeches the
+Prince made an earnest appeal for aid to the purposes of the institution
+with the result that &pound;8000 was announced as the total donation of the
+evening&mdash;including the usual one hundred guineas from the chairman.</p>
+
+<p>The next important event in his public life was the visit of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> the Prince
+to India in 1875-6. On his return the Royal traveller received many
+demonstrations of popular esteem and the City of London entertained him
+at a great banquet and ball and an address of welcome, in a golden
+casket of Indian design, was presented. During the remainder of the year
+the Prince took a much-needed rest and interested himself largely in
+matters local to his own county of Norfolk. He took in hand the
+necessity existing at Norwich for a new Hospital and a large sum of
+money was soon subscribed for this purpose. Later in the year he visited
+Glasgow and laid the foundation of a new Post Office in that city. In
+the spring of 1877 what may be termed the moral courage of the Prince
+was put to a test in his invitation to preside at the annual banquet of
+the Licensed Victuallers' Asylum. There were many protests made and at
+least two hundred petitions presented urging His Royal Highness not to
+patronize or help the liquor interest. He decided, however, that the
+charity was a useful one and the widows and orphans of licensed
+victuallers as deserving of succour as those of other classes in the
+community, and that he could quite well afford to patronize an
+institution in succession to his own father, the late Prince Consort.
+Earl Granville was present, three Bishops and many members of the Houses
+of Lords and Commons and the proceeds of the occasion were over &pound;5000.
+In one of his speeches the Royal chairman referred to the petitions
+received from Temperance Societies and remarked: "I think this time they
+rather overstep the mark because the object of the meeting to-night is
+not to encourage the love of drink but to support a good and excellent
+charity."</p>
+
+<p>Early in 1878 the Prince unveiled at Cambridge (on January 22nd) a
+statue of his late father, who for years had been Chancellor of the
+University. On June 28th, together with the Princess of Wales, he
+visited the Infant Orphan Asylum at Wanstead and presided at the
+luncheon which followed and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> at which were Her Royal Highness, the Duke
+and Duchess of Manchester, the Bishop of St. Albans and Mrs. Claughton,
+and a large gathering. In his speech the Royal chairman reviewed the
+history of the institution and afterwards gave one hundred guineas to
+its funds. As a result of his interest in naval matters the Prince had
+already placed his sons on the training ship <i>Britannia</i> and, on July
+24th of this year, he and the Princess consented to distribute the
+annual prizes and medals. An address was presented from the City of
+Dartmouth, on board the Royal yacht <i>Osborne</i>, which had been
+accompanied into the estuary of the River Dart by a large number of
+war-ships, yachts, steam-launches and boats. Flags were flying
+everywhere on sea and shore and in the evening the illuminations were
+striking. At the <i>Britannia</i> the Royal visitors were received by Mr. W.
+H. Smith M.P. First Lord of the Admiralty and a distinguished gathering
+amongst whom were Lord and Lady Charles Beresford and Sir Samuel and
+Lady Baker. In his speech the Prince referred to the personal expression
+of confidence in the institution by the Princess and himself in sending
+their two sons to be trained there and expressed the hope that the
+latter might do credit to the ship and to their country. A visit to
+Dartmouth followed and then Prince Edward and Prince George were taken
+home for their holidays.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE DEATH OF PRINCESS ALICE</p>
+
+<p>During this year the Heir Apparent had the misfortune to lose his
+much-loved sister the Princess Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse, to whose
+careful nursing he had owed so much in his own serious illness and the
+sad features of whose death&mdash;as a result of nursing her children through
+an attack of malignant diphtheria&mdash;had proved such a shock to the
+British public. The Prince and Princess spent some months in retirement
+after this occurrence and had also to mourn the death of the gallant
+young Prince Imperial of France, in whose career <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>they had taken a deep
+personal interest&mdash;not only on account of his loveable qualities, but
+because of the long friendship between the Royal house of England and
+the widowed Empress Eugenie, to whose lonely hopes and pride the loss
+was so terrible. The Prince of Wales helped the stricken lady in the
+details of the funeral, acted as the principal pall-bearer and showed
+his sympathy in many ways, of which the wreath of violets sent from
+Marlborough, with the following inscription, was an incident: "A token
+of affection and regard for him who lived the most spotless of lives and
+died a soldier's death fighting for our cause in Zululand. From Albert
+Edward and Alexandra, July 12, 1879." His Royal Highness strongly
+supported the proposal to erect a Memorial in Westminster Abbey, but
+even his great influence could not overcome the international prejudices
+which the suggestion aroused and he had to wait till January, 1883, when
+the "United Service Memorial" was erected at Woolwich, and, accompanied
+by his two sons and the Dukes of Edinburgh and Cambridge, he was able to
+unveil the statue and fittingly eulogize the Royal French youth who had
+fought and died for the country which had been so kind to his parents.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo20.jpg" width="300" height="504" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+QUEEN ALEXANDRA<br />
+The Queen Consort of Edward VII
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo21.jpg" width="500" height="360" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, AT
+BRUSSELS, APRIL, 1900
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo22.jpg" width="500" height="314" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+FLEET STREET, LONDON<br />
+This is one of the most interesting thoroughfares of London. On all
+great state occasions it is beautifully and lavishly decorated. In the
+distance is seen the dome of St. Paul's Cathedral, where a great
+memorial service was held, attended by the Corporation of London, great
+numbers of officials and great throngs of mourning people.
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo23.jpg" width="500" height="318" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR
+</div>
+
+<p class="padtop">On May 5th, 1879, the Prince of Wales presided at the annual banquet of
+the Cabdrivers' Benevolent Association. On May 23, 1880, he presided at
+a dinner in aid of the funds of the Princess Helena College and the
+result of his patronage and the careful speech delivered was a total
+donation of &pound;2000, to which he contributed his customary one hundred
+guineas. On June 17th of the same year he visited the new Breakwater and
+Harbour at Holyhead and, during the visit, there were loyal
+demonstrations on sea and land and a banquet attended by gentlemen
+representing most of the leading English and Irish railway companies.
+During the same month the King of Greece visited England and the Prince
+had an opportunity of returning some of the many hospitalities which he
+had received<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> from His Majesty and of presenting him to the Corporation
+of London at a great banquet of welcome. As Duke of Cornwall he also
+laid the first stone of Truro Cathedral in this month. Writing of this
+and other functions on June 18th the <i>Times</i> declared that the
+representative duties of British royalty were heavier than the private
+functions of the hardest-worked Englishman. "In these scenes and a
+hundred like them a Prince's function cannot be discharged
+satisfactorily unless he be at once an impersonation of Royal state and,
+what is harder still, his own individual self. He must act his public
+character as if he enjoyed the festival as much as any of the
+spectators. He must be able to stamp a national impress upon the
+solemnity yet mark its local and particular significance."</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">DISTRIBUTES PRIZES, PRESENTS AND COLOURS</p>
+
+<p>New colours were presented to the Royal Welsh Fusiliers by the Prince as
+they were embarking from Portsmouth for India, on August 16th. On May
+24th, 1881, he presided at the festival dinner of the Royal Hospital for
+Women and Children in London, contributed one hundred guineas to its
+funds and was able to announce donations totalling &pound;2000. At King's
+College, London, on July 2nd, His Royal Highness, accompanied by the
+Princess, distributed the annual prizes and pointed out the history and
+merits of the institution. On July 18th the Prince, accompanied by the
+Princess of Wales, laid the foundation of a City and Guilds of London
+Institute, established for the technical training of artisans, and
+delivered a speech of considerable range and length. He also accepted
+the Presidency of the Institute. The seventh annual meeting of the
+International Medical Congress was formally opened by the Prince,
+accompanied by the Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia, on August 3rd. He
+was received by a Committee composed of distinguished medical men such
+as Sir W. Jenner, Sir William Gull, Sir James Paget and Sir J. R.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>
+Bennett and, during the ceremony, spoke upon the progress made in late
+years by medical science.</p>
+
+<p>The death of Dean Stanley on July 18th of this year was felt as a
+personal and severe loss by both the Prince and Princess. The former had
+no warmer or wiser friend; the latter no greater admirer in the highest
+sense of the word. It was fitting, therefore, that His Royal Highness
+should take the lead in raising a suitable Memorial to the distinguished
+Churchman and he attended and spoke earnestly at a meeting called in the
+Chapter-house of Westminster Abbey, for that purpose, on December 13th.
+Dean Bradley presided and there were also present Archbishop Tait of
+Canterbury, the Marquess of Salisbury, Earl Granville, the Duke of
+Westminster, the Marquess of Lorne, Mr. J. Russell Lowell, the American
+Minister, Lord Chief Justice Coleridge and others. In his speech the
+Prince spoke of his intimate friendship with Dean Stanley over a period
+of twenty-two years, of their association in the East and of the great
+charm of his companionship. "As the Churchman, as the scholar, as the
+man of letters, as the philanthropist and, above all, as the true
+friend, his name must always go down to posterity as a great and good
+man and as one who will make his mark on a chapter of his country's
+history."</p>
+
+<p>During the next few years the public events of the Prince's career
+continued along very much the same lines, varied by some rapid trip to
+the continent, or visit to the country home of some noble friend, or a
+shooting excursion to some place where game was plentiful and companions
+congenial. The central events, aside from his promotion of the Fisheries
+and other Exhibitions, were the visit to Ireland in 1885, the support
+given to an Empire policy by his patronage of the Imperial Institute and
+similar concerns, his active connection with the Masonic Order and his
+conduct of the Jubilee of 1887. The International Fisheries Exhibition
+grew out of a comparatively<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> small affair at Norwich in which the Prince
+of Wales had taken an active interest. In July 1881, as a result of his
+initiative, a meeting was held in London, a committee was formed and the
+preliminary work done. In February 1882 a second meeting occurred and
+further organization was effected with the Queen as Patron, His Royal
+Highness as President and the Duke of Richmond as Chairman of the
+General Committee. The Exhibition was finally opened on May 13, 1883, by
+the Prince of Wales, who had around him most of the members of the Royal
+family, the Foreign Ambassadors, Her Majesty's Ministers and other
+distinguished persons, His address defined the reasons for the
+enterprise in a sentence: "In view of the rapid increase of the
+population in all civilized countries, and especially in these sea girt
+kingdoms, a profound interest attaches to every industry which affects
+the supply of food; and in this respect the harvest of the sea is hardly
+less important than that of the land." In results he thought the
+Exhibition should enable practical fishermen to acquaint themselves with
+the latest improvements in both their working craft and life-saving
+systems. It was a great success. The total visitors numbered 2,703,051
+and there was a financial surplus of &pound;15,243. Of this, two-thirds was
+put aside to assist the families of fishermen who had lost their lives
+at sea, and &pound;3000 was used to organize a Fisheries Society in order to
+keep up the interest in the subject and encourage the study of ways and
+means to help the fishermen.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE PRINCE ENCOURAGES EXHIBITIONS</p>
+
+<p>In replying to an address from the Executive Committee at the closing of
+the Exhibition, on October 31st, the Prince had suggested that other
+Exhibitions might very well be held dealing with the three great
+subjects of Health, Inventions and the Colonies. The first subject dealt
+with was that of Health. Owing to the death of his brother, the Duke of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>
+Albany, on March 28th, 1884, the Prince could not do much more than
+initiate the project but it was carried on by the Duke of Buckingham as
+Chairman of the Committee. Its active progress was marked by the
+inauguration of the work of the International Juries by the Prince of
+Wales on June 17th. Like the Fisheries and the "Colinderies" which
+followed it in 1886, the "Healtheries" proved ultimately a great
+success. Meanwhile, minor incidents were occurring. On March 1st, 1882,
+as Colonel of the Corps, the Prince presided over the 21st anniversary
+dinner of the Civil Service Volunteers and spoke at some length upon the
+importance of the Volunteer force. Others present on the occasion were
+the Dukes of Manchester and Portland, Viscount Bury, Lord Elcho and
+Colonel Lloyd-Lindsay. On March 10th, 1883, the Duke of Cambridge,
+Commander-in-Chief, called a meeting in London to consider what could be
+done with the neglected British graves in the Crimea and the Prince of
+Wales, who had felt the matter keenly during his visit of years before,
+moved a Resolution declaring that immediate steps should be taken in the
+matter. He spoke with earnestness, contributed &pound;50 toward the project
+and was supported by General Sir W. Codrington, Admiral Sir H. Keppel,
+General Sir L. A. Simmons and Lord Wolseley.</p>
+
+<p>The new City School of London, on the Thames Embankment, was opened by
+His Royal Highness on December 12th, 1882, accompanied by the Princess
+of Wales. On May 21st 1883 crowded memories of his Indian tour were
+revived by the opening of the Northbrook Club for the use of Native
+gentlemen from the East Indies. In his speech the Prince referred with
+gratitude to his "magnificent reception" in India and expressed his
+strong approval of the establishment of a place where natives of that
+Empire could meet together for purposes of relaxation and intercourse.
+The City of London College, intended chiefly for young men who could
+only attend evening<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> classes, was inaugurated on July 8th of this year.
+The Princess was also present. In the House of Lords on February 22nd,
+1884, the Prince made one of his very few speeches in that
+Chamber&mdash;although a frequent attendant at its sessions. It was in
+connection with a motion presented by Lord Salisbury for the appointment
+of a Royal Commission to inquire into the housing of the working
+classes. His Royal Highness declared that a searching inquiry was very
+necessary, expressed his pleasure at having been named a member of the
+Commission, referred to his own experiments at Sandringham, and
+expressed the hope that measures of a drastic and thorough kind would
+result. Three days later, accompanied by the Princess, their three
+daughters, and Her Royal Highness the Marchioness of Lorne, the Prince
+of Wales visited the Guards' Industrial Home at Chelsea Barracks and
+distributed the annual prizes.</p>
+
+<p>On March 15th, not for the first time, he presided at the annual meeting
+of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution and spoke strongly of its
+valuable and important work. Other speakers were the Dukes of Argyll and
+Northumberland, Admiral Keppel and Lord C. Beresford. The Guilds of
+London Institute was opened on June 25th and the speech made by the
+Prince was more elaborate than usual. He was well supported by Lord
+Carlingford and Mr. A. J. Mundella, M.P. An important and interesting
+incident of this year was the action of the Prince of Wales in presiding
+over a densely-crowded meeting in the Guild Hall, London, called to
+celebrate the Jubilee of the abolition of slavery in British countries
+and to consider the past and present work of the Anti-Slavery Society.
+On the platform were many distinguished men in every sphere of the
+national life and the speech of His Royal Highness was probably the
+longest he had ever delivered. It was a succinct history of the
+abolition of slavery in various countries and colonies and contained
+many expressions of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> warm approval toward those who had worked to that
+end&mdash;the extension of "the sacred principle of freedom." Sir Stafford
+Northcote, Archbishop Benson of Canterbury, Mr. W. E. Forster, M.P.,
+Cardinal Manning and others spoke, and it was afterwards announced by
+the Lord Mayor that the Prince had consented to become Patron of the
+British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society.</p>
+
+<p>The unveiling of the statue of Charles Darwin in the Museum of Natural
+History on June 9th, 1885, evoked a brief speech and a reference to "the
+great Englishman who had exerted so vast an influence upon the progress
+of branches of natural knowledge." On July 4th the Prince and Princess
+attended the opening of the new building of the Birkbeck Institution in
+London and the former spoke upon its objects and character. On July 5th
+of the previous year he presided at the annual dinner in aid of the
+Railway Guards' Friendly Society and referred in his speech to its
+nature and valuable work. More than &pound;3300 was subscribed, to which the
+Royal chairman gave his usual contribution. The Convalescent Home at
+Swanley was opened on July 13th 1885 and the Prince was accompanied by
+his wife and daughters. A visit was paid two days later to Leeds and the
+Prince and Princess stayed at Studley, the seat of the Marquess of
+Ripon. Various addresses were received at the Town Hall and from thence
+the Royal visitors went to the Yorkshire College, which the Prince duly
+inaugurated amid much state. At the succeeding luncheon he spoke of the
+great importance of the industrial educational work which this
+institution was carrying on. "I have for a long time been deeply
+impressed with the advisability of establishing in our great centres of
+population, colleges and schools, not only for promoting the
+intellectual advancement of the people, but also for increasing their
+prosperity by furthering the application of scientific knowledge to the
+industrial arts."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p><p>The sad news of the gallant death of General Gordon affected the Prince
+of Wales as only the loss of a friend who is greatly and personally
+admired can do. He took much interest in the Committee which was formed
+to promote a Memorial and finally summoned a special meeting at
+Marlborough House, on January 12th, 1886, to promote the collection of a
+fund looking to the permanent establishment of a Gordon Boys' Home.
+Speeches were made by General Higginson, the Duke of Cambridge and Lord
+Napier of Magdala, and ultimately the enterprise was fairly placed upon
+its feet. A little later, with Prince Albert Victor and Prince George,
+His Royal Highness went to stay with the Duke of Westminster at Eaton
+Hall. From thence, on January 20th, they visited Liverpool and the
+Mersey Tunnel was formally inaugurated after a drive through the city
+and the reception of the usual addresses and popular welcome. A banquet
+was also received and several speeches made by the Prince. The
+Institution of Civil Engineers entertained the Prince of Wales at dinner
+on March 27th and the Royal guest was accompanied by his eldest son and
+the Duke of Cambridge. Sir Frederick Bramwell presided. On June 28th,
+following, he laid the foundation-stone of the Peoples' Palace amidst
+evidences of unbounded personal popularity in the East End of London;
+with ten thousand people around him&mdash;including one thousand delegates
+from the various Trade, Friendly and Temperance Societies in East
+London; and with representative persons in attendance such as Dr. Adler,
+the Chief Rabbi, Cardinal Manning, Archbishop Benson and Mr. Walter
+Besant.</p>
+
+<p>As a result of his deep and practical interest in agricultural matters
+the Prince of Wales held a sale of Shorthorn cattle and Southdown sheep
+at Norwich on July 15th of this year. The sale was a most interesting
+and successful event from a technical as well as general standpoint and
+fully proved the right of the Royal owner of Sandringham to be called a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>
+farmer and to act as President of the Royal Agricultural Society of
+England. A luncheon given to the agricultural celebrities of England
+followed the sale. On March 12th, 1887, the Prince presided at the
+Jubilee banquet of the London Orphan Asylum and defined its objects and
+work while urging more financial assistance to its projects. Amongst
+those present were the Duke of Abercorn, the Earl of Clarendon, General
+Sir Donald Stewart and Sir Dighton Probyn. The subscriptions announced
+during the evening were &pound;5000, including one hundred guineas from the
+Prince.</p>
+
+<p>On March 30th he opened the new College of Preceptors in London,
+accompanied by the Princess of Wales and the Princesses Victoria and
+Maud. The opening of the Manchester Exhibition followed on May 3rd and
+the Prince and Princesses came to the city from Tatton Hall, where they
+had been staying with Lord Egerton. The usual hearty welcome was given
+along the crowded route. On May 22nd the London Hospital's new buildings
+were inaugurated, the Prince being accompanied by his wife and two
+daughters and the Crown Prince of Denmark. Six days later Tottenham was
+visited and the new portion of the Deaconesses Institution and Hospital
+opened. The Shaftesbury House, or home for shelterless boys, was
+inaugurated on June 17th and on November 3rd His Royal Highness visited
+Truro, accompanied by the Princess and his two sons, attended the
+consecration of the new Cathedral by the Primate of England and spoke
+afterwards at a luncheon given by the principal residents of the Duchy
+of Cornwall. On the following day he presented new colours to the Duke
+of Cornwall's Light Infantry at Devonport.</p>
+
+<p>On May the 8th, 1888, the Prince and Princess of Wales opened the
+Glasgow Exhibition and the former spoke interestingly of the industrial
+development of the time. The statesman whose advice and knowledge had
+been so greatly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> appreciated by the Prince during his Indian tour was
+fittingly commemorated by the statue on the Thames Embankment which His
+Royal Highness unveiled on June 5th following. Sir Bartle Frere was
+described in the speech accompanying the act as "a great and valued
+public servant of the Crown and a highly esteemed and dear friend of
+myself." On July 6th a new Gymnasium for the Young Men's Christian
+Association was opened in London; on May 9th the Prince and Princess
+visited Blackburn and were enthusiastically received; on May 14th His
+Royal Highness, accompanied by his wife and daughters, Prince Charles of
+Denmark and Prince George of Greece, opened the Anglo-Danish Exhibition
+at South Kensington; on July 17th he inaugurated the new buildings of
+the Great Northern Hospital at Islington and in the autumn of the year
+paid a visit to Austria and some of the countries in Southern Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The purely public events of following years may be briefly and partially
+summarized. In June, 1889, the Prince and Princess of Wales visited the
+Paris Exhibition in a semi-private capacity, and were present at Athens,
+on October 27th, at the wedding of the Duke of Sparta and Princess
+Sophia of Germany. The great Forth Bridge was opened by the Prince in
+March, 1890, and a short time spent with Lord Rosebery at Dalmeny; a
+visit was paid to Berlin, accompanied by Prince George, on March 21st; a
+statue of the Duke of Albany was unveiled at Cannes on April 6th; a new
+nave in the ancient Church of St. Saviour, Southwark, was inaugurated on
+July 24th; the new Town Hall at Portsmouth was opened on August 9th; the
+City of London Electric Railway was inaugurated on November 4th. On
+November 9th, 1891, the theatrical managers of London presented His
+Royal Highness with a large gold cigar-box in honour of his fiftieth
+birthday. In 1892 the Prince visited the Royal Agricultural Society at
+Warwick with the Duke of York, laid the foundation-stone <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>of the
+Clarence Memorial addition to St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, and
+supervised the re-building of Sandringham after the fire which had
+consumed a portion of it. One of the events of 1894 was a visit to
+Coburg in April and attendance at the marriage of his niece and nephew,
+the Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and the Grand Duke of Hesse.
+Another was the opening of the Tower Bridge, London, in June, by the
+Prince and Princess on behalf of the Queen.</p>
+
+<p>On May 16, 1895, the Prince of Wales reviewed the Warwickshire Yeomanry;
+on July 8th he laid the foundation-stone of new buildings at the Epsom
+Medical College; in July he reviewed Italian and British fleets off
+Portsmouth; on July 22nd he opened the new building of the Royal Free
+Hospital, Grey's Inn Road, London; in November he presided at a lecture
+in the Imperial Institute. In 1896 he was formally installed as
+Chancellor of the University of Wales, and stayed at Balmoral in
+September during the visit of the Emperor and Empress of Russia to the
+Queen. In January, 1897, the Prince visited the Duke of Sutherland at
+Trentham Hall; on May 22nd he opened the Blackwell Tunnel; in June he
+participated in all the Jubilee functions, was created Grand Master of
+the Order of the Bath and gave a banquet, in honour of the appointment,
+to all living Knights Grand Cross of the Order, which was a unique
+gathering of men distinguished in diplomacy, statesmanship, in the Army
+and Navy, and in Imperial and civil administration. During the following
+year he distributed prizes in June at Wellington College and laid the
+foundation-stone of new buildings at University College Hospital; on
+December 23rd he attended the opening service of a restored church at
+Sherbourne. On June 19, 1899, His Royal Highness held a Lev&eacute;e at St.
+James's Palace; on July 6th he received the freedom of the City of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>
+Edinburgh; and on September 18th he presented new colours to the Gordon
+Highlanders.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the general character and scope of the Prince's public life.
+There would have been little object served in elaborating the
+description of these ceremonial events. They are of value and necessary
+to a clear comprehension of the position and manifold duties of the
+Prince of Wales, and quite enough have been given for this purpose.
+During all these thirty years the work of the Heir Apparent increased in
+its importance and multifarious character until every interest and
+element in the population found a place in its performance. It was
+arduous and unceasing, but the Prince never showed weariness and always
+appeared with the same unaffected <i>bonhomie</i> and natural dignity
+whatever the extent of his work or the character of the function. The
+end of it all was a popularity as unique as it was thoroughly and well
+deserved.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">Special Functions and Interests</p>
+
+
+<p>The Prince of Wales' connection with the Masonic Order was an early one
+and had always been a close and sincerely interested one. He was first
+initiated in 1868 by the late King of Sweden when staying at Stockholm.
+He served several terms as Worshipful Master of the Royal Alpha Lodge,
+which consisted of a number of Grand Officers, generally noblemen, and
+in this lodge he personally initiated his eldest son, the late Duke of
+Clarence and Avondale, in 1885. He was also permanent Master of the
+Prince of Wales Lodge, to which he initiated the Duke of Connaught in
+1874. When the Marquess of Ripon retired from the Grand Mastership of
+English Freemasons in 1875 the Prince of Wales accepted the post and was
+installed on April 28th at the Royal Albert Hall. The function was
+perhaps the most memorable and imposing in the British history of the
+Order. In the vast Hall there were more than ten thousand members of the
+craft, of all ranks and degrees, and in costume suited to their Masonic
+conditions. Many distinguished visitors and deputations from foreign
+lodges were present in the reserved inclosure. The Earl of Carnarvon
+performed the initial ceremonies and in the address to His Royal
+Highness referred to the gathering around them: "I may truly say that
+never in the whole history of Freemasonry has such a Grand Lodge been
+convened as that on which my eye rests at this moment and there is,
+further, an inner view to be taken, that so far as my eyes can carry me
+over these serried ranks of white and blue, and gold and purple,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> I
+recognize in them men who have solemnly taken obligations of worth and
+morality&mdash;men who have undertaken the duties of citizens and the loyalty
+of subjects."</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE PRINCE'S ADDRESS AS MASONIC GRAND MASTER</p>
+
+<p>In his reply the Prince expressed an "ardent and sincere wish" to follow
+in the footsteps of his predecessors and the belief that, so long as
+Freemasons did not mix themselves up in politics, "this high and noble
+Order will flourish and will maintain the integrity of our great
+Empire." After deputations had been received from the Grand Lodges of
+Scotland, Ireland, Sweden and Denmark the new Grand Master appointed
+Lord Carnarvon to be Pro-Grand-Master, Lord Skelmersdale to be Deputy
+Grand Master and the Marquess of Hamilton and the Lord Mayor of London
+to two other chief offices. In the evening a grand banquet was held at
+which he presided and made several tactful speeches. The Duke of
+Connaught, the Duke of Manchester, the late Earl of Rosslyn and the
+representatives of various Grand Lodges also spoke. On July 1st, 1886,
+His Royal Highness was installed as Grand Master of the Mark Master
+Masons in the presence of more than one thousand Grand, Past and
+Provincial Officers from India and the Colonies as well as from the
+United Kingdom. The Earl of Kintore presided in the early stages of the
+function and was afterwards appointed Pro-Grand Master, with Lord
+Egerton of Tatton as Deputy Grand Master and the Duke of Connaught as
+Senior Grand Warden.</p>
+
+<p>During the Queen's Jubilee, on June 13th, 1887, it was decided to
+present an address to Her Majesty as Patron of the Order and of various
+Masonic charities. The formal action was taken at an immense gathering
+in the Royal Albert Hall, on the date mentioned, when some seven
+thousand officers and members, representatives of the Lodges of the
+Empire met and passed a Resolution to that effect. His Royal Highness<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>
+the Grand Master, who was accompanied by Prince Albert Victor and the
+Duke of Connaught, presided and was able to announce, after this part of
+the business had been disposed of and the National Anthem sung with
+enthusiasm, that &pound;6000 had that day been paid in by members and was to
+be entirely devoted to Masonic charities for the children and the aged.
+Two years later, on July 6, 1888, and in the same place, the Prince of
+Wales presided over the centennial banquet of the Royal Masonic
+Institute for Girls. With him were the King of Sweden and Norway, Prince
+Albert Victor, the Earls of Carnarvon, Lathom and Zetland, Lord Egerton
+of Tatton, Lord Leigh and many other eminent Masons. One of the speeches
+of the Chairman was devoted to a history of the institution they were
+trying to help and to a request for funds to erect additional buildings
+and better accommodations. The response afterwards announced to the
+appeal, made before and at this dinner, was &pound;50,472 of which London
+contributed &pound;22,454 and the Provinces, India and the Colonies the
+balance.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE PATRON OF ART</p>
+
+<p>Another subject in which the Prince always took a great and active
+interest was that of Art&mdash;especially as embodied in the work of the
+Royal Academy. His first appearance in this connection was at the annual
+banquet on May 4th, 1863, and it has been noted that at the various
+subsequent occasions of this kind at which he spoke, despite the
+sameness of the toasts and subjects, there was always fresh material in
+his remarks. At the banquet on May 5th, 1866, Sir Francis Grant presided
+for the first time as President and amongst the speakers besides His
+Royal Highness were his brother Prince Alfred, the Duke of Cambridge,
+the Archbishop of Canterbury, Earl Russell and the Earl of Derby. In
+1867 and in 1870 he also spoke and on the latter occasion the speakers
+included Mr. J. Lothrop<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> Motley, the American Minister, and Charles
+Dickens. At the banquet in 1871 the Prince spoke and at that of 1874 he
+drew special attention to the picture, "Calling the Roll," which
+afterwards made Miss Elizabeth Thompson so famous, and to a statue by J.
+E. Boehm which was the beginning of that sculptor's rise to distinction.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince of Wales was again present in May, 1875 and then, owing to
+other pressing engagements, missed four years. At the annual banquet on
+May 3rd, 1879, which he attended, Sir Frederick Leighton was President
+of the Academy and the Prince made kindly allusion to the memory of his
+late predecessor. Amongst the other speakers were Lord Beaconsfield, Mr.
+W. H. Smith and Lord Chief Justice Cockburn. At the banquet in 1880, Sir
+F. Leighton paid his Royal guest an unusual compliment: "Sir, of the
+graces by which Your Royal Highness has won and firmly retains the
+affectionate attachment of Englishmen none has operated more strongly
+than the width of your sympathies; for there is no honourable sphere in
+which Englishmen move, no path of life in which they tread, wherein Your
+Royal Highness has not, at some time, by graceful word or deed, evinced
+an enlightened interest." In 1881, the central subject of toast and
+speech was Sir Frederick Roberts, who had come fresh from the fields of
+Cabul and Candahar; but the Prince of Wales did not forget an illusion
+to the death of "that great statesman" the Earl of Beaconsfield. In 1885
+His Royal Highness was accompanied for the first time by Prince Albert
+Victor and in 1888 he was able to refer to the fact of this occasion
+being not only the year of his silver wedding but the year which marked
+a quarter of a century since his first appearance amongst them.</p>
+
+<p>The Corporation of Trinity House, which in the time of Henry VIII. had
+been a guild for the encouragement of the art and science of navigation
+and had latterly come into the work of building lighthouses and
+protecting ships along the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>coasts of England, was always an object of
+interest and support to the Prince of Wales. In 1865 he declined the
+post of Master&mdash;which had been held by men like Lord Liverpool, the Duke
+of Wellington, the Prince Consort and Lord Palmerston&mdash;in favour of his
+brother the Sailor Prince. He attended the next annual banquet, however,
+together with the King of the Belgians, and two years later was
+installed as one of the "Younger Brethren" of Trinity House. The Duke of
+Richmond and Lord Napier of Magdala were amongst the other speakers. The
+banquet of July 4th, 1869 was especially interesting from the eminent
+men of all parties whom it brought together. The Prince of Wales
+presided, in the absence of the Duke of Edinburgh, and the speakers
+included Mr. Gladstone, Mr. Bright, Mr. Disraeli, Sir Stafford Northcote
+and Sir John Burgoyne. He again attended and addressed the banquet of
+Trinity House on June 24, 1871, and presided at that of June 27, 1874.
+His speech upon the latter occasion contained various important facts
+and opinions upon the improvement of navigation facilities. At the
+dinner in 1877 the Prince again presided and in the proposing his health
+the late Earl of Derby said: "His Royal Highness has not only now, but
+for many years past done all that is in the power of man to do, by
+genial courtesies towards men of every class and by his indefatigable
+assiduity in the performance of every social duty, to secure at once
+that public respect which is due to his exalted position and that social
+sympathy and personal popularity which no position, however exalted, can
+of itself be sufficient to secure." The most interesting event of this
+occasion was the presence and very brief soldierly speech of General U.
+S. Grant.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo24.jpg" width="500" height="249" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+King Edward&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Emperor of Germany&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Queen Alexandra&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; King of Spain<br />
+Queen of Spain&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Empress of Germany&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Queen of Portugal&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Queen of Norway<br />
+A NOTABLE GROUP OF ROYAL RELATIONS PHOTOGRAPHED IN KING EDWARD'S HOME
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo25.jpg" width="300" height="417" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+KING EDWARD VII<br />
+In Highland Garb.
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo26.jpg" width="300" height="364" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THREE GENERATIONS OF ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS<br />
+King Edward VII, seated between his son King George V and his grandson Edward, heir
+apparent to the throne
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo27.jpg" width="500" height="353" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE MAUSOLEUM FROGMORE, WINDSOR
+</div>
+
+<p class="padtop">The encouragement of Musical education and the promotion of a public
+taste for music was one of the subjects in which the Prince of Wales
+took a deep and practical interest. He believed in the humanizing and
+civilizing effects of music<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> and felt that amongst a people who had made
+a home for H&auml;ndel and who had in older days loved glees and madrigals
+and choral compositions there was room, in a more hum-drum age, for the
+encouragement of popular taste in this direction. The Royal Academy of
+Music, founded in 1822, had done some good but limited service and, in
+1875, he placed himself at the head of a movement to further the love
+and practice of music amongst the people. A meeting was held at
+Marlborough House on June 15th for the immediate purpose of establishing
+free scholarships in connection with the proposed National Training
+Schools for Music, near the Royal Albert Hall, and there were present
+the Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Christian, the Duke of Teck, the
+Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Lord Mayor of London and many
+Provincial Mayors, and a numerous company distinguished by public
+reputation or position. The result of this action was most successful,
+and in 1878, the Prince endeavoured to complete it by bringing the
+Academy and the Training Schools into union.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">ENCOURAGES MUSICAL EDUCATION</p>
+
+<p>Failing in this, however, he presided on February 28th 1882 at a meeting
+in St. James's Palace held for the purpose of founding a "Royal College
+of Music" and attended by one of the most representative gatherings
+which His Royal Highness had ever brought together. His speech was an
+able and elaborate statement of the importance of a national cultivation
+of music and the necessity for its promotion in the United Kingdom. "Why
+is it," he asked, "that England has no music recognized as national? It
+has able composers but nothing indicative of the national life or
+national feeling. The reason is not far to seek. There is no centre of
+music to which English musicians may resort with confidence and thence
+derive instruction, counsel and inspiration." The plan was then clearly
+outlined and enthusiastically accepted&mdash;Lord Rosebery, Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> Gladstone
+and Sir Stafford Northcote being amongst those who spoke and supported
+the project presented by the Royal chairman. A little later, on March
+23rd, the Prince invited a number of gentlemen connected with the
+Colonial part of the Empire to meet him at Marlborough House in order to
+discuss how best the benefits of the College might be extended and
+applied to the more distant British countries.</p>
+
+<p>On May 7th, 1883, the Royal College of Music was formally inaugurated
+after an effort amongst its supporters which had included the holding of
+forty-four public meetings throughout the country. With the Prince of
+Wales were present the Princess, the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh, the
+Princess Christian and the Trustees, amongst whom were the Duke of
+Westminster, Sir Richard Wallace, M.P., Sir George Grove and Sir John
+Rose. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Mr. Gladstone and many others were
+also present. The Royal founder of the institution spoke at unusual
+length, referred to the teaching and examining powers of the College,
+asked for aid in establishing scholarships and extending its usefulness
+and dilated upon the importance of the objects aimed at. "I trust that
+the College will become the recognized centre and head of the musical
+world in this country. Music is, in the best sense, the most popular of
+all arts. If that government be the best which provides for the
+happiness of the greatest number, that art must be the best which at the
+least expense pleases the greatest number." The project proved most
+successful and the Royal College of Music became one of the recognized
+institutions of the Empire.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">VISIT TO IRELAND IN 1885</p>
+
+<p>The Royal visit to Ireland in 1885 was an important incident in the
+public life of the Prince of Wales. It was seventeen years since he and
+the Princess had visited that much-troubled country and many untoward
+events had occurred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> since then. The proposal for another visit was not
+popular with a section of the Irish press and politicians, but when it
+was evident that the generous instincts of the Irish people were going
+to make the occasion a demonstration of kindly feeling, if not of
+loyalty after the English fashion, they changed their attitude and
+recommended a "dignified neutrality." Even this advice was very largely,
+however, lost sight of in the eventual result. On April 9th the Royal
+couple, accompanied by Prince Albert Victor, arrived at Kingstown amid
+the usual decorations and crowds and accepted an address of welcome. In
+Dublin the address was presented by the City Reception Committee instead
+of by the Lord Mayor and Corporation. An important clause in this
+document to which the Prince made no reference in his cautious reply was
+as follows: "We venture to assure you that it would be a great
+gratification to Her Majesty's loyal subjects in Ireland if a permanent
+Royal residence should be established in our country." A visit was paid
+at the conclusion of these proceedings to the Royal Dublin Society and
+the Agricultural Show.</p>
+
+<p>Later in the day the Prince, attended only by his eldest son and without
+notice of his intention, visited some of the poorest parts of the city
+and saw for himself the condition of the people. It soon became known,
+however, that he was amongst them and hearty cheers were given him
+wherever the people caught a glimpse of their visitor. On the following
+day thirty different addresses were received from various public bodies
+and in replying to them the Prince said: "In varied capacities and by
+widely different paths you pursue those great objects which, dear to
+you, are, believe me, dear also to me&mdash;the prosperity and progress of
+Ireland, the welfare and happiness of her people. From my heart I wish
+you success and I would that time and my own powers would permit me to
+explain fully and in detail the deep interest which I feel not only in
+the welfare of this great Empire at large but in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> true happiness of
+those several classes of the community on whose behalf you have come
+here to-day." The next event was the laying of the foundation stone of
+the new Museum of Science and Art. The route was densely thronged, the
+houses beautifully decorated and the cheers of the people enthusiastic.
+An appropriate speech was made and then the Prince and his wife and son,
+accompanied by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess Spencer, drove to the
+Royal University where they were received by the Chancellor, the Duke of
+Abercorn, and the Honorary degree of LL. D. bestowed upon the Prince and
+that of Doctor of Music upon the Princess.</p>
+
+<p>Succeeding incidents of the visit were a brilliant Lev&eacute;e at Dublin
+Castle; a Drawing-room held by the Princess of Wales; a state ball given
+by the Lord Lieutenant, which was a great success; a visit to the Arlane
+Industrial School; an enthusiastic reception at Trinity College from a
+great and representative gathering; the presentation of new colours to
+the Cornwall Regiment, then stationed in Dublin, with a speech&mdash;as on
+most of the other occasions mentioned&mdash;from the Prince. On April 13th
+the Prince and Princess started for Cork and on the way thither, at
+Mallow, there was some attempt at a hostile demonstration. An effort of
+the same kind was made at Cork but was nullified by the cordial
+hospitality of the masses of the people. The Royal visitors left Ireland
+on April 17th well satisfied with the general loyalty and courtesy of
+their reception.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">HIS PART IN THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE</p>
+
+<p>In two of the great events which characterized the closing years of the
+Victorian era and his Mother's reign the Prince of Wales took a
+prominent and most important part&mdash;the Queen's Jubilee of 1887 and the
+Diamond Jubilee of ten years later. Upon no other occasion has his
+actual executive ability been better tested than in the latter event.
+Few, perhaps, can adequately realize the immense amount of work which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>
+devolved upon, or was assumed by, the Prince in this connection. He
+undertook many of the functions; he was present with the Queen at all
+the events of a busy, crowded week; he directed most of the detail and
+guided the complicated etiquette and procedure of the occasion; he
+personally controlled the arrangements for the splendid procession
+through the streets of London; he overlooked the plans for the service
+in the Abbey and for the protection of the massed multitude in the
+streets; he received and entertained many of the Royal personages who
+came from abroad. In both of these great events the Prince of Wales
+appreciated the new and peculiar significance added to the formal or
+popular British celebrations by the presence of Colonial leaders and
+troops and visitors. He had, in fact, to stamp the Imperial character
+and standing of these great demonstrations.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">The Prince and His Family</p>
+
+
+<p>The home life of the Prince and Princess of Wales was never an
+absolutely private one. It was lived in the light of an almost ceaseless
+publicity. Not that the actual house of the Royal couple was, or could
+ever be, unduly invaded; but that every visitor was a more or less
+interested spectator and student of conditions and that every trifling
+incident, as well as the more important matters, of every-day life were
+remembered, repeated, or recorded as they would never be in an ordinary
+household.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">HOME LIFE OF THE ROYAL COUPLE</p>
+
+<p>Memoirs of British statesmen, leaders in art, or literature, or
+religion, or the Army and the Navy, teem with references, during forty
+years, to the life of the Heir Apparent and his wife at Sandringham or
+Marlborough and, without exception, they convey the impression of honest
+domestic happiness and unity. Gossip during that long period there had
+been, of course; unpleasant inuendoes had been uttered in a small and
+unpleasant section of the press; peculiar and, for the most obvious
+reasons, impossible stories had been cabled from time to time across the
+Atlantic; but they were patiently borne by those who were the easy
+victims of silly statements and they were more than controverted by the
+tributes published from men who have lived on terms of intimacy with the
+Royal family and whose death lifted, occasionally, the seal of secrecy
+from their natural reserve and made the expression of their opinions and
+experiences possible.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p><p>The steady growth of the Prince and Princess in popular favour and the
+fact that even the most irresponsible or unscrupulous purveyor of news
+to such sheets as Mr. Labouchere's <i>Truth</i> had never dared to reflect
+upon the Princess of Wales' beauty of character and life sufficed long
+before the accession of His Royal Highness to the Throne to kill even
+the surreptitious stories which always float upon the surface of society
+regarding persons in Royal positions. In this connection may be quoted
+the interesting reference to the subject made by Mr. G. W. Smalley, the
+well-known American writer who for so many years acted as London
+correspondent of the New York <i>Tribune</i>. He was dealing, under date of
+January 17th, 1892, with the premature death of the young Duke of
+Clarence and, after referring to the freshness of affection which
+prevailed throughout the Royal family, he proceeded in these words: "It
+is known to be strong and pure in all three generations&mdash;indeed there
+are now four&mdash;which together make up the Royal family of England. * * *
+The domestic traditions were followed just as faithfully at Marlborough
+House as at Windsor. The Prince of Wales's has been not merely a good
+but a devoted family. The Princess, whose whole life has been beautiful
+is in nothing more beautiful than in her love for her children. She
+passed from the bedside of her second son whose life she helped to
+save&mdash;they say that Prince George never rallied till his mother returned
+to nurse him&mdash;to the bedside of her first-born by whose grave she has
+now to stand."</p>
+
+<p>Sandringham Hall in Norfolk was the real home of the Royal couple and it
+was there that the children of their marriage spent much of their
+younger days and received much of the training which was to fit them for
+lives of more or less public duty and the responsibilities which go with
+public position. Marlborough House, in London, was the social centre,
+the official environment, the public residence, of the Prince<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> and
+Princess of Wales. But the former place was always the one where they
+liked to be, where the heart of the Princess always rested with most
+interest and affection, where the enjoyment of the comforts of country
+and home life came with most force to the Prince and to his children.
+Around Sandringham the grounds and woods and park were not allowed to be
+spoiled by art&mdash;the latter was used in just such a degree as would help
+nature. The house, or palace, was concealed from view until the visitor
+was quite close to it and its home-like simplicity has always been a
+much-described quality. There was no elaboration of decoration, or
+straining after an appearance of stately luxury. Comfort seemed to be
+the aim and it was most certainly attained. The hall was designed
+somewhat after the style of the old-fashioned banquetting halls, the
+various rooms were arranged for convenience and comfort, the decorations
+were beautiful without being gorgeous, the objects of interest, ornament
+and curiosity in the drawing-rooms and elsewhere were, of course, simply
+countless.</p>
+
+<p>Above the porch in front of the Hall was the quaint legend: "This house
+was built by Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, and Alexandra his wife, in
+the year of our Lord 1870". The place was originally purchased for
+&pound;220,000&mdash;saved from the revenues of the Duchy of Cornwall by the Prince
+Consort's management&mdash;but further large sums had to be spent in order to
+make the mansion comfortable and the estate the model which it
+afterwards became. The former was practically rebuilt in 1870 but not
+until every cottage or farm-house on the property had been first
+rebuilt, or repaired. The house contained, particularly, the great hall
+or saloon decorated with trophies of the chase in all countries and with
+many caskets of gold and silver containing some of the addresses
+presented to the Prince from time to time; the dining-room with its high
+oak roof and great fire-place, walls covered with tapestry given the
+Prince by the late King of Spain and a side-board covered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> with racing
+and yachting prizes in gold and silver; the chief drawing room with
+hangings of dull gold silk, furniture brocaded in soft red and gold,
+large panel mirrors and quantities of exquisite S&eacute;vres and Dresden
+china; the conservatory where tea was often served; a great ball-room
+and handsome billiard and smoking rooms. The boudoir of the Princess has
+been described as a dream of grace and simple beauty and everything
+about the place was arranged with a view to combining comfort with charm
+of appearance. The hundred servants employed in or out of the house had
+everything that could make their lives pleasant and happy.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">EDUCATION OF THE ROYAL FAMILY</p>
+
+<p>Amidst these surroundings the sons and daughters of the Royal couple
+were brought up. Upon the education of the boys the Prince of Wales
+utilized his own knowledge of life as well as the traditions of his
+father's training of himself. He is said to have believed that the study
+of men and the ways of the world had not been sufficiently considered in
+his own case and that he wished his sons, while escaping the
+nervousness, constraints and adulation which surrounded the Court,
+should also avoid the sycophancy and flattery which might be expected in
+their cases at a public school&mdash;even of the highest. He therefore
+decided that a training ship in early youth and the fresh air, vigorous
+life and wholesome discipline of the Navy in immediately following years
+would be the best system of education. Prince Albert Victor and Prince
+George were, consequently, placed on board the <i>Britannia</i> training ship
+in 1870 and there they spent two years under conditions of study, work,
+training, mess, discipline and dress exactly similar to those of their
+shipmates. Their only dissipation was an occasional visit from their
+parents and the usual holiday period at home. During the two years spent
+on this ship they learned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> carpentering, the details of a ship's rigging
+and a certain amount of engineering.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of this period it was decided by the Prince to send his sons
+for a prolonged cruise around the world as midshipmen on H.M.S.
+<i>Bacchante</i>. They were to have the same duties and treatment as the
+other midshipmen&mdash;except perhaps that their teaching would be more
+careful and their studies more severe. Special instructors in
+seamanship, gunnery, mathematics and naval conditions were appointed,
+with the Rev. J. N. Dalton, M.A., as Governor, in charge while they were
+on shore and with supervision over their ordinary studies when at sea.
+Lord Charles Scott, Captain of the war-ship, was, of course, supreme
+when the Princes were on board his vessel. The cruise of the <i>Bacchante</i>
+commenced in September, 1879, and terminated in August, 1882. During
+that period it traversed over fifty-four thousand miles and the Royal
+midshipmen saw and visited Gibraltar, Madeira, Teneriffe, the West India
+Islands, Bermuda, the Cape Verde Islands, Monte Video, the Falkland
+Islands, Cape Colony, Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland and
+Brisbane, Victoria and Melbourne, New South Wales and Sydney, the Fiji
+Islands, Japan, Hong-Kong, Shanghai, Canton, the Straits Settlements,
+Ceylon, Egypt and the Holy Land, Athens, Crete, Corfu and Sicily. In
+1886 two handsome volumes, carefully edited by the Rev. Mr. Dalton, and
+comprising the private journals and diaries of the young Princes, were
+published in London and were found to contain many sensible reflections
+and much garnered information upon the many countries visited during
+this circumnavigation of the globe. It was not all serious study and
+work, however, during this period, and in almost every place touched at,
+where the Princes had anything like a chance, there is still to be found
+some cherished anecdote of Royal jokes or pranks&mdash;especially on the part
+of Prince George.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></p><p>Meanwhile great care and thought had been devoted to the education of
+the three daughters. From the nursery they passed into a school-room in
+which French and German, music, history and mathematics were the studies
+most interesting to their father, while the learning of dressmaking and
+sewing in various branches, cooking, dairy work, the superintending of a
+garden and the management of a house were carefully watched over by the
+Princess of Wales. The Princess Victoria was said, in the days following
+the completion of her education, to have the most domestic turn of mind
+of the three sisters, together with a pronounced artistic taste.
+Latterly she had taken over much of the supervision of household matters
+at Sandringham and Marlborough from her Royal mother and is, in 1902,
+the only unmarried member of the family. The Princess Maud was, as a
+girl, merry, pretty and clever; a capital all-round sportswoman and fond
+of horses, dogs, birds, yachting and riding; possessed at home of the
+nick-name "Harry," and said to be the Prince's favourite daughter; fond
+of <i>incognito</i> experiences, charities and amusements. The Princess
+Louise was a quieter and less striking character, and, like her younger
+sister, was afterwards allowed to marry the man of her choice, although
+he did not possess the high position which the Royal father might
+naturally have desired.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">MEMORIES OF PRINCE ALBERT VICTOR</p>
+
+<p>Following the return of the two Princes from their cruise, Prince Albert
+Victor was taken by his father to Cambridge, in 1883, and duly installed
+as an undergraduate of Trinity College. There he read regularly for six
+or seven hours a day, made himself thoroughly familiar with French and
+German, and associated himself in a most marked way with the men of
+intellect and character who were around him&mdash;nearly all his companions
+afterwards becoming distinguished in one way or another. Always modest
+and retiring he liked to entertain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> very quietly and to enjoy any
+possible musical occasion which presented itself. Hockey, polo and a
+little riding were his outdoor amusements. He came of age in 1885, the
+University conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D., and, during
+the next few years, he worked as an officer in the Army. It was on the
+attainment of his majority that Prince Albert Victor received a most
+interesting letter, under date of January 7th, from Mr. Gladstone. In it
+the veteran statesman said to the prospective Sovereign: "There lies
+before Your Royal Highness in prospect the occupation&mdash;I trust at a
+distant date&mdash;of a throne which, to me at least, appears the most
+illustrious in the world, from its history and associations, from its
+legal basis, from the weight of the cares it brings, from the loyal love
+of the people, and from the unparalleled opportunities it gives, in so
+many ways and so many regions, of doing good to the almost countless
+numbers whom the Almighty has placed beneath the sceptre of England." He
+went on to express the earnest hope that His Royal Highness might ever
+grow in the principles and qualities which should adorn his great
+vocation.</p>
+
+<p>During the Session of Parliament in 1889, the Prince of Wales was voted
+&pound;36,000 annually in trust for the use of his children, and at about the
+same time it was decided to send Prince Albert Victor on a visit to
+India. On the way thither, at Athens, on October 20th, the latter was
+present at the wedding of his two cousins, the Duke of Sparta and the
+Princess Sophia of Prussia, daughter of the Empress Frederick. In the
+great Eastern Empire he remained until April, 1890; visiting Hyderabad,
+Mysore, Madras and Calcutta, and meeting with a cordial reception which,
+however, lacked the great state and ceremony of his Royal father's
+famous tour. Lord Lansdowne was Viceroy and made a most admirable host
+and mentor. On May 24th, following, the young Prince was created Duke of
+Clarence and Avondale and Earl of Athlone, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> commenced to take his
+place in public life as Heir Presumptive to the Throne. In November of
+the year 1891 Prince George who had, meanwhile, been pursuing his
+vocation in the Navy, was taken ill at Sandringham. The Princess was
+away but, pending her return, his father nursed him personally with care
+and devotion. Typhoid&mdash;the disease which had carried off the Prince
+Consort and so nearly killed the Heir Apparent, developed and the family
+anxiety was very great. At this point, on December 8th, the engagement
+of the Duke of Clarence to his cousin, the very popular and beautiful
+Princess May of Teck, was announced amidst general congratulations.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">DEATH OF THE DUKE OF CLARENCE</p>
+
+<p>Then came one of the saddest events in the history of the British Royal
+family. The young Duke had only been engaged a few weeks and
+preparations had been commenced for the stately ceremonial of his
+marriage, when it was announced that he had caught cold at the funeral
+of Prince Victor of Hohenlohe and was confined to his room. With but
+little notice pneumonia developed, the constitutional weakness of his
+system was unable to throw it off, and within a few days he was
+dead&mdash;January 15th, 1892. Prince George, in the meantime, had recovered,
+but those who saw the Prince of Wales walking beside his eldest son's
+body from Sandringham Church to the station, say that his obvious grief
+was almost pathetic. As to the mother she never really got over the
+sadness of that death and the removal of her favourite son. If there
+was, at times, a sad expression in her eyes, years after the event, it
+was no doubt due to the sudden shock and great loss which then came to
+her.</p>
+
+<p>Five days afterwards, the following telegram to Sir Francis Knollys was
+made public: "The Prince and Princess of Wales are anxious to express to
+Her Majesty's subjects in the United Kingdom, the Colonies, and in
+India, the sense of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> their deep gratitude for the universal feeling of
+sympathy manifested toward them at a time when they are overpowered by
+the terrible calamity which they have sustained in the loss of their
+beloved eldest son. If sympathy at such a moment is of any avail, the
+remembrance that their grief has been shared by all classes will be a
+lasting consolation to their sorrowing hearts, and, if possible, will
+make them more than ever attached to their dear country." The affection
+of Queen Victoria for this grandson, whom the <i>Times</i> of January 19th
+described as possessing "modesty, affectionateness, kindness, love of
+order, the desire to render every man his due, and reverence for age and
+greatness," is well-known to have been intense, and from Osborne, on
+January 26th, Her Majesty issued the following letter:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I must once again give expression to my deep sense of the loyalty
+and affectionate sympathy evinced by my subjects in every part of
+my Empire on an occasion more sad and tragical than any but one
+which has befallen me and mine, as well as the Nation. The
+overwhelming misfortune of my dearly-loved grandson having been
+thus suddenly cut off in the flower of his age, full of promise for
+the future, amiable and gentle, and endearing himself to all,
+renders it hard for his sorely-stricken parents, his dear young
+bride and his fond Grandmother to bow in submission to the
+inscrutable decrees of Providence."</p></div>
+
+<p>Meantime, on June 27th, 1889, the marriage of the Princess Louise had
+taken place. Her engagement to the Earl of Fife was somewhat of a
+surprise to a social world which does not like to be surprised. Though
+the Princess was twenty-two and the groom forty they had known each
+other for years and Lord Fife had been a frequent and welcome guest at
+Sandringham, while the Prince and Princess of Wales had long been on
+terms of intimacy with his parents. His was the only bachelor's house at
+which the Princess of Wales had ever been entertained. It could not, of
+course, be supposed that this first marriage in his family&mdash;the children
+of which might be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> very close to the Throne&mdash;was quite as lofty a match
+as the Royal father might wish, yet when he found that the matter was
+settled so far as the couple were personally concerned, he accepted the
+situation and asked the Queen's consent to the engagement. The wedding
+was duly celebrated at Buckingham Palace in the presence of the Queen,
+the Prince and Princess of Wales and their children, the King of the
+Helenes, the Crown Prince of Denmark, and the Grand Duke of Hesse. Lord
+Fife, who was personally very wealthy, was created Duke of Fife and
+Marquess of Macduff, and his wife shared in the subsequent special grant
+given to the Heir Apparent for the proper maintenance of his children.
+Afterwards, on the birth of the first child of the Duke and Duchess it
+was decided that she should not assume Royal rank but be known by the
+courtesy title due to her father's place in the Peerage. This
+child&mdash;Lady Alexandra Victoria Alberta Edwina Louise Duff&mdash;was born on
+May 17th, 1891, and on April 3rd, 1893, the Lady Maud Alexandra Victoria
+Georgia Bertha Duff was born. Meanwhile an interesting event had
+occurred on March 10, 1888, in the celebration of the Silver Wedding of
+the Prince and Princess of Wales. Illuminations in London and a ball at
+Buckingham Palace marked the event.</p>
+
+<p>Prince George of Wales was now Heir Presumptive to the Throne and upon
+him were devolved the more or less arduous duties of that position.
+Following his brother's death he gave up active service in the Navy and
+on May 24th, 1892, was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron
+Killarney. The importance of his marriage was now obvious and a year and
+a quarter after the death of the Duke of Clarence the engagement of his
+brother to the Princess May of Teck was officially announced. The
+wedding took place on July 6th, 1893, and there could be no doubt by
+that time of the popularity of the young couple and of the national
+pleasure at their union. The decorations in London eclipsed those of the
+Queen's <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>ubilee and the crowds were equally great. The ceremony was
+performed at the Chapel Royal, St. James's, instead of at St. George's,
+Windsor, where the Queen, the Prince of Wales, the Princesses Helena and
+Louise and the Dukes of Albany and Connaught had been wedded. Amongst
+the great gathering present at the ceremony were Her Majesty and the
+Royal family as a whole, the Duke and Duchess of Teck, Lord Salisbury,
+Lord Rosebery, Mr. Morley, Mr. Bryce, Mr. Chamberlain, Sir W. V.
+Harcourt, Lord Ripon, Lord Spencer, Lord Herschell, Mr. Balfour, Mr.
+Goschen, the Dukes of Argyll, Norfolk and Devonshire, Mr. Gladstone, the
+Hon. T. F. Bayard, American Minister, several Indian Princes and many
+others. The <i>Times</i> of July 7th had the following comment upon the
+event:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Few Royal weddings of our time aroused such unusual enthusiasm as
+the union of the Duke of York with the bride of his choice&mdash;an
+English Princess, born and bred in an English home, endeared to all
+hearts by the now softened memory of a tragic sorrow and richly
+endowed with all the qualities which inspire the brightest hopes
+for the future. Fewer still have ever been celebrated with happier
+omens, or in more auspicious circumstances than that of yesterday.
+The pomp of a brilliant Court, the acclaim, at once tumultuous and
+orderly, of the mightiest of cities, spontaneously making holiday
+and decking itself in its brightest and bravest, the simultaneous
+rejoicing of a whole people, the sympathy, unbought and yet
+priceless, of a world-wide Empire, the radiant splendour of an
+English summer day&mdash;all these combined to make the ceremony of
+yesterday an occasion as memorable as that of the Jubilee itself."</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo28.jpg" width="500" height="313" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+Minoru (Herbert Jones up), Mr. Richard Marsh (Trainer to
+the late King), Lord Marcus Beresford (Manager of the late King's
+thoroughbreds), King Edward.<br />
+KING EDWARD AND HIS FAMOUS RACE HORSE MINORU, WHICH WON THE DERBY IN
+1909.<br />
+<span style="font-weight: normal;">King Edward was not only a great King, but a great sportsman as well. He
+had a typically British love of outdoor pastimes as an active
+participator and not a mere looker-on. At various times he was
+associated with nearly every form of British sport. Yachting and
+shooting were two of his favorites, but it was his close connection with
+the turf which most appealed to the general public. Probably no other
+breeder of thoroughbreds ever had such a trio of equine giants as
+Florizel II, Persimmon and Diamond Jubilee. And in one year, 1909, he
+won over &pound;29,000. When his horse Minoru won the Derby in 1909, the
+people in their enthusiasm surged all over the course after the race,
+but the King went down amongst them, and himself led his horse in to the
+paddock.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo29.jpg" width="300" height="401" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+FAMILIAR SNAPSHOTS OF KING EDWARD AS HIS SUBJECTS BEST KNEW HIM.
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo30.jpg" width="300" height="409" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+KING EDWARD'S MOST INTIMATE FRIENDS.<br />
+<span style="font-weight: normal;">1. Lieutenant-Colonel George L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O.,
+Equerry-in-Waiting to the late King. 2. Lord Burnham, K.C.V.O.,
+principal proprietor of the "Daily Telegraph." 3. Count Albert D.
+Mensdorff-Pouilly, the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador. 4. Lord Suffield,
+P.C., G.C.V.O., K.C.B., Lord-in-Waiting to the late King. 5. Mr. Alfred
+C. de Rothschild, C.V.O., Austro-Hungarian Consul-General. 6. Mr. Arthur
+Sassoon, M.V.O., a member of a famous Anglo-Indian family. 7. The
+Marquis de Soveral, G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., the Portuguese Minister. 8. Lord
+Allington, K.C.V.O., a great Dorsetshire landowner. 9. Sir Ernest
+Cassel, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., the well-known financier and
+philanthropist. 10. Lord Farquhar, G.C.V.O., Extra Lord-in-Waiting to
+the late King, and formerly Master of the Household.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo31.jpg" width="300" height="408" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+KING EDWARD'S MOST INTIMATE FRIENDS.<br />
+<span style="font-weight: normal;">1. Lord Esher, G.C.V.O., G.C.B., Deputy Governor of Windsor Castle. 2.
+Lord Marcus Beresford, Extra Equerry and Manager of King Edward's
+thoroughbreds. 3. Earl Howe, G.C.V.O., Lord-in-Waiting to the late King
+and Lord Chamberlain to Queen Alexandra. 4. The Rev. Canon Edgar
+Sheppard, D.D., C.V.O., Domestic Chaplain to the late King. 5. Sir
+Donald Mackenzie Wallace, K.C.L.E., K.C.V.O., Extra Groom-in-Waiting to
+the late King. 6. Lord Ilchester, who has written some delightful books
+of biography. 7. Mr. William James, J.P., D.D., C.V.O., the well-known
+traveler and landowner. 8. Sir Thomas Lipton, Bt., K.C.V.O., the
+well-known sportsman and yacht-owner. 9. Lieutenant-Colonel F. Ponsonby,
+Equerry to the late King. 10. Captain Sir David N. Welch, R.N., formerly
+commander of the royal yacht.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="padtop">The bridesmaids were all relations of the young couple&mdash;the Princesses
+Victoria and Maud of Wales, Victoria Melita, Alexandra and Beatrice of
+Edinburgh; Margaret and Victoria Patricia of Connaught; Victoria of
+Schleswig-Holstein; Victoria and Alexandra of Battenberg. The Duke of
+York wore a simple Captain's uniform and was supported by his Royal
+father and the Duke of Edinburgh. The bride was described in the papers
+of the time as wearing silver and white brocade,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> with clustered
+shamrocks, roses and thistles. On July 10th the Queen addressed one of
+her usual tactful and gracious letters to the nation expressive of her
+personal sympathy with the people and of theirs with her and her family.</p>
+
+<p>The eldest child of this marriage&mdash;Prince Edward Albert Christian George
+Andrew Patrick David&mdash;was direct in succession to the Throne after his
+father and was born on June 23, 1894. The second child was Prince Albert
+Frederick Arthur George, born on December 14, 1895. Princess Victoria
+Alexandra Alice Mary, was born on April 25th, 1897, and Prince Henry
+William Frederick Albert on March 31, 1900. The Prince of Wales was
+greatly attached to his grandchildren and nothing in these later years
+gave him greater pleasure than having around him the youthful scions of
+the House of Fife, or that of York, and giving them presents and other
+means of enjoyment. On July 22, 1896, his third daughter, the Princess
+Maud, was married to Prince Charles, second son of the Crown Prince of
+Denmark. The ceremony was performed in the private Chapel of Buckingham
+Palace, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, in the presence of the Queen
+and most of the members of the Royal family. The Duke and Duchess of
+Sparta, the Crown Prince and Princess of Denmark, Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone
+and Mr. and Mrs. Chamberlain were amongst the guests. The bridesmaids
+were Princesses Ingeborg of Denmark, Victoria of Wales, Victoria of
+Schleswig-Holstein, Thyra of Denmark, Victoria Patricia of Connaught,
+Margaret of Connaught, Alice of Albany and the Lady Alexandra Duff.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">The Prince as a Social Leader</p>
+
+
+<p>The influence wielded upon Society by the Prince of Wales, during nearly
+forty years of public life, was so marked and important as to merit
+extended consideration. Society, of course, in such a connection
+includes much more than any particular set of persons however select, or
+distinguished, or aristocratic; it means, in fact, all the varied social
+circles, high and low, which have recognized principles of etiquette and
+intercourse and common customs of amusement and fashion. Taken in this
+wide sense of the word, no personage in the history of Europe during the
+nineteenth century wielded so great an influence as His Royal Highness.
+He helped to make the unbounded after-dinner drinking of a previous
+period unpopular and socially un-orthodox; he encouraged in his more
+youthful days and always enjoyed the pleasures of dancing; he introduced
+very largely the popular fashion of a cigarette after dinner in place of
+endless heavy cigars and their accompaniment of liquors; he did much to
+encourage and popularize a love for music; he led the fashion in the
+matter of men's dress and, upon the whole, society in most civilized
+countries has to thank him for simple and dignified customs in this
+respect; he supported the race-course with courage and persistence and
+not only made racing more popular but helped to establish its code and
+operation upon a high plane of honour&mdash;by far the highest and cleanest
+in the world; he made charity and the support of its varied public
+institutions popular and fashionable; he showed the gilded youth of a
+great social world that work was a good thing for a Prince<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> and a peer
+as well as for a peasant; he, with his beautiful wife, presented for
+many years a model home and family life to the nation and they,
+together, discouraged many of the petty vices and small faults which
+creep into all social systems from time to time.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">LIFE AT MARLBOROUGH HOUSE</p>
+
+<p>The official and social centre of this leadership in the British world
+was at Marlborough House&mdash;a large and unpretentious residence in the
+heart of London. That the place was exquisitely furnished and equipped
+goes without saying; that it was comfortable in the extreme is equally a
+matter of course to those acquainted with the taste and house-keeping
+capacities of the Princess of Wales. It was filled with fine engravings
+and paintings illustrative of the Victorian era; it teemed with
+mementoes and memorials of past incidents, travels and friendships in
+the lives of the Royal couple; it contained rooms suited for every
+purpose required in the exacting life and multifarious public duties of
+its occupants. The Prince's study, where only intimates were admitted,
+has been described as the room of a hard-working man of business. When
+at Marlborough House, His Royal Highness used to mark out his time, each
+day, with care and precision and even then it was difficult to fill his
+many and varied engagements. There were certain public functions such as
+the Horse Show at Islington, or the Royal Military Tournament, to which
+the Prince and Princess always went when in London. There were a certain
+number of state dinners given in place of those which, under other
+circumstances, would have been given by the Sovereign. Diplomatic
+dinners were also incidents of the season at Marlborough House as well
+as dinners which included the Government and Opposition leaders and
+great banquets held from time to time in honour of foreign guests of the
+nation or Royal relations visiting the country.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p><p>The dining-room at Marlborough was handsome but plain, the arrangements
+of the table setting an example of simplicity which society, in this
+case, did not always follow. The Prince of Wales never concealed his
+dislike for the extremely lengthy banquets which were the custom in his
+youth and succeeded, so far as private dinner-parties were concerned, in
+revolutionizing the system. To the favoured guest Marlborough House was
+a scene of historic as well as personal interest. It had been the home
+of the great Duke of that name; the residence of Prince Leopold,
+intended husband of the lamented Princess Charlotte, and afterwards King
+of the Belgians; the dower-house of Queen Adelaide; the choice of the
+Prince Consort for his son's London home. The general contents of the
+house were worthy of its history. In one room were splendid panels of
+Gobelin tapestry presented by Napoleon; in another were the rare and
+wonderful treasures of Indian work, in gold, silver, jewelry and
+embroidery, brought home from the Royal visit to Hindostan; elsewhere
+was a beautiful vase given the Prince by Alexander II. of Russia,
+enamelled work from the East, richly ornamented swords, trays of solid
+gold, tables full of presentation keys, medals, trowels and memorials of
+all kinds.</p>
+
+<p>Socially, the drawing-room was the central feature of interest. Its
+general effect has been described<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> as being white and gold and pale
+pink, its floor of polished oak with an Axminster carpet in the centre,
+and with an appearance of vastness modified by pillars of white and
+gold. There were innumerable mirrors and the furniture was upholstered
+in deep red, while rare china, flowers, photographs, statuettes, and
+small ornaments of gold and silver and enamel were scattered in
+profusion upon tables, cabinets and mantels. Here the most eminent men
+and beautiful or clever women of Great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> Britain and the world have been
+entertained and here, or in the well-kept grounds, the intimate friends
+of the Prince and Princess have gathered from time to time.</p>
+
+<p>The society received at Marlborough was always cosmopolitan in its
+variety but it was never of the kind which slander sometimes insinuated.
+No man has ever been more democratic, so far as mere class barriers are
+concerned, than was the Prince of Wales, but no one knew better than he
+where to draw the line in his entertainments. The Princess, for her
+part, was at all times a model hostess, and each knew too well what was
+due to the other to make the social life of the Palace anything more
+than a correct embodiment and representation of the social life of
+London. The liberality of the Prince was made evident in later years in
+making cultivated and representative Americans or Jews welcome at his
+functions. His very proper and openly-avowed liking for beautiful women
+encouraged at one time a social class of "professional beauties," but as
+soon as this patronage was found to have been misused and vulgarized in
+certain quarters, he and the Princess quietly dropped those who were
+making a trade of the Royal recognition. A story has been told
+illustrating the capacity which the Prince of Wales always showed for
+keeping people in their proper places. On one occasion, at a great
+charitable bazaar in Albert Hall, which he had honoured with his
+presence, he went up to a refreshment stall and asked for a cup of tea.
+The fair vendor&mdash;there was no doubt of her beauty&mdash;before handing the
+cup to His Royal Highness took a drink from it, saying, "<i>now</i> the price
+will be five guineas!" The Prince gravely paid the money, handed back
+the cup of tea and said, "Will you please give me a clean cup?"</p>
+
+<p>The Royal etiquette, as to social entertainments and the acceptance of
+invitations to country houses, or city functions, was always very exact
+and was carried out along lines fixed by the Prince and Princess in
+their early married life. Outside of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> the aristocracy, or a small list
+of personal friends, very few hospitable invitations were ever accepted
+and as such acceptance meant certain admission to the higher ranks of
+society the pressure upon personal friends or officials can easily be
+imagined. The Prince always objected to the lavish and extravagant style
+of such entertainments and this was one important reason for limiting
+his circle of hosts and hostesses. At the country houses visited from
+time to time, or at the private dinners to which he accepted
+invitations, the Prince was supposed to usually see a list of the guests
+and to always have the right of adding names to it. The delicate and
+indirect task of attending to this matter was for many years confided to
+Mr. Harry Tyrwhitt Wilson; who also had the arrangement of details in
+connection with the visits largely in his hands. One incident of the
+visits to country houses was an effort on the part of the Prince in
+recent years to discourage and check the wholesale habit of tipping
+servants. He took the method of leaving a moderate and suitable sum for
+the purpose and this was distributed after he had left the place. It may
+be added that whenever the Prince went anywhere he was always
+accompanied by an equerry, his own valets, a footman to wait on him at
+meals, and certain other servants.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">FRIENDS AND COMPANIONS OF THE PRINCE</p>
+
+<p>The Prince and Princess of Wales, separately or together as the case may
+be, have visited most of the splendid homes of England. Chief amongst
+those whom they delighted to visit were the Duke and Duchess of
+Devonshire and Chatsworth; Hardwick Hall and Compton Place have,
+therefore, more than once seen most brilliant entertainments in their
+honour. Lord and Lady Cadogan were frequent and favourite hosts. Lord
+and Lady Londonderry, the Earl and Countess of Warwick, the Duke of
+Richmond at Goodwood House, the late Duke of Westminster at Eaton Hall,
+all entertained the Royal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> couple upon more than one occasion. Lord
+Alington, the late Duke of Beaufort, and Sir Edward Lawson gave the
+Prince frequent and enjoyable shooting. The Duchess of Marlborough and
+Mrs. Arthur Paget were two American ladies whom His Royal Highness
+counted as friends and hostesses. Several members of the Rothschild
+family entertained the Heir Apparent at homes which have been described
+as models of comfort and museums of art, while Lord Penrhyn was a Welsh
+magnate whom he once visited with great pleasure, and the late Baron
+Hirsch, in his Hungarian shootings, gave him splendid sport upon more
+than one occasion.</p>
+
+<p>No phrase has been more conspicuous in recent years and none have been
+more abused in meaning and application than that of "the Prince's set."
+Properly used, it meant his personal friends or those who, along
+specific and often very diverse lines of sport, society, work, or
+travel, were necessarily intimate with His Royal Highness. Improperly
+applied, it was supposed to designate a rather fast and very "smart" set
+of wealthy social magnates. In this latter guise it had really no
+existence. Those who were familiar with the Prince of Wales' career and
+character knew that mere wealth was the last thing which ever attracted
+him, and the one thing which was a most certainly uncertain basis upon
+which to gain his patronage; to say nothing of his friendship. Many
+disappointed millionaires can speak with accuracy upon this point&mdash;if
+they wished to. On the other hand, honest love of racing, or shooting,
+or yachting; brilliancy of conversation in man or woman and conspicuous
+beauty or charm of manner in the latter; knowledge of the world and
+capacity to do the right thing in the right way at the right time were
+conspicuous factors in obtaining the friendship of the Prince of Wales.
+Achievements in art, or distinction in the Army and Navy, or great
+philanthropic interests and undertakings, were always elements of
+recognized importance.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p><p>Deer-stalking in the Highlands made friends and hosts such as the late
+Dukes of Sutherland and Hamilton, Mr. Farquharson of Invercauld and Lord
+Glenesk. During his annual visits to Homburg, for many years, and in the
+rest and liberty which he allowed himself there, the Prince's favourite
+companion, as he was his most devoted friend, was the late Mr.
+Christopher Sykes. Lord Brampton&mdash;the clever, witty and eccentric Judge
+who was better known as Sir Henry Hawkins&mdash;the Right Hon. "Jimmy"
+Lowther, M.P., Lord Charles and Lord William Beresford, and Sir Allen
+Young were also special friends of the holiday season. Admiral Sir Henry
+Keppel was a very old friend of the Prince and his family and this
+intimacy also included Mr. and Mrs. George Keppel. Lord Rosebery, Lord
+Beaconsfield, Lord Randolph Churchill and the late Lord Derby could all
+claim the Royal friendship, while Lord and Lady Farquhar were delightful
+and favourite hosts of both the Prince and his wife. Colonel Oliver
+Montagu was a very old and dear friend, and the Earl of Aylesford, Lord
+Cadogan, General Lord Wantage, Colonel Owen Williams, Earl Carrington,
+Lord and Lady Dudley and Lord Russell of Killowen ranked in the category
+of friendship. Lord and Lady Alington had the rare distinction of giving
+dances to which the Princess of Wales used to take her daughters when
+they were young girls.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst hostesses other than those already mentioned whose
+entertainments the Prince liked to attend were Mrs. Bischoffstein and
+Mrs. Arthur Rothschild. Other personal friends were the late Earl of
+Lathom, the bright and witty Marchioness of Aylesbury, Lord James of
+Hereford and the late Sir Charles Hall. Amongst artists whom the Prince
+greatly favoured were Sir Charles and Lady Hall&eacute; and the late Lord
+Leighton. No closer and more devoted friends of the Prince could be
+found than the members of his own Household, and the public was long
+aware of this in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> persons of Lord Suffield, Sir Francis Knollys and
+Sir Dighton Probyn, in particular. The Prince delighted in doing honour
+to those whom he accepted as friends. He marked his sorrow at the deaths
+of Colonel Oliver Montagu and Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild by
+personally attending their funerals&mdash;an exception to the rule which he
+had set himself in this connection.</p>
+
+<p>His Royal Highness frequently gave his powerful patronage to the
+promotion of Memorials to those who had been honoured by his friendship
+and who deserved honour upon national grounds. An early instance of this
+was the case of Dean Stanley. A later one, on July 13, 1900, was the
+gathering called at Marlborough House and presided over by the Prince
+for the purpose of erecting a national memorial in Westminster Abbey to
+the Duke of Westminster. In speaking, His Royal Highness said: "To me
+personally the death of the Duke meant the loss of a life-long friend. I
+had known him from his boyhood and there is no one whose friendship I
+appreciated more than his. In my judgment there is no one whose public
+services more fully deserve public recognition by his countrymen."</p>
+
+<p>Fidelity to friends and appreciation of manly qualities and special
+abilities were always characteristic of the Prince of Wales and,
+combined with his tact and the unusual qualifications of the Princess as
+a hostess, made Marlborough and Sandringham, in different ways, the most
+ideal centres of social entertainment. Taken as a whole, the Prince's
+leadership of society was emphatically for good. His approval and
+patronage of the opera or the theatre, the race-course or the
+shooting-box, may not have been agreeable to some people, but they
+represented the popular opinion of the great majority. He took things as
+they were, enjoyed them in a full-hearted and honest way, improved the
+<i>morale</i> of the social system and the practices in vogue in many
+directions and left Society infinitely better and more honest than he
+had found it.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Private Life of King Edward VII.</i> By a member of the Royal
+Household. D. Appleton &amp; Co. N. Y.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">The Prince as a Sportsman</p>
+
+
+<p>In his devotion to the "sport of kings" the Prince of Wales followed the
+excellent example of Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth, Charles I, Charles II,
+William of Orange, Queen Anne, the Duke of Cumberland, George IV, and
+William IV. He represented in this respect an inherent and seemingly
+natural liking of the English people. With them the manly art of war,
+the physical excitements of chivalry, and tests of endurance in civil
+and foreign struggles, have been replaced by the games and sports of a
+quieter and more peaceful period. Riding to hounds, steeple-chasing and
+the amateur or professional race-course represent a most popular as well
+as aristocratic phase of this development. The Prince of Wales, early in
+his life, took a liking to racing in all its forms and encouraged
+steeple-chasing at a time when it was neither fashionable nor popular.
+He became a member of the Jockey Club in 1868. It was not, however,
+until 1877 that his afterwards famous colours of purple, gold band,
+scarlet sleeves and black velvet cap with gold fringe, were carried at
+Newmarket in the presence of the Princess and before a great and
+fashionable gathering. Five years later His Royal Highness won the
+Household Brigade Cup at Sandown and thenceforward his interest in the
+sport was keen, although it was not till some years afterwards that he
+established his own racing-stable which, in 1890, was placed under the
+efficient management of Lord Marcus Beresford.</p>
+
+<p>During these years the Prince lost a good deal of money, though the
+amount was never known or even truthfully guessed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> at, but in 1889 his
+horses began also to win. In that year he won &pound;204, in 1891 &pound;4148, in
+1894 &pound;3499, and in the next four years a total of &pound;57,430. In 1892 a
+Royal stud was founded at Sandringham and there <i>Persimmon</i> and <i>Diamond
+Jubilee</i> were bred. The Derby of 1896 was perhaps, the most historic of
+English racing events. Attended by a crowd of three hundred thousand
+people, raced in with horses owned by such generous patrons of the turf
+as the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Westminister and Mr. Leopold de
+Rothschild, watched with unusual interest by the crowd, it resulted in
+the most popular victory in the history of English sport. The Prince had
+fought hard for this blue ribbon of the turf, he had faced defeat and
+discouragement again and again and it was known that he would prize
+success more than anything within the limits of his ambition. When,
+therefore, <i>Persimmon</i> carried his colours to the first victory won at
+Epsom by a Prince of Wales in a hundred years, the delight of the Royal
+owner was evident. The great gathering of people cheered as if each
+person present had himself won the race and their obvious enthusiasm was
+an expression of personal liking as well as loyalty. This was a great
+year for the Prince whose horses not only won the Derby, the St. Leger
+and the &pound;10,000 Jockey Club Stakes but also the Newmarket Stakes. In
+1897 <i>Persimmon</i> won the Ascot Cup and the Eclipse Stakes (worth
+together &pound;12,700) and was then retired from the turf. Trained by Richard
+Marsh and ridden by John Watts, this horse had given his Royal owner not
+only financial success but&mdash;what he valued infinitely more&mdash;great
+victories in a sport which he loved.</p>
+
+<p>From that time on the Prince continued to be lucky with his horses. At
+the Derby of 1900 <i>Diamond Jubilee</i> won in exactly the same time as the
+Royal horse of 1896 had done. At this race, on May 30th, the Prince was
+accompanied by a large number of noblemen and ladies and gentlemen
+interested in racing. The Duke of Devonshire, Lord Rothschild, Lord<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>
+Cheylesmore, the Marquess of Londonderry, the Duke of Portland, Lord
+Farquhar, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Earl and Countess of Crewe, the
+Earl and Countess Carrington, and others, came from London in the Royal
+special train. In the Royal box at the races were the King of Sweden,
+the Duke and Duchess of Connaught, the Princess Victoria, the Duke of
+Cambridge and other royalties. The success of the Prince's horse in two
+minutes, forty-two seconds, was received with tremendous applause and
+with general congratulation in a large section of the press while, in
+the same year, the Royal colours were also carried to victory at the
+Grand National and the Two Thousand Guineas. The whole record was a
+unique one; the time at the Derby was the fastest in the history of the
+course; the winner of 1900 was a brother to the winner in 1896; and
+those who lost money appeared to be as glad that the popular Prince
+should win as if they had themselves backed his horse.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">RACING FRIENDS AND YACHTING EXPERIENCES</p>
+
+<p>The part taken by His Royal Highness in sporting matters naturally
+resulted in many friendships built around a mutual love of racing, of
+riding, and of the horse. Conspicuous amongst the good sportsmen who
+were also good friends of the Prince were the names of the Duke of
+Portland, Sir George Wombwell, Sir Reuben Sassoon, the Rothschilds, the
+late Lord Sefton, Mr. Henry Chaplin, the Earl of Zetland and Sir
+Frederick Johnstone. Sir John Astley, Lord and Lady Claude Hamilton, Mr.
+and Mrs. Arthur James, Sir Edward Lawson, Sir Edward Hulse, Lord and
+Lady Gerard, the Earl and Countess of Carnarvon, Sir William Russell and
+Lady Dorothy Neville may be mentioned amongst other devotees of the turf
+who ranked in later years as friends of the Prince of Wales in this
+particular social "set." In this connection the annual Derby Day dinner
+must be mentioned. From 1887 to the time of the Prince's accession this
+Royal banquet to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> members of the Jockey Club was an important
+institution and a much looked-for event in racing circles. Latterly it
+was the chief regular entertainment of the year at Marlborough House.
+The function was elaborate yet not too formal. Evening dress and not
+uniform was the custom; the guests included about fifty of the leading
+patrons of the turf and there were generally half-a-dozen of the Royal
+family present; the great silver dinner service ordered by the Prince at
+his marriage was always used; and the dining-room with its side-boards
+laden with gold and silver trophies of the race-course and attendants in
+scarlet, blue and gold, was a brilliant sight. Dinner did not usually
+last more than an hour and then the guests adjourned to the drawing-room
+for whist. In 1896 and 1900 the toast of the Derby winner, which had so
+often been proposed by the Royal host, had to be given to some one
+else&mdash;greatly to the enthusiasm of the guests.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince of Wales was always a fearless rider and was fond of it from
+childhood. As an undergraduate at Christ-Church he constantly hunted
+with Lord Macclesfield's pack and was then considered a hard rider; but
+in after years his riding was mainly done in connection with military
+and other functions and for exercise, in a milder way than that of
+following the hounds. Akin, in some respects to the sport of racing, is
+that of yachting and to this the Prince of Wales was almost equally
+devoted. Naturally fond of the sea, trained in ocean travel in days when
+it was no pleasant drawing-room experience to cross the Atlantic,
+familiar with every part of a yacht and detail of its management, it was
+only fitting that the Heir to the throne of the seas should be an
+accomplished yachtsman. His first racing-yacht was the <i>Aline</i> and his
+next one, the <i>Britannia</i>, was for a time the most successful of large
+racing-yachts. Many splendid cups and pieces of plate graced the buffets
+of Sandringham and Marlborough and marked the victories of the Prince;
+though any prize moneys won in this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> way were always handed over to his
+Captain and crew as an addition to their already handsome pay.</p>
+
+<p>His Royal Highness was a capital sailor. In returning from his Canadian
+and American tour in 1860 his ship was driven out of its course by a
+severe storm and so much alarm was caused by the delay that a British
+fleet was sent out to search for it; but, different as were the
+conditions of travel in those days, the Prince was not found to be any
+the worse for his stormy experience. In after years when cruising along
+the coasts of Europe, or traversing the Pacific and Indian oceans, he
+met with many a storm and severe strain, so far as weather was
+concerned, without effect. It is said, however, that he was troubled
+somewhat by rough weather in the English Channel. As Commodore of the
+Royal Yacht Squadron his patronage did very much in making the sport
+popular and fashionable and in creating the Cowes Regatta as a great
+yachting function. To this Royal Yacht Club every consideration in the
+way of prizes was given and the Queen, the Prince, the Emperor William
+of Germany, and Napoleon III. of France, offered prizes or trophies,
+from time to time. As Commodore&mdash;which office he accepted in 1882&mdash;His
+Royal Highness had as predecessors the Earl of Yarborough, the Marquess
+of Donegal and the Earl of Wilton. The Vice-Commodore for many years was
+the Marquess of Ormonde.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE NAVY AND LOVE OF SHOOTING</p>
+
+<p>On July 18th, 1887, the position of the Heir Apparent was recognized and
+the Navy complimented through his appointment by the Queen as Honorary
+Admiral of the Fleet. Some criticism was expressed in a portion of the
+Radical press mainly, it was stated, through ignorance of the Prince's
+real qualifications as both a seaman and yachtsman. Upon his accession
+to the Throne no single action was more popular than King Edward's
+retention of this latter title and the interest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> which he continued to
+show in the Navy. His Majesty took as great interest in Sir Thomas
+Lipton's efforts to win the America Cup as he had in the previous
+attempts of Lord Dunraven. Sir Thomas was, apparently, a congenial
+spirit in this connection and from both Prince and King he received a
+good deal of favour. It was while cruising with him on board <i>Shamrock
+II.</i>, off Southampton, (May 22, 1901) that a heavy wind unexpectedly
+strained the spars and gear too much and brought down the top-mast and
+mainmast in a sudden wreck which crashed over the side of the frail
+yacht. The danger to the King was very great and a difference of ten
+seconds in his position would probably have given fatal results. The
+visit to the yacht was, of course, a private one, but such an incident
+as this made the affair very widely commented upon. The London <i>Daily
+Express</i> of the succeeding day embodied a good deal of public opinion in
+the following remarks:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"King though he be, he is resolute to live the frank and free life
+of an English gentleman, taking the chances of sport by land and
+sea as gaily as any undistinguished son of the people, whose life
+is of no smallest national import. That is the sort of King we
+want, the sort of King we will die for if need be&mdash;a King who holds
+his own in every manly exercise, loving sport all the more because
+it contains the element of danger that possesses such a subtle
+attraction for men of Anglo-Saxon blood."</p></div>
+
+<p>Shooting was probably the favourite all-round sport of the Prince of
+Wales and in this he heartily embodied one more characteristic of the
+typical English gentleman. It has been described as a positive passion
+with him and as being "the love of his life." His father had been a
+thorough sportsman, though not a very good shot; the son became not only
+a thorough sportsman but perhaps the best shot in the United Kingdom. At
+seven years of age he was taught deer-stalking, at Oxford he frequently
+did a day's shooting on neighbouring estates, and, in his American and
+Canadian tour, a great pleasure to the young man was an occasional day's
+sport. At <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>Sandringham he early mapped out his estate into a series of
+drives and soon combined with other famous shots to create and make
+popular the big <i>battues</i> which were afterwards so well known and which
+came to constitute so important an event in the shooting seasons at his
+Norfolk home. But His Royal Highness never confined himself to shooting
+pheasants, hares, or rabbits. Deer-stalking and shooting grouse were
+favourite pursuits, and he knew no greater pleasure than to spend a day,
+or days, upon the moors, accompanied by friends and hosts such as the
+late Duke of Sutherland, his son-in-law, the Duke of Fife, Mr. Mackenzie
+of Kintail and Colonel Farquharson of Invercauld. Going out from
+Abergeldie, or Balmoral, or Mar Lodge on a stalking expedition, the
+Prince cared neither for exposure to bad weather, nor severe exertion,
+so long as he could return with a bag of several head of deer. With the
+German Emperor and the late Duke of Coburg he enjoyed splendid sport in
+the vast forests of Central Europe from time to time, and with Baron
+Hirsch, on his great Hungarian estates, he had hunted deer, chamois,
+wild boar and roebuck, as he had shot game in America, hunted tigers and
+elephants in India, shot crocodiles in Egypt and hunted in the forests
+of Ceylon or Denmark.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo32.jpg" width="300" height="438" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+Photograph by Paul Thompson, New York.<br />
+THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER AND HIS UNCLE<br />
+<span style="font-weight: normal;">The Rt. Hon. David Lloyd-George (on the right), whose Radical budget
+made him the storm-centre of England at the time of King Edward's
+illness and death, is here shown at his new Welsh home with his uncle,
+Richard Lloyd, who adopted the future statesman after his father's death
+and educated him.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo33.jpg" width="500" height="344" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+Photograph by Paul Thompson, New York.<br />
+THREE PROMINENT MEMBERS OF KING EDWARD'S LAST CABINET<br />
+<span style="font-weight: normal;">Descending the steps are: at the left, Sir Edward Grey, Bart., Foreign
+Secretary; in centre, Rt. Hon. Winston Spencer Churchill, President,
+Board of Trade; at right, the Earl of Crewe, Colonial Secretary and Lord
+Privy Seal.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo34.jpg" width="300" height="420" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THEODORE ROOSEVELT<br />
+Who was designated by President Taft as Special Ambassador to represent
+the United States at the Funeral of King Edward VII.
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo35.jpg" width="500" height="359" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+KING EDWARD'S LAST TRIP ABROAD<br />
+This photograph was taken at the railway station in Paris when the King
+was on his way to Biarritz (on the Atlantic border between Spain and
+France). Only a few days after his return from this journey he was taken
+fatally ill.
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">Habits and Character of the Prince</p>
+
+
+<p>During forty years of his career as Prince of Wales, King Edward VII.
+was probably the most talked-of man in the United Kingdom. Good-natured
+stories, ill-natured anecdotes, criticisms grading down from the
+malicious to the very mild, praise ranging from the fulsome to the
+feeble point, falsehoods great and falsehoods small, have found currency
+not confined to the English language and ranging through "yarns" of
+gutter journals in London, Paris, Berlin, New York or Calcutta, in
+varied languages, and in many degrees of fabrication. Outside of the
+United Kingdom some of these stories have been more or less believed;
+even in his own national home there were always people ready and willing
+to accept the worst that they heard about a great public personage.
+Where he was known best, however, the influence of these things upon the
+reputation of the Prince of Wales was least and, in fact, so small as to
+afford little or no excuse for dealing with them. Abroad, however, it
+had always been different, and in the United States, thirty years before
+his accession to the Throne, it was conspicuously so. With the passing
+years, of course, and with growing knowledge of the Prince's position
+and character, the situation greatly changed.</p>
+
+<p>As a matter of fact the Prince of Wales, from the early days of his
+manhood, was in his personal and private relations a jovial, honest and
+honourable English gentleman; possessed of a full sense of his
+responsibility in much burdensome work<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> and ceremonial and with a
+growing appreciation, as years passed, of his place as a sort of
+impartial Empire statesman; possessed, also, of a large fund of animal
+spirits and capacity for enjoying the pleasures of life. Within the full
+limits of his rights and his position he lived his life of work and
+pleasure, of public responsibility and of private rest and recreation.
+Yet it was almost always in the blaze of a noon-day publicity and few,
+indeed, were the times and seasons in which the Heir Apparent could
+amuse himself in any genuine <i>incognito</i>. Attempt it he might, but if
+any evil-minded critic were to seriously or conscientiously consider the
+situation&mdash;both of which suppositions are improbable&mdash;he might have seen
+that the best-known and most photographed man in the world would indeed
+have been foolish to trust to an <i>incognito</i> for any but the simplest
+and most innocent of objects. The actual impossibility of the Prince of
+Wales escaping from his <i>entourage</i>, his identity, and his surroundings,
+were sufficient to make Continental fictions and foreign fancies about
+him absolutely farcical to those who knew something of his daily
+life&mdash;aside altogether from those who knew and understood his real
+character.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE MORDAUNT CASE</p>
+
+<p>There was only one matter involving moral considerations which ever
+emerged from the low region of back-door insinuation to the upper air
+and it was threshed out in a <i>cause celebre</i>&mdash;that of Lady Mordaunt. Her
+husband, an English baronet, sued for divorce before the Court of
+Divorce and Matrimonial Causes, alleging the usual grounds, and naming
+as co-respondents, Viscount Cole and Sir Frederick Johnstone. The case
+was heard on February 16th, 1870, and following days, and the defence on
+the part of Lady Mordaunt was insanity. The Prince of Wales, though not
+specified in the indictment, was so widely gossiped about as being
+connected with the case that he asked to be heard and swore positively
+that there had been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> no improper relations between himself and the
+defendant. Two of the Judges on Appeal&mdash;Lord Penzance and Mr. Justice
+Keating&mdash;agreed with the jury's verdict that Lady Mordaunt was insane,
+while Chief Baron Kelly differed. The woman in the case was for years
+afterwards confined in a lunatic asylum, and it has long since been
+quite well understood that the only basis for scandal was the fact that
+a Royal visit which had been paid upon one occasion was made under the
+invariable rule of etiquette, which prescribes that no other caller
+shall be received while the visit lasts. Before and after the trouble
+Lady Mordaunt's sisters, and especially the Dowager Countess of Dudley,
+were amongst the Princess of Wales' warm friends, while the daughter of
+the plaintiff in the case was, in later years, received at Sandringham,
+and was given many beautiful presents by the members of the Royal family
+upon her marriage to the Marquess of Bath. Such conditions would have
+been absolutely impossible to imagine with the Princess of Wales had she
+entertained the slightest belief in the stories floating about regarding
+that famous trial. During the succeeding thirty years, however, there
+was never even an apparent excuse for the repetition of such stories,
+and the happy home life of the Prince and Princess was patent to all who
+were willing to believe the evidence of their eyes and ears.</p>
+
+<p>What may be said of the characteristics and habits of this many-sided
+heir to Royal position? Probably his first and most pronounced quality
+was one of difficult definition&mdash;tactfulness. Through its means he led
+society without rivalry and with unique success; promoted reforms
+without violence of agitation or the creation of antagonisms; carried
+out countless varied and delicate duties, with noiseless celerity, in an
+age of intense and active curiosity. In forty years of ceaseless
+political change and frequently acute political crises not a whisper of
+his private views became known to the million-tongued press or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> the
+curious public. He had known every kind of partisan and been liked by
+leaders of the masses as well as the classes&mdash;by Joseph Arch and Henry
+Broadhurst, as well as by the Earl of Derby or the Marquess of
+Salisbury. If he visited Mr. Gladstone at Hawarden on one occasion he
+paid the same honour to Lord Beaconsfield at Hughenden at another time.
+If Lord Randolph Churchill was a personal friend so also was Lord
+Rosebery, or Mr. Balfour. His genial manner and sometimes cosmopolitan
+view of society encouraged a popular opinion as to his natural
+democracy; while a personal dignity, never forced, or assumed, but
+always present, prevented the most courageous person from taking undue
+advantage of the freedom from ceremonial which he sometimes liked to
+encourage. His preferences in international matters were as little known
+as his political opinions, and yet, at times, his influence in this
+respect was very great.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">SPORTING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRINCE</p>
+
+<p>The next and perhaps most prominent characteristic of the Prince of
+Wales was his love for sports and his embodiment of qualities which, in
+everyday life, constitute the English country gentleman. Some reference
+has already been made to his interest in racing, yachting and shooting.
+But most of the lesser sports and games were also attractive to him at
+different periods, and there was hardly one with which he was not more
+or less familiar. Boating and riding in his University days and
+fox-hunting at Sandringham from time to time in later years, were
+incidents of this record. Croquet he was an expert in, but never very
+fond of. Lawn-tennis, when first introduced and for years afterwards,
+was a game to which he was very partial, and on the <i>Serapis</i> when
+traversing the route to India he played deck-tennis until everyone else
+was exhausted. The bowling-alley at Sandringham was one of the best in
+England and the Prince was always fond of a game of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> bowls. Quoits he
+played well, and billiards he played with frequency and skill&mdash;his
+daughters being also able to handle the cue with success. Hockey was a
+favourite game, especially on the lakes at Sandringham, and of this
+sport the other members of his family were equally fond. Skating and
+hockey parties were frequent during severe winter seasons and the Prince
+played in many specially arranged hockey matches&mdash;one of them against
+members of the House of Commons in the winter of 1894-5 included Mr.
+Balfour, Lord Stanley, Lord Willoughby de Eresby and Mr. Victor
+Cavendish.</p>
+
+<p>Fishing never appealed to him and was, apparently, too quiet and easy a
+sport. He liked pigeon-flying, and bred some very fine birds at
+Sandringham for this purpose. Tricycling he was very fond of and kept
+good machines both at Marlborough and Sandringham. As soon as motor cars
+came into use he could be frequently seen driving a smart carriage along
+the country roads of Norfolk. Chess the Prince never mastered nor cared
+for. In dancing he was an expert, as well as in skating, and was always
+exceedingly fond of the amusement. At his Sandringham balls he was an
+indefatigable dancer, and at great balls all over the world he delighted
+many a partner and varied social circle by his obvious pleasure in the
+entertainment. From Halifax to Montreal, from Toronto to New York, in
+Canada and the United States, in Egypt and India, in Turkey and Greece,
+in all the greater Courts of Europe, from the days of Napoleon III. at
+Paris, to those of William II. at Berlin, he had been the central figure
+of some such occasions. Golf was played by His Royal Highness on the
+links of Musselburgh in early days and at a later time in Windsor Park.
+Cricket he was fond of in his younger days, but latterly he only showed
+his interest by patronizing matches as an onlooker. In these and other
+pursuits the Prince represented in his mode of life and his manner of
+enjoying himself<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> the qualities of a distinct type amongst his
+countrymen and a type most popular throughout the community.</p>
+
+<p>Another characteristic of the Prince was his good manners. The "first
+gentleman in Europe" always knew how to be pleasant without being
+familiar, dignified without being pompous, genial without being free.
+Myriads of stories are told in this connection. At the skating and
+hockey parties on the Sandringham lakes the farmers' wives and daughters
+were included and no Duchess in the land would be handed a cup of tea
+with more courtly manner by the Royal host than would the wife of a
+tenant on his estates. His servants, in houses and farms and stables, in
+sport or travel, at home and abroad, were treated in such a way as to
+make every one of them wish to serve the Prince for a life-time. No more
+charming incident is on record than the way in which His Royal Highness
+approached Mrs. Gladstone at the state funeral of her great husband,
+bowed low before her and kissed her proffered hand. Whether in high
+circles, or in those of ordinary people, in expected surroundings or
+amid unexpected conditions, the Prince seemed to always retain this
+faculty of politeness in the true sense of the word&mdash;a product of heart
+and mind rather than of mere instruction or habit.</p>
+
+<p>His manner and style of public speaking was an incident in the Prince of
+Wales' career which exercised considerable influence upon his personal
+popularity. The pronounced factors in his style were not oratory,
+gestures, or brilliancy. Plain in matter and manner the speeches always
+were; full of meat and substance they frequently were; neat and
+effective they were generally considered. Mr. Gladstone once went
+further than this description would seem to warrant when he declared
+that there were few speakers whom he listened to with more pleasure.
+"His speeches are invariably marvels of conciseness, graceful expression
+and clear elocution". His voice was a good one, clear and distinct and
+well-trained.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> Nervous in his younger days and accustomed to learn the
+speeches off for delivery, he gradually changed with age and experience
+into the delivery of <i>impromptu</i> after-dinner remarks and speeches which
+did not show traces of the midnight oil or earnest preparation&mdash;although
+often full of facts and incidents about the immense variety of subjects
+with which he had to deal.</p>
+
+<p>Intimately connected with these characteristics of his was the
+unquestioned ability to judge human nature. This quality enabled the
+Prince to play his difficult part so well as he did, to keep him in
+touch with all classes and the masses, to cultivate all the varied
+elements of a changing national life, and to be as much at home amongst
+business men as at the Royal Academy&mdash;amongst the aristocracy of London
+as with the farmers of Norfolk. He was ever a good judge of the people
+around him and, perhaps, no man in modern life was so well and
+faithfully served. His memory for names and faces was extraordinary and
+would remind Canadians of the unique faculty in this connection
+possessed by the late Sir John Macdonald. He always hated affectation
+and toadyism and liked sincerity and simplicity. Marie Corelli, writing
+in 1897, used the following expressive words: "To entertain the Prince
+do little; for he is clever enough to entertain himself privately with
+the folly and humbug of those he sees around him, without actually
+sharing in the petty comedy. He is a keen observer and must derive
+infinite gratification from his constant study of men and manners, which
+is sufficiently deep and searching to fit him for the occupation of even
+the throne of England. I say 'even', for at present, till time's great
+hourglass turns, it is the grandest throne in the world".</p>
+
+<p>Patronage of music, art and the drama were characteristic incidents in
+the life and work of the Prince. The day for helping literature had
+perhaps gone when he came upon the scene and newspapers were then
+supposed to do for budding genius what royalty and aristocracy did for
+Johnson, Goldsmith, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>Swift or Pope. It is a curious fact of later-day
+democracy that, with the obvious exception of Kipling, most of the
+greater lights in literature&mdash;Browning, Rossetti, Tennyson, Mathew
+Arnold or Swinburne&mdash;were born with fairly comfortable means. This in
+passing, of course. Something has been said elsewhere as to His Royal
+Highness's patronage of music and there is no doubt that he taught smart
+society to support the opera, while his personal enthusiasm for Wagner
+was pronounced and sincere.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE THEATRE AND THE CHURCH</p>
+
+<p>He patronized the theatre for many years with regularity and
+discrimination; his taste in all matters of light comedy and opera was
+known to be good; and it goes without saying that his approval of a play
+or actor made many a reputation and fortune. He used to make his own
+selection of theatre or play, pay handsomely for his own box, arrive
+punctually on time and remain till the end, or very near it. His dislike
+of ostentation soon did away with the old fashion of a manager walking
+upstairs backward before royalty and his leaving a little early was to
+avoid causing delay and confusion with their carriages amongst the other
+guests of the theatre. Actors have greatly exaggerated the extent of his
+patronage and friendship. But he more than once took supper with Sir
+Henry Irving and it is understood to have been by his advice that the
+great tragedian was knighted. He it was who encouraged the late Queen to
+resume her patronage of the theatre and to begin by having Mr. and Mrs.
+Kendal appear before her at Osborne. He never liked, however, the
+appearance of members of the aristocracy on the stage and his daughters
+are said to have never taken part even in private theatricals. He is
+said to have enjoyed a private visit and smoke behind the scenes and
+George Grossmith is stated to have been one of those who were most
+patronized in this respect.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span></p><p>An interesting feature of his many-sided career and character was the
+Heir Apparent's attention to his religious duties. At Marlborough and at
+Sandringham prayers were read daily, in the morning, and guests, staff
+and servants were expected, though not compelled, to be present. On
+Sunday the Prince invariably attended morning service either at the
+Chapel Royal in London, or at the quaint and beautiful little Chapel of
+St. Mary Magdalene, in the country. The latter was filled with handsome
+Memorial windows and tablets and there, for many years, worshipped the
+future King with the humblest labourers on his estate. The only
+distinction made was in the private entrance for the Prince and the
+reserved pews for his guests and family. His daughters taught in the
+Sunday School and the Princess had charge of the music. It has been said
+that the Prince never attended Divine service on a Sunday in any but an
+Episcopal church. Certainly the records of his travels and habits appear
+to confirm this statement. Whether in Bombay, or Montreal, or New York,
+he seems to have always attended the services of the Established Church
+or its daughter Churches. Even in Rome, where he once spent Easter
+Sunday, impressive ceremonies conducted by the Pope at St. Peter's did
+not prevent him from attending a quiet little English church and
+explaining that when members of the Church were in foreign lands they
+should be especially particular in encouraging their own form of faith.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, as a traveller of wide experience the Prince visited all the
+great cathedrals of the Continent and was familiar with the splendid
+Mohammedan mosques and Hindoo temples and sacred shrines which helped to
+make the glittering East so attractive. But they were visited on
+week-days. He was supposed to be broad in his principles as a Churchman
+and certainly at state weddings and funerals in other countries he
+shared in various forms of worship. The Princess of Wales was known to
+have attended ritualistic services before her husband's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> accession to
+the Throne, but she far more often attended Low or Broad Church
+services. On Sundays at Sandringham the Prince used, in the afternoons,
+to walk about the grounds with his family or guests, visit the kennels,
+the bear-pit, the model farms or the Princess's lovely little dairy and
+its suite of tiny attached rooms where tea would often be served. In
+London he would sometime attend Divine service again or else pay calls
+in his private hansom and then dine quietly with friends or have a few
+of them to dinner at Marlborough. Sunday afternoons at Sandringham were
+always greatly enjoyed by Sir Frederick Leighton and Lord Beaconsfield
+but Mr. Gladstone is said to have best liked long, lonely rambles
+through the woods of the estate.</p>
+
+<p>An important part of the character of a man in the position so long held
+by the Prince of Wales is the fact of moderation, or otherwise, in
+eating and drinking. It is a vital factor in the lives of all men but
+how much more so when great banquets are for months a daily function;
+when every luxury, or delicacy, or combination of cookery known to the
+civilized world and the barbaric East is at one time or another offered
+for his delectation; when the power of rulers and the wealth of
+millionaires are devoted to the furnishing of choice wines and
+<i>liqueurs</i> and drinks for his use. The good health always enjoyed by the
+Prince was perhaps proof enough of his moderation at the table. His
+habits in this respect became pretty well known. Tea at breakfast and in
+the afternoon he always liked; Moselle cup he enjoyed and was rather
+proud of possessing the receipt brought from Germany by the Prince
+Consort; champagne for many years was almost his exclusive beverage
+though afterwards claret took its place. Between meals he seldom drank
+anything though a well-known "cocktail" in the London clubs is credited
+to his invention. He always strongly disapproved of ladies drinking
+anything but a little wine and this was well understood by his own
+guests or by those at houses where he visited.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p><p>Reference must be made here to one unpleasant incident in the Prince of
+Wales' later career&mdash;unpleasant in its results and in the comments of
+the press and pulpit. To playing cards for an occasional evening's
+amusement the Prince was always partial, but not to the extent which was
+sometimes asserted.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">CARDS AND THE BACCARAT AFFAIR</p>
+
+<p>During his journeys abroad he seldom or never played and he made a
+strict and early rule against playing in clubs. His friends say that he
+used to frequently dissuade younger men or the sons of old friends from
+forming a habit in this connection and as a well-known man of the world,
+without affectation and with wide experience and a naturally commanding
+influence, his views no doubt had great weight. Hence the most
+regrettable feature in the famous Baccarat case of 1890 which was, for a
+time, one of the most talked-of and preached-at incidents in modern
+social life. To understand the matter it is necessary to look at the
+Prince's environment. He was the leader of society and society, together
+with a large proportion of people everywhere, saw no harm in a game of
+cards, or even in the accompaniment of playing for ordinary money
+stakes, any more than they saw harm in racing and betting upon the
+results, or in dancing and its accompaniment of late hours and perhaps
+frivolous dissipation. Yet to many people in the United Kingdom and the
+Empire danger and evil lurked in one or all of these amusements and it
+was a shock to them to find that the Heir Apparent actually indulged in
+card-playing; although everyone had known that he patronized the other
+two pursuits referred to.</p>
+
+<p>The history of the affair may be told briefly. On September 8th, during
+the Doncaster races, Mr. Arthur Wilson, a very wealthy shipowner, was
+entertaining a large party at Tranby Croft, near Hull, which included
+the Prince of Wales,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> Lord Coventry, General Owen Williams, Sir William
+Gordon-Cumming, Lord Craven, Lord and Lady Brougham and Lord Edward
+Somerset. When each day's racing was over and the company had returned
+to Tranby Croft and finished dinner, Baccarat was introduced as the
+amusement of the evening and played for a couple of hours. The stakes
+were moderate&mdash;for such a party&mdash;and ran from five shillings to ten
+pounds. About seventeen people, ladies and gentlemen, usually sat down
+and the Prince of Wales was the life of the party, as he generally was,
+whatever the occupation or sport. On the date mentioned, Mr. Stanley
+Wilson, the host's son, thought he saw Sir W. Gordon-Cumming using his
+counters fraudulently and informed Lord Coventry and General Williams of
+his suspicions. On the third evening a committee of five&mdash;two ladies and
+three gentlemen&mdash;watched the baronet and unanimously agreed that they
+saw him cheating. He was privately accused of the offence, denied it
+vehemently, and brought the matter before the Prince, who practically
+acted as judge and regretfully told him that there could be no doubt of
+his guilt.</p>
+
+<p>It was, perhaps the most difficult position the Prince of Wales had ever
+been placed in. To hand a friend and fellow-guest and well-known soldier
+over to justice meant in this case ruin to the man himself, disgrace to
+their host and his family and a considerable amount of discredit to the
+Prince. Of the latter point it is probable that the Prince thought
+least, as his fidelity to friends was always well-known. Yet to let the
+apparently guilty man go without punishment or restriction was
+impossible from every standpoint. The Prince, therefore, tried to square
+his duty all round by a compromise and made Sir W. Gordon-Cumming sign a
+pledge to never play at cards again. The natural result followed where
+at least seven people hold a secret of much importance. It became known,
+or rather rumored, the resignation of the baronet from the Army was not
+accepted pending inquiry and, finally, he precipitated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> the issue by
+sueing the committee of five&mdash;Mrs. Arthur Wilson, Mr. Stanley Wilson,
+Mr. and Mrs. Lycett Green and Mr. Berkeley Levett&mdash;for scandal. Sir
+Charles Russell acted for the defence and Sir Edward Clarke for the
+plaintiff and, after a sensational trial, the action was dismissed.</p>
+
+<p>The case created the most intense interest and for a time His Royal
+Highness was the most criticised man in the United Kingdom. Press and
+pulpit thundered forth denunciations of gambling and card-playing, and
+lectured the Prince upon his duty to the nation and his responsibility
+for public morality. Every extreme religious speaker or writer, every
+Radical paper, or pamphleteer, or lecturer found the Heir to the Throne
+an excellent subject for abuse, while the best papers abroad teemed with
+reflections which could hardly be termed generous. Speaking of the
+counters which had been used in these games and which were brought by
+the Prince personally to Tranby Croft the New York <i>Tribune</i> declared
+that in them he had "fingered the fragments of the Crown of England."
+Upon one point all the home papers were united and that was that in
+trying to arrange and settle the matter the Prince had contravened the
+Army regulations.</p>
+
+<p>The better class of papers were very serious upon the subject. The
+London <i>Times</i> declared that the Heir Apparent could not put off his
+responsibilities as he did his official dress and, while admitting the
+assiduity and tact and good-humour with which he performed his dull
+round of routine duties, it yet bitterly regretted the example he had
+now set. The <i>Daily News</i> thought that the Prince had only been guilty
+of an indiscretion, so far as his action toward Gordon-Cumming was
+concerned, but went on to say that what was blameless as an example in
+meaner men, was very different in one of his exalted position. The
+<i>Standard</i> denounced the whole affair from beginning to end. "The Prince
+of Wales is not as other men. His position demands a sobriety, a
+self-restraint, and a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> dignity from which people of less exalted
+position and lighter responsibilities are absolved." The religious press
+put no bounds to its denunciation. The <i>Christian World</i> spoke of the
+matter as an "outrage to the public conscience" and the <i>British Weekly</i>
+thought it "enough to sober the strongest supporters of the Monarchy."
+Resolutions were passed at some Church meetings of a similar character.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">AFTERMATH OF THE INCIDENT</p>
+
+<p>Then the re-action came. His Royal Highness expressed to the Military
+authorities and the House of Commons his apologies for an unintentional
+infraction of Army regulations; it was pointed out that playing a game
+of cards in a private house was not setting a public example and that
+the situation was so unique that any man in the Prince's place would
+have been pardoned in not knowing what to do; the cause of the trouble
+was dismissed from the Army and expelled from his clubs. The <i>Daily
+Telegraph</i> pointed out that the carrying of the Baccarat counters, which
+was apparently deemed the most serious part of the matter by many
+commentators, was a very common habit with players of this game as the
+symbols for money tended to moderation in playing, and were better in
+every way than slips of paper. Years afterwards, Mr. Arnold White stated
+it as a fact that these famous bits of pasteboard were actually a
+present from the Princess of Wales. The public came to feel after the
+first hasty judgment was given that, after all, the Prince had risked a
+good deal for a friend and the <i>Observer</i> went so far as to say that
+"under the most difficult and trying circumstances His Royal Highness
+has acted as ninety-nine Englishmen out of a hundred would have done."
+The Rev. Dr. Charles A. Berry, the eminent Non-conformist divine,
+declared that the people were not going to be unduly severe in their
+judgment. "They recognize the fact that he does a great deal of public
+work and is compelled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> to live almost continually a life of unnatural
+pressure. It is, therefore, to say the least, understandable that he
+should seek pleasure and relaxation in some form of excitement."</p>
+
+<p>Then the issue cooled down as suddenly as the tempest had arisen, and
+before long it would have been hard to recognize that so stormy a stage
+of criticism had swept over the popular Prince's head. In the <i>Life</i> of
+Archbishop Benson, published many years afterwards, there appeared a
+long letter from the Heir Apparent in answer to a note of sympathy
+received at this time from His Grace. The Prince spoke of the "deep pain
+and annoyance" which the Baccarat incident had caused him; of the recent
+trial which had given the press occasion "to make most bitter and unjust
+attacks upon me, knowing I was defenceless&mdash;and I am not sure that
+politics were not mixed up in it." Speaking of the papers and the
+Nonconformists, who had been especially strong in their remarks, he
+added some interesting expressions as to his general view of gambling.
+"They have a perfect right, I am well aware, in a free country like our
+own, to express their opinions, but I do not consider that they have a
+just right to jump at conclusions regarding myself, without knowing the
+facts. I have a horror of gambling, and should always do my utmost to
+discourage others who have an inclination for it, as I consider
+gambling, like intemperance, is one of the greatest curses which a
+country could be afflicted with. Horse-racing may produce gambling, or
+it may not, but I have always looked upon it as a manly sport which is
+popular with Englishmen of all classes, and there is no reason why it
+should be looked upon as a gambling transaction. Alas, those who gamble
+will gamble at anything."</p>
+
+<p>Such were some of the characteristics and habits and social incidents in
+the career of King Edward while he was Prince of Wales. They show how
+entirely he shared in the life of the majority of the people&mdash;a fact all
+the more illustrated in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> occasions when he departed from his natural
+and usual course and seemed to participate in matters outside of the
+accepted and popular pursuits of the people. It is the picture of a man
+who loved his England, liked life and its pleasures, hated humbug,
+enjoyed sport, did his duty as it came to him and liked the play, the
+race-course and all the sports of a healthy, hearty Englishman. They
+prove the accuracy of that interesting description penned in his <i>Diary</i>
+by the King of Sweden and which, somehow, became public: "The Heir
+Apparent to the British Throne is Prince of Wales by name, Prince of
+Society by inclination, Prince of Good Fellows by nature."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">The Prince as an Empire Statesman</p>
+
+
+<p>The breadth of view shown by the late Prince Consort was one of his
+greatest and most marked qualities. He seemed to have the faculty of
+seeing further into the future than most men and of preparing his own
+mind for developments which were yet hidden from the view of
+contemporary statesmen. Hence his famous Exhibition of 1851 and the
+realization of the fact that to encourage trade and commerce some
+knowledge of the world's products and resources was not only desirable
+but necessary. Hence the early perception, which he shared with the
+Queen, of the coming importance of the Colonies and of the necessity of
+bringing the Crown into touch with those over-sea democracies which were
+growing up to nationhood in such neglected fashion and with such little
+practical concern in the Motherland. Hence the dislike of the Queen and
+himself&mdash;because she had the statesman's understanding as well as her
+husband&mdash;to the Manchester school, and their opposition to the line of
+thought which said that Colonies were useless except for commerce and
+not much good for that. Hence the Queen's long-after regard for Lord
+Beaconsfield and her appreciation of his stirring and romantic
+Imperialism.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince of Wales unquestionably inherited this capacity for
+statecraft from his parents. Natural and hereditary pride in his future
+Crown and in the greatness of the United Kingdom was developed by
+teaching and study and visits into an intense pride in the vast Empire
+which grew so rapidly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> from year to year around his country and under
+its Crown. Having a broader and saner outlook than many of those about
+him, without the spur of ordinary ambitions, or the hampering influence
+of partisan considerations, he was enabled to view this development more
+carefully, wisely, and clearly than the busy diplomatist or the
+much-occupied statesman. Hence the pleasure with which he saw the
+Imperial Federation League formed in 1884 and watched the efforts of Mr.
+W. E. Forster and Lord Rosebery to build upon the preliminary principles
+already evolved by Lord Beaconsfield. It was not long before he saw an
+opportunity to promote this sentiment of unity and encourage the
+extension of Imperial trade. He had visited different parts of the
+Queen's dominions and understood something of the immense possibilities
+which were still lying dormant. His sons had since travelled over an
+even larger portion of the Empire and had, no doubt, in private as well
+as in their published journals, told him much of the more recent
+progress of those great outlying communities. Contemporaneously,
+therefore, with the founding of the League just mentioned, His Royal
+Highness proposed the holding of a great Exhibition which should meet
+the new needs of the time as his father's had done in 1851. Then, the
+interests of British trade were cosmopolitan and Colonial development
+slight and unimportant to the immediate concerns of England. Now,
+British commerce was contracting with foreign countries and steadily
+growing with British countries. Hence the new Exhibition should, he
+thought, be confined to British resources and products and be Imperial
+instead of international.</p>
+
+<p>On November 10th, 1884, the Queen issued a Royal Commission to arrange
+for the holding of an Exhibition of the products, manufactures and arts
+of Her Majesty's Colonial and Indian dominions in the year 1886. The
+Prince of Wales was to be President and Sir Philip Cunliffe-Owen,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>
+Secretary, of the Commission. The first meeting took place at
+Marlborough House on March 30th, 1885, with His Royal Highness in the
+chair. Amongst the members present were F. M. the Duke of Cambridge, the
+Marquess of Salisbury, the Marquess of Lorne, the Earl of Derby, the
+Earl of Dalhousie, Earl Cadogan, the Earl of Kimberley, the Earl of
+Lytton, F. M. Lord Strathnairn, Mr. Edward Stanhope, Sir Stafford
+Northcote, Mr. W. E. Forster, Sir M. E. Hicks-Beach, Sir H. T. Holland,
+Sir John Rose, Sir R. G. W. Herbert, Sir Charles Tupper of Canada, Sir
+Arthur Blyth of South Australia, Sir F. D. Bell of New Zealand, Sir Saul
+Samuel of New South Wales, Mr. Charles Mills of Cape Colony, Mr. R.
+Murray Smith of Victoria, Mr. James F. Garrick of Queensland, Sir W. C.
+Seargeant, Sir G. C. M. Birdwood and many other distinguished
+representatives of British, Colonial and Indian interests. In the course
+of his somewhat lengthy speech detailing the objects of the movement and
+the methods of operation, the Prince described the proposed Exhibition
+as one by which the "reproductive resources" of the Colonies and India
+would be brought before the British people and the different countries
+concerned be able to "compare the advance made by each other in trade,
+manufactures and general material progress". He pointed out the desire
+of the Motherland to participate in the development of Colonial material
+interests and then added: "We must remember that, as regards the
+Colonies, they are the legitimate and natural homes, in future, of the
+more adventurous and energetic portion of the population of these
+Islands."</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary announced that the preliminary list of guarantees provided
+for &pound;128,000, including &pound;20,000 from the Government of India, &pound;10,000
+from that of Canada, &pound;19,000 from the various Australasian Governments
+and &pound;1000 each from individual subscribers such as Lord Cadogan, Sir
+Thomas Brassey, Sir Daniel Cooper, the Earl of Derby, Mr. Henry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>
+Doulton, Sir J. Whittaker Ellis, Mr. Samuel Morley and the Earl of
+Rosebery. This latter list indicated in a most marked manner the
+personal influence of the Prince of Wales. On May 3, 1886, the eve of
+the formal opening of the Exhibition was marked by a meeting of the
+Royal Commission at which the Prince presided, sketched the history and
+progress of an undertaking to which he had given much time and intimated
+that the guarantee fund now amounted to &pound;218,000, of which the City of
+London had recently voted &pound;10,000. In proposing a vote of thanks to the
+Royal chairman, seconded by Earl Granville, the Duke of Cambridge said:
+"It is not the first time that His Royal Highness has acted as President
+in undertakings of this nature, and it is very difficult for any person
+to praise him in his presence without appearing fulsome; but it is not
+fulsome to say that he has always devoted his whole energies to bringing
+everything to a successful issue with which he is connected."</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">OPENING AND SUCCESS OF THE EXHIBITION</p>
+
+<p>The Colonial and Indian Exhibition was opened on the following day at
+South Kensington by Her Majesty the Queen in the presence of an immense
+gathering, representative of all parts of the British realm. It was, in
+fact, the first of those great f&ecirc;tes with which the people became so
+familiar in the next two decades and which did so much to unify and
+typify the power of the Empire. In the brilliant throng surrounding the
+Queen and the Prince of Wales, as the latter read an elaborate address
+of loyal welcome, were the members of the Government, the various
+Foreign Ambassadors, distinguished men in every walk of life,
+representatives of Colonies and British islands in all parts of the
+world&mdash;Lord Salisbury, Lord Rosebery, Lord Cranbrook, the Earl of
+Northbrook, the Dukes of Manchester, Buckingham and Abercorn, the Earl
+of Iddesleigh, Lord Granville, the Earl of Kimberley, Lord<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> Napier of
+Magdala, Sir M. E. Hicks-Beach, Sir F. Leighton, Sir Charles Tupper and
+Mr. Hector Fabre from Canada, Sir Alexander Stuart, Sir Arthur Blyth,
+Sir Samuel Davenport, the Hon. James F. Garrick and the Hon. Malcolm
+Fraser, from Australia, Sir Lyon Playfair, Sir Richard Cross, Sir
+William Harcourt, Lord Wolseley, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Mr. H. C.
+E. Childers, the Maharajah of Johore, Rustem Pasha, Count Hatzfeldt,
+Earl Spencer, and many others. Madame Albani sang that splendid ode by
+Lord Tennyson beginning:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Welcome, welcome with one voice<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In your welfare we rejoice,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sons and brothers that have sent,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From isle and cape and continent<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Produce of your field and flood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mount and mine and primal wood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Works of subtle brain and hand<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And splendours of the Morning Land,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gifts from every British zone<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Britons, hold your own!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The National Anthem was first sung in English and then in Sanskrit as a
+compliment to the Indian visitors. The address read by the Prince of
+Wales referred to the origin and progress of the project, to the
+development of the Colonies, to the late Prince Consort's interest in
+Exhibitions and to his own position as President of the present Royal
+Commission, and concluded as follows: "It is our heartfelt prayer that
+an undertaking intended to illustrate and record this development may
+give a stimulus to the commercial interests and intercourse of all parts
+of Your Majesty's dominions; that it may be the means of augmenting that
+warm affection and brotherly sympathy which is reciprocated by all Your
+Majesty's subjects; and that it may still further deepen that steadfast
+loyalty which we, who dwell in the Mother Country, share with our
+kindred who have elsewhere so nobly done honour to her name." The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>
+Queen's reply expressed an earnest hope that the Exhibition would
+encourage the arts of peace and industry and strengthen the bonds of
+union within the Empire. An interesting feature of the proceedings was
+the receipt of a telegram from Sir Patrick Jennings, Premier of New
+South Wales, expressing that Colonial Government's "thanks and
+appreciation to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales for the profound
+interest" he had shown in the success of the great project now so
+auspiciously opened. The London <i>Times</i> on the following day spoke of
+the "energy and devotion" of the Prince in this connection, and the
+press as a whole at home and in the external Empire joined in
+congratulating him upon the issue.</p>
+
+<p>The Exhibition was a great success in every way. Over five and a half
+million visitors were recorded and the Queen helped, personally, to
+maintain public interest in it by herself visiting the various Sections
+repeatedly. The final meeting of the Royal Commission was held at
+Marlborough House on April 30th, 1897 and the Prince of Wales submitted
+an elaborate and exhaustive Report which was afterwards published. In
+his own remarks the President pointed out that the project had served
+its main purpose in very largely promoting knowledge of the Empire's
+resources and products and that, incidentally, its success had given the
+management a surplus of &pound;35,000. This sum, he suggested, should be
+largely devoted to the advancement of the project for a permanent
+Exhibition or Imperial Institute&mdash;"in the promotion of which the Queen
+and I both take so warm an interest." Later in the evening the Prince
+expressed the hope that as the late Exhibition had been, allegorically,
+burnt that day, "the Imperial Institute may be a Ph&oelig;nix rising out of
+its ashes. I trust that it may be a lasting memorial not only of that
+but of the Jubilee of Her Majesty the Queen." Of the sum mentioned,
+&pound;25,000 was accordingly voted to the new project.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span></p><p>The proposal of the Heir Apparent&mdash;as first expressed in a letter to
+the Lord Mayor on September 13, 1886&mdash;was that the idea evolved in the
+Exhibition should be made permanent and be embodied in an Imperial
+Institute which should be at once a visible emblem of the unity of the
+Empire, a place for illustrating its vast resources, a museum for
+exhibiting its varied and changing products and industries, a centre of
+information and communication for all British countries, an aid to the
+increase and distribution of national wealth, a medium for combining in
+joint co-operation older and smaller institutions of tried utility, and
+a fitting national memorial of the Queen's Jubilee. The movement
+developed steadily and, on January 12th, 1887, a gathering was held at
+Kensington Palace, upon invitation of the Prince of Wales, and was one
+of the most representative over which even he had ever presided. Amongst
+those present were Lord Herschell, Chairman of the Organizing Committee,
+the Earl of Carnarvon, Lord Revelstoke, Lord Rothschild, Sir Lyon
+Playfair, Sir H. T. Holland, Sir John Rose, Sir Henry James, the Right
+Hon. H. H. Fowler, Sir Frederick Leighton, Sir Charles Tupper, Sir Saul
+Samuel, Sir Edward Guinness, Sir Ashley Eden, Sir Owen T. Bourne, Sir
+Reginald Hanson, Lord Mayor of London, Mr. J. H. Tritton, Chairman of
+the London Chamber of Commerce, Mr. Pattison Currie, Chairman of the
+Bank of England, Sir Frederick Abel, Mr. Neville Lubbock, Lord Campden,
+the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, the Lord Mayor of York, the Mayor of
+Newcastle and nearly two hundred other mayors, or chief magistrates, of
+British towns.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince of Wales was accompanied by Prince Albert Victor and spoke at
+length upon the objects to be served and the progress already made in
+the matter which he had so much at heart. "It occurred to me that the
+recent Colonial and Indian Exhibition, which presented a most successful
+display of the material resources of the Colonies and India, might<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span>
+suggest the basis for an Institute which should afford a permanent
+representation of the products and manufactures of the Queen's
+dominions. I, therefore, appointed a Committee of eminent men to
+consider and report to me upon the best means of carrying out this
+idea." So much for the initiation of the scheme. The Report had been
+duly submitted and accepted and he now invited co-operation and
+assistance in establishing and maintaining the proposed "Imperial
+Institute of the United Kingdom, the Colonies and India." His Royal
+Highness pointed out that no less than sixteen million persons had
+attended the four Exhibitions over which he had presided&mdash;the Fisheries,
+Healtheries, Inventories and Colinderies, as they were popularly
+called&mdash;and expressed the strong belief that they had added greatly to
+the knowledge of the people and largely stimulated the industries of the
+country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">INITIATION OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE</p>
+
+<p>"My proposals are that the Imperial Institute be an emblem of the unity
+of the Empire and illustrate the resources and capabilities of every
+section of Her Majesty's dominions." The Colonies and Motherland would
+thus teach other and emigration would also be greatly aided along
+British channels. He believed that the work upon which he had entered in
+this connection would be of lasting benefit to this and future
+generations and, after a careful review of the whole situation, declared
+that "from the close relation in which I stand to the Queen there can be
+no impropriety in my stating that if her subjects desire, on the
+occasion of the celebration of her fiftieth year as Sovereign of this
+great Empire, to offer her a memorial of their love and loyalty, she
+would specially value one which would promote the industrial and
+commercial resources of her dominions in various parts of the world and
+which would be expressive of that unity and co-operation which Her
+Majesty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> desires should prevail amidst all classes and races of her
+extended Empire."</p>
+
+<p>A public meeting at the Mansion House followed with the Lord Mayor in
+the chair and was addressed by Earl Granville, Mr. A. J. Mundella, Mr.
+G. J. Goschen, and others. Strong resolutions of support and approval
+were passed, many telegrams of sympathy with the object announced, and a
+statement of initial subscriptions given which included the names of
+Lord Rothschild, Sir W. J. Clarke of Australia and Lord Revelstoke.
+During the next six years the project was steadily pressed forward;
+large individual subscriptions obtained by the personal influence of the
+Prince of Wales, supplemented by the growing sympathy with the Colonies
+and with Empire unity; while grants were given by the British, Indian
+and Colonial Governments. Gradually, the splendid building in South
+Kensington, known over the world as the Imperial Institute, approached
+completion and, on May 9th, 1893, was opened by the Queen amidst stately
+ceremonial and all the trappings of regal magnificence. Nearly all the
+Royal family were present and, in the progress through the streets, a
+particularly enthusiastic reception was given to the Duke of York and
+Princess May of Teck whose engagement had been very recently announced.
+Around Her Majesty and the Prince of Wales, as the latter presented the
+address of the Committee, were ranged the most representative men of
+England, many Ambassadors, and Indian Princes and Colonial statesmen.
+Lord Salisbury, Mr. A. J. Balfour, Mr. H. H. Asquith, Sir William
+Harcourt, Lord Rosebery and Lord Randolph Churchill were there, but not
+Mr. Gladstone. After a brief description, in the address, of the objects
+and history of the Institute, the Prince continued as follows: "We
+venture to express a confident anticipation that the Imperial Institute
+will not only be a record of the growth of the Empire and of the
+marvellous advance of its people in industrial and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> commercial
+prosperity during Your Majesty's reign but will, also, tend to increase
+that prosperity by stimulating enterprise and promoting the technical
+and scientific knowledge which is now so essential to industrial
+development." After some brief words from Her Majesty the great building
+was declared open and another important project initiated by the Prince
+of Wales had reached completion. The London <i>Times</i> of the succeeding
+day referred with accuracy, in this connection, to his "clear-sighted
+initiative and untiring energy" and a member of the Executive Committee,
+which had the enterprise in hand, wrote to the same paper that during
+the past six years "every important step in connection with the
+Institute has been taken under the immediate direction of the Prince of
+Wales. By his energy men have been moved to action and difficulties
+apparently insuperable have been overcome. The result of years of
+devoted labour was accomplished to-day."</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">EARLY ADVOCACY OF IMPERIALISM</p>
+
+<p>These were the two chief products of what may be called the Empire
+statesmanship of the Prince of Wales. Long before either of them were
+undertaken, however, he had shown a deep and sincere interest in the
+unity of the Empire&mdash;a natural outcome of his training, his travels, his
+individual abilities. For many years he acted as President of the Royal
+Colonial Institute, accepting the position at a time when people were
+only beginning to awake to the fact that Great Britain was more than an
+Island and sea-power and when the Institute was the rallying ground and
+centre for a small group of men like the late Duke of Manchester, Lord
+Bury, Mr. W. E. Forster and Sir Frederick Young, who devoted much energy
+and enthusiasm to the promotion of what long afterwards became known as
+Imperialism. The patronage and support of His Royal Highness did very
+much to give the movement, in its earlier days, a place and an influence
+and to establish the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> Institute as the factor which history has since
+recognized it to have been. It was in this connection, on July 16th,
+1881, that the Lord Mayor of London&mdash;Sir William McArthur
+M.P.&mdash;entertained the Prince of Wales at a banquet attended by many
+representatives of the Colonies and distinguished guests. In his speech
+the Prince referred with extreme regret to his not having been able to
+visit all the Colonies, and especially, Australia. He had greatly
+desired to accept the invitation extended to him two years before to
+visit the Exhibitions at Sydney and Melbourne. "Though, my Lords and
+gentlemen I have not had the opportunity of seeing those great
+Australian Colonies, which every day and every year are making such
+immense development, still, at the International Exhibitions of London,
+Paris and Vienna, I had not only an opportunity of seeing their various
+products then exhibited, but I had the pleasure of making the personal
+acquaintance of many Colonists&mdash;a fact which has been a matter of great
+importance and great benefit to myself."</p>
+
+<p>A further reference was made to the sending of his sons to visit
+Australia and memories of his own tour of British America were revived,
+with an expression of special gratification at seeing his "old friend,"
+Sir John Macdonald, Prime Minister of Canada, present on this occasion.
+In August, 1887, the Prince of Wales showed further and practical
+interest in Australia by accepting the post of President of the Royal
+Commission appointed by the Queen, in England, to promote and help the
+Melbourne Exhibition of 1888. The Earl of Rosebery acted as
+Vice-President and much was done in making the British exhibit a good
+one. Years before this, speaking at the laying of the foundation stone
+of the first Melbourne Exhibition&mdash;February 19th, 1879&mdash;the Governor of
+Victoria, Sir George F. Bowen, declared it to be well-known that the
+Heir Apparent was animated by "a desire to visit the Australian Colonies
+in person should high reasons of state<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> permit." As illustrating the
+opinions formed of him by colonial statesmen, the following may be
+quoted from the autobiography of that uncouth, clever, patriotic
+personality, Sir Henry Parkes: "I met His Royal Highness on several
+occasions in London, and he struck me as possessing in a remarkable
+degree the princely faculty of doing the right thing and saying the
+right word."</p>
+
+<p>Another matter to which the Prince of Wales gave an Imperial character
+was the Royal College of Music which he initiated, organized and finally
+inaugurated on May 7th, 1883. Upon the latter occasion he explained in
+his speech that the institution was open to the whole Empire, that
+scholarships had already been provided by Victoria and South Australia,
+and that he hoped it might become an Imperial centre of musical
+education as well as a British centre. "The object I have in view is
+essentially Imperial as well as national, and I trust that ere long
+there will be no Colony of any importance which is not represented by a
+scholar at the Royal College." During the years which followed, up to
+the time of his accession to the Throne, the interest of the Prince of
+Wales in everything that helped Imperial unity was continuous and most
+earnest. At the Jubilee periods of 1887 and 1897, he entertained many
+Colonial statesmen, as he had done at other times when opportunity
+served, and he was always delighted to meet them and to discuss the
+affairs of their countries with men who naturally knew them best. It was
+a process of mental equipment for the government of a vast empire which,
+in addition to his early travels, must have made the experience and
+knowledge of Queen Victoria's successor as unique as were the conditions
+and greatness of his Empire.</p>
+
+<p>During the last Jubilee the Prince presided, on June 18th, as President
+of the Imperial Institute, at a banquet given to the Colonial Premiers
+and other representatives in London. Upon his right sat Sir Wilfrid
+Laurier, Premier of Canada,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> and upon his left Mr. Whitelaw Reid, the
+special Envoy of the United States. Amongst others present were Lord
+Salisbury, Sir Hugh Nelson, Premier of Queensland, the Marquess of
+Lansdowne, Lord Rosebery and Mr. Chamberlain&mdash;all of whom spoke; while
+Lord Ripon, Lord Dufferin, Lord Kimberley, the Marquess of Lorne, Sir W.
+V. Whiteway, Premier of Newfoundland, Lord Rothschild, Sir Donald Smith
+(Lord Strathcona) the Archbishop of Canterbury and a splendid array of
+other representative men in Church and State, army and navy, art and
+science and literature, were also present. In one of his tactful
+speeches on this occasion, His Royal Highness referred to the enormous
+growth of the Colonies during the Queen's record reign and expressed the
+hope that present peaceful conditions might long continue. "God grant
+it," he added, "but if the national flag is threatened I am convinced
+that all the Colonies will unite to maintain what exists and to preserve
+the unity of the Empire." In little more than a year these words were
+fully borne out by events.</p>
+
+<p>But the Prince of Wales was never content to make mere speeches in
+advocacy of a principle. His aid to the Royal Colonial Institute and
+organization of the Imperial Institute were cases in point. When the
+Imperial Federation League was formed he could only help its aims
+indirectly because there were political possibilities in its platform,
+but when, in 1896, the British Empire League succeeded to its place and
+mission, with a broader and more general platform, the Queen and the
+Prince extended their patronage to the organization. On April 30, 1900,
+a great banquet was given under its auspices to welcome the Australian
+Delegates who had gone "home" to discuss the Commonwealth Act, and to
+recognize the services rendered by Colonial troops in the South African
+war. The Duke of Devonshire occupied the chair, with the Prince of Wales
+and the Duke of York on either hand, and next to them again the Dukes of
+Cambridge and Fife. The Marquess<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> of Salisbury, Lieutenant Colonel
+George T. Denison, President of the League in Canada, Mr. Chamberlain,
+Mr. Edmund Barton of Australia and Mr. J. Israel Tarte of Canada were
+amongst the speakers, and others present included the Right Hon. C. C.
+Kingston, the Hon. Alfred Deakin, the Hon. J. R. Dickson, Sir John
+Cockburn and Sir James Blyth of Australia, the Earl of Hopetoun, Lord
+Lansdowne, Lord Wolseley, Lord Knutsford, Lord Strathcona, the Earl of
+Onslow, the Earl of Jersey, the Earl of Crewe, Lord Kelvin and Earl
+Grey. The Prince of Wales was enthusiastically received and
+congratulated upon his recent escape from assassination at Brussels.
+After some eloquently appropriate remarks upon this point, he welcomed
+the Australians in kindly words and then referred to the war. "We little
+doubt," he went on, "that in a great war like the one we are now waging
+we should have at any rate the sympathy of our Colonies; but it has
+exceeded even our expectations. We know now the feeling that existed in
+our Colonies and that they have sent their best material, their best
+blood and manhood, to fight with us, side by side, for the honour of the
+flag and for the maintenance of our Empire." Such words may fittingly
+conclude a brief record of the Prince of Wales' interest in Empire
+affairs up to the time of his accession to the Throne.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">The Prince as Heir Apparent</p>
+
+
+<p>The Heir to a Throne such as that of Great Britain has an exceptionally
+difficult place to fill. He has to have the broad sympathies and
+knowledge and training of a statesman without the right to express
+himself upon any of the political problems and issues of his time; he
+has to live in a never-ending blaze of publicity and be liable to
+unscrupulous, or too scrupulous, criticism without the power of direct
+reply; he has, perhaps, to suffer in private life and character from the
+caustic shafts of men at home or abroad who do not like the institution
+which he represents; he has to officiate in a ceaseless round of
+functions and public ceremonial; he has to travel constantly from Court
+to Court in Europe and, in the case of the Prince of Wales, he had to
+act for several decades the part of the Sovereign in public life without
+the resources or responsibilities which the actual ruler would naturally
+possess.</p>
+
+<p>There are, of course, important compensations. He has the foremost place
+in every leading national event, the privilege of knowing as intimately
+as he pleases the great men of his own and other countries, in every
+line of statecraft and human attainment, the pleasure of travel in many
+lands and amongst varied scenes and people, the opportunity of taking up
+any matter of a non-political character which he deems useful to the
+state, the people, or the Empire, with a reasonable certainty of
+substantial backing. To succeed, however, in the position as did Albert
+Edward, Prince of Wales, demands a peculiar combination of qualities
+which very few men possess<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> in any rank of life. Tact, self-restraint,
+self-reliance, knowledge of human nature, energy, dignity, good
+intentions earnest patriotism, are more or less necessary.</p>
+
+<p>How seldom these qualities have all been possessed by Heirs to the
+British Throne is plain upon the pages of history. There have been
+amongst them seventeen Princes of Wales of whom the best, before the
+chief of the line, was the Black Prince, and of whom only four have
+reached the Throne since the time of Edward VI. They were Charles I,
+Charles II, George II, and George IV., and the careers of the last two
+consisted in the establishment of rival Courts, continuous disagreements
+with their fathers, the headship of political factions, and the
+possession of characters about which the least said the better. The
+Prince who became Edward VII. may be said to have created the position
+of Heir Apparent, as his Royal mother created that of a modern
+constitutional Monarch.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE POSITION</p>
+
+<p>He established himself as a sort of advisory statesman to the nation, an
+absolutely impartial leader in questions of high, as distinct from party
+politics, the first gentleman in the land in society, sports and
+manners, the leader of philanthropic projects and social reforms. He
+became the busiest man in England, the most popular personality in the
+three kingdoms, the head and front of many important public
+undertakings. Such a development was new to British institutions, but it
+came about so gradually that only when he ascended the Throne did people
+fully realize how large a place the Prince of Wales had held in public
+affairs as well as in their affections. Mr. Chauncey M. Depew, the
+eloquent American Senator, expressed the personal side of the matter
+very well when he said, with some surprise, after first meeting His
+Royal Highness: "I met a thoughtful dignitary filling to the brim the
+requirements of his exalted position. In fact, a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> practical as well as a
+theoretical student of the mighty forces which control the government of
+all great countries and make their best history."</p>
+
+<p>There were many sides to this career, and in some of them the Prince
+never received the credit which he deserved. One was the essentially
+business-like management of his financial affairs. From the time of
+attaining his majority the Heir Apparent received &pound;40,000 a year by
+grant of Parliament; at his marriage a special grant of &pound;10,000 was
+given the Princess of Wales; when their children grew up the Prince was
+given &pound;36,000 to apportion amongst them as he saw fit. During his
+minority the wise management of the revenues of the Duchy of
+Cornwall&mdash;which is an hereditary appurtenance of the Prince of Wales&mdash;by
+the late Prince Consort, gave the Heir Apparent a total of &pound;600,000, of
+which &pound;220,000 were expended upon the purchase of Sandringham, and a
+considerable sum upon improvements there. On the Prince's marriage he
+was voted &pound;23,455 to defray expenses and his allowance for the Indian
+tour of 1875 was &pound;142,000 of which &pound;69,000 was for presents. Marlborough
+House was given him by the nation, though he paid taxes upon it like any
+other citizen. The Duchy of Cornwall was so well managed after it came
+under his control that it yielded in 1897 a total income of nearly
+&pound;74,000, or almost double the value of the returns received forty years
+before. Birk Hall, an estate inherited from the Prince Consort, was sold
+to the Queen for &pound;120,000. The total public income of the Prince of
+Wales during many years was about &pound;180,000, or nearly a million dollars,
+and the management of his finances was always careful. The stories of
+extravagance and indebtedness were absolutely without foundation. Yet
+these tales of poverty were always widespread and were probably believed
+by many millions of people.</p>
+
+<p>The truth is that he was a first-rate business man in money affairs,
+knew how to make his income go to its furthest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> extent, and had an
+established system on his estates and in his palaces which combined
+comfort and luxury with judicious economy. A few words upon this point
+may be quoted, in passing, from an article in the well-known <i>Ladies
+Home Journal</i> of Philadelphia, written in July, 1897, by Mr. George W.
+Smalley, an American critic of authority who lived in London for many
+years: "It is not a subject which I care to touch upon, but I may refer
+to the stories about the Prince of Wales' financial position. It is a
+matter with which the American public has absolutely no concern.
+Nevertheless all sorts of stories are printed here about his debts to
+this person or that. Such stories were circulated when Baron Hirsch
+died&mdash;so circumstantial that they must have either been based upon
+minute knowledge or have been pure fabrications. They were not based
+upon knowledge, minute or otherwise, because they were not true." These
+stories were rendered more absurd by the fact that a rough calculation
+of his receipts during forty years of public life would indicate a sum
+of between thirty and forty millions of dollars.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">CHARITIES OF THE PRINCE</p>
+
+<p>Of course the expenses of the Heir Apparent were very great even when
+those are excepted which the nation paid. His personal gifts to
+benevolent institutions, educational concerns, religious interests,
+objects of social, moral and physical improvement, hospitals and
+infirmaries, asylums, orphanages, commercial and agricultural
+organizations, the relief of children and foreigners in distress, deaf
+and dumb and blind institutions, memorials and statues, Indian famines,
+war funds, calamity funds of various kinds at home, in the Colonies, and
+abroad, have been reckoned by an English student of statistics at &pound;3,200
+a year, or &pound;128,000 in forty years&mdash;$640,000 spent in response to public
+appeals alone without reference to the many private charities about
+which little was known except<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> that a very large amount of assistance
+was given yearly by the Prince and Princess in response to all kinds of
+private and authenticated requests. In this general connection Mr.
+Gladstone, when Prime Minister, spoke very warmly during the
+Parliamentary discussion of 1889 upon the Royal grants of that year. "It
+will be admitted," he said in the course of his somewhat famous speech,
+"that circumstances have tended to throw upon the Prince of Wales an
+amount of public work in connection with institutions as well as with
+ceremonials, which was larger than could reasonably have been expected,
+and with regard to which every call has been honourably and devotedly
+met from a sense of public duty."</p>
+
+<p>Reference has been made in the preceding pages to the infinitely varied
+public functions of His Royal Highness and the aid thus given to
+charities and benevolent objects. A few instances only were quoted in
+which many thousands of pounds were obtained for worthy objects through
+his patronage. The fact is that the Heir Apparent gave his position a
+rather unique characteristic in this respect by becoming a sort of Grand
+Almoner of the nation. Almost any charity which he patronized or which
+the Princess supported with his approval, became a success, and it is
+probable that every thousand pounds which he gave away became a hundred
+thousand pounds through the <i>prestige</i> of his example and his often
+vigorous and effective personal exertions. One of the interests to which
+he was most devoted was that of the London and other hospitals.
+Attendance at the festivals, or annual dinners, was frequent, and the
+consequent subscription to their funds from time to time considerable.
+During the Diamond Jubilee the Prince thought he saw in this cause a way
+to fittingly commemorate that great event&mdash;as he had already marked that
+of 1887 by the Imperial Institute.</p>
+
+<p>Under date of February 5th, 1897, therefore, an elaborate statement and
+earnest appeal appeared in the London <i>Times</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> and other great papers
+signed by the Prince of Wales, and asking for organized help in making
+up the existing deficits of &pound;100,000 in London hospitals. The Royal
+writer pointed out that the efforts of individual institutions,
+praiseworthy as they had been, failed to obtain more than a small number
+of subscriptions from the great population of the metropolis; that the
+reasons for this was partly the difficulty of choosing amongst so many
+useful charities, partly the lack of definite opportunity for giving
+annual subscriptions to the cause as a whole, partly a feeling that
+small sums were not worth contributing; that it was proposed to
+establish this "Prince of Wales Hospital Fund" in order to commemorate
+the 60th anniversary of the Queen's reign by obtaining permanent annual
+subscriptions of from &pound;100,000 to &pound;150,000. He also announced that Lord
+Rothschild had accepted the post of Treasurer, that a commencement in
+subscriptions had been made, and that the Lord Mayor had promised his
+active assistance.</p>
+
+<p>The success of the movement thus inaugurated by the Heir Apparent was
+pronounced. The annual Report of the Council of the Fund, which was
+issued on May 2nd, 1899, stated that during the past two years &pound;89,000
+had been distributed, and that the hospitals had been enabled to re-open
+and maintain two hundred and forty-two beds. It had, however, not come
+up yet to the requirements and, on March 1st, of this year, the Prince
+made another effort to help the hospitals. He called a large and
+representative meeting at Marlborough House, and placed before it a plan
+for the establishment of an Order to be called the League of Mercy. Its
+object would be to reach locally persons who did not subscribe to minor
+Funds, or individual institutions, and to do this by offering an honour
+in the form of this decoration, "as a reward for gratuitous personal
+services rendered in the relief of sickness, suffering, poverty or
+distress." These services would be apart, altogether, from gifts of
+money, (although the latter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> would be gladly accepted) and must be
+continued during five years. The Queen was to be head of the Order and
+the Heir Apparent its Grand President. All names were to be submitted to
+Her Majesty and the honour itself was not to confer any rank, dignity or
+social precedence. The plan was approved, and its success marked despite
+some caustic and unjust criticisms in certain Radical papers. On
+December 1st (1899), following, the annual meeting of the Hospital Fund
+was held at Marlborough House, with His Royal Highness in the chair, and
+attended by Lord Rowton, Lord Iveagh, Cardinal Vaughan, Lord Lister,
+Lord Reay, the Chief Rabbi and others. Lord Rothschild submitted a
+statement which showed the year's receipts to be &pound;47,000, the first
+distribution from the League of Mercy to be &pound;1,000, and the total amount
+of the Fund to be &pound;217,000. The meeting of December 18th, in the
+following year, showed receipts of &pound;49,468; of which &pound;6,000 came from
+the League of Mercy. In his speech upon this occasion Lord Rothschild
+heartily congratulated the Royal chairman upon his "wisdom and
+foresight" in forming this League. In passing, it may be said that
+Grey's Hospital, London, was one of the individual institutions which
+the Prince undertook personally to help, and at one special banquet, at
+which he presided for this purpose, he was enabled to announce total
+subscriptions to the extraordinary amount of &pound;151,000.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE PRINCE AND THE WORKINGMEN</p>
+
+<p>There was no part of his public career more creditable to the Prince of
+Wales than his sincere, unforced friendship and sympathy with the
+workingman. Like his philanthropic work, it was the natural product of a
+generous disposition, and won the honest liking of men who had always
+looked with suspicion upon aristocratic, to say nothing of Royal,
+efforts in their behalf. This was another illustration of the difference
+between Heirs Apparent to the Throne. Imagination fails to grasp<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> the
+thought of the Stuarts or the Georges, when holding that position,
+trying to help the poor or uplift the labourer! Speaking at a meeting in
+London on January 12th, 1887, Lord Mayor, Sir Reginald Hanson, said:
+"All those who have been engaged in this scheme (the Imperial Institute)
+know that the Prince of Wales is one of the first in this country who
+looks to the interests of the working classes." For many years, indeed,
+he had been an annual subscriber to the Workingmen's Club and Institute
+Union and to the Workingmen's College in Great Ormond Street. In the
+Alexandra Trust, founded by Sir Thomas Lipton, at the instance of the
+Princess, much interest was taken by the Heir Apparent as well as his
+wife, and, on March 15th, 1900, they privately and unexpectedly visited
+the Restaurant in City Road and inspected this praiseworthy effort to
+supply wholesome food at low prices to the poor. After walking about and
+speaking to many of the people, they enjoyed a "three-course dinner"
+costing four pence half-penny, and left amid a scene of great
+enthusiasm.</p>
+
+<p>More than once the Prince aided workingmen's institutions by visiting
+them. On one occasion he heard that an Exhibition in South London,
+promoted by workingmen, was languishing for want of patronage and at
+once arranged to visit it unofficially. He went through it carefully,
+buying a number of articles and expressing much interest in the project.
+There was no further neglect of the institution by the general public.
+There was, perhaps, no single work in which he more appreciated the
+opportunity of doing good than that connected with the Housing of the
+Poor Commission to which he was appointed in 1884. He more than once
+presided at its meetings and took an active part in the investigations
+which were necessary. He attended every sitting and studied quietly and
+privately the whole condition of the poor in the poorest quarters of
+London and other cities. The Prince never hesitated to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> criticize those
+who neglected their charitable duties, or to praise those who lived up
+to the level of their opportunities, and in connection with an
+institution which he opened at Deptford, in 1898, his condemnation of
+the wealthy people in that neighbourhood was severe.</p>
+
+<p>On March 4th, 1900, the working-class dwellings built in Shoreditch by
+the City Council were opened by the Prince of Wales. They were largely
+the product of the Royal Commission in which he had taken such interest
+and whose proposals were the basis of so much progress in this
+direction. His Royal Highness was accompanied on this occasion by the
+Princess and Lord Suffield and was surrounded on the platform by Lord
+Welby, the Earl of Rosebery, the Bishops of London and Stepney, the Earl
+and Countess Carrington and others. In his speech the Prince was
+expressive and vigorous upon the necessity of better housing for the
+poor. "I am satisfied, not only that the public conscience is awakened
+on the subject but that the public demands, and will demand, vigorous
+action in cleansing the slums which disgrace our civilization and the
+erection of good and wholesome dwellings such as those around us, and in
+meeting the difficulties of providing house-room for the
+working-classes, at reasonable rates, by easy and cheap carriage to not
+distant districts where rents are reasonable." He concluded an elaborate
+speech upon the question generally by expressing the hope that the
+Legislature would deal with and punish those who were responsible for
+insanitary property. Speaking at a banquet of the London County Council
+on December 3rd of the same year, the Prince again urged attention to
+the improvement of dwellings in various city areas. A part of this
+generous desire to aid the poor was the Princess of Wales' dinner to
+three hundred thousand persons in London at the Jubilee of 1897.
+Contributions poured in unceasingly to the project and amongst others
+was the gift of twenty thousand sheep from the pastoralists<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> of New
+South Wales, Queensland and Victoria. The organization of the dinner was
+in the hands of the Lord Mayor of London and it proved a great success.</p>
+
+<p>The gifts of a statesman were cultivated by the Prince of Wales upon
+every proper opportunity. His Empire unity ideas and projects were
+abundant evidence of this while a not less distinct proof of statecraft
+was the apparent absence of it&mdash;the absolute non-partisan position of
+the Heir Apparent. No one was ever able to say that he held political
+views of any particular type. His delicate tact was particularly shown
+in his kindness and courtesy to Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone. When the aged
+statesman finally retired from politics the Prince visited him again at
+Hawarden Castle and was photographed in a family group. He and the
+Princess attended his funeral and showed the greatest respect for his
+memory and services. When the time came, in 1900, for Mrs. Gladstone to
+be laid beside her husband in Westminster Abbey one of the incidents of
+a sad occasion was the wreath sent in by their Royal Highnesses with the
+following inscription:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>In Memory of Dear Mrs. Gladstone.</i><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"It is but crossing with abated breath<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And with set face, a little strip of sea,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To find the loved ones waiting on the shore<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">More beautiful, more precious than before."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In preparing a national memorial to the eminent Liberal leader the
+Prince of Wales accepted the post of President of the General Committee
+with the Duke of Westminster as Chairman of the Executive. With Mr.
+Cecil Rhodes, he was long upon terms of intimacy and never concealed his
+admiration for the great Imperialist's career and objects. There can be
+no doubt that he knew much of South African affairs and was instrumental
+in the Duke of Fife taking a place on the Directorate of the South
+African Chartered Company. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> only occasion upon which the Prince ever
+withdrew from a prominent Club was his retirement from the Traveller's
+because they had black-balled Mr. Rhodes. Not the smallest evidence of
+statecraft which the Prince of Wales showed, in a semi-personal way, was
+his warm sympathy with the emancipation of the Jews and his belief in
+their absorption into the life and interests of England. His presence at
+the marriage of Mr. Leopold de Rothschild caused, long since, a
+sensation in Jewish circles but it was only the first of many
+compliments which the Heir Apparent bestowed upon the "chosen people" up
+to the days when one of them became Prime Minister and a daughter of the
+House of Rothschild married a future Premier&mdash;the Earl of Rosebery. The
+late Baron Hirsch, the present Lord Rothschild. Sir Reuben Sassoon and
+Sir Moses Montefiore were amongst his personal friends and he made a
+thorough study of the position of the Russian Jews&mdash;showing them
+practical sympathy in various indirect ways. Of course, this partiality
+was open to misconstruction and the rumour of indebtedness to Jewish
+financial interests was so prevalent at one time that Sir Francis
+Knollys had to write a correspondent, who directly asked the question,
+an official statement as Private Secretary to the Prince, that the
+latter had no debts worth speaking of and could pay every farthing he
+owed at a moment's notice.</p>
+
+<p>There is no question, however, that this friendship with a powerful
+financial class, ruling great interests in every nation, gave the Prince
+of Wales a much enhanced influence abroad. In the same way his obvious
+liking for American men and women of standing and ability was marked and
+did undoubted service in promoting good feeling between the two
+countries&mdash;where it was not grossly and untruthfully misrepresented by
+sensational journals. Really distinguished visitors from the United
+States, whether rich or poor, always found a welcome at the hands of His
+Royal Highness and amongst those whom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> he appears to have especially
+liked were James Russell Lowell, Thomas F. Bayard, Whitelaw Reid and
+Chauncey M. Depew. American women who have been absorbed into English
+life and society like Lady Harcourt, Mrs. Chamberlain and the Duchess of
+Marlborough were always treated with marked courtesy by both the
+Princess and himself. His visit to the United States in 1860 had also
+taught him something of conditions there which those around him were not
+always fully aware of. Hence the value of the message which was sent to
+the New York <i>World</i> in the name of the Prince of Wales and the Duke of
+York during the Venezuelan crisis. If it be true that a private letter,
+a word spoken in season, or a brief drawing-room conversation, is often
+more influential than a cloud of newspaper writing, then the Prince of
+Wales was for years a potent force in promoting good-will between the
+Empire and the Republic.</p>
+
+<p>As a diplomatist there can be no doubt of the Heir Apparent's influence.
+He succeeded, in fact, to much of the power held in that respect by the
+Prince Consort. It was the post of an unofficial and secret personal
+mediator between the Sovereign of Great Britain and those of other
+countries. Thoroughly acquainted with the personality of foreign rulers,
+related to the majority of those in Europe, knowing their degrees of
+national influence and personal power, familiar with the statesmen's
+position in Court and Legislature, associated more and more closely as
+the years went on with Queen Victoria's personal view of foreign policy,
+the Prince's position was one of very great indirect power. Through his
+heirship to the British throne he was naturally upon terms of something
+like equality with those whom he met as rulers at Berlin or St.
+Petersburg, at Paris or Vienna, and more in sympathy with their point of
+view than men of less than Royal rank. To quote Mr. George W. Smalley in
+<i>McClure's Magazine</i> of March, 1901: "His is a strange nature. He has,
+very fully<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> and strongly, the pride of Kings and what the pride of Kings
+is, a republican who has lived all his life in a republic can hardly
+conceive. He has behind him, moreover, the loyalty of an expectant
+nation." Upon the other hand he knew more about the people and was more
+of them than any other hereditary ruler or prospective ruler in the
+world. Hence the strength of his position when conferring with a German
+Emperor, or a Russian Czar, or talking quietly with some Foreign
+Minister at a time of crisis.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">INCIDENTS OF DIPLOMATIC INFLUENCE</p>
+
+<p>This personal influence of the Heir Apparent was a factor often ignored.
+"Again and again," says Mr. Smalley, from the point of view of one who
+watched for years at the source of power in London, "the Prince has gone
+abroad as&mdash;in effect, though of course never in name&mdash;an Ambassador from
+the Queen to some Sovereign on the Continent. He has laid her views at
+some critical moments before the German Emperor and carried home the
+Emperor's response." This sort of personal intercourse must, many a
+time, have solved vital and serious issues. When William II. visited
+Windsor in 1899 and the Queen, with the aid of the Prince of Wales, Lord
+Salisbury and Mr. Chamberlain, evolved the terms upon which the
+countries were to stand in regard to the coming South African war, can
+there be any doubt as to the place in these negotiations which the Heir
+Apparent held, or as to the advantage which his many earlier visits to
+Berlin in the days of Bismarck and the Kaiser's initiatory years of
+rule, must have been to him? The result of this intercourse was, in the
+end, the turning of a possible national enemy into a friend; the change
+of the Emperor who wrote the famous Transvaal cablegram into the ruler
+who took the first train and boat to Windsor and bowed his head at the
+death-bed of Queen Victoria.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p><p>Another interesting incident in this connection may be found in the
+friendship known to have existed between the Prince of Wales and the
+Czar of Russia. Nicholas II. bore the same relationship of nephew to him
+that was borne by William II. and, like the other Imperial ruler, came
+to bear a similar feeling of respect and regard for his
+uncle&mdash;sentiments not always felt between relations, royal or otherwise.
+It was on August 31st, 1894, that the Princess of Wales received a
+despatch from her sister, the Czarina, that Alexander III. was nearing
+his end in the far-away Palace of Livadia. As rapidly as train and ship
+could carry them the Royal couple travelled to Russia, but only in time
+for the prolonged and splendid ceremonial of a state funeral. In this
+great and solemn pageant, lasting a week, and extending from Livadia to
+St. Petersburg, the Czar and the Prince were constantly together, in the
+most intimate relations, at a moment when the former was just
+emerging&mdash;as yet a young and inexperienced man&mdash;into the
+responsibilities of perhaps the most difficult position in the world. It
+was little wonder if the youthful autocrat of ninety millions took
+counsel of his experienced and genial relative, and found in his society
+comfort and knowledge and the basis of a lasting friendship. Let Mr. W.
+T. Stead in the <i>Review of Reviews</i>, of January, 1895, describe the
+situation:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>It was fortunate for every one that he stood where he did, as no
+one outside the Royal Castle could have been to the young Czar what
+the Prince was at Livadia, and afterwards. In the long and almost
+terrible pilgrimage to the tomb which followed, when the corpse of
+the dead Czar was carried in solemn state from the shores of the
+Black Sea to the tomb in the Cathedral that stands on the frozen
+Neva, the Prince was always at the right hand of the Czar. Alike in
+public or in private, the uncle and the nephew stood side by side.
+After the first gush of grief had passed, it was impossible but
+that thoughts of the relations between the two Empires should not
+have crossed the minds of both. These two men share between them
+the over lordship of Asia. To the Czar, the north from the Oural<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>
+to the far Sagahlien; to the other, the south from the Straits of
+Babel Mandeb to Hong Kong. No two men on this planet ever
+represented so vast a range of Imperial power as the first mourners
+at the bier of Alexander the Third.</p></div>
+
+<p>At St. Petersburg, the Duke of York joined the mourning group of Royal
+personages, and there, on November 26th, the young Czar was married to
+his cousin, Princess Alix of Hesse, and a still closer tie of
+relationship formed with the Royal House of England. From this time
+forward the diplomatic relations of Russia and Great Britain steadily
+improved and there has never been any doubt amongst those in a position
+to judge that it was very largely due to the close friendship between
+the Prince of Wales and his Imperial nephew. In France, and especially
+amongst its leading men, His Royal Highness was for long an influential
+factor in keeping the wheels of international relations moving smoothly.
+Personally popular, his tactful course at critical periods helped
+greatly in maintaining official amity. The root of this wide-spread
+influence and practical statecraft, in addition to elements already
+indicated and covering more directly the personal equation, was well
+described by Mr. Smalley in an article already quoted: "First of all,
+the impression of real force of character. Next, that combined
+shrewdness and good sense which together amount to sagacity. Third,
+tact. Add to these firmness and courage, and base all of these gifts on
+immense experience of life by one who has touched it on many sides and
+you will have drawn an outline of character which cannot be much
+altered. Add to it the Prince's constant solicitude about public matters
+and his intelligent estimate of forces&mdash;which last is the chief business
+of statesmanship. Add to this again the effect upon the hearer of
+conversation from a mind full, not indeed of literature, but of life; a
+conversation of wide range, of acuteness, of clear statement and strong
+opinion, of infinite good humour."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p><p>To these varied lines of useful statesmanship and personal labour in
+which the Heir Apparent was engaged for so many years, may be added the
+personal influence which he exercised over men of the Empire from time
+to time, and his constant inculcation of pride in country and of
+patriotic principle. There will then be seen a total record worthy of
+his later place as the hereditary ruler of vast dominions. In the former
+connection one incident may be mentioned as told by a correspondent
+during the Indian tour: "The Prince's tact is remarkable, and the news
+of his friendliness soon spread over India; one officer of great
+experience in Indian affairs declared that in asking the Maharajah
+Scindia to ride down the lines with him at Delhi, His Royal Highness
+performed an act which was worth a million sterling." Upon the latter
+point his speeches during forty years to innumerable military
+bodies&mdash;Militia, Volunteer, or Naval&mdash;may be mentioned. His earliest
+deliverance of this character was in presenting colours to the 100th, or
+Prince of Wales' Royal Canadian Regiment, at Thorncliffe, on January
+10th, 1859. His first speech as an officer of the Army was, therefore,
+of an Imperialistic character: "The ceremonial, in which we are now
+engaged, possesses a peculiar significance and solemnity because in
+confiding to you for the first time this emblem of military fidelity and
+valour, I not only recognize emphatically your enrollment into our
+national force but celebrate an act which proclaims and strengthens the
+unity of the various parts of this vast Empire under the sway of our
+common Sovereign." The fact that this address of the youthful Prince&mdash;he
+was not eighteen&mdash;was probably revised and approved by the Prince
+Consort and the Queen, illustrates how early his education in
+Imperialism began, and how far in advance of public opinion the Queen
+and her sagacious husband were.</p>
+
+<p>Through the years that followed the Prince of Wales was never backward
+in urging efficient military and naval protection<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> for British
+interests. Upon the question of the Navy two speeches, delivered in
+1899, may be referred to as indicating the patriotic statesmanship of
+the Heir of the Throne Speaking at the Middlesex Hospital banquet on
+April 12th he said: "In this country it depends on our Navy and our Army
+to uphold the honour and <i>prestige</i> of our nation and to protect the
+interests which have made it the vast empire it is. I rejoice to think
+that Her Majesty's Government have thought fit to increase our Navy. I
+realize by your applause how heartily you reciprocate what I have said,
+and I believe that this feeling exists not only in this room but
+throughout the length and breadth of Her Majesty's dominions. In
+strengthening our Navy, God forbid that it should imply in any way that
+we threatened other countries&mdash;just the reverse&mdash;for, in order to be at
+peace, we must be strong. Therefore, the best policy is to strengthen
+our first line of defence&mdash;the Navy. I hope the motto of which our
+Volunteers are so proud may ever be retained by the Navy; that of
+defence, not defiance." A little later, as President of the Royal
+National Lifeboat Institution, he presided over a banquet in London on
+May 1st. In proposing the toast of the Army and Navy he declared that
+the country owed them much. "I am sure the desire of every Englishman is
+to see both in a high state of efficiency and that he does not grudge
+putting his hand in his pocket to maintain them, because he knows that
+if he has a good fleet and a good army he is safe and the honour of the
+Empire is safe."</p>
+
+<p>An incident occurred on April 4th, 1900, which afforded abundant proof
+of the popularity of the Prince of Wales and indicated the importance
+his position had attained in the eyes of the world. He had been
+travelling to Denmark accompanied by the Princess, and his train had
+arrived at Brussels <i>en route</i> from Calais to Copenhagen. The carriage
+was a special one and was leaving the station at a slow, preliminary
+rate when a youth named Sipido jumped on the foot-board of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>car and
+fired two shots, in rapid succession, point-blank at the traveller who
+was just taking a cup of tea with his wife. He was about to fire a third
+time, but was seized by the stationmaster, arrested and sent to prison.
+The man turned out to be a Belgian, expressed no regret for his
+attempted crime, said that he was willing to try again, and stated,
+under cross-examination, that his object was to avenge the thousands of
+men "whom the Prince had caused to be slaughtered in South Africa." He
+was afterwards tried under the laws of Belgium and acquitted. After
+sending dispatches to the Queen and the Duchess of York, containing
+assurance of safety, the Prince and Princess proceeded on their way to
+Denmark.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo36.jpg" width="300" height="422" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+EDWARD VII AND HIS QUEEN ALEXANDRA CROWNED<br />
+On August 9, 1902, amidst all possible pomp and solemnity the Sovereign
+of the British Empire and his beloved Consort received the joyful homage
+of their subjects
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo37.jpg" width="500" height="288" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+KING EDWARD VII WITH QUEEN ALEXANDRA GOING IN STATE TO
+THE OPENING OF PARLIAMENT
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo38.jpg" width="300" height="413" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY PAYS HOMAGE TO HIS SOVEREIGN<br />
+When the Primate came to do homage to Edward VII and was about to exhort
+the King to "stand firm and hold fast" he was quite overcome, and his
+Majesty to prevent his falling, stretched forth his hand to assist him.
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo39.jpg" width="500" height="305" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE TOWER OF LONDON
+</div>
+
+<p>The event created a profound sensation in Great Britain and throughout
+Europe and the British Empire. The first feeling was of astonishment
+that one of the most popular members of the world's Royal circle should
+be the object of such an attempt; the second that more care had not been
+taken by those responsible for his safety in travelling; and the third
+was admiration for the perfect coolness and obvious bravery which he
+showed during and after the ordeal. Everywhere tributes of sympathy were
+tendered in language of unstinted appreciation of the Heir Apparent's
+public services and character. Speaking at Acton, on the same evening,
+Lord George Hamilton, M.P., said: "What could have induced any foreigner
+to raise his hand against the Prince of Wales passed his comprehension.
+If there was one individual who had utilized his position and abilities
+to promote the welfare of the poorer section of society it was the
+Prince of Wales. No kinder, no more philanthropic, no more humane man
+existed on the face of the earth." At other meetings which were going
+on, sympathetic allusions were made to the event, amidst loud cheers, by
+Lord Strathcona, Sir William Wedderburn, M.P., the Earl of Hopetoun, and
+Sir Wilfrid Lawson. Telegrams poured in at Windsor and Marlborough
+House<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> from every point of the compass. Resolutions of congratulation
+were passed in every portion of the Empire during the next few days, and
+"God bless the Prince of Wales" rang loudly through the United Kingdom
+and many a distant country.</p>
+
+<p>King Leopold of Belgium was one of the first to express his deep regret
+at the occurrence; the Governments of Victoria, South Australia, Western
+Australia, Queensland, New Zealand, Tasmania, Cyprus, Mauritius and
+Barbados, the President of France, the Portuguese Parliament, the Town
+Councils of Ballarat and Bendigo in Australia and Durban in South
+Africa, the Agents-General of all the Colonies in London, the Australian
+Federal Delegates in London, the Masonic Grand Lodge of New Zealand, the
+Corporation of London, the Government of Servia, the High Commissioner
+for South Africa and the Hon. W. P. Schreiner, Premier of Cape Colony,
+the Governor-General of Canada, the Governor of Malta, and some eight
+hundred other Governments, public bodies, or prominent persons,
+telegraphed messages of congratulation or formal Resolutions. The
+references of the British and Colonial press were more than sympathetic.
+The London <i>Standard</i> thought that "the veneration felt for the Queen as
+well as the general regard for the Prince's personal qualities and his
+universal popularity might be supposed to give him absolute immunity,
+even in these days of frenzied political animosity and unscrupulous
+journalistic violence. The Prince is almost as well-known on the
+Continent as he is at home, and his invariable courtesy and unaffected
+kindness of heart have been appreciated and acknowledged in capitals
+where his country is not regarded with affection." The London <i>Daily
+News</i> pointed out the utter absence of all excuse for such an attempt.
+"The Prince had refrained with admirable tact and discretion from
+interference with public affairs. All sorts of charitable and
+philanthropic concerns have found in his Royal Highness a sympathetic
+friend."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span></p><p>Returning home, on April 20th, the Prince of Wales was given a pleasant
+surprise at Altona where, as his train stopped on German soil, he found
+the Emperor William and Prince Henry of Prussia waiting with their
+suites to welcome him to Germany and, at the same time, to offer
+personal congratulations upon his escape. This occurrence created wide
+comment in Europe generally, and was taken to mean a desire by the
+German Emperor to express friendly national as well as friendly personal
+feelings. When His Royal Highness arrived at Dover, the welcome was
+immense in numbers and enthusiastic in character. The same thing
+occurred at Charing-Cross Station, London, where he was met by the Duke
+of York and the King of Sweden and Norway and wildly cheered by
+thousands of people on his way to Marlborough House. As the <i>Standard</i>
+put it next day: "No address of congratulation, presented by dignitaries
+in scarlet and gold, could have been nearly as eloquent as that sea of
+friendly faces and the ringing cheers of loyal men." In response to the
+innumerable congratulations received, as well as to this reception, the
+Prince of Wales issued a personal and public note of thanks in the
+following terms:</p>
+
+<p>"I have been deeply touched by the numerous expressions of sympathy and
+goodwill addressed to me on the occasion of the providential escape of
+the Princess of Wales and myself from the danger we have lately passed
+through. From every quarter of the globe, from the Queen's subjects
+throughout the world, as well as from the representatives and
+inhabitants of foreign countries, have these manifestations of sympathy
+proceeded, and on my return to this country I received a welcome so
+spontaneous and hearty that I felt I was the recipient of a most
+gratifying tribute of genuine good-will. Such proofs of kind and
+generous feeling are naturally most highly prized by me, and will
+forever be cherished in my memory."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">Accession to the Throne</p>
+
+
+<p>The death of Queen Victoria and the accession of King Edward were the
+first and perhaps the greatest events in the opening year of the new
+century. Before the formal announcement on January 18th, 1901, which
+stated that the Queen was not in her usual health and that "the great
+strain upon her powers" during the past year had told upon Her Majesty's
+nervous system, the people in Great Britain, in Canada, in Australia, in
+all the Isles of the Sea and on the shores of a vast and scattered
+Empire, had become so accustomed to her presence at the head of the
+State and to her personality in their hearts and lives that the
+possibility of her death was regarded with a feeling of shocked
+surprise.</p>
+
+<p>During the days which immediately followed and while the shadow of death
+lay over the towers of Windsor, its influence was everywhere perceptible
+throughout the press, the pulpit and amongst the peoples of the
+Empire&mdash;in Montreal as in Winnipeg, in busy Melbourne and in
+trouble-tossed Cape Town, in Calcutta and in Singapore. When the Prince
+of Wales, on Thursday evening, the 22nd of January, telegraphed the Lord
+Mayor of London that "My beloved mother, the Queen, has just passed
+away," the announcement awakened a feeling of sorrow, of sympathy and of
+Imperial sentiment such as the world had never seen before in such
+wide-spread character and spontaneous expression.</p>
+
+<p>Yet there was no expression of uneasiness as to the future; no question
+or doubt as to the new influence and power that must come into existence
+with the change of rulers; no fear<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> that the Prince of Wales, as King
+and Emperor, would not be fully equal to the immense responsibilities of
+his new and great position. Perhaps no Prince, or statesman, or even
+world-conqueror, has ever received so marked a compliment; so universal
+a token of respect and regard as was exhibited in this expression of
+confidence throughout the British Empire.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE EMPIRE'S CONFIDENCE IN THE NEW KING</p>
+
+<p>Public bodies of every description in the United Kingdom, Canada,
+Australia, New Zealand, India and other British countries rivalled each
+other in their tributes of loyalty to the new Sovereign as well as of
+respect for the great one who had gone. The press of the Empire was
+practically a unit in its expression of confidence, while the pulpit,
+which had during past years, expressed itself occasionally in terms of
+criticism, was now almost unanimous in approval of the experienced,
+moderate and tried character of the King. The death which it was once
+thought by feeble-minded, or easily misled individuals, would shake the
+Empire to its foundations was now seen to simply prove the stability of
+its Throne, and the firmness of its institutions in the heart of the
+people. The accession of the Prince of Wales actually strengthened that
+Monarchy which the life and reign of his mother had brought so near to
+the feelings and affections of her subjects everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>On the day following the Queen's death the new Sovereign drove from
+Marlborough House to St. James's Palace; accompanied by Lord Suffield
+and an escort of the Horse Guards. He had previously arrived in London
+from Windsor at an early hour accompanied by the Duke of Connaught, the
+Duke of York, the Duke of Argyll, Mr. Balfour and others. The streets
+were densely crowded with silent throngs of people; crape and mourning
+being visible everywhere, and the raised hat the respectful recognition
+accorded to His Majesty. Later<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> in the day the people found their voices
+and seemed to think that they could cheer again. At St. James's Palace
+the members of the Privy Council had gathered to the number of 150 and
+were representative of the greatest names and loftiest positions in
+British public life.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE KING ADDRESSES THE PRIVY COUNCIL</p>
+
+<p>Members of the Royal family, the members of the Government, prominent
+Peers, leading members of the House of Commons, the principal Judges and
+the Lord Mayor of London&mdash;by virtue of his office&mdash;were in attendance.
+Lord Salisbury, Lord Rosebery, Mr. Chamberlain, Mr. Balfour; the Dukes
+of Norfolk, Devonshire, Portland, Northumberland, Fife and Argyll; the
+Earls of Clarendon, Pembroke, Chesterfield, Cork and Orrery and Kintore;
+Lord Halsbury, Lord Ashbourne, Lord Knutsford, Sir M. E. Hicks-Beach,
+Lord Balfour of Burleigh, Lord George Hamilton, Mr. St. John Brodrick,
+the Marquess of Lansdowne, Mr. W. H. Long, M.P., Lord Ridley, Sir. H.
+Campbell-Bannerman, Sir J. E. Gorst, the Marquess of Ripon, Lord
+Goschen, Mr. H. H. Asquith, Lord Pirbright, Lord Selborne, Sir R.
+Temple, Mr. W. E. H. Lecky, Sir Drummond Wolff, Sir Charles Dilke, Lord
+Stalbridge, Sir M. E. Grant-Duff, Mr. John Morley, Earl Spencer and Earl
+Carrington were amongst those present. After the Council had been
+officially informed by its President of the Queen's death and of the
+accession of the Prince of Wales, the new Sovereign entered, clad in a
+Field Marshal's uniform, and delivered, without manuscript or notes, a
+speech which was a model of dignity and simplicity. Its terms showed
+most clearly both tact and a profound perception of his position and its
+importance was everywhere recognized:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Your Royal Highnesses, My Lords and Gentlemen: This is the most
+painful occasion on which I shall ever be called upon to address
+you. My first melancholy duty is to announce to you the death of my
+beloved<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> mother, the Queen, and I know how deeply you and the whole
+nation, and, I think I may say, the whole world, sympathize with me
+in the irreparable loss we have all sustained. I need hardly say
+that my constant endeavour will be always to walk in her footsteps.
+In undertaking the heavy load which now devolves upon me I am fully
+determined to be a constitutional Sovereign in the strictest sense
+of the word, and, so long as there is breath in my body, to work
+for the good and amelioration of my people.</p>
+
+<p>I have resolved to be known by the name of Edward, which has been
+borne by six of my ancestors. In doing so I do not undervalue the
+name of Albert, which I inherit from my ever to-be-lamented, great
+and wise father, who by universal consent is I think, and
+deservedly, known by the name of Albert the Good, and I desire that
+his name should stand alone. In conclusion, I trust to Parliament
+and the nation to support me in the arduous duties which now
+devolve upon me by inheritance, and to which I am determined to
+devote my whole strength during the remainder of my life."</p></div>
+
+<p>After the oath of allegiance had been taken by those present, the
+proclamation announcing the accession of the new Monarch was signed by
+the Duke of York&mdash;now also Duke of Cornwall,&mdash;the Duke of Connaught, the
+Duke of Cambridge, Prince Christian, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the
+Lord Chancellor, the Lord Mayor of London, and the other Privy
+Councillors present. The Houses of Parliament met shortly afterwards and
+the members took the oath of allegiance, while all around the Empire the
+same ceremony was being gone through in varied tongues and many forms
+and strangely differing surroundings. There was wide-spread interest in
+His Majesty's choice of a name, and the designation of Edward VII. was
+almost universally approved&mdash;the exceptions being in certain Scotch
+contentions that the numeral could not properly apply to Scotland as a
+part of Great Britain. The name itself reads well in English history.
+Edward the Confessor, though not included in the Norman chronology, was
+a Saxon ruler of high attainments, admirable character and wise laws.
+Edward I, was not only a successful soldier <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span>and the conqueror of wild
+and warlike Wales, but a statesman who did much to establish unity and
+peace amongst his people. Edward II. was remarkable chiefly for the
+thrashing which the Scots gave him at Bannockburn while Edward III. was
+the hero of Crecy, the winner of half of France, and a brave and able
+ruler. Edward IV. was a masterful, hard and not over-scrupulous monarch,
+and Edward V. was one of the unfortunate boys who were murdered in the
+Tower of London. Edward VI. was a mild-natured and honest youth who did
+not live long enough to impress himself upon a strenuous period, or upon
+interests with which his character little fitted him to deal. The last
+of the name had reigned, therefore, before the Kingdom of England got
+out of its national and religious swaddling clothes; before the reign of
+Henry VIII. had freed it from connection with Rome, or that of Elizabeth
+had founded the maritime and commercial empire which, in time, was to
+create the mighty realm over which the new Edward now assumed sway.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">INCIDENTS SURROUNDING THE ACCESSION</p>
+
+<p>The Proclamation of the King in the cities of the United Kingdom and at
+the capitals of countries and provinces and islands all around the globe
+was a more or less stately and ceremonious function, and the
+Proclamation itself was couched in phraseology almost as old as the
+Monarchy. "We, therefore, do now with consent of tongue and heart,
+publish and proclaim that the high and mighty Prince, Albert Edward, is
+now, by the death of our late Sovereign of happy memory, become our only
+lawful and rightful Liege Lord, Edward the Seventh." At the ceremony in
+London, Dublin, Liverpool, Derby and other cities, immense crowds
+assembled and "God save the King" was sung with unusual heartiness.
+Meanwhile, following his address to the Privy Council, the King had
+returned to Osborne with the Duke of Cornwall and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> York, and there he
+found the German Emperor awaiting him. The latter had come post-haste
+from Berlin and been in time to see the Queen before she passed away. He
+had now decided to stay until after the funeral and thus to tender every
+respect in his power to the memory of his august grandmother. Parliament
+had been called immediately upon the King's Proclamation, and it met
+hurriedly and briefly on January 24th to enable the members to take the
+oath of allegiance while, all around the Empire, similar proceedings
+were taking place in Courts and Legislatures and Government buildings.</p>
+
+<p>On the following day Parliament met in brief Session and the Marquess of
+Salisbury in the House of Lords and Mr. A. J. Balfour in the Commons
+read a Royal message: "The King is fully assured that the House of Lords
+will share the deep sorrow which has befallen His Majesty and the nation
+by the lamented death of His Majesty's mother, the late Queen. Her
+devotion to the welfare of her country and her people and her wise and
+beneficent rule during the sixty-four years of her glorious reign will
+ever be held in affectionate memory by her loyal and devoted subjects
+throughout the dominions of the British Empire." In moving an address of
+mingled sympathy and congratulation, in reply, Lord Salisbury spoke with
+sincere and weighty words as to the qualities and power of the late
+Queen, her position as a constitutional ruler and her "steady and
+persistent influence on the action of her Ministers in the course of
+legislation and government." Upon the position of the new Sovereign the
+speaker was explicit: "He has before him the greatest example he could
+have to follow, he has been familiar with our political and social life
+for more than one generation, he enjoys a universal and enormous
+popularity, he is beloved in foreign countries and foreign Courts almost
+as much as he is at home, and he has profound knowledge of the working
+of our institutions and the conduct of our affairs."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span></p><p>The motion was seconded by Lord Kimberley as Liberal Leader in the
+House, and spoken to by the Archbishop of Canterbury. In the Commons Mr.
+Balfour referred at length to the great reign and character of Queen
+Victoria and to the Sovereign's influence upon public affairs. "In my
+judgment the importance of the Crown in our Constitution is not a
+diminishing but an increasing factor." Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, the
+Opposition Leader, seconded the motion, dealt with the late Queen's
+personal character, referred to Queen Alexandra as having long reigned
+in the hearts of the people, and paid high tribute to King Edward: "For
+the greater part of his life it has fallen to him not only to discharge
+a large part of the ceremonial public duty which would naturally be
+performed by the head of the State; but also to take a leading part in
+almost every scheme established for the national benefit of the country.
+Religion and charity, public health, science and literature and art,
+education, commerce, agriculture&mdash;not one of these subjects appealed in
+vain to His Majesty, when Prince of Wales, for strong sympathy and even
+for personal effort and influence. We know how unselfish he has been in
+the assiduous discharge of all his public duties, we know with what tact
+and geniality he has been able to lend himself to the furtherance of
+these great objects."</p>
+
+<p>The tactful and obviously sincere language of the King's address to his
+Council had, meanwhile, won the warmest and most loyal commendation in
+all parts of the Empire&mdash;the unanimity of approval being extraordinary
+in view of the diversity of peoples and interests involved. Other
+messages which followed from His Majesty were of the same statesmanlike
+character. To the Army, on January 25th, he issued a special message, as
+Sovereign and as constitutional head, thanking it for the splendid
+services rendered to the late Queen and describing her pride in its
+deeds and in being herself a soldier's daughter. "To secure your best
+interests will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> be one of the deepest objects of my heart and I know I
+can count upon that loyal devotion which you ever evinced toward your
+late Sovereign." On the following day the Navy received a message of
+thanks for the distinguished services rendered by it during the long and
+glorious reign of the late Queen and concluding with these words:
+"Watching over your interests and well-being I confidently rely upon
+that unfailing loyalty which is the proud inheritance of your noble
+Service."</p>
+
+<p>An incident followed which once more showed the tactfulness of character
+so desirable and important in a Sovereign. The presence of William II.
+of Germany in England, at this particular period, was creating much
+discussion abroad and his evident friendship for the King, whom he had
+just made an Admiral of the German fleet and with whom he had been
+having prolonged conferences&mdash;in company on one occasion with Lord
+Lansdowne who had been hastily summoned to Osborne&mdash;increased this
+interest. On January 28th the situation was accentuated by the
+announcement that the German Emperor had been made a Field Marshal in
+the British Army and his son, the Crown Prince, a Knight of the Garter.
+In personally conferring the latter honour King Edward made a brief
+speech in which he expressed the hope that the kindly action of the
+Emperor in coming to London at this juncture and his own presentation of
+this ancient Order to the Prince might "further cement and strengthen
+the good feeling which exists between the two countries."</p>
+
+<p>Between the time of the King's accession and the funeral of Queen
+Victoria, on February 1st, the press and public of the Empire were busy
+taking stock of the great loss sustained and measuring the character and
+possibilities of the new Sovereign. There was, in both connections, a
+curious and striking unanimity, as may be inferred from what has been
+already stated. A few expressions of authoritative opinion about the new
+King may, however, very properly be quoted here<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> in addition to the
+references made in Parliament. The London <i>Times</i>, on the day following
+the Queen's death, spoke of the long training undergone by the Prince of
+Wales, of his wide experience and his acquaintance with the ceremonial
+functions of Royalty. "Endowed as he is with many of the most lovable
+and attractive qualities of his mother&mdash;with warm sympathies, with a
+kind heart, with a generous disposition, and with a quick appreciation
+of genuine worth&mdash;the nation is happy in the confidence that, in spirit
+as well as in form, it may count upon the maintenance of that conception
+of Royalty which is the only one which most of us have ever known. To
+these qualities the King adds perfect tact, wide knowledge of men and
+the business virtues of method, prompt decision, punctuality and great
+capacity for work."</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">KINDLY AND LOYAL WORDS</p>
+
+<p>Speaking on January 24th at the City Temple, the Rev. Dr. Joseph Parker,
+Chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales, spoke of the
+King's great opportunities and personal powers. "As Prince of Wales he
+has played a difficult part with strict sagacity and unfailing
+good-nature. He is a man of great compass of mind. Let us welcome him
+with our warmest appreciation." From across the Atlantic came the voice
+of the Prime Minister of Canada, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, in his eloquent
+speech in Parliament on February 8th: "We have believed from the first
+that he who was a wise Prince will be a wise King, and that the policy
+which has made the British Empire so great under his predecessor will
+also be his policy." From the still more distant Melbourne, Australia,
+came the kindly and loyal words of the <i>Argus</i> on February 1st: "In the
+eyes of his subjects, near and far, he is clothed with the kindliness,
+the tact, the sympathy with social progress, the practical intelligence,
+the political impartiality, and the keen sense of duty he displayed
+during the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> many years in which he helped his mother in the discharge of
+the Royal tasks. His people know that he possesses the amiability, the
+dignity, the clear vision and the industry which befit the occupant of a
+most exacting as well as exalted position." From all over the world came
+testimonies of similar feeling, and within British dominions the
+opinions and tributes everywhere partook of one quality&mdash;that of trust
+and confidence in the new Sovereign.</p>
+
+<p>During this first week of his reign the work which devolved upon the
+King was tremendous. The signing and consideration of necessary
+documents which had been delayed during the illness of the Queen was
+alone a serious task. The slight sickness of the Duke of Cornwall and
+York detached him from the help which he might have given in many ways,
+and the presence of the German Emperor increased the burden of
+discussion and of questions to be dealt with. The King also took charge
+of the large and complicated arrangements connected with the funeral
+ceremonies and supervised the immense variety of details with his usual
+business-like ability and energy. This great function, which eclipsed
+the Jubilee in solemn splendour and exceeded any demonstration in
+history in its unquestioned weight of public sorrow, commenced on
+Friday, February 1st, when the remains of the Queen were removed from
+Osborne to the Royal yacht <i>Alberta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The coffin was carried by Highlanders and blue-jackets, followed by the
+King, the German Emperor, the Duke of Connaught, the German Crown
+Prince, Prince Henry of Prussia, Prince Christian, the Duke of
+Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince Arthur of Connaught, Prince Charles of
+Denmark, Prince Louis of Battenberg, and then Queen Alexandra and the
+Princesses. The <i>Alberta</i> passed across the Solent to Portsmouth,
+through a long and continuous avenue of saluting warships, and was
+followed by another vessel with the Royal mourners on board. The members
+of the Lords<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> and Commons were on vessels placed amongst the warships.
+On Saturday the body of the late Sovereign was brought from Portsmouth
+to the metropolis and borne with solemn state to Paddington station
+through millions of black-garbed, silent and mournful people, and
+between lines, along the entire route, of thirty-three thousand Regular
+troops and volunteers. It was followed by the King, the German Emperor
+and the Duke of Connaught, riding abreast, the Kings of Portugal and
+Greece, forty Princes representing every Royal House in Europe,
+seventeen representatives of the Colonies, a long array of Ambassadors
+and foreign representatives, the Queen, the Princesses, the King of the
+Belgians, the Duke of Cambridge, Lord Roberts, Lord Wolseley. The coffin
+was taken by train to Windsor where, in St. George's Chapel, the funeral
+service was conducted by the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of
+Winchester. The actual interment took place on Monday afternoon in the
+Royal Mausoleum of Frogmore, where the remains of the great Queen were
+laid in death beside those of the husband whose memory she had so long
+cherished in life.</p>
+
+<p>These prolonged obsequies&mdash;the most splendid and impressive in
+history&mdash;passed off with a smoothness of procedure which, under the
+circumstances of sorrow and crowding duties, indicated more than
+ordinary powers of concentration and management in the new King, as well
+as a most marvellous sentiment and sympathy amongst the people.
+Throughout the Empire, as that solemn procession passed along the
+purple-draped streets of London, funeral services were being held and
+sermons of sorrow preached in an uncounted multitude of churches
+darkened with all the habiliments of mourning. As the <i>Standard</i> well
+put it on February 5th: "The nation is conscious of its debt to the
+King, whose tactful perception and devoted labour gave it so splendid an
+opportunity of showing its reverence for the Sovereign who has just
+passed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> away. The King on his side has found strength and comfort in
+those eloquent demonstrations of the sympathy of his subjects which have
+reached him, in innumerable ways, from all parts of his dominions."
+Immediately after the last ceremonies had been performed the King issued
+a series of Messages which, for tact and courtesy and kindliness, have
+rarely been excelled&mdash;even by the experienced eloquence of his Royal
+mother. They were all dated February 4th and the first was addressed "To
+my People." It commenced by saying: "Now that the last scene has closed
+in the noble and ever-glorious life of my beloved mother, the Queen, I
+am anxious to endeavour to convey to the whole Empire the extent of the
+deep gratitude I feel for the heart-stirring and affectionate tributes
+which are everywhere borne to her memory." His Majesty proceeded to
+speak of the recent magnificent display by sea and land and the
+inspiration of courage and hope which the public sympathy had been to
+him during the recent trying days. "Encouraged by the confidence of that
+love and trust which the nation ever reposed in its late and
+fondly-mourned Sovereign, I shall earnestly strive to walk in her
+footsteps, devoting myself to the utmost of my powers to maintaining and
+promoting the highest interests of my people and to the diligent and
+zealous fulfilment of the great and sacred responsibilities which,
+through the will of God, I am now called to undertake."</p>
+
+<p>A second Message was addressed "To my People beyond the Seas." After
+referring to the countless dispatches which had been received from his
+"Dominions over the Seas" and the universal grief felt throughout the
+Empire, the King spoke of the "heartfelt interest" always evinced by the
+late Sovereign in the welfare of Greater Britain, in the extension of
+self-government, in the loyalty of the people to her Throne and person,
+in the gallantry of those who had fought and died for the Empire in
+South Africa. He concluded as follows: "I have already declared that it
+will be my constant endeavour<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> to follow the great example which has
+been bequeathed to me. In these endeavours, I shall have a constant
+trust in the devotion and sympathy of the people and of their several
+representative assemblies throughout my vast Colonial dominions. With
+such loyal support, I will, with God's blessing, solemnly work for the
+common welfare and security of the great Empire over which I have now
+been called to reign."</p>
+
+<p>The next and last of these historic documents was a letter to the
+Princes and peoples of India in which His Majesty informed them that
+through the lamented death of his mother he had inherited a Throne
+"which has descended to me through a long and ancient lineage" and then
+proceeded: "I now desire to send my greeting to the ruling Chiefs of the
+Native States and to the inhabitants of my Indian dominions, to insure
+them of my sincere good will and affection and of my heartfelt wishes
+for their welfare." He spoke of his illustrious predecessor as having
+first taken upon herself the direct administration of Indian affairs and
+assumed the title of Empress in token of her closer association with the
+government of that country; referred to the loyalty of its people and
+the services rendered by its Princes in the South African war and by its
+native soldiers in other countries; and concluded in the following
+expressive words: "It was by her wish and with her sanction that I
+visited India and made myself acquainted with the ruling Chiefs, the
+people and the cities of that ancient and famous Empire. I shall never
+forget the deep impressions which I then received and I shall endeavour
+to follow the great Queen-Empress, to work for the general well-being of
+my Indian subjects of all ranks and to merit, as she did, their
+unfailing loyalty and affection."</p>
+
+<p>Following these incidents came the return home of the German Emperor, a
+letter of thanks from the King to Earl Roberts for his management of the
+military part of the funeral arrangements, and a most enthusiastic
+reception to His <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>Majesty and Queen Alexandra during a rapid passage
+through London to Marlborough House on February 27th. From this time on,
+during weeks of crowded work and the assumption of new responsibilities
+and functions, the King received many addresses of mingled condolence
+and congratulation. One of the first was from the Royal Agricultural
+Society of England which the King had done so much to aid as Heir
+Apparent. The President, Earl Cawdor, in speaking to the Council on
+February 6th, referred to "the keen personal interest which the King had
+ever taken in all that related to the welfare of the agricultural
+interests of the country at large, and especially of the Royal
+Agricultural Society. They had made many and many calls upon his time
+and thought." Canterbury Convocation referred to the pending visit of
+the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York to Australia, New Zealand and
+Canada. The County of Derby the Royal Society, the Benevolent Society of
+St. Patrick&mdash;all sorts of organizations, political, financial,
+commercial, religious, scientific, official, artistic, benevolent and
+literary&mdash;expressed their admiration for the late Queen and their
+loyalty to the new Sovereign.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo40.jpg" width="500" height="290" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+A GROUP AT SANDRINGHAM PALACE<br />
+The favourite residence of King Edward while he was Prince of Wales. The
+King is at right of the centre, and the Duke of Cornwall and York, now
+King George V. at the left side of the picture
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo41.jpg" width="500" height="322" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, WESTMINSTER
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo42.jpg" width="500" height="331" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE HOUSE OF LORDS<br />
+At Westminster, where the Peers of the Realm assemble in their
+law-making capacity
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo43.jpg" width="500" height="314" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT AT OTTAWA<br />
+The cornerstone was laid by King Edward VII in 1860
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3 padtop">RECEPTION OF LOYAL ADDRESS</p>
+
+<p>On January 13th the King received, in state, at St. James's Palace, the
+Corporation of London and the London County Council. In response to the
+addresses His Majesty made a direct reference to the Housing of the Poor
+Question, which he described as one in which "I have always taken the
+deepest personal interest." At a meeting of the Mark Master Masons of
+England on February 19th, with the Earl of Euston in the chair, the
+usual address was passed, and then a letter was read from Sir Francis
+Knollys, saying that the King felt it necessary to resign the
+Grand-Mastership, but that he would remain a Patron of the Order. Five
+days later the King<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> received at St. James's the loyal address of the
+University of Oxford, presented by its Chancellor, the Marquess of
+Salisbury; of the University of Cambridge, presented by its Chancellor,
+the Duke of Devonshire; of the General Assembly of the Church of
+Scotland, presented by the Right Rev. Dr. Norman Macleod; of the
+Corporation of Edinburgh and the Royal Society. Each of the deputations
+presenting these addresses was large and distinguished in membership,
+and to each His Majesty addressed a brief and tactful speech.</p>
+
+<p>On March 12th another brilliant function was held at the same Palace,
+when the King received addresses from the Convocation of Canterbury,
+presented by the Archbishop, and that of the Northern Convocation
+presented by the Archbishop of York; the University of London, the
+English Presbyterian Church and the Society of Friends. Eight days later
+the great event in this connection, amidst surroundings of state and
+splendour, was the reception of over forty addresses from cities,
+boroughs, institutions and various public bodies. Included in the list
+of deputations presenting addresses were those from the Universities of
+Edinburgh, Dublin, Victoria and Wales, the Dutch Reformed Church, the
+Baptist Union, the Congregational Union of England and Wales, the
+National Council of the Evangelical Free Churches, the Cities of York,
+Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Belfast, Cardiff, Exeter, Chester and
+Doncaster, the Bank of England, the Royal Asiatic Society, the
+Incorporated Law Society of the United Kingdom, the Coal Exchange, the
+United Grand Lodge of Freemasons and the Ancient Order of Foresters.
+General replies were given to each address and to only a few separately.
+Amongst the latter were the Freemasons, to whom the King said: "I have
+felt much regret at relinquishing the high and honourable post of Grand
+Master which I have held since 1874, and I shall not cease to retain the
+same interest that I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> have felt in Freemasonry." He also expressed great
+satisfaction at being succeeded by the Duke of Connaught.</p>
+
+<p>Further addresses were presented in similar state on May 3d. The Roman
+Catholic deputation was headed by Cardinal Vaughan and the Duke of
+Norfolk and included Lord Llandaff and fourteen Bishops&mdash;a brilliant
+picture in red and purple and black. Their address was of peculiar
+interest and contained the following paragraph: "Your Majesty's life has
+been spent in the midst of your people, sharing in their happiness and
+prosperity, actively engaged in ameliorating the condition of the lowly
+and in promoting their comfort in sickness and suffering. All classes of
+the population&mdash;the leisured, the professional, the industrial and the
+poor&mdash;have been the object of your sympathy and interest." A deputation
+from the Jews of Great Britain included Lord Rothschild, the Hon. L. W.
+Rothschild, M.P., the Chief Rabbi, Sir G. Faudel-Phillips, Sir Edward
+Sassoon, M.P., Mr. B. L. Cohen, M.P., and Sir J. Sebag-Montefiore.
+Addresses were also presented by the Presbyterian Church of England, and
+on behalf of a large number of cities and towns.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, King Edward had been conferring honours or positions upon
+some of his old friends and faithful servants, re-organizing his
+Household generally for the still more onerous and important work now
+before them, and not forgetting to conspicuously reward the best and
+oldest servants of the late Sovereign. In this delicate task he showed
+his usual tact and consideration. First in this respect, as she had been
+for so many years wherever he could properly place her in the front, was
+his wife&mdash;and to Queen Alexandra was given the first honour of the new
+reign in her creation, under special statute, on February 12th, as Lady
+of the Most Noble Order of the Garter&mdash;the greatest order of Knighthood
+in the world. Three days later the Royal Victorian Order in its highest
+form&mdash;G.C.V.O.&mdash;was given to the Duke of Argyll and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> Duke of Fife.
+Lord Edward Pelham-Clinton, Major-General Sir John Carstairs McNeill,
+V.C., Sir Fleetwood Edwards and Sir Arthur J. Bigge, for many years
+important members of Queen Victoria's Household, received the same
+honour, as did the King's own devoted Secretary, Sir Francis Knollys.</p>
+
+<p>On February 18th, a number of appointments were made to the Household
+including Lord Suffield as Lord-in-Waiting with General the Right Hon.
+Sir D. M. Probyn, Sir John McNeill, Lord Wantage, V.C., Sir Fleetwood
+Edwards and Sir Arthur Bigge as Extra Equerries to His Majesty. General,
+Viscount Bridport and General the Duke of Grafton were appointed
+Honorary Equerries and Major-Generals Sir Henry P. Ewart and Sir Stanley
+Clarke to other positions at Court. Queen Alexandra appointed the
+members of her Household under date of March 8th and they included the
+Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry as Mistress of the Robes, the
+Countesses of Antrim, Macclesfield, Gosford and Lytton and the Lady
+Suffield and Dowager Countess of Morton as Ladies of the Bedchamber,
+Lord Colville of Culross as Lord Chamberlain, the Earl of Gosford as
+Vice-Chamberlain, the Earl de Grey as Treasurer, and the Hon. S. R.
+Greville as Private Secretary. Numerous appointments of an honorary kind
+in connection with the Army and Navy followed and on July 24th the Earl
+of Pembroke was announced as Lord Steward of His Majesty's Household,
+the Hon. V. C. W. Cavendish M.P. as Treasurer, Viscount Valentia M.P. as
+Comptroller, Lord Farquhar as Master of the Household, the Earl of
+Clarendon as Lord Chamberlain, Major-General Sir Arthur Ellis as
+Comptroller of Accounts, the Duke of Portland as Master of the Horse,
+the Duke of Argyll as Governor of Windsor Castle and the following as
+Lords-in-Waiting: the Earl of Denbigh, the Earl of Kintore, Earl Howe,
+Lord Suffield, Lord Kenyon, Lord Churchill and Lord Lawrence.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span></p><p>Many of these names may be recognized as amongst the friends or
+officials of the King, in his later years as the Heir Apparent, or as
+companions in some of his travels. On March 24th, following the custom
+of British Sovereigns, several special Embassies were appointed and
+announced to carry to European Courts the official intimation of His
+Majesty's accession. That to Denmark, Sweden and Norway, Russia, Germany
+and Saxony, included the Duke of Abercorn, the Earl of Kintore,
+Major-General Sir Archibald Hunter and the Marquess of Hamilton, M.P.
+and that to Belgium, Bavaria, Italy, Wurtemberg and the Netherlands,
+included the Earl of Mount Edgecombe, Viscount Downe and Admiral Sir
+Michael Culme-Seymour. Earl Carrington, the Earl of Harewood and others
+were appointed to France, Spain and Portugal and Field Marshal Lord
+Wolseley, Viscount Castlereagh and others to Austro-Hungary, Roumania,
+Servia and Turkey.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">The First Year of the New Reign</p>
+
+
+<p>The first year's reign of a Sovereign must always be important, and when
+that Sovereign rules over a third of the earth's surface and a quarter
+of its population, it is more than usually so. King Edward VII., when he
+came to the Throne, found himself the first of Mohammedan rulers, with
+more Moslem subjects than the Sultan of Turkey; the first of Brahmin and
+Parsee Sovereigns; the head of various Confucian colonies and the
+possessor of the most sacred of Buddhist shrines; the ruler of Christian
+sects and idolatries of every conceivable kind and variety. Almost every
+race in the world was included in his Empire&mdash;English, Scotch and Irish
+everywhere, French in the Channel Islands and in Canada, Italians and
+Greeks in Malta, Arab, Coptic and Turkish subjects in Egypt, Negroes of
+all descriptions in the Soudan and elsewhere, subjects of infinitely
+varied Asiatic types in India, Chinese in Hong-Kong and Wei-Hai-Wei,
+Malays in Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, Polynesians in the Pacific,
+Red Indians in Canada and Maoris in New Zealand, Dutch, Zulus, Basutos
+and French Huguenots in South Africa, Eskimos in Northern Canada. The
+complicated issues involved in such a Government as that of the British
+Empire, with its curiously non-centralized system, were certainly
+sufficient to make a Sovereign inheriting the position, the
+opportunities, and much of the capacity of Queen Victoria, feel that he
+had, indeed, assumed heavy responsibilities.</p>
+
+<p>His first step had been a most wise one, and in direct line with a
+policy carried out as Heir Apparent&mdash;the cementing of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> close and cordial
+relations with the German Emperor during his long and much-discussed
+visit to the dying Queen and mourning family. To this friendship and the
+enthusiastic and popular reception given William II. when leaving London
+on February 5th, 1901, was undoubtedly due the restraining influence
+held over a part of the press of Germany during the succeeding period of
+vile abuse of England regarding the South African War. Following this,
+on February 24th, was the departure of King Edward on a visit to his
+sister, the Empress Frederick, at Frederichshof, near Cronberg, where he
+was joined by the Emperor William. The King was accompanied by Sir Frank
+Lascelles, Ambassador at Berlin, and by his physician, Sir Francis
+Laking. The Empress was found to be very ill, but not dying, and after a
+few days her Royal brother and son returned to their respective
+capitals.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE KING'S FIRST PARLIAMENT AND DECLARATION</p>
+
+<p>The first Parliament of the new reign was opened by the King in
+brilliant state and with much dignified ceremonial on February 14th. The
+pageantry of the occasion was picturesque and splendid. The staircase in
+Parliament House, up which the Royal pair passed in their progress, was
+lined with a living hedge of men in blue and silver uniforms, topped
+with red plumes and shining with the burnished steel accoutrements of
+the Horse Guards. Before them were stately, robed officials, such as
+Lord Salisbury and the Duke of Devonshire and some of the brilliant
+colours of the Court. The King wore a short ermine cape over his Field
+Marshal's uniform, and beneath the cape a sweeping cloak and train of
+Royal purple. Queen Alexandra, beautiful always, was more than usually
+sweet and dignified in her garb of mingled black and purple. In the
+House of Lords the evidences of mourning for the late Queen were very
+apparent. The ladies were dressed in black though they were permitted to
+blaze with jewels. The Peers' robes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> of red and ermine, gave a little
+colour to the scene, helped by those of the judges in black and gold, or
+red and white, and the bright uniforms of the Ambassadors in a distant
+corner. Hand-in-hand the King and Queen entered the Chamber and took
+their places upon the chairs of state. The Commons were called in, and
+their the Lord Chancellor presented and the King repeated and signed the
+somewhat famous Declaration against the Mass and other Roman doctrines,
+or observances, as provided by the Bill of Rights. It was as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I do solemnly and sincerely in the presence of God, profess,
+testify and declare that I do believe that in the sacrament of the
+Lord's Supper there is not any transubstantiation of the elements
+of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ at or after the
+consecration thereof by any person whatsoever; and that the
+invocation or adoration of the Virgin Mary or any other saint and
+the sacrifice of the mass as they are now used in the Church of
+Rome are superstitious and idolatrous, and I do solemnly in the
+presence of God, profess, testify and declare that I do make this
+Declaration and every part thereof in the plain and ordinary sense
+of the words read unto me as they are commonly understood by
+English Protestants, without any evasion, equivocation, or mental
+reservation whatsoever and without any dispensation already granted
+me for this purpose by the Pope or any other authority or person
+whatsoever, or without any hope of any such dispensation from any
+person or authority whatsoever, or without thinking that I am or
+can be acquitted before God or man, or absolved of this Declaration
+or any part thereof, although the Pope or any other person or
+persons or power whatsoever should dispense with or annull the
+same, or declare that it was null and void from the beginning."</p></div>
+
+<p>The next proceeding was the reading of the King's speech to his
+Parliament in strong, full tones which impressively<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> and clearly filled
+the Chamber. This part of the ceremony was rendered unusually
+interesting, in view of the fact that the King was understood to have
+had more to do with the wording of his speech than had been customary,
+and to have changed the conditions by which it had become usual to give
+an advance summary of its contents to the press. Reference was made to
+the death of the Queen and to his own accession, to the progress of the
+South African War, the Chinese troubles, the establishment of the
+Australian Commonwealth, the sending of additional Contingents from the
+Colonies to the front, the famine in India, the relief of the Coomassie
+garrison, and to his intention to carry out the late Sovereign's wish
+regarding the Imperial tour of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and
+York. The whole function was of a solemn and impressive and splendid
+character, in keeping with the traditions of the Crown and in harmony
+with the known intentions of the King to assume the full ceremonial and
+dignity of his position. The <i>Times</i>, on the following morning, referred
+to the enthusiastic reception of the King and Queen as they drove to
+Westminster and to the inspiring and exhilarating character of the scene
+in the House of Lords. "The present generation has seen hardly anything,
+not even excepting the processions of 1887 and 1897, at all comparable
+in splendour and solemnity with the pageant yesterday at Westminster."</p>
+
+<p>The session of Parliament which followed was closely and continuously
+associated with subjects arising out of the King's accession. An early
+and prominent topic was the Declaration taken against Roman Catholicism.
+Under date of February 20th, Cardinal Vaughan issued a letter to his
+Diocese declaring that "patriotism and loyalty to the Sovereign are
+characteristic of the Catholics of this country and are to be counted
+on, quite independently of passing emotions of pain or pleasure, because
+they are rooted in a permanent dictate and principle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> of religion;" that
+Catholics had, however, been made unhappy by the "recent renewal of the
+national act of apostacy" in the Sovereign's branding by solemn
+Declaration their religious doctrines as superstitious and idolatrous;
+that the Catholic Peers had done well in protesting to the Lord
+Chancellor against the continued use of this Declaration; that British
+legislators in all parts of the Empire and the twelve million Catholic
+subjects of the Crown throughout the world should take further measures
+of constitutional protest; that the evil so greatly deplored was the
+result of an anachronism and of a barbaric law which had remained
+accidentally unrepealed; and that there was reason to hope that "this
+remnant of a hateful fanaticism" would soon be removed from the
+statute-book.</p>
+
+<p>In Canada and Australia protests were prepared and presented through the
+Cardinal&mdash;that from the Dominion being signed by all the members of the
+Hierarchy. In the House of Lords a Committee was appointed, on motion of
+Lord Salisbury, to deal with the matter although no Catholic Peers would
+serve upon it. They reported early in July that a modification of the
+Declaration might be made so as to omit the adjectives and objectionable
+phraseology without affecting the strength of the pledge itself. A
+Government measure was prepared along these lines and submitted to the
+House. It was opposed by Lord Rosebery on August 1st, on the ground that
+nothing could really bind conscientious convictions, that the King might
+change his views and not be bound by this Declaration in future, and,
+that it did not repudiate the temporal or spiritual supremacy of the
+Pope. The Archbishop of Canterbury did not like the changes, the Duke of
+Norfolk did not care for the new form and the Roman Catholics generally,
+in and out of the House, objected to the compromise as useless. The
+result was that Lord Salisbury eventually withdrew his measure and the
+matter dropped out of public discussion for the time&mdash;although the
+Canadian House of Commons and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> other public bodies in the Empire had
+meanwhile protested against the continued maintenance of the
+Declaration.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE KING'S INCOME AND REVENUES</p>
+
+<p>Another duty which faced the early consideration of Parliament was the
+Civil List. Queen Victoria's Civil List had been &pound;385,000, given as a
+permanent yearly income for her reign, and in return for the formal
+surrender of the revenues of the Crown Lands for the same period. In
+this connection, the <i>Daily News</i> of February 14th, pointed out that the
+late Sovereign had received during her long reign &pound;24,000,000 from the
+people while the revenues of the surrendered Crown Lands had totalled
+&pound;20,000,000. Speaking for the Liberals and Radicals this paper declared
+that there was "no disposition to deal grudgingly with a Monarch who has
+fully borne the share that belongs to him in the country's affairs,"
+that it might be well to adhere closely to the late Queen's Civil List,
+and that the example of "a moderate and sober Court" would be of the
+highest value to the nation. On March 11th Sir M. E. Hicks-Beach moved
+the appointment of a House of Commons' Committee to deal with the
+question, composed of Mr. Balfour, Sir W. Hart Dyke, Sir F.
+Dixon-Hartland, Sir S. Hoare, Mr. W. L. Jackson, with seven other
+members and himself, as representatives of the Government party and Sir
+Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Sir William Harcourt, Sir Henry Fowler, Sir
+James Kitson, Mr. H. Labouchere, and three others, as representing the
+Opposition. The <i>Times</i> of the following day said that there were two
+reasons for somewhat increasing the sum to be voted&mdash;the fact of the
+King having a Consort of whom the nation was proud, while Queen Victoria
+was unmarried at the time of the former vote, and the fact, as the
+Chancellor of the Exchequer put it to the House, that the King was now
+the head of a world-wide Empire.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span></p><p>As finally decided in the Report of the Select Committee the new Civil
+List was placed at &pound;470,000 for the Sovereign&mdash;of which &pound;110,000 was to
+go to the Privy Purse in place of &pound;60,000 received by Queen Victoria;
+the Duke of Cornwall and York was to receive &pound;20,000 annually, and the
+Duchess &pound;10,000&mdash;in addition, of course, to the &pound;60,000 coming to the
+Heir Apparent from the Duchy of Lancaster; the King's children, the
+Duchess of Fife, Princess Victoria and Princess Charles of Denmark, were
+each to have &pound;6,000 a year for life; while the contingent annuity of
+&pound;30,000 provided in the event of Queen Alexandra surviving her husband,
+was to be increased to &pound;70,000 and a similar contingent grant of &pound;30,000
+arranged for the Duchess of Cornwall and York. The only apparent
+opposition in the Committee to these proposals was from Mr. Labouchere,
+who suggested certain variations and reductions. There was little
+influential criticism of the changes proposed&mdash;the <i>Daily News</i>, from
+which opposition might, perhaps have come, speaking of one special
+increase of &pound;50,000, as follows: "The Queen must have a separate
+Household if the Monarchy is to be maintained, as most people wish that
+it should be maintained, in its ancient splendour; and the gracious
+kindness of Queen Alexandra, who has endeared herself to all the
+subjects of her husband, will make the tax-payer in her case a cheerful
+giver."</p>
+
+<p>On May 9th Resolutions based upon these recommendations were presented
+to the Commons by Sir M. E. Hicks-Beach and eventually carried by three
+hundred and seven to fifty-eight&mdash;the latter being composed of Irish
+members and Mr. Labouchere. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, in his
+introductory speech, referred to the Monarchy as "the most popular of
+all our great institutions" and then proceeded to enlarge upon the
+situation as follows: "Throughout the Empire there has grown up a
+feeling, and I think a very right and proper feeling, of the enormous
+importance of the Crown<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> as the main link of the relations with all the
+people of which the Empire is composed. Therefore, I think it happened
+that, in the brief debate in which this subject was dealt with at the
+commencement of the present Session, there was no sign of any difference
+of opinion as to the necessity of making a sufficient and adequate
+provision for the maintenance of the honour and dignity of the Crown."
+He mentioned the fact that the late Sovereign had bequeathed Balmoral
+and Osborne House to her successor and that he had to maintain these
+residences as well as his old-time home at Sandringham; that King Edward
+had no personal fortune and that the late Queen's savings had been
+willed to her younger children. He concluded by expressing approval of
+the proposals as moderate and fair. Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, on
+behalf of the Opposition, declared them to be reasonable and added: "I
+do not doubt at all that the prevailing desire in this House and in the
+country is to see that a provision should be made for maintaining that
+state and dignity of the British Crown which shall fittingly represent
+the loyal attachment of the people." Mr. J. E. Redmond followed and
+declared that not only had the Irish members refused to act upon the
+Committee but they would now vote against the Resolutions because of the
+unrepealed statute and Declaration regarding Roman Catholicism. Mr.
+Labouchere spoke against them at length and was joined in speech and
+vote by two Labour members&mdash;Messrs. Keir Hardie and Cremer&mdash;who, amidst
+laughter and interruptions, declared themselves to be republicans and
+expressed regret that the working classes liked Royalty.</p>
+
+<p>The next subject discussed in Parliament, as it was also being discussed
+throughout British countries generally, was that of the Royal titles. As
+they stood when the King ascended the throne the only countries of the
+Empire recognized were Great Britain, Ireland and India. It was pointed
+out that Queen Mary in the days of Spanish marriage relations<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> and power
+possessed, with King Philip, titles which included England, France,
+Naples, Jerusalem, Ireland, Spain, Sicily, Austria, Milan &amp;; that
+Emperor Francis Joseph was not only Emperor of Austria but King of
+Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Sclavonia, Gallicia, Illyria and
+Jerusalem; that the three principal countries of the Empire were now
+strong enough and prominent enough to be properly and permanently
+represented in this way; that it would enhance the dignity of Great
+Britain while placing Canada and Australia in a more equal and national
+position within the Empire; that some such recognition had been
+supported in 1876 by Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Disraeli in the House of
+Commons; and that it had been proposed by the Colonial Conference of
+1887.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">ADDITION TO THE KING'S TITLES</p>
+
+<p>Within a short time of the King's accession&mdash;on January 29th&mdash;a dispatch
+was sent by Mr. Chamberlain to the Governors-General of Canada and
+Australia saying that the moment was opportune to consider the matter of
+the Monarch's titles, so as to recognize the "separate and greatly
+increased importance of the Colonies" and suggesting, personally, the
+phrase: "King of Great Britain and Ireland and of Greater Britain beyond
+the Seas." Mr. Chamberlain also expressed the belief that there were
+considerable difficulties in the way of such designations as King of
+Canada and King of Australia, owing to the smaller Colonies which would
+desire to be also specially mentioned. Lord Minto, in his reply,
+expressed his Government's doubt as to the use of the word "Greater
+Britain," their preference for the title "King of Canada" and their
+willingness, in case of jealousies elsewhere, to propose that of
+"Sovereign of all British Dominions beyond the Seas." Lord Hopetoun
+stated that his Government preferred the designation of "Sovereign Lord
+of the British Realms beyond the Seas." The Colonial Secretary then
+communicated with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> Cape Colony, Newfoundland and New Zealand where the
+Governments all favoured some general designation.</p>
+
+<p>On July 27th, Lord Salisbury introduced a measure in the House of Lords
+authorizing the Sovereign "to make such addition to the style and title
+at present appertaining to the Imperial Crown of the United Kingdom and
+its Dependencies as to His Majesty may seem fit." Speaking unofficially,
+the Premier intimated that the Royal title would probably be "Edward
+VII., by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
+Ireland, and of all the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King,
+Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India." During a short discussion in
+the House, two days later, Lord Rosebery suggested the title of "King of
+all the Britains" Lord Salisbury did not consider this admissible,
+however, and the measure passed its second reason without opposition.
+Eventually the bill became law and was the subject of general approval
+at home and in the Colonies. The title was then officially proclaimed in
+the terms mentioned by Lord Salisbury. Speaking of this action, Sir
+Horace Tozer of Queensland told the <i>Daily News</i> of July 31st that the
+Commonwealth Act declared the desire of the Australian people, in its
+first words, to unite in one indissoluble Commonwealth "under the Crown"
+and he expressed the opinion that this action would "ratify and give
+expression" to that deliberate decision.</p>
+
+<p>On May 10th, a Dublin newspaper called <i>The Irish People</i> published an
+article about the King which was not only seditious in language but
+abominable in its allegations and statements&mdash;they could hardly be
+dignified with the name of charges. The paper was at once seized, and on
+the following day the Irish members precipitated a debate in Parliament
+upon the action thus taken. Mr. John Dillon pointed out that this paper
+was the recognized organ of the Nationalist movement, claimed that the
+action of the Government was grossly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> illegal, and declared that it was
+a blow struck at the freedom of the press. Mr. W. Redmond took much the
+same ground. Mr. George Wyndham, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, spoke
+of the article as containing "outrageous, scurrilous, gross and coarse
+remarks," and as using language more foul than that of certain foreign
+papers which had been so complained of during the year. He had ordered
+it to be seized because it was guilty of "seditious libel," because it
+was his duty to prevent such a nuisance from being inflicted upon the
+public, and because similar action had been taken in the past year upon
+an article attacking the late Queen Victoria. Mr. John Redmond declared
+that the action was taken too late, anyway, and that plenty of copies
+had gone through the mail to America and the Continent. Mr. Balfour
+supported Mr. Wyndham and asked, if "obscene libel" and "a foul and
+poisoned weapon" were necessary aids to Irish agitation. He pointed out
+that the Sovereign was incapable of replying to this sort of statement,
+and declared that the publication was "a gross offense against public
+decency and public law and loyalty." Mr. H. H. Asquith, on behalf of the
+Opposition, took the ground that those concerned could appeal to the
+Courts, if injured, and that he could not but accept the Government's
+description of the article and support them in their action. Messrs.
+Bryn-Roberts, Labouchere and John Burns criticised the Government, and
+the vote stood two hundred and fifty-two to sixty-four in approval of
+their action.</p>
+
+<p>The debate in the Imperial Parliament was, however, not the end of the
+matter. A newspaper in Melbourne, Australia, called <i>The Tocsin</i>,
+republished the article in question, and its proprietor, Mr. E. Findley,
+M.L.A., was at once expelled from the Victorian Legislature. The
+discussion and vote took place on June 25th, when Mr. Findley disclaimed
+responsibility as being publisher and not Editor, but defended the
+newspaper's statement that suppression of the Dublin paper<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span> was an
+illegal act. He expressed regret, however, that the article had appeared
+in his journal, in view of its having given offence to the House. The
+Premier of Victoria, Mr. A. J. Peacock, at once declared that no apology
+was sufficient unless it included unqualified disavowal and disapproval
+of the article in question, and moved the following Resolution: "That
+the Honourable member for Melbourne, Mr. Edward Findley, being the
+printer and publisher of a newspaper known as <i>The Tocsin</i>, in the issue
+of which, on the 20th instant, there is published a seditious libel
+regarding His Majesty the King, is guilty of disloyalty to His Majesty
+and has committed an act discreditable to the honour of Parliament, and
+that he, therefore, be expelled from this House."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Irvine, Leader of the Opposition, endorsed the action of the
+Government, and declared that the republication&mdash;even to the appearance
+of a second edition of the paper&mdash;was a deliberate attempt to give
+currency to this "foul and scandalous libel" as being a fact. Many
+others spoke, and Mr. Findley in another speech said he had no sympathy
+whatever with the article, and was extremely sorry that it had appeared.
+Orders had come from outside for thousands of copies of the paper and
+had not been filled. The House, however, was determined to take action,
+and he was expelled by a vote of sixty-four to seventeen. Mr. Findley
+ran again as a Labour candidate in East Melbourne and was opposed by Mr.
+J. F. Deegan&mdash;a man of no particular politics, but known for his
+loyalty, and supported on the platform by both party Leaders. The latter
+candidate was elected by a substantial majority. A very few other
+Australian papers had, meanwhile, republished the article, and perhaps
+half a dozen Canadian ones.</p>
+
+<p>The first Parliament of the reign closed on August 17th shortly after
+the King had suffered the loss of his distinguished sister, the Empress
+Frederick. With this event, which occurred on August 8th, there passed
+away what the <i>Times</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> well termed "a life of brilliant promise, of
+splendid hopes, of exalted ideals"&mdash;overruled with relentless rigour by
+a hard fate which brought her liberal principles into conflict with the
+iron will of Bismarck, nullified her capacity by the opposition of the
+Court of Berlin, and removed her husband by death at the very moment
+when the opportunity of power and position seemed to have come. The
+King, accompanied by Queen Alexandra and Princess Victoria, at once left
+for Frederickshof. They were received at Homburg by the Emperor William
+and conducted to the Castle. The funeral took place amid scenes of
+stately solemnity on August 13th and the Emperor and the King were
+present as chief mourners. While the obsequies were proceeding memorial
+services were held in England at the Chapel Royal, St. James's, in St.
+Giles's Cathedral, Edinburgh and in various other churches throughout
+the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">PUBLIC INCIDENTS AND FUNCTIONS</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, various incidents illustrative of the King's tact and
+influence upon public affairs had occurred. His well-known interest in
+American affairs was shown on June 1st by an official reception given at
+Windsor Castle to the members of the New York Chamber of Commerce who
+were visiting England as guests of the London Chamber of Commerce.
+Accompanied by Lord Brassey and the Earl of Kintore, some twenty-five
+gentlemen were presented to His Majesty and Queen Alexandra. They
+included General Horace Porter, Mr. Morris K. Jessup, the Hon. Levi P.
+Morton, the Hon. Cornelius N. Bliss and Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan. Some of
+the American expressions of opinion upon this not unusual courtesy to
+distinguished foreigners were extremely amusing. Others, such as that of
+the N. Y. <i>Tribune</i> were dignified and appreciative. Immediately upon
+hearing of the attempt on President McKinley's life on September 6th,
+the King sent a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> despatch of deepest sympathy and instructed the Foreign
+Office to keep him informed as to the President's condition. He was at
+the time spending a week with the King of Denmark at Copenhagen and to
+that place the bulletins were duly cabled from Washington.</p>
+
+<p>On September 11th His Majesty telegraphed to the American Ambassador at
+London: "I rejoice to hear the favourable accounts of the President's
+health. God grant that his life may be spared." After Mr. McKinley's
+death, three days later, the King immediately cabled the Ambassador:
+"Most truly do I sympathize with you and the whole American nation in
+the loss of your distinguished and ever-to-be-regretted President." In
+his reply Mr. Choate declared that "Your Majesty's constant solicitude
+and interest in these trying days have deeply touched the hearts of my
+countrymen." The King ordered a week's mourning at Court and soon
+afterwards received a message from Mr. Choate voicing Mrs. McKinley's
+personal gratitude for the sympathy expressed. In replying, the King
+declared that the Queen and himself "feel most deeply for her in the
+hour of her great affliction and pray that God may give her strength to
+bear her heavy cross." On September 27th the American Ambassador was
+granted a special audience by His Majesty in London and presented the
+formal thanks of Mrs. McKinley and of the people of the United States
+for "the constant sympathy which you have manifested through the darkest
+hours of their distress and bereavement."</p>
+
+<p>During these months the King had not forgotten to show his continued
+appreciation of many of the interests to which, as Heir Apparent, he had
+given so much aid. At a General Council meeting of the Prince of Wales'
+Hospital Fund on May 11th, presided over by the Duke of Fife and
+attended by Lord Rothschild, Lord Farquhar, Lord Iveagh, Lord Reay, Mr.
+Sydney Buxton and others the chairman stated that it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> was held by His
+Majesty's wish in order to announce his resignation of the Presidency
+and consent to take the position of Patron. The King's place was to be
+taken by the Duke of Cornwall and York. Lord Rothschild spoke at some
+length upon the importance of the work initiated in this connection by
+the King and of the valuable aid which they had consequently been able
+to give the hospitals and suffering poor of London. On June 10th a
+letter was made public, written by Sir Dighton Probyn on behalf of the
+King, expressing to the Royal Agricultural Society of England his
+earnest hope that it would succeed in raising the &pound;30,000 which was
+needed for building purposes, subscribing two hundred and fifty guineas
+toward this end, and expressing not only His Majesty's interest in its
+future welfare but his pleasure at having been associated with it during
+twenty two years of progress. On July 3rd the King and Queen Alexandra,
+accompanied by Princess Victoria and the Duchess of Argyll, received at
+Marlborough House some eight hundred nurses belonging to the Training
+Institute inaugurated by the late Queen. Badges were presented by Her
+Majesty to a couple of hundred and an address read and graciously
+answered. An incident typical of the King's courtesy and thoughtfulness
+was seen in his intimation to the Marquess of Dufferin, who, during the
+early part of the proceedings was standing bare-headed in the sun, to
+put on his hat&mdash;the King resuming his in order to create the
+opportunity.</p>
+
+<p>His Majesty took great interest during the year in the proposed National
+Memorial to his Royal mother. He had early appointed a special Committee
+of representatives to deal with the preliminaries and, on March 6th, a
+Report was submitted by Lord Esher, as Hon. Secretary, recommending that
+a statue of Queen Victoria should be the central feature of such a
+Memorial, and the location be either the vicinity of Westminster Abbey
+or that of Buckingham Palace. Accompanied by Mr. Balfour, Mr.
+Akers-Douglas and Lord Esher,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span> the King visited the suggested sites that
+afternoon and finally approved a general position near Westminster
+Abbey. Large amounts were subscribed toward the project during the
+succeeding months. An interesting incident occurred on July 28th when a
+small deputation of ladies, including the Countess of Aberdeen, Lady
+Taylor and others connected with the National Council of Women in
+Canada, were received at Marlborough House by Queen Alexandra and
+tendered an address signed by twenty-five thousand women of the Dominion
+expressive of their earnest loyalty to the King and affection for his
+Consort. In replying, Her Majesty referred with special pleasure to the
+tribute paid the late Queen and spoke of the beauty of the volumes in
+which the address was incorporated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">ROYAL CHARITIES AND VISITS</p>
+
+<p>Toward the end of the year it was announced in the <i>British Medical
+Journal</i> that a gentleman who did not at present wish his name
+disclosed&mdash;afterwards understood to be Sir Ernest Cassel&mdash;had presented
+the King with a donation of &pound;200,000 for some philanthropic purpose to
+be selected, and that His Majesty had decided to devote the money to the
+erection of a Sanatorium in England for Consumptive patients. On January
+22nd, 1902, the first Anniversary of Queen Victoria's death, the <i>Times</i>
+paid the following well-deserved tribute to the new Sovereign: "During
+the year that has gone by he has sedulously and successfully set himself
+to fulfill all the duties of a constitutional Sovereign. He has spared
+no pains to make himself familiar with his people, to study their needs,
+to discover their wishes, to express their instincts and their ideals.
+He has been able, in many ways, to promote national objects to a greater
+extent than, perhaps, would have been possible even with Queen Victoria.
+It is no secret that he is in cordial sympathy with the feelings of the
+immense majority<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> of his subjects on the supreme issues which now
+dominate international politics. He has a high and keen perception of
+the honour of the nation, so closely bound up with that of the Royal
+House and with his own."</p>
+
+<p>The succeeding six months were very largely devoted to preparations for
+the Coronation, but the King, nevertheless, found time to do some
+travelling and visiting in the country and to carry out some very
+brilliant Court functions. As an illustration of the way in which he
+sought to do every possible honour to his Queen-Consort, there may be
+instanced a letter written, by command, in reply to an inquiry from the
+Lord Mayor of London as to whether in drinking the second of the loyal
+toasts at public gatherings the company should stand or not. Sir Dighton
+Probyn observed in his letter that the King had no doubt as to what was
+right, and that in his opinion the toast of "Her Majesty, Queen
+Alexandra, the Prince and Princess of Wales and the other members of the
+Royal family" should be received standing, with a few bars of the
+National Anthem and "God bless the Prince of Wales." On February 11th
+King Edward held the first Lev&eacute;e since his accession, and it was made
+the occasion for a revival of much old-time splendour. The Prince of
+Wales who had since his return home from the Colonies merged his title
+of Duke of Cornwall and York in the more historic and familiar
+designation, was present together with a great and representative
+gathering. Bishops in lawn sleeves and scarlet hoods attended by
+chaplains in long black gowns and white bands, great lawyers in wigs and
+flowing robes, foreign officers and diplomatists in gorgeous and varied
+uniforms, British generals and admirals, and the picturesque Windsor
+uniforms of the Privy Councillors, lent a brilliant appearance to a
+function at which most of the eminent men of the Kingdom were to be
+seen.</p>
+
+<p>Ten days afterwards His Majesty visited Lord and Lady Burton at
+Rangemore, and while there inspected the famous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> Bass and Company
+brewery and started a special brew to be called "the King's Ale"&mdash;only
+to be used on special occasions. Early in the year it had been decided
+by the King to pay what might be termed a Coronation visit to Ireland,
+accompanied by his wife. Unfortunately, unpleasant conditions of local
+agitation developed, and then came the outburst of Nationalist sympathy
+for the Boers, in the House of Commons, when Lord Methuen's defeat was
+announced. The result was that his Ministers advised the King not to
+undertake the trip at the time proposed, and its postponement was
+announced on March 12th, greatly to the regret of many in Ireland and
+out of it. Commencing on March 7th the King and Queen Alexandra paid a
+brief visit to the West of England and were loyally welcomed at
+Dartmouth, Plymouth, Stonehouse and Davenport, where certain official
+functions were performed.</p>
+
+<p>On March 14th, King Edward and Queen Alexandra held their first Court,
+and it was expected that the occasion would be the most stately and
+splendid in the modern social history of the nation. It fully equalled
+these anticipations, and the scene in the ball-room of Buckingham Palace
+eclipsed even the traditions of the French Imperial Court in the days of
+Napoleon III. It was well managed, it was attended by the greatest and
+best representatives of English public and social life, it was unusually
+brilliant in jewelry, in dresses and in uniforms, it was stately in its
+setting and more animated and brighter in character than any similar
+function of the late Sovereign's reign&mdash;since its early years at least.
+The same success attended succeeding and similar occasions, and it might
+be distinctly appropriate to quote here views expressed by the <i>Daily
+News</i> of February 15th, 1901, when it spoke of the new reign as opening
+with splendid promise for the highest interests of the country and with
+component elements in its Court for a period of extraordinary social
+brilliancy. "King Edward,"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> observed this Radical organ, "is one of the
+most popular of Sovereigns, and his beautiful Queen sheds a lustre upon
+his Court for which it would be difficult to find a parallel. Amiable,
+tender-hearted, actively philanthropic, and possessing exquisite taste,
+the Queen Consort is eminently qualified to be the bright particular
+star in the shining galaxy of our Court. The Royal Princesses are most
+highly accomplished and amiable ladies, each one of whom has achieved
+for herself a high place in the affections of the nation."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">The Empire Tour of the New Heir to the Throne</p>
+
+
+<p>If Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, had been enabled at different times
+in his career to visit various portions of his future realms and to
+create influences and receive impulses which have told for good in the
+upbuilding of the British Empire, his son and heir was destined to make
+a tour in 1901 which was still more impressive in character and
+influential in import. The single visits of the Prince of Wales to India
+and Canada were made in days when they partook of an almost pioneer
+character, and they were chiefly important in moulding crude opinions
+into a more matured and organized form. The tour of the Duke and Duchess
+of Cornwall and York was, on the other hand, a result of clearly
+developed conditions of Colonial power; an embodiment of existing
+aspirations toward Empire unity; an expression of the loyalty existing
+between Mother Country and the Colonies and toward the Crown and British
+institutions.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">ORIGIN OF THE TOUR</p>
+
+<p>It was on September 17th, 1900, that the Colonial Office first announced
+the assent of Her Majesty the Queen to the request presented by the
+combined Australian Colonies that H. R. H. the Duke of York should open
+their newly-established Parliament in the spring of 1901. It was stated
+in this announcement that "Her Majesty at the same time wishes to
+signify her sense of the loyalty and devotion which have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span> prompted the
+spontaneous aid so liberally offered by all the Colonies in the South
+African war and of the splendid gallantry of her Colonial troops." After
+the death of the Queen it was feared that the time might not be
+considered opportune for so distant a journey by the Heir to the Throne,
+but on February 14th, 1901, the King announced in his speech to
+Parliament that the proposed Australian trip would not be abandoned, and
+that it would be extended to the Dominion of Canada. "I still desire to
+give effect to her late Majesty's wishes * * * as an evidence of her
+interest, as well as my own, in all that concerns the welfare of my
+subjects beyond the seas."</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">FROM PORTSMOUTH TO MELBOURNE</p>
+
+<p>As finally constituted the Royal suite consisted of H. S. H. Prince
+Alexander of Teck, brother of the Duchess; Lord Wenlock, a former
+Governor of Madras; Lieutenant Colonel Sir Arthur Bigge, so well known
+as the Private Secretary for many years of the late Queen Victoria; Sir
+John Anderson, a prominent official of the Colonial Office; Sir Donald
+Mackenzie Wallace, the eminent journalist and author; Captain, the
+Viscount Crichton, and Lieutenant, the Duke of Roxburghe, who acted as
+Military Aides; the Hon. Derek Keppel and Commander Sir Charles Cust,
+R.N., who acted as Equerries; the Rev. Canon Dalton as Chaplain;
+Commander Godfrey-Tansell, R.N., A.D.C., and Major J. H. Bor, A.D.C.;
+Lady Mary Lygon, Lady Catharine Coke and Mrs. Derek Keppel as
+Ladies-in-Waiting to the Duchess. Chevalier de Martino, a marine artist;
+Mr. Sidney Hall and Dr. A. R. Manby were also attached to the staff. On
+March 7th the Duke of York&mdash;who had now become also Duke of
+Cornwall&mdash;left Portsmouth accompanied by his wife and his large suite to
+make a nine-months' tour of the Empire; to cover a distance of 50,000
+miles by sea and shore under the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> British flag; and to meet with varied
+experiences and an enthusiasm of popular welcome which stamped the whole
+journey as the most remarkable Royal progress on record.</p>
+
+<p>Three days after leaving Portsmouth the <i>Ophir</i>, which was commanded by
+Commander A. L. Winslow, most luxuriously fitted up and accompanied by
+H. M. S. <i>Juno</i> and the <i>St. George</i>, sighted the coast of Portugal,
+sailed into sunny waters off the shores at Lisbon and reached Gibraltar
+on March 13th, where the Royal visitors were welcomed by General Sir
+George White, of Ladysmith fame, and who had been Governor for about a
+year. From the Rock the <i>Ophir</i> was escorted by two other ships of the
+Royal Navy to Malta, where Admiral Sir John Fisher and the Mediterranean
+fleet helped to render the welcome interesting and imposing, and from
+thence to Port Said and through the Suez Canal to Aden. Here a
+picturesque reception was given to the Duke and Duchess in a pavilion
+festooned with lights and filled with Indian and Arab ladies in robes of
+silks, officers in white uniforms, the Sultans of two tributary States
+and their dusky retinues. Surrounded by a guard of honour from the West
+Kent Regiment, with towering mountains of brown lava in the distance,
+and with groups of Somalis, Arabs, Hindoos and Seedees gazing at "the
+great lord of the seas," the Prince received an address of welcome. From
+here, through sweltering days and heated nights, the Royal yacht
+traversed the Indian Ocean until Ceylon&mdash;"the pearl set in sapphires and
+crowned with emeralds"&mdash;was reached on April 12th.</p>
+
+<p>At Colombo, amidst a revel of Oriental colour and a luxurious waste of
+Eastern vegetation; with guards composed of planters in kharki, Bombay
+Lancers in turbans, and Lascoreen troops in crimson and gold; surrounded
+by dense crowds of dancing and shouting natives, His Royal Highness
+received the official welcome of the Legislature and Municipal Councils
+and the Chamber of Commerce. Thence the Royal party<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> proceeded inland to
+Kandy, winding their way upward through an exquisite mountain region
+where the fantastic shapes and eternal green of the mountain sides and
+the valleys and the gorges gleamed and radiated with colour from a
+myriad tropical trees, gorgeous orchids, climbing lilies and enormous
+ferns. The town itself was a bower of beauty, and here the visitors saw
+the Temple of the Tooth, which is an object of adoration to hundreds of
+millions in Burmah, China and India; the procession of the Elephants&mdash;a
+weird portion of the Buddhist ritual; the devil dancers, who excel the
+Dervishes of the Soudan in the fantastic nature of their antics. On the
+succeeding day the Duke received an address from the planters of the
+Island, enclosed in a beautiful coffer of ivory; presented colours to
+the Ceylon Mounted Infantry, and medals to men who had returned from
+South Africa; and in the evening held a Durbar, at which the native
+Chiefs were presented.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">A WILD SEA OF EASTERN COLOR</p>
+
+<p>From Kandy back to Colombo went the Royal visitors, and at the capital
+they found "the white streets and blood-red earth were rivers of light
+and colour," as one picturesque correspondent described the scene. The
+British flag was there, and British merchants and the British Governor
+in the person of Sir J. West Ridgeway were there; but all else was a
+wild sea of Eastern colour; a myriad-voiced tribute of the torrid and
+brilliant tropics to the power of Western civilization. After a night on
+board the <i>Ophir</i>, with the war-ships in the harbour a blaze of colour
+and festooned with fire, the visitors left for Singapore on April 16th
+and arrived there five days later. Through the Straits of Malacca an
+experience was had of the most intense heat and keen tropical
+discomfort. The Duke and Duchess were received at Singapore in a
+pavilion hung with flags and flowers, by the Governor, Sir Frank
+Swettenham, and by the Sultans of Pahang, Perak and Selangor.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> This
+interesting trading centre, with its four hundred and fifty million
+dollars' worth of commerce and its population of mingled Chinese, Dutch
+and Germans, was ablaze with decorations and filled with holiday-makers.
+A Royal reception was held in the Town-Hall on April 22nd attended by
+Chinese, Arabs, Malays, Tamils and representatives of all the medley of
+blood which makes up the East. There were a dozen deputations bringing
+addresses and adding to the steadily accumulating caskets of gold and
+silver and ivory and precious stones which the Duke was destined to
+possess in a measure only excelled by his Royal father's collection in
+the past.</p>
+
+<p>The Malays contributed an elephant's tusk set in gold, the men of Penang
+a great bamboo set in gold, and the Chinese of Malaya a fire-screen
+worked with Oriental skill and beauty. After this ceremony, and
+including dinner, the Duke and Duchess drove through the Chinese
+quarters and in the evening witnessed the strange procession of figured
+reptiles and demons, dragons and monsters of distorted fancy, which
+marked Chinese pleasure and indicated the loyalty of the coolies as
+their costly decorations and caskets and the presence at functions of
+richly-dressed men and women had already illustrated the loyalty of the
+merchant class. An incident of the afternoon was the singing by five
+thousand school-children of mixed Eastern races and the presentation of
+a bouquet to the Duchess. The effect of "God Save the King" in their
+quaint, native accents was described as being strangely pathetic. On the
+following morning the <i>Ophir</i> steamed out of the harbour bound for
+Australia and left eastern civilization behind for the forms and customs
+of England transplanted upon Australian soil. The shores of Sumatra were
+coasted, the Straits of Banka, the Sea of Java and the beautiful Straits
+of Sunda were traversed; the Equator was crossed and His Royal Highness
+willingly subjected to the quaint and immemorial usages of the occasion;
+the Indian Ocean traversed and two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> thousand five hundred miles of this
+part of the journey experienced before the shores of the
+island-continent were sighted on May 1st.</p>
+
+<p>The formal landing at Melbourne, for which all Australia was looking,
+took place on May 6th and the splendour of the reception far exceeded
+all expectations. For many weeks the people of the Commonwealth had been
+legislating, planning decorating and preparing for the visit of the Heir
+to the British Throne and his wife; the dormant loyalty of years,
+aroused and developed by the events of the war and the despatch of
+thousands of troops to the front, had grown to a white-heat of interest
+and excitement; the completion of confederation and the union of the
+Colonies in one great Commonwealth, which was now to be marked by the
+opening of the first Federal Parliament and stamped through this visit
+with Royal approval and British sympathy, enhanced the public interest.
+There was a great and stately setting at Melbourne for the functions
+which graced the occasion and, as the <i>Ophir</i> rested in the waters of
+the bay, surrounded by British and foreign warships, with roaring
+salutes and a myriad of fluttering flags, there were excellent scenic
+preliminaries to the impressive landing ceremonies. From the St. Kilda
+Pier, through miles of beautiful, decorated streets, great arches and
+hundreds of thousands of cheering people, the Royal couple passed to
+Government House, welcomed also on the way by a gathering of thirty-five
+thousand school children singing "God Save the King."</p>
+
+<p>The whole spectacle was an extraordinary one. Mr. E. F. Knight,
+correspondent of the London <i>Morning Post</i> said that "it was a day of
+splendid pageants, stirring and impressive, and the extraordinary
+enthusiasm of the ovation given to the Duke and Duchess by the hundreds
+of thousands of Australians who packed the streets along the entire
+eight miles of route must ever stand out vivid in the memory of all who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span>
+witnessed it." Mr. W. Maxwell, the correspondent of the <i>Standard</i>,
+declared that: "I have seen many Royal progresses but never have I seen
+one more hearty and spontaneous than that of the multitude of
+well-dressed men, women and children who thronged the streets daily for
+nearly two weeks." The scheme of decorations was splendid, the triumphal
+arches were authoritatively stated to be better and more numerous than
+anything yet seen in London itself, the gathering of Australian troops
+lining the streets was representative and effective, the spectators were
+almost everywhere dressed in black or dark clothing as a tribute to the
+late Queen, the evening illuminations were on a magnificent
+scale&mdash;buildings and arches and decorations being a flashing, gleaming
+mass of light and fire and varied brightness. A state dinner was given
+at Government House by Lord Hopetoun in the evening and, on the
+succeeding day, a great Lev&eacute;e was held and addresses received. All the
+leaders of Australian life and society were presented and every form or
+phase of loyalty was embodied in the addresses presented from public
+institutions. Another state dinner followed at Government House and on
+May 8th the University of Melbourne was visited and an honorary degree
+conferred upon His Royal Highness. A great procession of various trade
+and labour associations was then witnessed and the third day of the
+visit concluded with a well-managed and stately Royal reception at
+Government House.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">OPENING OF THE COMMONWEALTH PARLIAMENT</p>
+
+<p>On May 9th the central ceremony of the tour was performed and a new
+British Commonwealth started upon its national course. The streets
+through which the Royal progress was made were packed with enthusiastic
+masses of people; the great Exhibition Building in which the Parliament
+of Australia was to be formally inaugurated was filled with twelve
+thousand persons, representative of every form of Australian life and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span>
+character and achievement; the scheme of decoration&mdash;blue and golden
+yellow and chocolate&mdash;was effective and bright, the black and white and
+purple of the universal mourning was brightened here and there amongst
+the people by scattering bits of uniform in blue and scarlet and gold.
+At noon, the distant sound of cheers and the blare of trumpets announced
+the approach of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York. Amidst the
+strains of the National Anthem, and accompanied by the Governor-General
+and Countess of Hopetoun, they took their places upon the dais. Around
+the King's son and his wife were all the leaders of Australia; in front
+of them, the Parliament, the classes and a substantial section of the
+masses. The Earl of Hopetoun read some formal prayers and then gave
+place to His Royal Highness who, in clear and distinct tones read his
+speech to Parliament and the people. In it he spoke of himself as
+fulfilling the wish of the late Queen Victoria and his father, the King,
+and as representing their deep interest in Australia and warm
+appreciation of Australian help in the war and loyalty to the Crown. Of
+the future, His Majesty felt assured.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The King is satisfied that the wisdom and patriotism which have
+characterized the exercise of the wide powers of self-government
+hitherto enjoyed by the Colonies will continue to be displayed in
+the exercise of the still wider powers with which the United
+Commonwealth has been endowed. His Majesty feels assured that the
+enjoyment of these powers will, if possible, enhance that loyalty
+and devotion to his Throne and Empire of which the people of
+Australia have already given such signal proofs. It is His
+Majesty's earnest prayer that this union, so happily achieved, may,
+under God's blessing, prove an instrument for still further
+promoting the welfare and advancement of his subjects in Australia,
+and for the strengthening and consolidation of his Empire."</p></div>
+
+<p>The Duke then declared the Parliament open in the name and on behalf of
+his Majesty. He also read a cablegram just received from the King: "My
+thoughts are with you on the day of the important ceremony. Most
+fervently do I wish<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> Australia prosperity and happiness." The members of
+Parliament then took the oath of allegiance administered by Lord
+Hopetoun. Meanwhile, as His Royal Highness declared the Houses of
+Parliament open, and while the immense standing audience was making the
+building echo with a mighty cheer, the Duchess touched an electric
+button, and from every school-house in the Commonwealth there waved the
+Union Jack as a sign that the great function was completed. Amidst
+cheering multitudes the Royal couple then drove back to Government
+House. In the evening a brilliant concert was given under the auspices
+of the Commonwealth Government. On the following day fifteen thousand
+Australian troops were reviewed in the presence of one hundred and forty
+thousand people&mdash;infantry, mounted men, engineers, army service corps,
+army medical corps, ambulance corps and cadets&mdash;representative of all
+the States and of all branches of the system together with blue-jackets
+and marines from the Royal Navy.</p>
+
+<p>Then came a state dinner at Government House. On May 11th an afternoon
+reception was given by the Victorian Government and Parliament at the
+same place, and on Monday May 13th, His Royal Highness and the Duchess
+visited the famous golden city of Ballarat, inspected one of its great
+mines and laid the foundation-stone of a monument to Australian soldiers
+who had fallen in South Africa. Tuesday saw an interesting
+school-children's f&ecirc;te and a reception by the Mayor and Corporation of
+Melbourne. On May 14th, Their Royal Highnesses presented prizes to the
+scholars of the united Grammar Schools of Victoria, and the Prince spoke
+to the boys of the stately and historical events of the past few days.
+"Keep up your traditions and think with pride of those educated in your
+schools who have become distinguished public servants of the state, or
+who have fought, or are still fighting, for the Empire in South Africa."
+To another great gathering of twenty thousand children the Duke was both
+eloquent and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> impressive. "May your lives be happy and prosperous, but
+do not forget that the youngest of us have responsibilities which
+increase as time goes on. If I may offer you advice I should say: Be
+thorough, do your level best in whatever work you may be called upon to
+perform. Remember that we are all fellow-subjects of the British Crown.
+Be loyal, yes, to your parents, your country, your King and your God."</p>
+
+<p>After a rousing farewell from the people of Melbourne, a special train
+was taken on May 18th by the Royal couple for the capital of Queensland.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">AT BRISBANE AND SYDNEY</p>
+
+<p>Every town, or settlement, or mining camp on the way contributed its
+cheers and shouts from crowds of sturdy Australians, and on May 20th,
+Brisbane was reached and an enthusiastic welcome received in the drive
+through crowded and beautifully decorated streets. At Government House,
+where the Royal guests were received by Lord Lamington,
+Lieutenant-Governor of the State, twenty-two deputations attended to
+present addresses&mdash;as compared with forty-eight at Melbourne. In the
+evening, a brilliant illumination of the city marked the event. On the
+following day a review of troops took place, and the Duke and Duchess
+enjoyed the patriotic singing and happy sports of some five thousand
+children. The evening saw an aboriginal Corrobberee performed for their
+benefit, and on the 23rd of May, the foundation-stone of a new Anglican
+Cathedral, which was being erected as a memorial to the late Queen
+Victoria, was laid by His Royal Highness amid appropriate and dignified
+ceremonial. In the afternoon the Agricultural Exhibition was visited and
+a splendid demonstration of welcome received from over thirty thousand
+people. The following and last day at Brisbane included a Lev&eacute;e, an
+afternoon reception and a concert. Each evening had seen a formal state
+banquet.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span></p><p>On May 24th the route was taken for Sydney, and a stop was made
+near Combooya for a picnic in the bush, or "billy tea." Newcastle
+gave the Royal couple a rousing reception, and at Haukesbury the
+<i>Ophir</i> was boarded and the trip up the splendid harbour of Sydney
+commenced&mdash;escorted by warships and welcomed by the roar of cannon from
+ships and shore. As the Duke and Duchess landed amid cheering sailors,
+pealing bells and the shouts of a massed concourse of people stretching
+far back from the landing-place, they were received at a sort of
+graceful portal, decked with flags, flowers and semi-tropical foliage,
+by the Governor-General, the Federal and State Governors and Premiers,
+the Mayor and others. The procession then passed along a three-mile
+route to Government House with bands at intervals playing the
+ever-present National Anthem, with beautiful decorations and arches, and
+with cheering crowds, fluttering handkerchiefs and waving flags in every
+direction. In the evening there was the usual state dinner and more than
+usually striking illuminations. Of this reception the Sydney <i>Morning
+Herald</i> said the next day: "The acquisition of territory is a triumph of
+national achievement; but it is a small thing beside this re-creation of
+a new Britain in another hemisphere. The demonstration in Sydney
+yesterday embodied the message to this effect which our people desire to
+transmit by favour of the Duke and Duchess to the centre of Empire."</p>
+
+<p>The ensuing event was a Royal review of nine thousand troops with the
+presence of one hundred and fifty thousand people as observers. Then
+came a brilliant Reception at Government House, and on the morning of
+May 29th a Lev&eacute;e attended by two thousand citizens and at which
+twenty-four addresses were received&mdash;including the various
+denominations, the Masons, and the Orangemen. That of the city was in a
+beautiful gold and jewelled casket. To these His Royal Highness replied
+in eloquent language, and then knighted the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> Mayor of Sydney, Dr. James
+Graham, as he had already done the Mayor of Melbourne. A state dinner
+followed with continued evening illuminations. The naval depot at Garden
+Island was visited in the morning, and in the afternoon a naval review
+witnessed. A second Reception followed at Government House, and on the
+succeeding day the commemoration-stone of a Queen Victoria Memorial
+addition to the Prince Alfred Hospital was laid by the Duke. In his
+speech he expressed a doubt "whether anymore fitting memorial to that
+great life could have been chosen, for sympathy with the suffering was
+an all-pervading element in the noble and beautiful character of her who
+was your first Patron and with whose name the Hospital will now be
+associated for all time." At the University of Sydney the Royal visitor
+was given an honorary degree amid the amusing chaff of a reception which
+was as hearty and enthusiastic as it was hilarious. A Citizen's Concert
+followed in the evening, and on the next day His Royal Highness
+conferred fourteen hundred medals upon volunteers who had returned from
+the war. In the afternoon there was a brilliant garden party at
+Government House. On Sunday a sermon was listened to at St. Andrew's
+Cathedral, preached by Archbishop Saumarez Smith, and Monday being the
+Duke's birthday was observed as a public holiday. In the afternoon a
+visit was paid to the Young People's Industrial Exhibition where five
+thousand school children sang a special Ode for the occasion. In the
+afternoon the Duke departed for a couple of days shooting, and the
+Duchess visited the neighbouring Blue Mountains.</p>
+
+<p>On June 6th, after a very cordial "send-off" from the people, the Royal
+party boarded the <i>Ophir</i> and started for Auckland, New Zealand. Five
+days later they found that loyal city alive with enthusiasm, crowded
+with people and decorated to the extreme limit. They were welcomed by
+the Governor, Lord Ranfurly and the Premier, Mr. R. J. Seddon.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> The
+latter presented an address in a superb casket made of New Zealand wood
+and gold, silver, and enamel, in the shape of a Maori war canoe. The
+ceremony of presentation and the reply occurred on board ship.
+Immediately upon landing the Duchess touched the key of a telegraph
+instrument, and flags waved and guns roared a welcome in every city and
+town of New Zealand. The popular welcome in the streets was tumultuous
+and the arches particularly impressive, while one of the incidents of
+the Royal progress to Government House was a living Union Jack composed
+of two thousand children dressed to fit the design. In the afternoon
+eleven addresses were received, and during his reply the Duke said: "I
+look forward to making known to His Majesty how strong I have found the
+feeling of common brotherhood and readiness to share in the
+responsibilities of the Empire, and earnestly trust that the results of
+the journey maybe to stimulate the interest of the different countries
+in each other, and so draw even closer the bonds which now unite them."</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">ROYAL WELCOME IN NEW ZEALAND</p>
+
+<p>A state dinner followed this event and an evening Reception. The
+succeeding day a Royal review of forty-three hundred troops occurred,
+with twelve thousand spectators, and was followed by a luncheon to four
+hundred veterans of the South African and Maori wars, at which the Duke
+of Cornwall and York made one of the several <i>impromptu</i> speeches
+delivered during his tour. Speaking of the combination of old veterans
+and young soldiers he said: "There is nothing like a chip of the old
+block"&mdash;to which some one responded with "You're one yourself"&mdash;"when
+one knows that the old block was hard, of good grain and sound to the
+core, and if, in the future, whenever and wherever the Mother-hand is
+stretched across the sea, it can reckon on a grasp such as New Zealand
+has given in the present." This speech evoked tremendous cheering.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span>
+Later, the foundation-stone of the Queen Victoria School for Maori Girls
+was laid, and in the evening, after a state dinner at Government House,
+the Royal visitors attended a Reception given by the Mayor, and drove
+through splendidly illuminated streets. The next few days were spent
+amongst that most picturesque, gallant and chivalrous of native
+peoples&mdash;the Maoris. Expressions of the most intense and unaffected
+loyalty and contentment with British rule were universal. Most
+interesting sights were witnessed and Maori customs studied&mdash;including
+war and other dances, songs of welcome and of challenge to enemies, and
+mimic battles fought with native skill and zest.</p>
+
+<p>Wellington was reached on Waterloo Day (June 18th) and the route to
+Government House was spanned by a dozen handsome arches&mdash;two of which
+had been erected by the enthusiastic Maoris. After the conferring of
+some knighthood honours the Royal visitors in the afternoon watched a
+procession of Friendly Societies and laid the foundation-stone of a new
+Town Hall. In the evening there were the usual state dinner, Reception
+and illuminations. On the following day three hundred medals were
+presented to South African veterans and seventeen deputations received.
+A state Reception was attended at the Parliament Buildings in the
+evening and the next day was devoted to visiting certain great
+industries and charitable institutions. On June 20th the
+foundation-stone of new Government Railway offices was laid amid
+torrents of rain and then the departure was made for Christchurch which
+was reached in a few hours amid the welcome of pealing bells, cheering
+people and roaring guns. Here the foundation-stone of a statue of Queen
+Victoria was laid in the presence of a great throng of people. The
+Sunday sermon of next day was preached by the Bishop of Christchurch
+and, on Monday, June 24th, a review of eleven thousand troops was held
+(including three thousand cadets) in the presence of sixty thousand<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span>
+spectators. A feature of the drive to the review ground was a welcome
+sung by eight thousand school children. A luncheon to the war veterans
+was also given here and militant New Zealand was well represented in the
+speeches.</p>
+
+<p>Dunedin was reached by train on the following evening and in the Royal
+saloon the Hon. John Mackenzie&mdash;whose health had prevented him attending
+the formal ceremony at Wellington&mdash;was knighted by the Duke and
+personally invested with his Order. The city was found to be spanned
+everywhere with arches. Several functions were combined here and His
+Royal Highness received addresses in a special pavilion, presented
+medals and inspected the veterans. The Corporation address was in a box
+modelled after a Maori meeting-house and made of gold, silver and
+bronze. Another military luncheon followed and in the afternoon a
+children's demonstration was attended and the Pastoral and Horticultural
+Shows visited. At Lyttleton, on the following day, another
+foundation-stone of a Queen Victoria statue was laid and then the Royal
+couple left for Tasmania after the Duke had issued a farewell address
+speaking of the enthusiasm of his reception, the loyal and military
+spirit of the people, the splendid qualities of the Maoris and the
+exquisite beauty of New Zealand scenery.</p>
+
+<p>The Hobart welcome was given on July 3rd and a most tasteful, loyal and
+enthusiastic one it was. There were a dozen triumphal arches and the
+civic address was presented in a beautiful pavilion specially erected.
+The usual state dinner and Reception followed. In the morning a Lev&eacute;e
+was held and thirty addresses received from the Churches and Friendly
+Societies, the Freemasons and the Orangemen, the Half-castes and the
+Chinese. During his reply the Duke referred to the Island's entry into
+the Commonwealth and said: "I trust that the hopes and aspirations which
+prompted her people to enter this great national union may be fully
+realized in the future prosperity of the Commonwealth and in the
+greatness,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> power and solidarity of the Empire." In the afternoon the
+foundation-stone of a statue to Tasmanian soldiers who had fallen in the
+war was laid by the Duke and an eloquent speech delivered in which
+reference was made to the event as being a testimony to "that living
+spirit of race, of pride in a common heritage and of a fixed resolve to
+join in maintaining that heritage; which sentiment, irresistible in its
+power, has inspired and united the peoples of this vast Empire." A
+log-chopping contest was then witnessed followed by an <i>impromptu</i> visit
+to inspect an arch in a poor and squalid part of the city. Another
+Reception was held in the evening accompanied by illuminations on sea
+and land. The succeeding day saw a review of two thousand troops, the
+presentation of war medals, a children's demonstration, a trades'
+procession, a Reception by the Mayor in the City Hall with the singing
+of a special Ode, and illuminations and a fire brigade procession in the
+evening. Sunday was spent quietly and then the Royal yacht sailed for
+Adelaide, the capital of South Australia.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">IN SOUTH AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA</p>
+
+<p>Here the Duke and Duchess were formally received on July 8th by the
+Lieutenant-Governor, Lord Tennyson, and his Ministers, and
+enthusiastically welcomed in crowded and tastefully decorated streets,
+bathed in a bright and genial sunshine. There were four arches&mdash;though
+&pound;2000 of the grant had been expended on the poor instead of on temporary
+decorations. At the Town-Hall an address was received and at the the
+same time twelve hundred homing pigeons were liberated to carry news of
+the Royal arrival to all parts of the State. A state banquet followed in
+the evening and after the Lev&eacute;e on the next day a number of addresses
+were received. Meanwhile the Duchess visited the two local hospitals.
+Her Royal Highness also attended a football match in the afternoon and
+received a brilliant assemblage of people in the evening&mdash;the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> Duke
+being compelled to have a tooth extracted. On the succeeding day the Art
+Gallery was visited and a bust of the late Lord Tennyson unveiled and an
+honorary degree accepted from the Adelaide University by His Royal
+Highness, who also laid the corner-stone of a new building in connection
+with this institution. Later, a demonstration of six thousand children
+was attended and a Reception held in the evening. The next day was
+devoted to shooting and to seeing an exhibition of sheep-shearing,
+bullock-riding and buck-jumping, with a military Tattoo in the evening
+and the usual spectacle of brilliant illuminations. The last day, but
+one, in South Australia included in its programme the laying of a
+foundation-stone for a Maternity Home in memory of Queen Victoria, and
+the review of four thousand troops with a state concert at night. On
+Sunday, a recently-completed Nave in St. Peter's Cathedral was dedicated
+by the Bishops of Adelaide and Newcastle and a tablet to South African
+heroes unveiled by the Duke.</p>
+
+<p>The voyage was then resumed for Freemantle and Perth, in Western
+Australia, but stress of weather on July 2nd caused the <i>Ophir</i> to put
+in at Albany, instead, and there the surprised and delighted people gave
+the Duke and Duchess a rousing welcome as they took the train for Perth.
+The State capital was reached two days later and, amid perfect weather,
+through great crowds and a dozen splendid arches, the Royal progress was
+made to the Town Hall where the inevitable address was received. In the
+evening there was the usual state dinner given by the Governor, Sir
+Arthur Lawley, and ensuing Reception. On the following day the programme
+included a Lev&eacute;e, the reception of addresses, the laying of the
+foundation-stone of the State's monument to its sons lying on the South
+African veldt, the presentation of war medals and a civic Reception and
+state concert. The last two days of the visit were devoted to attendance
+at a state service in St. John's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> Cathedral where the Duke unveiled a
+brass tablet in memory of South African heroes, laying the
+foundation-stone of a new building connected with the Museum, a visit to
+the Mint, an enthusiastic welcome given by a children's demonstration
+and a visit to the Zoological Gardens. Before sailing for South Africa
+on July 26th, the new Heir Apparent addressed a formal farewell to the
+people of Australia in the form of a letter to the Earl of Hopetoun.
+Reference was made at some length to the twenty-five thousand troops
+reviewed during the visit, to the educational systems of the States, to
+the loyalty exhibited to the King and the generous personal reception
+given by the people, to the hospitality of Governments and the good
+management and kindness of officials. Finally he said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We leave with many regrets, mitigated, however, by the hope that
+while we have gained new friendships and good will, something may
+also have been achieved towards strengthening and welding together
+the Empire, through the sympathy and interest which have been
+displayed in our journey both at home and in the Colonies. The
+Commonwealth and its people will ever have a warm place in our
+hearts. We shall always take the keenest interest in its welfare,
+and our earnest prayer will be for its continued advancement not
+only in material progress, but in all that tends to make life noble
+and happy."</p></div>
+
+<p>The response of the press to this Message was pronounced and may be
+represented by the statement of the Melbourne <i>Argus</i> on June 29th, that
+from first to last "the Australasian visit was a success, in every way
+worthy of its statesmanlike conception and purpose." The Royal couple
+came from King and Empire, and their mission was personally performed
+with unique success. "Everywhere they were received with demonstrations
+of delighted loyalty. They were living symbols of British unity. From
+all they will take back a reciprocal message to King and Empire. There
+is not a single blemish upon the record of the visit. Not one imprudent
+word was spoken, not one slight left a stinging recollection."</p>
+
+<p>Mauritius was reached on August 4th, and the brightly-decorated streets
+of the capital were crowded with Creoles,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> Mohammedans, Hindoos, and
+Chinese, while the French language was everywhere, and the English
+tongue seldom heard. Tropical flowers and foliage were brilliant and
+plentiful in the plans of decoration, and the streets were lined with a
+combination of Bengal Infantry, Royal Artillery and Engineers. At
+Government House the first investiture of knighthood in the Island's
+history was held and various addresses received. The foundation-stone of
+a statue of Queen Victoria was then laid, a procession of Hindoo and
+Chinese children witnessed and a drive taken through the town. The next
+four days were spent in strict privacy at the residence of Sir Charles
+Bruce, the Governor, with the exception of a state dinner and Reception
+on the first evening.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">ROYAL RECEPTION IN SOUTH AFRICA</p>
+
+<p>War-tossed South Africa was sighted on August 13th and the landing took
+place at Durban, where the welcome was enthusiastic. There were many
+arches and excellent decorations, eleven thousand singing children,
+crowded streets and shouting spectators who included Zulus, Kaffirs of
+all kinds, Indian coolies and the whole white population. In a Royal
+pavilion, specially constructed, addresses were presented and answered,
+and the train was taken to Pietermaritzburg after luncheon with the
+Mayor and a distinguished gathering. A deputation of ladies had,
+meanwhile, presented the Duchess with a table-gong made of pompom shells
+mounted on a rhinoceros horn. The railway to the capital of Natal was
+patrolled by mounted troops, and the drive through the illuminated city
+and densely-packed streets to Government House was done at night. On the
+following day the place was found to be handsomely decorated with many
+arches and the first function was the Royal inauguration of a new Town
+Hall. The cheering of the people was intense and continuous in the
+streets. Afterwards addresses were presented&mdash;that of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span> Corporation
+in a singularly beautiful casket of ivory and gold. In his eloquent
+speech the Duke referred to the events and sacrifices of the war. They
+had not been in vain. "Never in our history did the pulse of Empire beat
+more in unison; and the blood which has been shed on the veldt has
+sealed for ever our unity, based upon a common loyalty and a
+determination to share, each of us according to our strength, the common
+burden." An address was also presented from Johannesburg and specially
+replied to.</p>
+
+<p>In the afternoon there was an extraordinary assemblage, composed of the
+dignitaries of political and social life and the pick of the great
+British army in South Africa&mdash;a quarter of a million fighting men. It
+was a gathering of eleven holders of the V.C., and forty-three holders
+of the honour next in degree for bravery in the field&mdash;the D.S.O. These
+famous medals were conferred by the Duke of Cornwall and York, and then
+a great deputation of Zulu Chiefs, clad in barbaric war paraphernalia,
+presented loyal congratulations. A reception was held in the evening and
+the city illuminated. The next day the voyage was resumed, and Simon's
+Bay reached on August 19th. After landing, through a guard of one
+thousand bluejackets, and receiving an address from the Mayor, the
+special train was taken to Cape Town. There the formal reception was
+given by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, the President of the
+Legislative Council, the Archbishop, the Chief Justice, the Mayor, the
+President of the Africander Bond and other officials or public men. The
+reception in the streets was enthusiastic, and it has been said that
+more Union Jacks were displayed than at any other point on the tour. A
+Lev&eacute;e was held in the afternoon at the Parliament Buildings and two
+thousand citizens were presented, while addresses were received from
+many public bodies in Cape Colony, Orange River Colony, and Rhodesia.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span></p><p>A memorable event occurred on the succeeding day, when in the
+Government House grounds, His Royal Highness and the Duchess received
+over one hundred native chiefs who had come from all parts of South
+Africa, laden with unique and peculiar gifts, clad in extraordinary
+costumes and led by Lerothodi of the Basutos and Khama, the famous Chief
+of Bechuanaland. Short speeches were interchanged, and then the Duke and
+Duchess drove to Grootschur, to visit Mr. Cecil Rhodes. On the following
+day the Duke accepted an honorary degree from the University of Cape
+Town&mdash;of which he was already Chancellor&mdash;and in the afternoon received
+some six thousand school children, Colonial and Dutch, who sang an Ode
+of welcome and presented a gift of Basuto ponies for the Royal children
+in far-away London. There was also an evening reception and the same
+splendid illuminations which had graced the previous night. The last day
+of the visit included the laying of the foundation-stone of a Nurse's
+Home in memory of the late Queen, and of the corner-stone of the new St.
+George's Cathedral. Despatches were interchanged with Lord Kitchener,
+and a letter written by His Royal Highness to the Governor, Sir Walter
+Hely-Hutchinson, expressive of the deep gratitude of his wife and
+himself for their reception and the earnest hope that peace would soon
+be restored. An investiture of knighthood was also held, and on August
+23rd the Royal couple were once more on the <i>Ophir</i> heading for distant
+Canada.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">ARRIVAL AT HISTORIC QUEBEC</p>
+
+<p>After a voyage in which every kind of ocean weather was experienced, or
+suffered, the mighty St. Lawrence was reached, and finally the City of
+Quebec, on the 15th of September. The arrival was the commencement of a
+continental tour which proved a fitting crown to the whole splendid
+Empire progress and a more than appropriate continuation of the King's
+visit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> of forty years before&mdash;in which he had touched only the smaller
+central Provinces of the great railway-girdled Dominion which now
+welcomed his son and his son's Consort. On Monday, September 17th, the
+Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York, accompanied by the Earl of Minto,
+Governor-General, and Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the Prime Minister&mdash;who had
+gone down the river to meet them&mdash;set their feet upon Canadian soil. The
+Dominion Ministers were present to join in the welcome, and the
+procession then passed through the city, many thousands of people lining
+the streets, and three thousand French children at the St. Louis Gate
+singing "O Canada, Land of Our Ancestors." At the Parliament Buildings,
+the Hon. S. N. Parent, Mayor of Quebec and Premier of the Province, read
+a lengthy address which referred to this visit as a proud privilege,
+expressed the renewed devotion of the citizens to the Crown and person
+of their Sovereign, and spoke of French-Canadians as "a free, united and
+happy people, faithful and loyal, attached to their King and country,
+and rejoicing in their connection with the British Empire and those
+noble self-governing institutions which are the palladium of their
+liberties." In his reply the Duke referred to the success of the
+Canadian troops at Paardeberg, and spoke with sorrow of the death of
+President McKinley. "It is my proud mission to come amongst you as a
+token of that feeling of admiration and pride which the King and the
+Empire feel in the exploits of the Canadians who rushed to the defence
+of the Empire."</p>
+
+<p>A Royal procession to the Citadel followed and in the afternoon the Duke
+and Duchess visited Laval University, where they were received by
+Archbishop B&eacute;gin, the Rector, and five hundred clergymen of the
+Arch-diocese. In the address which was read by the Archbishop reference
+was made to the late Queen, to the accession of the present Sovereign,
+to the triumphal welcome on the banks of the mighty St. Lawrence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> which
+was being prepared for the nation's guests, and to the pleasure of the
+Church in sharing that welcome. "To the history of our Catholic Church
+belongs the honour of having forged between the English Throne and a
+French Canadian people solid bonds which neither adversity nor bribery
+can sever." Faith in the Church and loyalty to the Crown were the
+lessons they desired to inculcate. The University address was then read
+by the Rev. O. E. Mathieu, the Rector. His Royal Highness in replying
+and accepting the honorary degree of LL. D., paid a high tribute to
+Roman Catholicism in Canada. "I am glad to acknowledge the noble part
+which the Catholic Church in Canada has played throughout its history;
+the hallowed memories of its martyred missionaries are a priceless
+heritage; and in the great and beneficial work of education and in
+implanting and fostering a spirit of patriotism and loyalty, it has
+rendered signal service in Canada and the the Empire." In the evening, a
+state dinner was held at the Citadel.</p>
+
+<p>During the ensuing morning the Royal review took place on the Plains of
+Abraham. It rained during the greater part of the proceedings and this,
+together with the cancellation of the proposed Reception, for which
+fifteen hundred invitations had been issued, threw a measure of gloom
+over the City. But neither the rain nor the sad death of the President
+of the United States could be helped and certainly the Duke never
+flinched from the discomforts of the former. There were some five
+thousand troops on the ground under command of Major-General
+O'Grady-Haly assisted by Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. M. Aylmer as
+Adjutant-General. After the parade was over, His Royal Highness
+distributed the South African medals to the men and presented
+Lieut.-Colonel R. E. W. Turner, of the Queen's Own Canadian Hussars,
+with his V.C. and D.S.O. and a sword of honour from the City of Quebec.
+In the evening, as on the previous one, the city was brilliantly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span>
+illuminated and the ships and river showed sudden blazes of light amid
+the blackness of surrounding night and through the flash of fireworks
+and gleam of electricity. The Royal couple gave a farewell dinner on the
+<i>Ophir</i> to a select number and in the morning started for Montreal. The
+journey was made in the splendid train built by the Canadian Pacific
+Railway Company for the special purposes of this tour and destined to
+carry the Royal visitors all over the Dominion. Their immediate train of
+cars was preceded, as elsewhere throughout the country, by one bearing
+the Governor-General and Lady Minto.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">RECEPTION AT MONTREAL AND OTTAWA</p>
+
+<p>Very few stops took place on the way to Montreal, where some change in
+the programme was to be made owing to the President's funeral. At Port
+Neuf, Three River's and Lanoraie, however, a few minutes' pause had been
+arranged. At the Montreal station the Royal couple were received by Mr.
+Raymond Prefontaine, M.P., Mayor of the city, in gorgeous official
+robes. With him were Archbishop Bruch&eacute;si, Vicar-General Racicot,
+Archbishop Bond, Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal, Mr. T. G. Shaughnessy,
+Senator Drummond, Rev. Dr. Barclay, Principal Peterson, Sir William
+Hingston, Sir W. C. Van Horne and Sir Wilfrid Laurier. The Civic address
+was read in French and the Duke replied in English. Other addresses were
+presented from the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, the Daughters of
+the Empire and the Baron de Hirsch Institute. There was an immense crowd
+present and the proceedings concluded with the introduction of a number
+of Indian chiefs to His Royal Highness and the presentation of medals to
+the South African veterans.</p>
+
+<p>The procession through the streets to Lord Strathcona's house, where the
+Royal visitors were to stay, was a rather swift drive and the throngs of
+people were not given very much time to see the Duke and Duchess.
+Elsewhere in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> Canada the rate was slower. Several beautiful arches
+decorated the route. The cheers of the Laval students and the enthusiasm
+of five thousand school children on Peel Street were the most marked
+incidents of this parade through gaily decorated streets. In the evening
+Lord Strathcona entertained at dinner in honour of his Royal guests and
+the whole city was a blaze of light from electric illuminations and the
+fireworks on Mount Royal. The Reception in the evening was cancelled
+owing to the President's funeral. A visit was paid to the mountain in
+the morning and then followed the formal functions of a busy day. At
+McGill University an address was read by its Chancellor, Lord
+Strathcona, and an honorary degree received. Then followed an address
+from the Medical Faculty, read by Dr. Craik, and including the
+presentation of a casket of Labradorite&mdash;a native Canadian product. The
+Duke also formally opened the new Medical building.</p>
+
+<p>At Laval University the decorations were most elaborate and there was a
+great assemblage of local clergy. Archbishop Bruch&eacute;si extended a verbal,
+instead of written, welcome and informed the Duke that the clergy and
+Professors devoted themselves to training the youth of the University
+"in science and in arts, in loyalty to the throne, as well as in love of
+religion and country." An honorary degree was also given and accepted.
+Another place visited was the Royal Victoria Hospital which, like McGill
+University and its Medical Faculty, owed much to Lord Strathcona. At the
+Diocesan Institute an address was presented from the assembled
+Provincial Synod of Canada by the Lord Bishop of Toronto. In the
+afternoon the Duke and Duchess drove out to the Ville Marie Convent
+where they were received by the Archbishop of Montreal, the Lady
+Superior and Sir Wilfrid Laurier. An address was presented and, as at
+Laval, the Duke replied informally though here, for the first time, he
+said a few words in French. A<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> torchlight procession of the people,
+general illumination of the city and more fire-works, followed in the
+evening. At nine o'clock on the succeeding morning the Royal couple
+started for Ottawa.</p>
+
+<p>They remained in Ottawa from September 20th until September 24th. On the
+way to the capital a brief stop was made at Alexandria and an address
+received. The arrival at Ottawa and the Royal progress through the city
+was marked by brilliant decorations, cheering crowds and finer weather
+than had been the case either at Quebec or Montreal. The Civic address
+was read by Major W. D. Morris in a pavilion erected on the Parliament
+grounds and eighteen other addresses were received. The reply of His
+Royal Highness was sympathetic and eloquent in language. It was, he
+said, impossible for him not to think of the difference between forty
+years ago and the present time. "Ottawa was then but the capital of two
+Provinces, yoked together in uneasy union. To-day it is a capital of a
+great and prosperous Dominion, stretching from the Atlantic to the
+Pacific Ocean, the centre of the political life and administration of a
+contented and united people. The Federation of Canada stands permanent
+among the political events of the century just closed for its fruitful
+and beneficent results on the life of the people concerned." He hoped
+that mutual toleration and sympathy would continue and be extended to
+the Empire as a whole and that, more than ever, the people would remain
+"determined to hold fast and maintain the proud privileges of British
+citizenship."</p>
+
+<p>On leaving for Government House the Duke and Duchess were greeted with
+"The Maple Leaf," sung by thousands of school children and were given a
+great cheer by the students of Ottawa College. In the afternoon a visit
+was paid to the Lacrosse match between the Cornwalls and Ottawas and at
+night a state dinner was held at Government House. The city was
+illuminated on this and subsequent evenings in a way<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span> to rival the
+famous effects of the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo. On the
+following morning an investiture of knighthood was held at Government
+House followed by a drive through Hull. At noon the statue of Queen
+Victoria on the Parliament grounds was unveiled amid the usual
+surroundings of state and soldiers and crowds. South African medals were
+presented by the Duke and to Lieutenant E. J. Holland was given his V.C.
+as well as medal. His Royal Highness was then lunched by a number of
+prominent gentlemen at the Rideau Club and in the afternoon a garden
+party was held at Government House. In the evening there was a quiet
+dinner and drive through the city to see the illuminations.</p>
+
+<p>On the following day, Sunday was quietly observed and Christ Church
+Cathedral attended in the morning by the Royal couple and the
+Governor-General and Lady Minto. Bishop Hamilton officiated and the
+sermon was preached by the Rev. Mr. Kittson. The morning of September 23
+was notable for the entertainment given by the lumbermen of Ottawa. The
+Duke and Duchess travelled on a special electric car to their
+destination, went in canoes with <i>voyageurs</i> through the rapids,
+descended the famous lumberslides of the Chaudi&eacute;re, witnessed a race of
+war canoes, saw tree cutting and logging, watched the strange dances of
+the woodsmen, ate a lumbermen's lunch in a shanty, heard the jolly songs
+of the <i>voyageurs</i>, and listened to a speech from a <i>habitant</i> foreman
+which made them and all Canada laugh heartily. In the evening a
+brilliant Reception was held in the Senate Chamber.</p>
+
+<p>At noon on the following morning the Royal couple left for Winnipeg
+through crowded streets and cheering people. Before her departure the
+Duchess of Cornwall was given a handsome cape by the women of Ottawa.
+The presentation was made by Lady Laurier, on behalf of the
+contributors, at Government House. In Montreal a beautiful gift had also
+been made to her in the shape of a corsage ornament composed of a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span> spray
+of maple leaves made of enamel and decorated with 366 diamonds and one
+large pearl. It was presented by Lady Strathcona and Mrs. George A.
+Drummond. The Royal journey across the continent commenced with the
+departure from Ottawa and, between the capital of the Dominion and the
+metropolis of the West, a number of places were passed at a few of which
+the Royal visitors paused for a brief time. At Carleton Place there was
+a cheering crowd and gaily decorated station and singing school
+children; at Almonte the town was <i>en f&ecirc;te</i> and cheering could be heard
+from even the roofs of the distant cotton mills; at Arnprior the whole
+population turned out and the decorations were extensive; at Renfrew and
+Pembroke the same thing occurred; at Petawawa and Chalk River crowds of
+country people had gathered; at Mattawa and North Bay the stations were
+gaily decorated and bands played their welcome.</p>
+
+<p>Everywhere in the wilds of Algoma and along the rocky shores of Lake
+Superior little groups of settlers might be seen at the lonely stations
+watching for a sight of the Duke and Duchess. At Missanabie, a stop was
+made to see a Hudson's Bay post and stockade and at White River, the
+coldest place in Canada east of the Yukon, a picturesque party of
+Indians was seen. A stop was made at Schrieber, and the whole population
+turned out to see an address presented to the Duke and a bouquet to the
+Duchess. Late in the evening of the 25th Fort William was reached and
+the school children of the town sang "The Maple Leaf" from an
+illuminated stand at the station. At Port Arthur the Duke accepted a
+case of mineral specimens. Winnipeg was reached at noon of the next day
+after a quick journey through the "Lake of the Woods" district and a
+splendid welcome was accorded the Royal visitors. Flags flew everywhere
+and decorations abounded throughout the city. At the station about a
+hundred of Manitoba's leading men were gathered. The Governor-General
+and Lady<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> Minto and Sir Wilfrid Laurier were also present to assist in
+the welcome, as their trains had preceded the Royal party to Winnipeg.
+The same order was observed in this connection throughout the Canadian
+tour.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">IN WINNIPEG AND THE WEST</p>
+
+<p>The Royal procession then passed along the wide main street of the city,
+through splendid arches of wheat, to the City Hall, where Mayor
+Arbuthnot presented the address to the Duke. Archbishop Machray then
+presented an address from the Church of England in Rupert's Land,
+expressive of welcome and attachment to the Throne and Empire.
+Archbishop Langevin, on behalf of the Catholics of Manitoba and the
+West, in his address dwelt upon the French pioneer labours in the
+Northwest, and declared the pride felt by the people of his Church in
+having defended England's noble standard, even at the expense of their
+blood. "We thank God for the amount of religious liberty we enjoy under
+the British flag." In his reply, the Duke of Cornwall and York spoke of
+the marvellous progress made by Winnipeg&mdash;"the busy centre of what has
+become the great granary of the Empire, the political centre of an
+active and enterprising population in the full enjoyment of the
+privileges and institutions of British citizenship." Then followed the
+presentation of South African medals and a luncheon at Government House
+attended by many leading citizens. In the afternoon the University of
+Manitoba was visited and an address read by Archbishop Machray,
+Chancellor of the University. A state dinner was given in the evening at
+Government House and about ten o'clock the Royal visitors passed through
+the crowded and illuminated streets of the city to the train, followed
+by a torchlight procession and the sound of many cheers.</p>
+
+<p>At Regina, on September 27th, a loyal welcome was received. The
+procession to Government House was followed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> by the reception of twelve
+addresses from Territorial centres and the distribution of South African
+decorations. A luncheon was given by Lieutenant-Governor Forget, and at
+3 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, the Royal visitors departed for Calgary. There, on the following
+morning, they witnessed a thoroughly typical Western scene and received
+a Western welcome. The streets were gaily decorated and many cheers
+followed the Duke and Duchess as they proceeded to Victoria Park, where
+a review of 240 Mounted Police was held, medals presented to the South
+African veterans and Major Belcher decorated with his C.M.G. At another
+point near the city the Duke then met a large party of Indians and
+received from them an address which recited their past privations and
+present progress and expressed the hope that when His Royal Highness
+should accede to the Throne it would be "to long reign over us, our
+children, and the other many peoples of the British Empire in peaceful
+security and abundant happiness."</p>
+
+<p>Speeches were made by a number of the Chiefs and the Duke replied in
+most picturesque terms. "The Indian is a live man, his words are true
+words and he never breaks faith. And he knows that it is the same with
+the Great King, my father, and with those whom he sends to carry out his
+wishes. His promises last as long as the sun shall shine and the waters
+flow. And care will ever be taken that nothing shall come between the
+Great King and you, his faithful children." Indian children then sang
+the National Anthem, and, after witnessing an extraordinary spectacle of
+broncho busting and cow-boy riding, the journey was resumed to the
+Rockies towering up on the horizon. Sunday was spent in traversing the
+marvellous panorama of nature which spreads out through the Rockies and
+Selkirks, the mighty glaciers, rushing rivers, lightning changes of
+colour and varied splendours of scene. A stop was made at Banff and at
+Laggan and Field, the stations were tastefully decorated with evergreens
+and flags. Revelstoke<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span> was passed, the lower levels of the mountains
+traversed, the plains reached, and on the morning of September 30th the
+Royal train drew into Vancouver.</p>
+
+<p>Mounted Police and blue-jackets from the fleet were there and as the
+procession left for the Court House, where addresses were to be
+received, the deep-mouthed guns of the fleet in the harbour, the ringing
+bells of the city churches and the cheers of the people sounded a
+combined welcome. Through several arches and gay decorations&mdash;the
+Japanese and Chinese arches being noteworthy&mdash;the parade proceeded, with
+the Premier of Canada in a carriage at its head. At the pavilion, in
+front of the Court House, the Royal visitors were received by Mayor
+Townley, an address was presented and a bouquet given to the Duchess as
+well as a handsome portfolio of British Columbia views from the Local
+Council of women. The Duke was very brief in his reply. The next thing
+on the programme was the opening of the new Drill-Hall and the
+presentation of South African medals. The Boy's Brigade was also
+inspected. After luncheon a visit was paid to the Hastings Saw-Mill, and
+a drive taken through the splendid trees and vistas of Stanley Park. At
+Brockton Point a drill of school children was held in sight of some
+seven thousand persons and a grand stand full of children looking on.
+Here the Duke presented a silken banner to the school which had won the
+prize for drilling and was given an enthusiastic reception. As the C. P.
+R. steamer, <i>Empress of India</i>, with the Royal party on board, passed in
+the evening across the Bay of Victoria the waters were illuminated with
+multitudes of lighted craft and the city was a vision of golden light
+with a background of surrounding blackness.</p>
+
+<p>Accompanied by five warships, the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall arrived
+at Victoria on the morning of October 1st and were greeted by
+Lieut.-Governor Sir Henri Joly de Lotbini&eacute;re as they landed. The drive
+through the decorated streets<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span> to the Parliament Buildings was the scene
+of much cheering and at the destination Their Royal Highnesses were
+received by the officials of the Province and an immense surrounding
+crowd. Mayor Hayward presented the Civic address and various deputations
+followed him. In his reply the Duke made no allusion to the
+international relations mentioned in one of the addresses but declared
+that Canadian sacrifices in South Africa had "forged another link in the
+golden chain which binds together the brotherhood of the Empire." Medals
+were distributed and the school children inspected. A drive followed
+through the gay streets of the city out to Esquimalt, where a barge was
+taken to the Admiral's flagship and luncheon served, with Real-Admiral
+Bickford as the host.</p>
+
+<p>In the afternoon the Agricultural Exhibition at Victoria was opened and
+in the evening the city and Parliament Buildings were brilliantly
+lighted up by electricity and fireworks. After a state dinner at the
+Lieutenant-Governor's residence a Reception was held at the Parliament
+Buildings. The following day was a very quiet one. Her Royal Highness
+called on Mrs. Dunsmuir, wife of the Prime Minister, to express sympathy
+over a terrible disaster which had occurred at the Extension Mines and,
+after luncheon, the Duke and Duchess visited the Royal Jubilee Hospital.
+During the day the latter was presented by the miners of Atlin with a
+bracelet of gold nuggets. Late in the afternoon farewells were made and
+the voyage back to Vancouver commenced. From Vancouver they departed in
+the morning, the Duchess going to Banff where she stayed for a couple of
+days and the Duke going on to Poplar Point, Manitoba, forty miles from
+Winnipeg, where he enjoyed a couple of days' shooting with Senator
+Kirchhoffer. Winnipeg was reached on October 8th. They were cordially
+welcomed again and a visit was paid to Oglivie's Mill&mdash;said to be the
+largest in the Empire&mdash;and the direct journey for Toronto was then
+commenced. From North Bay, through<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> the Muskoka region and on to the
+capital of Ontario, there were cheering crowds at every station.
+Huntsville, Bracebridge, and Gravenhurst were marked in this respect. At
+Orillia, Barrie and Newmarket short stops were made and, amidst gay
+decorations, singing children and cheering throngs, the Duke and Duchess
+appeared on the platform, received a few presentations and in the case
+of Her Royal Highness accepted bouquets of flowers.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">MEMORABLE RECEPTION AT TORONTO</p>
+
+<p>The occurrences at Toronto during the Royal visit were of a character to
+make history. The morning of October 10th, when the Duke and Duchess
+arrived was gloomy and later on the rain poured with steady and
+depressive persistence. But it did not seem to affect the patience of
+the waiting crowds or dampen the enthusiasm of the reception. A special
+and beautiful station had been erected at the head of St. George Street
+and here, amid the patriotic songs of 6000 children, the Royal visitors
+were received by the Hon. G. W. Ross, Premier of Ontario and a number of
+his Ministers. The Vice-regal party and Sir Wilfrid Laurier had, as
+usual, arrived first. The procession followed through miles of decorated
+streets and throngs of cheering people until the City Hall was reached
+and a scene of colour and serried masses of people witnessed such as
+Toronto had never known. The streets were lined with ten thousand troops
+stretching from the station to the Hall and the Alexandra Gate, erected
+by the Daughters of the Empire, and the Foresters' Arch, erected by the
+Independent Order of Foresters, were notable features of the welcome. At
+the City Hall the Royal couple were received by Mayor O. A. Howland and
+welcomed by the singing of a large trained chorus of voices. An immense
+crowd was present and addresses were handed in by eleven deputations and
+replied to at some length.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span></p><p>During the afternoon a presentation was made to the Duchess by Miss
+Mowat, daughter of the Lieutenant-Governor, on behalf of the women of
+Toronto. It consisted of a writing set made of Klondike gold and
+Canadian amethysts and chrystal. The case was made of Canadian maple. A
+state dinner was given at Government House in the evening by Sir Oliver
+Mowat and the Royal couple afterwards attended a Concert at Massey Hall
+where Madame Calv&eacute; and others sang. The streets were filled with
+enthusiastic crowds far into the night and the illuminations were
+something unequalled in the history of the city and unexcelled by any
+others during the Royal tour in Canada. Powerful search-lights from the
+top of the City Hall tower were an unique feature of the demonstration.</p>
+
+<p>On the following morning&mdash;October 12th&mdash;the Royal review took place on
+the Exhibition grounds. It was unquestionably the most brilliant and
+effective military spectacle ever seen in Canada. Nearly eleven thousand
+men were mustered under command of Major-General O'Grady-Haly. Before
+the review commenced His Royal Highness presented the South African
+medals to a number of the soldiers and the V.C. to Major H. C. Z.
+Cockburn. To the latter also was given a sword of honour on behalf of
+the City Council. Colours were presented to the Royal Canadian Regiment
+of Infantry and the Royal Canadian Dragoons in the name of the King and
+as a mark of appreciation for their services in the war. The march past
+then took place. There were said to be twenty-five thousand people on
+the grounds and the streets and approaches were lined with many other
+thousands. In the afternoon the Duke and Duchess visited the Bishop
+Strachan School and the Duke planted a tree in Queen's Park and reviewed
+the Fire Brigade. Then came the state visit to Toronto University, the
+presentation of an address by the Chancellor, Sir William Meredith, and
+the bestowal of the honorary degree of LL. D.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span></p><p>In the evening a Reception was held in the Parliament Buildings when
+two thousand people shook hands, amid brilliant surroundings, with the
+Heir to the Throne and his wife. Prior to this a very large state dinner
+had been held in the halls of the same building with His Excellency the
+Governor-General as host. The city was again most brilliantly
+illuminated and filled with waiting throngs anxious to see and cheer the
+Royal visitors. Early in the following morning they left Toronto for a
+rapid trip through Western Ontario. As the Royal train rushed through
+the populous centres, or quiet villages of this rich section of the
+country, every railway station was crowded with cheering people anxious
+for a sight of their future Sovereign and his Consort. At Brampton a
+short stop was made, and a mass of beautiful roses, carried by eight
+children, was presented to the Duchess from the well-known rosaries of
+the town. At Guelph a platform had been erected near the station, and
+here two thousand school children sang patriotic songs. At Berlin there
+was another chorus and another exquisite bouquet of flowers for the
+Duchess. There was a great crowd of people at this point, and the
+children carried branches of maple leaves, as well as flags, which they
+waved while the singing was going on and the presentations were being
+made by Mayor Bowlby. The City of Stratford had a gaily decorated
+station, eight thousand cheering citizens and children singing "The
+Maple Leaf." An arch had been erected festooned with evergreens and
+flowers. The visit to London was a matter of more formality and length.
+The city was packed with people from outlying points, and the reception
+to the Royal couple as they drove through decorated streets to the
+Victoria Park was most enthusiastic. There an address was proffered by
+Mayor Rumball. After the Duke's reply colours were presented to the 7th
+Regiment and the departure took place through the same kind of cheering
+throngs which had previously lined the streets.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span></p><p>From London the route was taken up to Niagara. Every station was
+crowded with people, and in the vineyard and fruit region a brief stop
+was made at Grimsby. Finally, the Royal train ran into the historic
+village of Niagara-on-the-Lake, and there, at the Queen's Royal Hotel,
+the visitors found elaborate preparations for their comfort during the
+ensuing day of rest. Masses of flowers and fruit were displayed as
+further proof of the diverse productions of the Dominion. Sunday was,
+however, a busy day in some respects. In the morning the steamer was
+taken to Queenston, and from thence a special electric car conveyed the
+Royal couple along the banks of the mighty Niagara, past Brock's
+monument and the scene of the historic conflict upon Queenston Heights,
+and on to the famous whirlpool where half an hour of sight-seeing was
+spent. In Queen Victoria's Park there were crowds of people waiting to
+see the Duke and Duchess, but only a few minutes' glance at the Falls
+was taken. A visit to Loretto Convent followed with songs from the
+pupils and luncheon afterwards. Archbishop O'Connor of Toronto assisted
+in the reception. The rest of the day was spent in viewing and admiring
+the ever-changing glories of Niagara Falls, and the return took place in
+the evening. On the 14th of October Hamilton was visited and three hours
+spent in receiving one of the most enthusiastic welcomes of the whole
+tour. Thousands had gathered in the spacious grounds surrounding the
+station and in the streets, and the cheering was hearty and continuous.
+The usual address was presented by Mayor J. S. Hendrie at the City Hall.
+The Royal visitors then lunched at "Holmstead," the residence of Mr.
+William Hendrie, and afterwards the Duke presented new colours to the
+13th Regiment. The departure took place amidst the cheers of thousands.</p>
+
+<p>At St. Catharines there was a short stop and the whole city turned out,
+business was suspended and the colleges and schools attended in a body.
+There was a guard of honour at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span> the station, cheers from eight thousand
+throats, a beautiful bouquet presented to the Duchess and a few citizens
+introduced by Mayor McIntyre. Brantford had its station handsomely
+decorated, and three thousand children massed on the platform to sing
+patriotic songs as the train rolled in. Another bouquet for the Duchess
+was presented and also a casket containing a silver long-distance
+telephone from Professor Bell, the father of its inventor, who was born
+in Brantford. Their Royal Highnesses here signed the Bible which was
+given in 1712 by Queen Anne to the Mohawk Church of the Six Nations and
+which already contained the autographs of the King and the Duke of
+Connaught. A very brief stop was made at Paris, where the school
+children were gathered and a large crowd cheered the Royal couple. At
+Woodstock the whole population turned out and the train entered the
+station amid the cheers of ten thousand people. Mayor Mearns presented
+some of the citizens and his little daughter handed a beautiful bouquet
+of roses to the Duchess. A thousand school children waved flags and sang
+the National Anthem.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">FROM WESTERN TO EASTERN ONTARIO</p>
+
+<p>From the West to the East travelled the Royal train during the night,
+and on the morning of October 15th reached Belleville, where some eight
+thousand people had assembled to welcome the Duke and Duchess.
+Presentations by Mayor Graham, a guard of honour, cheers and a bouquet
+for the Duchess, with singing school children, were the familiar
+features of the reception. An address from 250 deaf and dumb children
+was, however, an interesting exception. At Kingston the Royal couple
+drove through the crowded and decorated streets to a pavilion in front
+of the City Hall, where three thousand children sang, cheered and waved
+flags, while flowers were given to the Duchess and several addresses
+presented to the Duke. Following this ceremony the Royal procession<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span>
+passed on through the historic city to Queen's University where his
+Royal Highness was given an honorary LL.D. and presented with an address
+by the Chancellor, Sir Sandford Fleming. In replying to the latter the
+Duke expressed the regret of himself and the Duchess at the absence
+through illness of the Very Rev. Principal Grant. He then laid the
+corner-stone of a new building donated to the University by the citizens
+of Kingston. There was tremendous cheering from the students and gay
+decorations along the route which was then taken to the Royal Military
+College.</p>
+
+<p>At the College the Royal visitors witnessed a march past and gymnastic
+display from the Cadets. A spontaneous and unexpected incident occurred
+in the private visit of Their Royal Highnesses to Principal Grant at the
+General Hospital. They talked with him a few minutes and then the Duke
+personally conferred upon him the C.M.G. which had been recently granted
+by the King. About one o'clock the Royal party reached the wharf where
+they embarked on the steamer <i>Kingston</i>, which had been most elaborately
+decorated and fitted up for the occasion, and started for a trip through
+the Thousand Islands of the St. Lawrence. At six o'clock the steamer
+arrived at Brockville, and the Duke and Duchess were greeted with a
+brilliant display of fireworks from the shore. At the landing-place they
+were met by Mayor Buell, Senator Fulford and other prominent citizens. A
+bouquet was given the Duchess and the procession from the wharf to the
+station passed through cheering people and the departure was made in a
+blaze of fireworks. At Cornwall, which was reached on the morning of
+October 16th, there were some four thousand people at the station, and
+Mayor Campbell presented the Duke and Duchess with a complete set of
+lacrosse sticks for the Royal children. They were enclosed in a
+gold-mounted case. The next stoppage was at Cardinal, where thousands<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span>
+had assembled from the same surrounding country and the school children
+sang national songs.</p>
+
+<p>On the way from Ontario to the Provinces by the Atlantic a pause was
+made at Montreal on October 16th to visit the Victoria Jubilee Bridge&mdash;a
+reconstruction of the one into which His Majesty the King had driven the
+last rivet when visiting Canada in 1860. The Duke of Cornwall and York
+was now presented with a gold rivet by Mr. George B. Reeve, General
+Manager of the Grand Trunk Railway system, as a souvenir of that event
+and of his present visit. The Bridge, which was called one of the
+wonders of the world at the time of its construction, now had a double
+track and double roadway. During the afternoon half-an-hour was spent at
+Sherbrooke, where the station was gaily decorated. Mayor Worthington
+presented the address and during his reply the Royal speaker declared
+that "among the many pleasant experiences of our delightful visit to
+Canada one will remain most deeply graven in our memories&mdash;the solemn
+declaration of personal attachment to my dear father, the King, and of
+loyalty to the throne of our glorious Empire." A beautiful bear-skin was
+then presented to the Duchess by Mrs. Worthington on behalf of the
+ladies of Sherbrooke. Some South African veterans were decorated with
+the medal and a delegation from the Caughnawaga Indians received.</p>
+
+<p>From Sherbrooke the Royal party then travelled straight through to St.
+John, New Brunswick, which they reached in the afternoon of October
+17th. After they had arrived and the echoes of the roaring guns had died
+away the Royal procession was formed and passed through the usually
+crowded and decorated streets to the Exhibition Buildings where Mayor
+Daniel, in his official robes, welcomed the Duke and Duchess and
+presented an address from the City as did Mayor Crocket from Fredricton.
+Some nine other local addresses were also presented and replied to. His
+Royal Highness then<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span> presented colours to British Veterans from
+Massachusetts. There was to have been a review of troops in the
+afternoon but, owing to some mistake in the arrangements, a Royal
+presentation of South African medals, of colours to the 62nd Battalion,
+and of a sword of honour to Captain F. Caverhill Jones, comprised the
+proceedings. The return from the Exhibition grounds to Caverhill Hall,
+which had been specially fitted up by the Provincial Government for the
+visitors, was through crowds of more or less enthusiastic people. In the
+evening there were fireworks and electrical displays and a Reception at
+the Exhibition Building attended by a large representation of New
+Brunswick society. Late in the afternoon a deputation of ladies waited
+upon Her Royal Highness and presented her with a beautiful mink and
+ermine muff on behalf of the women of St. John. At noon on the following
+day the Duke and Duchess left the city amid much cheering and the
+farewells of a representative gathering at the station. On the way to
+Halifax the City of Moncton, N. B., celebrated the arrival of the Royal
+tourists with a half holiday, a decorated station and a mass of cheering
+people. Mayor Atkinson presented a number of prominent people and the
+Duchess received a couple of handsome bouquets. At Dorchester, as the
+train arrived it passed through a gaily decorated station, cheering
+crowds and local officials ranged along the platform. At Amherst, N. S.,
+a short stop was made.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">FROM NEW BRUNSWICK INTO NOVA SCOTIA</p>
+
+<p>When Halifax was reached, on the morning of October 19th, the reception
+was beautiful and impressive as well as loyal. Thousands of soldiers
+with glittering bayonets lined the streets, together with hundreds of
+sailors armed with cutlasses and rifles, and many thousands of crowding
+and cheering citizens. As the Royal visitors arrived at the station they
+were welcomed with a roar of guns from the magnificent citadel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span> heights
+and defences of Halifax and from the vessels of the most formidable
+fleet of war-ships which, it was said, had ever graced a Canadian port.
+They were received by the Vice-regal party, Vice-Admiral Sir Frederick
+Bedford and his staff, Colonel Biscoe and his staff, Lieutenant-Governor
+the Hon. A. G. Jones, of Nova Scotia, Lieutenant-Governor P. E. McIntyre
+of Prince Edward Island, the Hon. G. H. Murray and the members of his
+Government, Mayor Hamilton of Halifax, the Mayor of Charlottetown and
+various other officials and representative men. At the platform in front
+of the station various addresses were presented amid cheers from an
+immense gathering. The Duke, in replying, did so separately to the
+Prince Edward Island welcome and to that from Nova Scotia. To the former
+he expressed the "true regret" which they felt at not being able to
+visit that well-remembered Province, and to the latter he made a really
+eloquent response. "It is perhaps fitting that we should take leave of
+Canada in the Province that was the first over which the British flag
+waved, a Province so full of moving, checquered, historic memories, and
+that, embarking from your capital which stands unrivalled amongst the
+naval ports of the world, we should pass through waters that are
+celebrated in the annals of our glorious Navy." He also spoke of the
+"affectionate sympathy" with which they had been received throughout the
+Dominion.</p>
+
+<p>Following this function the Royal couple passed through streets lined
+with troops and sailors and cheering crowds and at times presenting the
+appearance of a net-work of colour, a canopy of bunting. In the grounds
+of the Provincial Building His Royal Highness laid the foundation-stone
+of a monument erected by the Government and people of Nova Scotia in
+honour of the Provincial heroes who had fallen in South Africa. The
+procession then passed on to a handsome arch, guarded by a detachment of
+Royal Engineers, where the Duke inspected the members of the British
+Veterans' Society who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span> were drawn up on parade. Conspicuous amongst them
+was a negro holder of the V.C. Thence the parade continued to the
+Dockyard where the Royal couple went on board the <i>Ophir</i>, which had
+come up from Quebec during the long inland tour. In the afternoon a
+great review and massing of many thousands of soldiers and sailors,
+infantry, cavalry and artillery, was held on the Halifax Common in the
+presence of a crowd of spectators&mdash;probably twenty-five thousand in
+number. The troops were under the supreme command of Colonel Biscoe, and
+the Royal Naval Brigade included four thousand sailors from twelve of
+Britain's most modern cruisers. It was a sight such as had never been
+witnessed in Canada before and the review eclipsed in effect the
+previous military spectacle at Toronto; while the environment of great
+fortifications and a harbour full of war-ships enhanced the character of
+the scene. Near the Royal pavilion was a stand containing six thousand
+school children who sang patriotic songs.</p>
+
+<p>After the review the Duke presented colours to the 66th Princess Louise
+Fusiliers and was informed by the Lieutenant-Governor that H.R.H. the
+Duke of Kent had conferred a similar honour upon the Regiment in the
+early part of the preceeding century. His Royal Highness then handed the
+war medals to the South African veterans and presented a sword of honour
+to Major H. B. Stairs. In the evening a state dinner was given by the
+Lieut.-Governor at Government House when occasion was taken by the Duke
+to present the Hon. Dr. Borden with the medal won by the gallant son who
+had lost his life in South Africa. A Reception was held afterwards in
+the Provincial Buildings amid scenes of striking beauty and brightness.
+The city and fleet were brilliantly illuminated and the spectacle one of
+the most beautiful of the whole Canadian tour. The next day was Sunday
+and was spent very quietly on board the <i>Ophir</i>. At night the Duke dined
+with Vice-Admiral Bedford on board his flag-ship. On<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span> the following
+morning the Royal visitors left the shores of Canada in their yacht,
+accompanied by the fleet of battleships and with the cheers of many
+thousands of people, the roar of guns and the sound of bands playing on
+sea and shores, echoing out over the waters of the harbour.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">THE ROYAL FAREWELL TO CANADA</p>
+
+<p>Before leaving Halifax, and under date of October 19th, the Duke of
+Cornwall and York sent a communication to the Earl of Minto expressive
+of the regret felt by the Duchess and himself at bidding farewell to "a
+people who by their warm-heartedness and cordiality have made us feel at
+home amongst them from the first moment of our arrival on their shores."
+He referred to the loyal demeanour of the crowds, the general
+manifestations of rejoicing and the trouble and ingenuity displayed in
+the illuminations and street decorations. They were specially touched by
+the great efforts made in small and remote places to manifest feelings
+of kindness toward them. "I recognize all this as a proof of the strong
+personal loyalty to the throne as well as the deep-seated devotion of
+the people of Canada to that unity of the Empire of which the Crown is
+the symbol." Thanks were tendered to the Dominion Government, the
+Provincial authorities and municipal bodies and to various individuals
+for the care and trouble bestowed upon the varied arrangements. Of the
+Militia His Royal Highness spoke in high terms. The reviews at Quebec,
+Toronto and Halifax had enabled him to judge of the military capacity of
+the Dominion and of the "splendid material" at its disposal. Their
+hearts, he added, were full at leaving Canada and their regrets extreme
+at having to decline so many kind invitations from different centres.
+"But we have seen enough to carry away imperishable memories of
+affectionate and loyal hearts, frank and independent natures, prosperous
+and progressive communities, boundless productive territories, glorious
+scenery,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span> stupendous works of nature, a people and a country proud of
+its membership in the Empire and in which the Empire finds one of its
+brightest offspring."</p>
+
+<p>On the way home Newfoundland was visited and an enthusiastic reception
+given by the people of St. John's and the Government of the Island. The
+usual addresses, decorations and functions followed and then the <i>Ophir</i>
+steamed away over the last stretch of ocean in this long, strenuous and
+memorable Royal progress of over fifty thousand miles on sea and land.
+When in sight of English shores again the King and Queen and the Royal
+children, accompanied by the Channel squadron of thirteen warships, met
+the travellers and escorted them to Portsmouth. After eight months of
+separation the Royal family of three generations were again together.
+The popular welcome at Portsmouth was brilliant and enthusiastic as well
+it might be. As the <i>Times</i> put it on November 1st&mdash;the day of the
+arrival home&mdash;"The Duke and Duchess have made the greatest tour in
+history; they have accomplished an act of high statesmanship without
+statecraft but by simple arts which are better than any statecraft; they
+have been under many skies and seen many strange, lovely and impressive
+sights; they have been greeted and acclaimed by many peoples, races and
+languages." In his speech to the Civic deputation waiting upon him on
+the following day His Royal Highness stated that their journey had
+covered thirty-three thousand miles by sea and twelve thousand five
+hundred by land. "Everywhere we have been profoundly impressed by the
+kindness, affection and enthusiasm extended to us and the universal
+declarations of loyalty to the Throne; and by the conscious pride in
+membership of our great Empire which has constantly displayed itself."</p>
+
+<p>A dinner was given by the King and Queen on board the yacht <i>Victoria
+and Albert</i> in honour of the Royal travellers' return and, in the course
+of a speech of welcome, His Majesty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span> referred to the cordiality and
+loyal enthusiasm of their reception everywhere. "The accounts of their
+receptions, regularly transmitted to me by telegrams and letters and
+amply confirmed in my conversations to-day, have touched me deeply and I
+trust that the practical result will be to draw closer the strong ties
+of mutual affection which bind together the old Motherland with her
+numerous and thriving offspring". The special train was then taken to
+London and from Victoria station to Marlborough House the Royal couple
+drove through numerous crowds of cheering people and gaily decorated
+streets, with little Prince Edward beside them&mdash;for the first time
+making a public appearance and accepting the acclamations of the public
+with becoming gravity. It was a triumphal ending to a triumphant
+progress. A sort of climax to this termination was afforded, however, in
+the great banquet given by the Lord Mayor of London at the Guild Hall on
+December 5th, to him who had been created Prince of Wales on the 9th of
+November preceding by his father the King. There were only four
+toasts&mdash;the King, proposed by Sir Joseph Dimsdale, the Lord Mayor and
+chairman; Queen Alexandra and the Royal family, responded to by the new
+Prince of Wales; the Colonies, proposed by the Earl of Rosebery and
+responded to by Mr. Chamberlain; the Lord Mayor and Corporation proposed
+by the Marquess of Salisbury.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the speakers and the members of the Royal suite during this
+famous tour there were present the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, Mrs.
+Chamberlain, Lord James of Hereford, Mr. John Morley, Lord Knutsford,
+Lord and Lady Tweedmouth, Lord and Lady Lamington, Lord Brassey, Lord
+Avebury, Sir Frederick Young and many other interesting or important
+personages. The speech delivered by the Prince of Wales was one which
+startled England from its directness of statement and its eloquence of
+style and delivery. It was not merely a clear, or good description of
+the tour; it was the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span> utterance of one who was both statesman and
+orator. His Royal Highness referred to the historic title which he now
+bore, to the voyage, unique in character and rich in experience, to the
+loyalty, affection and enthusiasm of the greetings everywhere, to the
+special characteristics of the visit in each country. He analysed
+Colonial loyalty as being accompanied by "unmistakable evidences of the
+consciousness of strength; of a true and living membership in the
+Empire; and of power and readiness to share the burden and
+responsibility of that membership". He spoke of the influence of Queen
+Victoria's life and memory, of the qualities of the sixty thousand
+troops whom he had reviewed, of the openings for better commercial
+interchange. "I venture to allude to the impressions which seemed
+generally to prevail among our brethren across the seas that the Old
+Country must wake up if she intends to maintain her old position of
+pre-eminence in her Colonial trade against foreign competitors". The
+need of more population in the Colonies was referred to and an urgent
+appeal made to encourage the sending out of suitable emigrants. "By this
+means we may still further strengthen, or at all events, pass on
+unimpaired, that pride of race, that unity of sentiment and purpose,
+that feeling of common loyalty and obligation which knit together and
+alone can maintain the integrity of our Empire".</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">The King and the South African War</p>
+
+
+<p>No event in many years has created such keen interest amongst, and been
+so closely followed by, the Royal family of Great Britain as the war in
+South Africa. Apart from Queen Victoria's natural and life-long dislike
+of the horrors of war, there was the earnest sympathy which she felt in
+the last two years of her reign with thousands of her subjects who had
+suffered in the loss of husband, or brother, or father, or friend; and
+the womanly sorrow which she herself felt for the many promising young
+officers whom she had personally known or liked, or whose relations and
+friends had been upon terms of intimacy with members of the Royal
+circle. The matter was still more brought home to her, in a personal
+sense, by the death of her grandson, Prince Christian Victor, who, after
+months of hard campaigning and with the reputation of an able, modest
+and hard-working officer, succumbed in the autumn of 1900 to enteric
+fever, and was buried, at his own request, upon the South African veldt.
+But these personal considerations had never been so potent with the
+Queen as had her broader sympathies for her people, and there can be no
+doubt the gloomy days of Colenso and Spion Kop told severely upon the
+sensibilities of a Sovereign who was as proud of the nation's position
+and as keen to feel national humiliation, or sorrow, as was the humblest
+and most loyal of her subjects. And the fact that her duty to the people
+and the Empire lay in supporting her Ministers and pressing, if
+necessary, for a still more vigorous prosecution of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> struggle, could
+not but have its effect upon the constitution of a Queen who felt her
+responsibilities very keenly and who was an aged woman as well as a
+great ruler.</p>
+
+<p>Where she could help in keeping behind her Ministers a united people
+Queen Victoria did her utmost. Early in March, 1900, the Royal
+recognition of Irish valour in South Africa, shown in the order to the
+soldiers of the Empire to wear the Shamrock on St. Patrick's day, was as
+tactful and wise a step as statesmanship ever initiated. The ensuing
+postponement of Her Majesty's spring visit to sunny Italy and her
+prolonged stay in Dublin during the month of April were pronounced
+appeals to Irish loyalty. Her Christmas present of chocolate to the
+troops in the field, her ever-thoughtful telegrams, and occasional
+letters and speeches upon public occasions, were also of great value to
+the cause of national unity and action in differing degrees. Meantime,
+the Duke of Connaught had volunteered early in the period of trouble
+which eventually developed into war, but the Queen did not wish him to
+go to the front and, though he had offered to waive his rank and
+seniority in order to do so, his mother's wishes, of course, prevailed.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">DUTIES OF THE HEIR APPARENT</p>
+
+<p>The Prince of Wales was exceedingly active during this period in paying
+every possible compliment to departing troops, in welcoming home the
+veterans of the war, in conferring medals and in helping the many
+charities, hospital interests and military organizations which the
+situation evoked. As soon as the war broke out the Princess of Wales had
+commenced to organize a hospital ship for the care of the wounded at
+Cape Town and, on November 22d, 1899, Her Royal Highness visited the
+vessel prior to its departure. She was accompanied by the Prince with
+Princess Victoria, the Duchess of York and the Duke and Duchess of Fife.
+Badges and gifts were presented to the nursing sisters and the men of
+the Royal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> Army Medical Corps and St. John Ambulance Brigade and a brief
+speech delivered by the Prince. To this object, it may be added, the
+Princess had given &pound;1000, and a Committee formed by her and composed of
+Lady Lansdowne, Lady Wolseley, Lady Wantage, Sir Donald Currie and
+others, had raised the large additional sum required. At Windsor, on
+December 15th, the Prince of Wales, accompanied by his wife, the Duke of
+Cambridge and Prince Christian, presented to the Grenadier Guards the
+medals they had won in the Soudan. On January 26th, 1900, he reviewed
+six hundred officers and men of the Imperial Yeomanry under command of
+Colonel, Lord Chesham. He thanked them for making him their Hon.
+Colonel, and then added: "You have all, like true men, volunteered for
+active service to do your duty to your Sovereign and your country. I
+feel sure that when you leave your homes and country you will feel that
+a great duty devolves on you&mdash;to maintain the honour of the British
+flag&mdash;and that you will ably assist the Regular forces of Her Majesty
+abroad and do credit to your country and your corps."</p>
+
+<p>A little later, on February 9th, another contingent of Yeomanry, under
+Colonel Mitford, were inspected by the Prince ere they departed for
+South Africa. "Most heartily" he said to them, "do I hope that the
+services you intend to render your Sovereign and your country will bring
+credit upon yourselves. I feel sure that, under your commanders, you
+will know that one of the first principles is good discipline. Then, I
+hope you are good shots and good riders." In the afternoon, at
+Devonshire House, His Royal Highness received the one hundred and fifty
+nurses and men connected with the Imperial Yeomanry Hospital. When the
+Princess of Wales' Hospital Ship returned with its sorrowful burdens of
+wounded men the Prince and Princess were the first to visit it and do
+what was possible by kind thought and word and action to soothe the
+suffering of the soldiers. Netley Hospital they visited again<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span> and
+again, and more than one Canadian or Australian, or other Colonial
+soldier of the Queen, will always speak of the gracious personal
+kindness of the Royal couple.</p>
+
+<p>When the Naval Brigade returned in triumph from its achievements at
+Ladysmith there was added to the seething, cheering, enthusiastic
+popular welcome the formal reception and inspection by the Heir
+Apparent, accompanied by the Princess and other members of the Royal
+family and the Lords of the Admiralty. After brief speeches from Mr.
+Goschen and His Royal Highness the former, as First Lord of the
+Admiralty, entertained the officers of the Brigade and the Prince of
+Wales at luncheon. On November 2nd, following, the Prince presided at a
+great banquet given in London to the officers and men of the Honourable
+Artillery Company and the City Imperial Volunteers. Colonel Mackinnon of
+the latter force sat on the right of the Royal chairman and the Lord
+Mayor on the left. In his speeches the Prince gave a brief history of
+the origin and the war achievements of the Artillery and the City
+Imperial Volunteers, congratulated many of the officers by name, spoke
+of the opportunity they had been given of taking part in "a great and
+important war and of maintaining the honour of the British flag," and
+referred in pathetic terms to the death of Prince Christian Victor&mdash;who
+had been through five campaigns and was under thirty-four years of age.</p>
+
+<p>When the Composite Regiment of the Household Cavalry went to war in
+November 1899 they had been inspected by the Heir Apparent. Upon their
+return, December 3rd 1900, he paid them the same compliment, accompanied
+by various members of the Royal family and leading officers of the Army.
+He expressed pride at being Colonel-in-Chief of a corps which had so
+greatly distinguished itself&mdash;in the distant past as well as the near
+present. Following them came the Royal Canadian Regiment, commanded by
+Colonel W. D. Otter. To<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span> them the Prince made a neat and patriotic
+speech. "I am well aware of what you have gone through and the splendid
+way in which you have served in South Africa and I deeply regret and
+mourn with you the loss of so many brave men." Ever anxious, like the
+Queen and her own husband, to promote the well-being of the soldiers and
+sailors the Princess of Wales had acted since the beginning of the war
+as President of the Soldiers and Sailors' Families Association and, on
+December 31st, 1900, reported through the press that &pound;500,000 had been
+directly subscribed to their purposes, &pound;190,000 given through the
+Mansion House subscription, and &pound;50,000 through a special Lord Mayor's
+Fund. The whole of this sum had now been expended in caring for the
+wives and families of those at the front and distributed through the
+voluntary services of eleven hundred ladies and gentlemen throughout the
+United Kingdom. At least &pound;50,000 was still being expended monthly and
+Her Royal Highness made and personally signed an earnest appeal for the
+further funds required.</p>
+
+<p>When Lord Roberts left to take command in South Africa, the Prince of
+Wales personally saw him off at the station&mdash;accompanied by the Duke of
+Connaught, who had been again praying the Military authorities to allow
+him to go to the front in the new crisis which had arisen and who had
+even obtained Lord Roberts' approval to his taking a place upon his
+Staff. But the War Office would only say that with so many general
+officers out of the country His Royal Highness could do better service
+by remaining with the Army at home.</p>
+
+<p>There were many reasons for the Prince of Wales taking a keen interest
+in the war apart altogether from the natural and patriotic reason. A
+peculiarly large number of the sons of personal friends were at the
+front and many of them were fated to fall from time to time. The
+reputation of the officers engaged in the struggle was necessarily very
+dear to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> him. He knew them all and had many associations with their
+regiments and themselves. A blow to Sir George White, a disaster to Sir
+Redvers Buller, a danger to Col. Baden Powell, a threatened illness in
+the case of Lord Roberts, were all matters of personal concern to him as
+well as of national or patriotic interest. The central figure in the
+beginning of the war&mdash;the great personality of Mr. Cecil Rhodes&mdash;had
+long been a friend and had been received by the Prince upon a kindly
+social footing. Through the Duke of Fife's connection with the South
+African Chartered Company, the Prince must have been closely interested
+in all the earlier developments of the struggle and it could only have
+been by special permission that his son-in-law held a Director's place
+up to the actual outbreak of the war. Mr. Chamberlain and Lord Milner
+were both men who had been closely associated with his own Imperialistic
+projects and ideals and there can be little doubt&mdash;though it was never
+publicly expressed&mdash;that the Prince of Wales sympathised with the policy
+which has since made South African expansion and empire possible.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince of Wales had seen Lord Roberts off upon his career of
+successful action; on January 3rd, 1901, accompanied by the Princess,
+the Duke and Duchess of York and the Duke of Connaught, he welcomed him
+home and on behalf of the Queen received him as a Royal guest at
+Buckingham Palace. A magnificent banquet followed, given by the Prince,
+in honour of the Field Marshal&mdash;who had just been created an Earl and a
+Knight of the Garter&mdash;and six months later as King of Great Britain, he
+was able to send a special message to Parliament recommending a grant to
+Earl Roberts of &pound;100,000. Shortly after this reception came the
+much-mourned death of the Queen and the accession of His Royal Highness
+to the Throne. It was not long before the King was showing his
+appreciation of South African soldiers by inspecting or addressing them
+before their departure, or upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> their return. On February 15th,
+accompanied by Queen Alexandra, the Duke and Duchess of Connaught, the
+Duke of Cambridge, Princess Louise, the Duchess of Argyll, the Duke of
+Argyll, Lord Roberts, Sir Redvers Buller, Lord Strathcona and Mr.
+Chamberlain, he inspected Lord Strathcona's Regiment of Horse and
+presented a King's colour to Colonel Steele. His Majesty's speech to the
+officers and men was tactful and gracious: "I welcome you here on our
+shores on your return from active service in South Africa. I know it
+would have been the urgent wish of my beloved mother, our revered Queen,
+to have welcomed you also. That was not to be; but be assured she deeply
+appreciated the services you rendered as I do. It has given me great
+satisfaction to inspect you to-day, to have presented you with your
+war-medals and also with the King's colour. I feel sure that in
+entrusting this colour to you, Colonel Steele, and to those under you,
+you will always defend it and will do your duty as you have done in the
+past year in South Africa and will do it on all future occasions. I am
+glad that Lord Strathcona is here to-day, as it is owing to him that
+this magnificent force has been equipped and sent out." The King then
+presented Colonel Steele, personally with the M.V.O. decoration.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">PERSONAL INTEREST IN THE WAR</p>
+
+<p>Following this and other similar events came the re-organization of the
+Army, in which the King no doubt took a great deal of interest though it
+would only be shown the form of advice or expressions of opinion. By Mr.
+St. John Brodrick's scheme, as outlined on March 9th, and ultimately
+accepted in the main, it was decided to have the military forces so
+organized that three Army corps could be sent abroad at any time; that
+the artillery and mounted troops should be increased and the medical and
+transport service reformed; that officers should be better trained, with
+less barrack-square drill and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span> more musketry, scouting and
+individuality. It was proposed also to "decentralize administration,
+centralize responsibility;" to increase the Militia from 100,000 to
+115,000, to increase the pay of the soldiers, to utilize the Yeomanry
+and to affiliate, if possible, the Colonial forces. The new arrangements
+would provide, it was hoped, a home force of 155,000 Regulars, 90,000
+Reserves, 150,000 Militia, 35,000 Yeomanry and 250,000 Volunteers&mdash;a
+total of 680,000 men.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, peace negotiations had been progressing. On February 28th a
+long interview took place between Lord Kitchener and General Louis Botha
+who, according to the British general's despatch, "showed very good
+feeling and seemed anxious to bring about peace." The question of
+government, grading from a Crown Colony system up to full
+self-government, was discussed; the licensing of rifles for protection
+and hunting; the use of English and Dutch languages; the enfranchising
+of Kaffirs; the protection of Church and trust funds and the guarantee
+of legal debts and notes of the late Republics; the question of a
+war-tax on the farms and the time of return of prisoners of war;
+pecuniary assistance to the burghers, so as to enable them to start
+afresh; the question of amnesty and the proposal to disfranchise Cape
+rebels; were all freely discussed. After considerable interchange
+between Lord Kitchener and Mr. Brodrick and Lord Milner and Mr.
+Chamberlain, a definite statement of terms was offered General Botha and
+by letter, dated March 16th, declined. The details of this cabled
+correspondence and the proposed terms were, of course, submitted to the
+King and approved by His Majesty, and it is certain that had the war
+then ended the Coronation would have taken place at an earlier date than
+was afterwards fixed.</p>
+
+<p>The question of honours conferred by the Crown in peace or war has
+always been one of considerable discussion in Colonial, if not in home
+circles. How far the Sovereign acts<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> in this connection with, or without
+the advice of responsible Ministers, cannot be exactly known. The action
+is unquestionably guided by circumstances based primarily upon the
+admitted fact that all honours and titles, constitutionally as well as
+theoretically, lie in the hands of the Sovereign. It is probable that
+the recommendations made are generally accepted; that the name of any
+one known to be disapproved of by the King would never be submitted;
+that the slightest hint of disapproval would suffice for any name to be
+at once dropped; that any suggestion made by the Sovereign is at once
+included in the official list as a matter of course; that the interest
+taken by the Sovereign in the honours bestowed depends somewhat upon
+whether they are conferred in the ordinary way for routine services or
+granted for special reasons of action or state; that Colonial honours
+are seldom changed as they come from the hands of the Governor-General
+or Viceroy.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand it may be reasonably assumed that King Edward took
+more interest in this subject than did the late Queen. His many years of
+active association with public life and men of all classes and political
+opinion had made him keenly and impartially aware of personal claims and
+merits and more than usually able to judge amongst the great numbers who
+desire or deserve Royal recognition from time to time. His Majesty's
+first Honour List dealt with services in the South African War under
+terms of a multitudinous catalogue submitted by F. M. Lord Roberts up to
+November 29th, 1900. Amongst those who were made Knights Commander of
+the Bath, or K.C.B. were Lieut.-General Charles Tucker,
+Lieutenant-General Lord Methuen, Major-General Reginald Pole-Carew,
+Major-Generals W. G. Knox and H. J. T. Hildyard, Lieut.-General Ian S.
+M. Hamilton, Major-General Hector A. Macdonald, Lieut.-General J. D. P.
+French, Brigadier-Generals Henry S. Settle, Edward Y. Brabant and J. G.
+Dartnell&mdash;all well-known officers in the South African conflict. The
+Grand<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> Cross of St. Michael and St. George, or G.C.M.G. was conferred
+upon General Sir Redvers Buller, Lieut.-General Lord Kitchener,
+Lieut.-General Sir Frederick Forestier-Walker and General Sir George
+White. The K.C.M.G., or Knight Commandership in the same Order, was
+given to Major-General Sir C. F. Clery, Major-General Sir Leslie Rundle,
+Major-General E. T. H. Hutton, Lieut.-Colonel E. P. C. Girouard and
+others. A number of minor honours were bestowed upon British, Canadian,
+Australian, New Zealand and South African officers and men and an
+Investiture of various Orders was held at St. James's Palace on June
+3rd, 1901. In such a list much discrimination was necessary and it is
+probable that the tact and knowledge of the King would have a very
+controlling influence apart altogether from his constitutional rights
+and powers.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">VARIOUS CEREMONIES AND INCIDENTS</p>
+
+<p>On May 24th, His Majesty helped to make the welcome home to Sir Alfred
+Milner splendid and impressive and worthy of the statesman who had
+toiled amidst personal danger and depressive surroundings, public
+disasters and continuous misrepresentation, to maintain British rights
+and justice in South Africa. The High Commissioner was received at the
+station by Lord Salisbury, Mr. Chamberlain, Lord Roberts, Lord
+Lansdowne, Mr. Balfour and many others. Thence he was driven to
+Buckingham Palace and received by the King in a prolonged and private
+audience. The honour of a peerage was conferred upon him and on the
+following day Lord Milner was entertained at a large luncheon given by
+the Colonial Secretary and Mrs. Chamberlain and attended by the most
+eminent public men of the Metropolis&mdash;outside of the Liberal party
+ranks. On the same day the King presented colours to the Third Scots
+Guards.</p>
+
+<p>On June 13th a most imposing ceremony was held by His Majesty on the
+Horse Guards Parade when thirty-two hundred <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span>officers and men from South
+Africa were presented with war medals by the King amid scenes which had
+not been duplicated since the memorable function when the late Queen
+Victoria and the Crimean soldiers had been the central figures. The
+Royal platform was covered with crimson cloth and in its centre was
+spread a beautiful Persian silk carpet above which a canopy of crimson
+and gold, supported on silver poles, had been erected. Around the
+platform was a bewildering display of splendid uniforms and, after the
+arrival of the King and Queen Alexandra, accompanied by Princess
+Victoria, the distribution of the medals lasted over two
+hours&mdash;Major-General Sir Henry Trotter handing them to His Majesty who,
+in turn, presented them to the officer or soldier as he filed past. The
+first recipients were Lord Roberts, Lord Milner and Sir Ian Hamilton. A
+most brilliant and successful function concluded with cheers and the
+National Anthem.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo44.jpg" width="300" height="445" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE RIGHT HON. HERBERT HENRY ASQUITH. K.C., D.C.L., M.P.<br />
+Prime Minister of Great Britain and Ireland at the time of King Edward's
+Death
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo45.jpg" width="300" height="491" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE MOST REVD. DR. RANDALL T. DAVIDSON, P.C., G.C.V.O.<br />
+Ninety-fourth Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of England under King
+Edward, 1903-10.
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo46.jpg" width="300" height="528" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR WILFRID LAURIER, P.C., G.C.M.G., M.P.<br />
+Prime Minister of Canada during King Edward's Reign
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo47.jpg" width="300" height="525" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL GREY, P.C., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O.<br />
+The King's Representative in Canada, 1904-10
+</div>
+
+<p class="padtop">The war now dragged on its weary way. Victories and occasional defeats
+marked the stages of attrition by which the bravery and obstinacy of a
+determined foe was gradually worn down. On August 16th, 1901, Lord
+Kitchener issued his proclamation banishing all Boer leaders taken in
+arms after September 15th: three days later the Duke of Cornwall landed
+at Cape Town; on August 27th Lord Milner returned to take up his arduous
+duties. Mr. Cecil Rhodes died on March 26th, 1902, and on April 9th Boer
+delegates met at Klerksdorp under safe conducts from Lord Kitchener, and
+there Mr. Steyn, General Delary and General De Wet, and others,
+conferred upon the possibilities of peace. Three days later they
+proceeded to Pretoria and were given every facility for discussion and
+consultation by the British authorities. On April 18th they temporarily
+dispersed to consult their Commandos after being given the terms and
+concessions which it was decided to grant. There were supposed to be, at
+the most liberal computation&mdash;London <i>Times</i> of April 25th&mdash;some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span> 10,000
+Boers in the field at this time, while the women, children and Boer
+residents of the refugee camps, who were being fed and cared for by the
+authorities, numbered 110,000.</p>
+
+<p>The keenest interest had been taken by the King in the course of the war
+during this period and in the negotiations which ensued. He had been
+hoping for its termination before his Coronation and, some months prior
+to this, on January 15th, had addressed a re-inforcement of the
+Grenadier Guards in rather sanguine terms: "I trust that the duties you
+will be called upon to perform will be less arduous than those of some
+of the men who have gone before you and that the war will shortly be
+brought to a close. But, whatever duties you may be called upon to
+perform, I am sure you will fulfil them efficiently and will keep up the
+old spirit and traditions for which the Guards are famous." His wishes,
+like so many entertained throughout the Empire, were not speedily
+realized, but it is safe to say that His Majesty would no more have
+unduly hurried the course of negotiations or changed their effective and
+final character in order to attain his natural desire for a peaceful
+celebration of the Coronation&mdash;as was asserted in some sensational
+quarters&mdash;than he would have cut his own hand off.</p>
+
+<p>It is sometimes forgotten that the King not only embodies the authority
+of his vast realm in his position, but must concentrate in his own
+person a natural strength of pride in his Empire so great as to be far
+beyond the possibility of a reflection upon its patriotism. He would
+hardly be human in his qualities if the most intense patriotic pride in
+the unity and power of his realms was not the first and strongest
+instinct of his nature. But this in passing. Lord Salisbury illustrated
+the attitude of both the Sovereign and his Ministers when speaking at
+the Albert Hall, London, on May 7th, during the pending negotiations: "I
+only wish to guard against misapprehension which I think I have seen, to
+the effect that the willingness we have shown to listen to all that may
+be said to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> us is a proof that we have retreated or receded from our
+former position and are willing to recognize that the rights we claimed
+are no longer valid. There is no ground for such an assertion. We cannot
+afford after such terrible sacrifice, not only of treasure but of men,
+after the exertions, unexampled in our history, that we have made&mdash;we
+cannot afford to submit to the idea that we are to allow things to slide
+back into a position where it will be in the power of our enemy again,
+when the opportunity suits him and the chance is favourable to him, to
+renew again the issue that we have fought this last three years."</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">TERMINATION OF THE WAR</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the negotiations were proceeding. At first the Boer delegates
+proposed that the two Republics should merely concede what had been
+demanded before the outbreak of the war. When this was refused, even as
+a matter for consideration, and they were referred to previous
+statements as to terms, the request was made that some of the leaders be
+allowed to consult their friends in Europe, or at least to have one of
+the European refugee leaders come over and assist them in their
+decision. To this Lord Kitchener gave an instant veto, and intimated
+that unless their proposals were to be serious the negotiations had
+better drop. Then they asked for an armistice in order to consult the
+burghers in the field, but Lord Kitchener would not stop military
+operations a moment further than to allow the delegates to hold meetings
+of their Commandos. But in that event they were to return to Pretoria
+armed with full powers to conclude peace&mdash;if they returned at all. As a
+result of this decision the leading officers of the Boer forces met
+their respective Commandos, and delegates were duly appointed to a total
+number of one hundred and fifty. These met on May 16th at Vereeniging
+and spent a couple of weeks in discussion, in obtaining absolutely final
+terms for acceptance or rejection from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span> British authorities, and in
+presenting these again to the Commandos. The opponents of peace during
+these preliminaries were generally believed to include Mr. Steyn and
+Commandants Wessels, Muller, Celliers and Herzog, while Generals Delarey
+and De Wet were in favour of accepting the British terms. Finally, on
+May 31st, the conditions of surrender were signed. Mr. Steyn was the
+only important absentee from the final conferences at Pretoria.</p>
+
+<p>Thus ended a war in which Great Britain had spent &pound;200,000,000, raised
+and equipped some three hundred thousand men, of whom one-sixth were
+Colonial troops, and performed the unparalleled feat of supplying quick
+and satisfactory transport and subsistence for this great body of troops
+to a distance of seven thousand miles from the seat of Government. The
+people had never wavered, the Government had, apparently, never
+hesitated, the credit of the country had not been affected, even the
+prosperity of Great Britain had not been touched. Speaking of the
+conduct of the people in this connection the <i>Times</i> of July 2d paid the
+following personal tribute: "A splendid example of patriotism and
+devotion was set them by our late Sovereign Lady, and they nobly
+followed it. It is worth recalling now that, while she deplored the
+necessity of war, she never wavered to the end in her conviction that it
+must be fought through. It is to her, perhaps, above all others, that we
+owe the calm dignity of temper with which the peoples of her Empire have
+passed through the greatest ordeal they have been called upon to undergo
+since the days of Napoleon. Her son, King Edward, has inherited her
+spirit and kept before his subjects the ideals she held up to them."</p>
+
+<p>The terms of peace included the promise by Great Britain of
+self-government in gradual stages and "as soon as circumstances will
+permit"; the exemption of burghers from civil or criminal proceedings in
+connection with the war (with certain specified exceptions); the
+recognition of English as the official<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span> language, and the promise that
+Dutch should be taught in the schools when desired; the granting of
+arms, under license, to the burghers and the postponement of native
+franchise questions until the period of free government had arrived; the
+grant of &pound;3,000,000 to be expended by Commissioners in the work of
+repatriation and the supply of shelter, seed, stock, etc., to the
+returning burghers; and the reference of rebels to their own Colonial
+Courts for trial, with the proviso that the death penalty should not in
+any case be inflicted.</p>
+
+<p>The settlement was well received by the burghers, of whom fully twenty
+thousand came in and gave up their arms in the course of a week or two.
+Many of the Commandos fraternized with the British troops and joined
+them in singing "God Save the King." As soon as the decision for peace
+had been ratified Lord Kitchener paid a visit to Vereeniging and
+addressed the assembled Boer leaders. He congratulated them upon the
+splendid fight they had made. "If he had been one of them himself he
+would have been proud to have done as they had done. He welcomed them as
+citizens of a great Empire and hoped they would do their duty to the
+Sovereign as loyally as they had to the old State." Messrs.
+Schalk-Burger and Louis Botha had, meanwhile, written farewell letters
+to the burghers which concluded by asking them to be obedient and
+respectful to their new Government.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately on receipt of the information that peace had been signed
+King Edward issued the following message: "The King has received the
+welcome news of the cessation of hostilities in South Africa with
+infinite satisfaction, and trusts that peace may be speedily followed by
+the restoration of prosperity in his new dominions, and that the
+feelings necessarily engendered by war will give place to the earnest
+co-operation of all His Majesty's South African subjects in promoting
+the welfare of their common country." At the same time His Majesty
+cabled Lord Milner: "I am overjoyed at the news<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span> of the surrender of the
+Boer forces and I warmly congratulate you on the able manner in which
+you have conducted the negotiations." A similar despatch went to Lord
+Kitchener, with hearty congratulations on the termination of
+hostilities: "I also most heartily congratulate my brave troops under
+your command for having brought this long and difficult campaign to so
+glorious and successful a conclusion." The King also announced that he
+had created Lord Kitchener a Viscount and promoted him to be full
+General. Following the public announcement of peace on Sunday, June 1st,
+came a flood of congratulatory telegrams to the King from public bodies
+and private individuals, and celebrations were held all over the United
+Kingdom and the British Empire.</p>
+
+<p>On June 8th, by order of the King, a special thanksgiving service was
+held in St. Paul's Cathedral and His Majesty attended in person
+accompanied by Queen Alexandra, Princess Victoria, the Prince and
+Princess of Wales, Prince and Princess Charles of Denmark, the Duke and
+Duchess of Connaught, the veteran Duke of Cambridge, and other members
+of the Royal family. A great gathering of representative Britons was
+present in the crowded Cathedral, including most of the members of the
+Houses of Lords and Commons and the Corporation of London. Amongst many
+other notabilities were the Duke and Duchess of Argyll, Mr. Balfour, the
+Earl of Rosebery, the Marquess of Lansdowne, Earl and Countess Roberts,
+Earl and Countess Carrington, Lady Macdonald of Earnscliffe, Sir Redvers
+and Lady Audrey Buller. A short and eloquent sermon was preached by
+Bishop Winnington-Ingram, of London, in which he referred to the
+blessings of peace for the people and the completion of the causes for
+rejoicing at the approaching Coronation. Meanwhile, on June 4th, the
+King had followed up the honours already conferred on Lord Kitchener by
+sending a special message to the House of Commons at the hands of Mr. A.
+J. Balfour, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> Government Leader, to the following effect: "His
+Majesty taking into consideration the eminent services rendered by Lord
+Kitchener and being desirous, in recognition of such services, to confer
+on him some signal mark of his favour, recommends that he, the King,
+should be enabled to grant Lord Kitchener &pound;50,000." The vote was carried
+by a majority of three hundred and eighty-two to forty-two and marked
+the final stage in the war&mdash;its prolonged struggles, its negotiations,
+its honours and its rewards. To the King this result was the one thing
+needful and seemed to leave a fair field, a peaceful Empire, a loyal
+people, waiting without a shadow on the sun to share in the splendid
+celebration of his approaching Coronation. To the Lord Mayor and
+Corporation of London and the London County Council His Majesty
+addressed, on June 13th, some words in reply to their expressions of
+loyalty and congratulation at the conclusion of peace, which may
+appropriately be quoted here:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I heartily join in your expression of thankfulness to Almighty God
+at the termination of a struggle which, while it has entailed on my
+people at home and beyond the seas so many sacrifices, borne with
+admirable fortitude, has secured a result which will give increased
+unity and strength to my Empire. The cordial and spontaneous
+exertions of all parts of my dominions, as well as of your ancient
+and loyal city, have done much to bring about this happy result."</p>
+
+<p>"You give fitting expression to the admiration universally felt for
+the valour and endurance of the officers and men who have been
+engaged in fighting their country's battles. They have been opposed
+by a brave and determined people, and have had to encounter
+unexampled difficulties. These difficulties have been cheerfully
+overcome by steady and persistent effort, and those who were our
+opponents will now, I rejoice to think, become our friends. It is
+my earnest hope that, by mutual co-operation and good-will, the
+bitter feelings of the past may speedily be replaced by ties of
+loyalty and friendship and that an era of peace and prosperity may
+be in store for South Africa."</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">Arrangements for the Coronation</p>
+
+
+<p>The preparations for the Coronation of the King were of a character
+which eclipsed anything in the history of the world. It was
+unquestionably his aim and intention to make the event an illustration
+of the power of the British Empire, the loyalty of its people and the
+unity of its complex races. The pride of the King in his great position,
+the knowledge which he had acquired of the Empire in his innumerable
+travels, the statecraft which he had inherited and developed, were all
+factors in the determination to make this occasion memorable. Connected
+with the splendour of the event, as planned, was the personal
+relationship and friendship of most of the Sovereigns of Europe with and
+for His Majesty and, associated with every detail of its anticipated
+success, was the enthusiastic loyalty of Indian Princes and great
+self-governing British dominions beyond the seas. Finally, the end of
+the South African War came as if to add the one thing wanting to the
+entire success of the most magnificent Coronation in all history.
+Preparations went on apace from the beginning of Spring, 1902. The mere
+material evidences of the coming event transformed busy and commercial
+London into a forest of boards and poles and platforms. Westminster
+Abbey was changed inside and out and a special entrance was made for the
+King and Queen Alexandra to enter through, and so made as to harmonize
+with the general architecture and character of the building.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span></p><p>A thousand great beacon lights were built over the United Kingdom so
+that from shore to shore the news of the crowning of the King might be
+flashed in flames of light to the people. In London and other centres
+every kind of device for electrical display and illumination was
+prepared and, toward the middle of June, flags and bunting in myriad
+forms began to show themselves. In other parts of the Empire almost
+every city and town and village arranged for some kind of demonstration.
+Banquets and garden parties and band concerts and processions and
+military reviews and all the varied means by which the English-speaking
+person expresses his feelings were in full tide of preparation as the
+time of the Coronation grew near. India had its own unique and Oriental
+modes of expressing loyalty and the feeling there was enhanced by the
+news that the new Prince of Wales was going to repeat the state visit of
+his father, the King, in December of this year and see the people of
+practically the only part of the British realms which he had not yet
+visited. South Africa was to celebrate peace and loyalty at the same
+time and the great centres of Australia were not behind the rest of the
+Empire despite the existing gloom of draughts and sheep famine.</p>
+
+<p>The guests invited to attend the great function might be divided into
+two classes&mdash;those who came to a common centre for the celebration of
+their Sovereign's crowning, for the presentation of a picture of
+Imperial unity, and for the discussion of questions incident to the
+wide-spread dominions of the King; and those who came from foreign
+nations as a tribute to the position of Great Britain in the world and
+as a token of their friendship for its people as well as their respect
+for its ruler. In the first list the first place may be given to India
+because of the element of gorgeousness and Oriental pomp which its
+representatives were to bring to the function. Calcutta was to be
+represented by Maharajah Kumar Tagore;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span> Bombay by Sir Jamsetjee
+Jeejeebhoy, the scion of a series of great merchants; Madras by Rajah
+Sir Savalai Ramaswami Mudaliyar; Bengal and the Presidencies of Bombay
+and Madras by distinguished gentlemen of long names and varied titles;
+the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh by the Hon. N. M. D. F. Ali Khan,
+who had served in both the Provincial and Supreme Councils, and by Rajah
+Pertab Singh; the Punjab sent two representatives of whom Sir Harnman
+Singh Ahluwalia belonged to the Viceroy's Legislative Council and
+represented indirectly the native Christians; the Central Provinces,
+Assam, Burmah and the new North-West Frontier Province also appointed
+representatives. Other guests from India included the Sultan Muhammad
+Agha Khan of the Khoga Community.</p>
+
+<p>The special Royal guests from the Colonies were General Sir Francis W.
+Grenfell, representing Gibraltar, Malta and Cyprus; Sir Joseph West
+Ridgeway, representing Fiji and various Eastern Colonies and
+Protectorates; Sir Walter J. Sendall, for the West Indies, Bermudas,
+British Honduras and the Falkland Islands; Sir William MacGregor,
+representing the West African Colonies and Protectorates; the Right Hon.
+Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Prime Minister, representing the Dominion of
+Canada; the Right Hon. Edmund Barton, Prime Minister, representing the
+Commonwealth of Australia; the Right Hon. Richard J. Sedden, Prime
+Minister, representing New Zealand; the Right Hon. Sir J. Gordon Sprigg,
+Prime Minister, representing Cape Colony; Sir Albert H. Hime, Prime
+Minister, representing Natal; and Sir Robert Bond, Prime Minister,
+representing Newfoundland. Other British guests were His Highness the
+Sultan of Perak and Lewanika, Chief of the Barotzes, in Africa. There
+were many invitations accepted outside of the list of special names
+mentioned who were privileged as the King's guests and as such were to
+be put up in state at the Hotel Cecil and be provided with Royal
+carriages<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span> and servants and escorts. Governors of various minor Colonies
+and dependencies; Native Princes of India apart from the official
+representatives of its Cities and Provinces; Premiers of Australian
+States and Canadian Provinces; were all invited to be present and many
+of them came to grace the occasion. Amongst those from Canada who
+accepted the invitation and were in London, with the others already
+referred to, as the day for the ceremony approached, were the Hon. G. W.
+Ross, Premier of Ontario, the Hon. H. T. Duffy, representing the Premier
+of Quebec, the Hon. R. P. Roblin, Premier of Manitoba, the Hon. James
+Dunsmuir Premier of British Columbia, the Hon. L. J. Tweedie, Premier of
+New Brunswick and the Hon. G. H. Murray, Premier of Nova Scotia.</p>
+
+<p>Every foreign country or state of importance had its official
+representative appointed and they poured into London and were received
+with varying degrees of state and ceremony as the eventful day
+approached. Prominent amongst them were the Hon. Whitelaw Reid, special
+Ambassador from the United States and, in an unofficial capacity,
+Senator Chauncey M. Depew. From Russia came the Grand Duke Michael, Heir
+Presumptive to the Throne; from Italy His Royal Highness the Duke
+d'Aosta; from Greece the Crown Prince and Heir to the Throne; from
+Bulgaria, the reigning Prince Ferdinand I.; from Belgium, Prince Albert
+of Flanders; from Germany, Prince Henry of Prussia; from Denmark the
+Crown Prince Frederick, Heir to the Throne; from Roumania the Crown
+Prince; from Austria the Arch-duke Francis Ferdinand, Heir Presumptive;
+from France, Admiral Gervais, special Ambassador; from Rome, Mgr. Merry
+del Val; from Abyssinia, Ras Makonnen, the victorious general and
+special envoy of the Emperor Menelik; from Bavaria, Prince Leopold; from
+Sweden and Norway the Crown Prince; from Portugal, the Crown Prince.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span></p><p>Other foreign representatives were Duke Albert of W&uuml;rtemberg, Prince
+Waldemar of Denmark, General Dubois of France, Field Marshal Count Von
+Waldersee and Admiral Von Koeter of Germany, Prince George, Prince
+Nicholas and Prince Andrew of Greece, the Grand Duke of
+Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince Danilo of Montenegro, the Duke of
+Saxe-Coburg and Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg, Prince George of
+Saxony, the Prince of the Asturias from Spain, Prince Chen of China,
+Prince Mohamed Ali of Egypt, Prince Akihito Komatsu of Japan, Prince Yo
+Chai-Kak of Korea, Baron de Stein of Liberia, the Prince of Monaco, the
+Crown Prince of Siam and special Ministers from Luxemburg, the
+Netherlands, Turkey, Honduras, Mexico, Morocco, Nicaragua, Persia,
+Servia and Uruguay.</p>
+
+<p>Soldiers of the King from all parts of the Empire were present in
+England for the occasion. The Indian troops, quartered at Hampton Court,
+numbered nine hundred strong and represented every phase of the military
+and native life of Hindostan. Sikhs, Dogras, Jats, Pathans, Mohammedans
+from the Punjaub, the Deccan and Madras, Mahrattas, Rajpoots, Garwhal's,
+Gurkhas, Afridis, Tamils, Moplahs, Hazaras and Beloochis, were each
+represented in uniforms of their local regiments. Scarlet, yellow, blue,
+grey, green and red, were some of the colours to be seen. At the
+Alexandra Palace were soldiers from a great variety of countries. Canada
+sent six hundred and fifty-six men, representative of all its regiments,
+under command of Lieut.-Colonel H. M. Pellatt and Lieut.-Colonel R. E.
+W. Turner V.C., D.S.O.; Australia sent one hundred and forty men under
+Colonel St. Clair Cameron C.B.; New Zealand seventy-nine men under
+Colonel Porter; Cape Colony one hundred and fifty under Major-General
+Sir Edward Y. Brabant; Natal, ninety-nine under Lieut.-Colonel E. M.
+Greene; Rhodesia twenty-six, Ceylon fifty-four, Malta forty-six, and
+Cyprus fourteen men. Native contingents<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span> included variously coloured and
+clad soldiers from the Gold Coast of Africa, Nigeria, Sierra Leone,
+Lagos, British Central Africa, British East Africa, Uganda, Somaliland,
+Straits Settlements, Bermuda, British Borneo, the West Indies, Fiji,
+Hong-Kong and Wei-hai-Wei. The Colonial troops, with their interesting
+war record, their varied and striking uniforms, their varieties of race
+and colour and country, their differences of physique and appearance,
+were not the least remarkable of the Empire contributions to a great
+function. The Duke of Connaught was in command of all the Forces for the
+occasion and with him were associated Lord Roberts, Lord Wolseley, Sir
+Francis Grenfell, Sir William Butler, Major-General W. H. Mackinnon, Sir
+Edward Brabant and other officers connected with the late war. Colonel
+and Maharajah Sir Pertab Singh represented India on this Staff and
+Lieutenant-General Sir Archibald Hunter was in immediate command of the
+Colonial Contingents.</p>
+
+<p>Various Foreign regiments were to be represented including the 1st
+Prussian Dragoons of Germany, the 12th Hussars of Austria, the Guard
+Hussars of Denmark and the forces of Russia and Portugal. All the great
+British regiments were to be included, either in the procession as
+cavalry, or along the route as infantry. Preparations for the great
+Naval Review were elaborate. The Channel, Home and Cruiser squadrons
+were to be in attendance with Admiral Sir Charles Hotham as
+Commander-in-Chief. Besides a number of Foreign warships, which were
+specially sent to participate in the function, the British battle-ships
+numbered twenty-one, the cruisers twenty-six, the torpedo gun-boats
+seventeen, the torpedo boat destroyers twenty-eight and the sea-going
+training vessels ten. Amongst the Foreign contributors to the Review
+were Germany, the United States, Russia, Sweden and Norway, Denmark,
+Greece, France, Japan, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal, Chili,
+Austro-Hungary and the Argentine.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span></p><p>All the complex arrangement of the details in connection with these and
+other elements of the Coronation festivities were in the hands of an
+Executive Committee appointed on June 28th, 1901, at a meeting of the
+King and his Privy Council and attended by most of the members of the
+Cabinet, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Dukes of Norfolk,
+Portland and Fife, the Earls of Rosebery, Selborne and Carrington, Earl
+Roberts, Earl Spencer, Lord Alverstone, Sir W. V. Harcourt, and Sir
+Henry Campbell-Bannerman. Amongst the members of this Executive of
+fifteen were the Duke of Norfolk (chairman) Lord Esher, the Bishop of
+Winchester, Lord Farquhar, Mr. Schomberg K. McDonnell, Colonel Sir
+Edward Bradford, Sir Francis Knollys, Sir Edward W. Hamilton, Colonel
+Sir E. W. D. Ward, Major-General Sir Arthur Ellis and Rear-Admiral W. H.
+Fawkes. Later on Sir Montagu Ommanney, Sir William Lee-Warner, Sir
+Kenelm Digby, Lieut.-General Kelly-Kenny, and others, were added. Their
+work was, of course, closely overlooked by the King who was in constant
+communication with the Duke of Norfolk and Sir Francis Knollys. The
+following programme of leading events was finally announced as approved
+by His Majesty:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>June 23 State Dinner at Buckingham Palace.</p>
+
+<p>June 24 The King and Queen to receive Foreign Envoys and
+Deputations. State Dinner at Buckingham Palace.</p>
+
+<p>June 25 Royal Reception of Colonial Premiers. Dinner by Prince of
+Wales to Princes and Envoys at St. James's Palace.</p>
+
+<p>June 26 The Coronation.</p>
+
+<p>June 27 Procession through London, Luncheon at Buckingham Palace.
+Dinner at Landsdowne House to King and Queen. Lady Lansdowne's
+Reception.</p>
+
+<p>June 28 The Naval Review.</p>
+
+<p>June 29 Ambassadors and Ministers give Dinners to their respective
+Princes.</p>
+
+<p>June 30 The King and Queen proceed from Portsmouth to London. Gala
+Opera.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>July 1 Royal Garden Party at Windsor Castle.</p>
+
+<p>July 2 Dinner at Londonderry House to the King and Queen.</p>
+
+<p>July 3 The King and Queen to attend a Special Service at St. Paul's
+Cathedral and a Luncheon at the Guildhall given by Lord Mayor and
+Corporation.</p>
+
+<p>July 4 Reception at the India Office in honour of the Indian
+Princes to be attended by the King and Queen.</p>
+
+<p>July 5 The King's Coronation Dinner to the Poor.</p></div>
+
+<p>Many other functions developed around these central ones until the weeks
+before and after the event were to be crowded with every sort of
+festivity and celebration&mdash;partly in honour of the occasion, partly as
+evidences of hospitality to Colonial, Indian and Foreign visitors. At
+Portsmouth arrangements were made for a banquet in the Drill-hall, on
+June 26th, to one thousand men from the Foreign war-ships, with five
+hundred British seamen and marines as hosts. On the following day there
+were to be athletic sports for the sailors and a garden party by the
+Mayor and Mayoress for the officers of the fleets and distinguished
+visitors. Following the Review, on June 28th, arrangements were made for
+a garden party at Whale Island, for an Admiralty ball in the Town-Hall,
+for a luncheon to the officers, a Civic entertainment to the men and a
+ball given by the Mayor and Mayoress. In London a Coronation bazaar, in
+aid of the Sick Children's Hospital, was announced with various stalls
+in charge of Princess Henry of Pless, the Duchess of Westminster, Lady
+Tweedmouth, Mrs. Harmsworth, the Countess of Bective, Mrs. Choate, the
+Duchess of Somerset and Countess Carrington. The King's Dinner to the
+Poor of London was planned upon an enormous scale and His Majesty stated
+that he would spend &pound;30,000 in thus entertaining half-a-million of his
+poorer subjects. Sir Thomas Lipton, who had been in charge of a smaller
+affair at the Diamond Jubilee, was given control of the details. Similar
+preparations, upon a minor scale of course, were going on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span> all over the
+Empire and in New York a Coronation Ode was issued by Mr. Bliss
+Carman&mdash;a Canadian by birth&mdash;which did the subject noble justice and
+commenced with the following verse:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"There are joy-bells over England, there are flags in London town;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There is bunting on the Channel where the fleets go up and down;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There are bon-fires alight<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the pageant of the night;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There are bands that blare for splendour and guns that speak for might;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For another King of England is coming to the Crown."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, a Colonial Conference had also been arranged to take place
+during these weeks of celebration and the delegates were to be special
+Royal guests for the Coronation&mdash;Sir Francis W. Grenfell, Sir Wilfrid
+Laurier, Mr. Seddon, Mr. Barton, Sir W. J. Sendall, Sir William
+MacGregor, Sir Gordon Sprigg, Sir Albert Hime, Sir Robert Bond, and Sir
+West Ridgeway&mdash;together with Mr. Chamberlain and the Earl of Onslow,
+Under-Secretary of the Colonies. The official programme, published a few
+days before the date set for the Coronation, gave the details of the
+Royal procession on that and the following days. On June 26th, in
+passing from Buckingham Abbey, there were to be eight carriages
+containing the Royal visitors and members of the Royal family, the
+Prince and Princess of Wales and then the state coach with the King and
+Queen&mdash;having the Duke of Connaught riding to its right and a
+considerable staff and brilliant escort of Life Guards behind.</p>
+
+<p>The procession of the following day was to be essentially an Imperial
+pageant and was to pass over a popular city route. The Colonial portion
+came first on the programme, headed by Lieut.-General Sir A. Hunter, and
+with detachments of Canadian artillery and cavalry and Australian
+cavalry preceding a carriage containing Sir Wilfrid and Lady Laurier and
+Mr. and Mrs. Barton. Then followed carriages with Sir R. Bond and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span>Mr.
+and Mrs. Seddon, Sir Gordon and Miss Sprigg, Sir Albert and Miss Hime,
+Sir W. Ridgeway and Sir F. Grenfell, Sir W. Sendall, and Sir W.
+MacGregor, the Sultan of Perak and King Lewanika&mdash;each preceded or
+followed by detachments of New Zealand, Cape, Natal, Ceylon, Trinidad,
+Cyprus and other Colonial cavalry, in accordance with the country
+represented. Then was to come the Indian portion of the procession
+including varied detachments of Native cavalry, and with carriages
+containing the Maharajahs of Jaipur, Kolapore and Bikanur. Following
+these was to be a long line of British artillery and Aids-de-Camp to the
+King, representing the Volunteers, Yeomanry, Militia and Regular forces
+and the Marines. The Head-Quarters staff came next, then Field Marshals
+in the Army, Foreign naval and military attach&eacute;s, deputations of Foreign
+officers, then Indian Aides-de-Camp to the King&mdash;the Maharajahs of
+Gwalior, Gooch and Idur&mdash;and several members of the Royal family on
+horseback. Then came thirteen carriages containing Royal visitors,
+special Ambassadors and members of the Royal family, followed by special
+escorts of Colonial and Indian troops and Royal Horse Guards. The King
+and Queen were to come next, in a splendid state coach drawn by eight
+horses, with the Duke of Connaught riding on one side of them and the
+Prince of Wales on the other.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo48.jpg" width="300" height="408" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR HENRI E. TASCHEREAU, P.C.<br />
+Chief Justice of Canada, 1902-1906
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo49.jpg" width="300" height="406" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE HON. WILLIAM STEVENS FIELDING, D.C.L., M.P.<br />
+Finance Minister of Canada during King Edward's Reign
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo50.jpg" width="300" height="406" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE HON. RODOLPHE LEMIEUX. K.C., M.P.<br />
+Postmaster-General and Minister of Labour in Canada during King Edward's Reign
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo51.jpg" width="300" height="512" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF MINTO, P.C., G.C.M.G.<br />
+The King's Representative in India, 1905-10
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo52.jpg" width="300" height="472" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF ABERDEEN, K.T., G.C.M.G.<br />
+The King's Representative in Ireland, 1905-10
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3 padtop">THE KING'S PRELIMINARY WORK AND ILLNESS</p>
+
+<p>Some of the incidents connected with the Coronation as preliminaries
+were carried out by the King with apparent energy and in the midst of
+what were known to be very heavy labours. On May 30th His Majesty
+presented colours to the Irish Guards, received the Maharajah Sir Pertab
+Singh, held an investiture of the Garter in great state, visited
+Westminster Abbey to see the Coronation preparations, and gave a large
+dinner party. During the next three days he presented medals to the St.
+John Ambulance Brigade and held a Lev&eacute;e<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span> and investiture of the Bath. On
+June 4th he gave audiences to various Ministers, proceeded with the
+Queen to the Derby, gave a dinner to the Jockey Club and then joined the
+Queen at the Duchess of Devonshire's dance. On June 6th the King
+received the Indian Princes at Buckingham Palace and afterwards, with
+Queen Alexandra, held a stately Court function. Two days later the King
+and Royal family attended a service of thanksgiving for peace at St.
+Paul's Cathedral. Other incidents followed and on June 14th His Majesty,
+accompanied by Queen Alexandra, the Prince and Princess of Wales, the
+Duke and Duchess of Connaught, Princess Victoria and Princess Margaret,
+of Connaught, visited Aldershot to inspect the forty thousand troops
+which had been slowly gathering there for weeks. A stormy and wet day
+changed to brightness as the Royal party arrived and the town was found
+to be prettily decorated and filled with enthusiastic people. A great
+Tattoo was held in the evening with massed bands and myriad
+torch-lights, but with not very pleasant weather.</p>
+
+<p>On the following day it was announced in the <i>Times</i> that the King could
+not attend church owing to a slight attack of lumbago caused by a chill
+contracted the night before. Queen Alexandra attended the service,
+however, and in the afternoon visited several charitable institutions.
+Monday the 16th saw His Majesty still too much indisposed to take his
+part in reviewing the troops and this function was fulfilled by the
+Queen, accompanied by the Prince and Princess of Wales. In the afternoon
+the King and Queen returned to Windsor and in the evening His Majesty
+was able to be present at a dinner party in the Castle. On the following
+day the <i>Times</i> expressed editorial pleasure at the King's apparent
+recovery but urged caution and suggested that, despite the
+disappointment of the people, it might be better if Ascot were not
+visited by him on that day and the next but a substantial rest taken
+instead. The same idea seemed to occur to the Royal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span> physicians because
+not only was the visit to Ascot cancelled but also a long-expected visit
+to Eton which had been arranged for June 21st.</p>
+
+<p>Other functions were postponed or cancelled and it was announced that
+His Majesty was resting quietly and preparing himself for the essential
+and heavy functions of the Coronation week. Such was the apparent
+position of affairs in connection with this great event as massed
+myriads of people roamed the streets of London and the other and varied
+millions of the British Empire threw themselves into the final stages of
+preparation. Such was the position on June 21st when the Toronto
+<i>Globe</i>, in a very fitting editorial, embodied the popular feeling of
+Canada. It declared that on the following Thursday the historic Abbey of
+Westminster and the streets of London would see "the greatest ceremonial
+which our times have known"; that no King "ever ascended a throne with
+the more universal consent of the governed than does Edward VII."; and
+that the British people had never been fickle in their feelings toward
+him who was once Prince of Wales and was now King. "Their affection for
+him has never faltered and they will feel gratified on Thursday that the
+concluding ceremony of Coronation has fixed him firmly on the most
+glorious of earthly thrones".</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXII" id="CHAPTER_XXII"></a>CHAPTER XXII.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">The Illness of the King</p>
+
+
+<p>If the almost fatal sickness of the Prince of Wales in 1871 was
+historic, from the sympathy it evoked and the influence it wielded, that
+of the King in June 1902 was infinitely more memorable. At the latter
+period the attention of the whole civilized world was focussed upon the
+figure of the Sovereign who was about to be crowned amid scenes of
+unprecedented splendour; the press of the Empire and the United States
+was filled with the record of his movements; the representatives of the
+Courts of Europe had arrived or were arriving; the Prime Ministers of a
+dozen countries and the Governors of many other countries of his
+far-flung realm were in London; dense crowds were swarming through the
+streets of the gaily-decorated metropolis; the approaching day was being
+looked forward to by many millions of people in many lands as an
+evidence, in its successful splendour, of the power and prosperity of
+the Empire. Three days before the 26th of June the King and Queen
+Alexandra had arrived in London from Windsor and the Coronation
+festivities proper had commenced. His Majesty had looked well and had
+smiled and bowed freely to the welcoming multitudes along the line of
+route. Rumors of his having caught cold had prevailed, it is true, and
+in certain sensational quarters there had been statements as to serious
+illness and even allegations of paralysis.</p>
+
+<p>But the evidence of that drive through the cheering streets of London
+was deemed conclusive and during that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span> afternoon and the next morning
+the crowds increased and the excitement grew until sober-minded
+observers who had seen the celebrations of the Queen's Jubilee and the
+Diamond Jubilee and knew something of the millions then gathered
+together were dismayed at the prospect of the massed multitudes of
+Coronation day. It was at 12.45 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> on June 24th, when the streets were
+packed with moving, happy, holiday crowds and the decorations were
+nearing completion and their full effect and force becoming apparent to
+the on-lookers, that an official bulletin was posted at the Mansion
+House which seemed to reach every one in London at the same instant&mdash;so
+rapidly was the news spread. News that almost on the steps of the
+throne, within a day of the mightiest festival ever designed by human
+government and helped by a willing people, the King had been stricken
+down! It appeared incredible. The people of England and of the Empire
+were almost as dumb-founded as the masses on the streets of the
+Metropolis. But there was no way of getting beyond the simple words of
+the bulletin signed by Lord Lister, Sir Thomas Smith, Sir Francis
+Laking, Sir Thomas Barlow and Sir Frederick Treves: "The King is
+suffering from perityphlitis. His condition on Saturday was so
+satisfactory that it was hoped that with care His Majesty would be able
+to go through the ceremony. On Monday evening a recrudescence became
+manifest rendering a surgical operation necessary to-day."</p>
+
+<p>The trouble approximated to the disease known in the United States and
+Canada as appendicitis and was of a character which made certainty as to
+recovery quite impossible and left the widest scope for fears and
+discussion and speculation. It was analysed by Dr. Cyrus Edson, a
+well-known New York physician, as follows: "Perityphlitis is
+inflammation, including the formation of an abscess of the tissues
+around the vermiform appendix and hence it is very hard to distinguish
+from appendicitis. Usually an operation is necessary to ascertain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span>
+whether the appendix or the surrounding tissue is diseased." The King's
+physicians gave the public all the information they wisely could. The
+operation was performed by Sir Frederick Treves, the most eminent living
+surgeon in this connection, shortly after the first bulletin was issued
+and at six o'clock it was announced that "His Majesty continues to make
+satisfactory progress and has been much relieved by the operation." Five
+hours later the physicians stated that the King's condition was "as good
+as could be expected after so serious an operation." It would be some
+days, however, they added, before it would be possible to say he was out
+of danger. The doctors remained at Buckingham Palace all that night and
+but little news crept out from the silence surrounding the great pile of
+buildings to that stirring outer world which had grown so suddenly and
+strangely quiet.</p>
+
+<p>Following the startling announcement of the King's illness came the
+necessary statement that the Coronation ceremony was indefinitely
+postponed and the further intimation that the King himself had asked
+that celebrations in the Provinces outside London might be continued. In
+London, he had specified his wish, before the operation took place, that
+the dinner which was to be given to half-a-million of poor people should
+not be postponed and His Majesty had expressed keen sorrow, not at what
+he had already suffered himself or was likely to suffer, but at the
+disappointment which his people would everywhere feel. Gradually it came
+out that for over a week he had been ill; that the pain had been very
+great at times; that the physicians had acceded to his determination to
+go on with the ceremonies and the Coronation until longer delay in
+operation would have made the result fatal; that the King's one anxiety
+had been not to disappoint the millions who would be in London and the
+millions who would look on from abroad during the long-looked for event.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span></p><p>The story of the illness as it developed was made known by the <i>Lancet</i>
+on June 27th. It seems that on Friday June 13th His Majesty had gone
+through a particularly arduous day and next morning was attended by Sir
+Francis Laking who found him suffering from considerable abdominal
+discomfort. In the afternoon he felt better and went to Aldershot where
+the unfortunately wet and cold weather at the Tattoo caused a distinct
+revival of the trouble in the early morning accompanied by severe pain.
+Sir F. Laking was sent for and in turn telegraphed Sir Thomas Barlow. On
+the 15th, the Royal patient had a chilly fit but on Monday returned to
+Windsor and bore the journey well. Two days later he was seen by Sir
+Frederick Treves who found symptoms of perityphlitis. These, however,
+gradually disappeared and on Saturday, the 21st, His Majesty was
+believed to be on the road to rapid recovery and to be able to go
+through the Coronation ceremonies.</p>
+
+<p>"Sunday was uneventful. On Monday the King travelled from Windsor to
+London. Next day the necessity for an operation became clear." The
+<i>Lancet</i> gave no reason for this sudden change in condition and it may
+have been the excitement and strain of the drive through cheering masses
+of the London populace. "At ten o'clock Tuesday morning (24th) the
+urgency of an operation was explained to His Majesty. Recognizing that
+his ardent hope that the Coronation arrangements might not be upset must
+be disappointed he cheerfully resigned himself to the inevitable. Before
+the actual decision upon an operation was arrived at Sir Frederick
+Treves took the advice of two other sergeant-surgeons to the King, Lord
+Lister and Sir Thomas Smith. They, as well as Sir Thomas Barlow and Sir
+Francis Laking, came to the unanimous conclusion that no course but an
+operation was possible in all the circumstances. To delay would, in
+fact, be to allow His Majesty to risk his life." Such appears to have
+been the plain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span> statement of this serious incident. Following the
+operation the course of the disease was steadily towards recovery and
+without serious complications of any kind. Danger at first there was and
+neither physicians, nor family, nor the public could feel anything like
+assurance of recovery.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">PROGRESS TOWARDS RECOVERY</p>
+
+<p>The London <i>Times</i> went out of its way to warn the people against
+over-confidence in the result, and the bulletins were cautious in the
+extreme. On June 25th the King was said to have been very restless and
+without sleep during the early part of the night. He was, however, free
+from pain, and his five physicians declared that, under all the
+circumstances, he might be described as "progressing satisfactorily." On
+June 26th they reported His Majesty's condition as satisfactory, his
+strength as having been well maintained, and the wound as doing well.
+The reports of June 27th showed a normal temperature, no disquieting
+symptoms and, finally, a substantial improvement. On the next day the
+five physicians issued the following bulletin: "We are happy to be able
+to state that we consider His Majesty out of immediate danger. His
+general condition is satisfactory. The operation wound, however, still
+needs constant attention and such concern as attaches to His Majesty's
+case is connected with the wound. Under the most favourable condition
+His Majesty's recovery must of necessity be protracted." The bulletins
+thenceforward were regular in their statements of slow and steady
+improvement. On July 2d it was announced that the wound was beginning to
+heal; then only daily reports were issued; and finally, on July 13th,
+the Royal patient was taken by private train from Buckingham Palace to
+his yacht at Portsmouth and, during the next few weeks, while it was
+anchored or quietly cruising off Cowes, the King was steadily growing
+stronger and better.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span></p><p>The bare details of an illness such as this can give no idea of the
+burden of apprehension which it entailed upon millions of people, the
+financial losses which it meant to thousands of merchants and others in
+all parts of the world, the dislocation of a political, social, and
+general character which it involved in London, the consternation which
+it naturally caused in every centre in the Empire. The first effect of
+the King's illness was to create a new tie of sympathy between himself
+and his subjects. Human suffering borne so patiently during that week of
+concealed sickness and with such earnest determination to go through
+what must have come to appear the frightful ordeal of the Coronation
+appealed strongly to people everywhere in the Empire, while the
+externally dramatic passage from preparations for the greatest of
+national festivities down into the valley of the shadow of death came
+home to the hearts of every one with peculiar force. This was
+particularly apparent in Westminster Abbey where the last rehearsal of
+the great Coronation choir, in the presence of the Bishop of London and
+under the musical direction of Sir Frederick Bridge, was proceeding at
+noon on June 24th. Suddenly, Lord Esher entered and told the sad news to
+the Bishop, who, in a few words, turned the service of national
+rejoicing into one of solemn intercession. Everywhere there were similar
+services and similar sudden changes. Coronation day, despite the King's
+kindly wish that demonstrations and functions outside of London should
+proceed, was turned into a season of special service and prayer in Great
+Britain and in the many other countries of the Empire.</p>
+
+<p>A pathetic service was held in St. Paul's Cathedral on the evening of
+the announced illness, and the Bishop of Stepney spoke in most
+impressive terms. "As the days have passed, our thoughts and, I trust,
+our prayers have been centred in the King as he has moved to his
+Coronation watched by millions of eyes. Only yesterday we welcomed him
+to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span> London with heartfelt joy. All around us is the glamour of
+preparation for a splendid festival. The very air is vivid with the glow
+of popular enthusiasm. From all parts of the earth our brethren have
+come to rivet anew the links which bind them to our ancient Monarchy.
+And now come the tidings that this King is laid low with sickness and
+that the great day has been postponed. We are bewildered. We cannot
+realize, except in imagination, the dislocation of the life of a whole
+Empire." Meanwhile, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York had asked
+their clergy to hold intercessory services on June 26th, and Cardinal
+Vaughan, for his Church, had given similar orders. "The finger of God,"
+he wrote to his clergy, "has appeared in the midst of our national
+rejoicing and on the eve of what promised to be one of the most splendid
+pageants in English history. This is in order to call the thoughts of
+all men to Himself. The King's life is in danger. Danger being imminent,
+let us have immediate recourse to the Divine mercy and by public prayer
+seek His Majesty's recovery." The Chief Rabbi held special Jewish
+supplications and the Chairman of the Congregational Union of England
+and Wales telegraphed to Sir Francis Knollys their hope that it might
+please God to spare the King's valuable life so "that he may rule for
+many years over his devoted people."</p>
+
+<p>Telegrams of inquiry and sympathy poured into the Palace, the
+Departments of the Government, and the Guildhall, for days after the
+eventful incident of the operation. On the day that should have
+witnessed the stately splendour of the Coronation, St. Paul's Cathedral
+was the scene of a solemn service of intercession for the recovery of
+the King. The Bishops of London and Stepney, the Archdeacon of London
+and Canons Holland and Newbolt were the officiating clergy and with them
+were the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and a dozen other Bishops.
+The Lord Mayor of London was present officially and the Duke of
+Cambridge and Duke of Teck. So<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span> were the special missions of France,
+Spain, Germany, Mexico and other countries, the Hon. Whitelaw Reid and
+Mr. Choate, the American Ambassador. Lord Selborne, Lord Cadogan and Mr.
+Ritchie represented the Cabinet while the Premiers of Canada, Australia,
+Cape Colony, Natal, New Zealand, Western Australia, and South Australia,
+with the Sultan of Perak, the Rajah of Bobbili, Sir Jamesetjee
+Jejeebhoy, and others represented the Colonial and Indian Empire. A
+large number of the leaders in the public, social and general life of
+the country were also there. At the same time a similarly impressive
+service was held in Margaret's, Westminster, the official church of the
+House of Commons, attended by the Lord Chancellor and Speaker, the Duke
+and Duchess of Devonshire, Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman, Lord and Lady
+Londonderry, and many members of both Houses of Parliament. A multitude
+of other churches held intercessory services at home and abroad on this
+day&mdash;notably, perhaps, one arranged by the National Council of Free
+Churches and held in the City Temple. Orders were given by the heads of
+all kinds of denominations in all kinds of countries to pray for the
+King on the succeeding Sunday and, in most of the great Colonies of the
+Crown, that day was specially set apart for the purpose.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">EXPRESSIONS OF SYMPATHY</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, the messages continued to pour in from Governments as well as
+individuals or institutions. General Sir Neville Lyttelton for the Army
+in South Africa, Lord Hopetoun for the Government and people of
+Australia, Sir Edmund Barton, the Premier of Australia, the Legislature
+of New South Wales, the Governors of the other Australian States and New
+Zealand, the Governors of Fiji, Gambia, Cape Colony, Mauritius, Bermuda,
+Newfoundland, and Gibraltar, the Administrators of Sierra Leone,
+Seychelles, Ceylon, Hong-Kong and Wei-hai-Wei, the Governor of the
+Straits Settlements and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span> Premier of Natal sent despatches of
+sympathy and regret. In the United States much kindly feeling was
+expressed. Papers such as the New York <i>Commercial-Advertizer</i>,
+<i>Tribune</i> and <i>Post</i> were more than kindly and generous in their
+regrets; others were merely sensational. The President hastened to cable
+an expression of the nation's sentiments and, at Harvard University on
+June 25th, said: "Let me speak for all Americans when I say that we
+watch with the deepest concern and interest the sick-bed of the English
+King and that all Americans, in tendering their hearty sympathy to the
+people of Great Britain will now remember keenly the outburst of genuine
+grief with which all England last fall greeted the calamity which befell
+us in the death of President McKinley." Prayers were also offered up for
+His Majesty in the Senate and House of Representatives. Germany was
+largely silent in its press but outspoken and warmly sympathetic in the
+person of its Emperor. Austria was more than friendly and at Rome a
+Resolution passed unanimously through both Houses expressing earnest
+wishes for "the prompt recovery of the head of the State which has long
+been Italy's best friend." The French press was moderately sympathetic
+and dwelt upon King Edward's love of peace, while the leading Russian
+newspapers paid tribute to the same elements in his character and laid
+stress upon his high qualities as a man and a Sovereign.</p>
+
+<p>On the Sunday following the serious stage in the King's illness the
+metropolis was the scene of many special services. At Marlborough House
+Chapel, Queen Alexandra, the Prince and Princess of Wales and other
+members of the Royal family were present in the morning, together with a
+crowded gathering of members of the Court and old friends of His
+Majesty. Bishop Randall Davidson of Winchester preached a sermon of
+eloquent retrospect&mdash;a picture of the events of the past few days and
+weeks. Almost from his seat on a great throne their Sovereign had passed
+to a hushed sick-room; during a crowded<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span> week the people had passed from
+bouyant expectancy to crushing disappointment, from loyal admiration of
+a splendid occasion to personal sympathy with a stricken King. At the
+Chapel Royal the Bishop of London preached and drew a lesson of humility
+from the tragic event, while in St. Paul's Cathedral the Bishop of
+Stepney preached to an audience which included various Indian Chiefs and
+King Lewanika of Barotze. Mgr. Merry del Val, the Papal Envoy to the
+Coronation, addressed a gathering at the Brompton Oratory attended by
+Sir Wilfrid and Lady Laurier and Mr. Justice Girouard of Canada, Sir
+Nicholas O'Conor, British Ambassador at Constantinople, Lord Edmund
+Talbot, Lord Walter Kerr, first Sea Lord of the Admiralty, Lord Howard
+Glossop and Lord Clifford of Chudleigh. The Reverend Bernard Vaughan, at
+the Warwick Street Roman Catholic Church, dwelt upon the great loyalty
+of his people to the Throne and declared that much might and should be
+done by Roman Catholics "to build up and consolidate an Empire where
+every man could breathe the air of freedom, claim his share of justice
+and practice his religion in peace."</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the special incidents of the day were prayers for King Edward in
+all the principal towns of Greece as well as in the churches of Athens
+and prayers and sermons upon the subject in many of the churches of New
+York. On July 3rd Cape Town was brilliantly illuminated as an expression
+of pleasure at the King's recovery. Four days later the Prince and
+Princess of Wales visited Grey's Hospital and His Royal Highness in
+speaking to the institution, for which the King had done so much when
+Heir Apparent, referred to the occasion as the first on which he had
+been able to attempt an expression of the unbounded gratitude which they
+all felt for "the merciful recovery of my dear father, the King." He
+spoke of the important work undertaken by the Hospital and then
+proceeded: "I wish to take this first opportunity to say<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span> how His
+Majesty the King, the Queen, and whole of our family have been cheered
+and supported during a time of severe trial by the deep sympathy which
+has been displayed towards them from every part of the Empire. And I
+should like to say that we who have watched at the sick bed of the King
+fully realize how much, humanly speaking, is due to the eminent surgical
+and medical skill, as well as to the patient and highly-trained nursing
+which it has been His Majesty's good-fortune to enjoy".</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">The Coronation</p>
+
+
+<p>In the middle of July it was announced that the Royal patient had
+recovered sufficiently to be able to fix a date once more for the
+Coronation ceremony and that, with the advice of his physicians, August
+9th had been decided upon. Many of the events surrounding and connected
+with the central function originally proposed for June 26th had already
+taken place by special wish or consent of the King. Deeply regretting
+the disappointment of his people and keenly thoughtful, as he always had
+been, for the feelings and anticipations of others, His Majesty had
+specially ordered the carrying out of two incidents of the Coronation
+festivities upon the date arranged&mdash;the Dinner to the London poor and
+the publication of the Coronation honours. In both cases much
+disappointment would have followed delay though it would necessarily
+have been different in degree and effect. On June 26th, as already
+decided upon and expected, the Honour List was made public and the names
+of those whom the King desired to especially compliment were announced.
+The promotion of the Earl of Hopetoun to be Marquess of Linlithgow, was
+well deserved by his services as Governor-General of Australia and the
+creation of Lord Milner as a Viscount by his work in South Africa. A
+number might almost be called personal honours. Sir Francis Knollys, the
+veteran and efficient Private Secretary became Lord Knollys; Lord
+Rothschild and Sir Ernest Cassel, old friends of the King when Prince of
+Wales, were made members of the Privy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span> Council; Lord Colville of
+Culross, Chamberlain to the Queen Alexandra since 1873, was made a
+Viscount; Sir Francis Laking and Sir Frederick Treves, the well-known
+surgeons, and Sir Thomas Lipton, the King's yachting companion upon more
+than one occasion, were created baronets; the Earl of Clarendon, Lord
+Chamberlain to the King, and General the Right Hon. Sir Dighton Probyn,
+so long the faithful official of his Household, were given the G.C.B.;
+Viscount Esher was made a K.C.B. General H. R. H. the Duke of Connaught,
+brother of the King and Commanding the Forces in Ireland, was made a
+Field Marshal, and H. R. H. the Prince of Wales, was created a General.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">CORONATION HONOURS AND INCIDENTS</p>
+
+<p>In the more general list every rank and profession was represented&mdash;the
+Army and the Navy in honours conferred upon a large number of officers;
+Art in the creation of Sir Edward Poytner as baronet, and the knighting
+of Sir F. C. Burnand and Sir Ernest Waterlow; Literature in the
+knighting of Sir Conan Doyle, Sir Gilbert Parker and Sir Leslie Stephen;
+Medicine and Surgery in the same honour conferred upon Sir Halliday
+Croom, Sir Thomas Fraser, Sir H. G. Howse and Sir William Church;
+Science in the person of Sir Arthur Rucker; Music in that of Sir Charles
+Villiers Stanford; Architecture in that of Sir William Emerson; the
+Stage in that of Sir Charles Wyndham, The Colonies were amply honoured.
+Australia saw knighthoods bestowed upon Sir E. A. Stone, Sir J. L.
+Stirling, Sir Henry McLaurin, Sir A. J. Peacock, Sir Arthur Rutledge,
+Sir John See, Sir A. Thorpe-Douglas, Sir N. E. Lewis. In New Zealand,
+Captain Sir W. Russell-Russell and Sir J. L. Campbell received their
+knighthoods. Sir John Gordon Sprigg of Cape Colony, received a G.C.M.G.,
+as did Sir Edmund Barton of Australia. In Canada, Sir D. H. McMillan,
+Sir F. W. Borden and Sir William<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span> Mulock received the K.C.M.G. The King
+also announced the establishment of a new Order of Merit, restricted in
+numbers and for the purpose of special Royal recognition of
+distinguished and exceptional merit in the Army and Navy services, and
+in Art, Science and Literature. The first list of members included Lord
+Roberts, Lord Wolseley, Lord Kitchener, Lord Rayleigh, Lord Lister, Lord
+Kelvin, Admiral Sir Henry Keppel, Mr. John Morley, Mr. W. E. H. Lecky,
+Admiral Sir E. H. Seymour, Sir William Huggins and Mr. George Frederick
+Watts.</p>
+
+<p>A very important event connected with the Coronation&mdash;though not exactly
+a part of it&mdash;and which proceeded in spite of the King's illness, at his
+earnest desire, was the Colonial Conference composed of General Lord
+Grenfell, Sir J. W. Ridgeway, Sir W. J. Sendall and Sir William McGregor
+representing the lesser Colonies, Protectorates and Military posts and
+the Premiers of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Natal, Cape Colony and
+Newfoundland. It was called by Mr. Chamberlain, largely as a result of
+so many Colonial leaders being in London at this time, and partly
+because of negotiations between Australia and Canada looking to a
+discussion during the Coronation period of such questions as trade
+relations between the Commonwealth and the Dominion, the establishment
+of a fast mail service, the organization of a better steamship service
+between Canada and Australia, the establishment of a line of steamers
+from Australia to Canada <i>via</i> South Africa, and the position of the
+Pacific Cable scheme. The Conference met a few days after the King's
+illness was announced and proceeded to discuss these and other questions
+in secret session during the next few weeks.</p>
+
+<p>A great many of the functions surrounding and forming part of the
+Coronation festivities took place during the period immediately
+following the Coronation day, which was to have been, and these
+increased in number and brilliancy as the days<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span> of actual danger passed
+away. On June 26th it was determined not to disappoint the twelve
+hundred children from Orphanages and Homes who had been looking forward
+for many weeks to an entertainment promised them by the Prince and
+Princess of Wales in Marlborough House grounds. They were according
+received on that day and another twelve hundred on the succeeding day,
+and enjoyed their feasts and games to the uttermost. On July 1st, amid
+perfect weather, immense and enthusiastic crowds and in the presence of
+Queen Alexandra and the Prince and Princess of Wales, a parade of
+Colonial troops took place at the Horse Guards. The route was lined by
+Regular troops and the Colonial force of about two thousand men was
+headed by General Sir Henry Trotter and the Canadian Contingent. The
+Duke of Connaught commanded the whole and was supported by a brilliant
+staff.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen came first on the review ground accompanied by many members of
+the Royal family, and soon afterwards there appeared a glittering
+cavalcade headed by the Prince of Wales in general's uniform. With him
+were Lord Roberts, Commander-in-Chief, the Duke d'Aosta, the Crown
+Princes of Denmark, Greece, Sweden and Roumania, the Grand Duke of
+Hesse, Prince Nicholas and Prince Andrew of Greece, the Duke of
+Saxe-Coburg, Prince Akihitu Komatsu of Japan, Prince Christian and
+Prince Albert of Schleswig-Holstein and two Indian Princes. After the
+inspection the Prince of Wales personally conferred the Distinguished
+Service Order, the Victoria Cross, the Companionship of the Bath and the
+Distinguished Conduct Medal upon a number of Colonial officers and men
+who had won them in the South African War. The parade followed and men
+from Canada and Australia, New Zealand, Cape Colony and Natal, Ceylon,
+Cyprus and many other parts of the British world filed past the Queen
+and the Heir Apparent&mdash;special cheers greeting the gallant Sir Edward
+Brabant of Cape Colony. Well might the <i>Times</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span> in its description
+express the keen regret of all at the absence of the King, and then add:
+"Perhaps never in the whole history of the world has there been such a
+display of Empire power as was witnessed yesterday. Here we had men of
+every colour, creed, denomination and descent, all answering to the same
+word of command, all performing the same man&oelig;uvre, all animated with
+the single object of paying homage to the head of the greatest Empire
+the world has ever seen."</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, on June 30th, some fifteen hundred Colonial officers and men
+and one thousand Indian troops had embarked on special transports to see
+the great fleet at Spithead and to obtain an insight into that mighty
+naval power of England which the Coronation review was to have brought
+before the world once more. In the evening a multitude of bon-fires
+around the Kingdom, intended to celebrate the Coronation, were fired to
+mark the King's having passed the danger-point in his illness, and they
+afforded a most weird and striking effect. On the evening of July 1st a
+number of important festivities took place. At the Inner Temple the
+Colonial Premiers and distinguished visitors were banquetted. Amongst
+the guests were the Lord Chancellor, Mr. Chamberlain, Lord Cross, Lord
+Davy, Lord Macnaghten, Lord Lindley, Lord Knutsford, Lord Robertson, and
+Sir Edmund Barton of Australia, Sir John Forrest of Australia, Sir
+Robert Bond of Newfoundland, Sir Albert Hime of Natal, Sir West
+Ridgeway, General Sir Francis Grenfell, Sir W. J. Sendall, Sir John
+Carrington, Sir William MacGregor, Sir Julian Salomons, Mr. Justice
+Girouard of Canada, the Hon. Arthur Peters and Hon. F. W. G. Haultain.
+The Premiers of Australia, Newfoundland and Natal spoke and paid loyal
+tributes to the King and the Empire. In his speech Mr. Chamberlain
+referred to Sir Albert Hime's statement that the Colonies would be glad
+to join the Councils of the Motherland. "If that be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span> their feeling, I
+say&mdash;and I know I speak the view of the whole of the people of Great
+Britain&mdash;we shall welcome them. They have enjoyed all the privileges of
+the Empire; if they are now willing to take upon themselves their share
+of its responsibilities and its burdens we shall be only too glad of
+their support." The Canadian Dinner, to celebrate Dominion Day, was held
+the same evening; as was Lady Lansdowne's Reception. At the
+first-mentioned event, the speakers included Lord Strathcona, Sir
+Charles Tupper, the Hon. G. W. Ross, the Earl of Dundonald, Sir F. W.
+Borden, the Earl of Minto, the Duke of Argyll, Sir W. Mulock and Mr.
+Seddon.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">ROYAL AND COLONIAL FUNCTIONS</p>
+
+<p>Lady Lansdowne's function was given in the magnificent drawing-rooms of
+Lansdowne House in honour of the special Envoys to the Coronation and
+the Colonial and Indian guests of the King. Nearly all the Colonial
+Premiers were present at some period during the evening and the Crown
+Princes of Roumania, Sweden, Japan and Siam, Mgr. Merry del Val, King
+Lewanika, the Duke and Duchess d'Aosta, the Maharajahs of Gwalior,
+Jaipur, Kolapore, Bikanur, and Kuch Behar, Sir Pertab Singh, and Mr. and
+Mrs. Whitelaw Reid. The Ambassadors of France, Austria, Turkey, Spain,
+United States, Germany, Persia, Belgium and half the countries in the
+world were also in attendance on what had been originally intended to be
+a reception by the Foreign Secretary and his wife in honour of the
+Coronation. After the Dominion Day banquet Lord Strathcona also held a
+Reception in Piccadilly attended by a great gathering of Canadian and
+other Colonial celebrities.</p>
+
+<p>The Review of the Indian Coronation Contingent on July 2nd by the Queen
+and the Prince of Wales was a brilliant spectacle, the enthusiasm of the
+reception accorded the members of the Royal family as great as on the
+preceding<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span> day, the massed crowds even larger than on that occasion, the
+kaleidoscopic colour and glittering splendour of the scene even more
+marked. The ordinary incidents of the parade were much the same as in
+that of the day before but British officers from British countries were
+superseded by a staff of native Princes blazing with gems, while the
+white soldier in ordinary British uniform, with only an occasional
+contingent of Houssas, or Fiji troops, or some other dark-coloured
+Colonial subjects, were replaced by an Oriental combination of varied
+uniform and complex colours. They numbered twelve hundred strong and the
+Eastern side of the display was one which the stricken King&mdash;deeply
+sensitive to the Imperial significance of the Coronation as he
+was&mdash;would have greatly appreciated and understood. The <i>Times</i>
+description was an eloquent one: "To those sitting in the stands it
+appeared as if a great rich ornamental carpet of kaleidoscopic colour
+had been suddenly unrolled across the gravel of the parade-ground; a
+line of dazzling tints, before which the impressive grandeur of
+Household uniforms with attendant cuirasses, bear-skins, scarlet and
+bullion, dwarfed into insignificance. The front of the Asiatic line was
+crested with fluttering lance pennons, and beneath these flags were
+stalwart frames in vermillion, rich orange, purple-drab, French-grey,
+and gold-tipped navy-blue, dressed shoulder to shoulder, making a nether
+border of snow-white or orange breeching."</p>
+
+<p>One after another the representatives of famous Indian regiments passed
+by and no Roman Emperor, or conqueror of old, ever had such a triumphal
+gathering in victorious procession through his ancient capital as this
+which passed the windows of the room where the Emperor-King lay slowly
+verging toward recovery. Finally, they had all passed&mdash;Rajpoot, Sikh,
+Pathan, Afridi, Jat, Hazura, Gurkha, Dogra, Multani, Madrassee, Baluchi,
+Dekani&mdash;and, after a great cheer for the Emperor of India and to the
+strains of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span> National Anthem and personal cheering of another kind,
+the Queen and Princess of Wales drove from the grounds followed by the
+Prince and the rest of the Royal family.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening a ball was held at the Crystal Palace, the proceeds of
+which were to go to King Edward's Hospital Fund, as a sort of Coronation
+tribute to His Majesty's well-known interest in this subject. The
+function, which had been managed by Mrs. Arthur Paget, Lady Maud
+Wilbraham and others was a great success. During the same day Mr. W. H.
+Grenfell M.P. entertained the Colonial Premiers and visitors, on behalf
+of the British Empire League, at a water-party on the Thames and a
+luncheon at Taplow Court. The King's Dinner to the poor people of London
+took place on July 5th and constituted probably the most remarkable
+event of the kind in all history. A statistician estimated that six
+hundred thousand persons sat down at ninety miles of tables served by
+eighty thousand voluntary waiters. The cost of the occasion was about
+<i>&pound;</i>30,000 and how the guests enjoyed their substantial meal of meat,
+potatoes, bread, cheese, pudding, beer, lime-juice, chocolate,
+cigarettes and tobacco can be better imagined than stated. There were
+eight hundred separate feasts and eighteen thousand people entertaining
+the guests while thirteen members of the Royal family devoted themselves
+to representing the King and giving the pleasure of their presence to
+the crowded and happy multitudes.</p>
+
+<p>The day was beautiful, the arrangements, which had been so largely in
+the hands of Sir Thomas Lipton, were excellent, and the assistance
+abundant. The Coronation mugs gave tremendous pleasure and it would be a
+problem in psychology to say why the mere sight of Royalty should give
+the intense satisfaction which it unquestionably afforded the
+crowds&mdash;especially the women. Decorations were everywhere and the Prince
+and Princess of Wales drove in semi-state all through East London. The
+final climax to the day was the physicians'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span> announcement from the
+Palace that the King was out of danger. Princess Christian, the Duke and
+Duchess of Connaught, the Duke and Duchess of Fife, the Prince and
+Princess Charles of Denmark, the Duchess of Albany, the Duke and Duchess
+of Argyll did more than their duty in visiting the various points and
+giving the feasters a glimpse of those who represented, even indirectly,
+their Royal host. On the following day Lord Knollys wrote the Lord
+Mayor, by command of the King, expressing the greatest satisfaction at
+the success of the affair and at the energy, foresight and skill
+displayed by those who had taken it in hand. "I am further commanded",
+he wrote, "to repeat how sincerely His Majesty regretted his inability
+to be present at any of his dinners and how deeply also he has been
+touched by the loyal and kind feeling so universally displayed when the
+bulletin of yesterday morning was read at the various dining-places."</p>
+
+<p>On the following day and at various times and places in the succeeding
+weeks the Queen entertained thousands of young servants at tea. Mayors
+and other officials or prominent persons presided, and each guest, after
+listening to a musical programme, was sent away happy with a box of
+chocolate bearing Queen Alexandra's portrait in colours. A function of a
+different character was the great state dinner given by the Prince and
+Princess of Wales at St. James's Palace on July 8th in honour of the
+Colonial guests and visitors. The leading members of the suite during
+the late Empire tour were present together with the Countess of
+Hopetoun, the Earl and Countess of Onslow, the Earl and Countess of
+Minto, the Lord and Lady Lamington, the Lord and Lady Strathcona, Mrs.
+Chamberlain, Sir Wilfrid and Lady Laurier, Sir Edmund and Lady Barton,
+Mr. Seddon, Sir Gordon and Miss Sprigg, Sir Albert and Miss Hime, Sir R.
+Bond, Sir John and Lady Forrest, General Sir Edward Brabant, Sir W.
+Mulock, the Hon. Mr. Fielding and Hon. Mr. Paterson. During this week<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span>
+the Countess of Jersey gave three garden parties at Osterley Park in
+honour of the visitors, and Lady Howard de Walden entertained the
+Colonial and Indian dignitaries at a reception and concert on July 7th.
+Three days later the Queen opened the Imperial Coronation Bazaar which
+was held on behalf of the Ormonde St. Hospital for Sick Children. Her
+Majesty was accompanied by Princess Victoria, the Duke and Duchess of
+Connaught, the Princess Christian and other members of the Royal family,
+and the occasion was successful despite a storm of wind and rain. In the
+evening the Prince and Princess of Wales held a Reception of some nine
+hundred more or less distinguished people at St. James's Palace in
+honour of the Colonial visitors. Most of the members of the Royal family
+were present as well as Royal representatives of Roumania, Denmark,
+Greece and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and the Colonial Premiers and other
+officials or visitors from the outside Empire. It was a really brilliant
+function, delightful in its surroundings, decorations and illuminations,
+and elaborate in its final incident of supper. On the preceding day a
+detachment of troops from Australia and New Zealand, under arrangements
+made by Lord Carrington and the Duke of Argyll, visited Windsor Castle
+and were given luncheon in the town with the former nobleman as host.
+About the same time twelve thousand Kensington school-children were
+entertained under the auspices of Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll,
+and revelled in a pleasure such as had perhaps never come before to the
+most of them.</p>
+
+<p>There were various functions and incidents of interest in the second
+week following the postponed Coronation. One of the most picturesque
+scenes ever witnessed in London occurred on July 3rd, when the Fijian
+soldiers, who had come to the Empire capital for the great event, were
+being driven around the city. On reaching Buckingham Palace they
+expressed a wish to sing an intercessory hymn for the King. With their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</a></span>
+bare heads, legs and feet, their long and frizzy hair, their white
+cotton skirts and quaint tunics, they made a most unique appearance as
+they turned toward the Palace and chanted words of which the following
+is a rough translation:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The King is great, and noble, and good.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">May he find favour in the sight of the Ruler of Kings;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">May he wax strong and stay the tears of us all, for his people are sad.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mighty is the King and his people shall be glad."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Other parties of West African and Indian troops were driven up and
+cheered the bare walls of the Palace with fervour. The Duke of
+Connaught, and afterwards the Duke of Cambridge, visited the Indian
+troops at Hampton Court. On July 9th, Colonel Lord Binning and the
+officers and men of the Royal Horse Guards provided an entertainment for
+the Colonial contingents at the Albany Barracks. Entertainments for the
+Colonial Premiers were almost continuous. The Duke and Duchess of
+Westminster gave an afternoon party in their honour at Grosvenor House;
+Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach gave a garden party at the official residence of
+the Chancellor of the Exchequer; parties of the King's Indian guests
+were taken at different times by Lord Esher and Lord Churchill to see
+Windsor Castle; Sir Gilbert Parker gave a dinner in honour of the
+Premiers of Australia and Canada; Lady Wimborne gave a dinner and
+reception for the Colonial Premiers; the Constitutional Club on July 7th
+entertained the guests from the Colonies at a banquet presided over by
+the Duke of Marlborough. Sir Wilfrid Laurier, in the course of his
+speech, made a notable declaration: "The bond of the British Empire, let
+me tell you this my fellow-countrymen, and accept it from a man not of
+your own race, the bond of union of the British Empire is allegiance to
+the King without distinction of race or colour." The Primrose League in
+London entertained the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</a></span> visiting Premiers at a banquet; and the
+Fishmonger's Company did the same. An interesting incident was the visit
+of Mr. R. J. Seddon, Premier of New Zealand, and his wife and daughters
+to Windsor Castle whence, on July 3rd, they were driven to Frogmore
+Mausoleum and placed a wreath of lilies and rosebuds on the tomb of the
+Queen and on behalf of the people of New Zealand.</p>
+
+<p>The Empire Coronation banquet was the great event of these weeks in the
+way of dining and speaking, although Mr. Chamberlain's unfortunate
+accident and absence created a serious void. The Earl of Onslow
+presided, and amongst the speakers were Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the
+Maharajah of Kolapore, Sir Gordon Sprigg and Sir Edmund Barton. Earl
+Cromer and Lord Lansdowne, Lord Minto, Lord Kelvin and the Maharajahs of
+Bikanur and Cooch-Behar were also present together with a distinguished
+array of Colonial dignitaries.</p>
+
+<p>An event of historic importance occurred on July 11th when the Marquess
+of Salisbury waited upon the King and tendered his resignation of the
+post of Prime Minister. The fact that His Majesty was able to receive
+him and deal with the questions involved also served to indicate his
+progress toward recovery. Mr. A. J. Balfour was at once sent for and,
+after an interview with Mr. Chamberlain, accepted the task of forming a
+new Ministry. It had been pretty well understood that Lord Salisbury
+intended to resign when peace had come and the Coronation ceremonies
+were disposed of. Delay had naturally occurred owing to the King's
+illness, but His Majesty's progress toward recovery and the fact of the
+principal Coronation functions having been disposed of&mdash;outside of the
+event itself&mdash;induced the Premier to feel that he could now lay down his
+burdensome position. Mr. Balfour was received again by the King on July
+12th and a little later in the day General Lord Kitchener, after passing
+in triumphal procession through the streets of London on his return from
+South Africa, was also<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span> admitted into audience by the King and
+personally decorated from his couch with the special Coronation
+honour&mdash;the new Order of Merit. Lord Kitchener then dined with the
+Prince of Wales, as representing His Majesty, at St. James's Palace.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, the King had been winning golden opinions from all sorts and
+conditions of men. His plucky conduct at the beginning of the illness,
+his thoughtful consideration for others through every stage of its
+continuance, his evidently strong place in the hearts of his subjects,
+combined to increase the personal popularity of the Sovereign at home
+while enhancing or promoting respect for him abroad. As the New York
+<i>Tribune</i> put it on the day before the Coronation: "The King is showing
+himself 'every inch a King' in some of those respects which are most
+prized and cherished by all men of his race, and which unfailingly
+command admiration among all men and all races. Those are the qualities
+of unselfishness, and indomitable and uncomplaining pluck." He had
+struggled long and earnestly against the malady&mdash;not for his own sake,
+because safety and ease would have early been found in surrender to its
+natural course. When that became finally necessary, and recovery then
+succeeded the period of suspense, his whole desire seemed to be the
+re-assuring of the popular mind and the relieving of public
+inconvenience. On August 6th the King and Queen Alexandra had landed at
+Portsmouth from the Royal yacht and proceeded to London. The stations
+were profusely decorated, and dense crowds were awaiting their arrival
+in the capital. At the Metropolitan station the King walked easily to
+the end of the platform and to his carriage, helped the Queen to enter,
+and followed himself without any apparent difficulty. The route to
+Buckingham Palace was lined with great throngs of people, and His
+Majesty acknowledged the continuous cheering with a most cheerful
+expression and by frequently raising his hat. He was described as
+looking better than for a long time past&mdash;while the Queen appeared<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</a></span>
+positively radiant. On the evening of August 8th, the King issued an
+autograph message of thanks and appreciation to the nation, through the
+Home Secretary, couched in the following terms:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">To My People</span>:&mdash;On the eve of my Coronation, an event which I look
+upon as one of the most solemn and most important in my life, I am
+anxious to express to my people at home and in the Colonies and
+India, my heartfelt appreciation of the deep sympathy they have
+manifested towards me during the time my life was in such imminent
+danger.</p>
+
+<p>"The postponement of the ceremony, owing to my illness, caused, I
+fear, much inconvenience and trouble to all those who intended to
+celebrate it, but their disappointment was borne by them with
+admirable patience and temper.</p>
+
+<p>"The prayers of my people for my recovery were heard, and I now
+offer up my deepest gratitude to Divine Providence for having
+preserved my life and given me strength to fulfil the important
+duties which devolve upon me as Sovereign of this great Empire.</p>
+
+<p>EDWARD R. I."</p></div>
+
+<p>While this tactful and sympathetic letter was being written by the
+Sovereign, his people in London were preparing for the great event of
+the morrow. The streets were crowded with moving masses of people; the
+decorations, though not as numerous or imposing as in June, were
+nevertheless effective; the streets were illuminated to a considerable
+extent, and the stands were nearly all sold out of their seating
+capacity. During the afternoon the King walked in the grounds of
+Buckingham Palace and held an Investiture, at which he gave the Order of
+the Garter to the Dukes of Wellington and Sutherland and of the Thistle
+to the Duke of Roxburghe and the Earl of Haddington. A little later, he
+received in audience Ras MaRonnen, the Abyssinian Envoy. Two interesting
+announcements were also made at this time&mdash;that Lord Salisbury was
+unwell and would be unable to attend the Coronation, and that Bramwell
+Booth had been granted special permission by the King to appear at
+Westminster Abbey in Salvation Army<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[Pg 405]</a></span> garb. The first incident marked the
+closing of an era of statecraft; of an age marked by the name and fame
+of Queen Victoria and her Ministers. The other illustrated the tact of
+the Sovereign as it proved the existence of a religious toleration and
+equality characteristic of the new period in which the new reign was
+commencing.</p>
+
+<p>On August 9th the great ceremony finally took place. Though shorn of
+some of the International splendour of the first arrangements and
+without some of the military and naval glory which would have then
+surrounded the event its Imperial significance was in some respects
+enhanced and there was a deeper note in the festivities and an even more
+enthusiastic tone in the cheering than would have been possible on the
+26th of June. The solemn ceremony in the ancient Abbey&mdash;which had not
+been used or opened to the public since that final practice of the
+choir&mdash;was brilliant in all the colours and shadings and dresses and
+gems and uniforms of a Royal function while it presented that other and
+more sacred side which all the traditions and forms of the Coronation
+ceremony so clearly illustrate. The enthusiasm of the people in the
+streets can hardly be described but the spirit and thought and feeling
+were well summed up in the words of a Canadian poet&mdash;Jean Blewett:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Long live the King!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Long live the King who hath for his own<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The strongest sceptre the world has known,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The richest Crown and the highest Throne,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The staunchest hearts, and the heritage<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of a glorious past, whose every page<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Reads&mdash;loyalty, greatness, valour, might."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The day opened with brilliant promise and bright sunshine, but became
+overcast and gloomy by the time the Royal progress from the Palace had
+commenced. The crowds gathered early, and soon every seat in the many
+stands were filled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</a></span> with expectant and interested people who numbered in
+the end fully half a million. Picked troops, chiefly Household Cavalry
+and Colonial and Indian soldiers of the King, to the number of 30,000,
+guarded the route, with a picturesque line of white, black, brown and
+yellow men of many countries and varied uniforms. When the King and
+Queen appeared in their gorgeous state coach from out the gates of
+Buckingham Palace they were greeted with tremendous cheers from the
+multitude, and these cheers continued all along the way to the Abbey. In
+the Royal procession were the Prince and Princess of Wales with
+thirty-one other members of the Royal family. The Princess was beautiful
+in a long Court mantle of purple velvet trimmed with bands of gold and a
+minever cape fastened with hooks of gold over a dress of white satin
+embroidered in gold and jewelled with diamonds and pearls. Then followed
+Lord Knollys and Lord Wolseley and Admiral Seymour, Lord Kitchener and
+General Gaselee and Lord Roberts, with many other notabilities. The
+Indian Maharajahs, who acted as Aides-de-Camp to the King, were
+brilliant in red and white and brown and blue and gold and jewels.
+Immediately in front of the King was the Royal escort of Princes and
+Equerries with a body of Colonial and Indian troops. The arrival at the
+Abbey was marked by great enthusiasm in the massed multitudes
+surrounding the famous building and seated in the crimson-covered stands
+which had been built on every side.</p>
+
+<p>The scene in the interior was indescribable. The blend of many colours
+in costume mixed with the time-mellowed harmonies of shade and substance
+in the mighty structure, while the air was permeated with the solemn
+sounds of the recently sung Litany and the slowly pealing bells of loyal
+welcome. Around were the greatest men and noblest and most beautiful
+women of Great Britain, and in the stalls was a veritable roll-call of
+fame in a world-wide Empire. Lord<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span> Salisbury was practically the only
+British personage of historic repute who was not present while the
+veteran Duke of Cambridge appeared as one of the two living links
+present between the Coronation which had marked the beginning of the
+Victorian era and that which was now to illustrate the birth of a new
+period. Into this scene of splendour and revel of colour came the King
+and the state officials of his realm.</p>
+
+<p>The procession as it passed from the west door of the Abbey through the
+standing and brilliantly-garbed gathering was one of the most stately
+spectacles recorded in history. First came the Clergy of the Abbey in
+copes of brown shot with gold, the Archbishops in purple velvet and
+gold, the gorgeously-clad officers of the Orders of Knighthood, and the
+Heralds. Then came the Standard of Ireland, carried by the Right Hon.
+O'Conor Don, the Standard of Scotland by Mr. H. S. Wedderburn, the
+Standard of England by Mr. F. S. Dymoke and the Union Standard borne by
+the Duke of Wellington. Various great officials and nobles followed, the
+coronet of each borne by a beautifully dressed page. They included the
+Lord Privy Seal, the Lord President of the Council the Lord Chancellor
+of Ireland, the Lord Archbishop of York, the Lord High Chancellor, the
+Lord Archbishop of Canterbury. Then came the Earl of Gosford as Lord
+Chamberlain, Lord Harris carrying the Queen's regalia and the Duke of
+Roxburghe carrying Her Majesty's Crown. The Queen herself followed in
+robes of exquisite character and splendour and looking as only the most
+beautiful woman in England could look. On either side of her were the
+Bishops of Oxford and Norwich with five gentlemen-at-arms to the right
+and left of them and Her Majesty's train was borne by the Duchess of
+Buccleuch assisted by eight youthful personages of title or heirship to
+aristocratic position. The Ladies of the Bedchamber followed and then
+came the King's regalia, carried by the Earl of Carrington, the Duke of
+Argyll, the Earl of Loudoun, Lord Grey<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</a></span> de Ruthven, Viscount Wolseley,
+the Duke of Grafton and Earl Roberts.</p>
+
+<p>The next personage in this splendid procession of rich-robed noblemen
+and gorgeously-clad officials was the Lord Mayor of London and then came
+the Marquess of Cholmondeley, as Lord Great Chamberlain, the Duke of
+Abercorn as High Constable of Ireland, the Earl of Erroll as High
+Constable of Scotland, the Earl of Shrewsbury as Lord High Steward of
+Ireland, the Earl of Crawford as Lord High Steward of Scotland (Deputy
+to the Duke of Rothesay and Prince of Wales), the Duke of Norfolk as
+Earl Marshal of England, the Marquess of Londonderry carrying the Sword
+of State, and the Duke of Fife as Lord High Constable of England.
+Following these high officers of state came central figures in the
+procession&mdash;the Duke of Marlborough as Lord High Steward carrying St.
+Edward's ancient Crown, the Earl of Lucan carrying the Sceptre, and the
+Duke of Somerset bearing the Orb. The Bishop of Ely followed bearing the
+Patina, the Bishop of Winchester bearing the Chalice, the Bishop of
+London carrying the Bible and then, behind him came the Sovereign of the
+mighty little Islands and of an Empire girdling the world in power and
+wealth and service to civilization.</p>
+
+<p>His Majesty was clad in Royal crimson robes of state and wore the Order
+of the Garter. His train was borne by the Earl of Portarlington, the
+Duke of Leinster, the Marquess Conyngham, the Earl of Caledon and Lord
+Somers, with Viscount Torrington and Hon. P. A. Spencer, as Pages of
+Honour and Lord Suffield, Master of the Robes. On either side of the
+King walked the Bishop of Bath and Wells and the Bishop of Durham and
+beside them again ten gentlemen-at-arms. Following the bearers of the
+Royal train came Admiral Sir Michael Culme-Seymour, the Duke of
+Portland, General Lord Chelmsford, the Duke of Buccleuch, Earl
+Waldgrave, Lord<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span> Belper, various Lords-in-Waiting, Lord Knollys, Sir D.
+M. Probyn and Major-General Sir Arthur Ellis.</p>
+
+<p>The services and ceremonies in the Abbey were beautiful and impressive
+in the extreme. Enriched with a thousand years' traditions, moulded upon
+ancient forms of a sacred and essentially religious character,
+symbolizing and expressing a solemn compact between the Sovereign and
+his subjects, registering by forms of popular acceptance, homage and
+ecclesiastical ritual the final consecration of the King to the
+government of his nation, it was a ceremony of exceeding solemnity as
+well as of impressive splendour. The great Abbey had been transformed by
+tier above tier of seats, covered with blue and yellow velvet, and so
+arranged as to form one dazzling mass of brightness and colour when
+filled with the peers in their gorgeous robes and peeresses in their
+crimson velvet mantles, ermine capes and beautiful gowns. As the King
+and Queen entered the Abbey on this eventful day and moved toward their
+chairs the choir of trained voices sang with exquisite feeling and sound
+the anthem: "I was glad when they said unto me, we will go into the
+house of the Lord." The King at different times during the ceremonies
+was clad in vestments combining an ecclessiastical character with Royal
+magnificence. The dalmatic was a robe of cloth of gold, the stole was
+lined with crimson cloth and richly embroidered, the alb, or sleeveless
+tunic of fine cambric, was trimmed with beautiful lace. The whole effect
+was one of harmonized colour and splendour.</p>
+
+<p>After brief prayer, kneeling on faldstools in front of their chairs, the
+King and Queen took their seats and then the Archbishop of Canterbury
+turned north, south, east and west and, while the King stood, he said to
+the people: "Sirs, I here present unto you King Edward, the undoubted
+King of this Realm; wherefore all you who have come this day to do your
+homage, are you willing to do the same?" Ringing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span> acclamations of "God
+save the King," to the sound of trumpets strongly blown, greeted this
+part of the ceremony. The Bible, Patina, Chalice and Regalia were then
+borne to the Altar, and the Communion service of the Church of England
+proceeded with. Then followed the taking of the Coronation Oath, the
+Archbishop of Canterbury first asking His Majesty if he was willing to
+do so and receiving an affirmative reply. The questions and answers were
+as follows, the King holding a Bible in his hands:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Archbishop.</i> Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the
+people of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the
+Dominions thereto belonging, according to the statutes in
+Parliament agreed on and the respective laws and customs of the
+same?</p>
+
+<p><i>The King.</i> I solemnly promise to do so.</p>
+
+<p><i>Archbishop.</i> Will you to your power cause law and justice, in
+mercy, to be executed in all your judgments?</p>
+
+<p><i>The King.</i> I will.</p>
+
+<p><i>Archbishop.</i> Will you to the utmost of your power maintain the
+laws of God, the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant
+Reformed religion established by law? And will you maintain and
+preserve inviolably the Settlement of the Church of England and the
+doctrine, worship, discipline and government thereof as by law
+established in England? And will you preserve unto the Bishops and
+Clergy of England and to the Church therein committed to their
+charge, all such rights and privileges as by law do, or shall
+appertain to them or any of them?</p>
+
+<p><i>The King.</i> All this I promise to do.</p></div>
+
+<p>His Majesty, when he had said these words passed to the Altar, knelt
+down and with his hand on the Bible said: "The things which I have here
+before promised I will perform and keep. So help me God." After signing
+the Oath the King returned to his chair. A hymn, a prayer by the
+Archbishop and an anthem followed. Meanwhile His Majesty, after being
+relieved of his crimson robes by the Lord Great Chamberlain and of his
+cap of state, proceeded to King Edward's Chair, near the Altar and, and
+while four Knights of the Garter in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span> their magnificent robes and
+insignia&mdash;the Earl of Rosebery, Earl of Derby, Earl of Cadogan and Earl
+Spencer&mdash;held over him a Pall of golden Silk, the Archbishop, assisted
+by the Dean of Westminster, anointed him with holy oil on the crown of
+the head, on his breast and on his hands. His Grace of Canterbury
+concluded this part of the ceremony with the words: "And as Solomon was
+anointed King by Zadok the Priest and Nathan the Prophet, so be you
+anointed, blessed and consecrated King over this People whom the Lord
+your God hath given you to rule and govern. In the name of the Father,
+and the Son and the Holy Ghost, Amen." The King, after a brief prayer by
+the Archbishop then resumed his place in King Edward's Chair and was
+robed by the Dean of Westminster with cloth of gold and symbolic girdle.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subhead3">INCIDENTS OF THE CEREMONY</p>
+
+<p>Various typical or symbolic functions were then performed. The Lord
+Great Chamberlain touched the King's feet with a pair of golden spurs as
+constituting the ancient emblems of Knighthood; a Sword of State, with
+scabbard of purple velvet, was then handed with elaborate ceremony to
+the Archbishop who, after placing it upon the Altar and delivering a
+short prayer proffered it to His Majesty about whom it was girt by the
+Lord Great Chamberlain, His Grace of Canterbury giving the following
+injunction: "With this sword do justice, stop the growth of iniquity,
+protect the Holy Church of God, help and defend widows and orphans,
+restore the things that are going to decay, maintain the things that are
+restored, furnish and reform what is amiss and confirm what is in good
+order; that by doing these things you may be glorious in all virtue; and
+so faithfully serve our Lord Jesus Christ in this life that you may
+reign for ever with him in the life that is to come." The King then
+placed the Sword upon the Altar from which it was presently taken and
+held drawn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span> from the scabbard before him during the rest of the
+ceremony. The Dean of Westminster then invested His Majesty with the
+Armilla, or gold bracelets, and with the Imperial mantle of cloth of
+gold, while the Archbishop presented the Orb of Empire&mdash;a golden ball,
+made originally for Charles II. with a band covered with gems and a
+cross set in brilliants. As he did so His Grace said: "Receive this
+Imperial Robe and Orb; and the Lord your God endow you with knowledge
+and wisdom, with majesty and with power from on high; the Lord clothe
+you with the robe of righteousness and with the garments of salvation."</p>
+
+<p>The next incident was the placing of a gold ring&mdash;carried off by James
+II. in his flight, and afterwards recovered in Rome by George IV.&mdash;upon
+the fourth finger of the King's right hand with an Episcopal injunction
+to receive the ring as "the ensign of kingly dignity and of defence of
+the Catholic faith." Then came the presentation of the Sceptre by the
+Archbishop as the ensign of kingly power and justice, and the rod of
+equity and mercy, while the Duke of Newcastle as Hereditary Lord of the
+Manor of Worksop, had the privilege or right of placing a glove upon the
+King's hand. Following this came the central and most dramatic feature
+of the ceremonies&mdash;the placing of the Crown upon His Majesty's head by
+the Archbishop of Canterbury. As the action was performed the venerable
+Abbey shook with the acclamation of "God Save the King" while the
+trumpets blared and the scene, already brilliant with varied splendours,
+flashed in added beauty when the Peers and Peeresses put on their
+glittering coronets. A brief prayer and the presentation of a copy of
+the Bible by the Archbishop followed with a benediction ending in the
+words: "The Lord give you a fruitful country and healthful seasons;
+victorious fleets and armies and a quiet Empire; a faithful Senate, wise
+and upright Counsellors and magistrates, a loyal nobility and dutiful
+gentry; a pious and learned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span> and useful Clergy; an honest, industrious
+and obedient community."</p>
+
+<p>After the <i>Te Deum</i> was sung by the choir, His Majesty for the first
+time took his place upon the Throne surrounded by the leading officials,
+nobles and clergy, and listened to a brief exordium from the Archbishop,
+ending with the hope that God would "establish your Throne in
+righteousness that it may stand fast for evermore." Then came the
+impressive ceremony of Homage. First the Archbishop of Canterbury,
+kneeling in front of His Majesty with all the Bishops in their places,
+repeated an oath of allegiance. Then the Prince of Wales, taking off his
+coronet, knelt in front of the King and the other Princes of the blood
+royal knelt in their places and repeated the quaint medi&aelig;val formula in
+which they swore "to become your liege man of life and limb and of
+earthly worship, and faith and truth I will bear unto you, to live and
+die against all manner of Folks." At this point occurred an abbreviation
+of the ceremony as well as an <i>impromptu</i> change in the proceedings. As
+the Prince rose from his knees touched the Crown on his father's head
+and kissed his left cheek in the the formal manner prescribed, the King
+rose, threw his arms round his son's neck for a moment and then took his
+hand and shook it warmly. After the homage of the Heir Apparent each
+Peer of the realm should have followed the traditionary form in the
+order of his rank and touched the Crown and kissed the King's cheek.
+This was modified, however, so as to enable each grade of the nobility
+to perform the function through its representative of oldest patent&mdash;the
+Duke of Norfolk, the Marquess of Winchester, the Earl of Shrewsbury, the
+Viscount Hereford and the Baron de Ros. After this had been done the
+trumpets once more sounded their acclaims and the audience joined in
+shouting "God save King Edward."</p>
+
+<p>A short but stately ceremony of crowning the Queen then followed. The
+Archbishop of York officiated and four<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span> Peeresses upheld the Cloth of
+Gold over Her Majesty as she was anointed upon the head. A ring was
+placed upon her finger with a brief prayer, and a sceptre in her hand
+with the following words: "Grant unto this thy servant Alexandra, our
+Queen, that by the powerful and mild influence of her piety and virtue,
+she may adorn the high dignity which she hath obtained, through Jesus
+Christ our Lord." Her Majesty was then escorted from the Altar to her
+own Throne, bowing reverently to the King as she passed him to take her
+place.</p>
+
+<p>The King and Queen then passed to the Altar together, taking off their
+Crowns and kneeling on faldstools and His Majesty formally offered the
+Sacrament of Communion to the Archbishop. After thus indicating his
+headship of the National Church, the King returned with his Consort to
+their chairs and listened to some brief prayers. Thence they returned to
+the Altar, received Communion from the Archbishop of Canterbury and then
+passed into the Chapel of Edward the Confessor accompanied by a stately
+procession. There they were arrayed in Royal robes of purple and velvet,
+in place of the mantels previously worn, and passed with slow and
+stately dignity down the nave, out to their carriage and thence through
+masses of cheering people to Buckingham Palace.</p>
+
+<p>There were several incidents in connection with the Coronation
+ceremonies which deeply impressed the onlookers. One was the spontaneous
+and obvious sincerity of the King's affectionate greeting to his son.
+Another was the enfeebled condition of the aged Archbishop of
+Canterbury. With his massive frame, brilliant intellect, and piercing
+eyes Dr. Temple had lived a life of intense mental activity and
+religious zeal, but in these declining days the massive form had become
+bent and trembling, the memory and the eyes found difficulties in the
+solemn words of the service, and his shaking hands could hardly place
+the Crown upon the head of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span> King. But the latter's solicitude and
+anxious care to save the Primate any exertion, not absolutely essential,
+were marked and noticed by all that vast assemblage. The Royal patient
+was transformed, by kindly sympathy, into a guardian of the Archbishop's
+weakness. When tendering his homage as first of all the subjects of the
+King, the aged Primate almost fainted and was unable to rise from his
+knees until His Majesty assisted him. Prior to the actual Coronation,
+Mr. Edwin A. Abbey, R.A., who had been commissioned by the King to paint
+a picture of the historic scene, was allowed to take note of the
+surroundings. Another incident of the event was the presence of the
+Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz&mdash;placed by desire of Queen Alexandra in
+a seat at the exact spot which she had held during the Coronation of
+Queen Victoria.</p>
+
+<p>On the day following the great event a final bulletin was issued by Sir
+F. Laking and Sir F. Treves, which stated that "His Majesty bore the
+strain of the Coronation ceremony perfectly well, and experienced but
+little fatigue. The King has had a good night, and his condition is in
+every way satisfactory." Being Sunday, special services were held in the
+St. James's Chapel Royal, at St. Paul's Cathedral, in Marlborough House
+Chapel, and at St. Margaret's, Westminster. On Monday, a Royal message
+to the nation was made public through Mr. Balfour, the Prime Minister.
+Dated on Coronation Day, it described the Osborne House estate, on the
+Isle of Wight, as being the private property of the Sovereign, and
+expressed his wish to establish this once favourite residence of the
+late Queen as a National Convalescent Home for Officers of the Army and
+Navy&mdash;maintaining intact, however, the rooms which were in her late
+Majesty's personal occupation. "Having to spend a considerable part of
+the year in the capital of this Kingdom and in its neighbourhood, at
+Windsor, and having also strong home ties in the County of Norfolk,
+which have existed now for nearly forty years, the King feels he will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span>
+be unable to make adequate use of Osborne House as a Royal residence,
+and he accordingly has determined to offer the property in the Isle of
+Wight as a gift to the nation." Following the Coronation came multitudes
+of editorial comments upon the event, and one of the most concise and
+expressive was that of the London <i>Times</i>: "The significance of the
+Coronation ceremony on Saturday lay in its profound sincerity, as a
+solemn compact between the Sovereign and his subjects, ratified by oath,
+and blessed by the highest dignitaries of the National Church. It was a
+covenant between a free people, accustomed for long centuries to be
+governed according to statutes in Parliament agreed on, and their
+hereditary King, and a supplication from both to God that the King may
+be endowed with all princely virtues in the exercise of his great
+office. Though the details of the ceremony do not mean to us all they
+meant to our forefathers, the ceremony itself is a no less strong and
+enduring bond between the King and subjects. The most striking feature
+of the Coronation was that it was the first to be attended by the
+statesmen of self-governing Colonies, and by the feudatory Princes of
+India."</p>
+
+<p>With the event also came an Ode from Mr. Alfred Austin, entitled "The
+Crowning of Kingship." On August 11th the King held a Council at
+Buckingham Palace, attended by the retiring and new members of the
+Cabinet; invested many distinguished personages with their Coronation
+honours; and gave an audience to Sir Joseph Dimsdale, Lord Mayor of
+London, who presented the City's Coronation gift of $575,000 toward the
+King Edward Hospital Fund, in which His Majesty had so long taken so
+deep an interest and to which, on this occasion, there was contributed
+20,000 penny donations from the poorest quarters of London.</p>
+
+<p>Various functions of a Coronation character or connection ensued. On
+August 12th some 2000 Colonial troops who were present at the event, in
+a representative capacity,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[Pg 417]</a></span> from British dominions beyond the seas, were
+received by the King on the grounds of Buckingham Palace. Under the
+Royal canopy were the Queen and the children of the Prince of Wales, and
+in attendance were Earl Roberts, Lord Kitchener, Mr. Chamberlain and
+various Colonial Premiers, including Sir Wilfrid and Lady Laurier. After
+the march past, the King pinned a Victoria Cross on the breast of
+Sergeant Lawrence, and the Prince of Wales conferred Coronation medals
+upon the officers and men. His Majesty then addressed the troops as
+follows: "It has afforded me great pleasure to see you here to-day and
+to have the opportunity of expressing my high appreciation of your
+patriotism and the way you distinguished yourselves in South Africa. The
+services you have rendered the Mother-Country will never be forgotten by
+me, and they will, I am sure, cement more firmly than ever the union of
+our distant Colonies with the other parts of my great Empire."</p>
+
+<p>On the following day the Indian troops sent from the great Eastern realm
+to honour the Coronation of its Emperor were reviewed at the same place.
+His Majesty wore a jewelled sword which cost some $50,000, and had been
+presented to him on the previous day by the Maharajah of Jaipur. The
+scene was a most brilliant and picturesque one. The British notables
+present wore military or Lev&eacute;e dress; the great lawn of the Palace was a
+splendid spectacle in red, yellow, green and blue; the Eastern Princes
+were gorgeous in jewels and many-coloured raiment, and the little
+Princes Edward and Albert of Wales constituted themselves Aides of the
+King and brought several general officers up to have an audience. After
+the march past and the distribution of medals at the hands of the Prince
+of Wales, His Majesty addressed the troops in the following words: "I
+wish to convey to all ranks the high satisfaction it has given me to see
+this splendid contingent from India. I almost feared, owing to my
+serious illness, that I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[Pg 418]</a></span> would be prevented from having the advantage of
+seeing you, but I am glad to say that by God's mercy I am well again. I
+recognize among you many of the regiments I had the advantage of seeing
+at Delhi during my tour of India." During the next few days various
+minor functions took place, and the Colonial leaders especially were
+feasted and entertained in every possible way.</p>
+
+<p>On August 17th the final event occurred in connection with the
+Coronation. It was the mighty greeting of a great fleet to the Sovereign
+of a wide-flung realm. It was the inspection of a naval force which a
+generation before could have dominated the seas of the world and put all
+civilized nations under tribute. Gathered together from the Home
+Station, the Channel squadron and the Cruising squadron; without the
+detachment of a ship from foreign waters or Colonial stations, it
+included 20 battleships, 24 cruisers and 47 torpedo crafts, with an
+outer fringe of foreign vessels contributed in complimentary fashion to
+honour the occasion. From Spithead to the Isle of Wight the horizon was
+black with great grim vessels of war decked out with flags, and as the
+King's yacht approached the first line of ships, a hundred Royal salutes
+made a tremendous burst of sound such as probably the greatest
+battle-fields of history had never heard. As the King, in Admiral's
+uniform, stood upon the deck of his vessel and passed slowly down the
+lines, a signal given at a certain moment evoked one of the most
+impressive incidents which even he had ever encountered&mdash;a simultaneous
+roar of cheers from the powerful throats of 50,000 enthusiastic sailors.
+The sound rolled from shore to shore, and ship to ship, was echoed from
+100,000 spectators on land and sea, and repeated again from the
+battleships. The King was deeply moved by this crowning tribute of
+loyalty, and at once signaled his gratification to the fleet and an
+invitation to its flag officers to come aboard his yacht and receive a
+personal expression of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[Pg 419]</a></span> his feelings. In the evening electric and
+coloured lights of every kind and in countless number combined with
+flashing searchlights to illuminate the great fleet and to cast a
+glamour of fairy land over the splendid scene.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, in the morning, His Majesty had received on board his yacht
+the celebrated Boer Generals, Botha, De Wet and De la Rey. Afterwards,
+in company with Lord Kitchener and Earl Roberts they had returned to
+London greatly pleased with the cordiality of their reception and
+especially gratified at the kind manner of Queen Alexandra. Following
+the official Naval Review, the King on the next day visited the fleet in
+a stormy sea and watched it go through certain man&oelig;uvres of a
+practical kind before being dispersed to its different local stations.
+On his return to London he found the Shah of Persia a guest of the
+nation and awaiting formal reception at the hands of its Monarch. And
+thus King Edward took up again his unceasing round of duty and
+ceremonial and high responsibility. In the past year or two he had gone
+through every variety of emotional experience and official work and
+brilliant ceremony&mdash;his mother's death and the consequent mourning of a
+nation and empire; his own assumption of new and heavy duties; the
+special labours of an expectant period; the time of serious illness and
+the anxieties of complex responsibility to a world-wide public; the
+realization of his Coronation hopes; the change from an old to a new
+period stamped by the change in his national advisers and the presence
+of his Colonial Premiers. He now entered upon his further lifework, with
+chastened feelings in a personal sense but, it is safe to say, with high
+and brilliant hopes for the future of his own home country and its
+far-flung Empire.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[Pg 420]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXIV.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">The Reign of King Edward</p>
+
+
+<p>The history of this reign&mdash;not long in years&mdash;is yet crowded with
+events, rich in national and Imperial developments, conspicuous in the
+importance of its discussions and international controversies. The first
+brief months, which have been already reviewed, saw the completion of
+the memorable Empire tour of the new Prince of Wales and the settling
+down of Australia to a life of national unity and progress; the
+conclusion of the South African War and the beginning of an
+extraordinary process of unification which was in a few years to evolve
+the Union of South Africa; the almost spectacular incidents of the
+Coronation and the important proceedings of the Colonial Conference of
+1902. In July of this latter year the Marquess of Salisbury retired and
+was succeeded in the Premiership by his nephew, Arthur J. Balfour. To
+the King this meant the removal of a strong arm and powerful intellect
+and respected personality from his side and increased the importance of
+his own experience and <i>prestige</i> as a statesman.</p>
+
+<p>Something has already been said of the qualities with which King Edward
+entered upon his task and with which it was conducted to the moment when
+in passing to his rest he said: "It is all over, but I think I have done
+my duty." The unique feature of his career in a personal sense was his
+amazing popularity, the real affection with which every class in the
+great community of the British Isles regarded him. In the days of his
+unofficial labours as Prince of Wales, Lord Beaconsfield greatly
+esteemed him and Mr. Gladstone was "devotedly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[Pg 421]</a></span> attached" to him. At the
+latter's funeral the Prince went up to Mrs. Gladstone and in a spirit of
+spontaneous courtesy bent over her hand and kissed it with an air of
+sympathy so great as to be beyond the expression of words. It was little
+acts such as this that won unstinted liking for the man as well as
+loyalty to the King. It was this magnetism of the kindly heart, this
+instinctive courtesy of character, coupled with a remarkable dignity of
+bearing at the right moment and in the right place, and a rare memory
+for faces and incidents and peoples and places, that made King Edward so
+truly the Sovereign of his people. In this connection a religious orator
+of the Radical type in London&mdash;Rev. R. J. Campbell&mdash;told an audience in
+Toronto, Canada, on July 22, 1903, that "Queen Victoria is gone but her
+son remains and I would not exchange King Edward, with all the criticism
+that has been directed against him, for any Sovereign ruler on the face
+of the earth or any President of any Republic on either side of the
+water."</p>
+
+<p>Following the visit to Paris of this year, which paved the way for
+better relations in the future between Britain and France, the King made
+a successful tour of a part of Ireland&mdash;July 21st to August 1st&mdash;and
+impressed himself upon the mercurial temperament of the sons of Erin. In
+September came the memorable retirement of Mr. Chamberlain from the
+Balfour Government; his declaration of devotion to the new-old ideal of
+limited protective tariffs for the United Kingdom <i>plus</i> preferential
+duties in favour of the external Empire; the split in the Conservative
+party and the presentation of a great issue to the people which,
+however, was clouded over by other policies in either party and had not,
+up to the time of the King's death, won a clear presentation to the
+people as a whole. Mr. Chamberlain's letter to Mr. Balfour dated
+September 8th expressed regret that the all-important question of fiscal
+reform had been made a party issue by its opponents; recognised the
+present political force of the cry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[Pg 422]</a></span> against taxing food and the
+impossibility of immediately carrying his Preferential policy; suggested
+that the Government should limit their immediate advocacy to the
+assertion of greater fiscal freedom in foreign negotiations with a power
+of tariff retaliation, when necessary, as a weapon; and declared his own
+intention to stand aside, with absolute loyalty to the Government in
+their general policy but in an independent position, and with the
+intention of "devoting myself to the work of explaining and popularizing
+those principles of Imperial union which my experience has convinced me
+are essential to our future welfare and prosperity." In his reply the
+Premier paid high tribute to Mr. Chamberlain's services to the Empire,
+sympathized personally with his Imperial ideals and agreed with him that
+the time was not ripe for the Government or the country to go to the
+extreme length of his Preferential policy.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Chamberlain's action and policy gave a thrill of pleasant
+hopefulness to Imperialists everywhere; it stirred up innumerable
+comments in the British, Colonial and Foreign press; it made Germany
+pause in a system of fiscal retaliation and tariff war into which she
+had intended to enter with Canada&mdash;and with Australia and South Africa
+if they presumed to grant a tariff preference to Britain. Meanwhile, the
+King had suffered the loss, a personal as well as national one, of Lord
+Salisbury's retirement from office and his death not long afterwards;
+the Balfour-Chamberlain Government had struggled along until the Tariff
+Reform movement, as above described, broke in upon and dissipated the
+party's unanimity of opinion and uniformity of action; a long series of
+Liberal victories at bye-elections reduced the Conservative majority
+from 134 as it was in 1900 to 69 in November, 1905; Mr. Balfour, in his
+Newcastle speech of November 14th, defined his fiscal policy as (1)
+Retaliation with a view to compelling the removal of some of the
+restrictions <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</a></span>in Foreign markets and (2) the calling of a Conference of
+Empire leaders to arrange, if possible, a closer commercial union of the
+Empire. As to himself he had never been and was not now "a
+protectionist." In December he resigned and the King called on Sir H.
+Campbell-Bannerman, the Liberal Leader in the Commons, to form a
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>A general election followed in which the Liberals swept the great towns
+of the country&mdash;excluding London and Birmingham&mdash;and came back with the
+largest majority in modern English history; the total of the Labour,
+Home Rule, Liberal and Radical majority being 376 over the supporters of
+Tariff Reform. The result, however, evoked on February 14, 1906, a
+declaration from Mr. Balfour in favour of "a moderate general tariff on
+manufactured goods and the imposition of a small duty on Foreign corn,"
+and this united the Conservative or Unionist party with the exception of
+about sixteen Free-trade members who still followed the Duke of
+Devonshire. The rise of the Labour Party began at this election; the
+serious illness of Mr. Chamberlain followed and hampered Conservative
+work and progress; the retirement of the Premier took place early in
+1908 and, on April of that year, the King called on Mr. Asquith to form
+the Ministry which carried its election in 1910 by so small a Liberal
+majority. The reconstruction of 1908 was notable for the rise or
+promotion of the fighting, aggressive, youthful elements in the new
+Liberalism&mdash;men like David Lloyd-George, Winston Churchill and Reginald
+McKenna. There followed the establishment of Old-Age Pensions at an
+initial expenditure of $40,000,000 a year; the prolonged and ultimately
+successful struggle to increase the taxation upon landed interests,
+property, and invested income by means of the much-discussed Budget of
+1909; the natural resentment of the Lords, the Conservatives, and many
+who were neither&mdash;as illustrated in the subsequent wiping out of the
+Liberal majority in England itself; the constitutional<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[Pg 424]</a></span> issue which the
+Liberals so cleverly forced to the front with the House of Lords as
+their chief antagonists and which relegated Tariff Reform temporarily to
+the background; the prolonged period in which King Edward took minute
+and anxious and personal interest in the question.</p>
+
+<p>There can be no doubt as to this interest or as to the natural and valid
+reasons for it. A House of Lords, either abolished or existing without
+power in the constitution, would leave no check upon the Commons except
+the King and this might be bad for both the Commons and the Sovereign.
+Over and over again in English history the people have reversed the
+action or vote of the Commons but if this was ever to be done in future
+it could only be through the interjection of the King's veto, and the
+bringing of the Crown into the hurly-burly of party struggle. This would
+be the very thing which all parties had hitherto endeavoured to prevent
+and for at least seventy years had been successful in preventing. Then
+came the general elections of 1909-10, with their continual query as to
+what the King would do if the Liberals did win. Would he accept the
+Government's policy and the proposed Commons legislation as to the Lords
+and thus take an active part in the destruction of one portion of the
+constitution which he was pledged to guard&mdash;through and by means of the
+creation of hundreds of peers to swamp the Conservative vote in that
+House? Or would he take the situation boldly in hand and insist on
+another election with this question of practical abolition of the Lords
+as the distinct issue before the people? It was little wonder that His
+Majesty's physicians should declare after his death that the political
+situation had been one of its causes! It must be remembered that in all
+countries the Upper House and the aristocracy are natural and
+inevitable, if not necessary, adjuncts to and supporters of a Throne.
+Where, as in Britain, that House and that aristocracy have upon the
+whole much to be proud of in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[Pg 425]</a></span> personal achievement, much to be credited
+with in social legislation and still more to be approved of in the
+individual public work of its Salisburys, Roseberys, Devonshires, and a
+multitude of other historic personalities with, also, a close and vital
+interest in the country through large landed responsibilities, the
+situation can readily be appreciated. Not that the Monarchy was an issue
+in itself; but there can be no doubt, despite such speeches as the
+following quotation from Mr. Winston Churchill's address at Southport on
+December 8, 1909, that King Edward felt the danger of weakening his
+immediate, natural and fitting environment of (with certain exceptions)
+an energetic and patriotic aristocracy surrounding a popular Throne:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"There is no difficulty in vindicating the principle of a
+hereditary monarchy. The experience of every country and of all the
+ages show the profound wisdom which places the supreme leadership
+of the state beyond the reach of private ambition and above the
+shocks and changes of party strife. And, further, let it not be
+forgotten that we live under a limited and constitutional monarch.
+The Sovereign reigns but does not govern; that is a maxim we were
+all taught out of our school-books. The British monarchy has no
+interests divergent from those of the British people. It enshrines
+only those ideas and causes upon which the whole British people are
+united. It is based upon the abiding and prevailing interests of
+the nation and thus, through all the swift changes of the last
+hundred years, through all the wide developments of a democratic
+state, the English monarchy has become the most secure, as it is
+the most ancient and the most glorious monarchy in the whole of
+Christendom."</p></div>
+
+<p>While all this political change and controversy was going on the King
+was performing a multitude of personal and social and State duties.
+There was always the vast amount of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[Pg 426]</a></span> detailed study of current
+documents&mdash;all of which he looked into before signing as had Queen
+Victoria before him; there was the strenuous and incessant round of
+State functions including the reception of visiting Sovereigns and
+ambassadors, and special deputations, visits to cities and towns and the
+private houses of his greater subjects, State dinners to men and women
+of every school of thought and life in its higher branches, frequent
+trips to the Continent and continuous conferences with public men. In
+this connection it is interesting to note that just before the General
+Elections&mdash;towards the close of 1909&mdash;he did what no Sovereign had done
+for many a long year and did it not only without criticism but with
+public approval when he called Lord Lansdowne, Lord Rosebery and Mr.
+Balfour into quiet conference regarding the political situation. How
+many others of all parties he may have invited to similar discussions in
+the privacy of Buckingham or Windsor only such a personage as his
+faithful and old-time Secretary, Lord Knollys, really knows. Military
+and Naval reviews were amongst the more important general functions of
+these years coupled with gracious and conciliatory visits to Ireland in
+1904 and 1907. In this latter year he reviewed a magnificent fleet of
+warships at Portsmouth eleven miles long, headed by the first of the
+Dreadnaughts, and manned by 35,000 officers and men. Upon another
+occasion in 1909, the greatest fleet ever gathered together in any
+waters in the history of the world was also reviewed by His Majesty as,
+perhaps, a comment on the recently revealed crisis caused by German
+Naval construction. As to this the King was intensely concerned and we
+can safely assume that if one cause of his latter ill-health was
+political worry another cause may well have been the Naval rivalry of a
+Power which boasted 4,000,000 of a trained Army to Britain's 250,000
+men.</p>
+
+<p>With all these varied home duties and his many diplomatic efforts King
+Edward never forgot his own external<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[Pg 427]</a></span> Empire, never overlooked his vast
+interests overseas. To India in 1908 had gone a vivid and statesmanlike
+Royal Message, on November 2d, which recalled to the minds of its
+Princes and peoples their fifty years of progress under the Crown, the
+obligations which they were under to the liberty-loving rule of Britain,
+and the pride of their Emperor in governing so vast a congeries of races
+and interests. To them also in 1906 he had sent the Prince and Princess
+of Wales in a tour which repeated his own triumphs of 1876. To South
+Africa, upon frequent and appropriate occasions, came expressions of the
+King's interest in the people's welfare, in their strivings for unity,
+in their efforts to retrieve the misfortunes of war. It was King
+Edward's Imperial policy that dictated the sending of the Prince of
+Wales to open the first Parliament of the Union of South Africa&mdash;a
+policy which his own death rendered impossible&mdash;as curiously enough, it
+had been Queen Victoria's last public duty to send the Duke of
+Cornwall&mdash;as he then was&mdash;to open the first Parliament of the Australian
+Commonwealth. It was the King who sent the Duke of Connaught to visit
+East Africa in 1906 and Prince Arthur of Connaught to return from Japan
+<i>via</i> Canada in the same year. To the people of Australia Lord
+Northcote, the new Governor-General, on January 28, 1904, conveyed a
+Royal Message of greeting and then proceeded to say that: "Every
+constitutional process having for its object the linking together of the
+different component parts of this great Empire is sure to be
+sympathetically regarded by our Sovereign and I know his hope is that
+his people who live outside the narrow seas of Great Britain may believe
+that His Majesty regards them primarily, not as inhabitants of colonies
+or dependencies of the Mother-country, but as equally valued component
+parts of one mighty nation."</p>
+
+<p>As to Canada and King Edward much might be said. On July 22, 1905,
+His Majesty was at Bisley and presented the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[Pg 428]</a></span> Kolapore Cup to the
+proud Canadian team which had won it and to whose Commander,
+Lieutenant-Colonel A. G. Hesslein, a few kind and tactful words were
+addressed. About the same time it was announced that the London Hospital
+Fund in which the King had for many years taken a deep personal
+interest, and in the maintenance of which he was really the chief power,
+had received a gift of $1,000,000 from Lord Mount Stephen of Canadian
+Pacific Railway fame. In 1906 His Majesty showed special interest in
+Canadian affairs. A cablegram through Lord Elgin, on January 2d,
+expressed the King's regret at the sudden death of the Honorable R.
+Prefontaine; he received Canadian delegates to the Empire Commercial
+Congress at Windsor on July 13th, when Sir D. H. McMillan, Sir Sandford
+Fleming, Messrs. R. Wilson-Smith, G. E. Drummond, F. H. Mathewson, J. F.
+Ellis and W. F. Cockshutt were presented; a deputation of Indian chiefs
+from British Columbia was received by him on August 13th and submitted
+an address and a petition; a number of shire-horses were lent by His
+Majesty in the autumn for exhibition at Toronto and as a proof of his
+interest in that branch of Canadian development. But the chief event of
+the year in this respect was Canada's invitation to the King, and Queen
+Alexandra, to pay the country and its people a visit. In the House of
+Commons on April 18th, the Hon. N. A. Belcourt, seconded by Mr. W. B.
+Northrup, moved a Resolution expressive of Canadian loyalty and devotion
+to the King's person and of the hope that His Majesty and the Queen
+would be pleased to visit Canada at such time as might be found possible
+and convenient.</p>
+
+<p>In his short speech the Prime Minister laid stress upon the King's
+personal qualities and his work in the cause of peace. Sir Wilfrid
+Laurier then made a reference which was probably of more consequence in
+the final decision than was supposed at the time, "I believe it is the
+opinion of all who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[Pg 429]</a></span> sit in this House that if the King were to visit
+Canada&mdash;and he could not visit Canada without visiting the United States
+also&mdash;the effect would be to bring more closely together than they are
+at the present time&mdash;and they are more so than ever before&mdash;the two
+great branches of the Anglo-Saxon race on both sides of the Atlantic."
+This additional suggestion involved tremendous considerations of travel,
+functions, ceremonial, time, and responsibility. After being spoken to
+by men of such opposite opinions as Colonel S. Hughes and Mr. H.
+Bourassa, as well as warmly endorsed by the Opposition Leader, the
+Resolution was passed unanimously, as it was later in the Senate. All
+the Provincial Legislatures, then in session, joined in this invitation,
+while centres such as Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, Quebec, Three
+Rivers, St. Hyacinthe, Valleyfield, Hamilton, London, Guelph, Woodstock,
+Halifax, Sydney, St. John, Fredericton, Regina, Calgary, Vancouver,
+Victoria and about forty others warmly endorsed the request; as did
+every newspaper of standing in Canada. In reply Lord Elgin, Colonial
+Secretary, under date of July 7th wrote a long despatch to the
+Governor-General in which he expressed the King's appreciation of the
+invitation, his pleasant memories of the Royal visit to Canada in 1860,
+and his comprehension of the wonderful growth of the country since that
+time, and continued:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I need scarcely remind Your Lordship of two circumstances which
+must not be overlooked in the consideration of these proposals. In
+the first place the current business of the Empire, which is
+continuous and incessant, imposes a heavy tax on the time and
+strength of its Sovereign and it is well known that the absence of
+His Majesty from this country for any length of time is difficult,
+if not impossible except under very definite limitations and
+restrictions; even when considerations of health and the need for
+comparative rest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[Pg 430]</a></span> can render it expedient. In the second place it
+must be remembered that there can be practically no limits within
+the habitable globe of the distance which must be traveled to reach
+all parts of the British Empire and that it would be very difficult
+to visit one important part and decline to visit the other. In
+spite of the many and strong inducements which prompt him to
+gratify the loyal wishes of his Canadian subjects, I am to say that
+the King feels unable at present to entertain the idea of a journey
+to Canada."</p></div>
+
+<p>It would be quite impossible to indicate here the great regret expressed
+by the Canadian press, and the people generally, at this result of the
+invitation. Many reasons were adduced, other than those given in the
+despatch, and including diplomatic requirements in Europe, Royal visits
+and delicate negotiations then pending, Eastern troubles and
+complications, Australian jealousy if omitted from such a tour, as well
+as the difficulties involved in any possible visit to the United States.
+During the year a full-length portrait of the King was received at
+Government House, Ottawa, painted by Luke Fildes, R.A., and the
+portraits of the King and Queen, specially painted by J. Colin Forbes,
+the Canadian artist, were also received and hung in the Parliament
+Houses. In 1907 King Edward visited the Canadian pavilion at the Dublin
+Exhibition of that year and inspected its exhibits while Queen Alexandra
+accepted from one of the Departments the gift of a rug made by
+French-Canadian women. In the next year much practical appreciation was
+shown in Canada of His Majesty's special arrangement under which the
+"Life and Letters of Queen Victoria" was offered for sale at a low
+popular price; a Royal cablegram of sympathy was sent to the sufferers
+by the Fernie (B. C.) fire; the Edward Medal, established by the King
+for the recognition of courage in saving or trying to save life in
+quarries or mines, was extended to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[Pg 431]</a></span> Canada and all parts of the Empire.
+In the last year of his reign the King's third Derby victory was a
+popular one in Canada and throughout the Empire and his establishment of
+a Police Medal for the recognition of "exceptional service, heroism or
+devotion to duty" was also applied to Canada and all the British
+Dominions. During the year His Majesty presented a gift of money to T.
+L. Wood, a blacksmith at Port Elgin, N. S., and accepted a horse-shoe of
+exquisite workmanship which had been wrought by him while lying on a
+sick-bed; visited and praised the exhibition of British Columbia fruit
+at Islington on December 6th.</p>
+
+<p>On October 21, 1909, a Tuberculosis Institute, established at Montreal
+by Lieutenant-Colonel J. H. Burland, was opened by the King through
+special electric communication between the Library of West Dean Park,
+Colchester, where he was staying, and the Institute at Montreal, with a
+cablegram which read as follows: "I have much pleasure in declaring the
+Royal Edward Institute at Montreal now open. The means by which I make
+this declaration testifies to the power of modern science and I am
+confident that the future history of the Institute will afford equally
+striking testimony to the beneficent results of that power when applied
+to the conquest of disease and the relief of human suffering. I shall
+always take a lively interest in the Institute and I pray that the
+blessing of the Almighty may rest upon all those who work in and for it
+and also upon those for whom it works. Edward R. &amp; I." On November 20th
+His Majesty sent a personal despatch to Sir Wilfrid Laurier in the
+following terms: "Let me express my hearty congratulations to you on the
+anniversary of your birthday. I hope you will be spared for many years
+to come to serve the Crown and Empire, Edward." The Premier replied with
+an expression of "humble duty and deep gratitude."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[Pg 432]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXV" id="CHAPTER_XXV"></a>CHAPTER XXV.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">The King as a Diplomatist and Peace-Maker.</p>
+
+
+<p>In the olden days Kings used to very often be their own Generals; in
+these modern times King Edward has set an example by means of which they
+may well be their own Ambassadors. He had every qualification of
+capacity, intellect and trained experience to serve him in such
+conditions. If Queen Victoria, remaining very largely at home, could
+wield an immense and undoubted personal influence in Europe, partly
+because of an ability which made the late Lord Tennyson describe her as
+"the greatest statesman in Europe" and the Earl of Rosebery say that in
+matters of foreign policy she advised her Minister of Foreign Affairs
+more then he advised her,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> how much more was King Edward entitled to
+personal <i>prestige</i> in Europe and fitted for diplomatic work amongst its
+rulers. His Royal Mother had known many Sovereigns and seen many Kings
+and statesmen come and go; he had also met and known many of them more
+intimately than she could possibly do in the semi-seclusion of her quiet
+Court. He was uncle to the German Emperor, the mother of the Russian
+Czar was Queen Alexandra's sister, the King of Norway was a son of Queen
+Alexandra's brother the King of Denmark, the King of Spain was married
+to his niece and King George of Greece was his wife's brother. Even more
+important were the friendships which, as Prince of Wales, the King had
+made in all the Courts of Europe, the statesmen whom he knew like a
+book, the policies of which he understood the origin and every detail of
+development.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[Pg 433]</a></span></p><p>In 1902 King Edward had received the German Emperor in England and had
+entertained other visiting monarchs and statesmen and diplomats. Early
+in 1903 he visited Rome, was received by His Holiness, the Pope, and by
+the King of Italy, and managed the difficult situation of the moment
+with a delicacy and tact which prevented even a hint of unpleasantness;
+and served to greatly increase the traditional friendship of Italy and
+Britain while sending a glow of appreciation throughout the Roman
+Catholic world which lives under the British flag, and helping to settle
+troubles which had arisen in Malta between the Government and the
+Italian residents. A little later he was in Portugal and proved a prime
+factor in promoting an understanding in Lisbon which substantially
+facilitated arrangements at far-away Delagoa Bay which, in turn, were of
+great advantage to South Africa. Then, on May 1st, came his famous visit
+to Paris and the commencement of an era of new and better feeling. It
+was not an easy task or one entirely without risk. French sentiment had
+been greatly excited during the South African war, the Parisian populace
+had not been friendly to Britain, the press had, at times, been grossly
+abusive and relations were undoubtedly strained. Through all the formal
+ceremonies of this visit, however, the King showed his usual tact and
+powers of conciliation. A difficult situation was successfully met;
+ill-feeling engendered by the misrepresentations of the War period were
+greatly ameliorated; the friendly settlement of controversial questions
+rendered probable. In his speech to the British Chamber of Commerce in
+Paris, on May 1st, His Majesty touched the key-note of the visit:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"A Divine Providence has designed that France should be our near
+neighbour and I hope always a dear friend. There are no two
+countries in the world whose mutual prosperity is more dependent
+upon each other. There may have been misunderstandings and causes
+of dissension in the past but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[Pg 434]</a></span> all such differences are, I believe,
+happily removed and forgotten, and I trust that the friendship and
+admiration which we all feel for the French nation and their
+glorious traditions may in the near future develop into a sentiment
+of the warmest affection and attachments between the peoples of the
+two countries. The achievement of this aim is my constant desire."</p></div>
+
+<p>Such an incident, followed by the cordial expressions of the French
+press and by a visible <i>rapprochement</i> between the two countries, could
+not but be of special interest to the French-Canadians of Quebec.
+Naturally monarchists at heart, the incident seemed to increase the
+personal loyalty already existing there. The Toronto <i>Globe</i> of April
+20, 1903, voiced a strong feeling in Canada when it hoped for a future
+Royal visit to the Dominion and declared that "it would be a mistake to
+suppose that Edward VII. is merely an urbane gentleman, not to say a
+lover of the common people; he is a statesman and diplomat of breadth of
+view, depth of insight, and quickness of intuition. He knows how to time
+his visits in the interest of the peace of the world for which he
+humanely and seriously labours." From July 6th to 9th President Loubet
+of France was the guest of the King and his reception in London tended
+to still further promote good feeling. On October 14th came the
+signature of an Arbitration Treaty between England and France. In this
+connection much praise was accorded to the King as one of the chief
+factors in its evolution. Mr. W. R. Cremer, M.P., the well-known
+Radical, made the following comment in the <i>Daily News</i> as to this
+victory for Arbitration: "It has been the privilege and joy of others to
+do the spade work in this beneficent movement, but to King Edward the
+opportunity was, at the psychological moment, presented to complete the
+work of thirty years. How well and how nobly His Majesty performed his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[Pg 435]</a></span>
+part the history of the past nine months clearly shows. Indeed, the King
+seems likely to distinguish himself by efforts of a character not
+recorded in the reigns of any other English or Foreign monarch."
+Addressing a British Parliamentary Delegation to Paris on November 26th,
+the Premier, M. Combes, eulogized King Edward and toasted him as the
+sovereign to whom they owed the treaty. At the annual banquet of the
+British Chamber of Commerce in Paris on December 3d, its president, Mr.
+O. E. Bodington, made a similar reference to the King. To the Montreal
+<i>Witness</i> on December 7th, Senator Dandurand, who had just returned from
+England, paid the following French-Canadian tribute to His Majesty: "The
+King is the most popular crowned head in Europe to-day. He is beloved at
+home, he is admired and praised in France, he is respected by every
+Power on the Continent."</p>
+
+<p>But the Continental tour of 1903 by King Edward did more than effect
+great results in France. The signing of a Treaty of Arbitration with
+Italy in January, 1904, with Spain in March, and with Germany on July
+12th&mdash;following upon the King's visit to Berlin in June&mdash;were supposed
+to be largely due to His Majesty's personal influence with the rulers of
+those countries and to a popularity with the masses which, in two cases
+at least, helped greatly in soothing current animosities. On April 8th
+of this year a Treaty was signed with France, in addition to the
+Arbitration Treaty already mentioned, which disposed of all outstanding
+and long-standing subjects of dispute and as to which, while Lord
+Lansdowne was the negotiator, King Edward was a most potent factor.
+Under this arrangement Egypt was freed from foreign control and
+practically admitted to be British territory, while Newfoundland was
+finally relieved of its coast troubles and conflicts of a century. On
+November 9th, preceding, Sir W. McGregor, Governor of Newfoundland,
+had,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[Pg 436]</a></span> during a banquet at St. John's, conveyed a personal message from
+the King which assured the people of that colony of his earnest
+endeavours to promote a settlement of the French Shore question. To
+Canada this matter was also one of the most vital importance, because of
+its large French population. In the controversy with Russia over the
+Hull fishing fleet outrage of October 23, 1904, which so nearly plunged
+the Empire into a great war, it may be said that the King's influence,
+coupled with the statecraft of Lord Lansdowne, as exhibited in the
+latter's historic speech of November 9th, alone held the dogs of war in
+leash. The remark of a member of the Trades' Union Congress at Leeds on
+September 7th of this year that in his opinion "King Edward was about
+the only statesman that England possessed" was significant in this
+connection even if it was unfair. Still more significant was the
+description of His Majesty in the Radical <i>News</i> of London, on November
+10th, as "the first citizen of the world and the chief Minister of
+Peace."</p>
+
+<p>During 1905 King Edward continued his public services along these lines
+of international statecraft. On April 30th he paid an unofficial visit
+to Paris, accompanied by the Marquess of Salisbury as Minister in
+attendance. A great banquet was given at the Elys&eacute;e by President Loubet
+and there followed a general press discussion of the <i>entente</i> between
+England and France. In June the King of Spain visited England and at a
+state banquet given by King Edward at Buckingham Palace, on June 6th,
+the latter said: "Spain and England have often been allies; may they
+always remain so; and above all march together for the benefit of peace,
+progress and the civilization of mankind." On August 7th a French fleet
+arrived in the Solent and its men fraternized with those of the British
+cruiser squadron while the King gave a banquet on board the Royal yacht
+to the chief French officers. On the following day His Majesty reviewed
+two fleets which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[Pg 437]</a></span> together made a splendid aggregation of seventy
+warships; while the press of the civilized world commented upon the new
+friendship of the two nations and very largely credited King Edward with
+the achievement.</p>
+
+<p>Early in 1907 the King's visit of two months' duration in Europe did
+more service in the cause of international friendliness; later on the
+German Emperor visited England, as did the King and Queen of Denmark,
+and the King and Queen of Portugal. In June a triple agreement was
+concluded between Great Britain, France and Spain for the joint
+protection of their mutual interests in the Mediterranean and on the
+Atlantic. This arrangement and the improved relations with Germany were
+credited largely to the efforts of King Edward, just as the <i>entente
+cordiale</i> with France had previously been conceded to be greatly due to
+his tact and popularity. In October he was able to crown his work by
+accepting a Convention with Russia which dealt primarily with the
+affairs of Persia, Afghanistan and Thibet, but really made future war
+between the two Powers a matter of difficulty. The year 1908 saw state
+visits to Copenhagen, Stockholm and Christiana in April; the King's
+opening of the Franco-British Exhibition in London on May 26th and
+reception of President Falli&egrave;res of France; his visit, with Queen
+Alexandra and a large suite, to Russia&mdash;the first of the kind in British
+history&mdash;and a meeting with the Czar at Revel on June 8th; his
+conference with the German Emperor at Cronberg on August 11th and with
+the Austrian Emperor at Ischl on the 12th. During the last year of his
+reign, King Edward's personal intercourse and diplomatic meetings with
+other rulers were undoubtedly conducive to continued peace and to better
+mutual understandings. His Majesty met the German Emperor at Berlin on
+February 8, 1909, the French President at Paris on March 6th, the King
+of Spain at Biarritz on March 31st, the King of Italy on April 29th, the
+Emperor of Russia at Cowes on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[Pg 438]</a></span> August 2d. Just as Britain was an
+American Power at this time because of Canada, an Asiatic Power because
+of India and an African Power because of many possessions, so Canada was
+an European Power because of its connection with Great Britain, and
+Australia an Eastern Power because of its proximity to China and Japan,
+and a European Power because of the nearness of Germany in New Guinea
+and of France in New Caledonia. Hence, to all these countries and for
+obvious reasons of common interest, the importance in an Empire sense of
+the King's personality and diplomacy during these years.</p>
+
+<p>King Edward's training was of a nature which fitted into his personal
+characteristics in this respect. His Royal mother had cultivated his
+boyhood memory for faces and names most carefully; from the days of his
+youth he was thoroughly conversant with many foreign languages; from his
+coming of age he was in constant touch with the best of British and
+European leaders. He had not reached maturity before experiencing the
+difficulties of a tour of Canada and the United States in days when
+there was no royal road mapped out by precedent for the management of
+the tour and at a time when Orange and Green were in frequent conflict
+in the British-American provinces and feelings of international
+kindliness were not quite so strong in the United States as they were at
+the close of his reign. In 1876 he had toured India amidst gorgeous
+ceremonial and amid an infinite variety of racial and religious
+occasions, or incidents, which only rare tact could successfully meet.
+How much exercise there was of this Royal statecraft behind the scenes
+during his nine years of sovereignty only the distant future can reveal
+and then but partially. His Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs,
+Lord Salisbury, Lord Lansdowne and Sir Edward Grey, were all men of
+exceptional capacity and rare experience.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable, in view of the broad statecraft and high<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[Pg 439]</a></span> standing of
+these Ministers and the uniformity of policy which they pursued, that
+advice was frequently given by the King and consultations continuously
+held. They were only too glad, as was Lord Rosebery during the late
+Queen's reign, to benefit personally by his knowledge and experience;
+they were only too happy that the Nation and other nations should
+benefit by his tactful conduct of delicate negotiations with monarchs
+and rulers abroad. The alliance with Japan may or may not stand to his
+credit; the probabilities are that it does, in part at least. It
+safeguarded British interests in the East, checkmated the, at that time,
+dangerous ambitions of Russia, put up a barrier against certain efforts
+of Germany. The French <i>entente cordiale</i> and subsequent treaties gave
+British interests in the Mediterranean and Northern Africa an ally
+against German plans and settled the Newfoundland troubles while
+solidifying Britain's position in Egypt. Italy was partially separated
+from its German alliance; Spain was brought close to Britain by the
+young King's marriage with the Princess Ena; Russia was swung into the
+circle of a friendship which not even the Japanese alliance has broken;
+Norway made King Edward's son-in-law its King. If Germany did not become
+one of this circle of friendly nations it was not due to any lack of
+diplomacy, or effort, or desire on the part of the British Sovereign; it
+was because of national ambitions and an aggressive personal leadership
+by the Kaiser which had other ends in view. Nominally, at any rate, the
+friendly relations existed, and it is safe to say that there was no
+greater admirer of King Edward's character and statecraft in Europe than
+the Emperor William.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Personal statements made to the writer of these pages.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[Pg 440]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVI" id="CHAPTER_XXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXVI.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">The Death of King Edward</p>
+
+
+<p>There had been rumours flying around London early in 1910 as to the
+King's health, but it would seem that only a limited circle understood
+that, while there was no serious disease involved, there was a general
+weakness of the system which rendered great care necessary and made it
+easy to see danger in any otherwise trifling illness. Occasional
+cablegrams to this Continent were largely disregarded and looked upon as
+more or less sensational and little was thought of the attack of
+bronchitis at Biarritz in March. There seems small reason to doubt that
+the political situation hastened the end though it did not actually
+cause the sad event. The conditions of weakness were there; the worry of
+a great and urgent responsibility was added to the King's normal work
+and subjects of thought. Though the constitutional crisis was probably
+not as serious as the press and politicians made out, it must
+undoubtedly have had its effect upon a ruler conscientiously devoted to
+his duty. On May 5th, it was announced that the King was again ill with
+bronchitis and that his condition caused "some anxiety;" a few hours
+afterwards it was officially stated that "grave anxiety" was felt; on
+May 6th, near midnight, there came the sorrowful announcement of his
+physicians that the King had passed away in the presence of Queen
+Alexandra, the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Princess Royal [Duchess
+of Fife], Princess Victoria and the Princess Louise [Duchess of Argyll].</p>
+
+<p>So unexpected was any serious or immediate issue of His<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[Pg 441]</a></span> Majesty's
+condition that the Queen was still on the Continent when he was taken
+ill and the King himself was transacting state business in an arm-chair
+the day before he died. A pathetic incident of the latter date was the
+bearing of the well-known purple and gold colours to victory at Kempton
+Park Races by "The Witch of the Air." When the news came it was hard to
+believe. People throughout the Empire were entirely unprepared. In
+Britain, Canada, Australia, etc., public functions and social
+arrangements were at once cancelled; black and purple drapings rapidly
+covered the important buildings&mdash;and many that were even more important
+as representing individual and spontaneous feeling&mdash;of the British
+world; mourning was seen everywhere in the United Kingdom and to a
+lesser extent in the other countries; papers appeared universally draped
+in black. In Canada, H. E. the Governor-General cabled to Lord Crewe an
+official expression of regret&mdash;one which was real as well as official:
+"The announcement of the death of King Edward VII, which has just
+reached Canada, has created universal sorrow. His Majesty's Canadian
+Ministers desire that you will convey to His Majesty, King George, and
+the members of the Royal family, an assurance that the people of Canada
+share in the great grief that has visited them. In discharge of the
+duties of his exalted station His late Majesty not only won the respect
+and devotion of all British subjects, but by his efforts on behalf of
+international harmony and good-will he became universally esteemed as a
+great Peacemaker. Nowhere was this gracious attribute of Royal character
+more deeply appreciated than in His Majesty's Dominion of Canada."</p>
+
+<p>Every kind of loyal tribute was paid to the late King by the Press and
+in the pulpit of all the countries concerned, while from the United
+States came expressions of admiration and respect very little short of
+those dictated by the natural loyalty and knowledge of his own subjects.
+In<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[Pg 442]</a></span> Canada the Premiers of the Provinces were amongst the first to
+express their feelings. At Quebec Sir Lomer Gouin, supported by the
+Opposition Leader, moved the adjournment of the Legislature on May 6th:
+"Those who love in a Chief of State the greatest qualities, peace,
+goodness, nobility and <i>entente cordiale</i>, all feel his loss. It is for
+that reason that we cannot do otherwise than suspend our sittings, and I
+am convinced that all the Members of this House will endorse this
+proposal for adjournment."</p>
+
+<p>In Toronto Sir James Whitney, the Provincial Premier, declared that "it
+would be difficult to express the feeling of love, respect, and
+admiration entertained by British peoples for their late sovereign, who
+in his comparatively short reign, has so borne himself and has so done
+his part, that the whole human race has participated in the benefit
+resulting from the wisdom shown by him. Probably no wiser monarch ever
+reigned over a nation." To the New Brunswick press the local Premier,
+Hon. Douglas Hazen, said: "King Edward's reign was a comparatively short
+one, but the verdict of history will undoubtedly be that he was one of
+the wisest and greatest rulers that ever sat upon a throne. He took a
+most keen and active interest in all his country's institutions,
+endeavouring at all times to promote the well-being of his subjects and
+to show his appreciation of the British Dominions beyond the Seas." The
+Hon. A. K. Maclean, Acting-Premier of Nova Scotia, stated that "to his
+pacific tendencies and his powerful mediation is due the existence of
+friendly relations between Great Britain and other nations and the
+removal of many long-standing differences and historic prejudices." The
+Conservative leader at Ottawa, Mr. R. L. Borden, gave eloquent
+expression to his feelings:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The tidings of sorrow which have just been flashed across the
+ocean come to the people of Canada with startling suddenness.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[Pg 443]</a></span>Words of foreboding had hardly reached us before the last message
+came; 'God's finger touched him and he slept.' To the people of the
+overseas Dominions the Crown personifies the dignity and majesty of
+the whole Empire; and through the Throne each great Dominion is
+linked to the others and to the Motherland. Thus the Sovereign's
+death must always thrill the Empire. But to-day's untimely tidings
+bring to the people of Canada the sense of a still deeper and more
+personal bereavement. They gloried in their King's title of
+Peacemaker, and they believed him to be the greatest living force
+for right within the Empire. In him died the greatest statesman and
+diplomat of Europe."</p></div>
+
+<p>The Hon. R. Lemieux, Postmaster-General and a Liberal leader in Quebec,
+added this succinct description: "As a peacemaker and as a
+constitutional king he had no equal in the history of modern times." He
+expressed the hope that "in the common sorrow of his subjects at the
+death of an exemplary Sovereign the ties making for unity and common
+interest throughout the Empire may be strengthened and his influence for
+good find continued fruition." The Hon. G. P. Graham, Minister of
+Railways, also touched on the Empire thought: "His part in the growth
+and increasing solidarity of the Empire in matters of defense, of trade,
+of common effort for the common interest, must bulk large in history.
+Since his assumption of the throne there has been a steady growth in
+Canada's loyalty to the Sovereign based on esteem for his personal
+character, confidence in his judgment and statesmanship, and pride in
+his commanding position among the world's sovereigns." From Mr. Richard
+McBride, Premier of far-away British Columbia, came the declaration that
+King Edward was infinitely tactful and always patient, the first
+gentleman and best beloved monarch of his time; that he was "an
+unusually gifted ruler who performed unostentatiously<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[Pg 444]</a></span> and with inspired
+ability his part in the making of British history." To Archbishop
+Bruch&eacute;si of Montreal he was "a great and good King;" to the Rev. Dr.
+Carman, Canada's Methodist leader, he was "royally born and ruled
+royally over a free, loyal and loving people;" to Archbishop McEvay
+(Roman Catholic) of Toronto he was a ruler "trusted and loved by all his
+subjects;" to President R. A. Falconer, of Toronto University, there was
+a special appeal in his "experience, sympathy and broad humanity."</p>
+
+<p>There is no need to largely quote the tributes of Britain, Australia or
+South Africa. Their people thought and felt and acted as Canada's did.
+Great Britain felt the loss, of course, in a more strictly personal
+sense than the Dominions beyond the Seas. The reverent crowds with bared
+heads, and every sign of severe personal grief, standing outside
+Buckingham Palace grounds could hardly be exactly duplicated abroad,
+though the scenes in countless churches, as memorial sermons were
+delivered and memorial services held amidst tokens of obvious and
+sincere sorrow, came very near to it. In particular, was the open-air
+service in Toronto facing the Parliament Buildings and attended by
+silent masses of people, with respectful and sympathetic addresses, with
+drapings and evidences of mourning on every hand, with the solemn
+strains of muffled music from many bands, and the presence of thousands
+of loyal troops, an indication of the popular feeling shown throughout
+the Dominion on May 20th, which was appointed to be a day of mourning, a
+holiday of sorrow for the people. But this is anticipating. Perhaps, in
+England, the tribute of Mr. Premier Asquith, at the special meeting of
+Parliament on May 11th, was most significant of the innumerable tributes
+of earnest loyalty and appreciation expressed at the passing of one who
+was not only a great King but a much-loved personality.</p>
+
+<p>After pointing out the nature of events in recent years,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[Pg 445]</a></span> the growth of
+international friendships and new understandings and stronger safeguards
+for peace, together with the ever-tightening bonds of corporate unity
+within the British realms, Mr. Asquith went on to say that: "In all
+these multiform manifestations of national and Imperial life, the
+history of the world will assign a part of singular dignity to the great
+ruler Great Britain has lost. In external affairs King Edward's powerful
+influence was directed not only to the avoidance of war, but to the
+causes of and pretexts of war, and he well earned the title by which he
+will always be remembered, the Peace-maker of the World." Continuing,
+the Premier said, that within the boundaries of the Empire his late
+Majesty, by his broad and elastic sympathies, had won a degree of
+loyalty and affectionate confidence which few Sovereigns had ever
+enjoyed. "Here at home," he added, "all recognized that above the din
+and dust of their hard-fought controversies, detached from party, and
+attached only to the common interest, they had in the late King an
+arbiter ripe in experience, judicial in temper, and at once a reverent
+worshipper of their traditions, and a watchful guardian of their
+constitutional liberties." King Edward's life as a devotee of duty, as a
+sportsman in the best sense of the word, as an ardent and discriminating
+patron of the arts, as a good business man at the head of a great
+business community, possessed of intuitive shrewdness in the management
+of men and difficult situations, as a keen social reformer with "no self
+apart from his people," was then dwelt upon. It would be impossible in
+any limited space to analyze the views of the British press. The <i>Times</i>
+declared that "his people loved him for his honesty and kindly courtesy.
+To all he was not merely every inch a King but every inch an English
+King and an English gentleman. His influence was not the same as that of
+Queen Victoria, but in some respects it was almost stronger." The <i>Daily
+Mail</i> considered that "to his initiative his subjects and the Empire
+owe<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[Pg 446]</a></span> the pacification of South Africa and the final reconciliation with
+the Boers. The system of understandings with foreign powers which is our
+security to-day was in a great part his handiwork." To the Radical
+<i>Daily News</i> he was "the supreme example of a people's King by common
+consent" and this the Liberal <i>Morning Leader</i> echoed with a further
+tribute to "the sheer instinctive deference paid to his proved wisdom,
+his large-minded statesmanship, his unequaled knowledge of the world,
+and the tact that never failed him in the greatest or the least
+occasion."</p>
+
+<p>A notable incident of this first week of mourning, during which the
+people were waiting to pay their final tribute of loyal sympathy on the
+day of the Royal interment, was the unanimous Resolution of the
+Legislature of Quebec. Coming from a French-Canadian people, amongst
+whom special interest had been aroused by King Edward's creation of the
+<i>entente cordiale</i> with France, something earnest and sympathetic as
+well as loyal in expression might have been expected and, if so, the
+hope was certainly realized. The Legislature in its address to King
+George V. (May 10th) put the feelings of the people of the Province in
+the following expressive words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We mourn the loss in him of a monarch whose chief aim was to draw
+all the nations closer together and to promote universal peace.
+Ever mindful of the great principles of the British constitution,
+through his broad-mindedness, his tolerance, and the exquisite
+charm of his personality, he succeeded in creating a potent bond of
+union between the various parts of our common country, and in
+closely consolidating the different branches of the greatest Empire
+that ever existed. Representing as we do the Province of Quebec it
+gives us pleasure to recall that the development of the idea of a
+powerful Canadian nation, devoted to the interest of the
+Mother-Country, was favoured by that great King. Imbued with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">[Pg 447]</a></span>
+grandeur and nobility of his mission he won our admiration and our
+love through his solicitude in respecting our laws and our dearest
+traditions, aspirations and liberties."</p></div>
+
+<p>The individual utterances of the Ministers were equally patriotic in
+terms. Sir Lomer Gouin spoke along the lines of his earlier tribute and
+declared that King Edward's reign had been "a glory to his people and a
+blessing to humanity." Mr. J. M. Tellier, the Opposition leader, joined
+the Premier in expressing the "confidence and sincere affection" of his
+people for this "the most powerful King of the most powerful of Empires"
+and in presenting to the new King "the allegiance, the faith and the
+heartfelt wishes of Canadians." Mr. H. Bourassa, the Nationalist
+representative, Hon. P. S. G. Mackenzie, the English-speaking member of
+the Cabinet, and Hon. J. C. Kaine and Hon. C. R. Devlin, the Irish
+Ministers, joined in these tributes.</p>
+
+<p>The view of Foreign countries was unique in its friendliness, in its
+expressions of admiration for the great qualities of heart and head in
+the late Sovereign, for appreciation of his broad sympathies and
+international statecraft. One of the earliest official telegrams of
+sympathy to King George was from President Falli&egrave;res of France: "I
+learnt with emotion of the death of your beloved Father. The French
+Government and the French people will regret profoundly the demise of
+the august Sovereign who upon so many occasions has given them evidence
+of his sincere friendship; and associate themselves fully in the great
+grief which his unexpected loss brings to you, the Royal family, and the
+entire British Empire. It is with a heart full of sadness that I ask
+Your Royal Highness to accept my personal condolences, those of the
+French Government and of all France." From the President of the United
+States came a prompt message of condolence to Queen Alexandra, and from
+the American<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">[Pg 448]</a></span> Congress a unanimous Resolution of adjournment and
+expressive words of sympathy with the British people "in the loss of a
+wise and upright ruler whose great purpose was the cultivation of
+friendly relations with all nations and the preservation of peace"; from
+ex-President Roosevelt, speaking at Stockholm on May 8th, came words of
+regret and of regard for the people "who mourn the loss of a wise ruler
+whose sole thought was for their welfare and for the good of mankind,
+and the citizens of other nations can join with them in mourning for a
+man who showed throughout his term of Kingship that his voice was always
+raised for justice and peace among the nations."</p>
+
+<p>From United States newspapers, the exponents of public opinion in a
+great kindred nation, came a wonderfully unanimous and kindly expression
+of real feeling. To the New York <i>Herald</i> the late King appeared as
+blessed with "a genial personality, a kind heart and a strong common
+sense, together with that highest quality of supreme importance in a
+ruler and statesman&mdash;tact"; to the Buffalo <i>News</i> King Edward was "the
+ablest Royal ruler England has known in centuries;" to the Baltimore
+<i>American</i> "he was, and the world to-day generously accords him the
+distinction, the first diplomatist of his time, the man who beyond all
+others shaped the policies of the world." To the Indianapolis <i>News</i> he
+had "served his country and the world wisely and well, and will go into
+history as one of the most successful monarchs that England has ever
+had." The New York <i>Journal of Commerce</i> paid special and high tribute
+to King Edward's diplomacy and, after dealing with the French <i>entente
+cordiale</i> went on as follows: "Even more marvelous than the closing of
+the secular feud with France was the termination of that with Russia,
+which seemed more bitter and more hopeless of adjustment. The seemingly
+impossible was, nevertheless, accomplished, and the power which but a
+few short years<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">[Pg 449]</a></span> before had been the chief menace to the safety of
+British India became one of the guarantors of its immunity from attack.
+It will be reckoned one of the miracles of history that Russia could
+have been induced to abandon a policy which she had steadfastly
+supported and been ready to concede that the affairs of Afghanistan were
+purely a British interest and those of Korea exclusively Japanese."</p>
+
+<p>In most of these tributes of regard and respect&mdash;British, Imperial or
+Foreign&mdash;there was a reference of affectionate admiration for the Queen
+Consort who, at this moment, allowed it to be understood that she would
+like in future to be known as the Queen Mother. The far-famed beauty of
+person, the charm and graciousness of manner, and nobility of mind and
+character, which had won a way so quickly and permanently into the
+hearts of the British people and had been such potent forces in the life
+of King Edward and of her own family, brought to Queen Alexandra at this
+time a world-tribute of sympathy and regard. British subjects all over
+the Empire, multitudes outside of its bounds, were ready to echo those
+famous words of Lord Tennyson, applied to the similar sorrow of Queen
+Victoria:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">May all love,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His love, unseen but felt, o'ershadow Thee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The love of all Thy sons encompass Thee<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Love of all Thy Daughters cherish Thee<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Love of all Thy people comfort Thee<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till God's love set Thee at his side again.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Few more touching words have been written than the Queen's Message to
+the Nation which was made public on May 10th: "From the depth of my poor
+broken heart," she wrote, "I wish to express to the whole Nation and our
+own kind people we love so well, my deep-felt thanks for all their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">[Pg 450]</a></span>
+touching sympathy in my overwhelming sorrow and unspeakable anguish. Not
+alone have I lost everything in him, my beloved husband, but the nation,
+too, has suffered an irreparable loss in their best friend, father, and
+Sovereign thus suddenly called away. May God give us all his Divine help
+to bear this heaviest of crosses which He has seen fit to lay upon us.
+His will be done. Give to me a thought in your prayers which will
+comfort and sustain me in all that I have to go through. Let me take
+this opportunity of expressing my heartfelt thanks for all the touching
+letters and tokens of sympathy I have received from all classes, high
+and low, rich and poor, which are so numerous that I fear it would be
+impossible for me ever to thank everybody individually. I confide my
+dear Son to your care, who I know, will follow in his dear Father's
+footsteps, begging you to show him the same loyalty and devotion you
+showed his dear Father. I know that both my dear son and daughter-in-law
+will do their utmost to merit and keep it."</p>
+
+<p>It may be added that the surviving children of King Edward and Queen
+Alexandra at the time of the King's death were his successor&mdash;George
+Frederick Ernest Albert, Prince of Wales; Princess Louise, Duchess of
+Fife, who was born in 1867 and married in 1889; Princess Victoria, who
+was born in 1868 and was unmarried; Princess Maud, Queen of Norway, who
+was born in 1869 and married in 1896 to Charles, then Crown Prince of
+Denmark. King Edward's only surviving brother was H. R. H., the Duke of
+Connaught, who was born in 1850. His surviving sisters were Princess
+Helena, married to Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein; Princess
+Louise, married to the Duke of Argyll; and Princess Beatrice, widow of
+the late Prince Henry of Battenberg.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[Pg 451]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVII" id="CHAPTER_XXVII"></a>CHAPTER XXVII.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">The Solemn Funeral of the King</p>
+
+
+<p>The death of King Edward was an event of more than British importance,
+of more than Imperial significance. His funeral was a stately, solemn
+and splendid ceremony preceded by two weeks of real mourning throughout
+his Empire, of obvious and sincere regret throughout the world. In
+London and Cape Town, in Melbourne and Toronto, in Wellington and Dawson
+City, in Ottawa and Khartoum, in Calcutta and in Cairo; wherever the
+British flag flies, efforts were made to mark the funeral as one of
+individual and local and national sorrow. All the great cities of the
+Empire, the smaller towns, and even the hamlets, had their drapings of
+purple and black. In every church and chapel and Sunday meeting-house
+during the two weeks of mourning at least one service was given up to
+the memory of the late King. In all foreign countries preparations were
+made for the formal expression of the general admiration which the
+qualities and reign of the dead monarch had aroused. Formal resolutions,
+public meetings, the appointment of national representatives to the
+coming funeral were world-wide incidents.</p>
+
+<p>At home in London the casket to contain the Royal remains was fashioned
+of British oak from the Forest of Windsor and on May 14th, the body of
+King Edward was removed from the room in which he died to the Throne
+Room of Buckingham Palace, and there placed on a catafalque in front of
+a temporary altar where it was guarded night and day by four Royal
+Grenadiers. On May 16th, amidst a solemn and imposing but preliminary
+pageant the late King was carried from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">[Pg 452]</a></span> Palace where he died to
+Westminster Hall, where the remains were to lie in solemn state. A
+farewell family service had been held by the Bishop of London and then
+the body at 11.30 in the morning was transported to its new
+resting-place between double lines of red-coated soldiers, flanked by
+dense and silent masses of mourning people, with buildings on every hand
+heavily draped.</p>
+
+<p>Preceded by the booming of minute guns, the slow pealing of bells and
+the roll of muffled drums the procession passed to its destination. It
+included the Headquarters Staff of the Army with Lord Roberts leading,
+the Admiralty Board, the great officers of Army and Navy, dismounted
+troops, Indian officers. These preceded the plain gun-carriage on which
+rested the Royal remains, the coffin covered with a white satin pall and
+the Royal Standard, on which rested the Crown, the Orb and the Sceptre.
+Drawn by eight magnificent black horses and flanked by the King's
+Company of the Royal Grenadiers the bier was followed by King George on
+foot with his two eldest sons and behind them were the Kings of Denmark
+and Norway, the Duke of Connaught, various visiting royalties, or
+representatives, and the household of the late King. A mounted escort
+succeeded and then came a carriage containing the Queen-Mother, her
+sister the Dowager Empress of Russia, the Princess Royal and Princess
+Victoria, another with Queen Mary, and others with the Queen of Norway
+and various members of the royal family. Last of all came a body of
+mounted troops. All along the route, which was scarcely half a mile in
+length, the attitude of the uncounted multitude was one of deep personal
+grief. No word was spoken and after heads had been uncovered, the masses
+of people were described as looking like an assembly of graven images.
+At the noble Hall, famous in British history for more than 800 years,
+the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Duke of Norfolk received the coffin
+and preceded it to the catafalque. No attempt at funeral <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">[Pg 453]</a></span>decoration
+marred the noble simplicity of the grand interior. The spacious floor
+was laid with dull grey felt. In the centre, on a slightly elevated dais
+spread with a purple carpet stood the lofty purple draped catafalque. No
+flowing draperies softened its outlines and it appeared like smoothly
+chiselled blocks of purple granite.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo53.jpg" width="500" height="292" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+The west front of Buckingham Palace, showing the
+windows of the room in which King Edward died. (Nos. 1 and 2, King
+Edward's bedroom; No. 3, Queen Alexandra's bedroom.)
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo54.jpg" width="500" height="360" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+The Private Chapel of Buckingham Palace, where the
+family service was held on the Sunday following King Edward's death.
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo55.jpg" width="500" height="342" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+Photo by Paul Thompson. N. Y.<br />
+Monarchs in the funeral
+procession of King Edward. King George, the German Emperor and the Duke
+of Connaught are seen in the center of the photograph.
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo56.jpg" width="500" height="342" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+Photo by Paul Thompson, N. Y.<br />
+The funeral procession of King Edward passing the Marble Arch. The gun
+carriage bearing his body is seen in the foreground, followed by the
+late King's horse with empty saddle.
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo57.jpg" width="500" height="348" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+Photo by Paul Thompson. N. Y.<br />
+King Edward's funeral procession moving into Edgeware Road, flanked by
+thousands of military and tens of thousands of mourning citizens.
+</div>
+
+<p class="padtop">Slowly and quietly a great company assembled and then the Westminster
+Abbey choir of men and boys clad in white surplices and scarlet
+cassocks, took its position. On the left, preceded by the mace-bearer
+with his glittering mace, came the Speaker of the House of Commons in
+his flowing robes of black and gold, followed by 400 members of the same
+House led by the Prime Minister. All the members of the Cabinet were
+there while Radical, Labour and Unionist members mingled behind the low
+purple barrier. A little later the Lord Chancellor, wearing his
+full-bottomed wig and black and gold gown and preceded by the
+mace-bearer, led the Peers down the staircase in front of the choir to
+an enclosure on the right side of the catafalque. On bars immediately
+opposite each other rested the masses of the House of Commons and the
+House of Lords. Behind each there was arranged a nearly equal number of
+Commoners and Peers. Between them stood the catafalque. Presently, amid
+a deep hush, great military and naval officers led the procession into
+the hall. Proceeded by the Garter King-at-Arms, and Heralds they marched
+slowly and ranged themselves in a glittering array over the steps below
+the choir while the coffin was borne in by soldiers. Behind it was
+carried by other soldiers the covering of the coffin on which rested the
+crown, sceptre and orb. Very gently the heavy coffin was raised to the
+catafalque and the glittering emblems of royalty replaced on its top.
+Then, leaning on either side of the catafalque, and resting on the
+ground, were placed two plain wreaths of cypress. Behind the coffin
+followed the Queen Alexandra, King George and the Dowager Empress Marie
+of Russia, each<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">[Pg 454]</a></span> holding one of her arms. The purple carpeted dais was
+occupied by the dead King's family and royal visitors. A short service
+followed and the first part of the royal funeral was over while from the
+heart and pen of the great poet of the Empire&mdash;Rudyard Kipling&mdash;came
+verses addressed to and representing the people of which a few lines may
+be quoted:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And God poured him an exquisite wine, that was daily renewed to him<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the clear welling love of his peoples, that daily accrued to him.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Honour and service we gave him, rejoicingly, fearless;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Faith absolute, trust beyond speech, and a friendship as peerless.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And since he was master and servant in all that we asked him<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We leaned hard on his wisdom in all things, knowing not how we tasked him.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">For on him each new day laid command, every tyrannous hour<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To confront, or confirm or make smooth some dread issue of power.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To deliver true judgment aright at the instant unaided<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the strict, level, ultimate phrase that allowed or dissuaded;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To foresee, to allay, to avert from us perils unnumbered;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To stand guard at our gates when he guessed that our watchman had slumbered;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To win time, to turn hate, to woo folly to service, and mightily schooling<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His strength to the use of his nations; to rule as not ruling.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">These were the works of our King; earth's peace is the proof of them.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">God gave him great works to fulfil and to use the behoof of them.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">[Pg 455]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Following these events Westminster Hall for two days was thrown open to
+the public and a continuous procession of half a million mourners passed
+the coffin and looked for the last time upon the face of their
+well-loved Sovereign. Into Windsor, meanwhile, there poured innumerable
+evidences of the peoples' sympathy from the costliest tribute of wealth
+and aristocracy to the thousands of simple green wreaths sent in by the
+poorer classes. To Westminster Hall, on May 19th, the Emperor William of
+Germany, soon after his arrival, proceeded with King George, stood for a
+while in the private enclosure as the countless stream of people passed
+slowly by, then descended to the floor of the Hall&mdash;the Kaiser carrying
+a wreath of purple and white flowers&mdash;and together knelt within the
+rails while the stream of passers-by was temporarily suspended. When the
+two monarchs arose the Emperor William held out his hand which King
+George clasped and held for some moments.</p>
+
+<p>By May 20th the preparations were all in readiness for the final
+functions and splendid ceremonial. The streets were draped from
+Buckingham Palace to Westminster Hall, and thence to Paddington Station,
+in great masses of purple and white and black; Venetian masts lined the
+route on which hung masses of funeral wreaths from the people;
+half-masted flags were everywhere. The town of Windsor was almost buried
+from sight in the purple trappings of grief and royalty. On the day
+itself solemn, silent multitudes of men and women, estimated at from
+three to five millions, were massed along the route of the procession
+with 35,000 soldiers lining the streets and a parade which even London
+had never equalled for mingled splendour and solemnity. At 9:10 a. m.,
+the deep-toned bell<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[Pg 456]</a></span> of Westminster announced the beginning of the royal
+obsequies. King George, Queen Mary, the Queen Mother, the royal family
+and the visiting monarchs and representatives of the powers and the
+Empire, left Buckingham Palace and proceeded with a small escort to
+Westminster Hall amidst the tolling of bells and the firing of minute
+guns. Only Queen Alexandra, the Princess Victoria, the King and the
+Emperor William entered the Hall and saw the body removed from the
+catafalque to the gun-carriage outside where it rested under conditions
+similar to those of the earlier removal from Buckingham Palace. Outside,
+the Queen Mother entered her coach and, as the body-guard of Kings
+wheeled around and passed her carriage, three by three, each saluted her
+with silent reverence.</p>
+
+<p>The procession left Westminster at 9.30 headed by a long column of
+troops and bluejackets and the greater officers of the Army and Navy.
+Bands of the Household cavalry, the new Territorial troops, Colonial
+soldiers, were first and then came various volunteer corps, the
+Honourable Artillery Company, officers of the Indian regiments in their
+picturesque uniforms and turbans, followed by detachments of infantry,
+Foot Guards, Royal Engineers, Garrison, Field and Horse Artillery. Naval
+representatives came next with the military attaches of the foreign
+embassies, the officers of the Headquarters Staff of the Army and the
+Field Marshals and massed bands playing solemn funeral marches. Then
+followed the chief officers of State, followed by the Duke of Norfolk
+and succeeded by a single soldier carrying the Royal Standard; the
+gun-carriage carrying the mortal remains of the King came next and just
+behind it walked a groom leading his favourite charger and another with
+his favourite dog "Caesar"; King George followed, riding between the
+German Emperor and the Duke of Connaught, all clad in brilliant uniforms
+with a long and unique line of nine Monarchs, Princes of great States
+and special Ambassadors and Imperial representatives. They rode in the
+following order:</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">[Pg 457]</a></span></p><p>The Duke of Connaught, King George and the Emperor William.</p>
+
+<p>King Haakon of Norway, King George of Greece, and King Alfonso of Spain.</p>
+
+<p>King Ferdinand of Bulgaria, King Frederick of Denmark and King Manuel of
+Portugal.</p>
+
+<p>Prince Yussof Zvyeden, the Heir Apparent of Turkey, King Albert of
+Belgium and Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of
+Austro-Hungary.</p>
+
+<p>Prince Sadanaru Fushimi of Japan, Grand Duke Michael of Russia, the Duke
+of Aosta, representing Italy, the Duke of Sparta, Crown Prince of
+Greece, and the Crown Prince Ferdinand of Roumania.</p>
+
+<p>Prince Henry of Prussia representing the German Navy, Prince Charles of
+Sweden, Prince Henry of Holland, the Duke of Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha, the
+Crown Prince of Montenegro and Crown Prince Alexander of Servia.</p>
+
+<p>Prince Mohammed Ali, Said Pasha Zulfikar, Watsen Pasha of Egypt and the
+Sultan of Zanzibar. Then followed the Princely and Ducal representatives
+of a dozen German States, the members of the British Royal family, the
+Duc D'Alencon, and Prince Bovaradej of Siam.</p>
+
+<p>The mounted group was followed by twelve State carriages. The first was
+occupied by the Queen-Mother, Alexandra, and her sister the Russian
+Dowager Empress Marie, the Princess Royal and the Princess Victoria; the
+second carriage contained Queen Mary of Great Britain, Queen Maud of
+Norway, the Duke of Cornwall, heir to the British Throne, and the
+Princess Mary; the next four carriages carried Royal ladies and
+ladies-in-waiting; the seventh carriage contained Prince Tsai-Tao of
+China and his suite; the eighth carriage was shared by Special American
+Ambassador Theodore Roosevelt, M. Pichon, French Foreign Minister, and
+the representative of Persia; the ninth carriage was occupied by Lord
+Strathcona, High Commissioner <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">[Pg 458]</a></span>for Canada, Sir George Reid, High
+Commissioner for Australia and William Hall-Jones, High Commissioner for
+New Zealand.</p>
+
+<p>The train to Windsor contained a funeral car upholstered in purple and
+white silk with a catafalque on which the casket was placed and around
+it were grouped the near members of the Royal Family and eight
+Sovereigns of Foreign States. From Windsor station to the Castle the
+procession formed in the previous order except that the Royal mourners
+walked while sailors drew the gun-carriage to the famous home of
+Britain's monarchs and to the entrance of the historic St. George's
+Chapel. Here, where King Edward was christened and married and shared in
+so many stately functions, the final religious ceremonies were performed
+by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York. While the coffin rested on a
+purple catafalque before the altar, which was almost buried in floral
+emblems, and minute guns boomed and bells tolled, the briefest service
+of the Church of England&mdash;at Queen Alexandra's request&mdash;was proceeded
+with and the body slowly, reverently, lowered into the vault. A prayer
+was then uttered for the new King and the Benediction pronounced by the
+Archbishop of Canterbury.</p>
+
+<p>What can be said of the day elsewhere? A full record would fill many
+volumes. In Canada, in Australia, in South Africa, in New Zealand, in
+Newfoundland, in all British countries and territories, there was a
+great similarity of solemn and popular demonstration. Everywhere
+factories and financial institutions and commercial establishments
+closed their doors. Wherever that was impossible in Canadian factories
+work was stopped at a certain stage in the funeral ceremonies and every
+man stood in silence, with bared head for the time arranged; on all the
+great railways of Canada at the moment when the King's body was lowered
+into his grave, and for three minutes, everything stopped, every kind of
+work ceased, every one of at least 40,000 men stood in reverent silence.
+Military<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">[Pg 459]</a></span> parades took place with muffled drums and passage through long
+lanes of silent people, in Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton, Chatham, London,
+St. Catharines, Kingston, Woodstock, Ottawa, St. Thomas, Winnipeg and
+Victoria, and other places. Memorial services were everywhere held; in
+Ottawa, Vice-Royalty and the Ministers took part in a great open-air
+ceremony in front of the Parliament Buildings, with troops and massed
+bands and superb drapings, to still further emphasize the solemnity of
+the occasion. Toronto had 100,000 people attend a similar service under
+the auspices of the Government in front of its Parliament Buildings and
+so with other centres. It may be added here that besides Lord
+Strathcona, Canada had as representatives at the funeral ceremonies Hon.
+A. B. Aylesworth, Minister of Justice; Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, Chief
+Justice of the Supreme Court; Hon. C. Marcil, Speaker of the House of
+Commons; Hon. S. A. Fisher, Minister of Agriculture; Sir D. M. McMillan,
+Lieut.-Governor of Manitoba; Mayors Geary of Toronto, Sanford Evans of
+Winnipeg, and Guerin of Montreal.</p>
+
+<p>In other parts of the Empire similar scenes occurred. Throughout South
+Africa the most solemn memorial services were held and attended by vast
+congregations. There were scenes of heartfelt sorrow and hundreds of
+magnificent wreaths were deposited on the statue of the King at Cape
+Town. Funeral services were held throughout India, the Hindus joining in
+the services in a remarkable manner. All military trains were halted for
+fifteen minutes. In Australia the Governor-General and all the Ministers
+assembled on the great tier of steps at the Parliament Buildings,
+Melbourne, in the presence of perhaps the most solemn assembly ever
+gathered together in that country. For a long space there was a reverent
+silence and the crowd then sang the National Anthem. The day was
+observed as a day of mourning in Sydney, bells were tolled from noon to
+sunset, and salutes of sixty-eight minute guns fired in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">[Pg 460]</a></span> the afternoon.
+A hundred thousand persons attended the memorial service in Centennial
+Park at Wellington, New Zealand. Services were general throughout that
+Dominion while every outpost of the Empire flew the Union Jack at
+half-mast and paid a tribute to the dead Sovereign's memory.</p>
+
+<p>Thus there passed away and was buried a great King, a man of
+whole-souled, genial and honourable type, a character rich in graces
+granted to few in this world, a ruler who combined intellect with heart
+and knowledge with discrimination, a Briton who could love and believe
+in the greatness of his own country and Empire without antagonizing the
+legitimate pride and aspirations of other nations, a diplomatist made by
+nature's own hand to soothe international acerbities and embody the
+ideal of peace in an age of preparation for war.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo58.jpg" width="500" height="335" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+Photo by Paul Thompson, N. Y.<br />
+Funeral procession of King Edward VII from Buckingham Palace to
+Westminster Hall for the public lying-in-state. King George, Prince
+Edward and Prince Albert are seen following immediately behind the gun
+carriage.
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo59.jpg" width="300" height="434" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+Photo by Paul Thompson, New York.<br />
+Bearing the Coffin of King Edward into St. George's Chapel, Westminster.
+The Dowager Queen Alexandra and other royal mourners following the
+body.
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo60.jpg" width="500" height="343" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+Photo by Paul Thompson, N. Y.<br />
+The lying-in-state of King Edward VII at Westminster Hall.
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo61.jpg" width="500" height="340" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+Photo by Paul Thompson, N. Y.<br />
+The gun carriage bearing King Edward's body drawn by sailors from
+Windsor Station.
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[Pg 461]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVIII" id="CHAPTER_XXVIII"></a>CHAPTER XXVIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="subhead2">The New King and His Imperial Responsibilities</p>
+
+
+<p>In assuming the burden of his great position and manifold duties King
+George V had the disadvantage of succeeding a great monarch; he had also
+the advantage of having been trained in statecraft, diplomacy, and the
+science and practice of government, by a master in the art. He was young
+in years&mdash;only forty-five&mdash;strong, so far as was known, in body and
+health, equipped with a vigorous intelligence and wide experience of
+home and European politics and, what was of special importance at the
+time of his accession, instinct with Imperial sentiment and acquainted,
+practically and personally, with the politics and leaders of every
+country in the British Empire&mdash;notably India, Canada, South Africa and
+Australia. He was not known to the public as a man of genial temperament
+but rather as a strong, reserved, quiet thinker and student of men and
+conditions. Great patience and considerable tact, common sense and
+natural ability, eloquence in speech and fondness for home life and
+out-door sports, he had shown as Prince of Wales or Duke of Cornwall. He
+spoke German, French, and, of course, English with ease and accuracy; he
+had seen much service in the Royal Navy and was understood to be
+devotedly attached to the wide spaces of the boundless seas; his Consort
+was beautiful, kindly, and graceful in bearing, with a profound sense of
+the importance of her place and duties and a sincere belief in the
+beneficence and splendid mission of British power.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince of Wales became, of course, King at the moment of his
+Father's death; on May 7th His Majesty met<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[Pg 462]</a></span> the Privy Council, signed
+the proclamation relating to his Accession and accepted the oath of
+fealty from the Lords and gentlemen assembled. To them he delivered a
+brief address expressive of his personal sorrow and sense of his onerous
+responsibilities: "In this irreparable loss, which has so suddenly
+fallen upon me and the whole Empire, I am comforted by the feeling that
+I have the sympathy of my future subjects, who will mourn with me for
+their beloved Sovereign, whose own happiness was found in sharing and
+promoting theirs. I have lost not only a Father's love, but the
+affectionate and intimate relations of a dear friend and adviser. No
+less confident am I of the universal and loving sympathy which is
+assured to my dearest Mother in her overwhelming grief.</p>
+
+<p>"Standing here, little more than nine years ago, our beloved King
+declared that so long as there was breath in his body he would work for
+the good and amelioration of his subjects. I am sure that the opinion of
+the whole nation will be that this declaration has been fully carried
+out. To endeavour to follow in his footsteps, and at the same time to
+uphold the constitutional government of these realms will be the earnest
+object of my life. I am deeply sensible of the heavy responsibilities
+which have fallen upon me. I know that I can rely upon the Parliament
+and on the people of these Islands and my Dominions beyond the Seas for
+their help in the discharge of these arduous duties and their prayers
+that God will grant me strength and guidance. I am encouraged by the
+knowledge that I have in my dear wife one who will be a constant
+helpmate in every endeavour for our people's good."</p>
+
+<p>This speech, delivered with obvious feeling and indicating a real
+understanding and appreciation of his late Father's character and
+career, made a most favourable impression upon the Council, the Nation,
+and the Empire. It was followed by others&mdash;all showing tact and a clear
+grasp of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[Pg 463]</a></span> fundamental conditions of the time and of his new
+responsibilities. To the British Army King George issued the following
+Message: "My beloved Father was always closely associated with the Army
+by ties of strong personal attachment, and from the first day he entered
+the service he identified himself with everything conducive to its
+welfare. On my accession to the Throne I take this earliest opportunity
+of expressing to all ranks my gratitude for their gallant and devoted
+service to him. Although I have been always interested in the Army,
+recent years have afforded me special opportunities of becoming more
+intimately acquainted with our forces both at home and in India, as well
+as in other parts of the Empire. I shall watch over your interests and
+efficiency with continuous and keen solicitude and shall rely on that
+spirit of loyalty which has at all times animated and been the proud
+tradition of the British Army." To the Royal Navy His Majesty's Message
+was issued with special and personal interest. He was devoted to that
+arm of the service. From the year 1877 when he entered as a Cadet of
+twelve years old, and 1879 when, with Prince Albert Victor&mdash;afterwards
+Duke of Clarence&mdash;he went around the world in H. M. S. <i>Bacchante</i>, and
+1885 when he became a Midshipman, he had delighted in the Naval service,
+imbibed the free air of the seas of the world and become instinct with
+pride in England's naval record and achievements. He had been attached
+to and served in several great battleships; in 1888 he commanded a
+torpedo boat and in 1890 the gunboat <i>Thrush</i>; in succeeding years he
+held more important commands and finally in 1897 had become an Admiral.
+To his Navy King George spoke as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is my earnest wish on succeeding to the Throne to make known to
+the Navy how deeply grateful I am for its faithful and
+distinguished services rendered to the late King,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">[Pg 464]</a></span> my beloved
+Father, who ever showed great solicitude for its welfare and
+efficiency. Educated and trained in that profession which I love so
+dearly my retirement from active duty has in no sense diminished my
+feelings of affection for it. For thirty-three years I had the
+honour of serving in the Navy, and such intimate participation in
+its life and work enables me to know how thoroughly I can depend
+upon that spirit of loyalty and zealous devotion to duty of which
+the glorious history of our Navy is the outcome. That you will ever
+continue to be, as in the past, the foremost defenders of your
+country's honour I know full well, and your fortunes will always be
+followed by me with deep feelings of pride and affectionate
+interest."</p></div>
+
+<p>Parliament met in special Session on May 11th to tender its combined
+condolences and congratulations to the new Sovereign. The Addresses from
+both Houses were identical in terms and referred eulogistically to the
+great work of the late King in building up and maintaining friendly
+Foreign relations. To them His Majesty replied briefly as to his
+personal grief and the national sorrow and then added: "King Edward's
+care for the welfare of his people, his skill and prudent guidance of
+the nation's affairs, his unwavering devotion to public duty during his
+illustrious reign, his simple courage under pain, will long be held in
+honour by his subjects both at home and beyond the Seas." Meanwhile an
+infinite variety of articles were being written about the new King. In
+Canada and the United States the same despatches, practically, came to
+the leading papers; in Canada were reproduced many of the attractive
+articles written by special American correspondents in England. Some of
+them could hardly have come from personal knowledge; others contained
+much of current gossip, passing stories, hasty impressions; all were
+interesting. A remarkable feature of nearly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[Pg 465]</a></span> all that was written
+regarding His Majesty was the absence of serious criticism or the
+slightest cause for condemnation in a life of forty-five years lived in
+the continuous white light which beats upon Royalty with such merciless
+precision.</p>
+
+<p>The facts are that King George was and had been essentially a sailor
+Prince; that he had in his younger days been open-handed, free, and
+possessed of a certain natural and bluff and pleasant geniality which
+was, however, quite different from the urbane, charming, courtly
+geniality of King Edward; that something of this characteristic had
+disappeared from public view after the death of his brother, the Duke of
+Clarence, and his own assumption of public duties and public work as
+heir presumptive&mdash;functions greatly enlarged by the accession of his
+father to the Throne; that in his travels through the outer spaces, the
+vast Colonial Dominions, of the Empire he was too hedged about with
+etiquette, too much surrounded by a varied, and constantly changing, and
+bewildering environment to exhibit anything except devotion to the
+immediate duty of the moment; that under the circumstances of his
+Imperial tours, amidst political conditions wherein a wrong word or even
+an unwise gesture might, upon occasions, evoke a storm, where not even
+his carefully-selected suite could be expected to understand all the
+varied shades of political strife and the infinite varieties of public
+opinion, it would have been more than human for him to show continuous
+geniality&mdash;as that word is interpreted in democratic countries; that
+upon many occasions and despite these obstacles he did thoroughly
+indicate a personal and unaffected enjoyment very different in manner
+from that of a prince receiving a formal address&mdash;notably so in his
+drives around Quebec during the Tercentenary; that the responsibilities
+of his position, the personal limitations of his environment, the
+difficulties always surrounding an heir to the throne, had however, and
+upon the whole, sobered the one-time <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">[Pg 466]</a></span>"jolly" Prince into a serious and
+thoughtful personage&mdash;a statesman in the making; that he was, what none
+of the Royal family had ever been, something of an orator as he proved
+by his splendid speech in London upon returning from the Empire tour of
+1901 and by his delivery of otherwise routine addresses upon many
+occasions; that there could be absolutely no doubt as to his love of
+home, his devotion to wife and family, his personal preference for a
+quieter life than that which destiny had given him. King George was
+married to Princess May of Teck, on July 6, 1893, and the children of
+the Royal pair at the Accession were as follows:</p>
+
+<table summary="children" style="width: 30%;"><tbody>
+<tr><td>H. R. H., Edward Albert</td>      <td>Born</td> <td>June  23, 1894</td></tr>
+<tr><td>H. R. H., Albert Frederick</td>     <td class="center">"</td>  <td>Dec.  14, 1895</td></tr>
+<tr><td>H. R. H., Victoria Alexandra</td>  <td class="center">"</td>  <td>April 25, 1897</td></tr>
+<tr><td>H. R. H., Henry William</td>        <td class="center">"</td>  <td>March 31, 1900</td></tr>
+<tr><td>H. R. H., George Edward</td>        <td class="center">"</td>  <td>Dec.  20, 1902</td></tr>
+<tr><td>H. R. H., John Charles</td>         <td class="center">"</td>  <td>July  12, 1905</td></tr>
+</tbody></table>
+
+<p>Of the new Queen Mary much might be said. Unspoiled by the social
+adulation, the personal power of her environment; devoted to her home,
+its duties and its responsibilities, and believing her children to be
+the first object and aim of a woman's study and attention, she yet found
+time to master the underlying principles of her future position, to
+become thoroughly conversant with all the details of sovereignty&mdash;not
+only in the ordinary sense but in that new meaning which has come to
+stamp the British Monarchy with such an international and Imperial
+prestige. The future Queen had some special qualifications for her
+position. She was British by birth and training and habit of
+thought&mdash;the first Queen-Consort who could claim these conditions in
+centuries of history. A great-granddaughter of George the Third she was
+the popular child of a popular mother&mdash;Princess Mary of Teck&mdash;and was
+born in Kensington Palace on May 26, 1867, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">[Pg 467]</a></span>in a room adjacent to that
+in which Queen Victoria first saw the light of day. Interested in the
+theatre, in music, and the drama, charitable by nature and incessant in
+her work for, and amongst, the poor, a cheerful though not exactly eager
+participant in social affairs and presiding at the Marlborough House
+functions with tact and distinction; winning during her tour around the
+Empire the unstinted liking and respect of the people; the mistress and
+careful head of her household, a constant friend and adviser and
+associate of her Royal husband, a loving and devoted mother; the
+Princess of Wales before she entered upon her inheritance of power had
+well proved her right to help in holding the reins of a greater position
+and in setting the example of leadership in her natural and important
+share of the duties surrounding the throne of Britain and its far-flung
+realm.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo62.jpg" width="300" height="429" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+KING GEORGE V<br />
+Son and successor of Edward VII upon the throne of England
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo63.jpg" width="300" height="411" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+QUEEN MARY, CONSORT OF GEORGE V
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo64.jpg" width="300" height="412" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE KING AND QUEEN AT TORONTO<br />
+King George V and the Queen when they visited Toronto, Canada, October
+10, 1901, as Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo65.jpg" width="300" height="423" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+KING GEORGE V LEARNING TO SPLICE ROPE<br />
+In this interesting old photograph King George (on the left), and his
+older brother, the Duke of Clarence (on the right), are shown as boys on
+the "Britannia," where they were thoroughly taught the principles of
+seamanship. The Duke of Clarence, who was Heir to the Throne, died in
+1892 at the age of 28 years, leaving the right of succession to his
+younger brother.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo66.jpg" width="300" height="415" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+Photograph by Paul Thompson, New York.<br />
+THE ROYAL CHILDREN OF KING GEORGE V AND QUEEN MARY<br />
+<span style="font-weight: normal;">Reading from left to right: Their Royal Highnesses, Henry William;
+Albert Frederick; Edward Albert, Prince of Wales; John Charles; Victoria
+Alexandra, George Edward.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="padtop">What can be said of the future? It may be assumed that King George V
+will know his people well. He is thoroughly English in life, character,
+feelings; he knows Europe and the Empire better perhaps than any other
+living man; he is in sympathetic touch with rich and poor alike and has
+taken for many years deep interest in philanthropic and other schemes
+for the betterment of the poor; he has been trained in the school of
+constitutional monarchy by the personal teachings of his father and the
+potent example of Queen Victoria. The London <i>Daily Telegraph</i> said of
+him at the time of his accession&mdash;speaking probably with the knowledge
+of Lord Burnham, its proprietor, who had for many years been on intimate
+terms of friendship with the Royal Family&mdash;that the new King had
+undergone sedulous training and been educated to rule by learning to
+obey. "The country will discover in him what those admitted to his
+confidence have always realized&mdash;admirable traits of kindliness and
+strength; wise common sense, practical judgment of affairs; shrewd
+insight into character; and a singularly upright and lofty conception
+of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[Pg 468]</a></span> his kingly duty. He has a frank, generous, unspoiled nature, is
+quick in apprehension, deliberate in thought, careful in expression,
+controlled by a far-reaching consciousness of duty and is animated by a
+vivid sense of his exalted mission. He is a keen sportsman, an admirable
+father and husband, and a lovable man."</p>
+
+<p>King George has also been trained Imperially. He has trod the soil of
+his empire in every part of the globe and visited seas and lands which
+no other British sovereign ever saw; he has seen the courage and
+commercial skill and success of his more distant peoples, the pioneering
+activities and growing civilizations of new states and territories
+thousands of miles apart; he has obviously learned from them lessons of
+great import. It required considerable courage in 1902 to make that
+speech of "Wake up, England," to a people who do not readily take advice
+from their rulers and who notoriously dislike being hurried along the
+lines of their development. In other directions there is much to be
+hopeful for. His Majesty has chosen his friends well. They are said, in
+an intimate sense, to be few in number, but the fact of Lord Rosebery
+being one of them augurs well of the others. He has a strong sense of
+duty, his addresses indicate the principle of Imperialism in its best
+sense, his life has commanded the respect of his people. It may well be,
+and surely will be in his case, as with the late Queen, with Wellington
+and Nelson and King Edward himself, that</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Not once or twice in our fair Island's story<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The path of duty was the road to glory."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>To the political situation at his accession, therefore, King George
+brings a trained intelligence, detailed and intimate knowledge, a keen
+perception of the basic interests and feelings of his people. No one
+knows, no one can know, what are his political opinions. The
+probabilities are that his principles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">[Pg 469]</a></span> are not those of any so-called
+party. If they were closely analyzed in the light of environment,
+education, instincts, and natural predelictions the King's policy might,
+perhaps, be found to be something like this: (1) The maintenance of
+British power, including a strong Navy and a United Empire; (2) the
+maintenance of the Monarchy in all its essential rights and privileges
+and absolute independence of party. These two lines of ambition would
+really be, and are, one, as in his opinion and, indeed, in that of most
+thinking men who are not blinded by passing party phantoms the interests
+of Great Britain, of the Empire, and the Monarchy, are identical.</p>
+
+<p>In the political crisis of 1910 two questions are uppermost&mdash;a
+constitutional change and a fiscal change. In order to defeat the latter
+proposals the Liberals in part have created the former situation. The
+King can act only upon the advice of his Ministry unless tacitly and by
+unusual agreement, as latterly was the case with King Edward, he acts as
+a conciliatory force. If the Government asks him to create 300 peers so
+as to compel the acceptance of legislation curbing and crippling, if not
+abolishing, the Upper House, he can either assent or refuse. Assent
+means the destruction of a portion of the Constitution&mdash;and a portion
+very close to the Throne and which acts as a real buffer against the
+hasty action of an impetuous and sometimes imperious Commons. Refusal
+means that the Ministry must resign or go to the country on an issue in
+which it is quite possible the people will not support them.</p>
+
+<p>Against the Government, also, in this contest will be urged the full
+force of the growing fiscal feeling, the desire for Tariff Reform, the
+development of an Imperial sentiment which wants some means of giving
+the Colonies a preference in the British market, the pressing need for
+some weapon of retaliation upon highly protective foreign nations.
+Whatever course the King takes under all these conditions will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[Pg 470]</a></span> bring
+the Crown into the conflict&mdash;either as yielding to the Liberals and thus
+antagonizing the Conservatives, or by refusing the demands of the
+former, raising up a party&mdash;small but vehement&mdash;against the Monarchy
+itself. There is another element in the situation to be remembered.
+England, "the dominant partner," is not really behind the Asquith
+Government. Its majority at the recent elections was infinitesimal; what
+there was came from Wales and Ireland and Scotland; and that of Ireland
+was divided upon the fiscal issue. The whole situation is, therefore,
+very much clouded to the eye.</p>
+
+<p>So far as one writer can estimate the end of such a crisis it will
+probably be one of compromise. Almost everything in the British
+constitution is in the nature of a compromise. Constitutional monarchy
+in its essence is a half-way house between Autocracy and Republicanism
+and its great advantage to the minds of its supporters is that the
+system has the extremes of neither, the best qualities of each, and all
+the advantages of that strength and permanence which moderation and
+toleration always afford. In Britain the system certainly has the
+affection and devotion of the great mass of the people. Mr. Asquith is
+not an extremist, Mr. Haldane and Sir Edward Grey are moderate forces in
+the Cabinet, and though Messrs. Lloyd-George and Winston Churchill are
+more heard of it does not follow, and it certainly is not the fact, that
+they are more influential. They hold the same place in Liberalism that
+Mr. Chamberlain with his republican tendencies (which they do not
+profess) and his "three acres and a cow" held to Mr. Gladstone and the
+Liberal leaders of thirty or forty years ago. The Conservatives, also,
+are not desirous of pushing the issue too far. They believe in and have
+tested the affection of rural England for the aristocracy and the
+preference of nearly all England for a second Chamber of some kind. But
+they do not intend to fight the issue on the hereditary <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">[Pg 471]</a></span>principle. The
+acceptance, by a very large majority, of Lord Rosebery's motion in the
+Lords declaring that "the possession of a peerage should no longer, of
+itself, give the right to sit and vote in the House of Lords," removes
+this point from the actual conflict and leaves the Conservatives as
+urging a strong, reformed and democratised Upper House against the
+Liberal policy of a weakened, emasculated echo of the House of Commons.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo67.jpg" width="500" height="616" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+THE YOUNG PRINCES AT THE WALL OF MARLBOROUGH HOUSE
+WATCHING THE PROCLAMATION OF THEIR FATHER AS KING; AND TEXT OF THE
+PROCLAMATION.
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Whereas it has pleased Almighty God to call to His Mercy our late
+Sovereign Lord King Edward the Seventh, of Blessed and Glorious Memory,
+by whose Decease the Imperial Crown of the United Kingdom of Great
+Britain and Ireland is solely and rightfully come to the High and Mighty
+Prince George Frederick Ernest Albert:</p>
+
+<p>We, therefore, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of this Realm, being
+here assisted with these of His late Majesty's Privy Council, with
+Numbers of other Principal Gentlemen of Quality, with the Lord Mayor,
+Aldermen, and Citizens of London, do now hereby, with one Voice and
+Consent of Tongue and Heart, publish and proclaim, That the High and
+Mighty Prince George Frederick Ernest Albert, is now by the Death of our
+late Sovereign of Happy Memory, become our only lawful and rightful
+Liege Lord George the Fifth by the Grace of God, King of the United
+Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and of the British Dominions
+Beyond the Seas, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India:</p>
+
+<p>To whom we do acknowledge all Faith and constant Obedience, with all
+hearty and humble Affection; beseeching God, by whom Kings and Queens do
+reign, to bless the Royal Prince George the Fifth with long and happy
+years to reign over Us.</p>
+
+<p class="center">GOD SAVE THE KING!</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illo68.jpg" width="300" height="406" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+PROCLAIMING THE ACCESSION OF KING GEORGE V TO THE CROWDS
+IN LONDON.<br />
+The third proclamation by the Heralds was made from the Royal Exchange
+and was witnessed by an enormous crowd. The ceremony opened with a
+fanfare of trumpets, after which Somerset Herald read the proclamation.
+He then lifted his hat and cried, "God save the King." Three cheers were
+then given for King George V, followed by three more for Queen Mary.
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo69.jpg" width="500" height="299" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">
+Reading from left to right&mdash;Sir Almeric Fitzroy (Clerk of
+the Privy Council), Earl Beauchamp (Lord Steward), Viscount Althorp
+(Lord Chamberlain), the Earl of Crewe (Lord Privy Seal), the King,
+Prince Christian, Lord Loreburn (the Lord Chancellor), the Earl of
+Granard (Master of the Horse), the Duke of Fife, the Duke of Argyll, the
+Archbishop of Canterbury.<br />
+KING GEORGE'S FIRST OFFICIAL ACT.<br />
+<span style="font-weight: normal;">According to ancient procedure a meeting of the Privy Council was held
+at St. James's Palace on Saturday, May 7th, the morning after King
+Edward's death. After the Earl of Crewe had officially informed the
+Council of the death of the late King, and of King's George's accession,
+His Majesty entered the Council Chamber and after addressing the
+Councillors, took the usual oath for the security of the Church of
+Scotland.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="subhead3 padtop">Genealogical Chart</p>
+
+<p class="subhead3">SHOWING DESCENT OF KING GEORGE V, FROM EGBERT (A. D. 827)</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/illo70.jpg" width="700" height="859" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>There is plenty of room for compromise in this, and there is every
+possibility that something will be done along the lines of, perhaps,
+restricting the financial veto of the Lords, leaving the other questions
+open, and, meantime, reforming the structure of the House. Whatever the
+developments of the future, the new King may be depended upon to
+preserve the general principle of a second chamber; to conserve the
+legitimate interests and influence of the aristocracy and landed classes
+in the state&mdash;when, of course, they do not conflict with the well-being
+of the people as a whole; to stand for stability and gradual reform
+rather than change for the sake of change; to prefer and enforce
+evolution rather than revolution. In all this His Majesty will voice the
+deliberate and well-known opinions&mdash;instinct it may almost be said&mdash;of
+his people in general. Be it also said, in conclusion, that these
+thoughts are generalizations; that the King's opinions are his own and
+are not known to the people; that newspaper writers in England, the
+United States, or Canada, who proclaim an intimate acquaintance with his
+views, and hidden qualities, and private conversations, only betray
+their absolute ignorance of actual conditions. King George is an honest,
+honourable and patriotic Englishman, guarding the greatest birthright
+that a man can have, watching over the evolution of the greatest of
+world-empires, sitting at the heart of vital and powerful political
+movements. The steps he takes, or does not take, will be carefully
+considered, and all public knowledge<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">[Pg 472]</a></span> of the new King's character and
+life leads one to believe that they will be wisely taken&mdash;in this
+respect following the precedents left by his august father and
+grandmother and realizing the principles and training and looming
+responsibilities of a lifetime.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Life of King Edward VII, by J. Castell Hopkins
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+Project Gutenberg's The Life of King Edward VII, by J. Castell Hopkins
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life of King Edward VII
+       with a sketch of the career of King George V
+
+Author: J. Castell Hopkins
+
+Release Date: April 20, 2008 [EBook #25112]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF KING EDWARD VII ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Stacy Brown, Juliet Sutherland and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: EDWARD VII, KING OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN
+AND IRELAND AND OF THE BRITISH DOMINIONS BEYOND THE SEAS, AND EMPEROR OF
+INDIA
+
+Born November 9, 1841. Ascended the throne January 22, 1901. Died May 6,
+1910]
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF KING EDWARD VII
+
+WITH A SKETCH OF THE CAREER OF KING GEORGE V
+
+By J. CASTELL HOPKINS, F.S.S.
+
+1910
+
+_Author of "Queen Victoria, Her Life and Reign;" "Life and Work of
+Mr. Gladstone;" "The Story of the Dominion", &c., &c._
+
+Profusely Illustrated
+
+
+
+
+Copyright 1910, by
+W. E. Scull.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+During a number of years' study of British institutions in their modern
+development and of British public life in its adjustment to new and
+changing conditions I have felt an ever-growing appreciation of the
+active influence exercised by the late Sovereign of the British Empire
+upon the social life and public interests of the United Kingdom and an
+ever-increasing admiration for his natural abilities and rare
+tactfulness of character. King Edward the Seventh, in a sixty years'
+tenure of the difficult position of Heir to the British Throne, built
+into the history of his country and Empire a record of which he and his
+people had every reason to be proud. He had for many years the
+responsibilities of a Royal position without the actual power; the
+public functions of a great ruler without the resources usually
+available; the knowledge, experience and statecraft of a wise Sovereign
+without Regal environment.
+
+The Prince of Wales, however, rose above the apparent difficulties of
+his position and for more than a quarter of a century emulated the wise
+example of his princely father--Albert the Good--and profited by the
+beautiful character and unquestioned statesmanship of his august mother.
+As with all those upon whose life beats the glare of ever-present
+publicity and upon whose actions the press of friendly and hostile
+nations alike have the privilege of ceaseless comment, the Heir to the
+British Throne had to suffer from atrocious canards as well as from
+fulsome compliments. Unlike many others, however, he afterwards lived
+down the falsehoods of an early time; conquered by his clear, open life
+the occasional hostility of a later day; and at the period of his
+accession to the Throne was, without and beyond question, the best liked
+Prince in Europe--the most universally popular man in the United
+Kingdom and its external Empire. Upon the verge of His Majesty's
+Coronation there occurred that sudden and dramatic illness which proved
+so well the bravery and patience of the man, and increased so greatly
+the popularity and _prestige_ of the Monarch.
+
+Since then the late King has yearly grown in the regard of his people
+abroad, in the respect of other rulers and nations, in the admiration of
+all who understood the difficulties of his position, the real force of
+his personality and influence, the power with which he drew to the
+Throne--even after the remarkable reign of Victoria the Good--an
+increased affection and loyalty from Australians and South Africans and
+Canadians alike, an added confidence and loyal faith in his judgment
+from all his British peoples whether at home or over seas.
+
+In the United States, which King Edward always regarded with an
+admiration which the enterprise and energy of its people so well
+deserved, he in turn received a degree of respect and regard which did
+not at one time seem probable. To him, ever since the visit to the
+Republic in 1860, a closer and better relation between the two great
+countries had been an ideal toward which as statesman and Prince and
+Sovereign he guided the English-speaking race.
+
+The reader of these pages will, I hope, receive a permanent impression
+of the career and character of one who has been at once a popular
+Prince, a great King, a worthy head of the British Empire and of his own
+family, a statesman who has won and worn the proud title of "The Royal
+Peacemaker."
+
+J. CASTELL HOPKINS.
+
+_Toronto, Canada, 1910._
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER I.
+  The Crown and the Empire                                 17
+
+  CHAPTER II.
+  Early Years and Education of the Prince                  31
+
+  CHAPTER III.
+  Royal Tour of British America and the United States      47
+
+  CHAPTER IV.
+  The Royal Marriage                                       69
+
+  CHAPTER V.
+  Early Home Life and Public Duties                        79
+
+  CHAPTER VI.
+  Travels in the East                                      99
+
+  CHAPTER VII.
+  Serious Illness of the Prince                           117
+
+  CHAPTER VIII.
+  The Prince of Wales in India                            131
+
+  CHAPTER IX.
+  Thirty Years of Public Work                             162
+
+  CHAPTER X.
+  Special Functions and Interests                         181
+
+  CHAPTER XI.
+  The Prince and His Family                               191
+
+  CHAPTER XII.
+  The Prince as a Social Leader                           203
+
+  CHAPTER XIII.
+  The Prince as a Sportsman                               211
+
+  CHAPTER XIV.
+  Habits and Character of the Prince                      218
+
+  CHAPTER XV.
+  The Prince as an Empire Statesman                       234
+
+  CHAPTER XVI.
+  The Prince as Heir Apparent                             248
+
+  CHAPTER XVII.
+  Accession to the Throne                                 268
+
+  CHAPTER XVIII.
+  The First Year of the New Reign                         286
+
+  CHAPTER XIX.
+  Empire Tour of the New Heir to the Throne               305
+
+  CHAPTER XX.
+  The King and the South African War                      351
+
+  CHAPTER XXI.
+  Preparations for the Coronation                         368
+
+  CHAPTER XXII.
+  Serious Illness of the King                             380
+
+  CHAPTER XXIII.
+  The Coronation                                          391
+
+  CHAPTER XXIV.
+  The Reign of King Edward                                420
+
+  CHAPTER XXV.
+  The King as a Diplomatist and Peace-maker               432
+
+  CHAPTER XXVI.
+  The Death of King Edward                                440
+
+  CHAPTER XXVII.
+  The Solemn Funeral of the King                          451
+
+  CHAPTER XXVIII.
+  The New King and His Imperial Responsibilities          461
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: THE PRINCESS ALEXANDRA
+  At the time of her marriage]
+
+[Illustration: KING EDWARD AS PRINCE OF WALES IN 1879]
+
+[Illustration: MARRIAGE OF EDWARD AND ALEXANDRA, THEN PRINCE AND
+PRINCESS OF WALES, 1863
+  From a painting at Windsor by W. P. Firth R.A.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+The Crown and the Empire
+
+
+The great development of a political nature in the British Empire of the
+nineteenth century was the complete harmony which gradually evolved
+between the Monarchy and a world-wide democracy. This process was
+all-important because it eliminated an element of internal discord which
+has destroyed more than one nation in the past; because it permitted the
+peaceful progress of scattered states to continue through the passing
+years without having questions of allegiance to seriously hamper their
+growth; because it trained political thought along lines of stability
+and continuity and made loyalty and liberty consistent and almost
+synonymous terms; because it made the Crown the central symbol of the
+Empire's unity, the visible object of a world-wide allegiance, the
+special token of a common aspiration and a common sentiment amongst many
+millions of English-speaking people--the subject of untutored reverence
+and unquestioned respect amongst hundreds of millions of other races.
+
+
+THE POSITION OF THE CROWN
+
+The chief factor in this development was the late Queen Victoria, and to
+the inheritance of the fabric thus evolved came a son who was educated
+amid the constitutional environment in which she lived and was trained
+in the Imperial ideas which she so strongly held and so wisely impressed
+upon her statesmen, her family and her people. King Edward came into
+responsibilities which were greater and more imposing than those ever
+before inherited by a reigning sovereign. He had not only the great
+example and life of his predecessor as a model and as a comparison; not
+only the same vast and ever-changing and expanding Empire to rule over;
+not only a similar myriad-eyed press and public to watch his every
+expression and movement; but he entered with his people upon a new
+century in which one of the first and most prominent features is a decay
+in popular respect for Parliament and a revival of the old-time love for
+stately display, for ceremonial and for the appropriate trappings of
+royalty. With this evident and growing influence of the Crown as a
+social and popular factor is the knowledge which all statesmen and
+constitutional students now possess of the personal influence in
+diplomacy and statecraft which was wielded by the late Queen Victoria
+and which the experience and tact of the new Monarch enabled him to also
+test and prove. Side by side with these two elements in the situation
+was the conviction which has now become fixed throughout the Empire that
+the Crown is the pivot upon which its unity and future co-operation
+naturally and properly turns; that the Sovereign is the one possible
+central figure of allegiance for all its scattered countries and
+world-wide races; that without the Crown as the symbol of union and the
+King as the living object of allegiance and personal sentiment the
+British realms would be a series of separated units.
+
+These facts lend additional importance to the character and history of
+the Monarchy; to the influences which have controlled the life and
+labours of King Edward; to the abilities which have marked his career
+and the elements which have entered into the making of his character. He
+may not in succeeding years of his reign have declared war like an
+Edward I., or made secret diplomatic arrangements like a Charles II. He
+may not have manipulated foreign combinations like a William III., or
+dismissed his Ministers at pleasure like a George III., or worked one
+faction in his Kingdom against another like a Charles I. None of these
+things have been attempted, nor will his successor desire to undertake
+them. But none the less there lay in his hand a vast and growing
+power--the personal influence wielded by a popular and experienced
+Monarch over his Ministry, his Court, his Diplomatic Staff throughout
+the world, and his high officers in the Army and Navy. The prestige of
+his personal honours or personal wishes and the known Imperialism of his
+personal opinions must have had great weight in controlling Colonial
+policy in London; while his experience of European and Eastern
+statecraft through many years of close intercourse with foreign and home
+statesmen undoubtedly had a marvelous effect in the control of British
+policy abroad.
+
+To the external Empire, as constituted at the beginning of the twentieth
+century, the Crown is a many-sided factor. The personal and diplomatic
+influence of the Sovereign is obvious and was illustrated by Queen
+Victoria in such historic incidents as the personal relations with King
+Louis Philippe which probably averted a war with France in the early
+forties; in the later friendship with Louis Napoleon which helped to
+make the Crimean War alliance possible; in the refusal by the Queen to
+assent to a certain _casus belli_ despatch during the American War which
+saved Great Britain from being drawn into the struggle; in her influence
+upon the Cabinet in connection with the Schleswig-Holstein question,
+which was exerted to such an extent (according to Lord Malmesbury) as to
+have averted a possible conflict with Germany.
+
+The political power of the Crown and its wearer is proven to exist in
+the dismissal of Lord Palmerston for his rash recognition of the French
+_coup d'etat_; in the occasional exercise of the right of excluding
+certain individuals from the Government--notably the case of Mr.
+Labouchere a decade ago; in such direct exercise of influence as the
+Queen's intervention in the matter of the Irish Church Disestablishment
+Bill as related by the late Archbishop Tait. The Imperial influence of
+the Sovereign has been shown in more than merely indirect ways. The
+Queen's refusal to approve the first draft of the Royal Proclamation for
+India in 1858 and her changes in the text were declared by Lord Canning
+to have averted another insurrection. Her personal determination to send
+the Prince of Wales to Canada in 1860 and her own visit to Ireland in
+one of the last years of her reign were cases of actual initiative and
+active policy. South Africa owed to the late Queen the several visits of
+the Duke of Edinburgh and the exhibition of her well-known sympathy with
+the views of Sir George Grey--who, had he been allowed a free hand,
+would have consolidated and united those regions many years ago and
+averted the recent disastrous struggle.
+
+Australia owed to her the compliment of various visits from members of
+the Royal family, the kindly personal treatment of its leaders and a
+frequently expressed desire for its unity in one great and growing
+nationality--British in allegiance and connection and power; Australian
+in local authority, patriotism and development. India was indebted to
+its Queen-Empress for continued sympathy and wise advice to its
+Governors-General; for the phraseology in the Proclamation after the
+Mutiny, already referred to, which rendered the new conditions of
+allegiance comprehensible and satisfactory to the native mind; for the
+important visit of the Prince of Wales to that country in 1877; and for
+the support given to Lord Beaconfield's Imperial policy of asserting
+England's place in the world, of purchasing the Suez Canal shares in
+order to help in keeping the route to the East and of paving the way for
+that acquisition of Egypt and the Soudan which has since made Cecil
+Rhodes' dream of a great British-African empire a realizable
+probability. The Colonies, as a whole, owed to Queen Victoria a
+condition of government which made peaceful constitutional development
+possible; which extinguished discontent and the elements or embers of
+republicanism; which gradually eliminated the separative tendencies of
+distance and slowly merged the Manchester school ideas of the past into
+the Imperialism of the present; which made evolution rather than
+revolution the guiding principle of British countries in the nineteenth
+century.
+
+
+THE MONARCHY IN HISTORY
+
+How has the Crown become such an important factor in the modern
+development of British peoples? The answer is not found altogether in
+personal considerations nor even in those of loyalty to somewhat vague
+and undefined principles of government. These considerations have had
+great weight but so also has the traditional and actual power of the
+Monarchy in moulding institutions and ideas during a thousand years of
+history. To a much greater extent than is generally understood in these
+democratic days has this latter influence been a factor. Through nearly
+all British history the Sovereign has either represented the popular
+instincts of the time or else led in the direction of extended territory
+and power under the individual influence of royal valour or statecraft.
+The history of England has not, of course, been confined to the
+biography of its Kings or Queens, but it would be as absurd to trace
+those annals without extended study of the rulers and their characters
+as it would be to write the records without reference to the people and
+popular progress. And the Monarchy has done much for the British Isles.
+Its influence has effected their whole national life in war and in
+peace, in religion and in morals, in literature and in art. The
+individual achievements and actions of some of these rulers constitute
+the very foundation stones in the structure of modern British power.
+Others again have helped to build the walls of the national edifice
+until the Sovereign at the beginning of the twentieth century has
+become the pivot upon which turns the constitutional unity of a great
+Empire and which forms the only possible centre for a common allegiance
+amongst its varied peoples.
+
+At first this monarchical principle was embodied in the form of military
+power, was based upon feudal loyalty, and was associated with the noble
+ideals, but somewhat reckless practices, of mediaeval chivalry. The
+victories of Egbert and Alfred the Great transformed the Heptarchy into
+a substantial English Kingdom. The military skill of William the
+Conqueror gave an opportunity to blend the graces of Norman chivalry,
+and a somewhat higher form of civilization, with the rougher virtues of
+the Saxon character. Henry II. personally illustrated this combination,
+with his ruddy English face and strong physical powers, and impressed
+himself upon British history by the conquest of Ireland. Richard Coeur
+de Lion gave his country many famous pages of crusading in the East, and
+embodied in his life and character the adventurous and daring spirit of
+the age. Edward I. dominated events by his energy and ability, subdued
+Wales, and for a time conquered the Kingdom of Scotland. Edward III., in
+his long reign of fifty years, carried the British flag over the fields
+of France, and won immortality at the battles of Crecy and Poictiers.
+Henry V. gained the victory of Agincourt, and won and wore the title of
+King of France. Then came the Wars of the Roses and the turbulent
+termination to a period of six centuries during which the English
+Monarchs had represented the military spirit of their times, and had led
+in the rough process of struggle and conquest out of which was growing
+the United Kingdom of to-day.
+
+With the reign of Henry VIII. commenced the period of religious
+change--the struggles for religious liberty against ecclesiastical
+dominance. Limited as were the achievements of Henry and Elizabeth, in
+this respect, by prevailing bigotry and narrowness of view as well as
+by diverse personal characteristics, they none the less did great
+service to the country and the people. The rule of Cromwell--who, in the
+exercise of Royal power and the possession of regal personal ability,
+may properly be included in such a connection--gave that liberty of
+worship to a portion of the masses with which previous Sovereigns had
+more especially endowed the classes. During the reign of the Stuarts
+religious dissensions and ecclesiastical controversies and intermittent
+persecutions, illustrated the predominant passion of the period; and
+forced the weak or indifferent monarch of the moment to be an
+unconscious factor in the progress towards that general toleration which
+the Revolution of 1688 and the crowning of William and Mary finally
+accomplished. But, whether it was Henry persecuting the monks, or
+Elizabeth the Roman Catholics, or Mary the Protestants, or Cromwell the
+Episcopalians, or Charles II. the Dissenters, each ruler was being led,
+to a great degree, by the undercurrent of surrounding bigotry and was,
+in the main, representative of a strong, popular sentiment of the time.
+Henry voiced the national uprising against Rome, just as the second
+Charles embodied popular reaction against the Puritans, and as William
+of Orange was enabled to lead a successful opposition to the gloomy and
+personal bigotry of the last of the Royal Stuarts.
+
+The third period of British monarchical history in this connection was
+that marked by the growth toward constitutional government under the
+sway of the House of Hanover. Coupled with this was the equally
+important foundation of a great Colonial empire, and the loss of a large
+portion of it in the reign of George III. But the development of
+constitutional rule under the Georges should not be confounded with the
+growth of the popular and Imperial system which exists to-day. The
+latter is simply a progressive evolution out of the aristocratic and
+oligarchical government of the Hanoverian period, just as that system
+had been a step from the kingly power of the Tudors and the Stuarts,
+which, in turn, had arisen upon the ruins of feudalism and military
+monarchical power. It is this gradual growth, this "gently broadening
+down from precedent to precedent," which makes the British constitution
+of to-day the more or less perfected result of centuries of experience
+and struggle. But that result has only been made possible by a peculiar
+series of national adjustments in which the power of the Monarchs has
+been modified from time to time to suit the will of the people, while
+the ability of individual Sovereigns has been at the same time given
+full scope in which to exercise wise kingcraft or pronounced military
+skill. It has, in fact, been a most elastic system in its application
+and to that elasticity has been due its prolonged stability of form
+under a succession of dynastic or personal changes.
+
+
+THE CONSTITUTION AND THE MONARCHY
+
+It is a common mistake to minimize the importance and value of the
+aristocratic rule by which the government of England was graded down
+from the high exercise of royal power under the Tudors and Stuarts to
+that beneficial exercise of royal influence which marks the opening of
+the present century period. To the aristocracy of those two centuries is
+mainly due the fact that the growth from paternal government and
+personal rule to direct popular administration was a gradual
+development, through only occasional scenes of storm and stress, instead
+of involving a succession of revolutions alternating with civil war.
+Somers and Godolphin, Walpole and Chatham, Pitt and Shelburne, Eldon and
+Canning, Grey and Liverpool, Wellington and Durham, Melbourne and
+Palmerston, were all of this aristocratic class, though of varying
+degrees in rank and title and with varied views of politics. They filled
+the chief places in the Government of the country during a period when
+the people were being slowly trained in the perception and practice of
+constitutional and religious liberty. At the best such processes are
+difficult and often prove bitter tests of national endurance; and it was
+well for Great Britain that the two centuries under review produced a
+class of able and cultured men who--though naturally aristocratic at
+heart--were upon the whole honestly bent upon furthering the best
+interests of the masses. And this despite the mistakes of a Danby or a
+North.
+
+Yet, even towards the close of this period of preparation, popular
+government, as now practised, was neither understood by the immediate
+predecessors of Queen Victoria, nor by the nobles who presided over the
+changing administrations of the day. It was not clearly comprehended by
+Liberals like Russell and Grey; it was feared by Wellington and the
+Tories as being republican and revolutionary; it was dreaded by many who
+could hardly be called Tories and who, in the condition of things then
+prevalent, could scarcely even be termed Loyalists. Writing in 1812,
+Charles Knight, the historian, described the fierce national struggle of
+the previous twenty years with Napoleon and expressed a longing wish for
+the prop of a sincere and spontaneous loyalty to the throne in the
+critical times that were to follow. But such a sentiment of loyalty was
+not then expressed, and could hardly have been publicly evoked by a
+ruler of the type of George IV., whether governing as Prince-Regent or
+as King.
+
+There is, however, no doubt of its having existed, and there seems to
+have been, even through those troubled years, an inborn spirit of
+loyalty to the Crown as being the symbol of the State and of public
+order. Its wearer might make mistakes and be personally unpopular, but
+he represented the nation as a whole and must consequently be respected.
+This powerful feeling has often in English history made the bravest and
+strongest submit to slights from their Sovereign, and has won the most
+disinterested devotion and energetic action from men who have never
+even seen the Monarch in whose personal character there was sometimes
+little to evoke or deserve such faith and sacrifice. For ages this
+loyalty had been the preservative of society in England, and it is still
+indispensable to the tranquility and permanence of a state, whether
+given in its full degree to the Sovereign of Great Britain, or in a more
+divided sense to the elective and partisan head of a modern republic.
+
+In the time of the Georges, as well as in the middle ages and at the
+present moment, loyalty was and is a sincere and honest patriotism,
+refining the instincts and elevating the actions of those who were
+willing to waive self-interest on any given occasion in order to guard
+what they believed to be the true basis of national stability and order.
+Certainly, a Monarchy which could survive the wars and European
+revolutions, the internal discontents and personal deficiencies, of the
+period which commenced with the reign of George I. and closed with that
+of William IV., must have possessed some inherent strength greater than
+may be gathered from many of the superficial works which pass for
+history. But, whatever that influence was, it does not appear to have
+been personal. With the close of the reign of Queen Anne the brilliant
+_prestige_ of personal authority and power wielded by the Sovereign had
+passed quietly away and, up to the death of William IV. and the
+accession of Victoria, had not been replaced by the personal influence
+of a constitutional ruler.
+
+
+PRESENT POSITION OF THE MONARCHY
+
+Out of all these changing developments has come a military position in
+which the Sovereign no longer leads his forces in war but in which he
+commands a sentiment of loyalty as hearty, in the breasts of the
+Colonial soldiers ten thousand miles away from his home at Windsor, as
+ever did the personal presence of an Edward I., or a Richard the
+Lion-Hearted. Out of them has come a religious position in which the
+Sovereign is head of a particular Church and yet, as such, gives no
+serious offence to masses of his subjects who belong to other faiths and
+who receive through his Governments around the world absolute freedom of
+religious worship--almost as a matter of course. Out of the
+constitutional evolution has come the adaptation of the Monarchy to not
+only new conditions but to countries separated by oceans and continents
+from the mother-state, and the evolution of a system which combines
+420,000,000 people under one Crown and one flag. In August, 1884, the
+_Times_ spoke of a correspondent amongst the Khirgese of Central Asia
+who stated that the people of that region had not the remotest idea of
+where or what England was--but they had heard of Queen Victoria; and a
+few years later Mr. Henry Labouchere, the inconsistent and bitter
+Radical, told the _Forum_ of New York that "were a Parliamentary
+candidate to address an electoral meeting on the advantages of a
+republic he would be deemed a tilter at a windmill."
+
+Such is a summary of the history and position of the British Monarchy. A
+thousand years ago it combined the seven little Kingdoms of England into
+one; to-day it combines the Kingdoms and Dominions and Commonwealths and
+Islands of a quarter of the earth's surface into one. The power of the
+Crown was once chiefly employed in making war and compelling peace by
+force of arms and military skill; to-day it is largely utilized in
+promoting peace and controlling diplomacy. The position of the Monarch
+was once that of the head of a class, or the leader of some distinct
+manifestation of public feeling, or the military chief of a great
+faction; to-day it is that of embodying the power of a united people,
+giving dignified interpretation to the policy of a nation, and serving
+as the symbol of unity to the masses of population in an extended
+empire.
+
+One of the interesting features in the Crown's popularity and influence
+is the absence of serious criticism or controversy over the expense of
+its maintenance. Perhaps the only practical expression of disapproval
+affecting the Monarchy heard during Queen Victoria's long reign was an
+occasional grumbling as to the paucity of Court functions, the absence
+of Royal splendour and expenditures from the City of London, the
+sombreness and quiet which characterized the ordinary, everyday life of
+the Sovereign. The total financial cost of the Monarchy has been placed
+at a million pounds sterling per annum, but this total includes various
+large sums which could just as properly be charged to the ordinary
+governing requirements of the country without reference to the
+particular form of its institutions. Against this sum may also be placed
+the proceeds of the Crown Lands which were surrendered to Parliament
+upon the accession of William and Mary and which had before that been
+recognized as a personal estate of the Sovereign over which Parliament
+had no control. In addition to these Crown Land revenues other sums were
+voted as required. Upon their surrender to the nation (during the life
+of each Sovereign) it has become the custom, since 1868, to vote a
+permanent Civil List for the ensuing reign and out of this sum the
+ordinary Court and personal expenses are supposed to be met. In the case
+of Queen Victoria the amount was L385,000 a year, supplemented, however,
+by other votes and special allowances to herself and the Royal family
+from time to time.
+
+Upon her accession the Queen retained out of the old Crown Lands, or
+revenues, those of the Duchy of Lancaster and they have risen in value
+from L20,000 to L50,000 per annum. The Royal palaces are maintained
+apart from the Civil List and the building of Royal yachts and other
+similar expenses are considered as additional items. The revenues of the
+Duchy of Cornwall, which have always pertained to the Prince of Wales,
+and the incomes or special sums voted to the members of the Royal
+family, make up an amount nearly as large as the Civil List. But these
+apparently large sums have not in recent years created any feeling of
+dissatisfaction; nor has any been expressed save by certain individuals
+of the Labouchere type, who possess little influence and less sincerity.
+Upon the whole the situation in this connection possesses considerable
+interest to the student of history, or of popular sentiment, as showing
+how a practical, business-loving, money-making people can become devoted
+to an institution which must in the nature of things be expensive and
+which, in the ratio of its dignity and effectiveness as an embodiment of
+growing national power, must be increasingly so as the years roll on.
+
+The reason for this condition of feeling is the combination which the
+Monarchy has during the past century come to present to the minds of the
+public. Tradition and history reaching down into the hearts and lives of
+the people may be considered the basic influence; a general belief in
+the superiority of British institutions over all others may be stated as
+a powerful conservative force; while personality and character in the
+Sovereign may be described as the chief constructive element in this
+process of increasing loyalty to the Crown. Convenience, custom, love of
+ceremony, belief in stability and aversion to change, are lesser factors
+which may be mentioned. The result is that Mr. George W. Smalley, for so
+many years the American correspondent of the New York _Tribune_ in
+London, could write recently in the _Century_ the belief of a foreigner
+and a republican that "England is a very democratic country, but there
+does not exist in England the vestige of a republican party."
+
+King Edward, therefore, came to the throne of Great Britain and its
+Empire at a time when the influence of the Sovereign was growing in
+proportion as the influence and popularity of Parliament appeared to be
+waning. Fifty years before his accession it was a truism to assert that
+power in England was being steadily concentrated in the House of
+Commons; to-day it may be said with equal truth that the position of the
+Crown is growing steadily in a power which is wielded by personal
+influence and popularity and which, while it touches no privilege, nor
+right, nor liberty of Parliament, increases in proportion as the latter
+body is relegated to the back-ground by public opinion and popular
+interest. Vast responsibility, therefore, rests to-day in the hands of a
+British Sovereign and the results for good or ill, depend largely upon
+his character, his training, his previous career and his present sense
+of duty. Alarm has even been expressed upon this point by historical
+theorists such as Professor Beesly and Dr. Goldwin Smith. Certain it is,
+however, that in the hands of King Edward this growing power was safe.
+If prolonged experience and acquired statecraft and intimate knowledge
+of his people can be considered sufficient guarantees for its exercise,
+it is also safe in the hands of King George.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+Early Years and Education of the Prince
+
+
+The married life of Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort was one of the
+happiest recorded in history or known in the private annals of
+individual lives. It was a love-match from the first and it lasted to
+the end as one of those beautiful illustrations of harmony in the home
+which go far in a materialistic and selfish age to point to higher
+ideals and to conserve the best principles of a Christian people. His
+affection was shown in myriad ways of devoted care and help; her feeling
+was well stated in a letter to Baron Stockmar--"There cannot exist a
+purer, dearer, nobler being in the world than the Prince." From such a
+union was born Albert Edward, the future King and Emperor, on November
+9th, 1841. The Queen's first child had been the Princess Royal, and
+there was naturally some hope that the next would be a male heir to the
+Throne. There was much public rejoicing over the event which was
+announced from Buckingham Palace at mid-day of the date mentioned; the
+Privy Council met and ordered a thanksgiving service; the national
+anthem was sung with enthusiasm in the theatres and public places;
+telegrams of congratulation poured in from Princes abroad and peers and
+peasants at home; and _Punch_ perpetrated verses which well illustrated
+the public feeling:
+
+    "Huzza! we've a little Prince at last
+      A roaring Royal boy;
+    And all day long the booming bells
+      Have rung their peels of joy."
+
+On December 8th following, the little Prince was created by
+letters-patent Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester--the titles of Prince
+of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Saxony, Duke
+of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron Renfrew, Lord of
+the Isles and Prince, or Great Steward of Scotland, being his already by
+virtue of his mother being the reigning Sovereign at the time of his
+birth. During six hundred years there had been from time to time a
+Prince of Wales. The first was the son of Edward I., but the title was
+never made hereditary, and there have been periods, totalling altogether
+288 years, in which it lay dormant. The Black Prince was perhaps the
+best known of the line. The new Prince of Wales--destined to hold the
+designation for nearly sixty years and to make it one of the best known
+in the world--was solemnly baptized on January 25th, 1842, in St.
+George's Chapel, Windsor, by the simple names of Albert Edward. The
+first was after his father, the second in memory of the Queen's father,
+the Duke of Kent. The scene was one of splendour, and the uniforms and
+glittering orders and gleaming gems and beautiful dresses harmonized
+well with the stately setting of the Chapel Royal.
+
+
+THE GORGEOUS CHRISTENING CEREMONY
+
+Besides the Royal party, which included Frederick William IV., King of
+Prussia, there were a throng of Ambassadors, Knights of the Garter,
+Members of the Privy Council, Peers and Peeresses, statesmen and heads
+of the Church. The Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Bishops of
+London, Winchester, Oxford and Norwich were in special attendance, and
+the sponsors for the young Prince were the King of Prussia, the Duchess
+of Kent (proxy for the Duchess of Saxe-Cobourg), the Duke of Cambridge
+(proxy for the Duchess of Saxe-Gotha), Princess Augusta of Cambridge
+(proxy for Princess Sophia) and Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Cobourg. The
+cost of this gorgeous christening ceremony and attendant functions was
+said to have been fully two million dollars. A part of this was,
+however, due to the entertainments accorded King Frederick William IV.,
+who, as the chief Protestant monarch of the Continent, was given a
+particularly cordial and elaborate welcome. In connection with the
+christening of the future King it is interesting to note that an
+ecclesiastical newspaper, of Toronto, called _The Church_, referred to
+the event on March 19th, 1842, and declared that should the Prince live
+to be King he would be known as Edward VII. On February 3rd Queen
+Victoria opened Parliament in person with the following as the
+preliminary words in the Speech from the Throne: "I cannot meet you in
+Parliament assembled without making a public acknowledgment of my
+gratitude to Almighty God on account of the birth of the Prince, my son;
+an event which has completed the measure of my domestic happiness and
+has been hailed with every manifestation of affectionate attachment to
+my person and Government by my faithful and loyal people."
+
+
+CHILDHOOD OF THE PRINCE
+
+The early events of the Prince's life were followed with much interest
+by the public and with a personal and individual feeling which grew in
+volume with the ever-increasing popularity of the young Queen. The Court
+in those years was a gay one and events such as the Queen's famous
+Plantagenet Ball of 1842; the state visit to King Louis Philippe of
+France in 1843; the coming of Nicholas I., Czar of all the Russias, to
+the Court of St. James in 1844, followed a little later by William,
+Prince of Prussia--afterwards William I. of Germany, and by a return
+visit of the King and Queen of the French; kept the social demands of
+the period up to a very high pitch. Yet the quiet, careful surroundings
+of an almost ideal home were given to the young Prince and to those who
+afterwards came to the family circle, by a mother who, in the midst of
+many national cares and private anxieties could write to her
+much-respected friend and uncle--Leopold of Belgium--that "my happiness
+at home, the love of my husband, his kindness, his advice, his support
+and his company make up for all and make me forget all."
+
+The Princess Victoria, afterwards for a brief year Empress of Germany,
+had been born on November 21, 1840; the Prince of Wales was the next
+child; the Princess Alice, who afterwards married the Grand Duke of
+Hesse, was born on April 25, 1843; Prince Alfred--Duke of Edinburgh and
+of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in later years--followed on August 6, 1844; the
+Princess Helena came next on May 25, 1846, and afterwards became the
+wife of Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein; the Princess Louise, who
+married the Marquess of Lorne and future Duke of Argyll, was born on
+March 18, 1848; Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, followed on May 1,
+1850; Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, on April 7, 1853; Princess
+Beatrice, afterwards wife and widow of Prince Henry of Battenberg, was
+born on April 14, 1857, and completed the Royal family for the time.
+
+The greatest care and attention was given to the youthful Prince.
+Writing to King Leopold soon after his birth--on December 7, 1841--the
+Queen had said: "I wonder very much who my little boy will be like. You
+will understand how fervent are my prayers, and I am sure every one's
+must be, to see him resemble his father in every respect, both in body
+and mind." From the earliest period the child grew into his life of
+ceremony and state, but it was a process carefully graded to suit the
+development of natural faculties. Nothing appears to have been allowed
+to unduly burden his gradual growth in experience and knowledge and
+certainly a more pleasant domestic environment and life could hardly be
+imagined. At a later period his studies were so varied in character as
+to excite some slight apprehension in a part of the public mind.
+
+The first public appearance of the Prince was on February 4, 1842, when
+the Queen was inspecting some troops near Windsor and the babe was held
+up by his nurse from a window of the Castle so that the crowd could see
+him. He has been described in many prints and stories as being a very
+lively infant and child. Lady Lyttelton[1], a sister to Mrs. Gladstone,
+was in charge of the Royal nursery as a sort of trusted Governess during
+the first six years of his life and everything was conducted with
+regularity and care. The Queen personally supervised the arrangements,
+whether for instruction, pleasure or exercise, though she often had to
+express in diary or letter her regret at not being able to be as much
+with her children as she desired. Simplicity was, perhaps, the guiding
+principle of this early training, though it was combined with a certain
+amount of familiarity in matters of ceremony and formality. In
+September, 1843, when the Queen and Prince Consort were in France the
+Royal children were at Brighton in charge of Lady Lyttelton and the
+people used to take great delight in waiting for the daily outing of the
+little Prince and his sister and the presentation of a loyal salute by
+the raising of hats and the waving of handkerchiefs. The child had been
+taught to raise his chubby fist to his forehead in reply and a
+journalist of the time veraciously declares that he did it with "evident
+enjoyment and infantile dignity." A little later, on December 20th, a
+party of nine Ojibbeway Indians were presented to the Queen at Windsor
+Castle and the Chief gravely referred to the toddling Royal infant in
+his speech as "the very big little White Father whose eyes are like the
+sky that sees all things and who is fat with goodness like a winter
+bear."
+
+Another attractive event in these annals of childhood was a visit of Tom
+Thumb to Buckingham Palace on March 23, 1844. Not long afterwards, on
+June 5th, the little Prince saw his first Review, on the occasion of the
+Emperor of Russia's visit, and clapped his hands and shouted at the
+splendid spectacle. On March 24, 1846, he was given that first and
+greatest pleasure of all children, a visit to the circus (Astley's). He
+applauded liberally and when the clown was brought to the Royal box at
+his request, the little Prince gravely shook hands with him and thanked
+him "for making me laugh so much." Similar stories might be multiplied
+in many pages. Every trifling incident of the Royal childhood seems,
+indeed, to have been treasured by some one. Late in 1846 a visit was
+made on the _Victoria and Albert_ yacht to the coast of Cornwall and,
+after the landing, the Royal party went to Penrhyn where the little
+Prince, as Duke of Cornwall, was formally welcomed by Mayor and
+Corporation as their feudal lord. In August of the succeeding year he
+was taken by the Queen and Prince Consort on a tour around the west
+coast of Scotland and during a visit to Cluny Macpherson's Scottish
+home, he received one of the first of a multitude of interesting
+presents--a ring containing a miniature of Prince Charles Stuart. In
+August 1844, he accompanied his parents on a visit to Ireland, where he
+met with splendid acclamation from the people and was created Earl of
+Dublin by the Queen. It has been said that the reception was so
+enthusiastic as to have left a profound impression on the child's mind.
+
+On October 30, 1849, when nearly eight years old, the Prince of Wales
+performed his first public function. Accompanied by the little Princess
+Royal and his father he proceeded in state from Westminister in a Royal
+barge rowed by watermen. All London turned out to see the youthful
+royalties--"Puss and the boy" as the Queen called them in her Diary--and
+Lady Lyttelton in a letter to Mrs. Gladstone has left a charming picture
+of the pleasure expressed by the little Prince at his reception and at
+the various quaint customs revived for the occasion. It was at this
+time that Miss Louisa Alcott, author of _Little Women_, wrote home that
+the Prince was "a yellow-haired laddie, very like his mother. Fanny and
+I nodded and waived as he passed and he openly winked his boyish eye at
+us, for Fanny with her yellow curls waving looked rather rowdy and the
+poor little Prince wanted some fun." Two years later, on May 1st, the
+youthful Heir to the Throne assisted the Queen at the brilliant
+ceremonies attending the opening of the first and great Exhibition of
+that year.
+
+
+EARLY EDUCATION OF THE PRINCE
+
+Meanwhile, the important matter of education had been occupying the
+attention of the Queen and her husband. After careful inquiry during
+nearly a year the Rev. Henry Mildred Birch was selected and on April 10,
+1844, the Prince Consort wrote, in a private and family letter, that
+"Bertie will be given over in a few weeks into the hands of a tutor whom
+we have found in Mr. Birch, a young, good-looking, amiable man who was a
+tutor at Eton and who not only himself took the highest honours at
+Cambridge but whose pupils have also won special distinction. It is an
+important step and God's blessing be upon it, for upon the good
+education of princes and especially of those who are destined to govern,
+the welfare of the world in these days very greatly depends." This
+gentleman acted until 1852 when, upon the advice of Sir James Stephen,
+the appointment was given to Mr. Frederick W. Gibbs, who retained it for
+the succeeding six years. In special lines of study such as Art and
+Music there were various instructors for the young Prince as well as for
+the rest of the family--the Rev. Charles Tarver being his classical
+tutor, Sir Edwin Landseer an instructor in the art of painting and Mr.
+E. H. Corbould his teacher in water-colours.
+
+The descriptions of the Prince of Wales in these childhood days vary
+greatly; probably in natural accordance with the variable temperament
+of his age. Lady Lyttelton who, perhaps, knew him best, described him to
+Mr. Greville in 1852--though that interesting _litterateur_ is not
+always reliable--as being "extremely shy and timid, with very good
+principles and, particularly, an exact observer of truth." The
+description is, however, so much in harmony with his bringing up that it
+may well be accepted as accurate. These years, however, passed rapidly
+away in a commingling of instruction, ceremonial and innocent
+recreation. The Baroness Bunsen in her _Memoirs_ gives a pleasant
+picture which illustrates the character of the amusements current in the
+Royal family at their different homes at Windsor, Osborne, or Balmoral.
+This particular incident was a Masque devised by the children, when
+Prince "Bertie" was twelve years old, in honour of the anniversary of
+their parents' marriage. The Prince who represented Winter and was clad
+in a coat covered with imitation icicles, recited some verses from
+Thomson's Seasons. Princess Alice was Spring; the Princess Royal,
+Summer; Prince Alfred, Autumn; while Princess Helena, representing St.
+Helena, the traditional mother of Constantine and native of Britain,
+called down Heaven's benediction upon the Royal couple.
+
+About this time the Prince of Wales made his first appearance in the
+House of Lords, sitting beside the Queen as she received Addresses from
+Parliament concerning the impending war with Russia. He seems to have
+taken a keen interest in that conflict and, in March 1855, went with his
+parents to visit the wounded at Chatham Military Hospital. In August he
+accompanied the Queen and Prince Consort upon the first visit paid by an
+English Sovereign to Paris since the days of Henry II. and shared in the
+splendid reception given by the Emperor Napoleon and the French people.
+Even here, however, his tutor was with him and idleness or pleasure was
+not allowed to occupy the field entirely. With the Princess Royal, he
+was present at a splendid ball given in Versailles--the first since the
+days of Louis XVI--and they sat down at supper with the Emperor and
+Empress. The young Prince enjoyed the visit so much and liked his
+Imperial hosts so well--a liking which he never forgot in later years of
+sorrow and suffering--that he begged the Empress to get leave for his
+sister and himself to stay a little longer. The Queen and his father, he
+explained, had six more children at home and they could, he thought, do
+without them for a while.
+
+Of course, this was not possible. The Prince Consort, however, was
+greatly pleased with the way in which the children had behaved and wrote
+to Baron Stockmar, shortly after, expressing his belief that the Prince
+had been a general favourite. To the Duchess of Kent he wrote that "the
+task was no easy one for them but they discharged it without
+embarrassment and with natural simplicity." From this it is evident that
+the shyness spoken of by Lady Lyttelton had largely passed away from the
+manner of the Prince. During this year the latter--now fourteen years
+old--took an incognito walking tour through the west of England
+accompanied by Mr. Gibbs and Colonel Cavendish. The next two or three
+years were spent in a happy life of mixed pursuits in England and
+Scotland, or in travel abroad, alternating, according to the place and
+season, between fishing and shooting, ponies and picnics, deer-stalking
+and juvenile dances, studies, tours and occasional functions. Many
+pictures of the Royal family in these days of childhood and youth have
+been preserved from the brushes of Winterhalter, Richmond, Landseer,
+Saul and others.
+
+
+LATER EDUCATION OF THE PRINCE
+
+Not the least important of the educative influences of this period were
+the tours undertaken by the young Prince. In the autumn of 1856,
+accompanied by those who could best instruct him in the matters
+witnessed, he visited the great seats of industry in Provincial England
+including mills, ironworks, coal mines and engineering centres. In April
+1857 he enjoyed a tour through the beautiful Lake region and especially
+appreciated the hill-climbing in Cumberland. During June he accompanied
+the Queen on a state visit to Manchester and witnessed the first
+distribution of the Victoria Cross medals in Hyde Park, London. In July
+the Prince left England for Konigswinter with a short European tour in
+view for "purposes of study," as the Prince Consort put it in a private
+letter. With him were General Grey, Colonel (afterwards Sir Henry)
+Ponsonby, his tutors and Dr. Armstrong. During the tour several young
+men joined him as companions--the late Mr. W. H. Gladstone; Mr. Charles
+Wood, now Lord Halifax; Mr. Frederick Stanley, now Earl of Derby and
+Governor-General of Canada; and the present Earl Cadogan, Viceroy of
+Ireland. The Prince on this occasion went up the Rhine and through
+Germany and Switzerland. Upon his return, in October, he attended
+lectures on science by Dr. Faraday while continuing his regular studies.
+Early in the succeeding year he attended the marriage of his sister, the
+Princess Royal, to the Prussian Prince who afterwards became the Emperor
+Frederick, and parted from the sister "Vicky," to whom he was much
+attached, with evident sorrow.
+
+On April 1, 1858, when nearly seventeen years of age, the Prince was
+confirmed in the Chapel Royal at Windsor. Writing of this ceremony, the
+Prince Consort observed to Baron Stockmar that Lord Derby, Lord
+Palmerston and Lord John Russell were amongst those who were present and
+that the event "went off with great solemnity and, I hope, with an
+abiding impression on his mind." At the examination before the
+Archbishop of Canterbury and his Royal parents the Prince was described
+as acquitting himself "extremely well." On the succeeding day he took
+the Sacrament. Shortly afterwards followed a two weeks walking tour in
+the south of Ireland in which the Prince was accompanied by Mr. Gibbs,
+Captain de Ros--afterwards Lieutenant-General Lord de Ros--and Dr.
+Minter. Succeeding this came a short period of steady study and the
+formal establishment of the young Prince at White Lodge in Richmond
+Park, under the tuition of Mr. Gibbs and Mr. Tarver and with three
+companions carefully selected by his father--Lord Valletort, the present
+(1902) Earl of Mount Edgecumbe, Major Teesdale V.C. and Major Lindsay
+V.C. Of the first named the Prince Consort wrote privately that he had
+been much on the Continent and was "a thoroughly good, moral and
+accomplished man," who had passed his youth in attendance on his invalid
+father. He also referred to the manner in which Major Teesdale had
+distinguished himself at Kars and Major Lindsay at Alma and Inkerman and
+of the latter said: "He is studious in his habits, lives little with the
+other young officers, is fond of study and familiar with French and
+Italian."[2] These considerations are interesting as indicating with
+what care the companions of the young Prince were selected by his wise
+father from time to time. Here the Prince had, amongst his elements of
+instruction, lectures on History from the Rev. Charles Kingsley, the
+well-known author of _Westward Ho_ and, for ten years following,
+Professor of History at Cambridge. They were given by special desire of
+the Queen and must have proved deeply interesting. Canon Kingsley was,
+during the rest of his life, an object of special liking to the Prince
+and always an honoured guest at Sandringham and Marlborough.
+
+[Illustration: EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, AT THE AGE OF SEVEN
+  In Sailor's Dress]
+
+[Illustration: EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, AGED FIVE
+  Represents the Prince as feeding a pet rabbit]
+
+[Illustration: EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, AGED SIXTEEN
+  In Highland costume]
+
+[Illustration: THE YOUTHFUL EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, 1859]
+
+On November 9, 1859, the Prince of Wales completed his eighteenth year
+and attained his legal majority. The Queen wrote him a letter which
+Charles Greville, in his _Diary_, describes as "one of the most
+admirable ever penned." On the same day he was appointed a Colonel in
+the Army and given the Order of the Garter--that most distinguished of
+all orders of knighthood. At the same time Colonel the Hon. Robert
+Bruce, brother of the Lord Elgin who had proved so successful a
+Governor-General of Canada and India, was appointed Governor to the
+Prince and was described by the Prince Consort as possessing amiability
+with great mildness of expression and as being "full of ability." He had
+been Military Secretary to Lord Elgin in Canada and was at this time in
+command of a battalion in the Grenadier Guards.[3] A month later the
+Prince started on a Continental tour accompanied by the Rev. Mr. Tarver
+as his chaplain and director of studies. He stayed some time in Rome,
+where he visited the Pope, on May 7 reached Gibraltar, and from thence
+visited the south of Spain and Lisbon. He reached home in the middle of
+June and took up a serious course of study at Edinburgh, with the late
+Lord Playfair as his instructor in chemistry, and with other equally
+distinguished teachers in specific lines or subjects. The public was at
+this time taking much interest in these studies of the Heir Apparent and
+fear was expressed that he might, perhaps, be over-educated. _Punch_
+expressed this feeling in the following lines:
+
+    "To the south from the north, from the shores of the Forth,
+    Where at hands Presbyterian pure science is quaffed,
+    The Prince, in a trice, is whipped to the Isis,
+    Where Oxford keeps springs mediaeval on draught.
+
+         *     *     *     *     *
+
+    Dipped in grey Oxford mixture (lest _that_ be a fixture),
+    The poor lad's to be plunged in less orthodox Cam.,
+    Where dynamics and statics, and pure mathematics,
+    Will be piled on his brain's awful cargo of cram."
+
+After three months of Edinburgh training the Prince Consort went down
+and held a sort of conference with the teachers. He wrote as to the
+result[4] that they all spoke highly of their pupil, who seemed to have
+shown zeal and goodwill. "Dr. Lyon Playfair is giving him lectures on
+chemistry in relation to manufactures and, at the close of each special
+course, he visits the appropriate manufactory with him so as to explain
+its practical application. Dr. Schmitz gives him lectures on Roman
+history. Italian, German and French are advanced at the same time; and
+three times a week the Prince exercises with the 16th Hussars who are
+stationed in the city." It was of this period that Sir Wemyss Reid, in
+his biography of Lord Playfair, tells an amusing story. The Prince and
+Dr. Playfair were standing near a cauldron containing lead which was
+boiling at white heat. "Has Your Royal Highness any faith in science,"
+said the Professor and the reply was, "Certainly." The latter then
+carefully washed the Prince's hand with ammonia and said:
+
+"Will you now place your hand in this boiling metal and ladle out a
+portion of it?"
+
+"Do you tell me to do this?" asked the Prince.
+
+The answer was in the affirmative and the Prince instantly put his hand
+into the boiling mass and ladled out some of it without sustaining any
+injury. Following this period of study at Edinburgh University came the
+celebration of the Prince's nineteenth birthday and a hunting party in
+the Highlands. Thence the Prince went to Oxford for a time and was
+admitted a member of Christ Church College where he joined freely in the
+social life and sports of the institution. On January 16, 1861, after
+his return from Canada, he became an under-graduate of Trinity College,
+Cambridge, and was allowed, by special favour, to live in a neighbouring
+village with his Governor--Colonel Bruce. Here lectures were again given
+to the Prince by Canon Kingsley and the young man was kept pretty close
+to his studies during the winter of that year. In the summer he went on
+military duty in Ireland and the Queen thus recorded in her _Diary_ a
+visit paid to him at Curragh on August 26th: "At a little before three
+we went to Bertie's hut which is, in fact, Sir George Brown's. It is
+very comfortable--a nice little bedroom, sitting-room, drawing-room, and
+a good sized dining-room where we lunched, with our whole party. Col.
+Percy commands the Guards and Bertie is placed specially under him. I
+spoke to him and thanked him for treating Bertie as he did, just like
+any other officer, for I know that he keeps him up to his work in a way,
+as General Bruce told me, that no one else had done; and yet Bertie
+likes him very much."
+
+
+DEATH OF THE PRINCE CONSORT
+
+This was the last birthday of the Prince Consort and it was spent
+travelling to Killarney with the Queen, the Prince of Wales and the
+younger members of the Royal family. A few days there and then the young
+Prince returned to camp. In the autumn he visited the Rhine manoeuvres
+of the German army and met his future bride, the Princess Alexandra. He
+then returned to Cambridge and from thence journeyed in haste to Windsor
+on December 13th to be present at his father's death-bed on the
+following evening. No sadder event has occurred in the history of
+English royalty than this premature and much-mourned death of the good
+and really great Prince Consort. To the young Heir Apparent it meant the
+loss of a loving father, a careful guardian, a watchful and wise
+adviser. To the wife and widow it meant the ruin of a great happiness
+and a sorrow which no passing years could ever remove. Sir Theodore
+Martin's beautiful description of the scene at the death-bed, at which
+knelt the Queen, the Princess Alice, the Princess Helena and the Prince
+of Wales, may well be given here: "In the solemn hush of that mournful
+chamber there was such grief as has rarely hallowed any death-bed. A
+great light, which had blessed the world, and which the mourners had
+but yesterday hoped might long bless it, was waning fast away. A
+husband, a father, a friend, a master, endeared by every quality by
+which man in such relations can win the love of his fellow-man, was
+passing into the Silent Land, and his loving glance, his wise counsels,
+his firm, manly thought should be known among them no more. The Castle
+clock chimed the third quarter after ten. Calm and peaceful grew the
+beloved form; the features settled into the beauty of a perfectly serene
+repose; two or three long, but gentle breaths were drawn; and that great
+soul had fled to seek a nobler scope for its aspirations in the world
+within the veil, for which it had often yearned, where there is rest for
+the weary, and where 'the spirits of the just are made perfect.'"
+
+Not long before his death the Prince Consort had readily agreed to his
+son's wish for a visit to the Holy Land and had planned the
+preliminaries of the tour before he was stricken by the disease which
+carried him off. After that sad event it was felt by the Queen that such
+a journey would now be doubly wise and proper and she made arrangements
+for General Bruce to accompany the Prince, together with Major Teesdale,
+Captain Keppel and a small suite. By special wish of the Prince Consort
+and at the urgent request of the Queen, the Rev. Dr. Arthur Penrhyn
+Stanley consented to accompany the Prince. He joined the Royal party at
+Alexandria on February 28, 1862, and they at once proceeded to Cairo and
+from thence visited the Pyramids. A little later Palestine was reached
+and, following in the historic steps of Richard Coeur de Lion and
+Edward I., another Heir to the British Throne finally reached Jerusalem.
+The closely-guarded Cave of Macphelah was opened to the Prince of Wales
+as well as the famous Mosque of Hebron which for nearly seven hundred
+years had been closed to even Royal visitors. Lake Tiberias, Bethany,
+Bethlehem, the Groves of Jericho, were visited and some time was spent
+in tents upon the journey to Damascus. From thence the party traveled
+to Beyrout, visited Tyre and Sidon, and proceeded to Tripoli. The
+journey was made by the Prince so as to include Patmos, Ephesus, Smyrna,
+Constantinople, Athens and Malta. From every place where it was possible
+the Prince collected flowers which he carefully sent to his sister, the
+Princess Royal. Of His Royal Highness during this interesting tour Dean
+Stanley put on record his opinion at the time: "It is impossible not to
+like him and to be constantly with him brings out his astonishing memory
+of names and persons.... I am more and more struck by the amiable and
+endearing qualities of the Prince."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Sarah, Lady Lyttelton, daughter of the second Earl Spencer and wife
+of the third Lord Lyttelton. Born 1787, Died 1870.
+
+[2] This officer afterwards became Major-General Sir C. C. Teesdale
+V.C., K.C.M.G., C.B. and was A.D.C. to the Queen in 1877-87. Major
+Lindsay was better known in later years as Colonel Sir Robert
+Lloyd-Lindsay K.C.B. In 1885 he was raised to the Peerage as Lord
+Wantage.
+
+[3] He afterwards became a Major-General in the Army and died in 1862 of
+fever caught while with the Prince of Wales during his Eastern tour.
+
+[4] Martin's _Life of the Prince Consort_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+Royal Tour of British America and the United States
+
+
+The first important public event in the career of the young Prince was
+one which, during forty years, has held a marked place in Canadian
+memories and a prominent place in Canadian and American history. In some
+respects the tour of the Prince of Wales, in 1860, through the scattered
+and disconnected Provinces of British America has wielded an influence
+far out of proportion to the contemporary judgment of the event; beyond,
+perhaps, what the Queen and Prince Consort in their wise and patriotic
+policy of the time hoped to achieve. It was, in reality, the first break
+in the hitherto steady progress of the Manchester school theory
+regarding ultimate Empire disruption; the first check given to the
+widely accepted doctrine that the Colonies were of no use except for
+trade and, in any case, were like the fruit which ripens only to fall
+from the parent stem.
+
+Mr. Bright, Lord John Russell, Sir George Cornewall Lewis, Mr. Cobden,
+Lord Ashburton, Lord Ellenborough, Lord Derby, and many others, were at
+this time touched with the blight of these theories and to them there
+was no sense, and nothing but expense, in trying to cultivate Colonial
+loyalty or promote Colonial co-operation.
+
+
+IMPERIAL CONDITIONS IN 1860
+
+To this school--and it was one embracing many able men and
+thinkers--trade was more important than any other consideration, and the
+greatest object of external policy was the development of friendly
+relations with the United States. American extension of territory was
+not looked upon with alarm even when it took a slice of the Maine
+boundary and threatened trouble over that of Oregon. The Republic had
+not yet gone in seriously for high protection and did not, therefore,
+vitally touch the pockets of patriots who could not foresee, even in
+their keen regard for commerce and its development, that trade and
+territory were in the future to be most intimately related.
+
+The Queen and Prince Consort did, however, understand something of the
+future of the Empire--dimly it might be but still effectively. It had
+been announced during the progress of the Crimean War that a Royal tour
+of British America might be arranged within a few years, and the
+Canadian Legislature, on May 14th, 1859, took advantage of the coming
+completion of the great Victoria Bridge across the St. Lawrence, at
+Montreal, to tender a formal invitation to the Sovereign herself to be
+present at the opening ceremonies; to receive a personal tribute of the
+unwavering attachment of her subjects; and to more closely unite the
+bonds which attached the Province to the Empire. This unanimously-passed
+address was taken to London by Mr. Speaker Henry Smith, and the response
+elicited was most favourable to the indirect request of the Assembly and
+Legislative Council--the initiative in the matter being due to a motion
+by the Hon. P. M. M. S. Vankoughnet in the latter House. The
+Governor-General received a reply, dated January 30th, 1860, and signed
+by the Duke of Newcastle, Colonial Secretary, which stated that Her
+Majesty greatly regretted that her duties at the Seat of the Empire
+would prevent so long an absence, but that it might be possible for H.
+R. H. the Prince of Wales to attend the ceremony at a later date. "The
+Queen trusts that nothing may interfere with this arrangement for it is
+Her Majesty's sincere desire that the young Prince, on whom the Crown
+of this Empire will devolve, may have the opportunity of visiting that
+portion of her dominions from which this Address has proceeded and may
+become acquainted with a people in whose progress towards greatness, Her
+Majesty, in common with her subjects in Great Britain, feels a lively
+and enduring sympathy."
+
+
+THE PRINCE COMMENCES HIS TOUR
+
+Preparations were at once commenced in the British Provinces to properly
+receive the Royal guest. By the 9th of July all arrangements in England
+had been made, including the acceptance of an invitation to visit the
+United States--as a private gentleman under the title of Lord Renfrew.
+On that date the Prince sailed from Plymouth in the ship _Hero_
+after replying to a farewell address, when he declared that he was
+proceeding to "the great possessions of the Queen in North America
+with a lively anticipation of the pleasure which the sight of a noble
+land, great works of nature and human skill and a generous and active
+people must produce." The Royal suite was composed of the Duke of
+Newcastle--practically guardian to the youthful Prince; the Earl of St.
+Germans, Lord Chamberlain to the Queen; General, the Hon. Robert Bruce;
+Dr. Auckland and two Equerries--Major Teesdale, V.C., and Captain Grey.
+
+Newfoundland was first reached on July 23d. An enthusiastic reception
+was given to the Royal visitor at St. John's by ringing bells, lusty
+cheers, waving flags and evening illuminations. The Prince was received
+by the Governor, Sir Alexander Bannerman, and then passed in procession
+through beautiful arches and decorations to Government House. A levee
+was held, many addresses received and a collective reply given, in which
+the Prince made the statement that "I shall carry back a lively
+recollection of the day's proceedings and your kindness to myself
+personally; but, above all, of these hearty demonstrations of patriotism
+which prove your deep-rooted attachment to the great and free country
+of which we all glory to be called sons." A ride around the town
+followed, without ceremony, and in the evening a state dinner and ball
+were given. The attendance at the latter was very large and the Prince
+delighted everyone, and particularly the ladies, by dancing with evident
+zest and pleasure until three o'clock in the morning. During the day
+thus commenced he left the Island amid every evidence of popularity and
+loyalty--after accepting a handsome Newfoundland dog as a present from
+the people and presenting Lady Bannerman with a set of jewels in
+commemoration of his visit.
+
+
+ARRIVAL AT HALIFAX
+
+The Royal squadron arrived at Halifax on the morning of July 30th and,
+despite unpleasant weather, the entire city turned out to welcome the
+Queen's son. The streets were lined by the regular soldiers and
+volunteers and were beautifully decorated with arches, transparencies
+and evergreens. The arches numbered seventeen and included one which the
+Roman Catholic Archbishop Connolly had erected at his own expense. The
+Prince was received by His Excellency the Earl of Mulgrave--afterwards
+Marquess of Normanby--and Rear-Admiral Sir Alexander Milne,
+Major-General Trollope and the members of the Provincial Government.
+Mayor Caldwell read an address expressing "devotion to the British
+throne and attachment to British institutions" and His Royal Highness in
+reply referred to the noble Harbour of Halifax in which all the navies
+of Great Britain could "ride in safety." There was much enthusiasm shown
+in the streets and at one point 4000 children sang an adaptation of the
+National Anthem as a sort of welcoming ode. At Government House the Hon.
+William Young read an address from the Executive Council of the Province
+in which special reference was made to the Nova Scotians who had won
+laurels "beneath the Imperial flag" in the recent Crimean campaign. It
+was signed by the Hon. Joseph Howe, the Hon. A. G. Archibald, the Hon.
+J. McCully, the Hon. William Annand and others and, in replying, the
+Prince made a significant allusion to the Confederation policy of
+several years later when he expressed hopes for their happiness as a
+loyal and united people.
+
+On the following day a Royal review was held and in the evening a state
+dinner and ball were attended while illuminations turned the darkness of
+the outside night into brightness. At the ball the ladies selected as
+partners, according to a contemporary historian, were "principally the
+wives and daughters--much oftener the latter--of gentlemen connected
+with the staff or with the Government of the Province." The same
+writer[5] states that when the Prince adjourned to supper he begged that
+the ball might not proceed in his absence "as he would not be long away
+and his programme was full." The third day in Halifax included a Levee
+at Government House; the reception of the addresses from the Church of
+England, King's College, Windsor, the Masons, the Methodist Conference,
+the Free Church of Scotland, the Kirk of Scotland, the Roman Catholic
+Church, the Presbyterian Church, and Acadia College. A visit followed to
+the one-time residence and grounds of H. R. H. the Duke of Kent and a
+Regatta was witnessed. A state dinner and reception at Government House,
+a torch-light procession of Firemen and a display of fireworks in the
+evening closed the events of the visit. Early in the morning of August
+2nd, His Royal Highness left for St. John--stopping on the way at
+Windsor, which was beautifully decorated, to receive an address and
+partake of a banquet. An address was also accepted at Hautsport.
+
+On the following morning the Prince was welcomed at St. John by Mr.
+Manners-Sutton, the Lieutenant-Governor, the members of the Government,
+the Judges, etc. At one point during the procession to his temporary
+residence 5000 school children sang patriotic airs and threw flowers at
+their Royal guest. The usual addresses and evening illuminations
+followed--the latter eclipsing those of Halifax, or St. John's,
+Newfoundland. August 4th and the Sunday which followed were spent at
+Fredericton. The Anglican Cathedral was attended there and a sermon from
+Bishop Medley listened to. On the following day the Executive Council
+presented an address in which it stated that "if the necessity should
+ever arise all the available resources of New Brunswick will be freely
+offered for the defence of Imperial interests and the maintenance of
+national honour." The address from the City referred to "the universal
+heart-throb of our Empire of perpetual sunlight" and another address was
+presented from the Anglican clergy. The Prince replied appropriately to
+each and afterwards held a Levee at Government House and attended a
+grand ball held in his honour. On Tuesday, August 7th, he started from
+Prince Edward Island, being enthusiastically welcomed on the way at
+Indiantown and Carleton in New Brunswick, and at Truro and Picton in
+Nova Scotia.
+
+The Prince of Wales arrived at Charlottetown on the morning of August
+9th and, despite pouring rain, was received by crowds in a tastefully
+decorated city. He was formally welcomed by Lieutenant-Governor George
+Dundas, Chief Justice Hodgson, Premier, the Hon. Charles Palmer, and all
+the dignitaries and officials of the Island. As the procession passed to
+Government House 2000 children sang the National Anthem and the crowds
+cheered enthusiastically. A Levee was held on the following day, a
+review of the volunteers proceeded with, and addresses received from the
+Provincial and Civic authorities. A ball at the Provincial Building
+concluded the festivities and the Prince danced until three in the
+morning. The Royal visitor then departed for the Upper Provinces and
+arrived in Gaspe Bay, on August 12th, after seeing much that was
+beautiful in the way of scenery. Here the Prince was formally welcomed
+to the Canada of that day by His Excellency Sir Edmund W. Head,
+Governor-General of all British America, and by the Canadian Ministry,
+which included the Hon. John A. Macdonald, George E. Cartier, A. T.
+Galt, John Ross, N. F. Belleau, J. C. Morrison, L. S. Morin and others
+of historic name. A visit to the gloomy and splendid scenes along the
+Saguenay followed and on August 17th, after passing further up the St.
+Lawrence, Quebec was reached by the Royal fleet. The succeeding day was
+marked by His Royal Highness' first public entry into Canada.
+
+
+THE ROYAL WELCOME AT QUEBEC
+
+No more splendid natural setting for a national event can be found in
+the world than that afforded by the crowning heights, the broad sweep of
+river, the ancient and towering fortress of Quebec. Upon this occasion
+the old-fashioned French city, nestling upon the sides of the cliff, was
+vivid with flags and the narrow streets filled with arches, while crowds
+of interested people thronged every part of the place. The Heir to the
+Throne was formally received at the wharf by the Governor-General, who
+was accompanied by the Canadian Ministry in their uniforms of blue and
+gold; Lord Lyons, the British Minister at Washington; Lieutenant-General
+Sir W. Fenwick Williams, Commander of the Forces; Sir A. N. McNab, Sir
+E. P. Tache, Major H. L. Langevin and others prominent in the public
+life of the Provinces. In a special Pavilion which had been erected, the
+Prince was presented by Major Langevin--better known to a subsequent
+generation as Sir Hector Langevin, M.P.--with an address describing the
+loyalty of the French population to British institutions and connection.
+In his reply the Royal guest spoke of the differences of origin,
+language and religion as being "lost in one universal spirit of
+patriotism which had knit all classes to the Mother-land in common ties
+of equal liberty and free institutions." During the procession through
+the city which followed there was much cheering, and in the evening,
+despite the rain which had poured all day, the illuminations were
+exceedingly good.
+
+On the following day the Anglican Cathedral was attended by His Royal
+Highness with the Governor-General and their suites. The succeeding day
+was again stormy but a visit was paid to the Chaudiere Falls and on
+Tuesday a Levee was held at the old Parliament Buildings attended by the
+Roman Catholic Hierarchy of the Province of Quebec in a body, clad in
+purple robes, and followed in order by the Judges and members of the
+Legislative Council and Assembly of the United Provinces of Upper and
+Lower Canada--as Ontario and Quebec were then generally called. An
+address was presented on behalf of the Council by its Speaker, the Hon.
+N. F. Belleau and replied to by the Prince, after which he conferred the
+honour of knighthood upon Mr. Belleau. An address was then presented on
+behalf of the Assembly by its Speaker, the Hon. Henry Smith, who also
+received the distinction of being personally knighted by the Royal
+visitor. Other addresses were presented and later in the day a visit was
+paid to the beautiful Falls of Montmorenci--the route to which was
+ornamented with arches, flags and evergreens. In the evening a grand
+ball was given and the Prince danced through almost the entire
+programme. On the following day a visit was paid to Laval University and
+an address received from the Roman Catholic Hierarchy at the hands of
+Bishop Horan of Kingston, as well as one from the University. The former
+document stated that the Church was always careful to teach that Kings
+reign by God's will and that, therefore, "entire submission is due to
+the authority they have received from on high." They believed
+"traditional respect for the high moral principle of legitimate
+authority" to be the real strength of Canadian society. The Prince
+responded in fitting terms to both addresses. The Ursuline Convent was
+also visited and an address received. In the evening a display of
+fireworks was given and on the morning of August 23rd His Royal Highness
+departed for Three Rivers.
+
+
+THE PRINCE AT MONTREAL
+
+The trip up the River was a pleasant one and, after a brief stay at
+Three Rivers where the Mayor--Mr. J. E. Turcotte M.P.P.--presented an
+address, the journey was resumed to Montreal. Accompanying the steamer
+_Kingston_ (which had been specially fitted up for this occasion) from
+Three Rivers was another containing the members of the Legislature. All
+along the shores of the St. Lawrence were little crowds of _habitants_
+striving for a glimpse of the Royal visitor and, when nearing Montreal,
+he was received by a fleet of vessels crowded with cheering people. The
+reception in the city commenced on the morning of August 25th and was
+marked by the gathering of numerous crowds and intense interest. An
+address was presented by Mr. Charles S. Rodier, the Mayor of Montreal,
+in a handsome Pavilion specially erected for the purpose, and surrounded
+by the entire military and volunteer force of the district and city. The
+Mayor in his scarlet robes, the Ministers in their new Windsor uniforms,
+the officers in their varied military dress and Bishop Fulford and the
+Anglican clergy in their gowns, made quite a brilliant spectacle on the
+dais. After the Prince had replied to the address the Royal procession
+passed through the city to the Crystal Palace, the streets being gay
+with flags, banners, evergreens, transparencies and eight, more or less,
+handsome arches.
+
+At the new building, or Crystal Palace, an Exhibition was duly opened by
+the Prince, who then proceeded to the Victoria Bridge station where he
+was met by the Hon. John Ross, President of the Grand Trunk Railway, and
+other officials. An address was presented descriptive of the great
+structure across the St. Lawrence and, after his reply, the Prince was
+taken from the station to the Bridge in a carriage lined with crimson
+velvet and there proceeded to formally open it for public use. An
+elaborate luncheon, attended by 600 persons and presided over by Sir
+Edmund Head, followed. After receiving an address from the workmen
+employed in the undertaking His Royal Highness returned to the city and
+in the evening witnessed illuminations which made Montreal a blaze of
+light. On Sunday, the 26th, the Prince attended Christ Church Cathedral
+and heard a sermon from Bishop Fulford. During the succeeding day he
+witnessed a lacrosse game by Indians, watched a procession of Temperance
+organizations, and held a Levee at the Court House where addresses were
+presented from the Church of England, McGill College, the inhabitants of
+Red River Colony--now the City of Winnipeg--and others.
+
+In the evening one of the finest balls ever given on the Continent of
+America was attended by the Prince. The decorations were gorgeous and
+yet tasteful and the Royal guest is stated to have danced incessantly
+until half-past four in the morning. On Tuesday he visited Dickenson's
+Landing in a special car built by the Grand Trunk Railway and from
+thence went down the Rapids of the St. Lawrence in the steamer
+_Kingston_. The evening saw a Grand Musical Festival in his honour and
+on the following day a Royal review of 1600 troops took place. A visit
+followed to Sir George Simpson's residence at Isle Dorval, accompanied
+by a canoe excursion down the St. Lawrence under the auspices of the
+Hudson's Bay Company, of which Sir G. Simpson had so long been head. The
+evening witnessed a torch-light procession of Montreal Firemen. On
+August 30th the Royal visitor, the Governor-General and their suites,
+took a special train for St. Hyacinthe where the Prince was
+enthusiastically received and several addresses presented at the Roman
+Catholic College. At Sherbrooke, in the afternoon, flags were flying
+everywhere and arches had been erected on all the principal streets. An
+address was read by the Mayor, Mr. J. G. Robertson--afterwards for many
+years Treasurer of the Province. A visit was then paid to the residence
+of the Hon. A. T. Galt, Minister of Finance, and on the way thither His
+Royal Highness was almost smothered in bouquets of flowers thrown at him
+by young women along the route. A Levee was held here and hundreds of
+people presented. At Montreal in the evening, a great display of
+fireworks took place and on the following morning the Prince left the
+city finally.
+
+[Illustration: KING EDWARD AS PRINCE OF WALES
+  When visiting Canada in 1860]
+
+[Illustration: VISIT OF KING EDWARD WHEN PRINCE OF WALES TO TORONTO IN
+1860]
+
+
+AT THE CAPITAL OF THE UNITED PROVINCES
+
+At every village and town and tiny settlement on the way to Ottawa
+crowds turned out to welcome and cheer the passing visitor; while flags
+and arches and decorations indicated the pleasure of the people in more
+practical shape. Near the capital of the United Provinces of Upper and
+Lower Canada--seven years hence to be the capital of the new
+Dominion--the Prince of Wales was received by a fleet of steamers and
+1200 lumbermen and Indians in birch-bark canoes and was escorted into
+the city in a most picturesque style. Mayor Workman presented an address
+and a procession through the capital followed. On September 1st the
+corner stone of the splendid Parliament Buildings, which afterwards
+graced the hills of the Chaudiere, was laid by the Royal visitor amid
+scenes of considerable dignity and much enthusiasm. Amongst those
+present were H. E. Sir Edmund Head, Lord Mulgrave, General Sir Fenwick
+Williams, Hon. John A. Macdonald and the other members of the Ministry.
+In the afternoon a state luncheon was given by the Government at which
+the Governor-General presided and the toasts proposed were presented
+respectively by His Excellency, Sir N. F. Belleau, Sir Henry Smith and
+the Prince himself. A visit to the Chaudiere Falls followed and the
+usual illuminations were given in the evening. On Sunday Christ Church
+Cathedral was attended and early in the succeeding day the journey was
+resumed--Arnprior, Almonte and Brockville being visited and addresses
+received.
+
+At this point in the tour occurred an unfortunate misunderstanding with
+the Orangemen of Kingston and Toronto. While in Montreal the Duke of
+Newcastle--who was practically in charge of the Prince's movements so
+far as they affected state and public interests--heard that the members
+of the Loyal Orange Order proposed to erect arches along the route of
+the Royal procession in Toronto and Kingston and to decorate them with
+Orange colours and regalia. The Duke at once wrote to Sir Edmund Head
+that this would not do. "It is obvious that a display of this nature on
+such an occasion is likely to lead to religious feud and breach of the
+peace; and it is my duty to prevent, so far as I am able, the exposure
+of the Prince to supposed participation in a scene so much to be
+deprecated, and so alien to the spirit in which he visits Canada." He
+added that if the policy was persisted in he would advise the Prince not
+to visit the places in question.
+
+Sectarian feeling, it may be added, was very strong at this time in
+Upper Canada and the Catholics and Orangemen were drawn up in two
+distinctly hostile camps of religious and political thought. This was
+especially the case in Toronto and Kingston. The Governor-General at
+once wrote the Mayors of these two towns under date of August 31st and,
+in the course of his letter said: "You will bear in mind, Sir, that His
+Royal Highness visits this Colony on the special invitation of the whole
+people, as conveyed by both branches of the Legislature, without
+distinction of creed or party; and it would be inconsistent with the
+spirit and object of such an invitation, and such a visit, to thrust on
+him the exhibition of banners or other badges of distinction which are
+known to be offensive to any of Her Majesty's subjects." Roman Catholics
+called meetings to protest at the intended action of the Orangemen; the
+latter met in public and private and convinced themselves that the
+representatives of the former were being allowed to control the Prince's
+movements. They pointed to their own well-known loyalty to the Crown and
+British institutions and to the fact that Roman Catholics had been
+permitted every privilege in welcoming the Prince in Lower Canada.
+Eventually, although the Duke of Newcastle made every effort to smooth
+matters over, the City Council of Kingston and the Orangemen of that
+place refused to give way and the steamer _Kingston_, after sixteen
+hours had been given for consideration, passed in her course to
+Belleville without the Prince landing in the gaily decorated and
+historic town.
+
+Writing from the steamer on September 5th, before leaving for the next
+destination in the Royal tour, the Duke wrote to the Mayor a long letter
+in which the following sentence occurs: "What is the sacrifice I asked
+the Orangemen to make? Merely to abstain from displaying in the presence
+of a young Prince of 19 years of age--the heir to a sceptre which rules
+over millions of every form of Christianity--symbols of religious and
+political organization which are notoriously offensive to the members of
+another creed!" He expressed regret that the City Council had not
+accepted the suggestion to present their address on board the steamer as
+had been done by the Church of Scotland Synod. The reply of the Mayor,
+Mr. O. S. Strange, disclaimed sympathy with the Orangemen while
+defending a refusal to approve the advice given to the Prince of Wales.
+It also pointed out that the garbs and flags of the Orange Order were no
+more compromising to the Royal visitor than were the robes and insignia
+of the Catholic Hierarchy of Quebec during the reception in that
+Province.
+
+
+ROYAL RECEPTION AT TORONTO
+
+Belleville was reached on September 5th, but no landing was effected on
+account of Orange troubles of the same kind as at Kingston. The
+disappointment of the people was extreme, as the preparations had been
+elaborate and the decorations costly. Visits followed to Cobourg, where
+a ball was given; to Rice Lake, where an address was received from the
+Mississaga Indians; to Peterborough, Whitby and Port Hope, which were
+most lavishly decorated. Toronto was reached on September 7th and the
+greatest reception of the tour given to the Royal visitor. As the centre
+of Orange sentiment in Upper Canada some difficulty was feared, and as a
+matter of fact there was a misunderstanding between the Duke of
+Newcastle and Mayor Wilson--afterwards Sir Adam Wilson, Chief Justice of
+Ontario--regarding the Orange arch; but this was ultimately smoothed
+over. The city was gay with flags and decorations; nine arches had been
+erected in the principal streets; a large amphitheatre was built for the
+purposes of the formal reception; and the city was crowded with people.
+At the amphitheatre an address was received from the city and replied to
+by the Prince in a speech in which he referred to the generous loyalty
+of his welcome as the Queen's representative--"a loyalty tempered and
+yet strengthened by the intelligent independence of the Canadian
+character." A welcome was sung by 5000 school children and a procession
+through Toronto followed. Brilliant illuminations in the evening made
+the town bright and in the ensuing morning the Prince held a Levee at
+which one thousand gentlemen were presented.
+
+Addresses were presented during this function from the Upper Canada
+Bible Society, the Church of England Synod Trinity University, the
+Presbyterian Synod, the St. George's Society, the Temperance
+organizations, the County Council of York, and Knox College, and were
+duly replied to. In the afternoon His Royal Highness attended a
+reception given by the Law Society and in the evening a dance under the
+same auspices at Osgoode Hall. On the next day, Sunday, the Prince
+attended service at St. James Cathedral and listened to a sermon from
+Bishop Strachan. On Monday, an excursion was made to Collingwood, on the
+Georgian Bay, and the Prince was accompanied by the Governor-General,
+Sir Fenwick Williams and the Hon. Messrs. A. T. Galt, P. M. Vankoughnet,
+W. B. Robinson, J. Hillyard Cameron and others, as well as by his suite.
+At Newmarket, Aurora, Bradford and Barrie addresses were received and at
+every point along the Northern Railway there were decorations and crowds
+of people.
+
+At Collingwood there was luncheon and an enthusiastic reception and the
+Prince then returned to Toronto, where he watched the games of the
+Canadian Highland Society for a time. September 11th was a very wet day,
+but the Royal visitor attended a Regatta held under the auspices of the
+Royal Canadian Yacht Club, opened Queen's Park, and laid a pedestal for
+a statue to the Queen. He also reviewed the Toronto Volunteer Corps, and
+visited the University of Toronto where he received an address as well
+as one from Upper Canada College. A visit to the Educational Department
+of the Province and Knox College followed and a busy day was concluded
+by a great ball in the evening, at which the Prince danced until four in
+the morning.
+
+
+THE PRINCE IN THE WEST
+
+On September 12th His Royal Highness left Toronto for a trip through the
+western portion of Upper Canada (Ontario) and was welcomed at every
+station by decorations and cheering crowds. Arches were everywhere and
+salutes were fired with frequency. A short stop was made at Guelph and
+Stratford and an address was received at the German settlement of
+Peterburg, to which the Prince replied in the same language. In the
+afternoon London was reached and an enthusiastic reception given which
+included a torchlight procession and evening illuminations. Sarnia was
+visited on the following day and, besides the usual addresses, one was
+presented from the Indians of Upper Canada. At London, in the evening, a
+ball was given and the young Prince danced with the animation which he
+had displayed at all the entertainments of this character given in his
+honour. On September 14th he proceeded to visit Niagara Falls in a new
+and beautiful car specially constructed by the Great Western Railway
+Company.
+
+Woodstock, Paris, Brantford, Dunnville and Port Colborne were visited
+_en route_, and at the Falls in the evening most exquisite illuminations
+were exhibited for the pleasure of the visitor--lines of fire running
+along the cliffs while other kinds of light intensified the natural
+splendour of the scene. During his several days at this point, the
+Prince saw Blondin cross the chasm on a rope; attended service at the
+little church in the Canadian village; paid a brief visit to the
+American fort on the other side of Niagara River; saw the Welland Canal
+and visited Queenston Heights and the tomb of Sir Isaac Brock. At the
+latter place he received an address from one hundred and sixty survivors
+of the War of 1812 at the hands of Chief Justice Sir J. Beverley
+Robinson and, on September 18th, laid the corner-stone of an obelisk in
+honour of the chief Canadian hero of that contest. A visit to Port
+Dalhousie and Hamilton followed, and at the latter place the reception
+was marked by splendid decorations and much enthusiasm.
+
+In his reply to the address the Royal visitor was more than usually
+impressive--no doubt realizing that the end of this visit to a great
+country of the future was close at hand. "I can never forget," he said,
+"the scenes I have witnessed during the short time in which I have
+enjoyed the privilege of associating myself with the Canadian people,
+which must ever be a bright epoch in my life. I shall bear away with me
+a grateful remembrance of kindness and affection which, as yet, I have
+been unable to do anything to merit; and it shall be the constant effort
+of my future years to prove myself not unworthy of the love and
+confidence of a generous people." Fire-works, a state concert, a visit
+to the Central School, a luncheon at the Royal Hotel, a visit to the
+waterworks and a grand ball in the evening were amongst the events of
+the stay in Hamilton. On September 20th the last address received and
+answered by His Royal Highness in Canada was presented by the
+Agricultural Society of Upper Canada. To its loyal phrases the King and
+Emperor of a distant future made this final response: "My duties as
+representative of the Queen, deputed by her to visit British North
+America, cease this day; but in a private capacity I am about to visit,
+before I return home, that remarkable land which claims with us a common
+ancestry and in whose extraordinary progress every Englishman feels a
+common interest. Before I quit British soil let me once more address
+through you the inhabitants of United Canada and bid them an
+affectionate farewell. May God pour down his choicest blessings upon
+this great and loyal people."
+
+
+THE PRINCE OF WALES IN THE UNITED STATES
+
+Windsor was reached in the evening and after words of loyal greeting had
+been received from its people, the Prince of Wales left Canadian soil
+and, accompanied by the Governor of Michigan and the Mayor of Detroit,
+crossed the river to United States territory and was welcomed there as
+Lord Renfrew--one of his many minor titles. This part of the Royal tour
+had been arranged as a result of an invitation received by the Queen
+from President Buchanan dated June 4th, 1860, and expressing the hope
+that His Royal Highness' visit would be extended to the Republic. This
+had been agreed to by the Queen who intimated in reply that, while in
+the United States, the Prince would drop all Royal state and travel
+under the name of Lord Renfrew as he was accustomed to do on the
+Continent of Europe. It may be said, in passing, that this _incognito_
+was very slightly observed and that the Royal visitor was welcomed
+everywhere as the heir to the British throne and the son of a
+much-respected and friendly Sovereign.
+
+At Detroit the Prince parted from the Governor-General of Canada and the
+members of the Canadian Government who had hitherto accompanied him and,
+after a drive around the city and a brilliant illumination in the
+evening, departed on the morning of September 21st for Chicago. A
+special car was provided by the Michigan Central Railway. At Chicago
+there was no formal welcome or function; no particular enthusiasm or
+crowds. The Prince was driven around the great new city of the West and
+enjoyed his first experience of the panorama of American development
+which that centre even then presented. He did not stay long and on the
+22nd departed for Dwight, in the same State, where four days were spent
+in shooting. On September 27th he arrived at St. Louis, then a place of
+about seventeen thousand people, and here His Royal Highness visited the
+State Fair. There were estimated to have been twenty-eight thousand
+persons in the amphitheatre of the Fair and a curious incident of the
+visit is recorded by a writer, already quoted, who states that a vain
+search of the city had been made for a Union Jack to place beside the
+American flag on the central building.
+
+From St. Louis the Prince proceeded to Cincinnati, in Ohio, and on the
+evening of September 29th attended a ball given by an enterprising
+citizen who had just erected a handsome new theatre. On Sunday, St.
+John's Church was visited and a sermon preached by Bishop McIlvaine.
+Pittsburg was reached on October 1st and an enthusiastic but informal
+reception accorded. Harrisburg was the next place visited and it was
+noted that, as the Prince and his suite went further east and south, the
+curious crowds gave place to increasingly enthusiastic crowds. At
+Baltimore immense throngs of people had gathered and thence on October
+3rd the Royal party proceeded to Washington which they reached in the
+afternoon. The Prince, who had been accompanied through American
+territory by Lord Lyons, the British Minister, was welcomed to the
+capital by General Cass and then driven to the White House where, in the
+evening, a state reception was given in his honour.
+
+On the following day the President held a Levee, accompanied by "Lord
+Renfrew," and a great number of people attended. Afterwards a visit was
+paid to the handsome public buildings of the city. On October 5th,
+President Buchanan, his niece, Miss Harriet Lane, the Prince of Wales
+and many members of the American Cabinet and Diplomatic Corps, as well
+as the Duke of Newcastle and Lord Lyons, visited Mount Vernon. There,
+for a few moments, the descendant of George III. stood with uncovered
+head before the tomb of George Washington. In the evening a state dinner
+was given by Lord Lyons and on the following day the Prince left
+Washington for Richmond. Here his most enjoyable experience is said to
+have been, not the historical explanations and hospitable companionship
+of Governor Letcher, but the first taste of a mint julep mixed by a
+negro of much local fame in the preparation of this cooling drink.
+Baltimore was visited on October 8th and Philadelphia on the 10th. At
+some of these centres of population the Prince was able to spend a part
+of the day, incognito, amongst the people who, in perfect ignorance of
+his presence, no doubt taught the future King of Great Britain much that
+he would never otherwise have known as to public opinion in a country
+where the courses of freedom were uncontrolled by custom and unshackled
+by precedent or tradition. A feature of the visit to Philadelphia was a
+splendid concert given in the Opera House, at which Patti and others
+sang to a brilliant audience amidst striking decorations. To the verses
+of "God Save the Queen" were added the following lines:
+
+    "Long may the Prince abide,
+    England's hope, joy and pride,
+      Long live the Prince;
+    May England's future King,
+    Victoria's virtues bring,
+    To grace his reign.
+      God save the Prince."
+
+On October 11th the Prince of Wales arrived in New York and was welcomed
+on his steamer by General Winfield Scott and a reception committee. At
+the landing place Mayor Fernando Wood received him with the simple
+words: "As Chief Magistrate of this city, I welcome you here and believe
+that I represent the entire population without exception." The guest's
+reply was equally brief and then, clad in a Colonel's uniform, the
+Prince was driven through crowded streets to the City Hall, where six
+thousand soldiers were reviewed, and thence to the Fifth Avenue Hotel.
+The only unpleasant incident of the visit was the refusal of an Irish
+regiment to turn out upon this occasion with the other troops. During
+the following day His Royal Highness visited the University of New York,
+the Astor Library and the Cooper Institute. At the first-named
+institution he listened to an address on the electric telegraph from
+Professor Morse. In the evening a splendid ball was given at the Academy
+of Music where brilliant decorations vied with the beautiful costumes.
+
+On the following day the Prince, with his suite, visited Brady's
+photograph gallery and Barnum's Museum and, in the evening, witnessed a
+torch-light procession of five thousand Firemen. At the first-named
+place he inspected and asked for portraits of the eminent men of the
+United States and especially inquired for one of Secretary W. L. Marcy.
+Trinity Church was attended on Sunday and a sermon heard from the Rev.
+Dr. Francis Vinton--assisted in the service by a number of other
+clergymen. The church was crowded and ten thousand people waited outside
+to see the Royal visitor. New York was left on the following morning and
+West Point and Albany visited. In the afternoon of October 17th the
+Prince and his suite arrived at Boston and were formally welcomed by the
+Governor of Massachusetts as representing a country with which the
+American people were, he declared, united by "many ties of language, law
+and liberty." At luncheon the Hon. Edward Everett was one of the guests
+as the Hon. W. H. Seward had been at a dinner in Albany. In the
+afternoon a children's concert was given at the Music Hall in honour of
+the Prince and an Ode written by Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes was sung with
+enthusiasm to the air of the British National anthem. It commenced with
+the following verse:
+
+    "God bless our fathers' Land,
+    Keep her in heart and hand,
+      One with our own.
+    From all her foes defend,
+    Be her brave people's friend,
+    On all her realms descend
+      Protect her throne!"
+
+A ball was given in the evening at the Boston Theatre and, on the
+following morning, a flying visit paid to Cambridge and to Harvard
+University. Incidentally, it may be added, the Prince met Longfellow,
+Emerson, Holmes and others during his stay in Boston. On October 20th he
+reached Portland and, amid roaring cannon, ringing bells and crowds of
+cheering people passed from the shores of America to his ship in the
+ranks of a British squadron and thence home to the British Isles. On
+November 15th, His Royal Highness arrived at Plymouth and shortly
+afterwards the Duke of Newcastle received the Order of the Garter from
+the Queen as a token of her appreciation of his conduct during the Royal
+tour. Under date of December 8th Her Majesty communicated to the
+American President, through Lord Lyons, her great satisfaction at "the
+feeling of confidence and affection" which had been shown upon this
+occasion by the people of the United States towards herself and her
+country.
+
+Speaking on the same date at Nottingham, England, the Duke of Newcastle
+stated that during his recent visit to British North America he had
+"witnessed such devotion to the Sovereign and these realms as no one who
+had not witnessed it himself would be willing to believe. It was a
+demonstration of the attachment of the entire people to the throne of
+England and of their veneration for the lady who at present occupied it.
+It was a loyalty not of creed, nor of party, nor of race." As to the
+United States the influence of the Queen's personality had been even
+more striking. The reception of the Prince there had been an
+extraordinary one. "With one solitary exception they met with nothing
+but enthusiasm and, in fact, he did believe that the visit of the Prince
+of Wales to America had done more to cement the good feeling between the
+two countries than could possibly have been affected by a quarter of a
+century of diplomacy."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] Robert Cellem in _Visit of the Prince of Wales_ to Toronto, Canada,
+1861.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+The Royal Marriage
+
+
+Three years after the birth of the Heir to the British Throne, in one of
+the historic palaces of his family and country, there was born on
+December 1st, 1844, in a comparatively humble home at Copenhagen, the
+Princess Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louisa Julia of Denmark. The
+house was called a palace, her father was Heir to the Throne of Denmark,
+and became King Christian IX. on November 15th, 1863, but the mansion
+was, none the less, a quiet and unostentatious place, and the Prince a
+personage with hardly more resources or a larger revenue than many an
+English country gentleman.
+
+Simplicity and domesticity were the guiding principles of the Princess
+Alexandra's education and training. Her mother, the late Queen Louise of
+Denmark, was beautiful, graceful and clever, and seems to have possessed
+that love of home which is more rare than even the striking combination
+of qualities just mentioned. She was passionately fond of music, while
+Prince Christian was fond of drawing, and these subjects, together with
+languages and needle-work and all the essentials of the most simple home
+work and management, were taught to the girls who were respectively to
+become Empress of Russia, Queen of Great Britain, and Duchess of
+Cumberland in after years.
+
+As the years passed on the Princess Alexandra became probably the most
+beautiful girl in the Courts of Europe, and one of the least known
+outside a limited family circle. When hardly seventeen, and at a period
+in which the marriage of the young Prince of Wales was being seriously
+thought of by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, he chanced to see a
+portrait of the Princess. There seems to be no doubt that it was purely
+by accident--unless the wise and far-seeing Prince Consort indirectly
+controlled the incident--and that the picture of the lovely young girl,
+smiling from out of simple surroundings and a simple costume, had an
+immediate effect. He kept the photograph, and a little later saw a
+miniature of the Princess at the home of a friend. In a surprisingly
+short time the Prince had heard that the original of the picture was
+"the most beautiful girl in Europe," and was on his way to Prussia to
+attend the military manoeuvres of the season. The Crown Prince and
+Princess of Denmark happened to be travelling in the vicinity at the
+time.
+
+
+THE PRINCE MEETS PRINCESS ALEXANDRA
+
+On September 24th, 1861, the Prince of Wales and his party met the
+Danish Royal party in the Cathedral of Worms, and the former had a first
+glance at his future wife. Then followed a few days at the Castle of
+Heidelberg, where they were all guests together, and about which a note
+in Prince Albert's _Diary_ of September 30th says that "the young people
+seem to have taken a warm liking for each other." Less than three months
+after this entry the writer had passed away, but the sad event only made
+the widowed Queen more anxious for her son's marriage. Further meetings
+occurred at the Princess Frederick's--the English Crown Princess--and
+elsewhere, and on September 9th, 1862, the betrothal took place;
+although it was not publicly announced until November 8th. The Prince
+was then just twenty-one and the Princess not yet eighteen, and it was
+understood that some months would elapse before the marriage. Meanwhile,
+in August, Queen Victoria had first met and been charmed by her future
+daughter-in-law at the Laacken Palace of the King of the Belgians. The
+Danish people were naturally delighted at the news, and, poor as they
+were in a national sense, they at once subscribed a total sum of L8,000
+to constitute what was called the People's Dowry. This the Princess
+accepted with cordial thanks to the nation, but asked that a substantial
+portion of it be allotted to provide a dowry for six poor girls whose
+weddings should take place on the same day as her own.
+
+
+THE COMING OF THE PRINCESS
+
+Meantime the English people were expressing their pleasure at the news
+in various ways. The House of Commons voted the Prince of Wales a yearly
+income of L40,000 and his bride-to-be L10,000 for herself. Including the
+L40,000 from the Duchy of Cornwall this made a reasonable sum, while
+Sandringham and Marlborough House were allotted as Royal
+residences--requiring, however, much remodelling and improvement.
+Preparations of the most elaborate and splendid sort were made to
+welcome the lovely Danish Princess and into these arrangements the whole
+people seemed to throw themselves with mingled excitement and pleasure.
+
+In the little Copenhagen palace this turmoil was hardly known; the
+preparations certainly were not comprehended; and the quiet family were
+preparing in the most simple way for the great occasion--not the least
+excitement of the moment being the fact of their all going to England
+together. The wedding day was fixed for the 10th of March, and a few
+days before this the Princess left Denmark for her new home; passing
+over carpets of flowers strewn in her way by pressing and cheering
+crowds of affectionate people; receiving addresses everywhere, and
+smiles and tears and good wishes from simple peasants, who had decorated
+even their hedgerows and who made the departure look like a triumphal
+procession. Then King Frederick VII., presented her with a necklace of
+diamonds and a facsimile of the Dagmar Cross--that precious relic of
+early days and of the first Christian Queen of Denmark.
+
+The Princess arrived in the Thames on board the _Victoria and
+Albert_--which had been escorted from Flushing by a squadron of
+war-ships--on the morning of March 1st, and was welcomed at Gravesend by
+an outburst of enthusiasm which literally astounded her. A stately and
+formal reception she had, of course, anticipated but the splendour of
+what actually appeared, the elaborate character of the preparations, the
+surprising interest shewn by the people, were indeed revelations of the
+changed conditions into which the bride of the Heir Apparent had come.
+At Gravesend the dense crowds which lined the shores, or at least some
+portion of them, saw a sight which has been well described as pretty--"A
+timid girlish figure, dressed entirely in white, who appeared on the
+deck at her mother's side and then retiring to the cabin, was seen first
+at one window then at another, the bewildering face framed in a little
+white bonnet; the work of her own hands."
+
+
+HER RECEPTION IN ENGLAND
+
+When the Prince's yacht approached and he was seen to rush across the
+gangway, catch his bride in his arms and kiss her, the delight of the
+onlookers was unconstrained. As the Royal couple landed, girls strewed
+flowers under their feet. Then followed the glittering procession from
+Gravesend to London and thence to Windsor through long lines of
+decorated houses, garlanded and festooned roadways, flashing sabres and
+gorgeous uniformed soldiers. In London the streets were packed with
+people; triumphal arches, banners and devices were everywhere. In the
+poorer streets, in the homes of the artisan and the factory girl, there
+was the same effort to show pleasure in the happiness of the Princess
+and appreciation of her grace and beauty as there was in the great
+residential squares. At Eton there was a triumphal arch and a loyal
+gathering of enthusiastic boys; at Windsor the Queen received the
+Princess and conducted her to the suite of rooms which had been lately
+occupied by the Princess Alice. The first part, the popular reception,
+was over and it had proved how accurately the Poet Laureate had grasped
+the situation when he wrote of "the sea-king's daughter from over the
+sea" and gave that lordly command to the nation:
+
+    "Welcome her; thunders of fort and of fleet!
+    Welcome her; thundering cheer of the street!
+    Welcome her; all things youthful and sweet!
+    Scatter the blossoms under her feet."
+
+[Illustration: QUEEN VICTORIA, 1901
+  The Honored Mother of Edward VII]
+
+[Illustration: H. R. H. ALBERT, PRINCE CONSORT, THE FATHER OF EDWARD VII
+  From a painting by F. Winterhalter]
+
+[Illustration: THE CROWN JEWELS OF ENGLAND
+  These Jewels of untold value are kept to a well protected case in the
+  Tower of London. They include the ancient and modern Crowns]
+
+[Illustration: THE CORONATION OF EDWARD VII
+  King Edward received his crown at the hands of the venerable
+  Archbishop of Canterbury, at Westminster Abbey, on August 9,
+  1902, in the presence of representative peers and commoners of
+  the Empire]
+
+
+CELEBRATION OF THE MARRIAGE
+
+The marriage was celebrated in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, on March
+10th, the ceremony being performed by Dr. Longley, Archbishop of
+Canterbury, assisted by the Bishops of London, Winchester and Chester
+and by Dean Wellesley of Windsor. The Queen, owing to the Prince
+Consort's recent death, took no part officially but looked on from the
+Royal closet. The historic Chapel was a blaze of colour and jewels and
+the wedding guests numbered nine hundred of the highest rank and station
+and reputation in the land. Mr. Speaker Denison, afterwards Lord
+Ossington, in his _Diary_ gives a description of the scene. "It was a
+very magnificent sight--rich, gorgeous and imposing. Beautiful women
+were arrayed in the richest attire, in bright colours, blue, purple,
+red, and were covered with diamonds and jewels. Grandmothers looked
+beautiful: Lady Abercorn, Lady Westminster, Lady Shaftsbury. Among the
+young, Lady Spencer, Lady Castlereagh, Lady Carmarthen, were bright and
+brilliant. The Knights of the Garter in their robes looked each of them
+a fine picture. As each of the Royal persons, with their attendants,
+walked up the Chapel, at a certain point each stopped and made an
+obeisance to the Queen--the Princess Mary, the Duchess of Cambridge, the
+Princess of Prussia, the Princess Alice of Hesse, the Princess Helena,
+the Princess Christian, etc., each in turn formed a complete scene. The
+Princess Alexandra, with her bridesmaids, made the best and most
+beautiful scene. The Princess looked beautiful and very graceful in her
+manner and demeanour." The bridesmaids were eight in number--Lady
+Victoria Scott, Lady Victoria Howard, Lady Agneta Yorke, Lady Feodora
+Wellesley, Lady Diana Beauclerk, Lady Georgina Hamilton, Lady Alma
+Bruce, and Lady Helena Hare. They represented many of the noblest houses
+in England and wore dresses described as being of "white tulle over
+white glace silk" and trimmed with roses, shamrocks and white heather.
+Each of them also wore a locket presented by the Prince of Wales and
+composed of coral and diamonds so as to represent the red and white
+national colours of Denmark. It is interesting to note that, in 1898,
+all these ladies were still living.
+
+During the ceremony, the Prince of Wales was supported by his uncle, the
+Duke of Saxe-Coburg, and his brother-in-law, the Crown Prince of
+Prussia. He wore the uniform of a British General, the Collar of the
+Garter, the Order of the Star of India and the rich, flowing purple
+velvet mantle of a Knight of the Garter. Princess Alexandra was given
+away by her father and wore a white satin skirt trimmed with garlands of
+orange blossoms and puffings of tulle and Honiton lace, the bodice being
+draped with the same lace, while the train of silver moire antique was
+covered with orange blossoms and puffings of tulle. She wore also the
+diamond and pearl necklace, earings and brooch, given her by the
+bridegroom and the _riviere_ of diamonds presented by the Corporation of
+London, as well as three bracelets given, respectively, by the Queen,
+the ladies of Leeds and the ladies of Manchester. Her beautiful hair was
+very simply dressed and on it lay a wreath of orange blossoms covered
+by a veil of Honiton lace. The bridal bouquet was composed of orange
+blossoms, white rosebuds, orchids and sprigs of myrtle. The actual
+ceremony was a very short one, the Prince giving his responses clearly,
+though the Princess was at times almost inaudible. The whole function
+had been a brilliant one--the first marriage celebrated in this Chapel
+since that of Henry I. in 1122--and no touch of mourning was allowed to
+mar the pageantry of the scene and the bright colours of uniforms and
+dresses.
+
+The wedding breakfast was held in the State dining-room and in St.
+George's Hall and, while it was proceeding, the King of Denmark was
+lavishly entertaining both rich and poor in the home country of the
+Royal bride. Throughout Great Britain that night bon-fires blazed, bells
+rang, houses were illuminated, balls and festivities were held, school
+children treated and banquets spread. Edinburgh excelled itself and some
+one has said that a pen of fire dipped in rainbow hues would have been
+needed to describe its pyrotechnic display. Meanwhile, the Prince and
+Princess of Wales had taken their departure for Osborne, which had been
+lent them by the Queen, and there the brief honeymoon was spent. At
+Reading, on the way thither, thirty thousand people met the train and
+presented the Princess with a bouquet. Writing of this most popular of
+historic weddings Canon Kingsley said in a private letter, dated March
+12th, that "one real thing I did see, and felt too, the serious grace
+and reverent dignity of my dear young Master, whose manner was perfect.
+And one other real thing--the Queen's sad face. I cannot tell you how
+auspicious I consider this event or how happy it has made the little
+knot of us (the Prince's Household in which he had recently become a
+Chaplain) who love him because we know him. I hear nothing but golden
+reports of the Princess from those who have known her long." A few days
+later, on March 25th, Lady Waterford wrote to a friend that she had just
+seen at a reception "the graceful, charming young Princess of Wales"
+and that she had been in no way disappointed as to the beauty of which
+all England was talking. "There was something charming in that very
+young pair walking up the room together. Her graceful bows and carriage
+you will delight in and she has--with lovely youth and well-formed
+features--a look of great intelligence beyond that of a mere girl. She
+wore the coronet of diamonds and a very long train of cloth of silver
+trimmed with lace, pearl and diamond necklace, bracelet and a stomacher
+and two love-locks of rich brown hair floated on her shoulders."
+
+
+EARLY HOME LIFE OF THE ROYAL COUPLE
+
+The Royal pair did not stay very long on the Isle of Wight and, after a
+visit to Buckingham Palace and Windsor, entered their new home at
+Sandringham on March 28th. Here the beautiful personality and character
+of the Princess soon impressed themselves upon the life of the house and
+its more public environment. She proved to be a model housewife, later
+on a model mother, and always and everywhere a model of tactful action
+and conversation. Pliability and adaptability were useful and important
+qualities which she found more than serviceable in these early years of
+her transition from a comparatively humble home to one of continuous
+splendour and almost constant state. Difficulties there naturally were
+of many minor sorts and formidable they no doubt were in the sum total.
+New customs to comprehend and adopt; new intricacies of a not entirely
+familiar language to become acquainted with; new and varied
+responsibilities in both domestic and public life to understand and put
+in practice; qualities of natural diffidence and reserve to overcome.
+But these and other obstacles were conquered with an apparent ease which
+concealed any real trouble in the struggle, and the Princess threw
+herself into the life and work of her husband and the spirit of the
+English people in a way which has ever since ensured to her the lasting
+love of those in her immediate circle and the deep-seated affection of
+the many-sided British public.
+
+During the three or four immediately following years the public
+appearances of the Prince and Princess of Wales were not numerous.
+Philanthropic interests were taken up and maintained, but domestic and
+home interests seemed to hold the first place. In August, 1864, a visit
+was paid to the Highlands and some weeks spent at Abergeldie. Here, Dr.
+Norman Macleod was amongst their guests and here they saw much of the
+Earl and Countess of Fife, parents of their future son-in-law, the
+present Duke of Fife. An autumn visit to Denmark followed and the Prince
+for the first time saw his wife's early home. A good deal of shooting
+was indulged in at and around Bernsdorff and from Elsinore, after a few
+weeks, the Royal couple went in their yacht to Stockholm on a visit to
+the King and Queen of Sweden. The infant, Prince Albert Victor, had been
+with them up to this time but he was now sent home in charge of the
+Countess de Grey and the Prince and Princess returned by way of Germany
+and Belgium. A short stay was made with the Prince and Princess Louis of
+Hesse at Darmstadt and another at Brussels. Sandringham was reached in
+time to celebrate the twentieth birthday of the Princess.
+
+An incident of this year was the personal subscription of L10,000 by the
+Prince of Wales toward the erection of the Frogmore Mausoleum in honour
+of his father and, it may be added, a very marked and significant
+feature of all his speeches during these years was deep respect and
+admiration for the Prince Consort's life and memory. In 1865 the Prince
+made his first State visit to Ireland and on May 9th opened the
+International Exhibition at Dublin. The weather was beautiful, the loyal
+demonstrations in the streets were most enthusiastic, the great hall
+where the ceremony took place was decorated with the flags of the
+nations and filled with the most distinguished gathering which Ireland
+could produce. The Duke of Leinster, the Earl of Rosse, and all the
+leading noblemen of the country were there, as well as the Lord Mayor
+and Corporation of Dublin in their civic robes, the Mayors of Cork and
+Waterford and Londonderry, the Lord Mayors of London and York and the
+Lord Provost of Edinburgh. When His Royal Highness took his place in the
+Chair of State an orchestra of one thousand voices performed the
+National Anthem and ten thousand other voices joined in song. After the
+ceremony, during which the Prince made two brief speeches, he attended
+in the evening a ball at the Mansion House given by the Lord Mayor.
+Meanwhile the city was brilliantly illuminated. In the morning he
+reviewed a number of troops in Phoenix Park and was received with much
+enthusiasm by the enormous crowds gathered around the scene.
+
+A little later, on May 19th, the Prince attended the opening of an
+International Reformatory Exhibition at Islington and received and
+answered an address from its President, Lord Shaftesbury. Three days
+afterwards he opened the Sailors' Home in the East End of London and was
+greeted by great crowds of cheering people. On June 5th, he marked his
+liking for the Drama by inaugurating the Royal Dramatic College at
+Woking and six days later received a banquet at the hands of the
+Fishmongers' Company in London. On July 3rd he was distributing prizes
+at Wellington College attended by the Bishop of Oxford, the Earl of
+Derby, Earl Stanhope, Lord Eversley and others.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+Early Home Life and Varied Duties
+
+
+During the years immediately succeeding his marriage the career of the
+Prince of Wales was one of initiation into the responsibilities of home
+life and the duties of public life. It was a period of moulding
+influences and a round of functions--some perfunctory, some pleasant. It
+was a time of trial for a very young man placed in a very high position,
+and with temptations which might easily have led him into temporary and
+even permanent forgetfulness of the responsibilities of the future.
+Several causes, apart from his own natural strength of character,
+combined to avert such a result. The sympathetic and gracious character
+of his wife and the perfection of management and detail which she
+introduced into the home life of Sandringham and the more public and
+social life of Marlborough House, were factors of importance. The
+recollection of his father's teachings and high ideals and the knowledge
+of his Royal mother's character and devotion to principle were important
+influences. The growth of family ties had its effect, and, finally, the
+shock of a sickness in 1871, which brought him to the verge of death and
+showed him the loving affection of the nation, completed the process of
+education in that difficult and dangerous road which the youthful Heir
+to a great Throne must always travel.
+
+Of the Princess of Wales in these years it is hard to speak too highly.
+Fond of domestic life, retiring by disposition and character, caring
+more for husband and family than for all the glitter and glory of the
+world's greatest functions or positions, she yet lived in the blaze of
+a continuous publicity without possible or actual criticism and with a
+ceaseless and ready charm of manner, a never-failing courtesy to high
+and low, an ever-increasing popularity. Amid all the innumerable duties
+and difficulties of her position there has never been a visible mistake
+committed. The right people have been cultivated and encouraged; the
+wrong people treated in a way which could not be resented nor
+misunderstood. The right thing has been said so often that it has come
+to appear the natural thing. An atmosphere of ideal refinement has
+always surrounded her, and its subtle influence has pervaded many a
+brilliant home and circle where other influences might easily have
+prevailed. In a time when calumny would attack an Archangel, and when
+its bitter barbs have been known to reach even the humanly perfect life
+of Queen Victoria, no shadow has ever crossed the curtain of her
+character. Of her tact--a quality which she possesses in common with the
+Prince of Wales--stories are innumerable, and of her quiet,
+unostentatious, continuous charity and natural kindliness of heart there
+are as many more.
+
+
+A BUSY MARRIED LIFE
+
+The married life of the Prince and Princess was a busy one. Sandringham
+had to be remodelled and various public duties attended to by the
+Heir-Apparent. One of the first visitors at their country home was the
+Rev. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, who had been so intimately associated with
+the education and early life of the Prince, and who was destined to
+always possess the privileges of a personal friend. Of this Easter
+Sunday, following the wedding, Dean Stanley wrote in his _Diary_ that
+"the Princess came to me in a corner of the drawing-room with Prayer
+Book in hand and I went through the common service with her, explaining
+the peculiarities and the likenesses and differences from the Danish
+service. She was most simple and fascinating. My visit to Sandringham
+gave me intense pleasure. I was there for three days. I read the whole
+service, preached, then gave the first English Sacrament to this 'angel
+in the Palace,' I saw a great deal of her, and can truly say she is as
+charming and beautiful a creature as ever passed through a fairy tale."
+
+
+THE PRINCE IN PUBLIC LIFE
+
+One of the first public appearances of the Prince of Wales after his
+marriage was attendance at the Royal Academy Banquet on May 2nd, 1863.
+Sir Charles Eastlake, the President, proposed the usual loyal toast, and
+in responding the young Prince is said to have spoken in a particularly
+clear and pleasing manner. Of the important personal event to which
+reference had been made he declared that neither the Princess nor
+himself could "ever forget the manner in which our union has been
+celebrated throughout the nation." Amongst the other speakers were Lord
+Palmerston, Mr. W. M. Thackeray and Sir Roderick Murchison. The first
+really important public event in the Prince's life at this period was
+the presentation of the freedom of the City of London on June 8th.
+Invitations had been issued to a couple of thousand of the most eminent
+persons in the public, social and diplomatic life of the country and
+exceedingly costly preparations were made for the reception, and for the
+ball and banquet which followed. The Prince and Princess of Wales were
+accompanied by Prince Alfred, the Duchess of Cambridge, the Duke and
+Princess Mary of Cambridge and other Royal personages. The Princess was
+clad in white, with a coronet and brooch of diamonds and a necklace of
+brilliants--the one her husband's wedding present and the other that of
+the City of London. The reply to the address and presentation was very
+brief but appropriate and the events which followed were remarkable for
+their splendour and air of general joyousness.
+
+A week later the Royal couple attended the Commemoration at Oxford and
+the Prince of Wales was presented with the degree of D.C.L. in the
+presence of a brilliant assemblage of Professors and visitors, and an
+enthusiastic throng of students. The latter gave the Princess a
+reception which made her flush with mingled nervousness and pleasure
+though it could not affect her natural dignity of bearing. She had not
+yet become accustomed to the overwhelming character which British
+enthusiasm sometimes assumes and, indeed, is said to have never
+absolutely overcome a personal shrinking from the publicity which was
+inseparable from her position and popularity. However that may be, the
+feeling was never shown to the people and, if a fact, can only be
+considered as enhancing the graciousness of manner which has been so
+marked a characteristic of her life in England. During this brief visit
+to Oxford Their Royal Highnesses distributed prizes to the Rifle
+Volunteers, opened a bazaar in aid of the Radcliffe Infirmary, inspected
+the exhibits at the Horticultural Show, and went over the Prince's
+one-time college residence at Frewen Hall.
+
+A hasty visit to the North of England in August was made to include the
+opening ceremony for a new Town Hall at Halifax and here the Royal
+couple received a most hearty welcome. Another function was the opening
+of the British Orphan Asylum on June 24th by the Prince, who became its
+Patron and promoted large subscriptions to its work--one of which from
+Mr. Edward Mackensie totalled $60,000. Though this was a very quiet year
+in comparison with those of the future, His Royal Highness extended his
+patronage, usually accompanied by liberal subscriptions, to eight public
+charities, eight hospitals and asylums, five agricultural societies and
+eleven learned and scientific societies--including the Society of Arts
+of which he became President. His first work in this latter connection
+was to promote and obtain a fund for sending a number of British
+workmen to the Paris Exhibition with a view to improving their
+mechanical and technical knowledge. He also associated himself with the
+Mendicity Society by means of which all the innumerable appeals for aid
+which came to him from time to time were investigated, sifted, and
+reported upon before action was taken. On May 18, 1864 the Prince
+presided for the first time at the Royal Literary Fund banquet and thus
+commenced a long period of active patronage toward an institution which
+has served a most useful purpose in England--the quick and secret
+dispensing of aid to literary men who from some cause or other might be
+destitute, or in need. Its objects were not local but international and
+in his speech on this occasion His Royal Highness pointed how well and
+quietly the work had been done.
+
+
+THE PRINCESS AND HER FAMILY
+
+Early in the year the first-born child of the Royal couple arrived on
+the scene. The event had been expected for March 1864 but the infant was
+born at Frogmore on January 9th and was christened on March 10th as
+Albert Victor Christian Edward. From infancy the Prince was somewhat
+delicate and, no doubt for that reason, was always supposed to be his
+mother's favourite child. The Princess of Wales was, at this time, not
+yet twenty but was devoted to her domestic duties and especially to the
+new arrival in their home. She would rather visit the nursery at any
+time than attend a State function or ball. Other children came in the
+following years. Prince George Frederick Ernest Albert, afterwards
+Prince of Wales, was born on June 3, 1865; Princess Louise Victoria
+Alexandra Dagmar, afterwards Duchess of Fife, on February 20, 1867;
+Princess Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary on July 6, 1868; and Princess Maud
+Charlotte Mary Victoria, sometime to be Princess Charles of Denmark, on
+November 26, 1869. In 1871 Prince Alexander John Charles Albert was
+born, but only lived for one brief day.
+
+As these children came one by one they found a most happy home circle
+and a devoted mother. In all their little amusements and games the
+Princess took part; in their training and education she took a watchful
+share; in their lives as a whole simplicity was made the guiding
+principle, as it had been in the Royal family of the past generation.
+From all accounts which are open to us she delighted much more in the
+nursery than in society. Dr. William Jenner saw the Royal children
+whenever necessary but the "coddling" so often seen in modern homes was
+unknown at Sandringham. The Prince believed as much in simplicity of
+bringing up as did his wife and, by special order, the Household and
+servants never used the prefix of "Royal Highness" to the children but
+addressed them as Prince Eddy, or Princess Louise, or whatever the name
+might be. The little girls, as their father always called them, had
+their tea with the nurses and were given few toys and never allowed to
+accept presents. No fuss was made over the little accidents inevitable
+to childhood and in every way life was kept devoid of state formality,
+or anything that would breed a sense of childish self-importance. When
+the Prince and Princess were away from home, as they frequently had to
+be, letters were daily exchanged with the head nurse. The result of this
+general system and of the later plan of making the young Princesses more
+and more companions of their mother and the boys, as far as
+circumstances would permit, of their father, created and maintained at
+Sandringham one of the most pleasant home circles in all England. An
+illustration of the spirit in which domestic anniversaries and incidents
+were approached may be found in lines composed by the Princess, on one
+occasion, for Prince George when the family were commencing to celebrate
+the birthday of the husband and father. The thought was admirable even
+if the poetry was not quite perfect:
+
+    "Day of pleasure, brightly dawning,
+    Take the gift of this sweet morning,
+    Our best hopes and wishes blending
+    Must yield joy that's never ending."
+
+During these years the Prince of Wales was gradually assuming many of
+the duties and public tasks which would have devolved upon the Queen, or
+in earlier days have been performed with such fidelity and care by the
+Prince Consort. At this time the Queen was living in strict retirement
+and for a long period still to follow she maintained the same sorrowing
+seclusion in a more or less modified form. Toward the close of 1865 the
+death of Lord Palmerston removed a statesman in whom the Prince had
+found a personal friend and whom he had consulted and greatly trusted in
+private matters. In February, 1866, the Queen made one of her rare
+public appearances and opened Parliament, in person, accompanied by the
+Prince and Princess of Wales. A little later came the cholera epidemic
+which killed one hundred thousand people in Austria and caused a number
+of deaths in England. To the Mansion House Relief Fund, which ultimately
+reached the total of $350,000 and to another Fund, the Prince
+contributed $17,500. In August the Royal couple visited Studley Royal,
+the seat of the Earl de Grey and Ripon--better known afterwards as the
+Marquess of Ripon--and were given a great reception in the City of York.
+An incident of the latter occasion was a sudden downpour of rain during
+which the Prince stood up in his carriage, bareheaded, so that the
+people should not be disappointed.
+
+
+VARIOUS PUBLIC FUNCTIONS AND EVENTS
+
+A little before this, on May 9th, the President and Council of the
+Institution of Civil Engineers entertained the Heir Apparent at a
+banquet in London and amongst the other guests were the veteran Field
+Marshal Sir John Burgoyne, the Dukes of Sutherland and Buccleuch, Earl
+Grey, Lord Salisbury, Sir John Pakington, Sir Edwin Landseer, Sir
+Richard Owen and many other eminent scientists and leaders of the time.
+During his speech the Prince paid a tribute to the work of Brunel and
+Stephenson and, in the latter connection, referred to the great bridge
+across the St. Lawrence, in Canada, which he had inaugurated in 1860 and
+to which he gave the credit for an opportunity to visit British America
+and the United States. On June 11th His Royal Highness had also laid the
+foundation of the new building of the British and Foreign Bible Society
+in London. He was received formally by the President, the Earl of
+Shaftsbury, the Lord Mayor, the Archbishop of York and others and, in
+the course of his speech, pointed out that the Society had already spent
+$30,000,000 in the promotion of its objects and in the translation of
+the Bible into two hundred and eighty different languages and dialects.
+After referring to the efforts in this cause by his grandfather, the
+Duke of Kent, the Prince went on to say that "it is my hope and trust
+that, under Divine guidance, the wider diffusion and deeper study of the
+Scriptures will, in this as in every age, be at once the surest
+guarantee of the progress and liberty of the mind and the means of
+multiplying in the present time the consolations of our holy religion."
+
+The next function shared in was the anniversary gathering of the Clergy
+Corporation, attended by the Archbishops of Canterbury, York and Armagh,
+the Marquess of Salisbury and other dignitaries. In his speech the
+Prince pointed out that there were ten thousand clergymen in the United
+Kingdom whose benefices were of less value than $750 a year and urged
+the usefulness of an institution which distributed $20,000 per annum to
+orphans and unmarried daughters of clergymen as well as temporary aid to
+necessitous clergymen themselves. The result of his appeal was a
+subscription of $6,000 to which he contributed $525 personally. On June
+18th he inaugurated a Warehousemen and Clerks' School at Croydon at a
+gathering presided over by Earl Russell and ten days later visited the
+Merchant Seamen's Orphan Asylum in the suburbs of London. In August the
+Prince and Princess of Wales made one of their first public appearances
+in the County where they had made their country home and where the
+Prince so well embodied the hearty, healthy life of the English
+gentleman. During the month, therefore, they paid a visit to Norwich as
+the principal town of Norfolk and, accompanied by the Queen of Denmark
+and the Duke of Edinburgh, attended one of Sir Michael Costa's
+oratorios, opened a Drill-hall, planted memorial trees and in other ways
+helped to make the occasion memorable to the people of the ancient town.
+
+A visit followed in the autumn to the Duke and Duchess of Sutherland, at
+their splendid Castle of Dunrobin, in the north of Scotland. In driving
+twenty-five miles from the station to the Castle a most enthusiastic
+welcome was received along the entire route. In reviewing the Sutherland
+Volunteers during his stay the Prince expressed a wish that the Corps
+would wear the kilt as their uniform and this was, of course, done with
+the greatest pleasure. Shortly after the return from Scotland the Queen
+of Denmark came again to England and stayed for some time at Sandringham
+with her daughter. Late in the year (November) the Prince of Wales went
+to St. Petersburg to attend in an official capacity the marriage of the
+Princess Dagmar of Denmark--sister of his wife--to the Czarewitch who
+afterwards became Alexander III. The cold was deemed a sufficiently
+strong reason for the Princess not to accompany him. In his suite were
+Lord Frederick Paulet, the Marquess of Blandford, Viscount Hamilton, and
+Major Teesdale. He was welcomed at the station by the Emperor, the
+Czarewitch and others of the Imperial family and given splendid
+quarters at the Hermitage Palace. After the marriage he visited Moscow,
+accompanied by the Crown Prince of Denmark, went over the historic
+Kremlin and called on the Metropolitan, the highest dignitary in the
+Russian Church, who received his Royal visitor in a cell and gave him
+his blessing after a brief conversation.
+
+The year 1867 was marked by a painful illness of the Princess through
+acute rheumatism and inflammation of a knee-joint. During the serious
+period of the illness the Prince devoted himself to the invalid, never
+leaving her side unless compelled to do so and having his desk brought
+into the sick-room so that he might carry on his correspondence in her
+presence. It was not until July that the Princess was able to drive out
+and during the rest of the year the Royal couple lived very quietly and
+made as few public appearances as possible. It was in the beginning of
+this year that Princess Louise, afterwards Duchess of Fife, was born.
+Some functions had to be performed, however, and they included the
+presiding at a meeting of the National Lifeboat Institution and at the
+one hundred and fifty-second anniversary festival of the Welsh Society
+of Ancient Britons, on March 1st; a visit to the International
+Exhibition at Paris in May; and the presence of the Prince at the laying
+of the foundation stone of the Albert Hall, in London, later in the same
+month. On July 10th His Royal Highness inaugurated the London
+International College, which had been organized by Mr. Cobden and M.
+Michel Chevalier, as a branch of an international institution. At the
+luncheon were the Duc d'Aumale, the Prince de Joinville and the Comte de
+Paris as well as Professor Huxley and Dr. Leonard Schmitz, the head of
+the institution. In his speech the Prince pointed out the usefulness of
+a College which would more or less devote itself to the teaching of
+modern languages at a time when the interests of varied nationalities
+were becoming so intermingled.
+
+[Illustration: THE CORONATION OF EDWARD'S QUEEN
+  Queen Alexandra received her crown at the hands of the venerable
+  Archbishop of York at Westminster Abbey, August 9, 1902, immediately
+  after the crowning of the King by the Archbishop of Canterbury]
+
+[Illustration: KING EDWARD VII AND QUEEN ALEXANDRA
+  At the Opening of Parliament]
+
+[Illustration: THE ROYAL LINE OF SUCCESSION AT THE TIME OF QUEEN
+VICTORIA'S DIAMOND JUBILEE
+  Queen Victoria, Prince of Wales, Duke of York and Prince Edward]
+
+[Illustration: THE CORONATION CHAIR
+  Containing the Stone of Scone on which traditional Irish Kings, Scotch
+  Kings and British Kings have been crowned]
+
+An interesting event occurred in July when Ismail Pasha, Khedive of
+Egypt, visited England, as his father had done twenty-one years before.
+At a banquet in the Mansion Home, on July 11th, a distinguished
+gathering met to do him honour and amongst them were the Prince of
+Wales, the Duke of Cambridge, Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar and many men
+eminent in politics and diplomacy. In his speech the Prince spoke of his
+personal indebtedness to the late Khedive for kindness received during
+his own visit to Egypt in 1862 and, also, of the national importance of
+the facilities given by that country to England in the transit of troops
+to India. He then referred to the illness of the Princess and to the
+words in that connection used by the Lord Mayor. "I know I only express
+her feelings when I say that she has been deeply touched by that
+universal good feeling and sympathy which has been shown to her during
+her long and painful illness. Thank God, she has now nearly recovered
+and I trust that in a month's time she will be able to leave London and
+enjoy the benefits of fresh air."
+
+
+ROYAL VISIT TO IRELAND
+
+The Prince of Wales early in his public life showed his sympathy with
+the people of Ireland. He had already visited Dublin in 1865 and, on
+March 17, 1868, while planning a State visit to that country, attended a
+brilliant celebration of the anniversary of St. Patrick's birth, in
+Willis's Rooms, London. Amongst those present were the Archbishop of
+Armagh, the Bishop of Derry, the Earl of Longford, the Earl of Mayo and
+Lord Kimberley. The Prince, in his speech, expressed the belief that
+despite disagreeable occurrences of the past few years the people of
+Ireland generally were "thoroughly true and loyal." On April 15th the
+Prince and Princess of Wales landed at Kingstown and were received with
+tremendous acclaim. With his usual tact the Prince asked that no troops
+should be present in the streets. The Princess, who was dressed in Irish
+poplin, was presented with a white dove, emblematic of peace, and fairly
+captured the hearts of the populace. The visit lasted ten days and
+included amongst its functions a gorgeous installation of the Prince as
+a Knight of St. Patrick, when he used the sword worn by George IV. on a
+similar occasion; his presence at the Punchestown races--where the Royal
+couple appeared in open carriages and received an enthusiastic welcome;
+attendance at the Royal Hibernian Academy's rooms and at the Royal
+Dublin Society's Conversazione; a visit to the Catholic University and
+the receipt of an LL.D.--together with the Duke of Cambridge and Lord
+Abercorn, the Lord Lieutenant--from Trinity College; a visit to the
+Cattle Show and a Royal review of troops; attendance at Sunday service
+in historic Christ Church; personal visits to Lord Powerscourt's
+beautiful place in Wicklow and to the Duke of Leinster at Carton; a
+formal visit to Maynooth College and the unveiling in Dublin of a statue
+of Edmund Burke.
+
+The London _Times_ described the crowded life of those ten days in
+rather interesting language: "There were presentations and receptions,
+and receiving and answering addresses, processions, walking, riding and
+driving, in morning and evening, in military, academic and mediaeval
+attire. The Prince had to breakfast, lunch, dine and sup with more or
+less publicity every twenty-four hours. He had to go twice to races with
+fifty or a hundred thousand people about him; to review a small army and
+make a tour in the Wicklow Mountains, everywhere receiving addresses
+under canopies and dining in state under galleries full of spectators.
+He visited and inspected institutions, colleges, universities,
+academies, libraries and cattle shows. He had to take a very active part
+in assemblies of from several hundred to several thousand dancers and
+always to select for his partners the most important personages. He had
+to listen to many speeches sufficiently to know when and what to answer.
+He had to examine with respectful interest pictures, books, antiquities,
+relics, manuscripts, specimens, bones, fossils, prize beasts and works
+of Irish art. He had never to be unequal to the occasion, however
+different from the last, or however like the last, and whatever his
+disadvantage as to the novelty or dullness of the matter and the scene."
+
+On April 25th the Royal visitors returned to Holyhead and on their way
+home stopped at Carnarvon, the birthplace of the first Prince of Wales,
+where a banquet was received and a brief speech made by the living
+successor of a great King's son. Among the incidents connected with this
+visit was the fact that while the Prince was freely passing through and
+amongst the people of the Irish capital his brother, the Duke of
+Edinburgh, was shot at Clontarf, Australia, by an Irishman named
+O'Farrell, while he was accepting the hospitality of a local Sailors'
+Home. Another was the tact and judgment displayed by the Heir Apparent
+in forwarding a cheque to the Dublin Hospital Sunday Fund after his
+return home. This institution had then and has since exercised a most
+beneficial effect upon Irish hospital affairs; but the marvel was that
+the Prince should have found time amid his multifarious duties and
+functions to look into its management and influence. May the 5th, saw
+the Prince attending the sixty-second anniversary of the "Society of
+Friends of Foreigners in Distress" and pointing out in a preliminary
+speech that the Queen had taken deep interest in this charity ever since
+her accession in 1837. In proposing the health of the Prince and
+Princess of Wales, Sir Travers Twiss, the Advocate-General, said that
+though it was not generally known, he would take the liberty of stating
+that during His Royal Highness' Eastern travels he had passed through no
+great city without visiting and helping any institutions which might
+exist in aid of suffering humanity.
+
+Eight days later the Prince presided at the annual banquet of the
+Governors of St. Bartholomew's Hospital--after visiting and inspecting
+the wards. During the same day His Royal Highness attended a great state
+function in the laying of the foundation of St. Thomas' Hospital by the
+Queen in person. The last important matter in which the Prince took part
+before leaving for his second Eastern tour was the laying of the
+foundation stone of new buildings for Glasgow University on October 8th.
+They cost over two millions of dollars and in the stately proceedings
+accompanying this event, the Princess of Wales was able to participate.
+From November 1868 to May 1869 the Royal couple were in the distant
+East, but, on the Queen's birthday in the latter year, the Prince of
+Wales was able to be present at the anniversary banquet of the Royal
+Geographical Society and to receive congratulations on having been
+instrumental in effecting the appointment of his late travelling
+companion, Sir Samuel Baker, to the government of the Soudan region in
+Africa, under the control of the Egyptian Government and with the object
+of suppressing the slave trade. His Royal Highness warmly eulogized Sir
+S. Baker--who had also just received the Society's medal for the
+year--and the events of the evening were considered to have made the
+occasion memorable. Prince Hassan of Egypt was present and amongst the
+speakers were Sir Roderick Murchison, Admiral Sir George Back, Professor
+Owen, the Duke of Sutherland, Dr. W. H. Russell, Sir Francis Grant
+P.R.A., and Sir Henry Rawlinson.
+
+The next two or three years saw the Prince participating in many public
+and more or less important events. Accompanied by the Princess of Wales
+he laid the foundation of new buildings in connection with the Earlswood
+Asylum, in Surrey, on June 28, 1869. An incident of this event was not
+only the usual gift of a hundred guineas by the Prince but a procession
+of ladies who passed up to the dais in single file and deposited
+upwards of four hundred purses, which they had collected for the
+Charity, under the influence of Royal patronage and encouragement. On
+July 7th Their Royal Highnesses visited Lynn, inaugurated the new
+Alexandra Dock, and took part in several local events. A state visit to
+Manchester followed, on July 29th, and the Prince opened the annual
+exhibition of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, of which he was
+President, and was given a warm welcome in and around the city. On the
+succeeding day he inaugurated a new dock at Hull.
+
+Meanwhile, on July 23rd, the Prince had visited London in order to
+unveil a statue of George Peabody, the distinguished American
+philanthropist. At the ceremony Sir Benjamin Phillips, Chairman of the
+Committee, addressed the Prince formally and thus concluded: "Let us
+hope that this statue, erected by the sons of free England to the honour
+of one of Columbia's truest and noblest citizens, may be symbolical of
+the peace and good will that exist between the two countries." In
+replying His Royal Highness spoke of Mr Peabody as a great American
+citizen and of his gift of over a quarter of a million pounds sterling
+to the charities of a country not his own, as being unexampled, and
+concluded as follows: "Be assured that the feelings which I personally
+entertain toward America are the same as they ever were. I can never
+forget the reception which I had there nine years ago and my earnest
+wish and hope is that England and America may go hand in hand in peace
+and prosperity." Following the example of King William IV., when Duke of
+Clarence, and of the late Dukes of Kent, Sussex and Cambridge, the
+Prince of Wales presided on November 30th at the anniversary banquet of
+the Scottish Corporation--or as it was popularly called the Scottish
+Hospital--in order to mark his approval of an institution which had done
+much to assist, by means of pensions, poor and aged natives of Scotland
+living in London; to afford temporary relief to Scotchmen in distress;
+or to educate poor Scottish children. On this occasion there was a
+large gathering which included Prince Christian and the Duke of
+Roxburghe and, after a speech from the Prince describing the objects and
+work of the institution, it was announced that $12,500 had been
+specially subscribed to the purposes of the Hospital--including $500
+from the Prince of Wales himself.
+
+Exhibitions, in the years between his coming of age and his accession to
+the Throne, were always favourite objects of attention and support at
+the hands of Heir Apparent. He had already studied closely his father's
+conduct of the first great International Exhibition, and had himself
+opened one of the same kind at Dublin, and been present at an
+International Reformatory gathering and at the Paris Exhibition. On
+April 4th, 1870, he presided at a meeting of the Society of Arts called
+to promote an International Educational Exhibition for the succeeding
+year. Resolutions were passed to this end, and after an explanatory
+speech from His Royal Highness and, it may be added here, the Exhibition
+was duly opened on May 1st, 1871, by the Prince of Wales, with imposing
+pageantry and with details worked out by his assistant in various future
+undertakings Sir Philip Cunliffe-Owen. On May 16, 1870, the Prince
+presided at the annual banquet of the Royal General Theatrical Fund,
+established as far back as 1839, for the relief and assistance of
+members, and of widows and orphans of members, of the dramatic
+profession. During the evening, after a speech from the Royal chairman,
+Mr. Buckstone, the well-known actor, spoke in warm words of the kindness
+of the Prince in attending their function: "The duties he has to perform
+are so numerous and fatiguing that we only wonder how he gets through
+them all. Even within these few days he has held a Levee; on Saturday
+last he patronized a performance at Drury Lane in aid of the Dramatic
+College; then had to run away to Freemasons' Hall to be present at the
+installation of the Grand Master; and now we find him in the chair this
+evening; so what with _conversaziones_, laying foundation stones,
+opening schools, and other calls upon his little leisure, I think he may
+be looked upon as one of the hardest working men in Her Majesty's
+dominions." This was a fact or condition not recognized very generally
+in those days; in after years it became a truism in popular opinion.
+
+St. George's Hospital received the combined patronage of the Prince and
+Princess on May 26th. The former occupied the chair and made an earnest
+appeal for aid to this most deserving institution. The Earl of Cadogan,
+who was one of the Treasurers, announced a little later in the evening
+that the Prince of Wales had handed him a check for two hundred guineas,
+the Princess one for fifty guineas, and the Marquess of
+Westminster--afterwards the first Duke of that name--one for two hundred
+guineas. Amongst the other speakers on this occasion were Earl
+Granville, the Earl of Derby, the Earl of Carnarvon and Mr. W. H. Smith,
+M.P. On June 21st, His Royal Highness opened a new building in
+connection with Dulwich College in Surrey; nine days later he and the
+Princess opened new schools for the children of seamen near the London
+Docks; on July 1st they visited in state the ancient town of Reading and
+laid the foundation stone of a new Grammar School. A week later the
+Prince had the congenial task of giving the Albert gold medal of the
+Society of Arts to M. de Lesseps. As President of the Society he
+addressed the father of the Suez Canal, in French, and congratulated him
+upon the completion of his great undertaking, not only in a public
+capacity, but "as a personal friend." In his reply, M. de Lesseps said
+that he had received much private encouragement from the late Prince
+Consort in the early stages of his enterprise, and that he could never
+forget that fact. It may be added here that the presentation of this
+Medal was always a peculiar pleasure to the Prince of Wales, and that
+amongst those in after years who received it at his hands were Sir
+Henry Bessemer, M. Chevalier and Sir Henry Doulton.
+
+On July 13th His Royal Highness, on behalf of the Queen, and accompanied
+by the Princess Louise and the grand officers of the Household, opened
+with elaborate ceremony the new Thames Embankment. Three days later he
+opened the Workmen's International Exhibition at Islington in the name
+of the Queen. During this year the war between France and Germany caused
+the Prince and his family keen interest and many natural anxieties. He
+arranged for a special telegraph service so that news might reach him at
+once and took an active part in associations and subscription lists for
+aid to the wounded on both sides. The Royal family had such close
+relations with that of Prussia through the Princess Royal and with that
+of France through long personal friendship with the Emperor and Empress
+that the position of individual members, like the Heir Apparent, and his
+wife could be easily understood.
+
+The Royal Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences was opened with stately and
+imposing ceremony by the Queen on March 29th, 1871. When Her Majesty,
+accompanied by the Princess of Wales and other members of the Royal
+family, had taken her place on the dais of a Hall containing eight
+thousand people and an orchestra of twelve hundred persons, under Sir
+Michael Costa, the Prince of Wales advanced and, as President of the
+Provisional Committee, detailed the origin and history of the project.
+He then, after receiving a formal reply, declared the Hall open in the
+name of the Queen. On May 7th, following, the Prince presided at a
+dinner in aid of the Artists' Orphan Fund and, after explaining its
+useful objects, expressed the wish that further contributions would be
+offered for the purpose in view. At the close of the affair the
+Treasurer announced subscriptions to the amount of $60,000, of which a
+check for $525 was from the Royal chairman. The Earlswood Asylum for
+Idiots was again visited by the Prince on May 17th, when he presided at
+the anniversary dinner of the institution in London and explained its
+continued progress. Subscriptions of $21,000 were announced, of which
+$525 were given by the Prince. The same result followed his chairmanship
+of a dinner in aid of the Farningham Homes for Little Boys on June 2nd.
+He pointed out that the institution was still in need despite a recent
+anonymous contribution of $5000. Before the close of the evening some
+$17,000 had been subscribed, including $750 from His Royal Highness.
+Such incidents, often repeated, indicate better than many words the
+value attached to the Prince's presence and support of deserving
+charities, and they also afford some proof of the generous expenditure
+of his private means for public benefit. On June 28th, the Prince acted
+as Chairman of the anniversary festival of the Royal Caledonian Asylum
+in London. There were three hundred and fifty guests present, mostly in
+Highland costume, and amongst them were Prince Arthur and the Duke of
+Cambridge, the Dukes of Buccleuch and Richmond, the Marquess of Lorne
+and Marquess of Huntly, the Earls of Fife, Mar, and March.
+
+On July 31st His Royal Highness again paid a visit to Dublin. He was
+accompanied by the Princess Louise, the Marquess of Lorne, and the young
+Prince Arthur--better known in later years as the Duke of Connaught. An
+address was presented at Kingstown by the Lord Mayor and Corporation
+and, on the following day, the Royal visitors witnessed a cricket match,
+lunched with the officers of the Grenadier Guards and inspected the
+cattle, horses, and sheep of the Royal Agricultural Society's annual
+show. In the evening the Prince of Wales presided at a great banquet of
+four hundred and fifty guests, with galleries thronged with ladies. He
+made several brief speeches and a particularly happy one in proposing
+the health of Earl Spencer, the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. A series of
+engagements and entertainments followed, amongst which were a brilliant
+military review in Phoenix Park and the installation of the Prince as
+Grand Patron of the Masonic Institution in Ireland. This was the last
+important event taken part in by His Royal Highness before the serious
+illness which, a little later, so greatly stirred the nation and
+affected himself.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+Travels in the East
+
+
+Before he came to the Throne the Prince of Wales had long been the most
+travelled man in Europe. He had visited every Court and capital and
+centre upon that Continent; he had toured the North American Continent
+from the capital of Canada to the capital of the United States and from
+the historic heights of Quebec to the great western centre at Chicago;
+he had visited the most noted lands of the distant East.
+
+
+FROM EUROPE TO AFRICA
+
+In 1862, his first visit to Egypt and the Holy Land had taken place, and
+now, six years later, he was to make a more imposing and important tour
+of those and other countries in the company of his wife. On November
+17th, 1868, the Prince and Princess of Wales, accompanied by their three
+eldest children and by Lady Carmarthen, General Sir W. Knollys,
+Lieut.-Col. Keppel and Dr. Minter, left for the Continent and reached
+Compiegne on the morning of the 20th inst., in order to pay a visit to
+the Emperor and Empress of the French. An incident of the hunt which
+took place that afternoon was the rush of a stag at the Prince who, with
+his horse, was completely knocked over. Amongst the shooting party were
+Marshal Bazaine, the Baron Von Moltke, the Marquess of Lansdowne and
+other well-known men of the day. After a stay of a few days here and at
+Paris the Royal party proceeded on their journey and reached Copenhagen
+on November 29th. The birthday of the Princess was celebrated two days
+later in her old home.
+
+Stockholm was reached on December 16th, and a visit of some days'
+duration paid to the King of Sweden. On December 28th the Prince and
+Princess were back again with the Royal family of Denmark and attended a
+State Ball at the Christianborg Palace. In the middle of January they
+embarked in the yacht _Freya_, and at Hamburg the Royal children were
+sent home in charge of Lady Carmarthen, Sir William Knollys and Colonel
+Keppel. At Berlin, on January 17th, they were welcomed by the Crown
+Prince and Princess of Prussia--the Princess Royal of England--and by
+Lord Augustus Loftus, the British Ambassador. On the following day His
+Royal Highness was invested with the famous order of the Black Eagle by
+the King of Prussia. Amongst the limited number of Knights Grand Cross
+who were present at the Chapter were the Baron Von Moltke, General Von
+Roon, Count Von Waldersee, and Count Von Wrangel. From Berlin, where the
+Prince and Princess were joined by those who were to accompany them on
+their further journey and including Colonel Teesdale, V.C., Captain
+Ellis, Lord Carington, Mr. Oliver Montague, Dr. Minter and the Hon. Mrs.
+William Grey, the Royal party went to Vienna which was reached on
+January 21st. At the station they were received by the Emperor Francis
+Joseph and various members of the Austrian Royal family together with
+Prince Von Hohenlohe and Lord Bloomfield, the British Ambassador. State
+visits, dinners, the theatre, skating and a private visit to the King
+and Queen of Hanover in their retirement at Hietsing, constituted the
+programme of the next few days. Vienna was left on January 27th, and
+from Trieste, on the following day, sail was made on board H.M.S.
+_Ariadne_ and Alexandria reached on February 3rd.
+
+
+TRIP UP THE NILE
+
+After their formal reception at Alexandria by Mehemet Tewfik Pasha,
+Shereef Pasha, Mourad Pasha, Sir Samuel Baker and others, the Prince
+and Princess proceeded to Cairo where they were warmly welcomed by the
+Khedive, and met by the Duke of Sutherland and his son, Lord Stafford,
+Professor Owen, Colonel Marshall and the special correspondent, Dr. W.
+H. Russell. The latter gentlemen joined the Royal party and were to
+proceed with them on the journey up the Nile together with Prince Louis
+of Battenberg and Lord Albert Gower. Before starting on this voyage,
+however, the Prince and Princess were privileged in witnessing the
+curious Procession of the Holy Carpet and the departure of a portion of
+the annual stream of pilgrims for Mecca. The Princess and Mrs. Grey were
+also invited, on February 5th, to dine at the Harem with the Khedive's
+mother and the ceremonies, as described by Mrs. Grey in her _Diary_ of
+the tour, were exceedingly interesting. A multitude of smartly dressed
+female slaves in coloured satin and gold; services of silver and gold;
+dishes of the most peculiar and varied composition and taste; music by
+bands of girls and dances by other bands of women--some of whose motions
+were described by Mrs. Grey as graceful and others as "simply
+frightful;" drinks of curious character and pipes and cigarettes with
+holders ornamented by masses of precious gems; costumes which partook of
+both the Eastern and Western character; jewels and gold in every
+direction and upon every possible kind of object--such were some of the
+things seen during the visit. In the evening of the same day the Royal
+couple and suite went to the theatre, and afterwards the Prince had
+supper with the Khedive at the Palace of Gizerek, accompanied with
+elaborate ceremonies and a succession of dancing spectacles.
+
+Meanwhile, every care had been exercised by the Khedive in preparing
+comforts for the Royal guests up the Nile. The chief barge was occupied
+by the Prince and Princess and the Hon. Mrs. Grey, who was in attendance
+upon the latter; a second was occupied by the Suite; a third by the Duke
+of Sutherland's party; a fourth was used as a store-boat and contained
+3,000 bottles of champagne, 20,000 bottles of soda-water, 4,000 bottles
+of claret and plenty of ale, liquors and light wines. Sir Samuel Baker,
+who was at this time Governor of the Soudan region, accompanied the
+Prince and had with him an abundance of guns and nets for capturing
+crocodiles, etc. During the slow progress up the river there was plenty
+of sport, and His Royal Highness won fine specimens of spoonbills,
+flamingoes, herons, cranes, cormorants, doves, etc.
+
+
+THEY VISIT SITES OF ANCIENT CITIES
+
+During the early part of the trip there was not much that was
+interesting; apart from the shooting expeditions which were undertaken
+from time to time. The sight of frightened children, timid women,
+labouring slaves, mosques and villages of huts and occasional ruins of
+more or less interest were all that was visible along the low banks of
+the river as they passed. The caves, or grottoes, of Beni Hassan were
+visited on February 10, and the life of ancient peoples seen in a
+panorama of carved monuments. Then came a more beautiful, cultivated and
+populous part of the region watered by the Nile. Thebes, Luxor, Karnak,
+however, were names and places which made up for much. For two days,
+ending February 19th, the heir to a thousand years of English
+sovereignty wandered amidst these tombs and monuments of the rulers of
+an African empire which had wielded vast power and created works of
+wonderful skill and genius three, and five thousand years before. The
+great hall and collonades and pillars of Karnac, the obelisk of Luxor,
+the famous tombs of the Kings, the Temples of Rameses, the colossal
+statues of Egyptian rulers, were visited by daylight, and, in some
+cases, the wondrous effect of Oriental moonlight upon these massive
+shapes and memorials of a mighty past was also witnessed.
+
+Philae with its interesting ruins, Assouan with its modern history,
+Korosko, Dere, the early capital of Nubia, the great Temple at Aboo
+Simbel, were seen, and, finally, after the Prince had killed his first
+crocodile, on February 28th, and the party had made an uncomfortable
+trip across a hot waste of desert, Wady Halfah was reached on March 2nd,
+and the journey back was commenced. On their return a special trip was
+made by the Prince and Princess to the Pyramids of Ghizeh, accompanied
+by Mehemet Tewfik, the Khedive's son, with an escort from Cairo. The
+Prince ascended the biggest of the Pyramids and the party was royally
+entertained afterwards in a pavilion specially erected for the purpose.
+
+
+INTERESTING RUINS ARE VISITED
+
+The Prince and Princess also visited the Royal chambers in the great
+Pyramid. A delightful drive to Cairo followed, and the party soon found
+themselves comfortably installed in the Esbekiah Palace. On the
+following day a visit was paid to the great Mosque where lie the revered
+bones of Mehemet Ali, under an embroidered velvet catafalque. One of the
+graceful minarets was ascended and a splendid panorama of the city seen.
+On March 18 the Tombs of the Caliphs, with their picturesque but ruined
+mosques, were visited, and in the evening the theatre was attended, in
+company with His Highness, the Khedive. A visit to the Baulak Museum
+followed and was rendered thoroughly interesting by the presence of the
+learned Orientalist, Marriette Bey, who showed the Prince and Princess a
+bust of the Pharaoh "who would not let the children of Israel go," and
+one of the other Pharaohs, who was a friend of Moses. Sir W. H. Russell
+is authority for the statement that the slightly incredulous smile of
+the Princess brought out a most concise, learned and convincing
+explanation of history and hieroglyphics in this connection.
+
+On the evening of March 19th the Khedive gave a State Dinner in honour
+of his Royal guests at the Garden Kiosk of the new Palace of Gizeh. The
+grounds were brilliantly illuminated, those present included all that
+was eminent in the life of Egypt, the viands were served upon the
+richest plate, the native fireworks sent up afterwards were most
+attractive. The Hon. Mrs. Grey, in her _Diary_, says that "standing in
+the outer marble court, with its beautiful Moorish arches and its
+pillars of rich brown colour, their bases and capitals profusely and
+brilliantly decorated, and looking on every side at the tastefully
+illuminated gardens, the effect produced was indeed most splendid and
+carried one at once back in imagination to one of the scenes you read of
+in the _Arabian Nights_. It is quite impossible to describe it, but I
+shall never forget this beautiful sight." The writer then goes on to
+describe the splendid architecture and tasteful furniture of the
+building and rooms. Most of the latter were decorated in white and gold,
+with myriads of mirrors, rich silk curtains and furniture with all the
+soft and brilliant colourings of the old Arabesque style. There were
+fountains everywhere, and the floors were inlaid marble, porphery and
+alabaster.
+
+Following this function came a visit to the British Mission School,
+where the Princess greatly charmed the children; a state visit to the
+races in a carriage drawn by six horses, and with coachmen and
+postilions wearing most gorgeous liveries of scarlet and gold. The Suite
+were also splendidly equipped in regard to carriages and outriders, and
+the streets were lined with troops. The races were well conducted and
+the general ceremonies of the occasion worthy of Ismail, the Khedive.
+This was to have been the last function prior to departure for the Suez
+Canal, but it was now decided to accept the pressing invitation of His
+Highness and stay three days longer. Following upon this decision came a
+series of visits paid by the Princess of Wales to the wives, or harems,
+of certain distinguished Egyptian gentlemen, and, finally, to the harem
+of the Khedive.
+
+Amongst the places visited were the homes of Murad Pasha, Abd-el-Kader
+Bey and Achmet Bey. On March 23d the Princess, with a couple of
+attendant ladies, visited the Khedive's mother--the real ruler of his
+harem. It was a sort of Eastern drawing-room function, with slaves in
+brightly-coloured dresses everywhere about, and a number of Princesses,
+or daughters and relations of the Khedive, present, together with many
+other ladies of Egyptian rank and position. Mrs. Grey described them as
+mostly pretty--which was not, in her experience, the case as a rule--and
+as looking cheerful and happy. In the evening the Princess attended a
+State Dinner given by the four wives of the Khedive at the Palace of
+Gizerek. The presence of innumerable slaves, coffee and pipes, music and
+cherry jam served on a large gold tray with a gold service inlaid with
+diamonds and rubies, were the initial features of the entertainment. At
+dinner the guests sat on chairs instead of on the floor, as at a
+previous affair of the kind, but still had to pull the meat from the
+turkey with their fingers, while the odour of garlic and onions in many
+of the dishes was very unpleasant. There was some singing during the
+meal, with music and Oriental dancing after it. Meanwhile the bazars had
+been visited privately by the Princess; the people having no idea who
+the inquiring and interested European lady was.
+
+
+THE PRINCE ATTENDS THE KHEDIVE'S RECEPTION
+
+On the same day the Prince of Wales attended in state at a formal
+reception held by the Khedive, and thus conferred a somewhat marked
+compliment upon one who was not actually an independent Sovereign. He
+was accompanied by the Marquess of Huntly and the Earl of Gosford, who
+had just arrived from India on their way home, and proceeded through
+the streets in all the pomp of scarlet and gold outriders, troops in
+brilliant uniforms and a general environment of state which compelled
+unusual respect from the impassive Oriental onlookers. Royal honours
+were given to the Prince on his arrival, and he was met by some 5,000
+troops and the strains of the British national anthem, while the Court
+itself was brilliant in blue and gold uniforms and rich in the
+luxuriance of gold and gems upon every possible article of service or
+personal use. In the evening the Prince dined with his Vice-regal host
+on a yacht in the river, and the Minister of Finance gave a brilliant
+banquet, at which were present the great officers of state, such as
+Shereef Pasha, Zulfikar Pasha, Abdallah Pasha and others, together with
+British visitors or members of the Royal suite, such as Lord Carington,
+Lord Huntly, Lord Gosford, Prince Louis of Battenberg, Sir Samuel Baker
+and Colonel Teesdale, V.C.
+
+This event closed the visit to Cairo and, after formal farewells on the
+following morning, the train was taken for Suez, where the Royal
+visitors were received by the Governor and M. de Lesseps. In the morning
+they left for Ismaila amidst all possible honours, and accompanied by
+the great canal promoter. There a triumphal arch had been erected and a
+crowd of people and troops were found lining the route through the city.
+They were driven out to the Khedive's chalet on Lake Timsah, where
+dinner was served and the night spent, and thence back to Ismaila, and,
+in a steamer, down the Suez Canal to Port Said. The great enterprise was
+not then completed, and, in fact, the opening of the canal did not take
+place for many months, but the Royal tourists were fortunate in seeing
+the pioneer activities of creation in full operation and of being able
+to understand something of the immense initial difficulties which had
+been overcome by the genius and energy of De Lesseps.
+
+Alexandria was reached on March 27th, and visits were paid to
+Ras-el-Teen, the old palace of Mehemet Ali, to Cleopatra's Needle and
+Pompey's Pillar. Then the _Ariadne_ was boarded once more and a farewell
+dinner given to Mourad Pasha, the representative of the Egyptian
+Government, who had done so much for the comfort of the Royal guests;
+the health of the Khedive was drunk and the last word said to the
+ancient land of the Nile and the Pyramids. The impressions left by this
+visit to Egypt were pleasant to the Prince of Wales and useful to his
+country. Ismail, the Khedive, was at this time a most enterprising ruler
+but the predominant influence in the country was French and there can be
+no doubt that the stately reception given the Heir to the British Crown
+proved a substantial service to the present and future residents of his
+nationality in that part of the world. The Prince, himself, must have
+benefited greatly by the insight into Oriental methods of government
+which he obtained and by the curious efforts at an adaptation of western
+ideas which were going on all around him; while the picture left upon
+his mind of ancient traditions and the history of a mighty past could
+not but have been impressive and interesting.
+
+On boarding the _Ariadne_, off Alexandria, and starting for
+Constantinople the Royal party lost Sir Samuel Baker, Lord Gosford, Sir
+Henry Pelly and Lord Huntly, who were leaving for other points of
+destination. During the next few days the vessel passed through the
+"Isles of Greece" and by various famous or historic spots. Patmos and
+Chios were seen for a time in the distance and, on March 31st, the
+Dardanelles were reached and salutes fired from shore to shore--from
+Europe to Asia--as the Royal yacht steamed between the Turkish forts.
+Upon anchoring, the British Ambassador, the Hon. Henry Elliot, came on
+board, together with Raouf Pasha, who attended to offer the earliest
+compliments of his Imperial master the Sultan. At the next landing, off
+Chanak, the Prince was formally welcomed by Eyoub Pasha, Military
+Governor of the Dardanelles, and his staff and guard of honour. Salutes
+from the Forts followed and the Prince returned to his vessel which
+steamed up to Gallipoli, where another stop was made and a visit paid to
+the French and British cemeteries of the Crimean War. Early on the
+morning of April 1st the towers and minarets of Constantinople were
+sighted and various tugs and boats containing British residents and
+others surrounded the Royal vessel and joined in singing "God Save the
+Queen" as the Prince and Princess appeared on deck. Their stepping into
+a barge to row ashore was the signal for a general salute from the
+Turkish iron-clads and, amidst flying colours, fully-manned yards and
+swarming caiques and steam-boats the journey to the shore was made--with
+some private speculation as to what would happen to the Life Guardsmen
+of the Prince's suite if they should be upset in the water with all
+their cumbrous "toggery" on.
+
+When abreast of the Palace of Saleh Bazar the Royal barge was met by the
+state caique of the Sultan, followed by other gorgeously decorated and
+equipped vessels, containing the Grand Vizier, Aali Pasha, and other
+officials dressed in blue and gold and wearing numerous ribands, stars
+and crosses of knightly orders. Amidst cheers from crowded tugs and
+boats and ships the Royal visitors were transferred to the caique and
+thence to the landing place of the Palace where a guard of honour, a
+crowd of officers and a gorgeous staff surrounded the Sultan who, like
+the Prince of Wales, was in full uniform. His Majesty, after various
+gracious greetings, which were translated by the Grand Vizier, led his
+guests up the staircase of the Palace and then retired. Shortly
+afterwards the Prince and his suite were driven to the Dolmabakshi
+Palace where they were received by the Sultan with much state and, after
+a brief visit, returned to Saleh Bazar. Luncheon followed and the Prince
+and Princess called at the British Embassy. On their way back in the
+Sultan's carriages the streets were lined with impassive people who
+saluted in silent respect. At the Palace an admirable dinner was served
+on gold and silver plate. During the entire stay of the Royal visitors
+here they were supplied with every luxury and requirement--guards of
+honour, carriages, saddle-horses, caiques, a band of eighty-four
+splendid musicians and an immense staff always on duty and clad in
+gorgeous uniforms of green and gold.
+
+Every morning there were presents from the Sultan of most exquisite
+flowers and the finest fruit. Mr. W. H. Russell thus described the
+surroundings in one of his letters to the London _Times_: "The
+_valetaille_, in liveries of green and gold, with white cuffs and
+collars, throng the passages and corridors, and black-coated
+Chibouquejees are ready at a clap of the hands to bring in pipes with
+amber mouth-pieces of fabulous value, crested with hundreds of diamonds
+and rubies, and coffee in tiny cups which fit into stands blazing with
+similar jewels. The _cuisine_ cannot be surpassed and the wines are of
+the most celebrated vintage. All the persons attached to the Palace
+speak French or English. There are Turkish baths inside ready at a
+moment's notice. Equerries, aides-de-camp, officers of the Body-Guard,
+radiant in gold lace and scarlet, in blue and in silver lace, flit about
+the saloons and corridors. Human nature can scarce sustain the load of
+obligations imposed on it by such attention. If the Prince is seen on
+the water guards are turned out along all the batteries and the strains
+of music are borne on every breeze that blows. Yards are manned and
+crews turned out on the slightest provocation. The least wish is an
+order."
+
+On April 2nd the Sultan went in state to the Mosque in honour of his
+Royal guests. The streets were lined with five thousand troops and the
+Prince and Princess, with their suite, were driven to the Palace of
+Beshik Jool, from a beautiful room in which they could see the Imperial
+procession pass by. The sloping ground on the opposite side of the road
+was filled by groups of women clad in varied colours and looking from a
+distance like animated flowers. The Sultan came, presently, preceded by
+brilliantly garbed Circassian troops, announced by the blast of a
+trumpet and the acclaim of the Turkish populace and riding a magnificent
+horse, which an English spectator described as a "marvel of beauty." He
+wore a splendid military uniform and his jewelled orders and sabre-hilt
+shone brightly in the rays of the sun, while immediately before and
+behind him were the officers of state. After the pageant had passed,
+little Prince Izzedin--the eldest son of the Sultan and a delicate,
+intelligent-looking child--came over to visit the Prince and Princess.
+The troops then filed past the Palace windows. Later in the day a
+deputation of British residents was received by the Prince and in the
+evening a special performance at the Theatre was attended and witnessed
+from the Sultan's box.
+
+Early in the morning of April 3rd, the various foreign Ambassadors and
+Ministers called on the Prince of Wales and were presented by Mr.
+Elliot. Amongst them was General Ignatieff, of Russia. A visit to
+Seraglio Point followed, and from its heights was seen that most
+exquisite view which embraces the Sweet Waters, the Bosphorus, the Sea
+of Marmora and its islands, the shores of Scutari, the minarets of the
+city and a general mingling of sea and shore, of light and shade, of
+softness and Eastern charm which is hardly equalled in the world. The
+great mosque of St. Sophia was then visited. In the evening a state
+dinner was given by the Sultan at Dolmabakshi Palace--the first ever
+given by His Ottoman Majesty to Christian guests. The Prince and
+Princess were received in the grand drawing-room by the Sultan and all
+his Ministers. The Princess was taken in by His Majesty and Madame
+Ignatieff by the Prince. The dinner-room was already renowned for its
+exquisite candelabra and lustres in rock-crystal; and its other
+decorations, combined with plate and flowers of the most beautiful kind,
+made up a scene well worth remembering. Aside from this, however, it was
+not very interesting, as none of the Sultan's Ministers--except the
+Grand Vizier--had ever sat in his presence before and were apparently
+too much astonished and afraid to speak a word to each other or to any
+of the twenty-four guests who made up the banquet. After dinner the
+Princess and Mrs. Grey visited the Harem, or rather the Sultan's wife
+and mother. Mrs. Grey, in her _Diary_, declares the dullness and
+stiffness of the occasion to have been indescribable. There were
+innumerable slaves, but they were all "hideous," though loaded down with
+jewels, while other incidents and surroundings were not very unlike a
+similar reception at a European Court. The whole affair broke up at
+10.30.
+
+
+A VARIETY OF INCIDENTS
+
+On the following day the Royal party attended service in the church of
+the British Embassy, driving through silent and crowded streets. In the
+afternoon they inspected the Cemetary at Scutari. On the following day
+the Prince and Princess, attended by Mrs. Grey, and all garbed in the
+humblest English clothes they could find, visited the Bazaar. "Mr. and
+Mrs. Williams" seemed to enjoy themselves greatly, the former smoking a
+long pipe; the latter buying quantities of curios and, as the merchants
+soon found out, driving an occasional bargain with earnestness. They
+took in all the entertainments, sipped sherbets and the various
+unnamable drinks which are sold in such places, and revelled in a few
+hours of freedom. Later in the day the Prince paid some formal visits
+and in the evening they again attended the theatre. Meanwhile Sir Andrew
+Buchanan, British Ambassador at St. Petersburg, had arrived with his
+wife, on their way home to England, and were welcomed at the Palace. The
+following day a visit was paid to Belyar Beg, some distance up the
+Bosphorus, which has been described as "the most beautiful place in the
+most beautiful situation in the world." Guards of honour were seen in
+all directions as the Royal party passed in caiques up the river. The
+luxury and elegance of the furniture at the Palace and the beauty of
+both buildings and surroundings evoked expressions of admiration from
+the Prince and Princess and, perhaps, they even regretted their refusal
+to stay here in preference for the other and more accessible residence.
+Tchamlidja, not far away, the summer residence of Mustapha Fazil Pasha,
+brother of the Viceroy of Egypt, was then visited and a "luncheon"
+served which proved to be almost wanton in its luxury--the choicest
+fruits that Paris could produce and the finest wines of the east or the
+west being served in profusion. Afterwards, the Princess and Mrs. Grey
+visited the Harem, while the men smoked exquisite cigars and drank the
+finest obtainable coffee.
+
+The following day included a trip across the Bosphorus in the Sultan's
+yacht and a state ball at the British Embassy in the evening, which was,
+for a short time, attended by the Padishah himself. The Royal party did
+not retire from the gathering until daylight. During the next three days
+one function continued to follow another. A visit to the British
+Memorial Church; attendance with the Sultan at a great special
+performance in the Theatre through densely-crowded streets; a visit to a
+cricket match in the suburbs; attendance at a state banquet given by the
+British Ambassador; inspection by the Prince of a Turkish
+ironclad--Hobart Pasha's flagship; a dinner at the country home of the
+Grand Vizier. The day of departure fixed upon was April 10th, and, after
+a stately breakfast with the Sultan at Dolmabakshi, and farewells
+exchanged amidst all possible pomp and Oriental pageantry, the _Ariadne_
+was boarded and slowly steamed away from the Moslem capital to the sound
+of cheers and thundering guns from fleet and fort. They were soon in
+the gloomy waters of the Black Sea on the way to the Czar's dominions.
+
+Arrangements had been under discussion for some time in connection with
+this visit to the Crimea and Sir Andrew Buchanan's opportune arrival
+had, no doubt, a good deal to do with the matter. On April 12th
+Sebastopol was sighted, crowned with its ruined bastions and replete to
+the Royal tourists with memories of the Redan, the Malakoff, and the
+Mamelon. Neither flags nor men were visible, however, upon the ramparts
+as the yacht came to its moorings although elsewhere Russian soldiers
+could be occasionally seen. Presently, General de Kotzebue, Governor of
+New Russia and Bessarabia, came on board with his suite--a decorated and
+energetic survivor of the great siege at which he had been Chief of
+Staff to Prince Gortschakoff. After the four days programme for the
+Crimea had been settled the Prince and Princess landed and went first to
+inspect the Memorial Chapel and then to visit the great cemetery. A
+drive to some of the scenes of battle during the Crimean conflict
+followed, with an escort of Tartars and with carriage horses which at
+times seemed to fly over the ground. General de Kotzebue knew every foot
+of the soil and was, of course, a splendid host on such an occasion. On
+this first day the field of the desperate Alma fight was gone over
+carefully and on the succeeding morning the ruined ramparts and redoubts
+of the once great Fortress of Sebastopol--not as yet restored--were
+visited and studied. The Cemetery of Cathcart's Hill was visited and
+here there were few in the party who did not find the names of friends
+or relatives in this city of silent streets while the Princess found
+very many around which associations of some kind were twined. In a small
+farmhouse, close to the windmill which was almost a centre of battle on
+the day of Inkerman, the Royal party took lunch.
+
+Afterwards the Prince and some of the gentlemen rode over the ridge
+around which the famous fight occurred and General de Kotzebue
+explained the technical character of the struggle. The Malakoff was next
+seen as well as the colossal statue of Lazareff--the father of the Black
+Sea fleet and of that conception of Russian power which was shattered
+for a time by the success of the Allies. On the 14th the French Cemetery
+was visited and thence they went across country to the famous British
+Headquarters--the home for so long of Lord Raglan, General Simpson and
+Sir W. Codrington. The house was in perfect order and the Prince was
+shown with care one of the rooms on the wall of which was a tablet with
+the simple words: "Lord Raglan died." Balaclava was next visited and the
+scene of the famous charge carefully studied by the Prince. A drive
+followed through a country of varied and striking beauty to the Imperial
+Palace of Livadia where the Czar's Master of Ceremonies, Count Jules
+Stenbock, was waiting to receive the Royal visitors. A ceremonious
+entertainment was given here in the highest style of refinement and with
+the somewhat unexpected accompaniments of chamberlains in green and gold
+and a mass of servants from St. Petersburg, together with every sort of
+luxury. Here the Czar Nicholas had stayed in 1855 when he went to
+reconnoitre the position of the Allies. A visit followed to Alupka, the
+palace of Prince Woronzow and thence, after an exchange of telegrams
+with the Czar, they went on board the _Ariadne_ once more.
+
+April the 16th saw the Royal party once more in the Bosphorus with blue
+lights burning along the shores and bands playing a courteous welcome.
+On the following day the Prince, attended by Colonel Teesdale and
+Captain Ellis, paid a last formal visit to the Sultan and this was
+promptly returned by His Majesty amidst much ceremony. Meanwhile, the
+Princess had taken a last fond "incognito" look at the Bazaars attended
+by Mrs. Grey and Mr. Moore of the Embassy. The Ambassador came to the
+yacht to luncheon and soon afterwards Sir Andrew and Lady Buchanan bade
+farewell. Then, in the evening, came the second departure from
+Constantinople, the _Ariadne_ passing through the lately increased
+Turkish fleet, under Hobart Pasha, amidst a brilliant display of
+rockets, coloured lanterns and blue lights.
+
+
+A VISIT TO HISTORIC ATHENS
+
+The Port of Athens was reached on April the 20th and here Sir A.
+Buchanan once more rejoined the party, followed very soon by various
+Russian, French and Italian officers and diplomatists. Next came the
+King of Greece--George I., brother of the Princess of Wales--accompanied
+by a suite and with sounds of distant cheering and the roar of guns
+echoing around the vessel. After luncheon Athens was visited and found
+to be gaily decorated and thence the Royal party passed by train to the
+King's Palace in the country, a beautiful place surrounded by beautiful
+scenery. In the distance were to be seen the green fields and olive
+forests of the Attic plain, the Piraeus and the Bay of Salamis, the
+groves of Academus, the ancient Acropolis and Ilissus, and the modern
+City of Athens. On the following day the Acropolis was visited and the
+glories of that scene of historic greatness revived in the memories of
+the Royal travellers. A state banquet followed in the evening and on the
+next day a number of memorable sights and scenes were visited while the
+evening was the occasion for a coloured and very striking illumination
+of the mighty ruins of the Acropolis. Athens was left behind on the 23rd
+of April and the Royal party, including the King and Queen of Greece,
+proceeded to Corfu, which was reached on the following day and a more
+kindly greeting accorded to the visitors. The stay here was a very quiet
+one enlivened, so far as the Prince of Wales was concerned, by a hunting
+party on the somewhat wild coast of Albania. May 1st saw a formal
+leave-taking from the King and Queen of the Hellenes and a departure
+from this pleasant old-world Island.
+
+On the following day Brindisi was reached, and Turin on the 3rd.
+Accompanied by Sir Augustus Paget, the Minister at Rome, the Royal party
+crossed the mountains by the Mont Cenis Railway and reached Paris two
+days afterwards. Here, until May the 11th, they remained in a succession
+of visits, dinners, reviews and entertainments provided by the Emperor
+and Empress, and on the following day arrived at Marlborough House after
+a six months' absence from England. It had been a round of arduous duty
+mixed with every form of honour and compliment, and including much of
+genuine pleasure and useful experience, together with the acquisition of
+practical and valuable knowledge. To the Heir Apparent it was one more
+step in the training and education necessary for any Prince who is
+destined to reign over the destinies of an infinitely varied and
+scattered people.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Serious Illness of the Prince
+
+
+Following his return from foreign travel and the fulfilment of a brief
+round of public functions and duties came the now historic and really
+eventful illness of the Prince of Wales. It was a critical period in his
+career. Boyhood, youth and the first flush of manhood were gone; his
+marriage had taken place and his family been born into a position of
+present and future importance; his own training in public duties and
+experience in foreign travel and observation had been completed up to a
+very high point of efficiency. The one element which seemed to be a
+little lacking was that of a full appreciation of his own responsibility
+to the nation and the Empire. The brilliant light which blazed around
+the Throne could find no fault in the actual performance of any duty;
+but the critical eye and caustic pen had been prone for some years to
+allege an overfondness for pleasure and amusement and the pursuits of
+social life.
+
+Whether true or false in its not very serious origin this impression had
+been studiously cultivated in certain quarters at home which had an
+interest in the theoretical flash-lights of republicanism; and
+extensively propagated abroad by cabled falsehoods and magnified
+incidents until actual harm had been done to the reputation and
+character of the young Prince amongst those who did not know him and
+could never actually expect to know him except through the journalistic
+food upon which they were fed.
+
+On the other hand, the English people had hardly learned to appreciate
+the important place filled by the Prince of Wales in the community, in
+the daily life of the nation, in the hopes of his future subjects, and
+deep down in the hearts of the masses. Something was apparently needed
+to develop those two lines of feeling--one personal and the other
+national--and this came in the illness which struck down the Prince in
+the closing months of 1871. During the Autumn he had paid a visit to
+Lord Londesborough at Scarborough, and, although not feeling well,
+nothing was supposed to be seriously wrong. From there the Prince had
+gone to stay with Lord Carington at Gayhurst and thence returned to
+Sandringham where he became decidedly ill. The _Times_ of November 22nd
+was compelled to state that His Royal Highness was suffering from "a
+chill resulting in a febrile attack" which had confined him to his room.
+On the following day a bulletin signed by Doctors Jenner, Clayton, Gull
+and Lowe stated that the Prince was suffering from typhoid.
+
+
+ORIGIN OF THE ILLNESS
+
+Amid the anxiety caused by this announcement every one wondered where
+the disease had been contracted, and ere long it was known that all the
+guests of Lord Londesborough at the time of the Royal visit had become
+more or less indisposed; that the hostess herself was seriously ill;
+that the Earl of Chesterfield, one of the recent guests, was down with
+typhoid and, finally that Blegg, the Prince's groom, had caught the same
+disease. Ultimately both peer and peasant died, and the seriousness of
+their illness as it developed in the public eye added to the gradually
+growing excitement over the condition of the Heir-Apparent.
+
+The growth of popular feeling in the matter was evidently deep and
+serious. Bulletins stating that the symptoms of the fever were severe
+but regular continued for a time amid ever-increasing manifestations of
+interest and, as the weeks passed slowly by and the Queen had gone to
+the bedside of her son and something of the devotion of his wife to the
+sick Prince became known, this feeling grew in volume. Meanwhile the
+Princess Alice had also come to lend her brother the sympathetic touch
+and knowledge of nursing for which she was so well known. For a brief
+moment on December 1st, the patient roused from his delirium
+sufficiently to remark that it was the birthday of the Princess, and for
+a week thereafter the news of improvement in his condition was good.
+Then came a crisis when the fever had spent itself while the patient had
+also become worn out. It was impossible to say whether he could live
+another day. The Royal family were summoned to Sandringham on December
+9th, and on the following day (Sunday) prayers were offered up in all
+the churches of the land and in many other countries, by request of the
+Archbishop of Canterbury. In the morning, the Vicar at Sandringham
+Church received a note from the Princess of Wales: "My husband being,
+thank God, somewhat better, I am coming to church, I must leave, I fear,
+before the service is concluded that I may watch by his bedside. Can you
+say a few words in prayer in the early part of the service, that I may
+join with you in prayer for my husband before I return to him?"
+
+
+THE CRISIS AND THE RECOVERY
+
+On December 11th the _Times_ stated that "the Prince still lives, and we
+may, therefore, still hope." During the following days crowds in every
+town surrounded the bulletins and waited in the streets for the latest
+newspaper reports; and the Government found it necessary to forward
+medical statements to every telegraph office in the United Kingdom as
+they were issued. On the 14th of the month a favourable change seemed
+apparent, and on the 16th the Prince had a quiet and refreshing sleep.
+On the following day the Royal family went to church, where, by special
+request, the Royal patient and his dying groom--Blegg--were prayed for
+together. The latter died within a few hours, but not before the
+Princess had found time to visit him and comfort his relations. Slowly,
+but steadily, from that time on the Prince began to make headway towards
+recovery, though it was not until Christmas Day that the danger was
+thought to be past and his Royal mother could express her feeling to the
+nation in a letter which was made public on December 26th: "The Queen is
+very anxious to express her deep sense of the touching sympathy of the
+whole nation on the occasion of the alarming illness of her dear son,
+the Prince of Wales. The universal feeling shown by her people during
+these painful, terrible days, and the sympathy evinced by them with
+herself and her beloved daughter, the Princess of Wales, as well as the
+general joy at the improvement of the Prince of Wales's state, have made
+a deep and lasting impression on her heart which can never be effaced."
+
+
+CELEBRATION OF HIS RECOVERY
+
+The recovery of the Prince took the usual course of the disease and was
+protracted in character; but on January 14th the last bulletin was
+issued. The Princess of Wales and the Princess Alice had been his nurses
+throughout this trying time, and they had never seemed to weary in their
+devoted care. Nine days after the issue of the last bulletin Dr. William
+Jenner was gazetted a K.C.B. and Dr. William W. Gull a baronet. There
+were rumors at this time that the patient had been at one stage actually
+_in extremis_, but had been saved by one of those sudden inspirations
+which sometimes constitute so important a part of medical practice, and
+which consisted in a vigorous and continuous application of old
+champagne brandy over the body until returning animation had rewarded
+the doctor's efforts. The 14th of December, the anniversary of the
+Prince Consort's death and the day upon which the actual turning point
+in the disease took place, was commemorated by a brass lectern in the
+Parish Church of Sandringham, which bears the following inscription:
+
+    To the Glory of God.
+    A Thank-Offering for His Mercies.
+    14th December, 1871.
+    Alexandra.
+
+    "When I was in trouble I called upon the Lord, and He heard me."
+
+The good news from Sandringham was received throughout the country with
+expressions of the most unbounded popular satisfaction; and the
+announcement that an opportunity would be afforded of returning public
+thanks to the Almighty for his mercy was universally approved. The day
+for the National Thanksgiving was finally settled for February 27th, and
+St. Paul's Cathedral as the place; but before that time came Dr.
+Stanley--who had now become Dean of Westminster--suggested a private
+visit to the Abbey and a personal expression of his feelings by the
+Prince. This was done in absolute privacy, with only the Princess and a
+few members of the Royal family present. A sermon was preached by the
+Dean in which, as he told an intimate friend, he was able for once to
+say what he wished to say.
+
+
+THE NATION UNITED IN A COMMON SYMPATHY
+
+Many of the papers of the country commented upon the event with much the
+same freedom as the Dean was able to use on this occasion, and it seemed
+to be felt that the unbounded solicitude and affection so evidently and
+profoundly shown for the Prince had given a certain right of counsel to
+the nation. It was generally admitted that the illness had disclosed to
+the people as a whole something like an adequate knowledge of their own
+convictions in connection with the monarchy and concerning its
+maintenance as a permanent and powerful institution of the realm.
+Whatever might be the abstract ideas held by individuals in times when
+Mr. Bradlaugh and Sir Charles Dilke were preaching republicanism and Mr.
+Chamberlain was suspected of harbouring the same opinions, it had become
+apparent that the subjects of the Queen in Great Britain were
+practically a unit in their preference for a constitutional monarchy and
+in their personal devotion to the Crown and the Royal family. In
+addition to the event having awakened the nation to the strength of its
+own sentiment in this regard, it was also believed that an important
+influence would be found to have been exerted upon the Prince of
+Wales--a steadying sense of responsibility resulting from holding such a
+place as he did in the hearts of his countrymen.
+
+
+THE PUBLIC THANKSGIVING OF THE NATION
+
+The _Illustrated London News_ well embodied this thought in the
+following comment: "Doubtless what has occurred during the last few
+weeks has also a meaning for the Heir Apparent to the Throne. No man of
+the slightest sensibility can witness the emotional effusion of a great
+nation towards himself without being deeply impressed with the
+responsibilities of his position. The Prince comes back to the British
+people from the brink of the tomb, and they who most pathetically
+lamented his danger hail his return to health with devout thanksgivings
+and acclamations of joy. Can there be a more powerful incentive to that
+course of future action which will commend him to their approbation and
+their love? That he will recognize and respond to it, we cannot allow
+ourselves to doubt." One of the interesting incidents of the illness was
+the fact that when the announcement was made that His Royal Highness
+might only survive a few hours his obituary was, of course, prepared and
+put in type in all the leading newspaper offices in the land to an
+extent varying from the pages of a metropolitan daily down to the half
+dozen columns of the Provincial press. Proofs of the obituaries were, it
+is understood, afterwards collected and sent to the Prince, who had
+them pasted into an immense scrap-book at Marlborough House.
+
+The Thanksgiving Day celebration commenced on February 27th at 12
+o'clock, when Her Majesty the Queen, accompanied by the Prince and
+Princess of Wales and the Princess Beatrice and Prince Albert Victor of
+Wales, drove through the gates of Buckingham Palace. There were nine
+Royal carriages in the procession, containing a number of ladies and
+gentlemen of the Court, and the Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Arthur, Prince
+Leopold and Prince George of Wales. With the latter was the Marquess of
+Aylesbury, Master of the Horse; Mr. Brand, Speaker of the House of
+Commons; Lord Hatherley, the Lord Chancellor. H. R. H. the Duke of
+Cambridge, Commander-in-Chief, headed the procession as it passed slowly
+through Pall Mall, Charing Cross, the Strand, Fleet Street and Ludgate
+Hill to St. Paul's Cathedral. The streets were lined with dense masses
+of people, while every shop-window, doorstep, portico and available roof
+were black with cheering throngs. Decorations there were of every sort
+and range--squalid or simple or splendid--but all representing pleasure
+and loyalty. Along Fleet Street and the Strand they took the form of an
+actual canopy of banners, standards, streamers and strings of flowers.
+Venetian masts, flying pennons, countless trophies and miniature
+shields, with varied mottoes and many kinds of loyal wishes, were seen
+all along the route. A band of school children numbering 30,000 sang the
+National Anthem in Green Park, while soldiers lined the roadway from the
+Palace to the Cathedral. Hearty and enthusiastic cheers greeted the
+Royal party, and the Queen and Princess were described as looking bright
+and happy, and the Prince as being pale, but not thin. The Queen wore a
+black velvet dress trimmed with white ermine, the Princess of Wales was
+in blue silk covered with black lace, and the Prince was in the uniform
+of a British General and wearing the orders of the Garter and the Bath.
+
+At Temple Bar the Queen was formally received by the Lord Mayor and
+Sheriffs of London, and the city sword handed to Her Majesty and
+returned in the usual way. At one o'clock the Royal party arrived at the
+Cathedral and passed up a covered way of crimson cloth to the steps,
+where they were received by the Bishop of London, the Dean and Chapter
+of St. Paul's and the officers of Her Majesty's Household. The vast
+interior of the building had been arranged to accommodate 13,000
+persons, and was crowded to the doors. Space under the dome was reserved
+for the Queen, the Royal family, the House of Lords, the House of
+Commons, the Corps Diplomatique and the distinguished foreigners, the
+Judges and the dignitaries of the law, the Lords Lieutenant and Sheriffs
+of Counties, the representatives of universities and other learned
+bodies. The choir was reserved for the Clergy, and the place assigned to
+Her Majesty and their Royal Highnesses was slightly raised, made into a
+kind of pew and covered with crimson cloth.
+
+The Royal procession as it moved up the aisle included, besides the
+members of the Royal family, such well known officials and members of
+the Court as Major-General Lord Alfred Paget, Lieutenant-General Sir
+John Cowell, Colonel H. F. Ponsonby, Major-General Sir T. M. Biddulph,
+General Sir William Knollys, Rear-Admiral Lord Frederick Kerr, the
+(late) Lord Methuen, General Lord Strathnairn, the Marquess of
+Aylesbury, the Viscount Sydney, the Countess of Gainsborough, the Lady
+Churchill, Lady Caroline Barrington, the Hon. Mrs. Grey, the Countess of
+Morton and Lord Harris. Most of the great names and great personages of
+England were present at this function. There were 200 Peers and
+Peeresses; the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and fourteen Bishops;
+nearly every member of the House of Commons. Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone
+were there as were Mr. Disraeli and Viscountess Beaconsfield. Lord
+Northbrook, Mr. W. E. Forster, Mr. Cardwell, Mr. Chichester Fortescue,
+Mr. Goschen, and Lord Granville were visible. Throngs of ladies,
+brilliant in blue and mauve and crimson satin and gems were present,
+and, as the sun suddenly shone through what had been sullen clouds, the
+spectacle within those parts of the Cathedral touched by the stream of
+light was beautiful indeed. It shone upon the bright blue of many
+dresses--the Royal colour of the day--mixed up in a confusion of
+effective shadings with the dark blue and burnished gold of the
+uniforms, the scarlet and white plumes of the officers, the gorgeous
+robes of the Peers, the white lawn of the Bishops.
+
+After walking up the aisle on the arm of the Prince of Wales, with the
+Princess on the other side, Her Majesty took her place in the special
+pew with the chief members of the Royal family on either side. After a
+brief special service of thanksgiving the Archbishop of Canterbury
+preached the sermon for the occasion in words of tact and eloquence from
+which one quotation may be made: "Just as in one of our own homes when
+death threatens, the whole history of the loved object we fear to lose
+comes back in the hours of waiting, so England was stirred by a hundred
+touching memories when danger threatened the Royal house. And God
+doubtless thus touched our hearts to deepen our loyalty and make us
+better prize the thousand good things secured in a well-ordered State by
+love to the head of the State." At the conclusion of the sermon a
+Thanksgiving Hymn was sung and the benediction given. The following was
+the concluding verse:
+
+    "Bless, Father, him thou gavest
+    Back to the loyal land,
+    O Saviour, him Thou savest,
+    Still cover with Thine Hand:
+
+    O Spirit, the Defender,
+    Be his to guard and guide,
+    Now in life's midday splendor
+    On to the eventide."
+
+The Royal party then proceeded in due state to their carriages and the
+procession returned through the streets of the city to Buckingham Palace
+over the Holborn Viaduct, along Holborn and Oxford street to the Marble
+Arch, _via_ Hyde Park to Piccadilly, and thence down Constitution Hill.
+Enthusiastic cheering was heard all along the route and decorations were
+seen everywhere in the greatest abundance. In the evening London was
+brilliant with light. The dome of St. Paul's Cathedral, the Mansion
+House, and the two large triumphal arches were particularly bright and
+beautiful in their varied colours and illuminations. The Lord Mayor and
+Lady Mayoress entertained the Lord Mayor of Dublin and the Provincial
+Mayors to a banquet at the Mansion House and, all over the United
+Kingdom, celebrations of a popular or religious character, holiday
+gatherings, crowded meetings and illuminations, marked the day and the
+pleasure of the people. Addresses poured in by hundreds and rejoicings
+were not confined to the Island portion of the Empire. An incident of
+this celebration was the collection of a Thanksgiving Fund for the
+completion of St. Paul's Cathedral. To it the Queen gave L1000 and the
+Prince of Wales L500. Another feature of the event was the splendid
+behaviour of the millions of people who lined the seven-mile route of
+the procession and paid loyal tribute to their Queen and to the son who
+was heir to all the traditions of his race and the greatness of the
+Royal name. On February 29th Her Majesty wrote to Mr. Gladstone a
+message intended for the nation:
+
+     "The Queen is anxious, as on a previous occasion, to express
+     publicly her own personal very deep sense of the reception she and
+     her dear children met with on Tuesday, February the 27th, from
+     millions of her subjects on her way to and from St. Paul's. Words
+     are too weak for the Queen to say how very deeply touched and
+     gratified she has been by the immense enthusiasm and affection
+     exhibited towards her dear son and herself, from the highest down
+     to the lowest, on the long progress through the Capital, and she
+     would earnestly wish to convey her warmest and most heartfelt
+     thanks to the whole nation for this great demonstration of loyalty.
+     The Queen, as well as her son and dear daughter-in-law, felt that
+     the whole nation joined with them in thanking God for sparing the
+     beloved Prince of Wales's life."
+
+Perhaps the most beautiful and effective presentations of popular
+feeling and hopes in connection with this now historic sickness of the
+Heir Apparent were the sermons preached by Dean Stanley. No one has ever
+been closer in friendship and in personal knowledge to the Prince of
+Wales than had this eloquent and saintly ecclesiastic. No one has been
+more admired and respected in the Church of England in modern days than
+he; nor has any of its clergy possessed a wider view or more generous
+heart. Speaking in Westminster Abbey on December 10th, 1871, when the
+nation was awaiting in deep anxiety the issue of a struggle which seemed
+to be almost fatally and surely decided, he embodied the popular feeling
+in beautiful and appropriate words: "On a day like this when there is
+one topic in every household, one question on every lip, it is
+impossible to stand in this place and not endeavour to give some
+expression to that of which every heart is full. We all press, as it
+were, round one darkened chamber, we all feel that with the mourning
+family, mother, wife, brothers, sisters, who are there assembled, we are
+indeed one. The thrill of their fears or hopes passes through and
+through the differences of rank and station; we feel that, while they
+represent the whole people they also represent and are that which each
+family and each member of each family, is separately. In the fierce
+battle between life and death, for the issues of which we are all
+looking with such eager expectation, we see the likeness of what will
+befall every individual soul amongst us; and the reflection which this
+struggle, with all its manifold uncertainties suggests, concerns us all
+alike."
+
+The sermon which followed was a skillful presentation of thoughts
+suggested by the text, "To live is Christ and to die is gain." It
+concluded with an earnest hope that the Royal life which might so
+greatly influence the national destinies might still be preserved--"a
+life which, if duly appreciated and fitly used, contains within it
+special opportunities for good such as no other existence in this great
+community possesses; a life which may, if worthily employed, stimulate
+all that is noble and beneficent and discourage all that is low and base
+and frivolous." In these and other words he concluded a sermon which
+could not but have had its influence in after days upon the life and
+character of the Prince who so greatly respected and regarded the
+preacher. A week later the cloud had lifted from Sandringham and the
+life which had been so much prayed for in so many lands was slowly
+passing into the region of safety and strength. It gave the opportunity
+to Dean Stanley to speak again at the historic Abbey in a strain of
+instruction and to draw a national moral from the events of the past few
+months. He referred to the spontaneous outburst of every class and every
+party which had, to his mind, proved the permanent supremacy of the
+British Crown in a Christian State. "There are nations and there have
+been times in which the devotion to the reigning family has been a thing
+separate and apart from the love of country. There have been times and
+places when the love of country has existed with no loyal feeling to the
+reigning family. Let us thank God that in England it is not so. Loyalty
+with us is the personal, romantic side of patriotism. Patriotism with us
+is the Christian, philosophic side of loyalty. Long may the two flourish
+together, each supporting and sustaining the other."
+
+On the Sunday following the Thanksgiving Service at St. Paul's--March
+3rd--the Dean preached for the last time upon this subject in
+Westminster Abbey. After stirring references to the wonderful scene of
+national enthusiasm lately witnessed and to the gathering in St. Paul's
+Cathedral of representatives of every creed and religious division in
+Great Britain (except those of one exclusive body) to offer
+thanksgivings in "the venerable forms of the National Church" he
+expressed his belief that the demonstration as a whole was "the response
+in every English heart to the sense of union--too subtle for analysis
+yet true and simple as the primitive instincts of our race--which binds
+the people of England to their Monarchy and the Monarchy to the people."
+He dealt with the functions and character of that institution in most
+striking words. "No other existing throne in Europe reaches back to the
+same antiquity, none other combines with such an undivided charm the
+associations of the past with the interests of the present. It is the
+one name and place which, being beyond the reach of personal ambition,
+beyond the need of private gain, has the inestimable chance of guiding,
+moulding, elevating the tastes, the customs, the morals of the whole
+community. It is the one name and place which, being raised high above
+all party struggles, all local jealousies, over all classes,
+ecclesiastical as well as civil, is the supreme controlling spring which
+binds together in their widest meaning all the forces of the State and
+all the forces of the Church. It is the one institution which by very
+nature of its existence unites the abstract idea of country and of duty
+with the personal endearments of family life, of domestic love, of
+individual character."
+
+It was the greatness of this national possession--one which had steadied
+national progress and promoted peace in the midst of tumults and freedom
+in the midst of disorder--which had, Dean Stanley thought, helped to
+make the people pray that its destined heir should be worthy of his
+noble inheritance. And then the speaker pointedly and clearly pictured
+the increased and increasing responsibilities of the Prince of Wales
+upon whom, henceforth, "as by a new consecration and confirmation,
+devolves the glorious task of devoting to his country's service that
+life which is in a special sense no longer his but ours, for which his
+country's prayers, his country's thanksgivings, have been so earnestly
+offered." The sermon concluded with a description of these great
+responsibilities; an appeal to the Prince to begin life afresh and to
+take the lead in all that was true and holy, just and good; a warning
+that "of him to whom much has been given, much shall be required;" a
+picture of a Christian England fighting evil in every form and in every
+place and growing greater in all the elements of higher national and
+individual life.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+The Prince of Wales in India
+
+
+To make a Royal tour of the vast British possessions in Hindostan was an
+inspiring idea. To constitute the Crown a tangible evidence of Imperial
+power and a living object and centre of Eastern loyalty and respect was
+a policy worthy of Mr. Disraeli and of the statecraft in which he had
+once declared imagination to be an essential ingredient. To precede this
+action by the purchase of the Suez Canal shares in order to safe-guard
+the pathway to the Indian Empire and to succeed it with such an
+impressive appeal to Oriental individualism and personal loyalty as the
+proclamation of Queen Victoria as Empress of India were strokes of
+statesmanship such as no other Englishman of that time was capable of
+initiating.
+
+
+INCEPTION OF THE PROJECT
+
+In Bombay, when the project was finally in full fruition, the Prince of
+Wales told a distinguished audience that "it had long been the dream of
+his life to visit India," and there seems no room to doubt that it was a
+part of the original plan mapped out by the keen perceptions of the
+Prince Consort for the education of his eldest son. It was
+unquestionably suggested to the former by Lord Canning, when
+Governor-General of India in the wild days of the Mutiny, but the idea
+necessarily slumbered until the young Prince was old enough to undertake
+the heavy duties involved.
+
+By that time his father had passed away; the old-time rule of the East
+India Company was gone; a new and greater India had expanded in
+territory and population; while the loyalty of its native Princes had
+become a constant marvel to other peoples. Yet there were causes of
+discontent and grounds for trouble. The myriad masses of Hindostan did
+not yet fully understand who was ruling over them, nor had they ever
+fully comprehended how the rule of the Company passed away. The word
+"Queen" had to them an Eastern significance which did not exactly compel
+respect, and that personal side of Government which means so much to the
+Oriental mind had never been brought home to them. The assassination of
+Lord Mayo proved the possibilities of greater trouble, and there was
+always the danger of Russian aggression and the existence of border
+warfare. In the winter of 1874, therefore, the question of a Royal tour
+was seriously considered, and some correspondence passed between the
+authorities concerned. To send the Heir to the Throne on such a visit
+was a unique project, and there were various difficulties to overcome.
+India was accustomed to visitors of the type of Alexander the Great, of
+Timour, Baber, Mahmoud of Ghuznee and Nadir Shah; but a peaceful
+progress of the foreign Heir to its Throne was another matter. Brief and
+hasty visits to some of its Princes had been made in recent times by
+Prince Adalbert of Prussia, the King of the Belgians and the Duke of
+Edinburgh, but there had never been a state tour of the country with all
+its accompaniments of splendour and costliness, the danger from fanatics
+and the trying changes of climatic conditions.
+
+
+ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE TOUR
+
+It was not an easy matter to arrange, and the probabilities are, that if
+the Prince of Wales had not himself insisted that it was his duty to go,
+the project might ultimately have been abandoned. He had by this time
+come to fill so important a place in the public eye and in the external
+functions of Sovereignty that his absence for six months, or more was a
+serious consideration. The preliminary obstacles, however, were
+overcome, and on the 16th of March, 1875, the Marquess of Salisbury,
+Secretary of State for India, announced that the visit would take place,
+and a little later the _Times_ stated that Sir Bartle Frere would
+accompany His Royal Highness. The former was widely known in India
+through administrative duties admirably performed in Bombay and the
+North-West Provinces. The Duke of Sutherland, a much respected nobleman,
+was selected as one of the suite, together with Lord Suffield, head of
+the Prince's Household; Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Ellis, Equerry to the
+Prince, and who had served in India; Major-General (Sir) D. M. Probyn,
+V.C., who arranged the details regarding horses, transport and sporting;
+Mr. Knollys, who has since been so well known as Sir Francis Knollys,
+the Prince's Private Secretary; Lord Alfred Paget, an old man and most
+attached friend to the Prince; the Rev. Canon Duckworth, who went as
+Chaplain; and Dr. Fayrer, who attended in the capacity of guardian to
+the Prince's health, and afterwards became a well known physician and
+Sir Joseph Fayrer, Bart., F.R.S., etc.
+
+The Earl of Aylesford, Lord Carington and Colonel Owen Williams were
+invited, as personal friends of the Prince of Wales, to join the party,
+while Lieutenant the Lord Charles Beresford, M.P., who had accompanied
+the Duke of Edinburgh on his preceding hasty visit, also lent his
+experience and unflagging gayety to the suite, and was aided by
+Lieutenant Augustus Fitz-George of the Rifle Brigade. Mr. Sydney Hall
+was the official artist of the tour; Mr. Albert Grey (afterwards Earl
+Grey) was Private Secretary to Sir Bartle Frere; and the present Sir
+William Howard Russell was a special correspondent with the nominal
+duties of Honorary Private Secretary to the Prince. When Parliament met
+various questions were asked as to whether the expenses of the tour were
+to be charged to the British or Indian Governments; whether the Prince
+would represent the Queen; whether he would supersede the
+Governor-General for the time being, etc. On July 8th Mr. Disraeli made
+a full statement for the first time in connection with the subject. He
+alluded to the previous travels of the Prince of Wales and expressed the
+opinion that they were the best form of education for a Royal personage.
+But the rules and regulations and etiquette which sufficed for the
+Prince in Canada and other countries would not do in India. One
+important difference was the probably costly character of the ceremonial
+presents which would have to be exchanged between the visitor and his
+hosts amongst the native Princes. Money would have to be granted for
+this, and the sum of L30,000 had been casually estimated for the
+purpose. The estimate of the Admiralty for the expenses of the voyage
+and corresponding movements of the fleet was L52,000. He would ask for a
+vote of L60,000. The Prince would go as the Heir Apparent to the Crown
+and be the formal guest of the Viceroy from the time of setting foot
+upon Indian soil. The expenses of the tour were to be charged to the
+Indian Budget. This statement created some criticism, while the very
+small amount proposed for expenditure caused still more comment. As a
+matter of fact, the Prince did not exceed, in the end, the comparatively
+small amount voted.
+
+
+THE JOURNEY COMMENCED
+
+On Sunday, October 10th, a farewell sermon was preached at Westminster
+Abbey by Dean Stanley, who expressed the hope that the visit might leave
+behind it "on one side the remembrance of graceful acts, kind words,
+English nobleness, Christian principles, and on the other awaken in all
+concerned the sense of graver duties, wider sympathies, loftier
+purposes." On the following day the Prince left London amid marked
+popular demonstrations of respect and regard, and with every evidence of
+a deep public interest shown by the press of the country. At Dover
+thousands of people cheered the Prince farewell. He took the boat for
+Calais, accompanied by the Princess, who, however, did not land, but
+returned home next morning. At Paris he was accidentally met by
+President MacMahon, who was leaving on the train for another place, and
+welcomed to France; officially he was received by Lord Lyons, the
+British Ambassador. On the following day His Royal Highness lunched with
+Marshal MacMahon at the Elysee. This visit and the ensuing journey
+through Turin, Bologna and Ancona to Brindisi was carried out in a
+private and non-official capacity. Nevertheless, at every station there
+were officials, guards of honour and crowds of people to see the special
+go through and to do honour to the traveller. The bulk of the Royal
+suite followed the Prince a little later, and on October 16th the whole
+party met at Brindisi and the voyage proper commenced.
+
+
+WELCOMED BY THE KING OF THE GREEKS
+
+Later in the same day H. M. S. _Serapis_, under the command of Captain
+the Hon. H. Carr-Glyn, accompanied by the Royal yacht _Osborne_, left
+Brindisi, and two days later the Prince was being welcomed in Athens by
+the King of the Hellenes--Otto I--and by a picturesque Court clad in the
+attractive costumes of the nation. Visits to the Acropolis and to the
+country house of the King were followed by a State banquet at the
+Palace, which gathered together all that was eminent in modern Grecian
+life, glittering with laces, orders and decorations, and including some
+young men who have since become famous--Tricoupi, Delyannis,
+Commoundourus and Zaimes. Illuminations of the city ensued, and in the
+morning, after a Royal reception, the Prince left Athens through crowds
+of people, who seemed a little more demonstrative than had been the case
+at first. On October 20th the Piraeus was left behind after a farewell
+visit from the King and at dawn the next day Crete was in sight. The
+ship steered steadily ahead and three days later was welcomed at Port
+Said by Egyptian frigates on sea and Egyptian infantry on shore.
+
+There was no cheering from the people but much curiosity. A formal
+welcome was offered for the Khedive by Princes Tewfik, Hussein and
+Hassan, who were accompanied on their visit to the _Serapis_ by the
+well-known statesman Nubar Pasha, and other officers of the Court. The
+Prince then transferred himself to a smaller vessel--the _Osborne_--and
+with a Royal Standard floating over the ship for the first time since
+the Empress Eugenie had opened the Suez Canal, he traversed that famous
+waterway. At Ismaila, the Prince and his suite landed and took a special
+train to Cairo, where His Royal Highness was welcomed by the Khedive in
+person, with the towering form of the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia
+standing behind, and a brilliantly uniformed Court around him. To the
+Prince of Wales the Gezireh Palace was given as his temporary residence.
+The succeeding day was occupied with ceremonials of various kinds, a
+banquet being given by the Khedive at the Abdeen Palace in the evening,
+when the Prince passed to and fro in a lane of light made by myriad
+many-coloured lamps.
+
+On October 25th, the Prince of Wales invested Prince Tewfik--afterwards
+Khedive of Egypt--with the Order of the Star of India amidst all
+possible state. In a letter he told His Highness that the honour was
+conferred to mark British appreciation of the Khedive's friendship to
+England, and his good work in promoting the safety of British
+communication with India. The next day saw the Royal departure from
+Cairo after a formal visit from the Khedive, the Princes his sons, and
+his Ministers, who were again at the station to see him off a little
+later. Suez was reached in the evening and, amid elaborate preparations
+from the Pasha of that place, crowds of people and illuminated
+men-of-war in the roadstead, the Prince and his party boarded the
+_Serapis_ and, accompanied by the _Osborne_, proceeded on the voyage to
+Aden. Perim, which has been described as "a gigantic blistered clinker,"
+was reached and passed on October 31st, and from the ship the Prince got
+his first view of Her Majesty's Indian troops. It is to be hoped that
+the cheering Bombay Infantry drawn up on that vitrified surface, got a
+fair view of the Prince in return. On the following day the
+volcanic-like Island of Aden was reached, and its fortifications gazed
+upon with interest. As the flag flew from the mast-head of the _Serapis_
+to announce its arrival the ships and crags rang with the roar of
+cannon. The Prince landed, clad in uniform of a somewhat mixed
+character, with Field Marshal's insignia, and accompanied by his suite.
+Upon, or around, the platform and triumphal arch erected at the
+landing-place, was every variety of picturesque oriental costume with a
+background of mountain and blistered rock and white, painted houses.
+Chiefs from the mainland in gorgeous array, the King's Own Borderer's
+Regiment, all the ladies of the island in European or Asiatic costume,
+fierce-looking Arabs, meek-looking Hindoos, sleek Parsees, people from
+all the regions between the Persian Gulf, Zanzibar and Arabia, were
+there to welcome him.
+
+
+THE PRINCE RECEIVES AN ADDRESS
+
+A formal address was presented to His Royal Highness by the Resident--a
+Parsee--and then followed a drive through decorated streets with
+numerous arches and curious mottoes to the Residency. A Levee was held
+here and later in the day the ship was again boarded and steamed away
+from the Indian Gibraltar as it lay bathed in lines of light along all
+its town and batteries.
+
+Bombay was reached on November 8th, after a voyage which was upon the
+whole pleasant--certainly as far as surroundings and comforts could
+make it. For a few hours official visitors streamed on board, and then
+in the afternoon Lord Northbrook, Viceroy of India, appeared on the
+scene and was received with the honours due to his station. There had
+been some idea abroad that difficulties might arise as to the respective
+positions of the Heir Apparent and the Viceroy in State ceremonial, but
+from the day of this first formal meeting there does not seem to have
+been the slightest trouble upon the point. Each knew perfectly what
+pertained to the position and rank of the other. Then came the Governor
+of Bombay, Sir Philip Wodehouse, and with him the Commander-in-Chief of
+the Presidency, Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Staveley, and the members
+of the Council. Meanwhile the harbour was filled with ships and boats of
+all kinds, flags were streaming everywhere, in the distance was a vast
+triumphal arch spanning the waterway between two piers, and, as the
+Royal and Vice-regal party stepped into the barge and started for the
+landing-place, the cannon roared, bands played, guards saluted and crews
+cheered.
+
+As the Prince of Wales landed the scene was one of the most splendid
+conceivable. Long lines of seats draped in scarlet cloth stood out under
+the sides of the gigantic archway and upon them stood a multitude of
+native notabilities--Chiefs, Sirdars and gentlemen, Parsees, Hindoos,
+Mahrattas and Mohammedans--a crowd glittering in gems and bright in all
+the brilliant hues of Oriental garb. Amongst them also were the officers
+of the Government and Municipality, leading citizens and dignitaries,
+and all the ladies who could be found within a radius of a hundred
+miles. Flowers and shrubs and banners and flags were everywhere. An
+address expressive of loyalty and pride in the British Throne was
+presented from the Municipality and duly answered, and then the Prince,
+with Lord Northbrook at his side, walked along a carpeted avenue,
+speaking to various Princes and Chiefs as they were presented--the
+first being Sir Salar Jung, the Prime Minister and representative and
+famous statesman of Hyderabad. At the end of the avenue, where carriages
+were taken for the procession of seven miles through the teeming streets
+of the city, a band of Parsee girls in white were waiting to strew
+garlands and flowers in the Prince's carriage and on the roadway.
+
+There was no music in this wonderful night procession and its
+surroundings are difficult to describe. Mr. W. H. Russell, the diarist
+of the Royal tour, speaks of the spectacle as being absolutely baffling
+to the eye. "There was something almost supernatural in these long
+vistas winding down banks of variegated light, crowded with gigantic
+creatures waving their arms aloft and indulging in extravagant gesture,
+which the eye--baffled by rivers of fire, blinded with the glare of
+lamps and blazing magnesium wire and pots of burning matter--sought in
+vain to penetrate." The piled-up masses of human beings along these
+miles of streets; the Parsee women in brilliant costumes, which vied
+with the colours of the surrounding fires and lights; crowds of
+Mohammedans; Hindoo temples with roofs covered by Brahmins and their
+votaries; a Jew bazaar, an American store, a European warehouse, or a
+Japan temple in close proximity to each other and all bearing a burden
+of people in varied dress; flashed a picturesque and never-ending
+variety of sight and colour and character to the gaze of the quiet,
+dignified man who drove through it all as the central figure of a
+spectacle whose like may never be seen again. A banquet followed in the
+great hall of Government House, and a state reception closed the varied
+proceedings of this first busy day in historic Hindostan.
+
+Meanwhile, camp-fires blazed for miles around the city, the fiery
+furnace of the streets settled into as much of silence as an Oriental
+centre under such conditions could attain and all over India, in every
+mart and village and town where a gun could be found, volleys had
+announced the arrival of the heir to its Imperial throne. In the
+morning a Royal reception was held at Government House and, amid
+splendid surroundings and every form of dignity and severe etiquette
+necessary to impress the visiting Princes and Chiefs and Rajahs of the
+great Presidency of Bombay, His Royal Highness stood or sat for hours in
+the intense heat, clad in a stiff uniform, laden with lace and buttoned
+up to the throat. With him were the Duke of Sutherland, Major-General
+Lord Alfred Paget, Sir Bartle Frere, Lord Suffield, Lord Charles
+Beresford and the rest of his suite. The Oriental dignitaries, each in
+great state, came with attendants and ceremonies and gifts in accordance
+with his rank. Each Prince was treated along graded lines of cordiality,
+courtesy or civility, as was supposed to become his position. The little
+Rajah of Kolapore; the Maharajah of Mysore; the Maharana of Oodeypore;
+the Rao of Cutch--who left a sick bed and returned home to die; the
+little Gaekwar of Baroda, who was described as looking like a
+crystallized rainbow and was accompanied by the famous statesman, Sir
+Madhava Rao; Sir Salar Jung of Hyderabad; and the Maharajah of Edur;
+were received one after the other and then a succession of less
+important rulers with tremendous names, fierce-looking guards and more
+or less gorgeous costumes.
+
+At the end of what was a Durbar in all but name the Prince was only
+beginning his functions for the day. The Viceroy had to be received and
+many matters discussed; a visit was paid to the _Serapis_ where the men
+were celebrating the Prince's birthday, as were many millions throughout
+India; telegrams were exchanged with the Princess at Sandringham; every
+step was marked by pomp and splendour; a state banquet was held in the
+evening and another, but less formal, reception afterwards. Meantime,
+the city, the shipping and the harbour were a blaze of light and general
+illumination--the great bay looking as if it were filled with rows of
+fiery pyramids and the streets as if all India were trying to pass
+through them. On November the 10th the Viceroy bade farewell to the
+Prince, who did not see him again until near the end of his tour. He
+went on a journey himself to parts of India which His Royal Highness was
+unable to visit. Another formal reception of lesser Rajahs and Nawabs
+took place in the morning. In the afternoon the Prince drove into
+Bombay, accompanied by Sir Philip Wodehouse and held a Levee in the
+Government Buildings. Then followed a visit to the harbour where, in an
+open space, seven thousand children of all castes, classes, colours and
+creeds, dressed in brilliant hues and laden with flowers, sang patriotic
+songs. They almost smothered the Royal guest in flowers as he ascended
+to his place. State visits were then made to a number of the native
+Princes who had been already received and, in the evening, a grand
+European ball, given by the Byculla Club, was attended. Other Chiefs
+were visited next day by the Prince--those who had not residences or
+were not of sufficient importance being assigned reception rooms at the
+Secretariat, or Government Buildings.
+
+
+THE PRINCE'S POPULARITY AT BOMBAY
+
+After this wearisome and almost unbearably hot business was over the
+Prince attended a dinner given by the people of Bombay to the sailors of
+the fleet and the vigorous cheering of these two thousand seamen as His
+Royal Highness entered the hall must have been a relief after the heavy
+and sustained etiquette of the past few days. Following this was the
+laying of the foundation stone of the Elphinstone Docks with Masonic
+ritual and ceremonies. Then came a visit to the Hyderabad Prime Minister
+and deputation and to others and a busy day closed with the usual state
+dinner and reception. On the evening of November 12th the famous Caves
+of Elephanta were visited and a banquet received by the Prince of Wales
+amongst these wonderful and massive efforts of distant ages to embody
+what seemed to them the divine attributes. Returning to the city the
+Royal barge passed between two rows of ships, discharging volleys, while
+the hulls and riggings were brightly illuminated, coloured fires were
+everywhere and earth and sky seemed merged in a tremendous display of
+fireworks and rockets. A visit to Poonah followed and this included an
+inspection of the Temple of Parbuttee, from one of the windows of which
+the last of the Peishwas had seen his forces routed on the plains of
+Kirkee below; a review of native troops; a reception in the city
+characterized by the usual fireworks, triumphal arches, crowded streets
+and revel of colour.
+
+On the 16th, His Royal Highness was back at Bombay considering plans
+which had been disarranged by the prevalence of cholera in Southern
+India. Finally, it was decided to visit Baroda, the capital of a State
+where the Gaekwar had recently been deposed for his crimes. It was felt
+that danger might exist, as even the most evil of Eastern rulers has
+fanatical followers, but the former Resident, Sir R. Meade, expressed
+the belief that it could be done safely and would be of great service
+and the authorities and Prince, after much discussion, approved the
+change of programme. This last day in Bombay saw the presentation of
+colours to a battalion of Native Infantry amidst an immense concourse of
+people, and a ball given by the citizens at which natives, Chiefs and
+gentlemen could see Europeans dancing and amusing themselves. The
+presents received during this part of the tour numbered over four
+hundred and included specimens of every variety of Indian
+workmanship--tissues, brocade, cloths, arms, jewellery, gold, silver and
+metal. The Rajah of Kolapore, in addition to the gift of an ancient
+jewelled sword and dagger, had assigned L20,000, or $100,000, to the
+founding of a Hospital to be called after the Royal visitor.
+
+The journey to Baroda was commenced on November 18th and finished early
+on the following morning. At the station the Prince of Wales was
+received by the Gaekwar, Sir Madhava Rao, the British agent and other
+officers, and outside were triumphal arches and a rolling sea of dark,
+silent faces, topped by turbans of every colour in the rainbow. Outside
+also was an enormous elephant, with a golden howdah on his back, and
+into this the Prince and the Gaekwar presently entered. Everything was
+cloth of gold and velvet. The procession started after a time with a
+long line of gorgeously-caparisoned elephants following, a way was
+cleared for them by an advance guard of the 3rd Hussars, while in the
+rear were some of the Gaekwar's artillery and cavalry and a great crowd
+of Sirdars and lesser chiefs. The three miles to the Residency was lined
+by cavalry, and the spectacle must have been a superb one to see for the
+first time. The whole of the route was bordered by a light trellis work
+of bamboos, hung with lamps and festooned with flowers, while at certain
+points were special arches and clusters of flags. On his arrival the
+Prince held a sort of Durbar, paid a return visit to the Gaekwar and
+went to the Agga, or arena for wild-beast combats, where he saw Eastern
+wrestlers, an elephant fight, a buffalo fight, a struggle of fighting
+rams, and a show of wild or curious animals. The night was brilliant
+with illuminations, and the Prince accepted an invitation to dine with
+the 9th Native Infantry--an honour of which they were very proud.
+
+The next day was devoted to sport, and in the evening dinner was taken
+with another Native regiment. On the evening of the 21st the Prince
+visited the Gaekwar at the ancient Palace of the Mohtee Bagh, and on the
+way crossed a bridge spanned by triumphal arches, with men holding
+blazing torches placed along the parapets. Lamps and lights were
+everywhere. A great banquet was held, in the course of which Sir Madhava
+Rao expressed the thanks of the Gaekwar, and said that "it was now
+their felicity to see that Prince who was heir to a sceptre whose
+beneficent power and influence were felt in every quarter of the globe;
+which dispelled darkness, diffused light, paralyzed the tyrant's hand,
+shivered the manacles of the slave, extended the bounds of freedom,
+accelerated the happiness and elevated the dignity of the human race. He
+had come to inspect an Empire founded by the heroism and sustained by
+the statesmanship of England; to witness the spectacle of indigenous
+principalities relying more securely on British justice than could
+mighty nations on their embattled hosts."
+
+
+THE PRINCE TAKES PART IN A HUNTING EXPEDITION
+
+After dinner, various Eastern performances in dancing and juggling were
+given, and then they departed for the shooting grounds farther south,
+where "pig-sticking" and other sports were enjoyed. His Royal Highness
+succeeded in killing one wild boar. On November the 24th the Royal
+visitor arrived again at Bombay and went on board the _Serapis_. On the
+following day he landed to take leave of the Governor, and suddenly, to
+the dismay of the local authorities who had lined his announced route
+with troops, intimated his intention to attend the wedding festivities
+of the son of Sir Munguldass Nuthoobhoy, a great native merchant. The
+visit proved well worth the trouble, and the undisguised delight of the
+host and those present was a privilege to see. A farewell incident was
+the knighting of the energetic Chief of Police, Sir F. H. Soutar. At 6
+P.M. the _Serapis_ was on its way to Goa.
+
+The visit to this ancient Portuguese dependency was not prolonged and
+the incidents of importance were few. But much that was curious was seen
+and many historical memories revived. On November 28th the little
+foreign strip of territory was left behind and Beypore was sighted on
+the following day. It was found, however, that cholera existed along all
+the routes which the Prince proposed to take in this part of the
+country and the medical men would not take the responsibility of
+advising a continuance of the tour in this direction. The Prince bore
+his disappointment philosophically, though he had expected much pleasure
+from the splendid shooting places of the Mysore country. What can be
+said, however, of the disappointed people and authorities? The Mysore
+Government had spent thousands of pounds in preparation; Ootacamund,
+Bangalore, Travancore and other places had laid out much money and the
+population for hundreds of miles was stirred with expectancy. A visit
+was paid to the shore and a brief glance taken at the old-time land of
+Tippoo Sahib, and then the voyage was resumed to Ceylon.
+
+On December 1st the lights of Colombo were sighted, and soon the
+familiar spectacle of British men-of-war dressed to welcome royalty was
+seen. The sight at the landing-place was a pretty one, and the long
+avenue of gaily-decorated and flower-garlanded boats through which the
+Royal barge first passed was equally so. The Prince was received in a
+beautiful pavilion under a striking archway and everywhere in sight were
+arches and flags and palm-leaves, and massed displays of fruits and
+flowers, and tier on tier of spectators. All the dignitaries of Ceylon
+were there and the usual addresses and replies were given. Thence the
+Prince passed to the Government Buildings and took a drive round the
+town, meeting everywhere an enthusiastic and sincerely generous
+reception and a wealth of decoration in fruits and flowers and ferns.
+His Royal Highness gave a state banquet on the _Serapis_ in the evening,
+while Colombo was illuminated and the ships were a blaze of light. Never
+were the Cinghelese more happy than on that day and night, and
+spectators found it hard to describe the revel of light, fantastic,
+Eastern pleasure. On the following day the railway train was taken for
+Kandy amid genuine British cheers from throngs of men clad in
+petticoats and wearing combs in front of their _chignons_.
+
+At this splendidly situated town--the ancient stronghold of Chiefs and
+the seat of more than one rebellion against earlier British rule--the
+Prince was received by a great number of queerly-clad but distinguished
+personages and Buddhist priests. The Governor, Mr. W. H. Gregory, who
+accompanied the Royal traveller, was unusually popular and this,
+perhaps, helped in the success of the reception. Addresses were received
+and in the evening the Governor held a state dinner attended by all the
+notabilities of Ceylon and accompanied outside by the beating of native
+drums, the blowing of myriad horns, the clang of mighty gongs and sounds
+of distant cheering. Afterwards the Prince witnessed a grotesque and
+extraordinary procession of elephants, dancers and priests of the
+Temple. On the following day he visited the Royal Botanical Gardens and
+in the evening held an investiture of the Order of St. Michael and St.
+George at which the Governor was knighted and some lesser honours given.
+The Chiefs and their stately and dignified wives were then formally
+presented. From the audience hall he afterwards passed to the Temple and
+was shown the famous "Sacred Tooth of Gotama Buddha"--an object of
+veneration to many millions of the human race and of visible fear to the
+priests who stood around the Prince or took it from its precious and
+numerous cases. On December the 4th the Prince went on a visit to the
+interior of this wonderfully beautiful country and enjoyed the
+excitement of an elephant hunt and of killing some of those colossal
+creatures of the jungle. Colombo was reached again, three days later,
+and another state banquet attended in the evening. On the following day
+the new Breakwater was inaugurated by the Prince and in the evening a
+farewell banquet received and the city left amid scenes of brilliant
+illumination and fantastic Eastern beauty.
+
+The Prince of Wales and his suite landed in Tuticorin on the coast of
+India, again, on December 9th, and proceeded inland by train without any
+particular or formal reception. The Tamils were found to be a handsome,
+mild-natured, respectful people and the land cultivated and apparently
+prosperous. At Mainachy, a deputation of six thousand native Christians
+and one thousand boys and girls, headed by the Rev. Dr. Caldwell and the
+Rev. Dr. Sargent, presented an address and a handsomely-bound Bible and
+Prayer-book in the Tamil language, to His Royal Highness. A native
+"lyric" was then sung by the children including words of which the
+following is a translation: "Crossing seas and crossing mountains, thou
+hast visited this southern-most region and granted to those who live
+under the shadow of thy Royal umbrella a sight of thy benign
+countenance." Madura was reached a few hours later and found to be
+profusely decorated, one of the arches being made of native work in
+perforated paper, covered with talc plates and silver plaques in front
+of a screen of red. The name of the town signified "sweetness" and it
+turned out to be a place of great charm, imposing buildings and unusual
+cleanliness. The Rajah of Pudducottah was duly received and during his
+visit he showed the Prince a book consisting of original letters,
+dispatches etc., which had passed between Clive and his own ancestor
+during the times of French and English struggle for supremacy in
+Southern India. The Prince visited some of the ancient buildings of the
+place, including the Temple of Minakshee, where Nautch girls scattered
+flowers before him and garlands were placed over his shoulders, and the
+Tank of the Golden Lotus and received a number of interesting presents
+from the Rajah and from the Ranee of Shivagunga. He left on December
+11th for Trichinoply, where he arrived in a few hours.
+
+Here, His Royal Highness, after his progress through flowers, arches,
+crowds, officials and decorations of unusual richness and taste, visited
+the famous Temple of Seringham which has been described as "a vast
+bewildering mass of gate, towers, enclosures, courts, terraces and
+halls." In one of the last-named there were one thousand columns of
+granite each consisting of one block and carved with elaborate images of
+deities. The next place seen was the ancient Palace of the Nawabs of the
+Carnatic and here presentation of the notabilities of the city took
+place and an address was received by the future European Emperor of
+India in the very home of the olden Eastern power. The scene from this
+place in the evening was very striking--immense multitudes below, a
+great tank full of boats and blazing with coloured fires and lights,
+Clive's historic home on the opposite side and, above and over all, the
+vast pyramidical pile, the Rock of Trichinoply, with its Temple of
+Ganesa crowning the famous precipice and towering above the city.
+
+
+PRINCE WELCOMED IN MADRAS
+
+On December the 12th, the Royal visitor was again travelling and on the
+following day reached Madras, where he was formally welcomed by
+Lieutenant-Governor the Duke of Buckingham, the Rajah of Cochin, the
+Maharajah of Travancore, the Prince of Arcot, the Rajah of Vizianagram
+and others. The procession then passed from the station to Government
+House through the narrow streets of the native town and the wide
+thoroughfares of the European quarters. A golden umbrella was held over
+the Prince's head and thus the massed populace--more fortunate than that
+of Bombay--was able to be certain of his identity. At the Wallahjah
+Bridge some thousands of students and boys and girls were ranged on both
+sides, each school with its distinctive banners and badges. The
+audiences given afterwards at Government House to Native Chiefs, and the
+return visits, were conducted in the same manner and style as those at
+Bombay. In the afternoon a crowded Levee was held and in the evening a
+state banquet given to which the Governor invited all the chief
+personages in the City and Presidency. A brief reception followed and
+then His Royal Highness drove out to the Duke's country residence where
+he spent the following day in seclusion as being the anniversary of his
+father's death.
+
+The events of the succeeding day included fashionable and interesting
+races at Guindy Park which all the Madras world attended under the
+patronage of the Prince; and in the afternoon a Royal reception of the
+Chancellor and officers and Fellows of the University; of the Grand
+Officers of the local Freemasonry; of Commissions or deputations from
+Mysore and Coorg and Coimbatore. Each of the latter bore gifts and all
+presented addresses. Formal calls were made upon the principal Chiefs
+and a memorial foundation stone of the new Harbour works laid. The
+latter was an impressive scene and on his way home the Prince, despite
+pouring rain, visited the historic Fort of St. George with its many
+reminders of past struggle and conquest. Another state banquet and
+reception followed.
+
+On the following day the Prince enjoyed a spectacle of Indian jugglery
+and saw feats performed which in a western land would be deemed
+miraculous. December the 17th saw His Royal Highness lunching at the
+Madras Club where he tested Indian curries in their highest state of
+development and in the afternoon he was welcomed at the Park by
+thousands of children. A little later he reviewed a body of troops
+accompanied by the Commander-in-Chief, Sir Paul Haines. With the latter
+he dined in the evening and at ten o'clock drove to the Pier to see the
+great event of the visit. This was an illumination of the sea. Mr. W. H.
+Russell in his _Diary_ says: "Man will never see any spectacle more
+strange--nay awful. Neither pen nor pencil can give any idea of it. It
+was exciting, grand, wierd and beautiful." Fireworks from the ships
+looked like volcanoes bursting from the deep, while multiplied
+fireboats had an effect upon the stony ink-blackness of the surf, like
+rolling flames pouring in upon the shores. At midnight the Prince passed
+from this scene to a special Native entertainment in his honour. The
+great railway station had been converted into a decorated theatre
+crowded with many thousand natives. Upon the elevated platform the
+Prince received an address and an exquisite gold casket and then watched
+a programme of eastern dancing. At six in the morning the Prince was up
+and away to attend a meet of the Madras pack and enjoy a few hours'
+sport--and in the afternoon the _Serapis_ was again his home and Madras
+was left behind.
+
+After a pleasant voyage up the Bay of Bengal the Prince of Wales arrived
+at Fort William, passed through a great fleet of vessels and prepared to
+enter Calcutta, the capital of the great Eastern Empire. Meantime, many
+eminent Indian officials and unofficial personages called to pay their
+respects and finally, the Earl of Northbrook, Viceroy and
+Governor-General. Amidst the thunder of artillery from fleet and forts
+His Royal Highness then landed and was welcomed by a great multitude of
+people, luxuriously seated in tiers of seats ranged beside two pavilions
+draped in scarlet, the canopies of which were upheld by gold pillars
+wreathed with flowers. Beyond was a massive arch of triumph and the
+platform and landing stage was carpeted with red cloth. In the
+surrounding crowd was the whole central machinery of government amongst
+three hundred millions of people and Rajahs, Chiefs and authorities
+innumerable. The procession through the "City of Palaces" was marked by
+the same splendour, the same crowds, the same curious contrasts as had
+impressed the observer at Bombay. But the absence of the night effect
+and its wierd illumination and the presence of certain indefinable
+elements made it more dignified; while the greater number of English
+people gave a certain leaven of western enthusiasm which had been
+wanting elsewhere. In the evening a magnificent banquet was given by
+the Viceroy and the city was a blaze of light and the scene of general
+festivity.
+
+The day before Christmas saw a state reception more remarkable than any
+yet held. The first native prince to be received was the Maharajah of
+Puttiala--a melancholy-faced man who died soon afterwards. Then followed
+the Maharajah Holkar of Indore who was said to have L5,000,000 in gold
+stored away; the Maharajah of Jodhpore, who wore an indescribable
+glittering mass of gems; the Maharajahs of Jeypore, Cashmere, Gwalior;
+the Sultana Jehan, Begum of Bhopal, of whom little more than a shawl and
+a silk hood could be seen; and the Maharajah of Rewah, a dignified
+personage who was said by some writers to be suffering from leprosy. A
+Levee was then held and the Prince, for two hours, with the Duke of
+Sutherland on one side of him and Lieutenant-Governor Sir Richard Temple
+on the other, stood in full uniform bowing to a steady stream of people.
+Another state banquet in the evening, and then attendance at an
+entertainment some miles out of town gotten up by Native gentlemen,
+brought this Christmas Eve to a close. On the following day the Prince
+attended service at the Cathedral accompanied by Lord Northbrook and
+listened to a powerful sermon from Bishop Milman--who died of a fever
+caught on his Episcopal tour a few weeks later. He then drove to the
+harbour and went on board the _Serapis_, which was decked out in
+imitation of winter, and here had a sort of Christmas dinner. The rest
+of the day was spent at Barrackpoor, the Viceroy's country residence,
+but better known as the place where the terrible first signs of the
+Mutiny were detected. After church on the 26th (Sunday) the Prince made
+an excursion to the little French territory of Chandernagore--one of the
+remnants of historic empire.
+
+On the following day His Royal Highness held another reception for
+Chiefs attended by envoys from the King of Burmah, the Maharajah of
+Punnah in person, an embassy from Nepaul, the noble-looking Rajah of
+Jheend, the Maharajahs of Benares, Nahun, and Johore. This was the last
+of the Chiefs, for the moment, and the Prince and his wearied suite
+could rest from a succession of sights and ceremonies in which
+dark-featured magnates with diamonds, emeralds, rubies and pearls and an
+infinite variety of Sirdar escorts, must have come to be a mere
+picturesque and confused medley. Many splendid presents were received
+and on the two following days return visits were paid in state. On
+December 21st the Prince witnessed a tent-pegging exhibition by the 10th
+Bengal Cavalry, made a round of the hospitals and asylums, and wound up
+with a garden party at Belvidere and a dinner and grand ball at
+Government House.
+
+On New Year's Day the Prince of Wales held a Chapter of the Order of the
+Star of India in place of the Durbar which could only be held by the
+direct representative of the Sovereign. Opposite the entrance to
+Government House a canopied dais was erected, carpeted with cloth of
+gold, covered with light-blue satin and supported upon silver pillars.
+Two chairs with silver arms were placed upon the dais and around it were
+the marines and sailors of the _Serapis_ while on the left were infantry
+of the line. At nine o'clock came the processions, each presaged by a
+flourish of trumpets. First came the Companions of the Order, Native and
+European, presenting a stream of picturesque uniforms and costumes. Then
+the Knights Grand Cross entered the Pavilion followed in the case of
+each Indian dignitary by a small procession of Sirdars in rich and
+varied dress--the Begum of Bhopal, Sir Salar Jung, the Maharajah of
+Puttiala, Lord Napier of Magdala, the Maharajah of Travancore, Sir
+Bartle Frere, the Maharajahs of Rewah, Jeypoor, Indore, Cashmere, and
+Gwalior. Then came the Prince of Wales wearing a white helmet and plume,
+and a Field Marshal's uniform almost concealed by his sky-blue mantle.
+Following him was the Viceroy and the two took the chairs placed on the
+dais. His Excellency, as Grand Master of the Order, then went through
+the ceremonial of opening the Chapter and then, from out the tented
+field of, literally, cloth of gold which surrounded the Royal pavilion,
+came one by one the Knights to be. Each in turn left his tent with
+stately accompaniments, approached, bowed and knelt at the footstool of
+His Royal Highness who spoke certain prescribed words and placed the
+Collar of the Order around his neck. As he rose the number of guns to
+which he was entitled thundered forth their salute. The Maharajahs of
+Jodhpoor and Jheend were thus invested with the Grand Cross and a number
+of others were made Knights Commander or Companions of the Order. The
+proceedings closed with a procession to Government House which lacked no
+element of Oriental splendour and displayed untold wealth in jewels and
+unique characteristics in costume.
+
+In the afternoon the Prince unveiled an equestrian statue of the late
+Lord Mayo and afterwards attended a polo match. In the evening he drove
+to see the illumination of the fleet and then attended in state a
+theatrical performance with Charles Matthews as the central figure. On
+January 2nd, church was attended at Fort William and the arsenal
+inspected; the Botanical Gardens and Bishop's College visited; and an
+amateur concert of sacred music listened to at Government House in the
+evening. The next day's programme included the spectacle of tent-pegging
+and polo-playing between rival regiments; the reception of an LL. D.
+degree from the University of Calcutta; a visit to a Hindoo Zenana under
+arrangements made by Miss Baring, Lady Temple and others; and a farewell
+reception at Government House.
+
+The Royal special train arrived at Bankipoor station, near Patna, on the
+morning of January 4th and the Prince was duly welcomed by Sir Richard
+Temple, Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, his officers and a great
+concourse of people. He was driven through an avenue of four hundred
+elephants, all gaily caparisoned, to the Durbar tent, where, under a
+canopy and in front of a sort of throne, His Royal Highness held a Levee
+and marked in every way possible his approval of the splendid work
+lately done by Sir R. Temple and his officials in stamping out famine.
+Luncheon followed, and then the train was taken for Benares. Here he
+arrived at dark and found the magnificent ghauts or terraces alive with
+lights. The procession drove over the bridge of boats across the Ganges
+and through crowded streets out to the camp of the Lieutenant-Governor,
+Sir John Strachey, where a special and beautiful structure had been
+prepared for the Prince. On the following day an address was presented
+by the Municipality of Benares and answered, a Levee held, the
+foundation-stone of a Hospital laid, the Rajah of Vizianagram visited,
+the famous Temples inspected. At sunset the Prince embarked in a galley
+and went four miles up the Ganges to the old Fort of Ramnagar, where he
+was received at a carpeted and decorated landing-place by the Maharajah
+of Benares and witnessed a beautiful spectacle of illuminated river and
+battlements. Preceded by spearsmen and banners, carried in gold and
+silver chairs, passing between lines of cavalry, accompanied by
+elephants and the constant strains of wild music, the host and his Royal
+guest then went to the Castle. From the roof was seen another charming
+sight--the Ganges and its banks and terraces so lit up as to look like a
+myriad of tiny stars passing between banks of flaming gold. More
+presents were received and the drive back to the camp commenced.
+
+
+THE PRINCE VISITS LUCKNOW
+
+Next day, the journey was resumed to Lucknow, on the Oudh and Rohilcund
+Railway. At that much-modernized city the Prince of Wales arrived on
+January 6th and stayed at what was once Outram's head-quarters. Here,
+next morning, he held two Levees--a Native and a European one--and then
+drove to see the historic spots of the famous city. In the afternoon he
+laid the foundation-stone of a Memorial to the Natives who fell in
+defence of the Residency and the Empire during the Mutiny. Lord
+Northbrook had succeeded in getting together many of the survivors from
+all over India and they stood around His Royal Highness in their old
+war-worn uniforms. A touching scene followed the Prince's impromptu
+intimation that these veterans might be presented to him, and to each he
+said a word of kindness. In the afternoon a Native entertainment was
+given in his honour at the ancient Palace of the Kings of Oudh and a
+crown set in jewels was presented with the formal address. A reception,
+banquet, and fireworks, followed, and on the next day the Prince enjoyed
+a little hard riding and "pig-sticking" sport, during which Lord
+Carington had his collar-bone broken.
+
+Sunday was spent quietly in visiting various interesting places, after
+church, and on the succeeding day the Prince presented colours to a
+Native regiment and watched a march-past of troops. In the afternoon
+Cawnpore was visited, and then the train taken for Delhi, which was
+reached on the morning of January 11th. The entry into the Imperial City
+was surrounded with all possible pomp and circumstance. Lines of
+soldiery kept the streets from the station to the Royal camp, where rows
+of tents, avenues of shrubs and flowers, marquees and beautiful
+enclosures, formed a temporary home for the visitor and his suite. The
+first function was the reception of an address from the Municipality of
+a city which for one thousand years had been the seat of dynasties and
+native rule. A Levee followed and then dinner with Lord Napier of
+Magdala in his own mess-tent. On the following day a grand review was
+held and for an hour and a half a stream of horse, foot and guns flowed
+past. Then came a great banquet given by the Prince to the generals and
+officers and a ball at Selinghur in those "marble halls of dazzling
+light" which have been so often described. During the next few days a
+great sham fight was held; a visit paid to the Kootab, where the Prince
+mounted the summit of the famous pillar and viewed the wide-spread scene
+of ruin; the beautiful Mausoleum of Houmayoun was seen; and the
+illumination of the ancient city witnessed.
+
+
+A REMARKABLE SPECTACLE AT LAHORE
+
+On January 17th the beautiful city of tents disappeared and the Prince
+of Wales was on his way to Lahore. There, he was received with the usual
+state and drove four miles to Government House under the shade of a
+golden umbrella and in the gaze of a vast multitude of people. A
+remarkable spectacle was presented on the way by the encampment of the
+Rajahs of the Punjaub. In front of them stood a long line of elephants,
+caparisoned in gold and silver and gems, with armed retainers and a
+salute for the Royal visitor, which included all that the roll of drums,
+blare of trumpets and clang and roar of many strange instruments could
+produce. Amidst the elephants flashed lance and sword and cuirass and
+other things reminiscent of the days of western chivalry. At Government
+House an address was presented by the members of the City Council,
+wearing turbans of gold tissue, brocaded robes and coils of gems around
+their necks. A European Levee followed and then came the Native Chiefs.
+Afterwards the Prince visited the citadel and watched the sun set over
+the plains from a window once used by the Lion of Lahore in his days of
+power.
+
+The next day saw a return visit to the Chiefs in their picturesque,
+costly and oriental encampments; the opening of a Soldiers' Industrial
+Exhibition at Mean Meer; and a beautiful illumination of the exquisite
+Shalimar Gardens in the evening. On January 20th the Prince left for
+Jummoo to visit the Maharajah of Cashmere. Later in the day he was
+welcomed by this ruler, some seven miles from his capital and, mounted
+on an elephant preceeded and followed by a stately _cortege_, the Royal
+visitor passed through two miles of winding streets, brilliantly lighted
+and lined by Native troops, while piled-up masses of people showed many
+types of the Cashmeres, Lamas, Sikhs, Afghans, etc. On the summit of a
+great ridge was a specially constructed building created at enormous
+cost for the visitor's accommodation. The usual reception followed
+together with a great banquet. Sport was the occupation of the next day
+and in the evening a procession took place through the illuminated city
+to dine at the Palace with the Maharajah. A feature of the latter's
+entertainment was an extraordinary sacred dancing drama by Lamas from
+Thibet. The departure on the following morning occurred amid all the
+state that Cashmere could present--and that was not little. At
+Wazirabad, on the way back to Lahore, a brief visit was paid, a great
+bridge inaugurated and a banquet accepted. Government House was reached
+in the evening and, with Lieutenant-Governor Sir H. Davies, His Royal
+Highness then attended a Native entertainment at the College and
+witnessed fireworks lighting up all the forts and battlements and a sea
+of heads in the distant darkness.
+
+After a quiet Sunday at Lahore, the departure was made for Agra. On the
+way Umritzur was visited and the route to the Fort was lined and arched
+with artificial cypress-trees, gilded branches and garlands. An address
+was presented from the Municipality in which Sikh, Mohammedan and Hindoo
+united in expressions of fervent loyalty. Here the Golden Temple was
+visited. At Rajpoorah a stop was made to accept a banquet from the
+Maharajah of Puttiala in a beautiful palace of canvas. Early on January
+25th Agra was reached and the usual Oriental reception and procession
+followed. At the camp on the following day a Levee was held and a large
+number of Native Chiefs presented. In the afternoon the troops of the
+latter passed in review before the Prince--a mixture of thousands of men
+and elephants, camels, horses and bullocks, and knights in armour.
+
+The principal event of the ensuing day was a visit to the famous and
+exquisite Taj Mahul--"too pure, too holy, to be the work of human
+hands." During the next few days some time was spent in shooting with
+the Maharajah of Bhurtpore; a grand ball was given at the Fort; a long
+interview granted Sir Dinkur Rao, the Native statesman; local convents
+and schools visited; the tomb of Akbar the Great--described as the
+grandest in the world--seen at Sekundra; a visit paid to the loyal
+Maharajah of Gwalior at Dholepoor. The next point visited was the famous
+old fortress of Bhurtpore and then the beautiful city of Jeypoor. Here
+the Prince went tiger shooting with the Rajpoot Chiefs and shot his
+tiger and, in the evening of February 5th, saw illuminations in which
+every Indian device appeared to have been exhausted. From the
+hospitalities of the Maharajah the Prince, however, soon turned away
+with his face towards the Himalayas and his heart in the prospective
+period of sport and liberty. The land of Kumaoun was the scene and with
+him was a camp which included twenty-five hundred persons without
+counting a perambulating army of provision carriers. Bears, elephants,
+tigers, wild boars and varied birds and game were amongst the trophies
+of his gun during a period of splendid sport which lasted until March
+6th.
+
+On that day the Prince resumed his tour and his Royal state and
+proceeded to Allahabad where he was met by Lord Northbrood and held a
+reception and an investiture of the Star of India at which Major-General
+Sir Samuel Browne, V.C., Major-General Sir D. M. Probyn and
+Surgeon-General Sir J. Fayrer received the ensignias of knighthood. The
+route was then continued to Indore and, on the way, the Prince stopped
+long enough at Jubalpoor to see seven Thugs who had been in jail for
+thirty-five years for having committed an immense number of murders--one
+of them boasted sixty-five. At Indore, His Royal Highness was received
+by the Maharajah Holkar with due state and went through the usual
+programme of reception, visits and banquets--important in this case as
+being the last. Bombay was reached on March 11th and two days later all
+farewells were made and the future Emperor of India had left the shores
+of that mysterious, tragic and historical land, after having travelled
+in seventeen weeks seven thousand six hundred miles by land and two
+thousand three hundred miles by sea; met more Chiefs and notabilities
+than all the Indian Viceroys of the past put together; and seen more of
+the country and its surface life and varied customs than any living man.
+
+
+HE MEETS LORD LYTTON AT SUEZ
+
+Before leaving the Prince addressed a letter to the Viceroy expressing
+appreciation of the reception given to him and of the loyalty shown by
+the people. On the way home news came that Lord Lytton, the first
+representative of the Queen as Empress of India, was on the way out. As
+a personal friend of the Prince of Wales it was fitting that they should
+meet at Suez, where the new Viceroy came on board. At Cairo, the Prince
+was welcomed by the Khedive and his suite and a new round of gaiety
+commenced, including visits to the Pyramids and a little quiet shooting.
+At Alexandria, on April 2nd the Prince entertained the Grand Duke Alexis
+of Russia at dinner on the _Serapis_. The next point touched was Malta,
+where the thunder of the saluting fleet and fortress made the heavens
+ring. Here, seven addresses were presented and much enthusiasm shown by
+the populace. A great banquet was given by Sir W. and Lady Straubenzee
+and on April 7th new colours were presented by His Royal Highness to
+the 98th Regiment. Other functions followed. On April 15th the Prince
+was joined by his brother, the Duke of Connaught. The Island was _en
+fete_, and one of the events of the visit was the reception of a
+deputation from the Sultan of Morrocco. The festive proceedings of the
+time were wound up with a great ball.
+
+
+WELCOMED IN SPAIN
+
+The Prince of Wales landed _incognito_ at Cadiz on April 20th and then
+proceeded, with the Duke of Connaught quietly to visit Seville and
+Cordova. At Madrid, which was reached on April 25th, the Royal party
+were formally welcomed by King Alfonso XII. and attended a state
+reception at the Palace. A military review was held by the King, and
+then a train was taken for the Palace of the Escurial, where King
+Alfonso acted as guide for his Royal guests amidst the bewildering
+artistic and other treasures of that immense and historic pile. Various
+functions of stately dignity followed the return of the Prince to
+Madrid, and the departure of the Duke for London, and the incidents of
+the period included attendance at a sitting of the Spanish Cortes, and
+the spectacle of a bull-fight. On April 30th His Royal Highness departed
+for Lisbon, where, on the following day, he was formally welcomed by
+King Louis of Portugal, his Court, the Foreign Ministers and the British
+Admirals of the fleet in the Tagus. There were no flags, or arches, or
+decorations, or tokens of welcome in the streets of Lisbon, but there
+was a vast mass of silent and respectful people. Many functions followed
+during the next few days and on May 7th the _Serapis_ started once more
+for England. Four days later the ship was met by a yacht bearing the
+Princess of Wales and the Royal children and, in a few hours, the Heir
+Apparent was again at home from his famous journey and receiving a
+welcome at Portsmouth which was a fitting prelude to similar greetings
+in London and elsewhere.
+
+Such a tremendous experience as this tour had proved could not but have
+a pronounced and important effect. The burden of a continuous succession
+of events in which he was the central figure; the strain of a steady
+succession of brilliant spectacles presenting a kaleidoscopic variety of
+sight and sound and splendour and incident; the weight of a constant
+burden of ceremonial and state observances in a land where the slightest
+carelessness, or indifference, or cordiality--at the wrong moment--meant
+mortal offense to some important dignitary, caste, or interest; the
+physical trial of innumerable functions to a man clad in European
+costumes in a tropical climate; the infinite variety of his duties, the
+peculiar character of the hours maintained, the lack of sleep and the
+continuous round of banquets; must have tried the mind and heart and
+body about equally. In the end the experience must have broadened the
+conceptions and ideas of the Prince; educated him in a better perception
+of his immense responsibilities; trained him in an iron school of
+etiquette and helped to teach him that inflexible routine of duty which
+must ever face a British Sovereign.
+
+To the people of India the tour brought home a clearer perception of the
+personal power presiding over their destinies and a vivid picture of the
+greatness of the authority before which all their greatest dignitaries
+with the traditions of many thousand years, bowed in loyal obeisance. To
+the imaginative Indian mind nothing more effective could have been
+presented than the scenes of that brilliant and triumphal passage
+through the stamping ground of ancient conquerors. To the people of
+Great Britain it brought home a more realizable sense of the vastness of
+their dominions and the equivalent greatness of their national duty and
+responsibility. It helped to lay the foundation of that Imperial future
+of which Disraeli then dreamed and for which others have since laboured
+with a measure of success shown in the events preceding and following
+the accession of Edward VII., King and Emperor.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Thirty Years of Public Work
+
+
+During the years between 1872 and the end of the century the Prince of
+Wales filled a place in public affairs not unlike that of the Prince
+Consort in the later and ripest period of his useful life. He grew
+steadily in the faculties which make for wisdom in council and action
+while retaining and developing the qualities which make for popularity
+and, in a Prince, may embody the characteristics and feelings of his
+nation. In those thirty years he saw much and travelled far; met many
+men of varied qualities and attainments and character; learned much by
+personal experience and observation and much from other people's
+experience; tested almost the pinnacle of earthly splendour in his
+Indian tour and learned in private something of the suffering which
+comes to all individuals whether great or little. He created the
+position of Heir Apparent as now understood; gave it a significance and
+value never before attained to; and filled it with a tact and ability
+which no detraction or misrepresentation could practically affect, and
+which in time made him the admittedly most all-round popular man in the
+United Kingdom.
+
+Before his illness the Prince had carried out a good many public
+engagements and helped a great number of useful objects. After that
+event and the outpouring of popular sentiment which found vent in the
+National Thanksgiving he became still more devoted to his round of
+public duties. On July 5th 1872, His Royal Highness visited the new
+Grammar School at Norwich and inspected the Norfolk Artillery Militia
+of which he was Honorary Colonel. At a banquet given by the Mayor he
+referred to his late illness, in expressing thanks for local sympathy,
+and added: "It is difficult now for me to speak upon that subject but as
+it has pleased Almighty God to preserve me to my country I hope I may
+not be ungrateful for the feeling which has been shown towards me and
+that I may do all that I can to be of use to my countrymen." On July
+25th, he reviewed four thousand boys of the Training ships and Pauper
+Schools of the Metropolitan Unions at South Kensington, and distributed
+prizes. The Prince was accompanied by the Princess of Wales and his
+sons. A little later, on August 11th, the Breakwater at Portland was
+inaugurated, the Royal yacht being accompanied from Osborne by a
+splendid fleet of fifteen ironclads. At the conclusion of the ceremony
+the Prince visited Weymouth, which was gaily decorated, and where he
+accepted a public banquet.
+
+
+THE PRINCE MAKES A VISIT TO DERBY
+
+The next important English function of His Royal Highness was a state
+visit to Derby on December 17th. The announcement that the Prince and
+Princess were coming to Chatsworth to stay with the Duke of Devonshire
+and would also visit Derby created much interest and on the appointed
+day brought great crowds from Birmingham, Manchester, Sheffield,
+Nottingham and Chesterfield to swell the population of the city. After
+driving through the decorated streets and cheering crowds various loyal
+addresses were received and prizes presented at the City Grammar School.
+On the evening of March 27th, 1873, the Prince presided at the annual
+dinner of the Railways' Benevolent Institution. In a somewhat lengthy
+little speech he explained its purposes and asked for aid in their
+attainment. The result was a subscription of five thousand guineas to
+which he himself contributed two hundred guineas.
+
+A duty which was congenial in one sense and sad in another was the
+unveiling of a statue of the late Prince Consort at the entrance of the
+Holborn Viaduct in London on January 9th, 1874. A luncheon followed in
+the Guild Hall attended by some eight hundred guests and at which the
+Prince made a short speech. A few weeks later the Prince and Princess of
+Wales were at St. Petersburg to attend the marriage of the Duke of
+Edinburgh with the Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia on January
+23rd. The marriage ceremony was performed in much state with the
+successive rites of the Greek and English Churches--Dean Stanley
+presiding over the latter. Four future Sovereigns were present on the
+occasion, the Prince of Wales, the Crown Prince of Prussia, the
+Czarewitch of Russia and the Crown Prince of Denmark. During this visit
+the Prince and Princess were treated with great distinction by the Czar
+and a grand military review was held in honour of His Royal Highness.
+The anniversary festival of the British Orphan Asylum was attended on
+March 25th, in London, and a speech was made by His Royal Highness
+explanatory of the useful objects of the institution. The subscriptions
+announced during the evening amounted to L2400. An important incident of
+the year was the visit of the Shah of Persia to England and the splendid
+entertainments given in honour of an Oriental Sovereign whose
+friendliness was of serious import in the event of trouble between Great
+Britain and Russia. The Prince of Wales devoted considerable time to the
+task of welcoming and entertaining the Royal visitor and gave one great
+banquet, in particular, at Marlborough House which was remarkable for
+its effective magnificence.
+
+A dinner was given on March 31st by the Lord Mayor of London to
+Major-General Sir Garnet Wolseley--afterward Field Marshal, Viscount
+Wolseley--on his return from the successful Ashantee expedition and the
+Prince of Wales made a tactful speech on the occasion expressive of the
+thanks of the nation for the services of officers and men in that
+arduous campaign. On April 22nd the Prince presided over a dinner in aid
+of the funds of the Royal Medical Benevolent Hospital. The leading men
+of the profession were present and, after a speech from the Prince,
+donations of L1780 were announced by the Secretary with the usual one
+hundred guinea subscription from the Royal chairman. A different kind of
+function was His Royal Highness' attendance at a dinner of the Benchers
+of the Middle Temple on June 11th. The Master of the Temple, the Rev.
+Dr. Vaughan, presided and others present were the Archbishop of
+Canterbury and the Lord Chief Justice. The Prince, as a Bencher, wore
+the silk gown of a Queen's Counsel as well as the riband of the Garter
+and made a brief speech in which he expressed the modest opinion that it
+was a good thing for the profession at large that he had never been
+called to the Bar. On August 13th the new Municipal Buildings and Law
+Courts at Plymouth were opened by the Prince after a formal reception at
+the hands of the Mayor and a procession through the artistically
+decorated and densely packed streets of the city.
+
+
+FIRST STATE VISIT TO BIRMINGHAM
+
+An interesting event of this year and one which created considerable
+discussion and comment was the first state visit of the Prince and
+Princess of Wales to Birmingham. For half a century that city had been a
+centre of Radicalism, of extreme democratic opinion and, in earlier
+days, of Chartist turbulence. The Mayor, in 1874, was Mr. Joseph
+Chamberlain who was then noted for democratic views which were supposed
+in many quarters to extend to the full measure of republicanism. Doubt
+was even expressed as to whether the Royal reception would be as cordial
+as might be desired or the Mayor as courteous, in the sense of loyal
+phraseology, as was customary. The visit took place on November 3rd and
+a most cordial welcome was given by all classes of the people. Mr.
+Chamberlain presented an address in the Town Hall and at a subsequent
+luncheon spoke of the Queen as "having established claims to the
+admiration of her people by the loyal fulfillment of responsible
+duties." In reference to this and other speeches which he made as
+chairman the London _Times_ of the succeeding day declared that
+"whatever Mr. Chamberlain's views may be his speeches of yesterday
+appear to us to have been admirably worthy of the occasion and to have
+done the highest credit to himself." They were described as being
+couched in a line of "courteous homage, manly independence and
+gentlemanly feeling."
+
+The annual dinner of the Royal Cambridge Asylum was presided over by His
+Royal Highness on March 13th, 1875; the Merchant Taylors' School in the
+Charterhouse was visited on April 6th; the German Hospital annual
+banquet was presided over ten days later and donations of L5000 to its
+funds announced during the evening--including one hundred guineas from
+the Prince; the installation of the Heir Apparent as Grand Master of the
+English Freemasons took place on April 28th. On June 5th he presided at
+the yearly banquet of the Royal Agricultural Benevolent Institution for
+providing pensions or annuities for persons ruined by agricultural
+depression. The Earl of Hardwicke in proposing the Royal chairman's
+health said that "the position of the Prince of Wales is not one of the
+easiest. He has no definite duties, but the duty he has laid down for
+himself is of a very definite nature. It is to benefit, to the best of
+his power, all his fellow-creatures." In the course of his speeches the
+Prince made an earnest appeal for aid to the purposes of the institution
+with the result that L8000 was announced as the total donation of the
+evening--including the usual one hundred guineas from the chairman.
+
+The next important event in his public life was the visit of the Prince
+to India in 1875-6. On his return the Royal traveller received many
+demonstrations of popular esteem and the City of London entertained him
+at a great banquet and ball and an address of welcome, in a golden
+casket of Indian design, was presented. During the remainder of the year
+the Prince took a much-needed rest and interested himself largely in
+matters local to his own county of Norfolk. He took in hand the
+necessity existing at Norwich for a new Hospital and a large sum of
+money was soon subscribed for this purpose. Later in the year he visited
+Glasgow and laid the foundation of a new Post Office in that city. In
+the spring of 1877 what may be termed the moral courage of the Prince
+was put to a test in his invitation to preside at the annual banquet of
+the Licensed Victuallers' Asylum. There were many protests made and at
+least two hundred petitions presented urging His Royal Highness not to
+patronize or help the liquor interest. He decided, however, that the
+charity was a useful one and the widows and orphans of licensed
+victuallers as deserving of succour as those of other classes in the
+community, and that he could quite well afford to patronize an
+institution in succession to his own father, the late Prince Consort.
+Earl Granville was present, three Bishops and many members of the Houses
+of Lords and Commons and the proceeds of the occasion were over L5000.
+In one of his speeches the Royal chairman referred to the petitions
+received from Temperance Societies and remarked: "I think this time they
+rather overstep the mark because the object of the meeting to-night is
+not to encourage the love of drink but to support a good and excellent
+charity."
+
+Early in 1878 the Prince unveiled at Cambridge (on January 22nd) a
+statue of his late father, who for years had been Chancellor of the
+University. On June 28th, together with the Princess of Wales, he
+visited the Infant Orphan Asylum at Wanstead and presided at the
+luncheon which followed and at which were Her Royal Highness, the Duke
+and Duchess of Manchester, the Bishop of St. Albans and Mrs. Claughton,
+and a large gathering. In his speech the Royal chairman reviewed the
+history of the institution and afterwards gave one hundred guineas to
+its funds. As a result of his interest in naval matters the Prince had
+already placed his sons on the training ship _Britannia_ and, on July
+24th of this year, he and the Princess consented to distribute the
+annual prizes and medals. An address was presented from the City of
+Dartmouth, on board the Royal yacht _Osborne_, which had been
+accompanied into the estuary of the River Dart by a large number of
+war-ships, yachts, steam-launches and boats. Flags were flying
+everywhere on sea and shore and in the evening the illuminations were
+striking. At the _Britannia_ the Royal visitors were received by Mr. W.
+H. Smith M.P. First Lord of the Admiralty and a distinguished gathering
+amongst whom were Lord and Lady Charles Beresford and Sir Samuel and
+Lady Baker. In his speech the Prince referred to the personal expression
+of confidence in the institution by the Princess and himself in sending
+their two sons to be trained there and expressed the hope that the
+latter might do credit to the ship and to their country. A visit to
+Dartmouth followed and then Prince Edward and Prince George were taken
+home for their holidays.
+
+
+THE DEATH OF PRINCESS ALICE
+
+During this year the Heir Apparent had the misfortune to lose his
+much-loved sister the Princess Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse, to whose
+careful nursing he had owed so much in his own serious illness and the
+sad features of whose death--as a result of nursing her children through
+an attack of malignant diphtheria--had proved such a shock to the
+British public. The Prince and Princess spent some months in retirement
+after this occurrence and had also to mourn the death of the gallant
+young Prince Imperial of France, in whose career they had taken a deep
+personal interest--not only on account of his loveable qualities, but
+because of the long friendship between the Royal house of England and
+the widowed Empress Eugenie, to whose lonely hopes and pride the loss
+was so terrible. The Prince of Wales helped the stricken lady in the
+details of the funeral, acted as the principal pall-bearer and showed
+his sympathy in many ways, of which the wreath of violets sent from
+Marlborough, with the following inscription, was an incident: "A token
+of affection and regard for him who lived the most spotless of lives and
+died a soldier's death fighting for our cause in Zululand. From Albert
+Edward and Alexandra, July 12, 1879." His Royal Highness strongly
+supported the proposal to erect a Memorial in Westminster Abbey, but
+even his great influence could not overcome the international prejudices
+which the suggestion aroused and he had to wait till January, 1883, when
+the "United Service Memorial" was erected at Woolwich, and, accompanied
+by his two sons and the Dukes of Edinburgh and Cambridge, he was able to
+unveil the statue and fittingly eulogize the Royal French youth who had
+fought and died for the country which had been so kind to his parents.
+
+[Illustration: QUEEN ALEXANDRA
+  The Queen Consort of Edward VII]
+
+[Illustration: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, AT
+BRUSSELS, APRIL, 1900]
+
+[Illustration: FLEET STREET, LONDON
+
+This is one of the most interesting thoroughfares of London. On all
+great state occasions it is beautifully and lavishly decorated. In the
+distance is seen the dome of St. Paul's Cathedral, where a great
+memorial service was held, attended by the Corporation of London, great
+numbers of officials and great throngs of mourning people.]
+
+[Illustration: ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR]
+
+On May 5th, 1879, the Prince of Wales presided at the annual banquet of
+the Cabdrivers' Benevolent Association. On May 23, 1880, he presided at
+a dinner in aid of the funds of the Princess Helena College and the
+result of his patronage and the careful speech delivered was a total
+donation of L2000, to which he contributed his customary one hundred
+guineas. On June 17th of the same year he visited the new Breakwater and
+Harbour at Holyhead and, during the visit, there were loyal
+demonstrations on sea and land and a banquet attended by gentlemen
+representing most of the leading English and Irish railway companies.
+During the same month the King of Greece visited England and the Prince
+had an opportunity of returning some of the many hospitalities which he
+had received from His Majesty and of presenting him to the Corporation
+of London at a great banquet of welcome. As Duke of Cornwall he also
+laid the first stone of Truro Cathedral in this month. Writing of this
+and other functions on June 18th the _Times_ declared that the
+representative duties of British royalty were heavier than the private
+functions of the hardest-worked Englishman. "In these scenes and a
+hundred like them a Prince's function cannot be discharged
+satisfactorily unless he be at once an impersonation of Royal state and,
+what is harder still, his own individual self. He must act his public
+character as if he enjoyed the festival as much as any of the
+spectators. He must be able to stamp a national impress upon the
+solemnity yet mark its local and particular significance."
+
+
+DISTRIBUTES PRIZES, PRESENTS AND COLOURS
+
+New colours were presented to the Royal Welsh Fusiliers by the Prince as
+they were embarking from Portsmouth for India, on August 16th. On May
+24th, 1881, he presided at the festival dinner of the Royal Hospital for
+Women and Children in London, contributed one hundred guineas to its
+funds and was able to announce donations totalling L2000. At King's
+College, London, on July 2nd, His Royal Highness, accompanied by the
+Princess, distributed the annual prizes and pointed out the history and
+merits of the institution. On July 18th the Prince, accompanied by the
+Princess of Wales, laid the foundation of a City and Guilds of London
+Institute, established for the technical training of artisans, and
+delivered a speech of considerable range and length. He also accepted
+the Presidency of the Institute. The seventh annual meeting of the
+International Medical Congress was formally opened by the Prince,
+accompanied by the Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia, on August 3rd. He
+was received by a Committee composed of distinguished medical men such
+as Sir W. Jenner, Sir William Gull, Sir James Paget and Sir J. R.
+Bennett and, during the ceremony, spoke upon the progress made in late
+years by medical science.
+
+The death of Dean Stanley on July 18th of this year was felt as a
+personal and severe loss by both the Prince and Princess. The former had
+no warmer or wiser friend; the latter no greater admirer in the highest
+sense of the word. It was fitting, therefore, that His Royal Highness
+should take the lead in raising a suitable Memorial to the distinguished
+Churchman and he attended and spoke earnestly at a meeting called in the
+Chapter-house of Westminster Abbey, for that purpose, on December 13th.
+Dean Bradley presided and there were also present Archbishop Tait of
+Canterbury, the Marquess of Salisbury, Earl Granville, the Duke of
+Westminster, the Marquess of Lorne, Mr. J. Russell Lowell, the American
+Minister, Lord Chief Justice Coleridge and others. In his speech the
+Prince spoke of his intimate friendship with Dean Stanley over a period
+of twenty-two years, of their association in the East and of the great
+charm of his companionship. "As the Churchman, as the scholar, as the
+man of letters, as the philanthropist and, above all, as the true
+friend, his name must always go down to posterity as a great and good
+man and as one who will make his mark on a chapter of his country's
+history."
+
+During the next few years the public events of the Prince's career
+continued along very much the same lines, varied by some rapid trip to
+the continent, or visit to the country home of some noble friend, or a
+shooting excursion to some place where game was plentiful and companions
+congenial. The central events, aside from his promotion of the Fisheries
+and other Exhibitions, were the visit to Ireland in 1885, the support
+given to an Empire policy by his patronage of the Imperial Institute and
+similar concerns, his active connection with the Masonic Order and his
+conduct of the Jubilee of 1887. The International Fisheries Exhibition
+grew out of a comparatively small affair at Norwich in which the Prince
+of Wales had taken an active interest. In July 1881, as a result of his
+initiative, a meeting was held in London, a committee was formed and the
+preliminary work done. In February 1882 a second meeting occurred and
+further organization was effected with the Queen as Patron, His Royal
+Highness as President and the Duke of Richmond as Chairman of the
+General Committee. The Exhibition was finally opened on May 13, 1883, by
+the Prince of Wales, who had around him most of the members of the Royal
+family, the Foreign Ambassadors, Her Majesty's Ministers and other
+distinguished persons, His address defined the reasons for the
+enterprise in a sentence: "In view of the rapid increase of the
+population in all civilized countries, and especially in these sea girt
+kingdoms, a profound interest attaches to every industry which affects
+the supply of food; and in this respect the harvest of the sea is hardly
+less important than that of the land." In results he thought the
+Exhibition should enable practical fishermen to acquaint themselves with
+the latest improvements in both their working craft and life-saving
+systems. It was a great success. The total visitors numbered 2,703,051
+and there was a financial surplus of L15,243. Of this, two-thirds was
+put aside to assist the families of fishermen who had lost their lives
+at sea, and L3000 was used to organize a Fisheries Society in order to
+keep up the interest in the subject and encourage the study of ways and
+means to help the fishermen.
+
+
+THE PRINCE ENCOURAGES EXHIBITIONS
+
+In replying to an address from the Executive Committee at the closing of
+the Exhibition, on October 31st, the Prince had suggested that other
+Exhibitions might very well be held dealing with the three great
+subjects of Health, Inventions and the Colonies. The first subject dealt
+with was that of Health. Owing to the death of his brother, the Duke of
+Albany, on March 28th, 1884, the Prince could not do much more than
+initiate the project but it was carried on by the Duke of Buckingham as
+Chairman of the Committee. Its active progress was marked by the
+inauguration of the work of the International Juries by the Prince of
+Wales on June 17th. Like the Fisheries and the "Colinderies" which
+followed it in 1886, the "Healtheries" proved ultimately a great
+success. Meanwhile, minor incidents were occurring. On March 1st, 1882,
+as Colonel of the Corps, the Prince presided over the 21st anniversary
+dinner of the Civil Service Volunteers and spoke at some length upon the
+importance of the Volunteer force. Others present on the occasion were
+the Dukes of Manchester and Portland, Viscount Bury, Lord Elcho and
+Colonel Lloyd-Lindsay. On March 10th, 1883, the Duke of Cambridge,
+Commander-in-Chief, called a meeting in London to consider what could be
+done with the neglected British graves in the Crimea and the Prince of
+Wales, who had felt the matter keenly during his visit of years before,
+moved a Resolution declaring that immediate steps should be taken in the
+matter. He spoke with earnestness, contributed L50 toward the project
+and was supported by General Sir W. Codrington, Admiral Sir H. Keppel,
+General Sir L. A. Simmons and Lord Wolseley.
+
+The new City School of London, on the Thames Embankment, was opened by
+His Royal Highness on December 12th, 1882, accompanied by the Princess
+of Wales. On May 21st 1883 crowded memories of his Indian tour were
+revived by the opening of the Northbrook Club for the use of Native
+gentlemen from the East Indies. In his speech the Prince referred with
+gratitude to his "magnificent reception" in India and expressed his
+strong approval of the establishment of a place where natives of that
+Empire could meet together for purposes of relaxation and intercourse.
+The City of London College, intended chiefly for young men who could
+only attend evening classes, was inaugurated on July 8th of this year.
+The Princess was also present. In the House of Lords on February 22nd,
+1884, the Prince made one of his very few speeches in that
+Chamber--although a frequent attendant at its sessions. It was in
+connection with a motion presented by Lord Salisbury for the appointment
+of a Royal Commission to inquire into the housing of the working
+classes. His Royal Highness declared that a searching inquiry was very
+necessary, expressed his pleasure at having been named a member of the
+Commission, referred to his own experiments at Sandringham, and
+expressed the hope that measures of a drastic and thorough kind would
+result. Three days later, accompanied by the Princess, their three
+daughters, and Her Royal Highness the Marchioness of Lorne, the Prince
+of Wales visited the Guards' Industrial Home at Chelsea Barracks and
+distributed the annual prizes.
+
+On March 15th, not for the first time, he presided at the annual meeting
+of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution and spoke strongly of its
+valuable and important work. Other speakers were the Dukes of Argyll and
+Northumberland, Admiral Keppel and Lord C. Beresford. The Guilds of
+London Institute was opened on June 25th and the speech made by the
+Prince was more elaborate than usual. He was well supported by Lord
+Carlingford and Mr. A. J. Mundella, M.P. An important and interesting
+incident of this year was the action of the Prince of Wales in presiding
+over a densely-crowded meeting in the Guild Hall, London, called to
+celebrate the Jubilee of the abolition of slavery in British countries
+and to consider the past and present work of the Anti-Slavery Society.
+On the platform were many distinguished men in every sphere of the
+national life and the speech of His Royal Highness was probably the
+longest he had ever delivered. It was a succinct history of the
+abolition of slavery in various countries and colonies and contained
+many expressions of warm approval toward those who had worked to that
+end--the extension of "the sacred principle of freedom." Sir Stafford
+Northcote, Archbishop Benson of Canterbury, Mr. W. E. Forster, M.P.,
+Cardinal Manning and others spoke, and it was afterwards announced by
+the Lord Mayor that the Prince had consented to become Patron of the
+British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society.
+
+The unveiling of the statue of Charles Darwin in the Museum of Natural
+History on June 9th, 1885, evoked a brief speech and a reference to "the
+great Englishman who had exerted so vast an influence upon the progress
+of branches of natural knowledge." On July 4th the Prince and Princess
+attended the opening of the new building of the Birkbeck Institution in
+London and the former spoke upon its objects and character. On July 5th
+of the previous year he presided at the annual dinner in aid of the
+Railway Guards' Friendly Society and referred in his speech to its
+nature and valuable work. More than L3300 was subscribed, to which the
+Royal chairman gave his usual contribution. The Convalescent Home at
+Swanley was opened on July 13th 1885 and the Prince was accompanied by
+his wife and daughters. A visit was paid two days later to Leeds and the
+Prince and Princess stayed at Studley, the seat of the Marquess of
+Ripon. Various addresses were received at the Town Hall and from thence
+the Royal visitors went to the Yorkshire College, which the Prince duly
+inaugurated amid much state. At the succeeding luncheon he spoke of the
+great importance of the industrial educational work which this
+institution was carrying on. "I have for a long time been deeply
+impressed with the advisability of establishing in our great centres of
+population, colleges and schools, not only for promoting the
+intellectual advancement of the people, but also for increasing their
+prosperity by furthering the application of scientific knowledge to the
+industrial arts."
+
+The sad news of the gallant death of General Gordon affected the Prince
+of Wales as only the loss of a friend who is greatly and personally
+admired can do. He took much interest in the Committee which was formed
+to promote a Memorial and finally summoned a special meeting at
+Marlborough House, on January 12th, 1886, to promote the collection of a
+fund looking to the permanent establishment of a Gordon Boys' Home.
+Speeches were made by General Higginson, the Duke of Cambridge and Lord
+Napier of Magdala, and ultimately the enterprise was fairly placed upon
+its feet. A little later, with Prince Albert Victor and Prince George,
+His Royal Highness went to stay with the Duke of Westminster at Eaton
+Hall. From thence, on January 20th, they visited Liverpool and the
+Mersey Tunnel was formally inaugurated after a drive through the city
+and the reception of the usual addresses and popular welcome. A banquet
+was also received and several speeches made by the Prince. The
+Institution of Civil Engineers entertained the Prince of Wales at dinner
+on March 27th and the Royal guest was accompanied by his eldest son and
+the Duke of Cambridge. Sir Frederick Bramwell presided. On June 28th,
+following, he laid the foundation-stone of the Peoples' Palace amidst
+evidences of unbounded personal popularity in the East End of London;
+with ten thousand people around him--including one thousand delegates
+from the various Trade, Friendly and Temperance Societies in East
+London; and with representative persons in attendance such as Dr. Adler,
+the Chief Rabbi, Cardinal Manning, Archbishop Benson and Mr. Walter
+Besant.
+
+As a result of his deep and practical interest in agricultural matters
+the Prince of Wales held a sale of Shorthorn cattle and Southdown sheep
+at Norwich on July 15th of this year. The sale was a most interesting
+and successful event from a technical as well as general standpoint and
+fully proved the right of the Royal owner of Sandringham to be called a
+farmer and to act as President of the Royal Agricultural Society of
+England. A luncheon given to the agricultural celebrities of England
+followed the sale. On March 12th, 1887, the Prince presided at the
+Jubilee banquet of the London Orphan Asylum and defined its objects and
+work while urging more financial assistance to its projects. Amongst
+those present were the Duke of Abercorn, the Earl of Clarendon, General
+Sir Donald Stewart and Sir Dighton Probyn. The subscriptions announced
+during the evening were L5000, including one hundred guineas from the
+Prince.
+
+On March 30th he opened the new College of Preceptors in London,
+accompanied by the Princess of Wales and the Princesses Victoria and
+Maud. The opening of the Manchester Exhibition followed on May 3rd and
+the Prince and Princesses came to the city from Tatton Hall, where they
+had been staying with Lord Egerton. The usual hearty welcome was given
+along the crowded route. On May 22nd the London Hospital's new buildings
+were inaugurated, the Prince being accompanied by his wife and two
+daughters and the Crown Prince of Denmark. Six days later Tottenham was
+visited and the new portion of the Deaconesses Institution and Hospital
+opened. The Shaftesbury House, or home for shelterless boys, was
+inaugurated on June 17th and on November 3rd His Royal Highness visited
+Truro, accompanied by the Princess and his two sons, attended the
+consecration of the new Cathedral by the Primate of England and spoke
+afterwards at a luncheon given by the principal residents of the Duchy
+of Cornwall. On the following day he presented new colours to the Duke
+of Cornwall's Light Infantry at Devonport.
+
+On May the 8th, 1888, the Prince and Princess of Wales opened the
+Glasgow Exhibition and the former spoke interestingly of the industrial
+development of the time. The statesman whose advice and knowledge had
+been so greatly appreciated by the Prince during his Indian tour was
+fittingly commemorated by the statue on the Thames Embankment which His
+Royal Highness unveiled on June 5th following. Sir Bartle Frere was
+described in the speech accompanying the act as "a great and valued
+public servant of the Crown and a highly esteemed and dear friend of
+myself." On July 6th a new Gymnasium for the Young Men's Christian
+Association was opened in London; on May 9th the Prince and Princess
+visited Blackburn and were enthusiastically received; on May 14th His
+Royal Highness, accompanied by his wife and daughters, Prince Charles of
+Denmark and Prince George of Greece, opened the Anglo-Danish Exhibition
+at South Kensington; on July 17th he inaugurated the new buildings of
+the Great Northern Hospital at Islington and in the autumn of the year
+paid a visit to Austria and some of the countries in Southern Europe.
+
+The purely public events of following years may be briefly and partially
+summarized. In June, 1889, the Prince and Princess of Wales visited the
+Paris Exhibition in a semi-private capacity, and were present at Athens,
+on October 27th, at the wedding of the Duke of Sparta and Princess
+Sophia of Germany. The great Forth Bridge was opened by the Prince in
+March, 1890, and a short time spent with Lord Rosebery at Dalmeny; a
+visit was paid to Berlin, accompanied by Prince George, on March 21st; a
+statue of the Duke of Albany was unveiled at Cannes on April 6th; a new
+nave in the ancient Church of St. Saviour, Southwark, was inaugurated on
+July 24th; the new Town Hall at Portsmouth was opened on August 9th; the
+City of London Electric Railway was inaugurated on November 4th. On
+November 9th, 1891, the theatrical managers of London presented His
+Royal Highness with a large gold cigar-box in honour of his fiftieth
+birthday. In 1892 the Prince visited the Royal Agricultural Society at
+Warwick with the Duke of York, laid the foundation-stone of the
+Clarence Memorial addition to St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, and
+supervised the re-building of Sandringham after the fire which had
+consumed a portion of it. One of the events of 1894 was a visit to
+Coburg in April and attendance at the marriage of his niece and nephew,
+the Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and the Grand Duke of Hesse.
+Another was the opening of the Tower Bridge, London, in June, by the
+Prince and Princess on behalf of the Queen.
+
+On May 16, 1895, the Prince of Wales reviewed the Warwickshire Yeomanry;
+on July 8th he laid the foundation-stone of new buildings at the Epsom
+Medical College; in July he reviewed Italian and British fleets off
+Portsmouth; on July 22nd he opened the new building of the Royal Free
+Hospital, Grey's Inn Road, London; in November he presided at a lecture
+in the Imperial Institute. In 1896 he was formally installed as
+Chancellor of the University of Wales, and stayed at Balmoral in
+September during the visit of the Emperor and Empress of Russia to the
+Queen. In January, 1897, the Prince visited the Duke of Sutherland at
+Trentham Hall; on May 22nd he opened the Blackwell Tunnel; in June he
+participated in all the Jubilee functions, was created Grand Master of
+the Order of the Bath and gave a banquet, in honour of the appointment,
+to all living Knights Grand Cross of the Order, which was a unique
+gathering of men distinguished in diplomacy, statesmanship, in the Army
+and Navy, and in Imperial and civil administration. During the following
+year he distributed prizes in June at Wellington College and laid the
+foundation-stone of new buildings at University College Hospital; on
+December 23rd he attended the opening service of a restored church at
+Sherbourne. On June 19, 1899, His Royal Highness held a Levee at St.
+James's Palace; on July 6th he received the freedom of the City of
+Edinburgh; and on September 18th he presented new colours to the Gordon
+Highlanders.
+
+Such was the general character and scope of the Prince's public life.
+There would have been little object served in elaborating the
+description of these ceremonial events. They are of value and necessary
+to a clear comprehension of the position and manifold duties of the
+Prince of Wales, and quite enough have been given for this purpose.
+During all these thirty years the work of the Heir Apparent increased in
+its importance and multifarious character until every interest and
+element in the population found a place in its performance. It was
+arduous and unceasing, but the Prince never showed weariness and always
+appeared with the same unaffected _bonhomie_ and natural dignity
+whatever the extent of his work or the character of the function. The
+end of it all was a popularity as unique as it was thoroughly and well
+deserved.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+Special Functions and Interests
+
+
+The Prince of Wales' connection with the Masonic Order was an early one
+and had always been a close and sincerely interested one. He was first
+initiated in 1868 by the late King of Sweden when staying at Stockholm.
+He served several terms as Worshipful Master of the Royal Alpha Lodge,
+which consisted of a number of Grand Officers, generally noblemen, and
+in this lodge he personally initiated his eldest son, the late Duke of
+Clarence and Avondale, in 1885. He was also permanent Master of the
+Prince of Wales Lodge, to which he initiated the Duke of Connaught in
+1874. When the Marquess of Ripon retired from the Grand Mastership of
+English Freemasons in 1875 the Prince of Wales accepted the post and was
+installed on April 28th at the Royal Albert Hall. The function was
+perhaps the most memorable and imposing in the British history of the
+Order. In the vast Hall there were more than ten thousand members of the
+craft, of all ranks and degrees, and in costume suited to their Masonic
+conditions. Many distinguished visitors and deputations from foreign
+lodges were present in the reserved inclosure. The Earl of Carnarvon
+performed the initial ceremonies and in the address to His Royal
+Highness referred to the gathering around them: "I may truly say that
+never in the whole history of Freemasonry has such a Grand Lodge been
+convened as that on which my eye rests at this moment and there is,
+further, an inner view to be taken, that so far as my eyes can carry me
+over these serried ranks of white and blue, and gold and purple, I
+recognize in them men who have solemnly taken obligations of worth and
+morality--men who have undertaken the duties of citizens and the loyalty
+of subjects."
+
+
+THE PRINCE'S ADDRESS AS MASONIC GRAND MASTER
+
+In his reply the Prince expressed an "ardent and sincere wish" to follow
+in the footsteps of his predecessors and the belief that, so long as
+Freemasons did not mix themselves up in politics, "this high and noble
+Order will flourish and will maintain the integrity of our great
+Empire." After deputations had been received from the Grand Lodges of
+Scotland, Ireland, Sweden and Denmark the new Grand Master appointed
+Lord Carnarvon to be Pro-Grand-Master, Lord Skelmersdale to be Deputy
+Grand Master and the Marquess of Hamilton and the Lord Mayor of London
+to two other chief offices. In the evening a grand banquet was held at
+which he presided and made several tactful speeches. The Duke of
+Connaught, the Duke of Manchester, the late Earl of Rosslyn and the
+representatives of various Grand Lodges also spoke. On July 1st, 1886,
+His Royal Highness was installed as Grand Master of the Mark Master
+Masons in the presence of more than one thousand Grand, Past and
+Provincial Officers from India and the Colonies as well as from the
+United Kingdom. The Earl of Kintore presided in the early stages of the
+function and was afterwards appointed Pro-Grand Master, with Lord
+Egerton of Tatton as Deputy Grand Master and the Duke of Connaught as
+Senior Grand Warden.
+
+During the Queen's Jubilee, on June 13th, 1887, it was decided to
+present an address to Her Majesty as Patron of the Order and of various
+Masonic charities. The formal action was taken at an immense gathering
+in the Royal Albert Hall, on the date mentioned, when some seven
+thousand officers and members, representatives of the Lodges of the
+Empire met and passed a Resolution to that effect. His Royal Highness
+the Grand Master, who was accompanied by Prince Albert Victor and the
+Duke of Connaught, presided and was able to announce, after this part of
+the business had been disposed of and the National Anthem sung with
+enthusiasm, that L6000 had that day been paid in by members and was to
+be entirely devoted to Masonic charities for the children and the aged.
+Two years later, on July 6, 1888, and in the same place, the Prince of
+Wales presided over the centennial banquet of the Royal Masonic
+Institute for Girls. With him were the King of Sweden and Norway, Prince
+Albert Victor, the Earls of Carnarvon, Lathom and Zetland, Lord Egerton
+of Tatton, Lord Leigh and many other eminent Masons. One of the speeches
+of the Chairman was devoted to a history of the institution they were
+trying to help and to a request for funds to erect additional buildings
+and better accommodations. The response afterwards announced to the
+appeal, made before and at this dinner, was L50,472 of which London
+contributed L22,454 and the Provinces, India and the Colonies the
+balance.
+
+
+THE PATRON OF ART
+
+Another subject in which the Prince always took a great and active
+interest was that of Art--especially as embodied in the work of the
+Royal Academy. His first appearance in this connection was at the annual
+banquet on May 4th, 1863, and it has been noted that at the various
+subsequent occasions of this kind at which he spoke, despite the
+sameness of the toasts and subjects, there was always fresh material in
+his remarks. At the banquet on May 5th, 1866, Sir Francis Grant presided
+for the first time as President and amongst the speakers besides His
+Royal Highness were his brother Prince Alfred, the Duke of Cambridge,
+the Archbishop of Canterbury, Earl Russell and the Earl of Derby. In
+1867 and in 1870 he also spoke and on the latter occasion the speakers
+included Mr. J. Lothrop Motley, the American Minister, and Charles
+Dickens. At the banquet in 1871 the Prince spoke and at that of 1874 he
+drew special attention to the picture, "Calling the Roll," which
+afterwards made Miss Elizabeth Thompson so famous, and to a statue by J.
+E. Boehm which was the beginning of that sculptor's rise to distinction.
+
+The Prince of Wales was again present in May, 1875 and then, owing to
+other pressing engagements, missed four years. At the annual banquet on
+May 3rd, 1879, which he attended, Sir Frederick Leighton was President
+of the Academy and the Prince made kindly allusion to the memory of his
+late predecessor. Amongst the other speakers were Lord Beaconsfield, Mr.
+W. H. Smith and Lord Chief Justice Cockburn. At the banquet in 1880, Sir
+F. Leighton paid his Royal guest an unusual compliment: "Sir, of the
+graces by which Your Royal Highness has won and firmly retains the
+affectionate attachment of Englishmen none has operated more strongly
+than the width of your sympathies; for there is no honourable sphere in
+which Englishmen move, no path of life in which they tread, wherein Your
+Royal Highness has not, at some time, by graceful word or deed, evinced
+an enlightened interest." In 1881, the central subject of toast and
+speech was Sir Frederick Roberts, who had come fresh from the fields of
+Cabul and Candahar; but the Prince of Wales did not forget an illusion
+to the death of "that great statesman" the Earl of Beaconsfield. In 1885
+His Royal Highness was accompanied for the first time by Prince Albert
+Victor and in 1888 he was able to refer to the fact of this occasion
+being not only the year of his silver wedding but the year which marked
+a quarter of a century since his first appearance amongst them.
+
+The Corporation of Trinity House, which in the time of Henry VIII. had
+been a guild for the encouragement of the art and science of navigation
+and had latterly come into the work of building lighthouses and
+protecting ships along the coasts of England, was always an object of
+interest and support to the Prince of Wales. In 1865 he declined the
+post of Master--which had been held by men like Lord Liverpool, the Duke
+of Wellington, the Prince Consort and Lord Palmerston--in favour of his
+brother the Sailor Prince. He attended the next annual banquet, however,
+together with the King of the Belgians, and two years later was
+installed as one of the "Younger Brethren" of Trinity House. The Duke of
+Richmond and Lord Napier of Magdala were amongst the other speakers. The
+banquet of July 4th, 1869 was especially interesting from the eminent
+men of all parties whom it brought together. The Prince of Wales
+presided, in the absence of the Duke of Edinburgh, and the speakers
+included Mr. Gladstone, Mr. Bright, Mr. Disraeli, Sir Stafford Northcote
+and Sir John Burgoyne. He again attended and addressed the banquet of
+Trinity House on June 24, 1871, and presided at that of June 27, 1874.
+His speech upon the latter occasion contained various important facts
+and opinions upon the improvement of navigation facilities. At the
+dinner in 1877 the Prince again presided and in the proposing his health
+the late Earl of Derby said: "His Royal Highness has not only now, but
+for many years past done all that is in the power of man to do, by
+genial courtesies towards men of every class and by his indefatigable
+assiduity in the performance of every social duty, to secure at once
+that public respect which is due to his exalted position and that social
+sympathy and personal popularity which no position, however exalted, can
+of itself be sufficient to secure." The most interesting event of this
+occasion was the presence and very brief soldierly speech of General U.
+S. Grant.
+
+[Illustration: A NOTABLE GROUP OF ROYAL RELATIONS PHOTOGRAPHED IN KING
+EDWARD'S HOME
+  King Edward         Emperor of Germany   Queen Alexandra
+  King of Spain       Queen of Spain       Empress of Germany
+  Queen of Portugal   Queen of Norway]
+
+[Illustration: KING EDWARD VII
+  In Highland Garb]
+
+[Illustration: THREE GENERATIONS OF ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS
+  King Edward VII, seated between his son King George V and his
+  grandson Edward, heir apparent to the throne]
+
+[Illustration: THE MAUSOLEUM FROGMORE, WINDSOR]
+
+The encouragement of Musical education and the promotion of a public
+taste for music was one of the subjects in which the Prince of Wales
+took a deep and practical interest. He believed in the humanizing and
+civilizing effects of music and felt that amongst a people who had made
+a home for Haendel and who had in older days loved glees and madrigals
+and choral compositions there was room, in a more hum-drum age, for the
+encouragement of popular taste in this direction. The Royal Academy of
+Music, founded in 1822, had done some good but limited service and, in
+1875, he placed himself at the head of a movement to further the love
+and practice of music amongst the people. A meeting was held at
+Marlborough House on June 15th for the immediate purpose of establishing
+free scholarships in connection with the proposed National Training
+Schools for Music, near the Royal Albert Hall, and there were present
+the Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Christian, the Duke of Teck, the
+Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Lord Mayor of London and many
+Provincial Mayors, and a numerous company distinguished by public
+reputation or position. The result of this action was most successful,
+and in 1878, the Prince endeavoured to complete it by bringing the
+Academy and the Training Schools into union.
+
+
+ENCOURAGES MUSICAL EDUCATION
+
+Failing in this, however, he presided on February 28th 1882 at a meeting
+in St. James's Palace held for the purpose of founding a "Royal College
+of Music" and attended by one of the most representative gatherings
+which His Royal Highness had ever brought together. His speech was an
+able and elaborate statement of the importance of a national cultivation
+of music and the necessity for its promotion in the United Kingdom. "Why
+is it," he asked, "that England has no music recognized as national? It
+has able composers but nothing indicative of the national life or
+national feeling. The reason is not far to seek. There is no centre of
+music to which English musicians may resort with confidence and thence
+derive instruction, counsel and inspiration." The plan was then clearly
+outlined and enthusiastically accepted--Lord Rosebery, Mr. Gladstone
+and Sir Stafford Northcote being amongst those who spoke and supported
+the project presented by the Royal chairman. A little later, on March
+23rd, the Prince invited a number of gentlemen connected with the
+Colonial part of the Empire to meet him at Marlborough House in order to
+discuss how best the benefits of the College might be extended and
+applied to the more distant British countries.
+
+On May 7th, 1883, the Royal College of Music was formally inaugurated
+after an effort amongst its supporters which had included the holding of
+forty-four public meetings throughout the country. With the Prince of
+Wales were present the Princess, the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh, the
+Princess Christian and the Trustees, amongst whom were the Duke of
+Westminster, Sir Richard Wallace, M.P., Sir George Grove and Sir John
+Rose. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Mr. Gladstone and many others were
+also present. The Royal founder of the institution spoke at unusual
+length, referred to the teaching and examining powers of the College,
+asked for aid in establishing scholarships and extending its usefulness
+and dilated upon the importance of the objects aimed at. "I trust that
+the College will become the recognized centre and head of the musical
+world in this country. Music is, in the best sense, the most popular of
+all arts. If that government be the best which provides for the
+happiness of the greatest number, that art must be the best which at the
+least expense pleases the greatest number." The project proved most
+successful and the Royal College of Music became one of the recognized
+institutions of the Empire.
+
+
+VISIT TO IRELAND IN 1885
+
+The Royal visit to Ireland in 1885 was an important incident in the
+public life of the Prince of Wales. It was seventeen years since he and
+the Princess had visited that much-troubled country and many untoward
+events had occurred since then. The proposal for another visit was not
+popular with a section of the Irish press and politicians, but when it
+was evident that the generous instincts of the Irish people were going
+to make the occasion a demonstration of kindly feeling, if not of
+loyalty after the English fashion, they changed their attitude and
+recommended a "dignified neutrality." Even this advice was very largely,
+however, lost sight of in the eventual result. On April 9th the Royal
+couple, accompanied by Prince Albert Victor, arrived at Kingstown amid
+the usual decorations and crowds and accepted an address of welcome. In
+Dublin the address was presented by the City Reception Committee instead
+of by the Lord Mayor and Corporation. An important clause in this
+document to which the Prince made no reference in his cautious reply was
+as follows: "We venture to assure you that it would be a great
+gratification to Her Majesty's loyal subjects in Ireland if a permanent
+Royal residence should be established in our country." A visit was paid
+at the conclusion of these proceedings to the Royal Dublin Society and
+the Agricultural Show.
+
+Later in the day the Prince, attended only by his eldest son and without
+notice of his intention, visited some of the poorest parts of the city
+and saw for himself the condition of the people. It soon became known,
+however, that he was amongst them and hearty cheers were given him
+wherever the people caught a glimpse of their visitor. On the following
+day thirty different addresses were received from various public bodies
+and in replying to them the Prince said: "In varied capacities and by
+widely different paths you pursue those great objects which, dear to
+you, are, believe me, dear also to me--the prosperity and progress of
+Ireland, the welfare and happiness of her people. From my heart I wish
+you success and I would that time and my own powers would permit me to
+explain fully and in detail the deep interest which I feel not only in
+the welfare of this great Empire at large but in the true happiness of
+those several classes of the community on whose behalf you have come
+here to-day." The next event was the laying of the foundation stone of
+the new Museum of Science and Art. The route was densely thronged, the
+houses beautifully decorated and the cheers of the people enthusiastic.
+An appropriate speech was made and then the Prince and his wife and son,
+accompanied by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess Spencer, drove to the
+Royal University where they were received by the Chancellor, the Duke of
+Abercorn, and the Honorary degree of LL. D. bestowed upon the Prince and
+that of Doctor of Music upon the Princess.
+
+Succeeding incidents of the visit were a brilliant Levee at Dublin
+Castle; a Drawing-room held by the Princess of Wales; a state ball given
+by the Lord Lieutenant, which was a great success; a visit to the Arlane
+Industrial School; an enthusiastic reception at Trinity College from a
+great and representative gathering; the presentation of new colours to
+the Cornwall Regiment, then stationed in Dublin, with a speech--as on
+most of the other occasions mentioned--from the Prince. On April 13th
+the Prince and Princess started for Cork and on the way thither, at
+Mallow, there was some attempt at a hostile demonstration. An effort of
+the same kind was made at Cork but was nullified by the cordial
+hospitality of the masses of the people. The Royal visitors left Ireland
+on April 17th well satisfied with the general loyalty and courtesy of
+their reception.
+
+
+HIS PART IN THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE
+
+In two of the great events which characterized the closing years of the
+Victorian era and his Mother's reign the Prince of Wales took a
+prominent and most important part--the Queen's Jubilee of 1887 and the
+Diamond Jubilee of ten years later. Upon no other occasion has his
+actual executive ability been better tested than in the latter event.
+Few, perhaps, can adequately realize the immense amount of work which
+devolved upon, or was assumed by, the Prince in this connection. He
+undertook many of the functions; he was present with the Queen at all
+the events of a busy, crowded week; he directed most of the detail and
+guided the complicated etiquette and procedure of the occasion; he
+personally controlled the arrangements for the splendid procession
+through the streets of London; he overlooked the plans for the service
+in the Abbey and for the protection of the massed multitude in the
+streets; he received and entertained many of the Royal personages who
+came from abroad. In both of these great events the Prince of Wales
+appreciated the new and peculiar significance added to the formal or
+popular British celebrations by the presence of Colonial leaders and
+troops and visitors. He had, in fact, to stamp the Imperial character
+and standing of these great demonstrations.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+The Prince and His Family
+
+
+The home life of the Prince and Princess of Wales was never an
+absolutely private one. It was lived in the light of an almost ceaseless
+publicity. Not that the actual house of the Royal couple was, or could
+ever be, unduly invaded; but that every visitor was a more or less
+interested spectator and student of conditions and that every trifling
+incident, as well as the more important matters, of every-day life were
+remembered, repeated, or recorded as they would never be in an ordinary
+household.
+
+
+HOME LIFE OF THE ROYAL COUPLE
+
+Memoirs of British statesmen, leaders in art, or literature, or
+religion, or the Army and the Navy, teem with references, during forty
+years, to the life of the Heir Apparent and his wife at Sandringham or
+Marlborough and, without exception, they convey the impression of honest
+domestic happiness and unity. Gossip during that long period there had
+been, of course; unpleasant inuendoes had been uttered in a small and
+unpleasant section of the press; peculiar and, for the most obvious
+reasons, impossible stories had been cabled from time to time across the
+Atlantic; but they were patiently borne by those who were the easy
+victims of silly statements and they were more than controverted by the
+tributes published from men who have lived on terms of intimacy with the
+Royal family and whose death lifted, occasionally, the seal of secrecy
+from their natural reserve and made the expression of their opinions and
+experiences possible.
+
+The steady growth of the Prince and Princess in popular favour and the
+fact that even the most irresponsible or unscrupulous purveyor of news
+to such sheets as Mr. Labouchere's _Truth_ had never dared to reflect
+upon the Princess of Wales' beauty of character and life sufficed long
+before the accession of His Royal Highness to the Throne to kill even
+the surreptitious stories which always float upon the surface of society
+regarding persons in Royal positions. In this connection may be quoted
+the interesting reference to the subject made by Mr. G. W. Smalley, the
+well-known American writer who for so many years acted as London
+correspondent of the New York _Tribune_. He was dealing, under date of
+January 17th, 1892, with the premature death of the young Duke of
+Clarence and, after referring to the freshness of affection which
+prevailed throughout the Royal family, he proceeded in these words: "It
+is known to be strong and pure in all three generations--indeed there
+are now four--which together make up the Royal family of England. * * *
+The domestic traditions were followed just as faithfully at Marlborough
+House as at Windsor. The Prince of Wales's has been not merely a good
+but a devoted family. The Princess, whose whole life has been beautiful
+is in nothing more beautiful than in her love for her children. She
+passed from the bedside of her second son whose life she helped to
+save--they say that Prince George never rallied till his mother returned
+to nurse him--to the bedside of her first-born by whose grave she has
+now to stand."
+
+Sandringham Hall in Norfolk was the real home of the Royal couple and it
+was there that the children of their marriage spent much of their
+younger days and received much of the training which was to fit them for
+lives of more or less public duty and the responsibilities which go with
+public position. Marlborough House, in London, was the social centre,
+the official environment, the public residence, of the Prince and
+Princess of Wales. But the former place was always the one where they
+liked to be, where the heart of the Princess always rested with most
+interest and affection, where the enjoyment of the comforts of country
+and home life came with most force to the Prince and to his children.
+Around Sandringham the grounds and woods and park were not allowed to be
+spoiled by art--the latter was used in just such a degree as would help
+nature. The house, or palace, was concealed from view until the visitor
+was quite close to it and its home-like simplicity has always been a
+much-described quality. There was no elaboration of decoration, or
+straining after an appearance of stately luxury. Comfort seemed to be
+the aim and it was most certainly attained. The hall was designed
+somewhat after the style of the old-fashioned banquetting halls, the
+various rooms were arranged for convenience and comfort, the decorations
+were beautiful without being gorgeous, the objects of interest, ornament
+and curiosity in the drawing-rooms and elsewhere were, of course, simply
+countless.
+
+Above the porch in front of the Hall was the quaint legend: "This house
+was built by Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, and Alexandra his wife, in
+the year of our Lord 1870". The place was originally purchased for
+L220,000--saved from the revenues of the Duchy of Cornwall by the Prince
+Consort's management--but further large sums had to be spent in order to
+make the mansion comfortable and the estate the model which it
+afterwards became. The former was practically rebuilt in 1870 but not
+until every cottage or farm-house on the property had been first
+rebuilt, or repaired. The house contained, particularly, the great hall
+or saloon decorated with trophies of the chase in all countries and with
+many caskets of gold and silver containing some of the addresses
+presented to the Prince from time to time; the dining-room with its high
+oak roof and great fire-place, walls covered with tapestry given the
+Prince by the late King of Spain and a side-board covered with racing
+and yachting prizes in gold and silver; the chief drawing room with
+hangings of dull gold silk, furniture brocaded in soft red and gold,
+large panel mirrors and quantities of exquisite Sevres and Dresden
+china; the conservatory where tea was often served; a great ball-room
+and handsome billiard and smoking rooms. The boudoir of the Princess has
+been described as a dream of grace and simple beauty and everything
+about the place was arranged with a view to combining comfort with charm
+of appearance. The hundred servants employed in or out of the house had
+everything that could make their lives pleasant and happy.
+
+
+EDUCATION OF THE ROYAL FAMILY
+
+Amidst these surroundings the sons and daughters of the Royal couple
+were brought up. Upon the education of the boys the Prince of Wales
+utilized his own knowledge of life as well as the traditions of his
+father's training of himself. He is said to have believed that the study
+of men and the ways of the world had not been sufficiently considered in
+his own case and that he wished his sons, while escaping the
+nervousness, constraints and adulation which surrounded the Court,
+should also avoid the sycophancy and flattery which might be expected in
+their cases at a public school--even of the highest. He therefore
+decided that a training ship in early youth and the fresh air, vigorous
+life and wholesome discipline of the Navy in immediately following years
+would be the best system of education. Prince Albert Victor and Prince
+George were, consequently, placed on board the _Britannia_ training ship
+in 1870 and there they spent two years under conditions of study, work,
+training, mess, discipline and dress exactly similar to those of their
+shipmates. Their only dissipation was an occasional visit from their
+parents and the usual holiday period at home. During the two years spent
+on this ship they learned carpentering, the details of a ship's rigging
+and a certain amount of engineering.
+
+At the end of this period it was decided by the Prince to send his sons
+for a prolonged cruise around the world as midshipmen on H.M.S.
+_Bacchante_. They were to have the same duties and treatment as the
+other midshipmen--except perhaps that their teaching would be more
+careful and their studies more severe. Special instructors in
+seamanship, gunnery, mathematics and naval conditions were appointed,
+with the Rev. J. N. Dalton, M.A., as Governor, in charge while they were
+on shore and with supervision over their ordinary studies when at sea.
+Lord Charles Scott, Captain of the war-ship, was, of course, supreme
+when the Princes were on board his vessel. The cruise of the _Bacchante_
+commenced in September, 1879, and terminated in August, 1882. During
+that period it traversed over fifty-four thousand miles and the Royal
+midshipmen saw and visited Gibraltar, Madeira, Teneriffe, the West India
+Islands, Bermuda, the Cape Verde Islands, Monte Video, the Falkland
+Islands, Cape Colony, Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland and
+Brisbane, Victoria and Melbourne, New South Wales and Sydney, the Fiji
+Islands, Japan, Hong-Kong, Shanghai, Canton, the Straits Settlements,
+Ceylon, Egypt and the Holy Land, Athens, Crete, Corfu and Sicily. In
+1886 two handsome volumes, carefully edited by the Rev. Mr. Dalton, and
+comprising the private journals and diaries of the young Princes, were
+published in London and were found to contain many sensible reflections
+and much garnered information upon the many countries visited during
+this circumnavigation of the globe. It was not all serious study and
+work, however, during this period, and in almost every place touched at,
+where the Princes had anything like a chance, there is still to be found
+some cherished anecdote of Royal jokes or pranks--especially on the part
+of Prince George.
+
+Meanwhile great care and thought had been devoted to the education of
+the three daughters. From the nursery they passed into a school-room in
+which French and German, music, history and mathematics were the studies
+most interesting to their father, while the learning of dressmaking and
+sewing in various branches, cooking, dairy work, the superintending of a
+garden and the management of a house were carefully watched over by the
+Princess of Wales. The Princess Victoria was said, in the days following
+the completion of her education, to have the most domestic turn of mind
+of the three sisters, together with a pronounced artistic taste.
+Latterly she had taken over much of the supervision of household matters
+at Sandringham and Marlborough from her Royal mother and is, in 1902,
+the only unmarried member of the family. The Princess Maud was, as a
+girl, merry, pretty and clever; a capital all-round sportswoman and fond
+of horses, dogs, birds, yachting and riding; possessed at home of the
+nick-name "Harry," and said to be the Prince's favourite daughter; fond
+of _incognito_ experiences, charities and amusements. The Princess
+Louise was a quieter and less striking character, and, like her younger
+sister, was afterwards allowed to marry the man of her choice, although
+he did not possess the high position which the Royal father might
+naturally have desired.
+
+
+MEMORIES OF PRINCE ALBERT VICTOR
+
+Following the return of the two Princes from their cruise, Prince Albert
+Victor was taken by his father to Cambridge, in 1883, and duly installed
+as an undergraduate of Trinity College. There he read regularly for six
+or seven hours a day, made himself thoroughly familiar with French and
+German, and associated himself in a most marked way with the men of
+intellect and character who were around him--nearly all his companions
+afterwards becoming distinguished in one way or another. Always modest
+and retiring he liked to entertain very quietly and to enjoy any
+possible musical occasion which presented itself. Hockey, polo and a
+little riding were his outdoor amusements. He came of age in 1885, the
+University conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D., and, during
+the next few years, he worked as an officer in the Army. It was on the
+attainment of his majority that Prince Albert Victor received a most
+interesting letter, under date of January 7th, from Mr. Gladstone. In it
+the veteran statesman said to the prospective Sovereign: "There lies
+before Your Royal Highness in prospect the occupation--I trust at a
+distant date--of a throne which, to me at least, appears the most
+illustrious in the world, from its history and associations, from its
+legal basis, from the weight of the cares it brings, from the loyal love
+of the people, and from the unparalleled opportunities it gives, in so
+many ways and so many regions, of doing good to the almost countless
+numbers whom the Almighty has placed beneath the sceptre of England." He
+went on to express the earnest hope that His Royal Highness might ever
+grow in the principles and qualities which should adorn his great
+vocation.
+
+During the Session of Parliament in 1889, the Prince of Wales was voted
+L36,000 annually in trust for the use of his children, and at about the
+same time it was decided to send Prince Albert Victor on a visit to
+India. On the way thither, at Athens, on October 20th, the latter was
+present at the wedding of his two cousins, the Duke of Sparta and the
+Princess Sophia of Prussia, daughter of the Empress Frederick. In the
+great Eastern Empire he remained until April, 1890; visiting Hyderabad,
+Mysore, Madras and Calcutta, and meeting with a cordial reception which,
+however, lacked the great state and ceremony of his Royal father's
+famous tour. Lord Lansdowne was Viceroy and made a most admirable host
+and mentor. On May 24th, following, the young Prince was created Duke of
+Clarence and Avondale and Earl of Athlone, and commenced to take his
+place in public life as Heir Presumptive to the Throne. In November of
+the year 1891 Prince George who had, meanwhile, been pursuing his
+vocation in the Navy, was taken ill at Sandringham. The Princess was
+away but, pending her return, his father nursed him personally with care
+and devotion. Typhoid--the disease which had carried off the Prince
+Consort and so nearly killed the Heir Apparent, developed and the family
+anxiety was very great. At this point, on December 8th, the engagement
+of the Duke of Clarence to his cousin, the very popular and beautiful
+Princess May of Teck, was announced amidst general congratulations.
+
+
+DEATH OF THE DUKE OF CLARENCE
+
+Then came one of the saddest events in the history of the British Royal
+family. The young Duke had only been engaged a few weeks and
+preparations had been commenced for the stately ceremonial of his
+marriage, when it was announced that he had caught cold at the funeral
+of Prince Victor of Hohenlohe and was confined to his room. With but
+little notice pneumonia developed, the constitutional weakness of his
+system was unable to throw it off, and within a few days he was
+dead--January 15th, 1892. Prince George, in the meantime, had recovered,
+but those who saw the Prince of Wales walking beside his eldest son's
+body from Sandringham Church to the station, say that his obvious grief
+was almost pathetic. As to the mother she never really got over the
+sadness of that death and the removal of her favourite son. If there
+was, at times, a sad expression in her eyes, years after the event, it
+was no doubt due to the sudden shock and great loss which then came to
+her.
+
+Five days afterwards, the following telegram to Sir Francis Knollys was
+made public: "The Prince and Princess of Wales are anxious to express to
+Her Majesty's subjects in the United Kingdom, the Colonies, and in
+India, the sense of their deep gratitude for the universal feeling of
+sympathy manifested toward them at a time when they are overpowered by
+the terrible calamity which they have sustained in the loss of their
+beloved eldest son. If sympathy at such a moment is of any avail, the
+remembrance that their grief has been shared by all classes will be a
+lasting consolation to their sorrowing hearts, and, if possible, will
+make them more than ever attached to their dear country." The affection
+of Queen Victoria for this grandson, whom the _Times_ of January 19th
+described as possessing "modesty, affectionateness, kindness, love of
+order, the desire to render every man his due, and reverence for age and
+greatness," is well-known to have been intense, and from Osborne, on
+January 26th, Her Majesty issued the following letter:
+
+     "I must once again give expression to my deep sense of the loyalty
+     and affectionate sympathy evinced by my subjects in every part of
+     my Empire on an occasion more sad and tragical than any but one
+     which has befallen me and mine, as well as the Nation. The
+     overwhelming misfortune of my dearly-loved grandson having been
+     thus suddenly cut off in the flower of his age, full of promise for
+     the future, amiable and gentle, and endearing himself to all,
+     renders it hard for his sorely-stricken parents, his dear young
+     bride and his fond Grandmother to bow in submission to the
+     inscrutable decrees of Providence."
+
+Meantime, on June 27th, 1889, the marriage of the Princess Louise had
+taken place. Her engagement to the Earl of Fife was somewhat of a
+surprise to a social world which does not like to be surprised. Though
+the Princess was twenty-two and the groom forty they had known each
+other for years and Lord Fife had been a frequent and welcome guest at
+Sandringham, while the Prince and Princess of Wales had long been on
+terms of intimacy with his parents. His was the only bachelor's house at
+which the Princess of Wales had ever been entertained. It could not, of
+course, be supposed that this first marriage in his family--the children
+of which might be very close to the Throne--was quite as lofty a match
+as the Royal father might wish, yet when he found that the matter was
+settled so far as the couple were personally concerned, he accepted the
+situation and asked the Queen's consent to the engagement. The wedding
+was duly celebrated at Buckingham Palace in the presence of the Queen,
+the Prince and Princess of Wales and their children, the King of the
+Helenes, the Crown Prince of Denmark, and the Grand Duke of Hesse. Lord
+Fife, who was personally very wealthy, was created Duke of Fife and
+Marquess of Macduff, and his wife shared in the subsequent special grant
+given to the Heir Apparent for the proper maintenance of his children.
+Afterwards, on the birth of the first child of the Duke and Duchess it
+was decided that she should not assume Royal rank but be known by the
+courtesy title due to her father's place in the Peerage. This
+child--Lady Alexandra Victoria Alberta Edwina Louise Duff--was born on
+May 17th, 1891, and on April 3rd, 1893, the Lady Maud Alexandra Victoria
+Georgia Bertha Duff was born. Meanwhile an interesting event had
+occurred on March 10, 1888, in the celebration of the Silver Wedding of
+the Prince and Princess of Wales. Illuminations in London and a ball at
+Buckingham Palace marked the event.
+
+Prince George of Wales was now Heir Presumptive to the Throne and upon
+him were devolved the more or less arduous duties of that position.
+Following his brother's death he gave up active service in the Navy and
+on May 24th, 1892, was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron
+Killarney. The importance of his marriage was now obvious and a year and
+a quarter after the death of the Duke of Clarence the engagement of his
+brother to the Princess May of Teck was officially announced. The
+wedding took place on July 6th, 1893, and there could be no doubt by
+that time of the popularity of the young couple and of the national
+pleasure at their union. The decorations in London eclipsed those of the
+Queen's ubilee and the crowds were equally great. The ceremony was
+performed at the Chapel Royal, St. James's, instead of at St. George's,
+Windsor, where the Queen, the Prince of Wales, the Princesses Helena and
+Louise and the Dukes of Albany and Connaught had been wedded. Amongst
+the great gathering present at the ceremony were Her Majesty and the
+Royal family as a whole, the Duke and Duchess of Teck, Lord Salisbury,
+Lord Rosebery, Mr. Morley, Mr. Bryce, Mr. Chamberlain, Sir W. V.
+Harcourt, Lord Ripon, Lord Spencer, Lord Herschell, Mr. Balfour, Mr.
+Goschen, the Dukes of Argyll, Norfolk and Devonshire, Mr. Gladstone, the
+Hon. T. F. Bayard, American Minister, several Indian Princes and many
+others. The _Times_ of July 7th had the following comment upon the
+event:
+
+     "Few Royal weddings of our time aroused such unusual enthusiasm as
+     the union of the Duke of York with the bride of his choice--an
+     English Princess, born and bred in an English home, endeared to all
+     hearts by the now softened memory of a tragic sorrow and richly
+     endowed with all the qualities which inspire the brightest hopes
+     for the future. Fewer still have ever been celebrated with happier
+     omens, or in more auspicious circumstances than that of yesterday.
+     The pomp of a brilliant Court, the acclaim, at once tumultuous and
+     orderly, of the mightiest of cities, spontaneously making holiday
+     and decking itself in its brightest and bravest, the simultaneous
+     rejoicing of a whole people, the sympathy, unbought and yet
+     priceless, of a world-wide Empire, the radiant splendour of an
+     English summer day--all these combined to make the ceremony of
+     yesterday an occasion as memorable as that of the Jubilee itself."
+
+[Illustration: KING EDWARD AND HIS FAMOUS RACE HORSE MINORU, WHICH WON
+THE DERBY IN 1909.
+
+Minoru (Herbert Jones up), Mr. Richard Marsh (Trainer to
+the late King), Lord Marcus Beresford (Manager of the late King's
+thoroughbreds), King Edward.
+
+King Edward was not only a great King, but a great sportsman as well. He
+had a typically British love of outdoor pastimes as an active
+participator and not a mere looker-on. At various times he was
+associated with nearly every form of British sport. Yachting and
+shooting were two of his favorites, but it was his close connection with
+the turf which most appealed to the general public. Probably no other
+breeder of thoroughbreds ever had such a trio of equine giants as
+Florizel II, Persimmon and Diamond Jubilee. And in one year, 1909, he
+won over L29,000. When his horse Minoru won the Derby in 1909, the
+people in their enthusiasm surged all over the course after the race,
+but the King went down amongst them, and himself led his horse in to the
+paddock.]
+
+[Illustration: FAMILIAR SNAPSHOTS OF KING EDWARD AS HIS SUBJECTS BEST
+KNEW HIM.]
+
+[Illustration: KING EDWARD'S MOST INTIMATE FRIENDS.
+
+1. Lieutenant-Colonel George L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O.,
+Equerry-in-Waiting to the late King. 2. Lord Burnham, K.C.V.O.,
+principal proprietor of the "Daily Telegraph." 3. Count Albert D.
+Mensdorff-Pouilly, the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador. 4. Lord Suffield,
+P.C., G.C.V.O., K.C.B., Lord-in-Waiting to the late King. 5. Mr. Alfred
+C. de Rothschild, C.V.O., Austro-Hungarian Consul-General. 6. Mr. Arthur
+Sassoon, M.V.O., a member of a famous Anglo-Indian family. 7. The
+Marquis de Soveral, G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., the Portuguese Minister. 8. Lord
+Allington, K.C.V.O., a great Dorsetshire landowner. 9. Sir Ernest
+Cassel, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., the well-known financier and
+philanthropist. 10. Lord Farquhar, G.C.V.O., Extra Lord-in-Waiting to
+the late King, and formerly Master of the Household.]
+
+[Illustration: KING EDWARD'S MOST INTIMATE FRIENDS.
+
+1. Lord Esher, G.C.V.O., G.C.B., Deputy Governor of Windsor Castle. 2.
+Lord Marcus Beresford, Extra Equerry and Manager of King Edward's
+thoroughbreds. 3. Earl Howe, G.C.V.O., Lord-in-Waiting to the late King
+and Lord Chamberlain to Queen Alexandra. 4. The Rev. Canon Edgar
+Sheppard, D.D., C.V.O., Domestic Chaplain to the late King. 5. Sir
+Donald Mackenzie Wallace, K.C.L.E., K.C.V.O., Extra Groom-in-Waiting to
+the late King. 6. Lord Ilchester, who has written some delightful books
+of biography. 7. Mr. William James, J.P., D.D., C.V.O., the well-known
+traveler and landowner. 8. Sir Thomas Lipton, Bt., K.C.V.O., the
+well-known sportsman and yacht-owner. 9. Lieutenant-Colonel F. Ponsonby,
+Equerry to the late King. 10. Captain Sir David N. Welch, R.N., formerly
+commander of the royal yacht.]
+
+The bridesmaids were all relations of the young couple--the Princesses
+Victoria and Maud of Wales, Victoria Melita, Alexandra and Beatrice of
+Edinburgh; Margaret and Victoria Patricia of Connaught; Victoria of
+Schleswig-Holstein; Victoria and Alexandra of Battenberg. The Duke of
+York wore a simple Captain's uniform and was supported by his Royal
+father and the Duke of Edinburgh. The bride was described in the papers
+of the time as wearing silver and white brocade, with clustered
+shamrocks, roses and thistles. On July 10th the Queen addressed one of
+her usual tactful and gracious letters to the nation expressive of her
+personal sympathy with the people and of theirs with her and her family.
+
+The eldest child of this marriage--Prince Edward Albert Christian George
+Andrew Patrick David--was direct in succession to the Throne after his
+father and was born on June 23, 1894. The second child was Prince Albert
+Frederick Arthur George, born on December 14, 1895. Princess Victoria
+Alexandra Alice Mary, was born on April 25th, 1897, and Prince Henry
+William Frederick Albert on March 31, 1900. The Prince of Wales was
+greatly attached to his grandchildren and nothing in these later years
+gave him greater pleasure than having around him the youthful scions of
+the House of Fife, or that of York, and giving them presents and other
+means of enjoyment. On July 22, 1896, his third daughter, the Princess
+Maud, was married to Prince Charles, second son of the Crown Prince of
+Denmark. The ceremony was performed in the private Chapel of Buckingham
+Palace, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, in the presence of the Queen
+and most of the members of the Royal family. The Duke and Duchess of
+Sparta, the Crown Prince and Princess of Denmark, Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone
+and Mr. and Mrs. Chamberlain were amongst the guests. The bridesmaids
+were Princesses Ingeborg of Denmark, Victoria of Wales, Victoria of
+Schleswig-Holstein, Thyra of Denmark, Victoria Patricia of Connaught,
+Margaret of Connaught, Alice of Albany and the Lady Alexandra Duff.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+The Prince as a Social Leader
+
+
+The influence wielded upon Society by the Prince of Wales, during nearly
+forty years of public life, was so marked and important as to merit
+extended consideration. Society, of course, in such a connection
+includes much more than any particular set of persons however select, or
+distinguished, or aristocratic; it means, in fact, all the varied social
+circles, high and low, which have recognized principles of etiquette and
+intercourse and common customs of amusement and fashion. Taken in this
+wide sense of the word, no personage in the history of Europe during the
+nineteenth century wielded so great an influence as His Royal Highness.
+He helped to make the unbounded after-dinner drinking of a previous
+period unpopular and socially un-orthodox; he encouraged in his more
+youthful days and always enjoyed the pleasures of dancing; he introduced
+very largely the popular fashion of a cigarette after dinner in place of
+endless heavy cigars and their accompaniment of liquors; he did much to
+encourage and popularize a love for music; he led the fashion in the
+matter of men's dress and, upon the whole, society in most civilized
+countries has to thank him for simple and dignified customs in this
+respect; he supported the race-course with courage and persistence and
+not only made racing more popular but helped to establish its code and
+operation upon a high plane of honour--by far the highest and cleanest
+in the world; he made charity and the support of its varied public
+institutions popular and fashionable; he showed the gilded youth of a
+great social world that work was a good thing for a Prince and a peer
+as well as for a peasant; he, with his beautiful wife, presented for
+many years a model home and family life to the nation and they,
+together, discouraged many of the petty vices and small faults which
+creep into all social systems from time to time.
+
+
+LIFE AT MARLBOROUGH HOUSE
+
+The official and social centre of this leadership in the British world
+was at Marlborough House--a large and unpretentious residence in the
+heart of London. That the place was exquisitely furnished and equipped
+goes without saying; that it was comfortable in the extreme is equally a
+matter of course to those acquainted with the taste and house-keeping
+capacities of the Princess of Wales. It was filled with fine engravings
+and paintings illustrative of the Victorian era; it teemed with
+mementoes and memorials of past incidents, travels and friendships in
+the lives of the Royal couple; it contained rooms suited for every
+purpose required in the exacting life and multifarious public duties of
+its occupants. The Prince's study, where only intimates were admitted,
+has been described as the room of a hard-working man of business. When
+at Marlborough House, His Royal Highness used to mark out his time, each
+day, with care and precision and even then it was difficult to fill his
+many and varied engagements. There were certain public functions such as
+the Horse Show at Islington, or the Royal Military Tournament, to which
+the Prince and Princess always went when in London. There were a certain
+number of state dinners given in place of those which, under other
+circumstances, would have been given by the Sovereign. Diplomatic
+dinners were also incidents of the season at Marlborough House as well
+as dinners which included the Government and Opposition leaders and
+great banquets held from time to time in honour of foreign guests of the
+nation or Royal relations visiting the country.
+
+The dining-room at Marlborough was handsome but plain, the arrangements
+of the table setting an example of simplicity which society, in this
+case, did not always follow. The Prince of Wales never concealed his
+dislike for the extremely lengthy banquets which were the custom in his
+youth and succeeded, so far as private dinner-parties were concerned, in
+revolutionizing the system. To the favoured guest Marlborough House was
+a scene of historic as well as personal interest. It had been the home
+of the great Duke of that name; the residence of Prince Leopold,
+intended husband of the lamented Princess Charlotte, and afterwards King
+of the Belgians; the dower-house of Queen Adelaide; the choice of the
+Prince Consort for his son's London home. The general contents of the
+house were worthy of its history. In one room were splendid panels of
+Gobelin tapestry presented by Napoleon; in another were the rare and
+wonderful treasures of Indian work, in gold, silver, jewelry and
+embroidery, brought home from the Royal visit to Hindostan; elsewhere
+was a beautiful vase given the Prince by Alexander II. of Russia,
+enamelled work from the East, richly ornamented swords, trays of solid
+gold, tables full of presentation keys, medals, trowels and memorials of
+all kinds.
+
+Socially, the drawing-room was the central feature of interest. Its
+general effect has been described[6] as being white and gold and pale
+pink, its floor of polished oak with an Axminster carpet in the centre,
+and with an appearance of vastness modified by pillars of white and
+gold. There were innumerable mirrors and the furniture was upholstered
+in deep red, while rare china, flowers, photographs, statuettes, and
+small ornaments of gold and silver and enamel were scattered in
+profusion upon tables, cabinets and mantels. Here the most eminent men
+and beautiful or clever women of Great Britain and the world have been
+entertained and here, or in the well-kept grounds, the intimate friends
+of the Prince and Princess have gathered from time to time.
+
+The society received at Marlborough was always cosmopolitan in its
+variety but it was never of the kind which slander sometimes insinuated.
+No man has ever been more democratic, so far as mere class barriers are
+concerned, than was the Prince of Wales, but no one knew better than he
+where to draw the line in his entertainments. The Princess, for her
+part, was at all times a model hostess, and each knew too well what was
+due to the other to make the social life of the Palace anything more
+than a correct embodiment and representation of the social life of
+London. The liberality of the Prince was made evident in later years in
+making cultivated and representative Americans or Jews welcome at his
+functions. His very proper and openly-avowed liking for beautiful women
+encouraged at one time a social class of "professional beauties," but as
+soon as this patronage was found to have been misused and vulgarized in
+certain quarters, he and the Princess quietly dropped those who were
+making a trade of the Royal recognition. A story has been told
+illustrating the capacity which the Prince of Wales always showed for
+keeping people in their proper places. On one occasion, at a great
+charitable bazaar in Albert Hall, which he had honoured with his
+presence, he went up to a refreshment stall and asked for a cup of tea.
+The fair vendor--there was no doubt of her beauty--before handing the
+cup to His Royal Highness took a drink from it, saying, "_now_ the price
+will be five guineas!" The Prince gravely paid the money, handed back
+the cup of tea and said, "Will you please give me a clean cup?"
+
+The Royal etiquette, as to social entertainments and the acceptance of
+invitations to country houses, or city functions, was always very exact
+and was carried out along lines fixed by the Prince and Princess in
+their early married life. Outside of the aristocracy, or a small list
+of personal friends, very few hospitable invitations were ever accepted
+and as such acceptance meant certain admission to the higher ranks of
+society the pressure upon personal friends or officials can easily be
+imagined. The Prince always objected to the lavish and extravagant style
+of such entertainments and this was one important reason for limiting
+his circle of hosts and hostesses. At the country houses visited from
+time to time, or at the private dinners to which he accepted
+invitations, the Prince was supposed to usually see a list of the guests
+and to always have the right of adding names to it. The delicate and
+indirect task of attending to this matter was for many years confided to
+Mr. Harry Tyrwhitt Wilson; who also had the arrangement of details in
+connection with the visits largely in his hands. One incident of the
+visits to country houses was an effort on the part of the Prince in
+recent years to discourage and check the wholesale habit of tipping
+servants. He took the method of leaving a moderate and suitable sum for
+the purpose and this was distributed after he had left the place. It may
+be added that whenever the Prince went anywhere he was always
+accompanied by an equerry, his own valets, a footman to wait on him at
+meals, and certain other servants.
+
+
+FRIENDS AND COMPANIONS OF THE PRINCE
+
+The Prince and Princess of Wales, separately or together as the case may
+be, have visited most of the splendid homes of England. Chief amongst
+those whom they delighted to visit were the Duke and Duchess of
+Devonshire and Chatsworth; Hardwick Hall and Compton Place have,
+therefore, more than once seen most brilliant entertainments in their
+honour. Lord and Lady Cadogan were frequent and favourite hosts. Lord
+and Lady Londonderry, the Earl and Countess of Warwick, the Duke of
+Richmond at Goodwood House, the late Duke of Westminster at Eaton Hall,
+all entertained the Royal couple upon more than one occasion. Lord
+Alington, the late Duke of Beaufort, and Sir Edward Lawson gave the
+Prince frequent and enjoyable shooting. The Duchess of Marlborough and
+Mrs. Arthur Paget were two American ladies whom His Royal Highness
+counted as friends and hostesses. Several members of the Rothschild
+family entertained the Heir Apparent at homes which have been described
+as models of comfort and museums of art, while Lord Penrhyn was a Welsh
+magnate whom he once visited with great pleasure, and the late Baron
+Hirsch, in his Hungarian shootings, gave him splendid sport upon more
+than one occasion.
+
+No phrase has been more conspicuous in recent years and none have been
+more abused in meaning and application than that of "the Prince's set."
+Properly used, it meant his personal friends or those who, along
+specific and often very diverse lines of sport, society, work, or
+travel, were necessarily intimate with His Royal Highness. Improperly
+applied, it was supposed to designate a rather fast and very "smart" set
+of wealthy social magnates. In this latter guise it had really no
+existence. Those who were familiar with the Prince of Wales' career and
+character knew that mere wealth was the last thing which ever attracted
+him, and the one thing which was a most certainly uncertain basis upon
+which to gain his patronage; to say nothing of his friendship. Many
+disappointed millionaires can speak with accuracy upon this point--if
+they wished to. On the other hand, honest love of racing, or shooting,
+or yachting; brilliancy of conversation in man or woman and conspicuous
+beauty or charm of manner in the latter; knowledge of the world and
+capacity to do the right thing in the right way at the right time were
+conspicuous factors in obtaining the friendship of the Prince of Wales.
+Achievements in art, or distinction in the Army and Navy, or great
+philanthropic interests and undertakings, were always elements of
+recognized importance.
+
+Deer-stalking in the Highlands made friends and hosts such as the late
+Dukes of Sutherland and Hamilton, Mr. Farquharson of Invercauld and Lord
+Glenesk. During his annual visits to Homburg, for many years, and in the
+rest and liberty which he allowed himself there, the Prince's favourite
+companion, as he was his most devoted friend, was the late Mr.
+Christopher Sykes. Lord Brampton--the clever, witty and eccentric Judge
+who was better known as Sir Henry Hawkins--the Right Hon. "Jimmy"
+Lowther, M.P., Lord Charles and Lord William Beresford, and Sir Allen
+Young were also special friends of the holiday season. Admiral Sir Henry
+Keppel was a very old friend of the Prince and his family and this
+intimacy also included Mr. and Mrs. George Keppel. Lord Rosebery, Lord
+Beaconsfield, Lord Randolph Churchill and the late Lord Derby could all
+claim the Royal friendship, while Lord and Lady Farquhar were delightful
+and favourite hosts of both the Prince and his wife. Colonel Oliver
+Montagu was a very old and dear friend, and the Earl of Aylesford, Lord
+Cadogan, General Lord Wantage, Colonel Owen Williams, Earl Carrington,
+Lord and Lady Dudley and Lord Russell of Killowen ranked in the category
+of friendship. Lord and Lady Alington had the rare distinction of giving
+dances to which the Princess of Wales used to take her daughters when
+they were young girls.
+
+Amongst hostesses other than those already mentioned whose
+entertainments the Prince liked to attend were Mrs. Bischoffstein and
+Mrs. Arthur Rothschild. Other personal friends were the late Earl of
+Lathom, the bright and witty Marchioness of Aylesbury, Lord James of
+Hereford and the late Sir Charles Hall. Amongst artists whom the Prince
+greatly favoured were Sir Charles and Lady Halle and the late Lord
+Leighton. No closer and more devoted friends of the Prince could be
+found than the members of his own Household, and the public was long
+aware of this in the persons of Lord Suffield, Sir Francis Knollys and
+Sir Dighton Probyn, in particular. The Prince delighted in doing honour
+to those whom he accepted as friends. He marked his sorrow at the deaths
+of Colonel Oliver Montagu and Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild by
+personally attending their funerals--an exception to the rule which he
+had set himself in this connection.
+
+His Royal Highness frequently gave his powerful patronage to the
+promotion of Memorials to those who had been honoured by his friendship
+and who deserved honour upon national grounds. An early instance of this
+was the case of Dean Stanley. A later one, on July 13, 1900, was the
+gathering called at Marlborough House and presided over by the Prince
+for the purpose of erecting a national memorial in Westminster Abbey to
+the Duke of Westminster. In speaking, His Royal Highness said: "To me
+personally the death of the Duke meant the loss of a life-long friend. I
+had known him from his boyhood and there is no one whose friendship I
+appreciated more than his. In my judgment there is no one whose public
+services more fully deserve public recognition by his countrymen."
+
+Fidelity to friends and appreciation of manly qualities and special
+abilities were always characteristic of the Prince of Wales and,
+combined with his tact and the unusual qualifications of the Princess as
+a hostess, made Marlborough and Sandringham, in different ways, the most
+ideal centres of social entertainment. Taken as a whole, the Prince's
+leadership of society was emphatically for good. His approval and
+patronage of the opera or the theatre, the race-course or the
+shooting-box, may not have been agreeable to some people, but they
+represented the popular opinion of the great majority. He took things as
+they were, enjoyed them in a full-hearted and honest way, improved the
+_morale_ of the social system and the practices in vogue in many
+directions and left Society infinitely better and more honest than he
+had found it.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[6] _Private Life of King Edward VII._ By a member of the Royal
+Household. D. Appleton & Co. N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+The Prince as a Sportsman
+
+
+In his devotion to the "sport of kings" the Prince of Wales followed the
+excellent example of Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth, Charles I, Charles II,
+William of Orange, Queen Anne, the Duke of Cumberland, George IV, and
+William IV. He represented in this respect an inherent and seemingly
+natural liking of the English people. With them the manly art of war,
+the physical excitements of chivalry, and tests of endurance in civil
+and foreign struggles, have been replaced by the games and sports of a
+quieter and more peaceful period. Riding to hounds, steeple-chasing and
+the amateur or professional race-course represent a most popular as well
+as aristocratic phase of this development. The Prince of Wales, early in
+his life, took a liking to racing in all its forms and encouraged
+steeple-chasing at a time when it was neither fashionable nor popular.
+He became a member of the Jockey Club in 1868. It was not, however,
+until 1877 that his afterwards famous colours of purple, gold band,
+scarlet sleeves and black velvet cap with gold fringe, were carried at
+Newmarket in the presence of the Princess and before a great and
+fashionable gathering. Five years later His Royal Highness won the
+Household Brigade Cup at Sandown and thenceforward his interest in the
+sport was keen, although it was not till some years afterwards that he
+established his own racing-stable which, in 1890, was placed under the
+efficient management of Lord Marcus Beresford.
+
+During these years the Prince lost a good deal of money, though the
+amount was never known or even truthfully guessed at, but in 1889 his
+horses began also to win. In that year he won L204, in 1891 L4148, in
+1894 L3499, and in the next four years a total of L57,430. In 1892 a
+Royal stud was founded at Sandringham and there _Persimmon_ and _Diamond
+Jubilee_ were bred. The Derby of 1896 was perhaps, the most historic of
+English racing events. Attended by a crowd of three hundred thousand
+people, raced in with horses owned by such generous patrons of the turf
+as the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Westminister and Mr. Leopold de
+Rothschild, watched with unusual interest by the crowd, it resulted in
+the most popular victory in the history of English sport. The Prince had
+fought hard for this blue ribbon of the turf, he had faced defeat and
+discouragement again and again and it was known that he would prize
+success more than anything within the limits of his ambition. When,
+therefore, _Persimmon_ carried his colours to the first victory won at
+Epsom by a Prince of Wales in a hundred years, the delight of the Royal
+owner was evident. The great gathering of people cheered as if each
+person present had himself won the race and their obvious enthusiasm was
+an expression of personal liking as well as loyalty. This was a great
+year for the Prince whose horses not only won the Derby, the St. Leger
+and the L10,000 Jockey Club Stakes but also the Newmarket Stakes. In
+1897 _Persimmon_ won the Ascot Cup and the Eclipse Stakes (worth
+together L12,700) and was then retired from the turf. Trained by Richard
+Marsh and ridden by John Watts, this horse had given his Royal owner not
+only financial success but--what he valued infinitely more--great
+victories in a sport which he loved.
+
+From that time on the Prince continued to be lucky with his horses. At
+the Derby of 1900 _Diamond Jubilee_ won in exactly the same time as the
+Royal horse of 1896 had done. At this race, on May 30th, the Prince was
+accompanied by a large number of noblemen and ladies and gentlemen
+interested in racing. The Duke of Devonshire, Lord Rothschild, Lord
+Cheylesmore, the Marquess of Londonderry, the Duke of Portland, Lord
+Farquhar, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Earl and Countess of Crewe, the
+Earl and Countess Carrington, and others, came from London in the Royal
+special train. In the Royal box at the races were the King of Sweden,
+the Duke and Duchess of Connaught, the Princess Victoria, the Duke of
+Cambridge and other royalties. The success of the Prince's horse in two
+minutes, forty-two seconds, was received with tremendous applause and
+with general congratulation in a large section of the press while, in
+the same year, the Royal colours were also carried to victory at the
+Grand National and the Two Thousand Guineas. The whole record was a
+unique one; the time at the Derby was the fastest in the history of the
+course; the winner of 1900 was a brother to the winner in 1896; and
+those who lost money appeared to be as glad that the popular Prince
+should win as if they had themselves backed his horse.
+
+
+RACING FRIENDS AND YACHTING EXPERIENCES
+
+The part taken by His Royal Highness in sporting matters naturally
+resulted in many friendships built around a mutual love of racing, of
+riding, and of the horse. Conspicuous amongst the good sportsmen who
+were also good friends of the Prince were the names of the Duke of
+Portland, Sir George Wombwell, Sir Reuben Sassoon, the Rothschilds, the
+late Lord Sefton, Mr. Henry Chaplin, the Earl of Zetland and Sir
+Frederick Johnstone. Sir John Astley, Lord and Lady Claude Hamilton, Mr.
+and Mrs. Arthur James, Sir Edward Lawson, Sir Edward Hulse, Lord and
+Lady Gerard, the Earl and Countess of Carnarvon, Sir William Russell and
+Lady Dorothy Neville may be mentioned amongst other devotees of the turf
+who ranked in later years as friends of the Prince of Wales in this
+particular social "set." In this connection the annual Derby Day dinner
+must be mentioned. From 1887 to the time of the Prince's accession this
+Royal banquet to the members of the Jockey Club was an important
+institution and a much looked-for event in racing circles. Latterly it
+was the chief regular entertainment of the year at Marlborough House.
+The function was elaborate yet not too formal. Evening dress and not
+uniform was the custom; the guests included about fifty of the leading
+patrons of the turf and there were generally half-a-dozen of the Royal
+family present; the great silver dinner service ordered by the Prince at
+his marriage was always used; and the dining-room with its side-boards
+laden with gold and silver trophies of the race-course and attendants in
+scarlet, blue and gold, was a brilliant sight. Dinner did not usually
+last more than an hour and then the guests adjourned to the drawing-room
+for whist. In 1896 and 1900 the toast of the Derby winner, which had so
+often been proposed by the Royal host, had to be given to some one
+else--greatly to the enthusiasm of the guests.
+
+The Prince of Wales was always a fearless rider and was fond of it from
+childhood. As an undergraduate at Christ-Church he constantly hunted
+with Lord Macclesfield's pack and was then considered a hard rider; but
+in after years his riding was mainly done in connection with military
+and other functions and for exercise, in a milder way than that of
+following the hounds. Akin, in some respects to the sport of racing, is
+that of yachting and to this the Prince of Wales was almost equally
+devoted. Naturally fond of the sea, trained in ocean travel in days when
+it was no pleasant drawing-room experience to cross the Atlantic,
+familiar with every part of a yacht and detail of its management, it was
+only fitting that the Heir to the throne of the seas should be an
+accomplished yachtsman. His first racing-yacht was the _Aline_ and his
+next one, the _Britannia_, was for a time the most successful of large
+racing-yachts. Many splendid cups and pieces of plate graced the buffets
+of Sandringham and Marlborough and marked the victories of the Prince;
+though any prize moneys won in this way were always handed over to his
+Captain and crew as an addition to their already handsome pay.
+
+His Royal Highness was a capital sailor. In returning from his Canadian
+and American tour in 1860 his ship was driven out of its course by a
+severe storm and so much alarm was caused by the delay that a British
+fleet was sent out to search for it; but, different as were the
+conditions of travel in those days, the Prince was not found to be any
+the worse for his stormy experience. In after years when cruising along
+the coasts of Europe, or traversing the Pacific and Indian oceans, he
+met with many a storm and severe strain, so far as weather was
+concerned, without effect. It is said, however, that he was troubled
+somewhat by rough weather in the English Channel. As Commodore of the
+Royal Yacht Squadron his patronage did very much in making the sport
+popular and fashionable and in creating the Cowes Regatta as a great
+yachting function. To this Royal Yacht Club every consideration in the
+way of prizes was given and the Queen, the Prince, the Emperor William
+of Germany, and Napoleon III. of France, offered prizes or trophies,
+from time to time. As Commodore--which office he accepted in 1882--His
+Royal Highness had as predecessors the Earl of Yarborough, the Marquess
+of Donegal and the Earl of Wilton. The Vice-Commodore for many years was
+the Marquess of Ormonde.
+
+
+THE NAVY AND LOVE OF SHOOTING
+
+On July 18th, 1887, the position of the Heir Apparent was recognized and
+the Navy complimented through his appointment by the Queen as Honorary
+Admiral of the Fleet. Some criticism was expressed in a portion of the
+Radical press mainly, it was stated, through ignorance of the Prince's
+real qualifications as both a seaman and yachtsman. Upon his accession
+to the Throne no single action was more popular than King Edward's
+retention of this latter title and the interest which he continued to
+show in the Navy. His Majesty took as great interest in Sir Thomas
+Lipton's efforts to win the America Cup as he had in the previous
+attempts of Lord Dunraven. Sir Thomas was, apparently, a congenial
+spirit in this connection and from both Prince and King he received a
+good deal of favour. It was while cruising with him on board _Shamrock
+II._, off Southampton, (May 22, 1901) that a heavy wind unexpectedly
+strained the spars and gear too much and brought down the top-mast and
+mainmast in a sudden wreck which crashed over the side of the frail
+yacht. The danger to the King was very great and a difference of ten
+seconds in his position would probably have given fatal results. The
+visit to the yacht was, of course, a private one, but such an incident
+as this made the affair very widely commented upon. The London _Daily
+Express_ of the succeeding day embodied a good deal of public opinion in
+the following remarks:
+
+     "King though he be, he is resolute to live the frank and free life
+     of an English gentleman, taking the chances of sport by land and
+     sea as gaily as any undistinguished son of the people, whose life
+     is of no smallest national import. That is the sort of King we
+     want, the sort of King we will die for if need be--a King who holds
+     his own in every manly exercise, loving sport all the more because
+     it contains the element of danger that possesses such a subtle
+     attraction for men of Anglo-Saxon blood."
+
+Shooting was probably the favourite all-round sport of the Prince of
+Wales and in this he heartily embodied one more characteristic of the
+typical English gentleman. It has been described as a positive passion
+with him and as being "the love of his life." His father had been a
+thorough sportsman, though not a very good shot; the son became not only
+a thorough sportsman but perhaps the best shot in the United Kingdom. At
+seven years of age he was taught deer-stalking, at Oxford he frequently
+did a day's shooting on neighbouring estates, and, in his American and
+Canadian tour, a great pleasure to the young man was an occasional day's
+sport. At Sandringham he early mapped out his estate into a series of
+drives and soon combined with other famous shots to create and make
+popular the big _battues_ which were afterwards so well known and which
+came to constitute so important an event in the shooting seasons at his
+Norfolk home. But His Royal Highness never confined himself to shooting
+pheasants, hares, or rabbits. Deer-stalking and shooting grouse were
+favourite pursuits, and he knew no greater pleasure than to spend a day,
+or days, upon the moors, accompanied by friends and hosts such as the
+late Duke of Sutherland, his son-in-law, the Duke of Fife, Mr. Mackenzie
+of Kintail and Colonel Farquharson of Invercauld. Going out from
+Abergeldie, or Balmoral, or Mar Lodge on a stalking expedition, the
+Prince cared neither for exposure to bad weather, nor severe exertion,
+so long as he could return with a bag of several head of deer. With the
+German Emperor and the late Duke of Coburg he enjoyed splendid sport in
+the vast forests of Central Europe from time to time, and with Baron
+Hirsch, on his great Hungarian estates, he had hunted deer, chamois,
+wild boar and roebuck, as he had shot game in America, hunted tigers and
+elephants in India, shot crocodiles in Egypt and hunted in the forests
+of Ceylon or Denmark.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER AND HIS UNCLE
+  Photograph by Paul Thompson, New York.
+
+The Rt. Hon. David Lloyd-George (on the right), whose Radical budget
+made him the storm-centre of England at the time of King Edward's
+illness and death, is here shown at his new Welsh home with his uncle,
+Richard Lloyd, who adopted the future statesman after his father's death
+and educated him.]
+
+[Illustration: THREE PROMINENT MEMBERS OF KING EDWARD'S LAST CABINET
+  Photograph by Paul Thompson, New York.
+
+Descending the steps are: at the left, Sir Edward Grey, Bart., Foreign
+Secretary; in centre, Rt. Hon. Winston Spencer Churchill, President,
+Board of Trade; at right, the Earl of Crewe, Colonial Secretary and Lord
+Privy Seal.]
+
+[Illustration: THEODORE ROOSEVELT
+
+Who was designated by President Taft as Special Ambassador to represent
+the United States at the Funeral of King Edward VII.]
+
+[Illustration: KING EDWARD'S LAST TRIP ABROAD
+
+This photograph was taken at the railway station in Paris when the King
+was on his way to Biarritz (on the Atlantic border between Spain and
+France). Only a few days after his return from this journey he was taken
+fatally ill.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+Habits and Character of the Prince
+
+
+During forty years of his career as Prince of Wales, King Edward VII.
+was probably the most talked-of man in the United Kingdom. Good-natured
+stories, ill-natured anecdotes, criticisms grading down from the
+malicious to the very mild, praise ranging from the fulsome to the
+feeble point, falsehoods great and falsehoods small, have found currency
+not confined to the English language and ranging through "yarns" of
+gutter journals in London, Paris, Berlin, New York or Calcutta, in
+varied languages, and in many degrees of fabrication. Outside of the
+United Kingdom some of these stories have been more or less believed;
+even in his own national home there were always people ready and willing
+to accept the worst that they heard about a great public personage.
+Where he was known best, however, the influence of these things upon the
+reputation of the Prince of Wales was least and, in fact, so small as to
+afford little or no excuse for dealing with them. Abroad, however, it
+had always been different, and in the United States, thirty years before
+his accession to the Throne, it was conspicuously so. With the passing
+years, of course, and with growing knowledge of the Prince's position
+and character, the situation greatly changed.
+
+As a matter of fact the Prince of Wales, from the early days of his
+manhood, was in his personal and private relations a jovial, honest and
+honourable English gentleman; possessed of a full sense of his
+responsibility in much burdensome work and ceremonial and with a
+growing appreciation, as years passed, of his place as a sort of
+impartial Empire statesman; possessed, also, of a large fund of animal
+spirits and capacity for enjoying the pleasures of life. Within the full
+limits of his rights and his position he lived his life of work and
+pleasure, of public responsibility and of private rest and recreation.
+Yet it was almost always in the blaze of a noon-day publicity and few,
+indeed, were the times and seasons in which the Heir Apparent could
+amuse himself in any genuine _incognito_. Attempt it he might, but if
+any evil-minded critic were to seriously or conscientiously consider the
+situation--both of which suppositions are improbable--he might have seen
+that the best-known and most photographed man in the world would indeed
+have been foolish to trust to an _incognito_ for any but the simplest
+and most innocent of objects. The actual impossibility of the Prince of
+Wales escaping from his _entourage_, his identity, and his surroundings,
+were sufficient to make Continental fictions and foreign fancies about
+him absolutely farcical to those who knew something of his daily
+life--aside altogether from those who knew and understood his real
+character.
+
+
+THE MORDAUNT CASE
+
+There was only one matter involving moral considerations which ever
+emerged from the low region of back-door insinuation to the upper air
+and it was threshed out in a _cause celebre_--that of Lady Mordaunt. Her
+husband, an English baronet, sued for divorce before the Court of
+Divorce and Matrimonial Causes, alleging the usual grounds, and naming
+as co-respondents, Viscount Cole and Sir Frederick Johnstone. The case
+was heard on February 16th, 1870, and following days, and the defence on
+the part of Lady Mordaunt was insanity. The Prince of Wales, though not
+specified in the indictment, was so widely gossiped about as being
+connected with the case that he asked to be heard and swore positively
+that there had been no improper relations between himself and the
+defendant. Two of the Judges on Appeal--Lord Penzance and Mr. Justice
+Keating--agreed with the jury's verdict that Lady Mordaunt was insane,
+while Chief Baron Kelly differed. The woman in the case was for years
+afterwards confined in a lunatic asylum, and it has long since been
+quite well understood that the only basis for scandal was the fact that
+a Royal visit which had been paid upon one occasion was made under the
+invariable rule of etiquette, which prescribes that no other caller
+shall be received while the visit lasts. Before and after the trouble
+Lady Mordaunt's sisters, and especially the Dowager Countess of Dudley,
+were amongst the Princess of Wales' warm friends, while the daughter of
+the plaintiff in the case was, in later years, received at Sandringham,
+and was given many beautiful presents by the members of the Royal family
+upon her marriage to the Marquess of Bath. Such conditions would have
+been absolutely impossible to imagine with the Princess of Wales had she
+entertained the slightest belief in the stories floating about regarding
+that famous trial. During the succeeding thirty years, however, there
+was never even an apparent excuse for the repetition of such stories,
+and the happy home life of the Prince and Princess was patent to all who
+were willing to believe the evidence of their eyes and ears.
+
+What may be said of the characteristics and habits of this many-sided
+heir to Royal position? Probably his first and most pronounced quality
+was one of difficult definition--tactfulness. Through its means he led
+society without rivalry and with unique success; promoted reforms
+without violence of agitation or the creation of antagonisms; carried
+out countless varied and delicate duties, with noiseless celerity, in an
+age of intense and active curiosity. In forty years of ceaseless
+political change and frequently acute political crises not a whisper of
+his private views became known to the million-tongued press or the
+curious public. He had known every kind of partisan and been liked by
+leaders of the masses as well as the classes--by Joseph Arch and Henry
+Broadhurst, as well as by the Earl of Derby or the Marquess of
+Salisbury. If he visited Mr. Gladstone at Hawarden on one occasion he
+paid the same honour to Lord Beaconsfield at Hughenden at another time.
+If Lord Randolph Churchill was a personal friend so also was Lord
+Rosebery, or Mr. Balfour. His genial manner and sometimes cosmopolitan
+view of society encouraged a popular opinion as to his natural
+democracy; while a personal dignity, never forced, or assumed, but
+always present, prevented the most courageous person from taking undue
+advantage of the freedom from ceremonial which he sometimes liked to
+encourage. His preferences in international matters were as little known
+as his political opinions, and yet, at times, his influence in this
+respect was very great.
+
+
+SPORTING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRINCE
+
+The next and perhaps most prominent characteristic of the Prince of
+Wales was his love for sports and his embodiment of qualities which, in
+everyday life, constitute the English country gentleman. Some reference
+has already been made to his interest in racing, yachting and shooting.
+But most of the lesser sports and games were also attractive to him at
+different periods, and there was hardly one with which he was not more
+or less familiar. Boating and riding in his University days and
+fox-hunting at Sandringham from time to time in later years, were
+incidents of this record. Croquet he was an expert in, but never very
+fond of. Lawn-tennis, when first introduced and for years afterwards,
+was a game to which he was very partial, and on the _Serapis_ when
+traversing the route to India he played deck-tennis until everyone else
+was exhausted. The bowling-alley at Sandringham was one of the best in
+England and the Prince was always fond of a game of bowls. Quoits he
+played well, and billiards he played with frequency and skill--his
+daughters being also able to handle the cue with success. Hockey was a
+favourite game, especially on the lakes at Sandringham, and of this
+sport the other members of his family were equally fond. Skating and
+hockey parties were frequent during severe winter seasons and the Prince
+played in many specially arranged hockey matches--one of them against
+members of the House of Commons in the winter of 1894-5 included Mr.
+Balfour, Lord Stanley, Lord Willoughby de Eresby and Mr. Victor
+Cavendish.
+
+Fishing never appealed to him and was, apparently, too quiet and easy a
+sport. He liked pigeon-flying, and bred some very fine birds at
+Sandringham for this purpose. Tricycling he was very fond of and kept
+good machines both at Marlborough and Sandringham. As soon as motor cars
+came into use he could be frequently seen driving a smart carriage along
+the country roads of Norfolk. Chess the Prince never mastered nor cared
+for. In dancing he was an expert, as well as in skating, and was always
+exceedingly fond of the amusement. At his Sandringham balls he was an
+indefatigable dancer, and at great balls all over the world he delighted
+many a partner and varied social circle by his obvious pleasure in the
+entertainment. From Halifax to Montreal, from Toronto to New York, in
+Canada and the United States, in Egypt and India, in Turkey and Greece,
+in all the greater Courts of Europe, from the days of Napoleon III. at
+Paris, to those of William II. at Berlin, he had been the central figure
+of some such occasions. Golf was played by His Royal Highness on the
+links of Musselburgh in early days and at a later time in Windsor Park.
+Cricket he was fond of in his younger days, but latterly he only showed
+his interest by patronizing matches as an onlooker. In these and other
+pursuits the Prince represented in his mode of life and his manner of
+enjoying himself the qualities of a distinct type amongst his
+countrymen and a type most popular throughout the community.
+
+Another characteristic of the Prince was his good manners. The "first
+gentleman in Europe" always knew how to be pleasant without being
+familiar, dignified without being pompous, genial without being free.
+Myriads of stories are told in this connection. At the skating and
+hockey parties on the Sandringham lakes the farmers' wives and daughters
+were included and no Duchess in the land would be handed a cup of tea
+with more courtly manner by the Royal host than would the wife of a
+tenant on his estates. His servants, in houses and farms and stables, in
+sport or travel, at home and abroad, were treated in such a way as to
+make every one of them wish to serve the Prince for a life-time. No more
+charming incident is on record than the way in which His Royal Highness
+approached Mrs. Gladstone at the state funeral of her great husband,
+bowed low before her and kissed her proffered hand. Whether in high
+circles, or in those of ordinary people, in expected surroundings or
+amid unexpected conditions, the Prince seemed to always retain this
+faculty of politeness in the true sense of the word--a product of heart
+and mind rather than of mere instruction or habit.
+
+His manner and style of public speaking was an incident in the Prince of
+Wales' career which exercised considerable influence upon his personal
+popularity. The pronounced factors in his style were not oratory,
+gestures, or brilliancy. Plain in matter and manner the speeches always
+were; full of meat and substance they frequently were; neat and
+effective they were generally considered. Mr. Gladstone once went
+further than this description would seem to warrant when he declared
+that there were few speakers whom he listened to with more pleasure.
+"His speeches are invariably marvels of conciseness, graceful expression
+and clear elocution". His voice was a good one, clear and distinct and
+well-trained. Nervous in his younger days and accustomed to learn the
+speeches off for delivery, he gradually changed with age and experience
+into the delivery of _impromptu_ after-dinner remarks and speeches which
+did not show traces of the midnight oil or earnest preparation--although
+often full of facts and incidents about the immense variety of subjects
+with which he had to deal.
+
+Intimately connected with these characteristics of his was the
+unquestioned ability to judge human nature. This quality enabled the
+Prince to play his difficult part so well as he did, to keep him in
+touch with all classes and the masses, to cultivate all the varied
+elements of a changing national life, and to be as much at home amongst
+business men as at the Royal Academy--amongst the aristocracy of London
+as with the farmers of Norfolk. He was ever a good judge of the people
+around him and, perhaps, no man in modern life was so well and
+faithfully served. His memory for names and faces was extraordinary and
+would remind Canadians of the unique faculty in this connection
+possessed by the late Sir John Macdonald. He always hated affectation
+and toadyism and liked sincerity and simplicity. Marie Corelli, writing
+in 1897, used the following expressive words: "To entertain the Prince
+do little; for he is clever enough to entertain himself privately with
+the folly and humbug of those he sees around him, without actually
+sharing in the petty comedy. He is a keen observer and must derive
+infinite gratification from his constant study of men and manners, which
+is sufficiently deep and searching to fit him for the occupation of even
+the throne of England. I say 'even', for at present, till time's great
+hourglass turns, it is the grandest throne in the world".
+
+Patronage of music, art and the drama were characteristic incidents in
+the life and work of the Prince. The day for helping literature had
+perhaps gone when he came upon the scene and newspapers were then
+supposed to do for budding genius what royalty and aristocracy did for
+Johnson, Goldsmith, Swift or Pope. It is a curious fact of later-day
+democracy that, with the obvious exception of Kipling, most of the
+greater lights in literature--Browning, Rossetti, Tennyson, Mathew
+Arnold or Swinburne--were born with fairly comfortable means. This in
+passing, of course. Something has been said elsewhere as to His Royal
+Highness's patronage of music and there is no doubt that he taught smart
+society to support the opera, while his personal enthusiasm for Wagner
+was pronounced and sincere.
+
+
+THE THEATRE AND THE CHURCH
+
+He patronized the theatre for many years with regularity and
+discrimination; his taste in all matters of light comedy and opera was
+known to be good; and it goes without saying that his approval of a play
+or actor made many a reputation and fortune. He used to make his own
+selection of theatre or play, pay handsomely for his own box, arrive
+punctually on time and remain till the end, or very near it. His dislike
+of ostentation soon did away with the old fashion of a manager walking
+upstairs backward before royalty and his leaving a little early was to
+avoid causing delay and confusion with their carriages amongst the other
+guests of the theatre. Actors have greatly exaggerated the extent of his
+patronage and friendship. But he more than once took supper with Sir
+Henry Irving and it is understood to have been by his advice that the
+great tragedian was knighted. He it was who encouraged the late Queen to
+resume her patronage of the theatre and to begin by having Mr. and Mrs.
+Kendal appear before her at Osborne. He never liked, however, the
+appearance of members of the aristocracy on the stage and his daughters
+are said to have never taken part even in private theatricals. He is
+said to have enjoyed a private visit and smoke behind the scenes and
+George Grossmith is stated to have been one of those who were most
+patronized in this respect.
+
+An interesting feature of his many-sided career and character was the
+Heir Apparent's attention to his religious duties. At Marlborough and at
+Sandringham prayers were read daily, in the morning, and guests, staff
+and servants were expected, though not compelled, to be present. On
+Sunday the Prince invariably attended morning service either at the
+Chapel Royal in London, or at the quaint and beautiful little Chapel of
+St. Mary Magdalene, in the country. The latter was filled with handsome
+Memorial windows and tablets and there, for many years, worshipped the
+future King with the humblest labourers on his estate. The only
+distinction made was in the private entrance for the Prince and the
+reserved pews for his guests and family. His daughters taught in the
+Sunday School and the Princess had charge of the music. It has been said
+that the Prince never attended Divine service on a Sunday in any but an
+Episcopal church. Certainly the records of his travels and habits appear
+to confirm this statement. Whether in Bombay, or Montreal, or New York,
+he seems to have always attended the services of the Established Church
+or its daughter Churches. Even in Rome, where he once spent Easter
+Sunday, impressive ceremonies conducted by the Pope at St. Peter's did
+not prevent him from attending a quiet little English church and
+explaining that when members of the Church were in foreign lands they
+should be especially particular in encouraging their own form of faith.
+
+Of course, as a traveller of wide experience the Prince visited all the
+great cathedrals of the Continent and was familiar with the splendid
+Mohammedan mosques and Hindoo temples and sacred shrines which helped to
+make the glittering East so attractive. But they were visited on
+week-days. He was supposed to be broad in his principles as a Churchman
+and certainly at state weddings and funerals in other countries he
+shared in various forms of worship. The Princess of Wales was known to
+have attended ritualistic services before her husband's accession to
+the Throne, but she far more often attended Low or Broad Church
+services. On Sundays at Sandringham the Prince used, in the afternoons,
+to walk about the grounds with his family or guests, visit the kennels,
+the bear-pit, the model farms or the Princess's lovely little dairy and
+its suite of tiny attached rooms where tea would often be served. In
+London he would sometime attend Divine service again or else pay calls
+in his private hansom and then dine quietly with friends or have a few
+of them to dinner at Marlborough. Sunday afternoons at Sandringham were
+always greatly enjoyed by Sir Frederick Leighton and Lord Beaconsfield
+but Mr. Gladstone is said to have best liked long, lonely rambles
+through the woods of the estate.
+
+An important part of the character of a man in the position so long held
+by the Prince of Wales is the fact of moderation, or otherwise, in
+eating and drinking. It is a vital factor in the lives of all men but
+how much more so when great banquets are for months a daily function;
+when every luxury, or delicacy, or combination of cookery known to the
+civilized world and the barbaric East is at one time or another offered
+for his delectation; when the power of rulers and the wealth of
+millionaires are devoted to the furnishing of choice wines and
+_liqueurs_ and drinks for his use. The good health always enjoyed by the
+Prince was perhaps proof enough of his moderation at the table. His
+habits in this respect became pretty well known. Tea at breakfast and in
+the afternoon he always liked; Moselle cup he enjoyed and was rather
+proud of possessing the receipt brought from Germany by the Prince
+Consort; champagne for many years was almost his exclusive beverage
+though afterwards claret took its place. Between meals he seldom drank
+anything though a well-known "cocktail" in the London clubs is credited
+to his invention. He always strongly disapproved of ladies drinking
+anything but a little wine and this was well understood by his own
+guests or by those at houses where he visited.
+
+Reference must be made here to one unpleasant incident in the Prince of
+Wales' later career--unpleasant in its results and in the comments of
+the press and pulpit. To playing cards for an occasional evening's
+amusement the Prince was always partial, but not to the extent which was
+sometimes asserted.
+
+
+CARDS AND THE BACCARAT AFFAIR
+
+During his journeys abroad he seldom or never played and he made a
+strict and early rule against playing in clubs. His friends say that he
+used to frequently dissuade younger men or the sons of old friends from
+forming a habit in this connection and as a well-known man of the world,
+without affectation and with wide experience and a naturally commanding
+influence, his views no doubt had great weight. Hence the most
+regrettable feature in the famous Baccarat case of 1890 which was, for a
+time, one of the most talked-of and preached-at incidents in modern
+social life. To understand the matter it is necessary to look at the
+Prince's environment. He was the leader of society and society, together
+with a large proportion of people everywhere, saw no harm in a game of
+cards, or even in the accompaniment of playing for ordinary money
+stakes, any more than they saw harm in racing and betting upon the
+results, or in dancing and its accompaniment of late hours and perhaps
+frivolous dissipation. Yet to many people in the United Kingdom and the
+Empire danger and evil lurked in one or all of these amusements and it
+was a shock to them to find that the Heir Apparent actually indulged in
+card-playing; although everyone had known that he patronized the other
+two pursuits referred to.
+
+The history of the affair may be told briefly. On September 8th, during
+the Doncaster races, Mr. Arthur Wilson, a very wealthy shipowner, was
+entertaining a large party at Tranby Croft, near Hull, which included
+the Prince of Wales, Lord Coventry, General Owen Williams, Sir William
+Gordon-Cumming, Lord Craven, Lord and Lady Brougham and Lord Edward
+Somerset. When each day's racing was over and the company had returned
+to Tranby Croft and finished dinner, Baccarat was introduced as the
+amusement of the evening and played for a couple of hours. The stakes
+were moderate--for such a party--and ran from five shillings to ten
+pounds. About seventeen people, ladies and gentlemen, usually sat down
+and the Prince of Wales was the life of the party, as he generally was,
+whatever the occupation or sport. On the date mentioned, Mr. Stanley
+Wilson, the host's son, thought he saw Sir W. Gordon-Cumming using his
+counters fraudulently and informed Lord Coventry and General Williams of
+his suspicions. On the third evening a committee of five--two ladies and
+three gentlemen--watched the baronet and unanimously agreed that they
+saw him cheating. He was privately accused of the offence, denied it
+vehemently, and brought the matter before the Prince, who practically
+acted as judge and regretfully told him that there could be no doubt of
+his guilt.
+
+It was, perhaps the most difficult position the Prince of Wales had ever
+been placed in. To hand a friend and fellow-guest and well-known soldier
+over to justice meant in this case ruin to the man himself, disgrace to
+their host and his family and a considerable amount of discredit to the
+Prince. Of the latter point it is probable that the Prince thought
+least, as his fidelity to friends was always well-known. Yet to let the
+apparently guilty man go without punishment or restriction was
+impossible from every standpoint. The Prince, therefore, tried to square
+his duty all round by a compromise and made Sir W. Gordon-Cumming sign a
+pledge to never play at cards again. The natural result followed where
+at least seven people hold a secret of much importance. It became known,
+or rather rumored, the resignation of the baronet from the Army was not
+accepted pending inquiry and, finally, he precipitated the issue by
+sueing the committee of five--Mrs. Arthur Wilson, Mr. Stanley Wilson,
+Mr. and Mrs. Lycett Green and Mr. Berkeley Levett--for scandal. Sir
+Charles Russell acted for the defence and Sir Edward Clarke for the
+plaintiff and, after a sensational trial, the action was dismissed.
+
+The case created the most intense interest and for a time His Royal
+Highness was the most criticised man in the United Kingdom. Press and
+pulpit thundered forth denunciations of gambling and card-playing, and
+lectured the Prince upon his duty to the nation and his responsibility
+for public morality. Every extreme religious speaker or writer, every
+Radical paper, or pamphleteer, or lecturer found the Heir to the Throne
+an excellent subject for abuse, while the best papers abroad teemed with
+reflections which could hardly be termed generous. Speaking of the
+counters which had been used in these games and which were brought by
+the Prince personally to Tranby Croft the New York _Tribune_ declared
+that in them he had "fingered the fragments of the Crown of England."
+Upon one point all the home papers were united and that was that in
+trying to arrange and settle the matter the Prince had contravened the
+Army regulations.
+
+The better class of papers were very serious upon the subject. The
+London _Times_ declared that the Heir Apparent could not put off his
+responsibilities as he did his official dress and, while admitting the
+assiduity and tact and good-humour with which he performed his dull
+round of routine duties, it yet bitterly regretted the example he had
+now set. The _Daily News_ thought that the Prince had only been guilty
+of an indiscretion, so far as his action toward Gordon-Cumming was
+concerned, but went on to say that what was blameless as an example in
+meaner men, was very different in one of his exalted position. The
+_Standard_ denounced the whole affair from beginning to end. "The Prince
+of Wales is not as other men. His position demands a sobriety, a
+self-restraint, and a dignity from which people of less exalted
+position and lighter responsibilities are absolved." The religious press
+put no bounds to its denunciation. The _Christian World_ spoke of the
+matter as an "outrage to the public conscience" and the _British Weekly_
+thought it "enough to sober the strongest supporters of the Monarchy."
+Resolutions were passed at some Church meetings of a similar character.
+
+
+AFTERMATH OF THE INCIDENT
+
+Then the re-action came. His Royal Highness expressed to the Military
+authorities and the House of Commons his apologies for an unintentional
+infraction of Army regulations; it was pointed out that playing a game
+of cards in a private house was not setting a public example and that
+the situation was so unique that any man in the Prince's place would
+have been pardoned in not knowing what to do; the cause of the trouble
+was dismissed from the Army and expelled from his clubs. The _Daily
+Telegraph_ pointed out that the carrying of the Baccarat counters, which
+was apparently deemed the most serious part of the matter by many
+commentators, was a very common habit with players of this game as the
+symbols for money tended to moderation in playing, and were better in
+every way than slips of paper. Years afterwards, Mr. Arnold White stated
+it as a fact that these famous bits of pasteboard were actually a
+present from the Princess of Wales. The public came to feel after the
+first hasty judgment was given that, after all, the Prince had risked a
+good deal for a friend and the _Observer_ went so far as to say that
+"under the most difficult and trying circumstances His Royal Highness
+has acted as ninety-nine Englishmen out of a hundred would have done."
+The Rev. Dr. Charles A. Berry, the eminent Non-conformist divine,
+declared that the people were not going to be unduly severe in their
+judgment. "They recognize the fact that he does a great deal of public
+work and is compelled to live almost continually a life of unnatural
+pressure. It is, therefore, to say the least, understandable that he
+should seek pleasure and relaxation in some form of excitement."
+
+Then the issue cooled down as suddenly as the tempest had arisen, and
+before long it would have been hard to recognize that so stormy a stage
+of criticism had swept over the popular Prince's head. In the _Life_ of
+Archbishop Benson, published many years afterwards, there appeared a
+long letter from the Heir Apparent in answer to a note of sympathy
+received at this time from His Grace. The Prince spoke of the "deep pain
+and annoyance" which the Baccarat incident had caused him; of the recent
+trial which had given the press occasion "to make most bitter and unjust
+attacks upon me, knowing I was defenceless--and I am not sure that
+politics were not mixed up in it." Speaking of the papers and the
+Nonconformists, who had been especially strong in their remarks, he
+added some interesting expressions as to his general view of gambling.
+"They have a perfect right, I am well aware, in a free country like our
+own, to express their opinions, but I do not consider that they have a
+just right to jump at conclusions regarding myself, without knowing the
+facts. I have a horror of gambling, and should always do my utmost to
+discourage others who have an inclination for it, as I consider
+gambling, like intemperance, is one of the greatest curses which a
+country could be afflicted with. Horse-racing may produce gambling, or
+it may not, but I have always looked upon it as a manly sport which is
+popular with Englishmen of all classes, and there is no reason why it
+should be looked upon as a gambling transaction. Alas, those who gamble
+will gamble at anything."
+
+Such were some of the characteristics and habits and social incidents in
+the career of King Edward while he was Prince of Wales. They show how
+entirely he shared in the life of the majority of the people--a fact all
+the more illustrated in the occasions when he departed from his natural
+and usual course and seemed to participate in matters outside of the
+accepted and popular pursuits of the people. It is the picture of a man
+who loved his England, liked life and its pleasures, hated humbug,
+enjoyed sport, did his duty as it came to him and liked the play, the
+race-course and all the sports of a healthy, hearty Englishman. They
+prove the accuracy of that interesting description penned in his _Diary_
+by the King of Sweden and which, somehow, became public: "The Heir
+Apparent to the British Throne is Prince of Wales by name, Prince of
+Society by inclination, Prince of Good Fellows by nature."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+The Prince as an Empire Statesman
+
+
+The breadth of view shown by the late Prince Consort was one of his
+greatest and most marked qualities. He seemed to have the faculty of
+seeing further into the future than most men and of preparing his own
+mind for developments which were yet hidden from the view of
+contemporary statesmen. Hence his famous Exhibition of 1851 and the
+realization of the fact that to encourage trade and commerce some
+knowledge of the world's products and resources was not only desirable
+but necessary. Hence the early perception, which he shared with the
+Queen, of the coming importance of the Colonies and of the necessity of
+bringing the Crown into touch with those over-sea democracies which were
+growing up to nationhood in such neglected fashion and with such little
+practical concern in the Motherland. Hence the dislike of the Queen and
+himself--because she had the statesman's understanding as well as her
+husband--to the Manchester school, and their opposition to the line of
+thought which said that Colonies were useless except for commerce and
+not much good for that. Hence the Queen's long-after regard for Lord
+Beaconsfield and her appreciation of his stirring and romantic
+Imperialism.
+
+The Prince of Wales unquestionably inherited this capacity for
+statecraft from his parents. Natural and hereditary pride in his future
+Crown and in the greatness of the United Kingdom was developed by
+teaching and study and visits into an intense pride in the vast Empire
+which grew so rapidly from year to year around his country and under
+its Crown. Having a broader and saner outlook than many of those about
+him, without the spur of ordinary ambitions, or the hampering influence
+of partisan considerations, he was enabled to view this development more
+carefully, wisely, and clearly than the busy diplomatist or the
+much-occupied statesman. Hence the pleasure with which he saw the
+Imperial Federation League formed in 1884 and watched the efforts of Mr.
+W. E. Forster and Lord Rosebery to build upon the preliminary principles
+already evolved by Lord Beaconsfield. It was not long before he saw an
+opportunity to promote this sentiment of unity and encourage the
+extension of Imperial trade. He had visited different parts of the
+Queen's dominions and understood something of the immense possibilities
+which were still lying dormant. His sons had since travelled over an
+even larger portion of the Empire and had, no doubt, in private as well
+as in their published journals, told him much of the more recent
+progress of those great outlying communities. Contemporaneously,
+therefore, with the founding of the League just mentioned, His Royal
+Highness proposed the holding of a great Exhibition which should meet
+the new needs of the time as his father's had done in 1851. Then, the
+interests of British trade were cosmopolitan and Colonial development
+slight and unimportant to the immediate concerns of England. Now,
+British commerce was contracting with foreign countries and steadily
+growing with British countries. Hence the new Exhibition should, he
+thought, be confined to British resources and products and be Imperial
+instead of international.
+
+On November 10th, 1884, the Queen issued a Royal Commission to arrange
+for the holding of an Exhibition of the products, manufactures and arts
+of Her Majesty's Colonial and Indian dominions in the year 1886. The
+Prince of Wales was to be President and Sir Philip Cunliffe-Owen,
+Secretary, of the Commission. The first meeting took place at
+Marlborough House on March 30th, 1885, with His Royal Highness in the
+chair. Amongst the members present were F. M. the Duke of Cambridge, the
+Marquess of Salisbury, the Marquess of Lorne, the Earl of Derby, the
+Earl of Dalhousie, Earl Cadogan, the Earl of Kimberley, the Earl of
+Lytton, F. M. Lord Strathnairn, Mr. Edward Stanhope, Sir Stafford
+Northcote, Mr. W. E. Forster, Sir M. E. Hicks-Beach, Sir H. T. Holland,
+Sir John Rose, Sir R. G. W. Herbert, Sir Charles Tupper of Canada, Sir
+Arthur Blyth of South Australia, Sir F. D. Bell of New Zealand, Sir Saul
+Samuel of New South Wales, Mr. Charles Mills of Cape Colony, Mr. R.
+Murray Smith of Victoria, Mr. James F. Garrick of Queensland, Sir W. C.
+Seargeant, Sir G. C. M. Birdwood and many other distinguished
+representatives of British, Colonial and Indian interests. In the course
+of his somewhat lengthy speech detailing the objects of the movement and
+the methods of operation, the Prince described the proposed Exhibition
+as one by which the "reproductive resources" of the Colonies and India
+would be brought before the British people and the different countries
+concerned be able to "compare the advance made by each other in trade,
+manufactures and general material progress". He pointed out the desire
+of the Motherland to participate in the development of Colonial material
+interests and then added: "We must remember that, as regards the
+Colonies, they are the legitimate and natural homes, in future, of the
+more adventurous and energetic portion of the population of these
+Islands."
+
+The Secretary announced that the preliminary list of guarantees provided
+for L128,000, including L20,000 from the Government of India, L10,000
+from that of Canada, L19,000 from the various Australasian Governments
+and L1000 each from individual subscribers such as Lord Cadogan, Sir
+Thomas Brassey, Sir Daniel Cooper, the Earl of Derby, Mr. Henry
+Doulton, Sir J. Whittaker Ellis, Mr. Samuel Morley and the Earl of
+Rosebery. This latter list indicated in a most marked manner the
+personal influence of the Prince of Wales. On May 3, 1886, the eve of
+the formal opening of the Exhibition was marked by a meeting of the
+Royal Commission at which the Prince presided, sketched the history and
+progress of an undertaking to which he had given much time and intimated
+that the guarantee fund now amounted to L218,000, of which the City of
+London had recently voted L10,000. In proposing a vote of thanks to the
+Royal chairman, seconded by Earl Granville, the Duke of Cambridge said:
+"It is not the first time that His Royal Highness has acted as President
+in undertakings of this nature, and it is very difficult for any person
+to praise him in his presence without appearing fulsome; but it is not
+fulsome to say that he has always devoted his whole energies to bringing
+everything to a successful issue with which he is connected."
+
+
+OPENING AND SUCCESS OF THE EXHIBITION
+
+The Colonial and Indian Exhibition was opened on the following day at
+South Kensington by Her Majesty the Queen in the presence of an immense
+gathering, representative of all parts of the British realm. It was, in
+fact, the first of those great fetes with which the people became so
+familiar in the next two decades and which did so much to unify and
+typify the power of the Empire. In the brilliant throng surrounding the
+Queen and the Prince of Wales, as the latter read an elaborate address
+of loyal welcome, were the members of the Government, the various
+Foreign Ambassadors, distinguished men in every walk of life,
+representatives of Colonies and British islands in all parts of the
+world--Lord Salisbury, Lord Rosebery, Lord Cranbrook, the Earl of
+Northbrook, the Dukes of Manchester, Buckingham and Abercorn, the Earl
+of Iddesleigh, Lord Granville, the Earl of Kimberley, Lord Napier of
+Magdala, Sir M. E. Hicks-Beach, Sir F. Leighton, Sir Charles Tupper and
+Mr. Hector Fabre from Canada, Sir Alexander Stuart, Sir Arthur Blyth,
+Sir Samuel Davenport, the Hon. James F. Garrick and the Hon. Malcolm
+Fraser, from Australia, Sir Lyon Playfair, Sir Richard Cross, Sir
+William Harcourt, Lord Wolseley, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Mr. H. C.
+E. Childers, the Maharajah of Johore, Rustem Pasha, Count Hatzfeldt,
+Earl Spencer, and many others. Madame Albani sang that splendid ode by
+Lord Tennyson beginning:
+
+    "Welcome, welcome with one voice
+    In your welfare we rejoice,
+    Sons and brothers that have sent,
+    From isle and cape and continent
+    Produce of your field and flood,
+    Mount and mine and primal wood,
+    Works of subtle brain and hand
+    And splendours of the Morning Land,
+    Gifts from every British zone
+    Britons, hold your own!"
+
+The National Anthem was first sung in English and then in Sanskrit as a
+compliment to the Indian visitors. The address read by the Prince of
+Wales referred to the origin and progress of the project, to the
+development of the Colonies, to the late Prince Consort's interest in
+Exhibitions and to his own position as President of the present Royal
+Commission, and concluded as follows: "It is our heartfelt prayer that
+an undertaking intended to illustrate and record this development may
+give a stimulus to the commercial interests and intercourse of all parts
+of Your Majesty's dominions; that it may be the means of augmenting that
+warm affection and brotherly sympathy which is reciprocated by all Your
+Majesty's subjects; and that it may still further deepen that steadfast
+loyalty which we, who dwell in the Mother Country, share with our
+kindred who have elsewhere so nobly done honour to her name." The
+Queen's reply expressed an earnest hope that the Exhibition would
+encourage the arts of peace and industry and strengthen the bonds of
+union within the Empire. An interesting feature of the proceedings was
+the receipt of a telegram from Sir Patrick Jennings, Premier of New
+South Wales, expressing that Colonial Government's "thanks and
+appreciation to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales for the profound
+interest" he had shown in the success of the great project now so
+auspiciously opened. The London _Times_ on the following day spoke of
+the "energy and devotion" of the Prince in this connection, and the
+press as a whole at home and in the external Empire joined in
+congratulating him upon the issue.
+
+The Exhibition was a great success in every way. Over five and a half
+million visitors were recorded and the Queen helped, personally, to
+maintain public interest in it by herself visiting the various Sections
+repeatedly. The final meeting of the Royal Commission was held at
+Marlborough House on April 30th, 1897 and the Prince of Wales submitted
+an elaborate and exhaustive Report which was afterwards published. In
+his own remarks the President pointed out that the project had served
+its main purpose in very largely promoting knowledge of the Empire's
+resources and products and that, incidentally, its success had given the
+management a surplus of L35,000. This sum, he suggested, should be
+largely devoted to the advancement of the project for a permanent
+Exhibition or Imperial Institute--"in the promotion of which the Queen
+and I both take so warm an interest." Later in the evening the Prince
+expressed the hope that as the late Exhibition had been, allegorically,
+burnt that day, "the Imperial Institute may be a Phoenix rising out of
+its ashes. I trust that it may be a lasting memorial not only of that
+but of the Jubilee of Her Majesty the Queen." Of the sum mentioned,
+L25,000 was accordingly voted to the new project.
+
+The proposal of the Heir Apparent--as first expressed in a letter to
+the Lord Mayor on September 13, 1886--was that the idea evolved in the
+Exhibition should be made permanent and be embodied in an Imperial
+Institute which should be at once a visible emblem of the unity of the
+Empire, a place for illustrating its vast resources, a museum for
+exhibiting its varied and changing products and industries, a centre of
+information and communication for all British countries, an aid to the
+increase and distribution of national wealth, a medium for combining in
+joint co-operation older and smaller institutions of tried utility, and
+a fitting national memorial of the Queen's Jubilee. The movement
+developed steadily and, on January 12th, 1887, a gathering was held at
+Kensington Palace, upon invitation of the Prince of Wales, and was one
+of the most representative over which even he had ever presided. Amongst
+those present were Lord Herschell, Chairman of the Organizing Committee,
+the Earl of Carnarvon, Lord Revelstoke, Lord Rothschild, Sir Lyon
+Playfair, Sir H. T. Holland, Sir John Rose, Sir Henry James, the Right
+Hon. H. H. Fowler, Sir Frederick Leighton, Sir Charles Tupper, Sir Saul
+Samuel, Sir Edward Guinness, Sir Ashley Eden, Sir Owen T. Bourne, Sir
+Reginald Hanson, Lord Mayor of London, Mr. J. H. Tritton, Chairman of
+the London Chamber of Commerce, Mr. Pattison Currie, Chairman of the
+Bank of England, Sir Frederick Abel, Mr. Neville Lubbock, Lord Campden,
+the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, the Lord Mayor of York, the Mayor of
+Newcastle and nearly two hundred other mayors, or chief magistrates, of
+British towns.
+
+The Prince of Wales was accompanied by Prince Albert Victor and spoke at
+length upon the objects to be served and the progress already made in
+the matter which he had so much at heart. "It occurred to me that the
+recent Colonial and Indian Exhibition, which presented a most successful
+display of the material resources of the Colonies and India, might
+suggest the basis for an Institute which should afford a permanent
+representation of the products and manufactures of the Queen's
+dominions. I, therefore, appointed a Committee of eminent men to
+consider and report to me upon the best means of carrying out this
+idea." So much for the initiation of the scheme. The Report had been
+duly submitted and accepted and he now invited co-operation and
+assistance in establishing and maintaining the proposed "Imperial
+Institute of the United Kingdom, the Colonies and India." His Royal
+Highness pointed out that no less than sixteen million persons had
+attended the four Exhibitions over which he had presided--the Fisheries,
+Healtheries, Inventories and Colinderies, as they were popularly
+called--and expressed the strong belief that they had added greatly to
+the knowledge of the people and largely stimulated the industries of the
+country.
+
+
+INITIATION OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE
+
+"My proposals are that the Imperial Institute be an emblem of the unity
+of the Empire and illustrate the resources and capabilities of every
+section of Her Majesty's dominions." The Colonies and Motherland would
+thus teach other and emigration would also be greatly aided along
+British channels. He believed that the work upon which he had entered in
+this connection would be of lasting benefit to this and future
+generations and, after a careful review of the whole situation, declared
+that "from the close relation in which I stand to the Queen there can be
+no impropriety in my stating that if her subjects desire, on the
+occasion of the celebration of her fiftieth year as Sovereign of this
+great Empire, to offer her a memorial of their love and loyalty, she
+would specially value one which would promote the industrial and
+commercial resources of her dominions in various parts of the world and
+which would be expressive of that unity and co-operation which Her
+Majesty desires should prevail amidst all classes and races of her
+extended Empire."
+
+A public meeting at the Mansion House followed with the Lord Mayor in
+the chair and was addressed by Earl Granville, Mr. A. J. Mundella, Mr.
+G. J. Goschen, and others. Strong resolutions of support and approval
+were passed, many telegrams of sympathy with the object announced, and a
+statement of initial subscriptions given which included the names of
+Lord Rothschild, Sir W. J. Clarke of Australia and Lord Revelstoke.
+During the next six years the project was steadily pressed forward;
+large individual subscriptions obtained by the personal influence of the
+Prince of Wales, supplemented by the growing sympathy with the Colonies
+and with Empire unity; while grants were given by the British, Indian
+and Colonial Governments. Gradually, the splendid building in South
+Kensington, known over the world as the Imperial Institute, approached
+completion and, on May 9th, 1893, was opened by the Queen amidst stately
+ceremonial and all the trappings of regal magnificence. Nearly all the
+Royal family were present and, in the progress through the streets, a
+particularly enthusiastic reception was given to the Duke of York and
+Princess May of Teck whose engagement had been very recently announced.
+Around Her Majesty and the Prince of Wales, as the latter presented the
+address of the Committee, were ranged the most representative men of
+England, many Ambassadors, and Indian Princes and Colonial statesmen.
+Lord Salisbury, Mr. A. J. Balfour, Mr. H. H. Asquith, Sir William
+Harcourt, Lord Rosebery and Lord Randolph Churchill were there, but not
+Mr. Gladstone. After a brief description, in the address, of the objects
+and history of the Institute, the Prince continued as follows: "We
+venture to express a confident anticipation that the Imperial Institute
+will not only be a record of the growth of the Empire and of the
+marvellous advance of its people in industrial and commercial
+prosperity during Your Majesty's reign but will, also, tend to increase
+that prosperity by stimulating enterprise and promoting the technical
+and scientific knowledge which is now so essential to industrial
+development." After some brief words from Her Majesty the great building
+was declared open and another important project initiated by the Prince
+of Wales had reached completion. The London _Times_ of the succeeding
+day referred with accuracy, in this connection, to his "clear-sighted
+initiative and untiring energy" and a member of the Executive Committee,
+which had the enterprise in hand, wrote to the same paper that during
+the past six years "every important step in connection with the
+Institute has been taken under the immediate direction of the Prince of
+Wales. By his energy men have been moved to action and difficulties
+apparently insuperable have been overcome. The result of years of
+devoted labour was accomplished to-day."
+
+
+EARLY ADVOCACY OF IMPERIALISM
+
+These were the two chief products of what may be called the Empire
+statesmanship of the Prince of Wales. Long before either of them were
+undertaken, however, he had shown a deep and sincere interest in the
+unity of the Empire--a natural outcome of his training, his travels, his
+individual abilities. For many years he acted as President of the Royal
+Colonial Institute, accepting the position at a time when people were
+only beginning to awake to the fact that Great Britain was more than an
+Island and sea-power and when the Institute was the rallying ground and
+centre for a small group of men like the late Duke of Manchester, Lord
+Bury, Mr. W. E. Forster and Sir Frederick Young, who devoted much energy
+and enthusiasm to the promotion of what long afterwards became known as
+Imperialism. The patronage and support of His Royal Highness did very
+much to give the movement, in its earlier days, a place and an influence
+and to establish the Institute as the factor which history has since
+recognized it to have been. It was in this connection, on July 16th,
+1881, that the Lord Mayor of London--Sir William McArthur
+M.P.--entertained the Prince of Wales at a banquet attended by many
+representatives of the Colonies and distinguished guests. In his speech
+the Prince referred with extreme regret to his not having been able to
+visit all the Colonies, and especially, Australia. He had greatly
+desired to accept the invitation extended to him two years before to
+visit the Exhibitions at Sydney and Melbourne. "Though, my Lords and
+gentlemen I have not had the opportunity of seeing those great
+Australian Colonies, which every day and every year are making such
+immense development, still, at the International Exhibitions of London,
+Paris and Vienna, I had not only an opportunity of seeing their various
+products then exhibited, but I had the pleasure of making the personal
+acquaintance of many Colonists--a fact which has been a matter of great
+importance and great benefit to myself."
+
+A further reference was made to the sending of his sons to visit
+Australia and memories of his own tour of British America were revived,
+with an expression of special gratification at seeing his "old friend,"
+Sir John Macdonald, Prime Minister of Canada, present on this occasion.
+In August, 1887, the Prince of Wales showed further and practical
+interest in Australia by accepting the post of President of the Royal
+Commission appointed by the Queen, in England, to promote and help the
+Melbourne Exhibition of 1888. The Earl of Rosebery acted as
+Vice-President and much was done in making the British exhibit a good
+one. Years before this, speaking at the laying of the foundation stone
+of the first Melbourne Exhibition--February 19th, 1879--the Governor of
+Victoria, Sir George F. Bowen, declared it to be well-known that the
+Heir Apparent was animated by "a desire to visit the Australian Colonies
+in person should high reasons of state permit." As illustrating the
+opinions formed of him by colonial statesmen, the following may be
+quoted from the autobiography of that uncouth, clever, patriotic
+personality, Sir Henry Parkes: "I met His Royal Highness on several
+occasions in London, and he struck me as possessing in a remarkable
+degree the princely faculty of doing the right thing and saying the
+right word."
+
+Another matter to which the Prince of Wales gave an Imperial character
+was the Royal College of Music which he initiated, organized and finally
+inaugurated on May 7th, 1883. Upon the latter occasion he explained in
+his speech that the institution was open to the whole Empire, that
+scholarships had already been provided by Victoria and South Australia,
+and that he hoped it might become an Imperial centre of musical
+education as well as a British centre. "The object I have in view is
+essentially Imperial as well as national, and I trust that ere long
+there will be no Colony of any importance which is not represented by a
+scholar at the Royal College." During the years which followed, up to
+the time of his accession to the Throne, the interest of the Prince of
+Wales in everything that helped Imperial unity was continuous and most
+earnest. At the Jubilee periods of 1887 and 1897, he entertained many
+Colonial statesmen, as he had done at other times when opportunity
+served, and he was always delighted to meet them and to discuss the
+affairs of their countries with men who naturally knew them best. It was
+a process of mental equipment for the government of a vast empire which,
+in addition to his early travels, must have made the experience and
+knowledge of Queen Victoria's successor as unique as were the conditions
+and greatness of his Empire.
+
+During the last Jubilee the Prince presided, on June 18th, as President
+of the Imperial Institute, at a banquet given to the Colonial Premiers
+and other representatives in London. Upon his right sat Sir Wilfrid
+Laurier, Premier of Canada, and upon his left Mr. Whitelaw Reid, the
+special Envoy of the United States. Amongst others present were Lord
+Salisbury, Sir Hugh Nelson, Premier of Queensland, the Marquess of
+Lansdowne, Lord Rosebery and Mr. Chamberlain--all of whom spoke; while
+Lord Ripon, Lord Dufferin, Lord Kimberley, the Marquess of Lorne, Sir W.
+V. Whiteway, Premier of Newfoundland, Lord Rothschild, Sir Donald Smith
+(Lord Strathcona) the Archbishop of Canterbury and a splendid array of
+other representative men in Church and State, army and navy, art and
+science and literature, were also present. In one of his tactful
+speeches on this occasion, His Royal Highness referred to the enormous
+growth of the Colonies during the Queen's record reign and expressed the
+hope that present peaceful conditions might long continue. "God grant
+it," he added, "but if the national flag is threatened I am convinced
+that all the Colonies will unite to maintain what exists and to preserve
+the unity of the Empire." In little more than a year these words were
+fully borne out by events.
+
+But the Prince of Wales was never content to make mere speeches in
+advocacy of a principle. His aid to the Royal Colonial Institute and
+organization of the Imperial Institute were cases in point. When the
+Imperial Federation League was formed he could only help its aims
+indirectly because there were political possibilities in its platform,
+but when, in 1896, the British Empire League succeeded to its place and
+mission, with a broader and more general platform, the Queen and the
+Prince extended their patronage to the organization. On April 30, 1900,
+a great banquet was given under its auspices to welcome the Australian
+Delegates who had gone "home" to discuss the Commonwealth Act, and to
+recognize the services rendered by Colonial troops in the South African
+war. The Duke of Devonshire occupied the chair, with the Prince of Wales
+and the Duke of York on either hand, and next to them again the Dukes of
+Cambridge and Fife. The Marquess of Salisbury, Lieutenant Colonel
+George T. Denison, President of the League in Canada, Mr. Chamberlain,
+Mr. Edmund Barton of Australia and Mr. J. Israel Tarte of Canada were
+amongst the speakers, and others present included the Right Hon. C. C.
+Kingston, the Hon. Alfred Deakin, the Hon. J. R. Dickson, Sir John
+Cockburn and Sir James Blyth of Australia, the Earl of Hopetoun, Lord
+Lansdowne, Lord Wolseley, Lord Knutsford, Lord Strathcona, the Earl of
+Onslow, the Earl of Jersey, the Earl of Crewe, Lord Kelvin and Earl
+Grey. The Prince of Wales was enthusiastically received and
+congratulated upon his recent escape from assassination at Brussels.
+After some eloquently appropriate remarks upon this point, he welcomed
+the Australians in kindly words and then referred to the war. "We little
+doubt," he went on, "that in a great war like the one we are now waging
+we should have at any rate the sympathy of our Colonies; but it has
+exceeded even our expectations. We know now the feeling that existed in
+our Colonies and that they have sent their best material, their best
+blood and manhood, to fight with us, side by side, for the honour of the
+flag and for the maintenance of our Empire." Such words may fittingly
+conclude a brief record of the Prince of Wales' interest in Empire
+affairs up to the time of his accession to the Throne.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+The Prince as Heir Apparent
+
+
+The Heir to a Throne such as that of Great Britain has an exceptionally
+difficult place to fill. He has to have the broad sympathies and
+knowledge and training of a statesman without the right to express
+himself upon any of the political problems and issues of his time; he
+has to live in a never-ending blaze of publicity and be liable to
+unscrupulous, or too scrupulous, criticism without the power of direct
+reply; he has, perhaps, to suffer in private life and character from the
+caustic shafts of men at home or abroad who do not like the institution
+which he represents; he has to officiate in a ceaseless round of
+functions and public ceremonial; he has to travel constantly from Court
+to Court in Europe and, in the case of the Prince of Wales, he had to
+act for several decades the part of the Sovereign in public life without
+the resources or responsibilities which the actual ruler would naturally
+possess.
+
+There are, of course, important compensations. He has the foremost place
+in every leading national event, the privilege of knowing as intimately
+as he pleases the great men of his own and other countries, in every
+line of statecraft and human attainment, the pleasure of travel in many
+lands and amongst varied scenes and people, the opportunity of taking up
+any matter of a non-political character which he deems useful to the
+state, the people, or the Empire, with a reasonable certainty of
+substantial backing. To succeed, however, in the position as did Albert
+Edward, Prince of Wales, demands a peculiar combination of qualities
+which very few men possess in any rank of life. Tact, self-restraint,
+self-reliance, knowledge of human nature, energy, dignity, good
+intentions earnest patriotism, are more or less necessary.
+
+How seldom these qualities have all been possessed by Heirs to the
+British Throne is plain upon the pages of history. There have been
+amongst them seventeen Princes of Wales of whom the best, before the
+chief of the line, was the Black Prince, and of whom only four have
+reached the Throne since the time of Edward VI. They were Charles I,
+Charles II, George II, and George IV., and the careers of the last two
+consisted in the establishment of rival Courts, continuous disagreements
+with their fathers, the headship of political factions, and the
+possession of characters about which the least said the better. The
+Prince who became Edward VII. may be said to have created the position
+of Heir Apparent, as his Royal mother created that of a modern
+constitutional Monarch.
+
+
+NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE POSITION
+
+He established himself as a sort of advisory statesman to the nation, an
+absolutely impartial leader in questions of high, as distinct from party
+politics, the first gentleman in the land in society, sports and
+manners, the leader of philanthropic projects and social reforms. He
+became the busiest man in England, the most popular personality in the
+three kingdoms, the head and front of many important public
+undertakings. Such a development was new to British institutions, but it
+came about so gradually that only when he ascended the Throne did people
+fully realize how large a place the Prince of Wales had held in public
+affairs as well as in their affections. Mr. Chauncey M. Depew, the
+eloquent American Senator, expressed the personal side of the matter
+very well when he said, with some surprise, after first meeting His
+Royal Highness: "I met a thoughtful dignitary filling to the brim the
+requirements of his exalted position. In fact, a practical as well as a
+theoretical student of the mighty forces which control the government of
+all great countries and make their best history."
+
+There were many sides to this career, and in some of them the Prince
+never received the credit which he deserved. One was the essentially
+business-like management of his financial affairs. From the time of
+attaining his majority the Heir Apparent received L40,000 a year by
+grant of Parliament; at his marriage a special grant of L10,000 was
+given the Princess of Wales; when their children grew up the Prince was
+given L36,000 to apportion amongst them as he saw fit. During his
+minority the wise management of the revenues of the Duchy of
+Cornwall--which is an hereditary appurtenance of the Prince of Wales--by
+the late Prince Consort, gave the Heir Apparent a total of L600,000, of
+which L220,000 were expended upon the purchase of Sandringham, and a
+considerable sum upon improvements there. On the Prince's marriage he
+was voted L23,455 to defray expenses and his allowance for the Indian
+tour of 1875 was L142,000 of which L69,000 was for presents. Marlborough
+House was given him by the nation, though he paid taxes upon it like any
+other citizen. The Duchy of Cornwall was so well managed after it came
+under his control that it yielded in 1897 a total income of nearly
+L74,000, or almost double the value of the returns received forty years
+before. Birk Hall, an estate inherited from the Prince Consort, was sold
+to the Queen for L120,000. The total public income of the Prince of
+Wales during many years was about L180,000, or nearly a million dollars,
+and the management of his finances was always careful. The stories of
+extravagance and indebtedness were absolutely without foundation. Yet
+these tales of poverty were always widespread and were probably believed
+by many millions of people.
+
+The truth is that he was a first-rate business man in money affairs,
+knew how to make his income go to its furthest extent, and had an
+established system on his estates and in his palaces which combined
+comfort and luxury with judicious economy. A few words upon this point
+may be quoted, in passing, from an article in the well-known _Ladies
+Home Journal_ of Philadelphia, written in July, 1897, by Mr. George W.
+Smalley, an American critic of authority who lived in London for many
+years: "It is not a subject which I care to touch upon, but I may refer
+to the stories about the Prince of Wales' financial position. It is a
+matter with which the American public has absolutely no concern.
+Nevertheless all sorts of stories are printed here about his debts to
+this person or that. Such stories were circulated when Baron Hirsch
+died--so circumstantial that they must have either been based upon
+minute knowledge or have been pure fabrications. They were not based
+upon knowledge, minute or otherwise, because they were not true." These
+stories were rendered more absurd by the fact that a rough calculation
+of his receipts during forty years of public life would indicate a sum
+of between thirty and forty millions of dollars.
+
+
+CHARITIES OF THE PRINCE
+
+Of course the expenses of the Heir Apparent were very great even when
+those are excepted which the nation paid. His personal gifts to
+benevolent institutions, educational concerns, religious interests,
+objects of social, moral and physical improvement, hospitals and
+infirmaries, asylums, orphanages, commercial and agricultural
+organizations, the relief of children and foreigners in distress, deaf
+and dumb and blind institutions, memorials and statues, Indian famines,
+war funds, calamity funds of various kinds at home, in the Colonies, and
+abroad, have been reckoned by an English student of statistics at L3,200
+a year, or L128,000 in forty years--$640,000 spent in response to public
+appeals alone without reference to the many private charities about
+which little was known except that a very large amount of assistance
+was given yearly by the Prince and Princess in response to all kinds of
+private and authenticated requests. In this general connection Mr.
+Gladstone, when Prime Minister, spoke very warmly during the
+Parliamentary discussion of 1889 upon the Royal grants of that year. "It
+will be admitted," he said in the course of his somewhat famous speech,
+"that circumstances have tended to throw upon the Prince of Wales an
+amount of public work in connection with institutions as well as with
+ceremonials, which was larger than could reasonably have been expected,
+and with regard to which every call has been honourably and devotedly
+met from a sense of public duty."
+
+Reference has been made in the preceding pages to the infinitely varied
+public functions of His Royal Highness and the aid thus given to
+charities and benevolent objects. A few instances only were quoted in
+which many thousands of pounds were obtained for worthy objects through
+his patronage. The fact is that the Heir Apparent gave his position a
+rather unique characteristic in this respect by becoming a sort of Grand
+Almoner of the nation. Almost any charity which he patronized or which
+the Princess supported with his approval, became a success, and it is
+probable that every thousand pounds which he gave away became a hundred
+thousand pounds through the _prestige_ of his example and his often
+vigorous and effective personal exertions. One of the interests to which
+he was most devoted was that of the London and other hospitals.
+Attendance at the festivals, or annual dinners, was frequent, and the
+consequent subscription to their funds from time to time considerable.
+During the Diamond Jubilee the Prince thought he saw in this cause a way
+to fittingly commemorate that great event--as he had already marked that
+of 1887 by the Imperial Institute.
+
+Under date of February 5th, 1897, therefore, an elaborate statement and
+earnest appeal appeared in the London _Times_ and other great papers
+signed by the Prince of Wales, and asking for organized help in making
+up the existing deficits of L100,000 in London hospitals. The Royal
+writer pointed out that the efforts of individual institutions,
+praiseworthy as they had been, failed to obtain more than a small number
+of subscriptions from the great population of the metropolis; that the
+reasons for this was partly the difficulty of choosing amongst so many
+useful charities, partly the lack of definite opportunity for giving
+annual subscriptions to the cause as a whole, partly a feeling that
+small sums were not worth contributing; that it was proposed to
+establish this "Prince of Wales Hospital Fund" in order to commemorate
+the 60th anniversary of the Queen's reign by obtaining permanent annual
+subscriptions of from L100,000 to L150,000. He also announced that Lord
+Rothschild had accepted the post of Treasurer, that a commencement in
+subscriptions had been made, and that the Lord Mayor had promised his
+active assistance.
+
+The success of the movement thus inaugurated by the Heir Apparent was
+pronounced. The annual Report of the Council of the Fund, which was
+issued on May 2nd, 1899, stated that during the past two years L89,000
+had been distributed, and that the hospitals had been enabled to re-open
+and maintain two hundred and forty-two beds. It had, however, not come
+up yet to the requirements and, on March 1st, of this year, the Prince
+made another effort to help the hospitals. He called a large and
+representative meeting at Marlborough House, and placed before it a plan
+for the establishment of an Order to be called the League of Mercy. Its
+object would be to reach locally persons who did not subscribe to minor
+Funds, or individual institutions, and to do this by offering an honour
+in the form of this decoration, "as a reward for gratuitous personal
+services rendered in the relief of sickness, suffering, poverty or
+distress." These services would be apart, altogether, from gifts of
+money, (although the latter would be gladly accepted) and must be
+continued during five years. The Queen was to be head of the Order and
+the Heir Apparent its Grand President. All names were to be submitted to
+Her Majesty and the honour itself was not to confer any rank, dignity or
+social precedence. The plan was approved, and its success marked despite
+some caustic and unjust criticisms in certain Radical papers. On
+December 1st (1899), following, the annual meeting of the Hospital Fund
+was held at Marlborough House, with His Royal Highness in the chair, and
+attended by Lord Rowton, Lord Iveagh, Cardinal Vaughan, Lord Lister,
+Lord Reay, the Chief Rabbi and others. Lord Rothschild submitted a
+statement which showed the year's receipts to be L47,000, the first
+distribution from the League of Mercy to be L1,000, and the total amount
+of the Fund to be L217,000. The meeting of December 18th, in the
+following year, showed receipts of L49,468; of which L6,000 came from
+the League of Mercy. In his speech upon this occasion Lord Rothschild
+heartily congratulated the Royal chairman upon his "wisdom and
+foresight" in forming this League. In passing, it may be said that
+Grey's Hospital, London, was one of the individual institutions which
+the Prince undertook personally to help, and at one special banquet, at
+which he presided for this purpose, he was enabled to announce total
+subscriptions to the extraordinary amount of L151,000.
+
+
+THE PRINCE AND THE WORKINGMEN
+
+There was no part of his public career more creditable to the Prince of
+Wales than his sincere, unforced friendship and sympathy with the
+workingman. Like his philanthropic work, it was the natural product of a
+generous disposition, and won the honest liking of men who had always
+looked with suspicion upon aristocratic, to say nothing of Royal,
+efforts in their behalf. This was another illustration of the difference
+between Heirs Apparent to the Throne. Imagination fails to grasp the
+thought of the Stuarts or the Georges, when holding that position,
+trying to help the poor or uplift the labourer! Speaking at a meeting in
+London on January 12th, 1887, Lord Mayor, Sir Reginald Hanson, said:
+"All those who have been engaged in this scheme (the Imperial Institute)
+know that the Prince of Wales is one of the first in this country who
+looks to the interests of the working classes." For many years, indeed,
+he had been an annual subscriber to the Workingmen's Club and Institute
+Union and to the Workingmen's College in Great Ormond Street. In the
+Alexandra Trust, founded by Sir Thomas Lipton, at the instance of the
+Princess, much interest was taken by the Heir Apparent as well as his
+wife, and, on March 15th, 1900, they privately and unexpectedly visited
+the Restaurant in City Road and inspected this praiseworthy effort to
+supply wholesome food at low prices to the poor. After walking about and
+speaking to many of the people, they enjoyed a "three-course dinner"
+costing four pence half-penny, and left amid a scene of great
+enthusiasm.
+
+More than once the Prince aided workingmen's institutions by visiting
+them. On one occasion he heard that an Exhibition in South London,
+promoted by workingmen, was languishing for want of patronage and at
+once arranged to visit it unofficially. He went through it carefully,
+buying a number of articles and expressing much interest in the project.
+There was no further neglect of the institution by the general public.
+There was, perhaps, no single work in which he more appreciated the
+opportunity of doing good than that connected with the Housing of the
+Poor Commission to which he was appointed in 1884. He more than once
+presided at its meetings and took an active part in the investigations
+which were necessary. He attended every sitting and studied quietly and
+privately the whole condition of the poor in the poorest quarters of
+London and other cities. The Prince never hesitated to criticize those
+who neglected their charitable duties, or to praise those who lived up
+to the level of their opportunities, and in connection with an
+institution which he opened at Deptford, in 1898, his condemnation of
+the wealthy people in that neighbourhood was severe.
+
+On March 4th, 1900, the working-class dwellings built in Shoreditch by
+the City Council were opened by the Prince of Wales. They were largely
+the product of the Royal Commission in which he had taken such interest
+and whose proposals were the basis of so much progress in this
+direction. His Royal Highness was accompanied on this occasion by the
+Princess and Lord Suffield and was surrounded on the platform by Lord
+Welby, the Earl of Rosebery, the Bishops of London and Stepney, the Earl
+and Countess Carrington and others. In his speech the Prince was
+expressive and vigorous upon the necessity of better housing for the
+poor. "I am satisfied, not only that the public conscience is awakened
+on the subject but that the public demands, and will demand, vigorous
+action in cleansing the slums which disgrace our civilization and the
+erection of good and wholesome dwellings such as those around us, and in
+meeting the difficulties of providing house-room for the
+working-classes, at reasonable rates, by easy and cheap carriage to not
+distant districts where rents are reasonable." He concluded an elaborate
+speech upon the question generally by expressing the hope that the
+Legislature would deal with and punish those who were responsible for
+insanitary property. Speaking at a banquet of the London County Council
+on December 3rd of the same year, the Prince again urged attention to
+the improvement of dwellings in various city areas. A part of this
+generous desire to aid the poor was the Princess of Wales' dinner to
+three hundred thousand persons in London at the Jubilee of 1897.
+Contributions poured in unceasingly to the project and amongst others
+was the gift of twenty thousand sheep from the pastoralists of New
+South Wales, Queensland and Victoria. The organization of the dinner was
+in the hands of the Lord Mayor of London and it proved a great success.
+
+The gifts of a statesman were cultivated by the Prince of Wales upon
+every proper opportunity. His Empire unity ideas and projects were
+abundant evidence of this while a not less distinct proof of statecraft
+was the apparent absence of it--the absolute non-partisan position of
+the Heir Apparent. No one was ever able to say that he held political
+views of any particular type. His delicate tact was particularly shown
+in his kindness and courtesy to Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone. When the aged
+statesman finally retired from politics the Prince visited him again at
+Hawarden Castle and was photographed in a family group. He and the
+Princess attended his funeral and showed the greatest respect for his
+memory and services. When the time came, in 1900, for Mrs. Gladstone to
+be laid beside her husband in Westminster Abbey one of the incidents of
+a sad occasion was the wreath sent in by their Royal Highnesses with the
+following inscription:
+
+    _In Memory of Dear Mrs. Gladstone._
+
+    "It is but crossing with abated breath
+    And with set face, a little strip of sea,
+    To find the loved ones waiting on the shore
+    More beautiful, more precious than before."
+
+In preparing a national memorial to the eminent Liberal leader the
+Prince of Wales accepted the post of President of the General Committee
+with the Duke of Westminster as Chairman of the Executive. With Mr.
+Cecil Rhodes, he was long upon terms of intimacy and never concealed his
+admiration for the great Imperialist's career and objects. There can be
+no doubt that he knew much of South African affairs and was instrumental
+in the Duke of Fife taking a place on the Directorate of the South
+African Chartered Company. The only occasion upon which the Prince ever
+withdrew from a prominent Club was his retirement from the Traveller's
+because they had black-balled Mr. Rhodes. Not the smallest evidence of
+statecraft which the Prince of Wales showed, in a semi-personal way, was
+his warm sympathy with the emancipation of the Jews and his belief in
+their absorption into the life and interests of England. His presence at
+the marriage of Mr. Leopold de Rothschild caused, long since, a
+sensation in Jewish circles but it was only the first of many
+compliments which the Heir Apparent bestowed upon the "chosen people" up
+to the days when one of them became Prime Minister and a daughter of the
+House of Rothschild married a future Premier--the Earl of Rosebery. The
+late Baron Hirsch, the present Lord Rothschild. Sir Reuben Sassoon and
+Sir Moses Montefiore were amongst his personal friends and he made a
+thorough study of the position of the Russian Jews--showing them
+practical sympathy in various indirect ways. Of course, this partiality
+was open to misconstruction and the rumour of indebtedness to Jewish
+financial interests was so prevalent at one time that Sir Francis
+Knollys had to write a correspondent, who directly asked the question,
+an official statement as Private Secretary to the Prince, that the
+latter had no debts worth speaking of and could pay every farthing he
+owed at a moment's notice.
+
+There is no question, however, that this friendship with a powerful
+financial class, ruling great interests in every nation, gave the Prince
+of Wales a much enhanced influence abroad. In the same way his obvious
+liking for American men and women of standing and ability was marked and
+did undoubted service in promoting good feeling between the two
+countries--where it was not grossly and untruthfully misrepresented by
+sensational journals. Really distinguished visitors from the United
+States, whether rich or poor, always found a welcome at the hands of His
+Royal Highness and amongst those whom he appears to have especially
+liked were James Russell Lowell, Thomas F. Bayard, Whitelaw Reid and
+Chauncey M. Depew. American women who have been absorbed into English
+life and society like Lady Harcourt, Mrs. Chamberlain and the Duchess of
+Marlborough were always treated with marked courtesy by both the
+Princess and himself. His visit to the United States in 1860 had also
+taught him something of conditions there which those around him were not
+always fully aware of. Hence the value of the message which was sent to
+the New York _World_ in the name of the Prince of Wales and the Duke of
+York during the Venezuelan crisis. If it be true that a private letter,
+a word spoken in season, or a brief drawing-room conversation, is often
+more influential than a cloud of newspaper writing, then the Prince of
+Wales was for years a potent force in promoting good-will between the
+Empire and the Republic.
+
+As a diplomatist there can be no doubt of the Heir Apparent's influence.
+He succeeded, in fact, to much of the power held in that respect by the
+Prince Consort. It was the post of an unofficial and secret personal
+mediator between the Sovereign of Great Britain and those of other
+countries. Thoroughly acquainted with the personality of foreign rulers,
+related to the majority of those in Europe, knowing their degrees of
+national influence and personal power, familiar with the statesmen's
+position in Court and Legislature, associated more and more closely as
+the years went on with Queen Victoria's personal view of foreign policy,
+the Prince's position was one of very great indirect power. Through his
+heirship to the British throne he was naturally upon terms of something
+like equality with those whom he met as rulers at Berlin or St.
+Petersburg, at Paris or Vienna, and more in sympathy with their point of
+view than men of less than Royal rank. To quote Mr. George W. Smalley in
+_McClure's Magazine_ of March, 1901: "His is a strange nature. He has,
+very fully and strongly, the pride of Kings and what the pride of Kings
+is, a republican who has lived all his life in a republic can hardly
+conceive. He has behind him, moreover, the loyalty of an expectant
+nation." Upon the other hand he knew more about the people and was more
+of them than any other hereditary ruler or prospective ruler in the
+world. Hence the strength of his position when conferring with a German
+Emperor, or a Russian Czar, or talking quietly with some Foreign
+Minister at a time of crisis.
+
+
+INCIDENTS OF DIPLOMATIC INFLUENCE
+
+This personal influence of the Heir Apparent was a factor often ignored.
+"Again and again," says Mr. Smalley, from the point of view of one who
+watched for years at the source of power in London, "the Prince has gone
+abroad as--in effect, though of course never in name--an Ambassador from
+the Queen to some Sovereign on the Continent. He has laid her views at
+some critical moments before the German Emperor and carried home the
+Emperor's response." This sort of personal intercourse must, many a
+time, have solved vital and serious issues. When William II. visited
+Windsor in 1899 and the Queen, with the aid of the Prince of Wales, Lord
+Salisbury and Mr. Chamberlain, evolved the terms upon which the
+countries were to stand in regard to the coming South African war, can
+there be any doubt as to the place in these negotiations which the Heir
+Apparent held, or as to the advantage which his many earlier visits to
+Berlin in the days of Bismarck and the Kaiser's initiatory years of
+rule, must have been to him? The result of this intercourse was, in the
+end, the turning of a possible national enemy into a friend; the change
+of the Emperor who wrote the famous Transvaal cablegram into the ruler
+who took the first train and boat to Windsor and bowed his head at the
+death-bed of Queen Victoria.
+
+Another interesting incident in this connection may be found in the
+friendship known to have existed between the Prince of Wales and the
+Czar of Russia. Nicholas II. bore the same relationship of nephew to him
+that was borne by William II. and, like the other Imperial ruler, came
+to bear a similar feeling of respect and regard for his
+uncle--sentiments not always felt between relations, royal or otherwise.
+It was on August 31st, 1894, that the Princess of Wales received a
+despatch from her sister, the Czarina, that Alexander III. was nearing
+his end in the far-away Palace of Livadia. As rapidly as train and ship
+could carry them the Royal couple travelled to Russia, but only in time
+for the prolonged and splendid ceremonial of a state funeral. In this
+great and solemn pageant, lasting a week, and extending from Livadia to
+St. Petersburg, the Czar and the Prince were constantly together, in the
+most intimate relations, at a moment when the former was just
+emerging--as yet a young and inexperienced man--into the
+responsibilities of perhaps the most difficult position in the world. It
+was little wonder if the youthful autocrat of ninety millions took
+counsel of his experienced and genial relative, and found in his society
+comfort and knowledge and the basis of a lasting friendship. Let Mr. W.
+T. Stead in the _Review of Reviews_, of January, 1895, describe the
+situation:
+
+     It was fortunate for every one that he stood where he did, as no
+     one outside the Royal Castle could have been to the young Czar what
+     the Prince was at Livadia, and afterwards. In the long and almost
+     terrible pilgrimage to the tomb which followed, when the corpse of
+     the dead Czar was carried in solemn state from the shores of the
+     Black Sea to the tomb in the Cathedral that stands on the frozen
+     Neva, the Prince was always at the right hand of the Czar. Alike in
+     public or in private, the uncle and the nephew stood side by side.
+     After the first gush of grief had passed, it was impossible but
+     that thoughts of the relations between the two Empires should not
+     have crossed the minds of both. These two men share between them
+     the over lordship of Asia. To the Czar, the north from the Oural
+     to the far Sagahlien; to the other, the south from the Straits of
+     Babel Mandeb to Hong Kong. No two men on this planet ever
+     represented so vast a range of Imperial power as the first mourners
+     at the bier of Alexander the Third.
+
+At St. Petersburg, the Duke of York joined the mourning group of Royal
+personages, and there, on November 26th, the young Czar was married to
+his cousin, Princess Alix of Hesse, and a still closer tie of
+relationship formed with the Royal House of England. From this time
+forward the diplomatic relations of Russia and Great Britain steadily
+improved and there has never been any doubt amongst those in a position
+to judge that it was very largely due to the close friendship between
+the Prince of Wales and his Imperial nephew. In France, and especially
+amongst its leading men, His Royal Highness was for long an influential
+factor in keeping the wheels of international relations moving smoothly.
+Personally popular, his tactful course at critical periods helped
+greatly in maintaining official amity. The root of this wide-spread
+influence and practical statecraft, in addition to elements already
+indicated and covering more directly the personal equation, was well
+described by Mr. Smalley in an article already quoted: "First of all,
+the impression of real force of character. Next, that combined
+shrewdness and good sense which together amount to sagacity. Third,
+tact. Add to these firmness and courage, and base all of these gifts on
+immense experience of life by one who has touched it on many sides and
+you will have drawn an outline of character which cannot be much
+altered. Add to it the Prince's constant solicitude about public matters
+and his intelligent estimate of forces--which last is the chief business
+of statesmanship. Add to this again the effect upon the hearer of
+conversation from a mind full, not indeed of literature, but of life; a
+conversation of wide range, of acuteness, of clear statement and strong
+opinion, of infinite good humour."
+
+To these varied lines of useful statesmanship and personal labour in
+which the Heir Apparent was engaged for so many years, may be added the
+personal influence which he exercised over men of the Empire from time
+to time, and his constant inculcation of pride in country and of
+patriotic principle. There will then be seen a total record worthy of
+his later place as the hereditary ruler of vast dominions. In the former
+connection one incident may be mentioned as told by a correspondent
+during the Indian tour: "The Prince's tact is remarkable, and the news
+of his friendliness soon spread over India; one officer of great
+experience in Indian affairs declared that in asking the Maharajah
+Scindia to ride down the lines with him at Delhi, His Royal Highness
+performed an act which was worth a million sterling." Upon the latter
+point his speeches during forty years to innumerable military
+bodies--Militia, Volunteer, or Naval--may be mentioned. His earliest
+deliverance of this character was in presenting colours to the 100th, or
+Prince of Wales' Royal Canadian Regiment, at Thorncliffe, on January
+10th, 1859. His first speech as an officer of the Army was, therefore,
+of an Imperialistic character: "The ceremonial, in which we are now
+engaged, possesses a peculiar significance and solemnity because in
+confiding to you for the first time this emblem of military fidelity and
+valour, I not only recognize emphatically your enrollment into our
+national force but celebrate an act which proclaims and strengthens the
+unity of the various parts of this vast Empire under the sway of our
+common Sovereign." The fact that this address of the youthful Prince--he
+was not eighteen--was probably revised and approved by the Prince
+Consort and the Queen, illustrates how early his education in
+Imperialism began, and how far in advance of public opinion the Queen
+and her sagacious husband were.
+
+Through the years that followed the Prince of Wales was never backward
+in urging efficient military and naval protection for British
+interests. Upon the question of the Navy two speeches, delivered in
+1899, may be referred to as indicating the patriotic statesmanship of
+the Heir of the Throne Speaking at the Middlesex Hospital banquet on
+April 12th he said: "In this country it depends on our Navy and our Army
+to uphold the honour and _prestige_ of our nation and to protect the
+interests which have made it the vast empire it is. I rejoice to think
+that Her Majesty's Government have thought fit to increase our Navy. I
+realize by your applause how heartily you reciprocate what I have said,
+and I believe that this feeling exists not only in this room but
+throughout the length and breadth of Her Majesty's dominions. In
+strengthening our Navy, God forbid that it should imply in any way that
+we threatened other countries--just the reverse--for, in order to be at
+peace, we must be strong. Therefore, the best policy is to strengthen
+our first line of defence--the Navy. I hope the motto of which our
+Volunteers are so proud may ever be retained by the Navy; that of
+defence, not defiance." A little later, as President of the Royal
+National Lifeboat Institution, he presided over a banquet in London on
+May 1st. In proposing the toast of the Army and Navy he declared that
+the country owed them much. "I am sure the desire of every Englishman is
+to see both in a high state of efficiency and that he does not grudge
+putting his hand in his pocket to maintain them, because he knows that
+if he has a good fleet and a good army he is safe and the honour of the
+Empire is safe."
+
+An incident occurred on April 4th, 1900, which afforded abundant proof
+of the popularity of the Prince of Wales and indicated the importance
+his position had attained in the eyes of the world. He had been
+travelling to Denmark accompanied by the Princess, and his train had
+arrived at Brussels _en route_ from Calais to Copenhagen. The carriage
+was a special one and was leaving the station at a slow, preliminary
+rate when a youth named Sipido jumped on the foot-board of the car and
+fired two shots, in rapid succession, point-blank at the traveller who
+was just taking a cup of tea with his wife. He was about to fire a third
+time, but was seized by the stationmaster, arrested and sent to prison.
+The man turned out to be a Belgian, expressed no regret for his
+attempted crime, said that he was willing to try again, and stated,
+under cross-examination, that his object was to avenge the thousands of
+men "whom the Prince had caused to be slaughtered in South Africa." He
+was afterwards tried under the laws of Belgium and acquitted. After
+sending dispatches to the Queen and the Duchess of York, containing
+assurance of safety, the Prince and Princess proceeded on their way to
+Denmark.
+
+[Illustration: EDWARD VII AND HIS QUEEN ALEXANDRA CROWNED
+
+On August 9, 1902, amidst all possible pomp and solemnity the Sovereign
+of the British Empire and his beloved Consort received the joyful homage
+of their subjects]
+
+[Illustration: KING EDWARD VII WITH QUEEN ALEXANDRA GOING IN STATE TO
+THE OPENING OF PARLIAMENT]
+
+[Illustration: THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY PAYS HOMAGE TO HIS SOVEREIGN
+
+When the Primate came to do homage to Edward VII and was about to exhort
+the King to "stand firm and hold fast" he was quite overcome, and his
+Majesty to prevent his falling, stretched forth his hand to assist him.]
+
+[Illustration: THE TOWER OF LONDON]
+
+The event created a profound sensation in Great Britain and throughout
+Europe and the British Empire. The first feeling was of astonishment
+that one of the most popular members of the world's Royal circle should
+be the object of such an attempt; the second that more care had not been
+taken by those responsible for his safety in travelling; and the third
+was admiration for the perfect coolness and obvious bravery which he
+showed during and after the ordeal. Everywhere tributes of sympathy were
+tendered in language of unstinted appreciation of the Heir Apparent's
+public services and character. Speaking at Acton, on the same evening,
+Lord George Hamilton, M.P., said: "What could have induced any foreigner
+to raise his hand against the Prince of Wales passed his comprehension.
+If there was one individual who had utilized his position and abilities
+to promote the welfare of the poorer section of society it was the
+Prince of Wales. No kinder, no more philanthropic, no more humane man
+existed on the face of the earth." At other meetings which were going
+on, sympathetic allusions were made to the event, amidst loud cheers, by
+Lord Strathcona, Sir William Wedderburn, M.P., the Earl of Hopetoun, and
+Sir Wilfrid Lawson. Telegrams poured in at Windsor and Marlborough
+House from every point of the compass. Resolutions of congratulation
+were passed in every portion of the Empire during the next few days, and
+"God bless the Prince of Wales" rang loudly through the United Kingdom
+and many a distant country.
+
+King Leopold of Belgium was one of the first to express his deep regret
+at the occurrence; the Governments of Victoria, South Australia, Western
+Australia, Queensland, New Zealand, Tasmania, Cyprus, Mauritius and
+Barbados, the President of France, the Portuguese Parliament, the Town
+Councils of Ballarat and Bendigo in Australia and Durban in South
+Africa, the Agents-General of all the Colonies in London, the Australian
+Federal Delegates in London, the Masonic Grand Lodge of New Zealand, the
+Corporation of London, the Government of Servia, the High Commissioner
+for South Africa and the Hon. W. P. Schreiner, Premier of Cape Colony,
+the Governor-General of Canada, the Governor of Malta, and some eight
+hundred other Governments, public bodies, or prominent persons,
+telegraphed messages of congratulation or formal Resolutions. The
+references of the British and Colonial press were more than sympathetic.
+The London _Standard_ thought that "the veneration felt for the Queen as
+well as the general regard for the Prince's personal qualities and his
+universal popularity might be supposed to give him absolute immunity,
+even in these days of frenzied political animosity and unscrupulous
+journalistic violence. The Prince is almost as well-known on the
+Continent as he is at home, and his invariable courtesy and unaffected
+kindness of heart have been appreciated and acknowledged in capitals
+where his country is not regarded with affection." The London _Daily
+News_ pointed out the utter absence of all excuse for such an attempt.
+"The Prince had refrained with admirable tact and discretion from
+interference with public affairs. All sorts of charitable and
+philanthropic concerns have found in his Royal Highness a sympathetic
+friend."
+
+Returning home, on April 20th, the Prince of Wales was given a pleasant
+surprise at Altona where, as his train stopped on German soil, he found
+the Emperor William and Prince Henry of Prussia waiting with their
+suites to welcome him to Germany and, at the same time, to offer
+personal congratulations upon his escape. This occurrence created wide
+comment in Europe generally, and was taken to mean a desire by the
+German Emperor to express friendly national as well as friendly personal
+feelings. When His Royal Highness arrived at Dover, the welcome was
+immense in numbers and enthusiastic in character. The same thing
+occurred at Charing-Cross Station, London, where he was met by the Duke
+of York and the King of Sweden and Norway and wildly cheered by
+thousands of people on his way to Marlborough House. As the _Standard_
+put it next day: "No address of congratulation, presented by dignitaries
+in scarlet and gold, could have been nearly as eloquent as that sea of
+friendly faces and the ringing cheers of loyal men." In response to the
+innumerable congratulations received, as well as to this reception, the
+Prince of Wales issued a personal and public note of thanks in the
+following terms:
+
+"I have been deeply touched by the numerous expressions of sympathy and
+goodwill addressed to me on the occasion of the providential escape of
+the Princess of Wales and myself from the danger we have lately passed
+through. From every quarter of the globe, from the Queen's subjects
+throughout the world, as well as from the representatives and
+inhabitants of foreign countries, have these manifestations of sympathy
+proceeded, and on my return to this country I received a welcome so
+spontaneous and hearty that I felt I was the recipient of a most
+gratifying tribute of genuine good-will. Such proofs of kind and
+generous feeling are naturally most highly prized by me, and will
+forever be cherished in my memory."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+Accession to the Throne
+
+
+The death of Queen Victoria and the accession of King Edward were the
+first and perhaps the greatest events in the opening year of the new
+century. Before the formal announcement on January 18th, 1901, which
+stated that the Queen was not in her usual health and that "the great
+strain upon her powers" during the past year had told upon Her Majesty's
+nervous system, the people in Great Britain, in Canada, in Australia, in
+all the Isles of the Sea and on the shores of a vast and scattered
+Empire, had become so accustomed to her presence at the head of the
+State and to her personality in their hearts and lives that the
+possibility of her death was regarded with a feeling of shocked
+surprise.
+
+During the days which immediately followed and while the shadow of death
+lay over the towers of Windsor, its influence was everywhere perceptible
+throughout the press, the pulpit and amongst the peoples of the
+Empire--in Montreal as in Winnipeg, in busy Melbourne and in
+trouble-tossed Cape Town, in Calcutta and in Singapore. When the Prince
+of Wales, on Thursday evening, the 22nd of January, telegraphed the Lord
+Mayor of London that "My beloved mother, the Queen, has just passed
+away," the announcement awakened a feeling of sorrow, of sympathy and of
+Imperial sentiment such as the world had never seen before in such
+wide-spread character and spontaneous expression.
+
+Yet there was no expression of uneasiness as to the future; no question
+or doubt as to the new influence and power that must come into existence
+with the change of rulers; no fear that the Prince of Wales, as King
+and Emperor, would not be fully equal to the immense responsibilities of
+his new and great position. Perhaps no Prince, or statesman, or even
+world-conqueror, has ever received so marked a compliment; so universal
+a token of respect and regard as was exhibited in this expression of
+confidence throughout the British Empire.
+
+
+THE EMPIRE'S CONFIDENCE IN THE NEW KING
+
+Public bodies of every description in the United Kingdom, Canada,
+Australia, New Zealand, India and other British countries rivalled each
+other in their tributes of loyalty to the new Sovereign as well as of
+respect for the great one who had gone. The press of the Empire was
+practically a unit in its expression of confidence, while the pulpit,
+which had during past years, expressed itself occasionally in terms of
+criticism, was now almost unanimous in approval of the experienced,
+moderate and tried character of the King. The death which it was once
+thought by feeble-minded, or easily misled individuals, would shake the
+Empire to its foundations was now seen to simply prove the stability of
+its Throne, and the firmness of its institutions in the heart of the
+people. The accession of the Prince of Wales actually strengthened that
+Monarchy which the life and reign of his mother had brought so near to
+the feelings and affections of her subjects everywhere.
+
+On the day following the Queen's death the new Sovereign drove from
+Marlborough House to St. James's Palace; accompanied by Lord Suffield
+and an escort of the Horse Guards. He had previously arrived in London
+from Windsor at an early hour accompanied by the Duke of Connaught, the
+Duke of York, the Duke of Argyll, Mr. Balfour and others. The streets
+were densely crowded with silent throngs of people; crape and mourning
+being visible everywhere, and the raised hat the respectful recognition
+accorded to His Majesty. Later in the day the people found their voices
+and seemed to think that they could cheer again. At St. James's Palace
+the members of the Privy Council had gathered to the number of 150 and
+were representative of the greatest names and loftiest positions in
+British public life.
+
+
+THE KING ADDRESSES THE PRIVY COUNCIL
+
+Members of the Royal family, the members of the Government, prominent
+Peers, leading members of the House of Commons, the principal Judges and
+the Lord Mayor of London--by virtue of his office--were in attendance.
+Lord Salisbury, Lord Rosebery, Mr. Chamberlain, Mr. Balfour; the Dukes
+of Norfolk, Devonshire, Portland, Northumberland, Fife and Argyll; the
+Earls of Clarendon, Pembroke, Chesterfield, Cork and Orrery and Kintore;
+Lord Halsbury, Lord Ashbourne, Lord Knutsford, Sir M. E. Hicks-Beach,
+Lord Balfour of Burleigh, Lord George Hamilton, Mr. St. John Brodrick,
+the Marquess of Lansdowne, Mr. W. H. Long, M.P., Lord Ridley, Sir. H.
+Campbell-Bannerman, Sir J. E. Gorst, the Marquess of Ripon, Lord
+Goschen, Mr. H. H. Asquith, Lord Pirbright, Lord Selborne, Sir R.
+Temple, Mr. W. E. H. Lecky, Sir Drummond Wolff, Sir Charles Dilke, Lord
+Stalbridge, Sir M. E. Grant-Duff, Mr. John Morley, Earl Spencer and Earl
+Carrington were amongst those present. After the Council had been
+officially informed by its President of the Queen's death and of the
+accession of the Prince of Wales, the new Sovereign entered, clad in a
+Field Marshal's uniform, and delivered, without manuscript or notes, a
+speech which was a model of dignity and simplicity. Its terms showed
+most clearly both tact and a profound perception of his position and its
+importance was everywhere recognized:
+
+     "Your Royal Highnesses, My Lords and Gentlemen: This is the most
+     painful occasion on which I shall ever be called upon to address
+     you. My first melancholy duty is to announce to you the death of my
+     beloved mother, the Queen, and I know how deeply you and the whole
+     nation, and, I think I may say, the whole world, sympathize with me
+     in the irreparable loss we have all sustained. I need hardly say
+     that my constant endeavour will be always to walk in her footsteps.
+     In undertaking the heavy load which now devolves upon me I am fully
+     determined to be a constitutional Sovereign in the strictest sense
+     of the word, and, so long as there is breath in my body, to work
+     for the good and amelioration of my people.
+
+     I have resolved to be known by the name of Edward, which has been
+     borne by six of my ancestors. In doing so I do not undervalue the
+     name of Albert, which I inherit from my ever to-be-lamented, great
+     and wise father, who by universal consent is I think, and
+     deservedly, known by the name of Albert the Good, and I desire that
+     his name should stand alone. In conclusion, I trust to Parliament
+     and the nation to support me in the arduous duties which now
+     devolve upon me by inheritance, and to which I am determined to
+     devote my whole strength during the remainder of my life."
+
+After the oath of allegiance had been taken by those present, the
+proclamation announcing the accession of the new Monarch was signed by
+the Duke of York--now also Duke of Cornwall,--the Duke of Connaught, the
+Duke of Cambridge, Prince Christian, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the
+Lord Chancellor, the Lord Mayor of London, and the other Privy
+Councillors present. The Houses of Parliament met shortly afterwards and
+the members took the oath of allegiance, while all around the Empire the
+same ceremony was being gone through in varied tongues and many forms
+and strangely differing surroundings. There was wide-spread interest in
+His Majesty's choice of a name, and the designation of Edward VII. was
+almost universally approved--the exceptions being in certain Scotch
+contentions that the numeral could not properly apply to Scotland as a
+part of Great Britain. The name itself reads well in English history.
+Edward the Confessor, though not included in the Norman chronology, was
+a Saxon ruler of high attainments, admirable character and wise laws.
+Edward I, was not only a successful soldier and the conqueror of wild
+and warlike Wales, but a statesman who did much to establish unity and
+peace amongst his people. Edward II. was remarkable chiefly for the
+thrashing which the Scots gave him at Bannockburn while Edward III. was
+the hero of Crecy, the winner of half of France, and a brave and able
+ruler. Edward IV. was a masterful, hard and not over-scrupulous monarch,
+and Edward V. was one of the unfortunate boys who were murdered in the
+Tower of London. Edward VI. was a mild-natured and honest youth who did
+not live long enough to impress himself upon a strenuous period, or upon
+interests with which his character little fitted him to deal. The last
+of the name had reigned, therefore, before the Kingdom of England got
+out of its national and religious swaddling clothes; before the reign of
+Henry VIII. had freed it from connection with Rome, or that of Elizabeth
+had founded the maritime and commercial empire which, in time, was to
+create the mighty realm over which the new Edward now assumed sway.
+
+
+INCIDENTS SURROUNDING THE ACCESSION
+
+The Proclamation of the King in the cities of the United Kingdom and at
+the capitals of countries and provinces and islands all around the globe
+was a more or less stately and ceremonious function, and the
+Proclamation itself was couched in phraseology almost as old as the
+Monarchy. "We, therefore, do now with consent of tongue and heart,
+publish and proclaim that the high and mighty Prince, Albert Edward, is
+now, by the death of our late Sovereign of happy memory, become our only
+lawful and rightful Liege Lord, Edward the Seventh." At the ceremony in
+London, Dublin, Liverpool, Derby and other cities, immense crowds
+assembled and "God save the King" was sung with unusual heartiness.
+Meanwhile, following his address to the Privy Council, the King had
+returned to Osborne with the Duke of Cornwall and York, and there he
+found the German Emperor awaiting him. The latter had come post-haste
+from Berlin and been in time to see the Queen before she passed away. He
+had now decided to stay until after the funeral and thus to tender every
+respect in his power to the memory of his august grandmother. Parliament
+had been called immediately upon the King's Proclamation, and it met
+hurriedly and briefly on January 24th to enable the members to take the
+oath of allegiance while, all around the Empire, similar proceedings
+were taking place in Courts and Legislatures and Government buildings.
+
+On the following day Parliament met in brief Session and the Marquess of
+Salisbury in the House of Lords and Mr. A. J. Balfour in the Commons
+read a Royal message: "The King is fully assured that the House of Lords
+will share the deep sorrow which has befallen His Majesty and the nation
+by the lamented death of His Majesty's mother, the late Queen. Her
+devotion to the welfare of her country and her people and her wise and
+beneficent rule during the sixty-four years of her glorious reign will
+ever be held in affectionate memory by her loyal and devoted subjects
+throughout the dominions of the British Empire." In moving an address of
+mingled sympathy and congratulation, in reply, Lord Salisbury spoke with
+sincere and weighty words as to the qualities and power of the late
+Queen, her position as a constitutional ruler and her "steady and
+persistent influence on the action of her Ministers in the course of
+legislation and government." Upon the position of the new Sovereign the
+speaker was explicit: "He has before him the greatest example he could
+have to follow, he has been familiar with our political and social life
+for more than one generation, he enjoys a universal and enormous
+popularity, he is beloved in foreign countries and foreign Courts almost
+as much as he is at home, and he has profound knowledge of the working
+of our institutions and the conduct of our affairs."
+
+The motion was seconded by Lord Kimberley as Liberal Leader in the
+House, and spoken to by the Archbishop of Canterbury. In the Commons Mr.
+Balfour referred at length to the great reign and character of Queen
+Victoria and to the Sovereign's influence upon public affairs. "In my
+judgment the importance of the Crown in our Constitution is not a
+diminishing but an increasing factor." Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, the
+Opposition Leader, seconded the motion, dealt with the late Queen's
+personal character, referred to Queen Alexandra as having long reigned
+in the hearts of the people, and paid high tribute to King Edward: "For
+the greater part of his life it has fallen to him not only to discharge
+a large part of the ceremonial public duty which would naturally be
+performed by the head of the State; but also to take a leading part in
+almost every scheme established for the national benefit of the country.
+Religion and charity, public health, science and literature and art,
+education, commerce, agriculture--not one of these subjects appealed in
+vain to His Majesty, when Prince of Wales, for strong sympathy and even
+for personal effort and influence. We know how unselfish he has been in
+the assiduous discharge of all his public duties, we know with what tact
+and geniality he has been able to lend himself to the furtherance of
+these great objects."
+
+The tactful and obviously sincere language of the King's address to his
+Council had, meanwhile, won the warmest and most loyal commendation in
+all parts of the Empire--the unanimity of approval being extraordinary
+in view of the diversity of peoples and interests involved. Other
+messages which followed from His Majesty were of the same statesmanlike
+character. To the Army, on January 25th, he issued a special message, as
+Sovereign and as constitutional head, thanking it for the splendid
+services rendered to the late Queen and describing her pride in its
+deeds and in being herself a soldier's daughter. "To secure your best
+interests will be one of the deepest objects of my heart and I know I
+can count upon that loyal devotion which you ever evinced toward your
+late Sovereign." On the following day the Navy received a message of
+thanks for the distinguished services rendered by it during the long and
+glorious reign of the late Queen and concluding with these words:
+"Watching over your interests and well-being I confidently rely upon
+that unfailing loyalty which is the proud inheritance of your noble
+Service."
+
+An incident followed which once more showed the tactfulness of character
+so desirable and important in a Sovereign. The presence of William II.
+of Germany in England, at this particular period, was creating much
+discussion abroad and his evident friendship for the King, whom he had
+just made an Admiral of the German fleet and with whom he had been
+having prolonged conferences--in company on one occasion with Lord
+Lansdowne who had been hastily summoned to Osborne--increased this
+interest. On January 28th the situation was accentuated by the
+announcement that the German Emperor had been made a Field Marshal in
+the British Army and his son, the Crown Prince, a Knight of the Garter.
+In personally conferring the latter honour King Edward made a brief
+speech in which he expressed the hope that the kindly action of the
+Emperor in coming to London at this juncture and his own presentation of
+this ancient Order to the Prince might "further cement and strengthen
+the good feeling which exists between the two countries."
+
+Between the time of the King's accession and the funeral of Queen
+Victoria, on February 1st, the press and public of the Empire were busy
+taking stock of the great loss sustained and measuring the character and
+possibilities of the new Sovereign. There was, in both connections, a
+curious and striking unanimity, as may be inferred from what has been
+already stated. A few expressions of authoritative opinion about the new
+King may, however, very properly be quoted here in addition to the
+references made in Parliament. The London _Times_, on the day following
+the Queen's death, spoke of the long training undergone by the Prince of
+Wales, of his wide experience and his acquaintance with the ceremonial
+functions of Royalty. "Endowed as he is with many of the most lovable
+and attractive qualities of his mother--with warm sympathies, with a
+kind heart, with a generous disposition, and with a quick appreciation
+of genuine worth--the nation is happy in the confidence that, in spirit
+as well as in form, it may count upon the maintenance of that conception
+of Royalty which is the only one which most of us have ever known. To
+these qualities the King adds perfect tact, wide knowledge of men and
+the business virtues of method, prompt decision, punctuality and great
+capacity for work."
+
+
+KINDLY AND LOYAL WORDS
+
+Speaking on January 24th at the City Temple, the Rev. Dr. Joseph Parker,
+Chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales, spoke of the
+King's great opportunities and personal powers. "As Prince of Wales he
+has played a difficult part with strict sagacity and unfailing
+good-nature. He is a man of great compass of mind. Let us welcome him
+with our warmest appreciation." From across the Atlantic came the voice
+of the Prime Minister of Canada, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, in his eloquent
+speech in Parliament on February 8th: "We have believed from the first
+that he who was a wise Prince will be a wise King, and that the policy
+which has made the British Empire so great under his predecessor will
+also be his policy." From the still more distant Melbourne, Australia,
+came the kindly and loyal words of the _Argus_ on February 1st: "In the
+eyes of his subjects, near and far, he is clothed with the kindliness,
+the tact, the sympathy with social progress, the practical intelligence,
+the political impartiality, and the keen sense of duty he displayed
+during the many years in which he helped his mother in the discharge of
+the Royal tasks. His people know that he possesses the amiability, the
+dignity, the clear vision and the industry which befit the occupant of a
+most exacting as well as exalted position." From all over the world came
+testimonies of similar feeling, and within British dominions the
+opinions and tributes everywhere partook of one quality--that of trust
+and confidence in the new Sovereign.
+
+During this first week of his reign the work which devolved upon the
+King was tremendous. The signing and consideration of necessary
+documents which had been delayed during the illness of the Queen was
+alone a serious task. The slight sickness of the Duke of Cornwall and
+York detached him from the help which he might have given in many ways,
+and the presence of the German Emperor increased the burden of
+discussion and of questions to be dealt with. The King also took charge
+of the large and complicated arrangements connected with the funeral
+ceremonies and supervised the immense variety of details with his usual
+business-like ability and energy. This great function, which eclipsed
+the Jubilee in solemn splendour and exceeded any demonstration in
+history in its unquestioned weight of public sorrow, commenced on
+Friday, February 1st, when the remains of the Queen were removed from
+Osborne to the Royal yacht _Alberta_.
+
+The coffin was carried by Highlanders and blue-jackets, followed by the
+King, the German Emperor, the Duke of Connaught, the German Crown
+Prince, Prince Henry of Prussia, Prince Christian, the Duke of
+Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince Arthur of Connaught, Prince Charles of
+Denmark, Prince Louis of Battenberg, and then Queen Alexandra and the
+Princesses. The _Alberta_ passed across the Solent to Portsmouth,
+through a long and continuous avenue of saluting warships, and was
+followed by another vessel with the Royal mourners on board. The members
+of the Lords and Commons were on vessels placed amongst the warships.
+On Saturday the body of the late Sovereign was brought from Portsmouth
+to the metropolis and borne with solemn state to Paddington station
+through millions of black-garbed, silent and mournful people, and
+between lines, along the entire route, of thirty-three thousand Regular
+troops and volunteers. It was followed by the King, the German Emperor
+and the Duke of Connaught, riding abreast, the Kings of Portugal and
+Greece, forty Princes representing every Royal House in Europe,
+seventeen representatives of the Colonies, a long array of Ambassadors
+and foreign representatives, the Queen, the Princesses, the King of the
+Belgians, the Duke of Cambridge, Lord Roberts, Lord Wolseley. The coffin
+was taken by train to Windsor where, in St. George's Chapel, the funeral
+service was conducted by the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of
+Winchester. The actual interment took place on Monday afternoon in the
+Royal Mausoleum of Frogmore, where the remains of the great Queen were
+laid in death beside those of the husband whose memory she had so long
+cherished in life.
+
+These prolonged obsequies--the most splendid and impressive in
+history--passed off with a smoothness of procedure which, under the
+circumstances of sorrow and crowding duties, indicated more than
+ordinary powers of concentration and management in the new King, as well
+as a most marvellous sentiment and sympathy amongst the people.
+Throughout the Empire, as that solemn procession passed along the
+purple-draped streets of London, funeral services were being held and
+sermons of sorrow preached in an uncounted multitude of churches
+darkened with all the habiliments of mourning. As the _Standard_ well
+put it on February 5th: "The nation is conscious of its debt to the
+King, whose tactful perception and devoted labour gave it so splendid an
+opportunity of showing its reverence for the Sovereign who has just
+passed away. The King on his side has found strength and comfort in
+those eloquent demonstrations of the sympathy of his subjects which have
+reached him, in innumerable ways, from all parts of his dominions."
+Immediately after the last ceremonies had been performed the King issued
+a series of Messages which, for tact and courtesy and kindliness, have
+rarely been excelled--even by the experienced eloquence of his Royal
+mother. They were all dated February 4th and the first was addressed "To
+my People." It commenced by saying: "Now that the last scene has closed
+in the noble and ever-glorious life of my beloved mother, the Queen, I
+am anxious to endeavour to convey to the whole Empire the extent of the
+deep gratitude I feel for the heart-stirring and affectionate tributes
+which are everywhere borne to her memory." His Majesty proceeded to
+speak of the recent magnificent display by sea and land and the
+inspiration of courage and hope which the public sympathy had been to
+him during the recent trying days. "Encouraged by the confidence of that
+love and trust which the nation ever reposed in its late and
+fondly-mourned Sovereign, I shall earnestly strive to walk in her
+footsteps, devoting myself to the utmost of my powers to maintaining and
+promoting the highest interests of my people and to the diligent and
+zealous fulfilment of the great and sacred responsibilities which,
+through the will of God, I am now called to undertake."
+
+A second Message was addressed "To my People beyond the Seas." After
+referring to the countless dispatches which had been received from his
+"Dominions over the Seas" and the universal grief felt throughout the
+Empire, the King spoke of the "heartfelt interest" always evinced by the
+late Sovereign in the welfare of Greater Britain, in the extension of
+self-government, in the loyalty of the people to her Throne and person,
+in the gallantry of those who had fought and died for the Empire in
+South Africa. He concluded as follows: "I have already declared that it
+will be my constant endeavour to follow the great example which has
+been bequeathed to me. In these endeavours, I shall have a constant
+trust in the devotion and sympathy of the people and of their several
+representative assemblies throughout my vast Colonial dominions. With
+such loyal support, I will, with God's blessing, solemnly work for the
+common welfare and security of the great Empire over which I have now
+been called to reign."
+
+The next and last of these historic documents was a letter to the
+Princes and peoples of India in which His Majesty informed them that
+through the lamented death of his mother he had inherited a Throne
+"which has descended to me through a long and ancient lineage" and then
+proceeded: "I now desire to send my greeting to the ruling Chiefs of the
+Native States and to the inhabitants of my Indian dominions, to insure
+them of my sincere good will and affection and of my heartfelt wishes
+for their welfare." He spoke of his illustrious predecessor as having
+first taken upon herself the direct administration of Indian affairs and
+assumed the title of Empress in token of her closer association with the
+government of that country; referred to the loyalty of its people and
+the services rendered by its Princes in the South African war and by its
+native soldiers in other countries; and concluded in the following
+expressive words: "It was by her wish and with her sanction that I
+visited India and made myself acquainted with the ruling Chiefs, the
+people and the cities of that ancient and famous Empire. I shall never
+forget the deep impressions which I then received and I shall endeavour
+to follow the great Queen-Empress, to work for the general well-being of
+my Indian subjects of all ranks and to merit, as she did, their
+unfailing loyalty and affection."
+
+Following these incidents came the return home of the German Emperor, a
+letter of thanks from the King to Earl Roberts for his management of the
+military part of the funeral arrangements, and a most enthusiastic
+reception to His Majesty and Queen Alexandra during a rapid passage
+through London to Marlborough House on February 27th. From this time on,
+during weeks of crowded work and the assumption of new responsibilities
+and functions, the King received many addresses of mingled condolence
+and congratulation. One of the first was from the Royal Agricultural
+Society of England which the King had done so much to aid as Heir
+Apparent. The President, Earl Cawdor, in speaking to the Council on
+February 6th, referred to "the keen personal interest which the King had
+ever taken in all that related to the welfare of the agricultural
+interests of the country at large, and especially of the Royal
+Agricultural Society. They had made many and many calls upon his time
+and thought." Canterbury Convocation referred to the pending visit of
+the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York to Australia, New Zealand and
+Canada. The County of Derby the Royal Society, the Benevolent Society of
+St. Patrick--all sorts of organizations, political, financial,
+commercial, religious, scientific, official, artistic, benevolent and
+literary--expressed their admiration for the late Queen and their
+loyalty to the new Sovereign.
+
+[Illustration: A GROUP AT SANDRINGHAM PALACE
+
+The favourite residence of King Edward while he was Prince of Wales. The
+King is at right of the centre, and the Duke of Cornwall and York, now
+King George V. at the left side of the picture]
+
+[Illustration: THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, WESTMINSTER]
+
+[Illustration: THE HOUSE OF LORDS
+  At Westminster, where the Peers of the Realm assemble in their
+  law-making capacity]
+
+[Illustration: THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT AT OTTAWA
+  The cornerstone was laid by King Edward VII in 1860]
+
+
+RECEPTION OF LOYAL ADDRESS
+
+On January 13th the King received, in state, at St. James's Palace, the
+Corporation of London and the London County Council. In response to the
+addresses His Majesty made a direct reference to the Housing of the Poor
+Question, which he described as one in which "I have always taken the
+deepest personal interest." At a meeting of the Mark Master Masons of
+England on February 19th, with the Earl of Euston in the chair, the
+usual address was passed, and then a letter was read from Sir Francis
+Knollys, saying that the King felt it necessary to resign the
+Grand-Mastership, but that he would remain a Patron of the Order. Five
+days later the King received at St. James's the loyal address of the
+University of Oxford, presented by its Chancellor, the Marquess of
+Salisbury; of the University of Cambridge, presented by its Chancellor,
+the Duke of Devonshire; of the General Assembly of the Church of
+Scotland, presented by the Right Rev. Dr. Norman Macleod; of the
+Corporation of Edinburgh and the Royal Society. Each of the deputations
+presenting these addresses was large and distinguished in membership,
+and to each His Majesty addressed a brief and tactful speech.
+
+On March 12th another brilliant function was held at the same Palace,
+when the King received addresses from the Convocation of Canterbury,
+presented by the Archbishop, and that of the Northern Convocation
+presented by the Archbishop of York; the University of London, the
+English Presbyterian Church and the Society of Friends. Eight days later
+the great event in this connection, amidst surroundings of state and
+splendour, was the reception of over forty addresses from cities,
+boroughs, institutions and various public bodies. Included in the list
+of deputations presenting addresses were those from the Universities of
+Edinburgh, Dublin, Victoria and Wales, the Dutch Reformed Church, the
+Baptist Union, the Congregational Union of England and Wales, the
+National Council of the Evangelical Free Churches, the Cities of York,
+Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Belfast, Cardiff, Exeter, Chester and
+Doncaster, the Bank of England, the Royal Asiatic Society, the
+Incorporated Law Society of the United Kingdom, the Coal Exchange, the
+United Grand Lodge of Freemasons and the Ancient Order of Foresters.
+General replies were given to each address and to only a few separately.
+Amongst the latter were the Freemasons, to whom the King said: "I have
+felt much regret at relinquishing the high and honourable post of Grand
+Master which I have held since 1874, and I shall not cease to retain the
+same interest that I have felt in Freemasonry." He also expressed great
+satisfaction at being succeeded by the Duke of Connaught.
+
+Further addresses were presented in similar state on May 3d. The Roman
+Catholic deputation was headed by Cardinal Vaughan and the Duke of
+Norfolk and included Lord Llandaff and fourteen Bishops--a brilliant
+picture in red and purple and black. Their address was of peculiar
+interest and contained the following paragraph: "Your Majesty's life has
+been spent in the midst of your people, sharing in their happiness and
+prosperity, actively engaged in ameliorating the condition of the lowly
+and in promoting their comfort in sickness and suffering. All classes of
+the population--the leisured, the professional, the industrial and the
+poor--have been the object of your sympathy and interest." A deputation
+from the Jews of Great Britain included Lord Rothschild, the Hon. L. W.
+Rothschild, M.P., the Chief Rabbi, Sir G. Faudel-Phillips, Sir Edward
+Sassoon, M.P., Mr. B. L. Cohen, M.P., and Sir J. Sebag-Montefiore.
+Addresses were also presented by the Presbyterian Church of England, and
+on behalf of a large number of cities and towns.
+
+Meanwhile, King Edward had been conferring honours or positions upon
+some of his old friends and faithful servants, re-organizing his
+Household generally for the still more onerous and important work now
+before them, and not forgetting to conspicuously reward the best and
+oldest servants of the late Sovereign. In this delicate task he showed
+his usual tact and consideration. First in this respect, as she had been
+for so many years wherever he could properly place her in the front, was
+his wife--and to Queen Alexandra was given the first honour of the new
+reign in her creation, under special statute, on February 12th, as Lady
+of the Most Noble Order of the Garter--the greatest order of Knighthood
+in the world. Three days later the Royal Victorian Order in its highest
+form--G.C.V.O.--was given to the Duke of Argyll and the Duke of Fife.
+Lord Edward Pelham-Clinton, Major-General Sir John Carstairs McNeill,
+V.C., Sir Fleetwood Edwards and Sir Arthur J. Bigge, for many years
+important members of Queen Victoria's Household, received the same
+honour, as did the King's own devoted Secretary, Sir Francis Knollys.
+
+On February 18th, a number of appointments were made to the Household
+including Lord Suffield as Lord-in-Waiting with General the Right Hon.
+Sir D. M. Probyn, Sir John McNeill, Lord Wantage, V.C., Sir Fleetwood
+Edwards and Sir Arthur Bigge as Extra Equerries to His Majesty. General,
+Viscount Bridport and General the Duke of Grafton were appointed
+Honorary Equerries and Major-Generals Sir Henry P. Ewart and Sir Stanley
+Clarke to other positions at Court. Queen Alexandra appointed the
+members of her Household under date of March 8th and they included the
+Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry as Mistress of the Robes, the
+Countesses of Antrim, Macclesfield, Gosford and Lytton and the Lady
+Suffield and Dowager Countess of Morton as Ladies of the Bedchamber,
+Lord Colville of Culross as Lord Chamberlain, the Earl of Gosford as
+Vice-Chamberlain, the Earl de Grey as Treasurer, and the Hon. S. R.
+Greville as Private Secretary. Numerous appointments of an honorary kind
+in connection with the Army and Navy followed and on July 24th the Earl
+of Pembroke was announced as Lord Steward of His Majesty's Household,
+the Hon. V. C. W. Cavendish M.P. as Treasurer, Viscount Valentia M.P. as
+Comptroller, Lord Farquhar as Master of the Household, the Earl of
+Clarendon as Lord Chamberlain, Major-General Sir Arthur Ellis as
+Comptroller of Accounts, the Duke of Portland as Master of the Horse,
+the Duke of Argyll as Governor of Windsor Castle and the following as
+Lords-in-Waiting: the Earl of Denbigh, the Earl of Kintore, Earl Howe,
+Lord Suffield, Lord Kenyon, Lord Churchill and Lord Lawrence.
+
+Many of these names may be recognized as amongst the friends or
+officials of the King, in his later years as the Heir Apparent, or as
+companions in some of his travels. On March 24th, following the custom
+of British Sovereigns, several special Embassies were appointed and
+announced to carry to European Courts the official intimation of His
+Majesty's accession. That to Denmark, Sweden and Norway, Russia, Germany
+and Saxony, included the Duke of Abercorn, the Earl of Kintore,
+Major-General Sir Archibald Hunter and the Marquess of Hamilton, M.P.
+and that to Belgium, Bavaria, Italy, Wurtemberg and the Netherlands,
+included the Earl of Mount Edgecombe, Viscount Downe and Admiral Sir
+Michael Culme-Seymour. Earl Carrington, the Earl of Harewood and others
+were appointed to France, Spain and Portugal and Field Marshal Lord
+Wolseley, Viscount Castlereagh and others to Austro-Hungary, Roumania,
+Servia and Turkey.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+The First Year of the New Reign
+
+
+The first year's reign of a Sovereign must always be important, and when
+that Sovereign rules over a third of the earth's surface and a quarter
+of its population, it is more than usually so. King Edward VII., when he
+came to the Throne, found himself the first of Mohammedan rulers, with
+more Moslem subjects than the Sultan of Turkey; the first of Brahmin and
+Parsee Sovereigns; the head of various Confucian colonies and the
+possessor of the most sacred of Buddhist shrines; the ruler of Christian
+sects and idolatries of every conceivable kind and variety. Almost every
+race in the world was included in his Empire--English, Scotch and Irish
+everywhere, French in the Channel Islands and in Canada, Italians and
+Greeks in Malta, Arab, Coptic and Turkish subjects in Egypt, Negroes of
+all descriptions in the Soudan and elsewhere, subjects of infinitely
+varied Asiatic types in India, Chinese in Hong-Kong and Wei-Hai-Wei,
+Malays in Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, Polynesians in the Pacific,
+Red Indians in Canada and Maoris in New Zealand, Dutch, Zulus, Basutos
+and French Huguenots in South Africa, Eskimos in Northern Canada. The
+complicated issues involved in such a Government as that of the British
+Empire, with its curiously non-centralized system, were certainly
+sufficient to make a Sovereign inheriting the position, the
+opportunities, and much of the capacity of Queen Victoria, feel that he
+had, indeed, assumed heavy responsibilities.
+
+His first step had been a most wise one, and in direct line with a
+policy carried out as Heir Apparent--the cementing of close and cordial
+relations with the German Emperor during his long and much-discussed
+visit to the dying Queen and mourning family. To this friendship and the
+enthusiastic and popular reception given William II. when leaving London
+on February 5th, 1901, was undoubtedly due the restraining influence
+held over a part of the press of Germany during the succeeding period of
+vile abuse of England regarding the South African War. Following this,
+on February 24th, was the departure of King Edward on a visit to his
+sister, the Empress Frederick, at Frederichshof, near Cronberg, where he
+was joined by the Emperor William. The King was accompanied by Sir Frank
+Lascelles, Ambassador at Berlin, and by his physician, Sir Francis
+Laking. The Empress was found to be very ill, but not dying, and after a
+few days her Royal brother and son returned to their respective
+capitals.
+
+
+THE KING'S FIRST PARLIAMENT AND DECLARATION
+
+The first Parliament of the new reign was opened by the King in
+brilliant state and with much dignified ceremonial on February 14th. The
+pageantry of the occasion was picturesque and splendid. The staircase in
+Parliament House, up which the Royal pair passed in their progress, was
+lined with a living hedge of men in blue and silver uniforms, topped
+with red plumes and shining with the burnished steel accoutrements of
+the Horse Guards. Before them were stately, robed officials, such as
+Lord Salisbury and the Duke of Devonshire and some of the brilliant
+colours of the Court. The King wore a short ermine cape over his Field
+Marshal's uniform, and beneath the cape a sweeping cloak and train of
+Royal purple. Queen Alexandra, beautiful always, was more than usually
+sweet and dignified in her garb of mingled black and purple. In the
+House of Lords the evidences of mourning for the late Queen were very
+apparent. The ladies were dressed in black though they were permitted to
+blaze with jewels. The Peers' robes of red and ermine, gave a little
+colour to the scene, helped by those of the judges in black and gold, or
+red and white, and the bright uniforms of the Ambassadors in a distant
+corner. Hand-in-hand the King and Queen entered the Chamber and took
+their places upon the chairs of state. The Commons were called in, and
+their the Lord Chancellor presented and the King repeated and signed the
+somewhat famous Declaration against the Mass and other Roman doctrines,
+or observances, as provided by the Bill of Rights. It was as follows:
+
+     "I do solemnly and sincerely in the presence of God, profess,
+     testify and declare that I do believe that in the sacrament of the
+     Lord's Supper there is not any transubstantiation of the elements
+     of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ at or after the
+     consecration thereof by any person whatsoever; and that the
+     invocation or adoration of the Virgin Mary or any other saint and
+     the sacrifice of the mass as they are now used in the Church of
+     Rome are superstitious and idolatrous, and I do solemnly in the
+     presence of God, profess, testify and declare that I do make this
+     Declaration and every part thereof in the plain and ordinary sense
+     of the words read unto me as they are commonly understood by
+     English Protestants, without any evasion, equivocation, or mental
+     reservation whatsoever and without any dispensation already granted
+     me for this purpose by the Pope or any other authority or person
+     whatsoever, or without any hope of any such dispensation from any
+     person or authority whatsoever, or without thinking that I am or
+     can be acquitted before God or man, or absolved of this Declaration
+     or any part thereof, although the Pope or any other person or
+     persons or power whatsoever should dispense with or annull the
+     same, or declare that it was null and void from the beginning."
+
+The next proceeding was the reading of the King's speech to his
+Parliament in strong, full tones which impressively and clearly filled
+the Chamber. This part of the ceremony was rendered unusually
+interesting, in view of the fact that the King was understood to have
+had more to do with the wording of his speech than had been customary,
+and to have changed the conditions by which it had become usual to give
+an advance summary of its contents to the press. Reference was made to
+the death of the Queen and to his own accession, to the progress of the
+South African War, the Chinese troubles, the establishment of the
+Australian Commonwealth, the sending of additional Contingents from the
+Colonies to the front, the famine in India, the relief of the Coomassie
+garrison, and to his intention to carry out the late Sovereign's wish
+regarding the Imperial tour of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and
+York. The whole function was of a solemn and impressive and splendid
+character, in keeping with the traditions of the Crown and in harmony
+with the known intentions of the King to assume the full ceremonial and
+dignity of his position. The _Times_, on the following morning, referred
+to the enthusiastic reception of the King and Queen as they drove to
+Westminster and to the inspiring and exhilarating character of the scene
+in the House of Lords. "The present generation has seen hardly anything,
+not even excepting the processions of 1887 and 1897, at all comparable
+in splendour and solemnity with the pageant yesterday at Westminster."
+
+The session of Parliament which followed was closely and continuously
+associated with subjects arising out of the King's accession. An early
+and prominent topic was the Declaration taken against Roman Catholicism.
+Under date of February 20th, Cardinal Vaughan issued a letter to his
+Diocese declaring that "patriotism and loyalty to the Sovereign are
+characteristic of the Catholics of this country and are to be counted
+on, quite independently of passing emotions of pain or pleasure, because
+they are rooted in a permanent dictate and principle of religion;" that
+Catholics had, however, been made unhappy by the "recent renewal of the
+national act of apostacy" in the Sovereign's branding by solemn
+Declaration their religious doctrines as superstitious and idolatrous;
+that the Catholic Peers had done well in protesting to the Lord
+Chancellor against the continued use of this Declaration; that British
+legislators in all parts of the Empire and the twelve million Catholic
+subjects of the Crown throughout the world should take further measures
+of constitutional protest; that the evil so greatly deplored was the
+result of an anachronism and of a barbaric law which had remained
+accidentally unrepealed; and that there was reason to hope that "this
+remnant of a hateful fanaticism" would soon be removed from the
+statute-book.
+
+In Canada and Australia protests were prepared and presented through the
+Cardinal--that from the Dominion being signed by all the members of the
+Hierarchy. In the House of Lords a Committee was appointed, on motion of
+Lord Salisbury, to deal with the matter although no Catholic Peers would
+serve upon it. They reported early in July that a modification of the
+Declaration might be made so as to omit the adjectives and objectionable
+phraseology without affecting the strength of the pledge itself. A
+Government measure was prepared along these lines and submitted to the
+House. It was opposed by Lord Rosebery on August 1st, on the ground that
+nothing could really bind conscientious convictions, that the King might
+change his views and not be bound by this Declaration in future, and,
+that it did not repudiate the temporal or spiritual supremacy of the
+Pope. The Archbishop of Canterbury did not like the changes, the Duke of
+Norfolk did not care for the new form and the Roman Catholics generally,
+in and out of the House, objected to the compromise as useless. The
+result was that Lord Salisbury eventually withdrew his measure and the
+matter dropped out of public discussion for the time--although the
+Canadian House of Commons and other public bodies in the Empire had
+meanwhile protested against the continued maintenance of the
+Declaration.
+
+
+THE KING'S INCOME AND REVENUES
+
+Another duty which faced the early consideration of Parliament was the
+Civil List. Queen Victoria's Civil List had been L385,000, given as a
+permanent yearly income for her reign, and in return for the formal
+surrender of the revenues of the Crown Lands for the same period. In
+this connection, the _Daily News_ of February 14th, pointed out that the
+late Sovereign had received during her long reign L24,000,000 from the
+people while the revenues of the surrendered Crown Lands had totalled
+L20,000,000. Speaking for the Liberals and Radicals this paper declared
+that there was "no disposition to deal grudgingly with a Monarch who has
+fully borne the share that belongs to him in the country's affairs,"
+that it might be well to adhere closely to the late Queen's Civil List,
+and that the example of "a moderate and sober Court" would be of the
+highest value to the nation. On March 11th Sir M. E. Hicks-Beach moved
+the appointment of a House of Commons' Committee to deal with the
+question, composed of Mr. Balfour, Sir W. Hart Dyke, Sir F.
+Dixon-Hartland, Sir S. Hoare, Mr. W. L. Jackson, with seven other
+members and himself, as representatives of the Government party and Sir
+Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Sir William Harcourt, Sir Henry Fowler, Sir
+James Kitson, Mr. H. Labouchere, and three others, as representing the
+Opposition. The _Times_ of the following day said that there were two
+reasons for somewhat increasing the sum to be voted--the fact of the
+King having a Consort of whom the nation was proud, while Queen Victoria
+was unmarried at the time of the former vote, and the fact, as the
+Chancellor of the Exchequer put it to the House, that the King was now
+the head of a world-wide Empire.
+
+As finally decided in the Report of the Select Committee the new Civil
+List was placed at L470,000 for the Sovereign--of which L110,000 was to
+go to the Privy Purse in place of L60,000 received by Queen Victoria;
+the Duke of Cornwall and York was to receive L20,000 annually, and the
+Duchess L10,000--in addition, of course, to the L60,000 coming to the
+Heir Apparent from the Duchy of Lancaster; the King's children, the
+Duchess of Fife, Princess Victoria and Princess Charles of Denmark, were
+each to have L6,000 a year for life; while the contingent annuity of
+L30,000 provided in the event of Queen Alexandra surviving her husband,
+was to be increased to L70,000 and a similar contingent grant of L30,000
+arranged for the Duchess of Cornwall and York. The only apparent
+opposition in the Committee to these proposals was from Mr. Labouchere,
+who suggested certain variations and reductions. There was little
+influential criticism of the changes proposed--the _Daily News_, from
+which opposition might, perhaps have come, speaking of one special
+increase of L50,000, as follows: "The Queen must have a separate
+Household if the Monarchy is to be maintained, as most people wish that
+it should be maintained, in its ancient splendour; and the gracious
+kindness of Queen Alexandra, who has endeared herself to all the
+subjects of her husband, will make the tax-payer in her case a cheerful
+giver."
+
+On May 9th Resolutions based upon these recommendations were presented
+to the Commons by Sir M. E. Hicks-Beach and eventually carried by three
+hundred and seven to fifty-eight--the latter being composed of Irish
+members and Mr. Labouchere. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, in his
+introductory speech, referred to the Monarchy as "the most popular of
+all our great institutions" and then proceeded to enlarge upon the
+situation as follows: "Throughout the Empire there has grown up a
+feeling, and I think a very right and proper feeling, of the enormous
+importance of the Crown as the main link of the relations with all the
+people of which the Empire is composed. Therefore, I think it happened
+that, in the brief debate in which this subject was dealt with at the
+commencement of the present Session, there was no sign of any difference
+of opinion as to the necessity of making a sufficient and adequate
+provision for the maintenance of the honour and dignity of the Crown."
+He mentioned the fact that the late Sovereign had bequeathed Balmoral
+and Osborne House to her successor and that he had to maintain these
+residences as well as his old-time home at Sandringham; that King Edward
+had no personal fortune and that the late Queen's savings had been
+willed to her younger children. He concluded by expressing approval of
+the proposals as moderate and fair. Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, on
+behalf of the Opposition, declared them to be reasonable and added: "I
+do not doubt at all that the prevailing desire in this House and in the
+country is to see that a provision should be made for maintaining that
+state and dignity of the British Crown which shall fittingly represent
+the loyal attachment of the people." Mr. J. E. Redmond followed and
+declared that not only had the Irish members refused to act upon the
+Committee but they would now vote against the Resolutions because of the
+unrepealed statute and Declaration regarding Roman Catholicism. Mr.
+Labouchere spoke against them at length and was joined in speech and
+vote by two Labour members--Messrs. Keir Hardie and Cremer--who, amidst
+laughter and interruptions, declared themselves to be republicans and
+expressed regret that the working classes liked Royalty.
+
+The next subject discussed in Parliament, as it was also being discussed
+throughout British countries generally, was that of the Royal titles. As
+they stood when the King ascended the throne the only countries of the
+Empire recognized were Great Britain, Ireland and India. It was pointed
+out that Queen Mary in the days of Spanish marriage relations and power
+possessed, with King Philip, titles which included England, France,
+Naples, Jerusalem, Ireland, Spain, Sicily, Austria, Milan &c; that
+Emperor Francis Joseph was not only Emperor of Austria but King of
+Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Sclavonia, Gallicia, Illyria and
+Jerusalem; that the three principal countries of the Empire were now
+strong enough and prominent enough to be properly and permanently
+represented in this way; that it would enhance the dignity of Great
+Britain while placing Canada and Australia in a more equal and national
+position within the Empire; that some such recognition had been
+supported in 1876 by Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Disraeli in the House of
+Commons; and that it had been proposed by the Colonial Conference of
+1887.
+
+
+ADDITION TO THE KING'S TITLES
+
+Within a short time of the King's accession--on January 29th--a dispatch
+was sent by Mr. Chamberlain to the Governors-General of Canada and
+Australia saying that the moment was opportune to consider the matter of
+the Monarch's titles, so as to recognize the "separate and greatly
+increased importance of the Colonies" and suggesting, personally, the
+phrase: "King of Great Britain and Ireland and of Greater Britain beyond
+the Seas." Mr. Chamberlain also expressed the belief that there were
+considerable difficulties in the way of such designations as King of
+Canada and King of Australia, owing to the smaller Colonies which would
+desire to be also specially mentioned. Lord Minto, in his reply,
+expressed his Government's doubt as to the use of the word "Greater
+Britain," their preference for the title "King of Canada" and their
+willingness, in case of jealousies elsewhere, to propose that of
+"Sovereign of all British Dominions beyond the Seas." Lord Hopetoun
+stated that his Government preferred the designation of "Sovereign Lord
+of the British Realms beyond the Seas." The Colonial Secretary then
+communicated with Cape Colony, Newfoundland and New Zealand where the
+Governments all favoured some general designation.
+
+On July 27th, Lord Salisbury introduced a measure in the House of Lords
+authorizing the Sovereign "to make such addition to the style and title
+at present appertaining to the Imperial Crown of the United Kingdom and
+its Dependencies as to His Majesty may seem fit." Speaking unofficially,
+the Premier intimated that the Royal title would probably be "Edward
+VII., by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
+Ireland, and of all the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King,
+Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India." During a short discussion in
+the House, two days later, Lord Rosebery suggested the title of "King of
+all the Britains" Lord Salisbury did not consider this admissible,
+however, and the measure passed its second reason without opposition.
+Eventually the bill became law and was the subject of general approval
+at home and in the Colonies. The title was then officially proclaimed in
+the terms mentioned by Lord Salisbury. Speaking of this action, Sir
+Horace Tozer of Queensland told the _Daily News_ of July 31st that the
+Commonwealth Act declared the desire of the Australian people, in its
+first words, to unite in one indissoluble Commonwealth "under the Crown"
+and he expressed the opinion that this action would "ratify and give
+expression" to that deliberate decision.
+
+On May 10th, a Dublin newspaper called _The Irish People_ published an
+article about the King which was not only seditious in language but
+abominable in its allegations and statements--they could hardly be
+dignified with the name of charges. The paper was at once seized, and on
+the following day the Irish members precipitated a debate in Parliament
+upon the action thus taken. Mr. John Dillon pointed out that this paper
+was the recognized organ of the Nationalist movement, claimed that the
+action of the Government was grossly illegal, and declared that it was
+a blow struck at the freedom of the press. Mr. W. Redmond took much the
+same ground. Mr. George Wyndham, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, spoke
+of the article as containing "outrageous, scurrilous, gross and coarse
+remarks," and as using language more foul than that of certain foreign
+papers which had been so complained of during the year. He had ordered
+it to be seized because it was guilty of "seditious libel," because it
+was his duty to prevent such a nuisance from being inflicted upon the
+public, and because similar action had been taken in the past year upon
+an article attacking the late Queen Victoria. Mr. John Redmond declared
+that the action was taken too late, anyway, and that plenty of copies
+had gone through the mail to America and the Continent. Mr. Balfour
+supported Mr. Wyndham and asked, if "obscene libel" and "a foul and
+poisoned weapon" were necessary aids to Irish agitation. He pointed out
+that the Sovereign was incapable of replying to this sort of statement,
+and declared that the publication was "a gross offense against public
+decency and public law and loyalty." Mr. H. H. Asquith, on behalf of the
+Opposition, took the ground that those concerned could appeal to the
+Courts, if injured, and that he could not but accept the Government's
+description of the article and support them in their action. Messrs.
+Bryn-Roberts, Labouchere and John Burns criticised the Government, and
+the vote stood two hundred and fifty-two to sixty-four in approval of
+their action.
+
+The debate in the Imperial Parliament was, however, not the end of the
+matter. A newspaper in Melbourne, Australia, called _The Tocsin_,
+republished the article in question, and its proprietor, Mr. E. Findley,
+M.L.A., was at once expelled from the Victorian Legislature. The
+discussion and vote took place on June 25th, when Mr. Findley disclaimed
+responsibility as being publisher and not Editor, but defended the
+newspaper's statement that suppression of the Dublin paper was an
+illegal act. He expressed regret, however, that the article had appeared
+in his journal, in view of its having given offence to the House. The
+Premier of Victoria, Mr. A. J. Peacock, at once declared that no apology
+was sufficient unless it included unqualified disavowal and disapproval
+of the article in question, and moved the following Resolution: "That
+the Honourable member for Melbourne, Mr. Edward Findley, being the
+printer and publisher of a newspaper known as _The Tocsin_, in the issue
+of which, on the 20th instant, there is published a seditious libel
+regarding His Majesty the King, is guilty of disloyalty to His Majesty
+and has committed an act discreditable to the honour of Parliament, and
+that he, therefore, be expelled from this House."
+
+Mr. Irvine, Leader of the Opposition, endorsed the action of the
+Government, and declared that the republication--even to the appearance
+of a second edition of the paper--was a deliberate attempt to give
+currency to this "foul and scandalous libel" as being a fact. Many
+others spoke, and Mr. Findley in another speech said he had no sympathy
+whatever with the article, and was extremely sorry that it had appeared.
+Orders had come from outside for thousands of copies of the paper and
+had not been filled. The House, however, was determined to take action,
+and he was expelled by a vote of sixty-four to seventeen. Mr. Findley
+ran again as a Labour candidate in East Melbourne and was opposed by Mr.
+J. F. Deegan--a man of no particular politics, but known for his
+loyalty, and supported on the platform by both party Leaders. The latter
+candidate was elected by a substantial majority. A very few other
+Australian papers had, meanwhile, republished the article, and perhaps
+half a dozen Canadian ones.
+
+The first Parliament of the reign closed on August 17th shortly after
+the King had suffered the loss of his distinguished sister, the Empress
+Frederick. With this event, which occurred on August 8th, there passed
+away what the _Times_ well termed "a life of brilliant promise, of
+splendid hopes, of exalted ideals"--overruled with relentless rigour by
+a hard fate which brought her liberal principles into conflict with the
+iron will of Bismarck, nullified her capacity by the opposition of the
+Court of Berlin, and removed her husband by death at the very moment
+when the opportunity of power and position seemed to have come. The
+King, accompanied by Queen Alexandra and Princess Victoria, at once left
+for Frederickshof. They were received at Homburg by the Emperor William
+and conducted to the Castle. The funeral took place amid scenes of
+stately solemnity on August 13th and the Emperor and the King were
+present as chief mourners. While the obsequies were proceeding memorial
+services were held in England at the Chapel Royal, St. James's, in St.
+Giles's Cathedral, Edinburgh and in various other churches throughout
+the country.
+
+
+PUBLIC INCIDENTS AND FUNCTIONS
+
+Meanwhile, various incidents illustrative of the King's tact and
+influence upon public affairs had occurred. His well-known interest in
+American affairs was shown on June 1st by an official reception given at
+Windsor Castle to the members of the New York Chamber of Commerce who
+were visiting England as guests of the London Chamber of Commerce.
+Accompanied by Lord Brassey and the Earl of Kintore, some twenty-five
+gentlemen were presented to His Majesty and Queen Alexandra. They
+included General Horace Porter, Mr. Morris K. Jessup, the Hon. Levi P.
+Morton, the Hon. Cornelius N. Bliss and Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan. Some of
+the American expressions of opinion upon this not unusual courtesy to
+distinguished foreigners were extremely amusing. Others, such as that of
+the N. Y. _Tribune_ were dignified and appreciative. Immediately upon
+hearing of the attempt on President McKinley's life on September 6th,
+the King sent a despatch of deepest sympathy and instructed the Foreign
+Office to keep him informed as to the President's condition. He was at
+the time spending a week with the King of Denmark at Copenhagen and to
+that place the bulletins were duly cabled from Washington.
+
+On September 11th His Majesty telegraphed to the American Ambassador at
+London: "I rejoice to hear the favourable accounts of the President's
+health. God grant that his life may be spared." After Mr. McKinley's
+death, three days later, the King immediately cabled the Ambassador:
+"Most truly do I sympathize with you and the whole American nation in
+the loss of your distinguished and ever-to-be-regretted President." In
+his reply Mr. Choate declared that "Your Majesty's constant solicitude
+and interest in these trying days have deeply touched the hearts of my
+countrymen." The King ordered a week's mourning at Court and soon
+afterwards received a message from Mr. Choate voicing Mrs. McKinley's
+personal gratitude for the sympathy expressed. In replying, the King
+declared that the Queen and himself "feel most deeply for her in the
+hour of her great affliction and pray that God may give her strength to
+bear her heavy cross." On September 27th the American Ambassador was
+granted a special audience by His Majesty in London and presented the
+formal thanks of Mrs. McKinley and of the people of the United States
+for "the constant sympathy which you have manifested through the darkest
+hours of their distress and bereavement."
+
+During these months the King had not forgotten to show his continued
+appreciation of many of the interests to which, as Heir Apparent, he had
+given so much aid. At a General Council meeting of the Prince of Wales'
+Hospital Fund on May 11th, presided over by the Duke of Fife and
+attended by Lord Rothschild, Lord Farquhar, Lord Iveagh, Lord Reay, Mr.
+Sydney Buxton and others the chairman stated that it was held by His
+Majesty's wish in order to announce his resignation of the Presidency
+and consent to take the position of Patron. The King's place was to be
+taken by the Duke of Cornwall and York. Lord Rothschild spoke at some
+length upon the importance of the work initiated in this connection by
+the King and of the valuable aid which they had consequently been able
+to give the hospitals and suffering poor of London. On June 10th a
+letter was made public, written by Sir Dighton Probyn on behalf of the
+King, expressing to the Royal Agricultural Society of England his
+earnest hope that it would succeed in raising the L30,000 which was
+needed for building purposes, subscribing two hundred and fifty guineas
+toward this end, and expressing not only His Majesty's interest in its
+future welfare but his pleasure at having been associated with it during
+twenty two years of progress. On July 3rd the King and Queen Alexandra,
+accompanied by Princess Victoria and the Duchess of Argyll, received at
+Marlborough House some eight hundred nurses belonging to the Training
+Institute inaugurated by the late Queen. Badges were presented by Her
+Majesty to a couple of hundred and an address read and graciously
+answered. An incident typical of the King's courtesy and thoughtfulness
+was seen in his intimation to the Marquess of Dufferin, who, during the
+early part of the proceedings was standing bare-headed in the sun, to
+put on his hat--the King resuming his in order to create the
+opportunity.
+
+His Majesty took great interest during the year in the proposed National
+Memorial to his Royal mother. He had early appointed a special Committee
+of representatives to deal with the preliminaries and, on March 6th, a
+Report was submitted by Lord Esher, as Hon. Secretary, recommending that
+a statue of Queen Victoria should be the central feature of such a
+Memorial, and the location be either the vicinity of Westminster Abbey
+or that of Buckingham Palace. Accompanied by Mr. Balfour, Mr.
+Akers-Douglas and Lord Esher, the King visited the suggested sites that
+afternoon and finally approved a general position near Westminster
+Abbey. Large amounts were subscribed toward the project during the
+succeeding months. An interesting incident occurred on July 28th when a
+small deputation of ladies, including the Countess of Aberdeen, Lady
+Taylor and others connected with the National Council of Women in
+Canada, were received at Marlborough House by Queen Alexandra and
+tendered an address signed by twenty-five thousand women of the Dominion
+expressive of their earnest loyalty to the King and affection for his
+Consort. In replying, Her Majesty referred with special pleasure to the
+tribute paid the late Queen and spoke of the beauty of the volumes in
+which the address was incorporated.
+
+
+ROYAL CHARITIES AND VISITS
+
+Toward the end of the year it was announced in the _British Medical
+Journal_ that a gentleman who did not at present wish his name
+disclosed--afterwards understood to be Sir Ernest Cassel--had presented
+the King with a donation of L200,000 for some philanthropic purpose to
+be selected, and that His Majesty had decided to devote the money to the
+erection of a Sanatorium in England for Consumptive patients. On January
+22nd, 1902, the first Anniversary of Queen Victoria's death, the _Times_
+paid the following well-deserved tribute to the new Sovereign: "During
+the year that has gone by he has sedulously and successfully set himself
+to fulfill all the duties of a constitutional Sovereign. He has spared
+no pains to make himself familiar with his people, to study their needs,
+to discover their wishes, to express their instincts and their ideals.
+He has been able, in many ways, to promote national objects to a greater
+extent than, perhaps, would have been possible even with Queen Victoria.
+It is no secret that he is in cordial sympathy with the feelings of the
+immense majority of his subjects on the supreme issues which now
+dominate international politics. He has a high and keen perception of
+the honour of the nation, so closely bound up with that of the Royal
+House and with his own."
+
+The succeeding six months were very largely devoted to preparations for
+the Coronation, but the King, nevertheless, found time to do some
+travelling and visiting in the country and to carry out some very
+brilliant Court functions. As an illustration of the way in which he
+sought to do every possible honour to his Queen-Consort, there may be
+instanced a letter written, by command, in reply to an inquiry from the
+Lord Mayor of London as to whether in drinking the second of the loyal
+toasts at public gatherings the company should stand or not. Sir Dighton
+Probyn observed in his letter that the King had no doubt as to what was
+right, and that in his opinion the toast of "Her Majesty, Queen
+Alexandra, the Prince and Princess of Wales and the other members of the
+Royal family" should be received standing, with a few bars of the
+National Anthem and "God bless the Prince of Wales." On February 11th
+King Edward held the first Levee since his accession, and it was made
+the occasion for a revival of much old-time splendour. The Prince of
+Wales who had since his return home from the Colonies merged his title
+of Duke of Cornwall and York in the more historic and familiar
+designation, was present together with a great and representative
+gathering. Bishops in lawn sleeves and scarlet hoods attended by
+chaplains in long black gowns and white bands, great lawyers in wigs and
+flowing robes, foreign officers and diplomatists in gorgeous and varied
+uniforms, British generals and admirals, and the picturesque Windsor
+uniforms of the Privy Councillors, lent a brilliant appearance to a
+function at which most of the eminent men of the Kingdom were to be
+seen.
+
+Ten days afterwards His Majesty visited Lord and Lady Burton at
+Rangemore, and while there inspected the famous Bass and Company
+brewery and started a special brew to be called "the King's Ale"--only
+to be used on special occasions. Early in the year it had been decided
+by the King to pay what might be termed a Coronation visit to Ireland,
+accompanied by his wife. Unfortunately, unpleasant conditions of local
+agitation developed, and then came the outburst of Nationalist sympathy
+for the Boers, in the House of Commons, when Lord Methuen's defeat was
+announced. The result was that his Ministers advised the King not to
+undertake the trip at the time proposed, and its postponement was
+announced on March 12th, greatly to the regret of many in Ireland and
+out of it. Commencing on March 7th the King and Queen Alexandra paid a
+brief visit to the West of England and were loyally welcomed at
+Dartmouth, Plymouth, Stonehouse and Davenport, where certain official
+functions were performed.
+
+On March 14th, King Edward and Queen Alexandra held their first Court,
+and it was expected that the occasion would be the most stately and
+splendid in the modern social history of the nation. It fully equalled
+these anticipations, and the scene in the ball-room of Buckingham Palace
+eclipsed even the traditions of the French Imperial Court in the days of
+Napoleon III. It was well managed, it was attended by the greatest and
+best representatives of English public and social life, it was unusually
+brilliant in jewelry, in dresses and in uniforms, it was stately in its
+setting and more animated and brighter in character than any similar
+function of the late Sovereign's reign--since its early years at least.
+The same success attended succeeding and similar occasions, and it might
+be distinctly appropriate to quote here views expressed by the _Daily
+News_ of February 15th, 1901, when it spoke of the new reign as opening
+with splendid promise for the highest interests of the country and with
+component elements in its Court for a period of extraordinary social
+brilliancy. "King Edward," observed this Radical organ, "is one of the
+most popular of Sovereigns, and his beautiful Queen sheds a lustre upon
+his Court for which it would be difficult to find a parallel. Amiable,
+tender-hearted, actively philanthropic, and possessing exquisite taste,
+the Queen Consort is eminently qualified to be the bright particular
+star in the shining galaxy of our Court. The Royal Princesses are most
+highly accomplished and amiable ladies, each one of whom has achieved
+for herself a high place in the affections of the nation."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+The Empire Tour of the New Heir to the Throne
+
+
+If Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, had been enabled at different times
+in his career to visit various portions of his future realms and to
+create influences and receive impulses which have told for good in the
+upbuilding of the British Empire, his son and heir was destined to make
+a tour in 1901 which was still more impressive in character and
+influential in import. The single visits of the Prince of Wales to India
+and Canada were made in days when they partook of an almost pioneer
+character, and they were chiefly important in moulding crude opinions
+into a more matured and organized form. The tour of the Duke and Duchess
+of Cornwall and York was, on the other hand, a result of clearly
+developed conditions of Colonial power; an embodiment of existing
+aspirations toward Empire unity; an expression of the loyalty existing
+between Mother Country and the Colonies and toward the Crown and British
+institutions.
+
+
+ORIGIN OF THE TOUR
+
+It was on September 17th, 1900, that the Colonial Office first announced
+the assent of Her Majesty the Queen to the request presented by the
+combined Australian Colonies that H. R. H. the Duke of York should open
+their newly-established Parliament in the spring of 1901. It was stated
+in this announcement that "Her Majesty at the same time wishes to
+signify her sense of the loyalty and devotion which have prompted the
+spontaneous aid so liberally offered by all the Colonies in the South
+African war and of the splendid gallantry of her Colonial troops." After
+the death of the Queen it was feared that the time might not be
+considered opportune for so distant a journey by the Heir to the Throne,
+but on February 14th, 1901, the King announced in his speech to
+Parliament that the proposed Australian trip would not be abandoned, and
+that it would be extended to the Dominion of Canada. "I still desire to
+give effect to her late Majesty's wishes * * * as an evidence of her
+interest, as well as my own, in all that concerns the welfare of my
+subjects beyond the seas."
+
+
+FROM PORTSMOUTH TO MELBOURNE
+
+As finally constituted the Royal suite consisted of H. S. H. Prince
+Alexander of Teck, brother of the Duchess; Lord Wenlock, a former
+Governor of Madras; Lieutenant Colonel Sir Arthur Bigge, so well known
+as the Private Secretary for many years of the late Queen Victoria; Sir
+John Anderson, a prominent official of the Colonial Office; Sir Donald
+Mackenzie Wallace, the eminent journalist and author; Captain, the
+Viscount Crichton, and Lieutenant, the Duke of Roxburghe, who acted as
+Military Aides; the Hon. Derek Keppel and Commander Sir Charles Cust,
+R.N., who acted as Equerries; the Rev. Canon Dalton as Chaplain;
+Commander Godfrey-Tansell, R.N., A.D.C., and Major J. H. Bor, A.D.C.;
+Lady Mary Lygon, Lady Catharine Coke and Mrs. Derek Keppel as
+Ladies-in-Waiting to the Duchess. Chevalier de Martino, a marine artist;
+Mr. Sidney Hall and Dr. A. R. Manby were also attached to the staff. On
+March 7th the Duke of York--who had now become also Duke of
+Cornwall--left Portsmouth accompanied by his wife and his large suite to
+make a nine-months' tour of the Empire; to cover a distance of 50,000
+miles by sea and shore under the British flag; and to meet with varied
+experiences and an enthusiasm of popular welcome which stamped the whole
+journey as the most remarkable Royal progress on record.
+
+Three days after leaving Portsmouth the _Ophir_, which was commanded by
+Commander A. L. Winslow, most luxuriously fitted up and accompanied by
+H. M. S. _Juno_ and the _St. George_, sighted the coast of Portugal,
+sailed into sunny waters off the shores at Lisbon and reached Gibraltar
+on March 13th, where the Royal visitors were welcomed by General Sir
+George White, of Ladysmith fame, and who had been Governor for about a
+year. From the Rock the _Ophir_ was escorted by two other ships of the
+Royal Navy to Malta, where Admiral Sir John Fisher and the Mediterranean
+fleet helped to render the welcome interesting and imposing, and from
+thence to Port Said and through the Suez Canal to Aden. Here a
+picturesque reception was given to the Duke and Duchess in a pavilion
+festooned with lights and filled with Indian and Arab ladies in robes of
+silks, officers in white uniforms, the Sultans of two tributary States
+and their dusky retinues. Surrounded by a guard of honour from the West
+Kent Regiment, with towering mountains of brown lava in the distance,
+and with groups of Somalis, Arabs, Hindoos and Seedees gazing at "the
+great lord of the seas," the Prince received an address of welcome. From
+here, through sweltering days and heated nights, the Royal yacht
+traversed the Indian Ocean until Ceylon--"the pearl set in sapphires and
+crowned with emeralds"--was reached on April 12th.
+
+At Colombo, amidst a revel of Oriental colour and a luxurious waste of
+Eastern vegetation; with guards composed of planters in kharki, Bombay
+Lancers in turbans, and Lascoreen troops in crimson and gold; surrounded
+by dense crowds of dancing and shouting natives, His Royal Highness
+received the official welcome of the Legislature and Municipal Councils
+and the Chamber of Commerce. Thence the Royal party proceeded inland to
+Kandy, winding their way upward through an exquisite mountain region
+where the fantastic shapes and eternal green of the mountain sides and
+the valleys and the gorges gleamed and radiated with colour from a
+myriad tropical trees, gorgeous orchids, climbing lilies and enormous
+ferns. The town itself was a bower of beauty, and here the visitors saw
+the Temple of the Tooth, which is an object of adoration to hundreds of
+millions in Burmah, China and India; the procession of the Elephants--a
+weird portion of the Buddhist ritual; the devil dancers, who excel the
+Dervishes of the Soudan in the fantastic nature of their antics. On the
+succeeding day the Duke received an address from the planters of the
+Island, enclosed in a beautiful coffer of ivory; presented colours to
+the Ceylon Mounted Infantry, and medals to men who had returned from
+South Africa; and in the evening held a Durbar, at which the native
+Chiefs were presented.
+
+
+A WILD SEA OF EASTERN COLOR
+
+From Kandy back to Colombo went the Royal visitors, and at the capital
+they found "the white streets and blood-red earth were rivers of light
+and colour," as one picturesque correspondent described the scene. The
+British flag was there, and British merchants and the British Governor
+in the person of Sir J. West Ridgeway were there; but all else was a
+wild sea of Eastern colour; a myriad-voiced tribute of the torrid and
+brilliant tropics to the power of Western civilization. After a night on
+board the _Ophir_, with the war-ships in the harbour a blaze of colour
+and festooned with fire, the visitors left for Singapore on April 16th
+and arrived there five days later. Through the Straits of Malacca an
+experience was had of the most intense heat and keen tropical
+discomfort. The Duke and Duchess were received at Singapore in a
+pavilion hung with flags and flowers, by the Governor, Sir Frank
+Swettenham, and by the Sultans of Pahang, Perak and Selangor. This
+interesting trading centre, with its four hundred and fifty million
+dollars' worth of commerce and its population of mingled Chinese, Dutch
+and Germans, was ablaze with decorations and filled with holiday-makers.
+A Royal reception was held in the Town-Hall on April 22nd attended by
+Chinese, Arabs, Malays, Tamils and representatives of all the medley of
+blood which makes up the East. There were a dozen deputations bringing
+addresses and adding to the steadily accumulating caskets of gold and
+silver and ivory and precious stones which the Duke was destined to
+possess in a measure only excelled by his Royal father's collection in
+the past.
+
+The Malays contributed an elephant's tusk set in gold, the men of Penang
+a great bamboo set in gold, and the Chinese of Malaya a fire-screen
+worked with Oriental skill and beauty. After this ceremony, and
+including dinner, the Duke and Duchess drove through the Chinese
+quarters and in the evening witnessed the strange procession of figured
+reptiles and demons, dragons and monsters of distorted fancy, which
+marked Chinese pleasure and indicated the loyalty of the coolies as
+their costly decorations and caskets and the presence at functions of
+richly-dressed men and women had already illustrated the loyalty of the
+merchant class. An incident of the afternoon was the singing by five
+thousand school-children of mixed Eastern races and the presentation of
+a bouquet to the Duchess. The effect of "God Save the King" in their
+quaint, native accents was described as being strangely pathetic. On the
+following morning the _Ophir_ steamed out of the harbour bound for
+Australia and left eastern civilization behind for the forms and customs
+of England transplanted upon Australian soil. The shores of Sumatra were
+coasted, the Straits of Banka, the Sea of Java and the beautiful Straits
+of Sunda were traversed; the Equator was crossed and His Royal Highness
+willingly subjected to the quaint and immemorial usages of the occasion;
+the Indian Ocean traversed and two thousand five hundred miles of this
+part of the journey experienced before the shores of the
+island-continent were sighted on May 1st.
+
+The formal landing at Melbourne, for which all Australia was looking,
+took place on May 6th and the splendour of the reception far exceeded
+all expectations. For many weeks the people of the Commonwealth had been
+legislating, planning decorating and preparing for the visit of the Heir
+to the British Throne and his wife; the dormant loyalty of years,
+aroused and developed by the events of the war and the despatch of
+thousands of troops to the front, had grown to a white-heat of interest
+and excitement; the completion of confederation and the union of the
+Colonies in one great Commonwealth, which was now to be marked by the
+opening of the first Federal Parliament and stamped through this visit
+with Royal approval and British sympathy, enhanced the public interest.
+There was a great and stately setting at Melbourne for the functions
+which graced the occasion and, as the _Ophir_ rested in the waters of
+the bay, surrounded by British and foreign warships, with roaring
+salutes and a myriad of fluttering flags, there were excellent scenic
+preliminaries to the impressive landing ceremonies. From the St. Kilda
+Pier, through miles of beautiful, decorated streets, great arches and
+hundreds of thousands of cheering people, the Royal couple passed to
+Government House, welcomed also on the way by a gathering of thirty-five
+thousand school children singing "God Save the King."
+
+The whole spectacle was an extraordinary one. Mr. E. F. Knight,
+correspondent of the London _Morning Post_ said that "it was a day of
+splendid pageants, stirring and impressive, and the extraordinary
+enthusiasm of the ovation given to the Duke and Duchess by the hundreds
+of thousands of Australians who packed the streets along the entire
+eight miles of route must ever stand out vivid in the memory of all who
+witnessed it." Mr. W. Maxwell, the correspondent of the _Standard_,
+declared that: "I have seen many Royal progresses but never have I seen
+one more hearty and spontaneous than that of the multitude of
+well-dressed men, women and children who thronged the streets daily for
+nearly two weeks." The scheme of decorations was splendid, the triumphal
+arches were authoritatively stated to be better and more numerous than
+anything yet seen in London itself, the gathering of Australian troops
+lining the streets was representative and effective, the spectators were
+almost everywhere dressed in black or dark clothing as a tribute to the
+late Queen, the evening illuminations were on a magnificent
+scale--buildings and arches and decorations being a flashing, gleaming
+mass of light and fire and varied brightness. A state dinner was given
+at Government House by Lord Hopetoun in the evening and, on the
+succeeding day, a great Levee was held and addresses received. All the
+leaders of Australian life and society were presented and every form or
+phase of loyalty was embodied in the addresses presented from public
+institutions. Another state dinner followed at Government House and on
+May 8th the University of Melbourne was visited and an honorary degree
+conferred upon His Royal Highness. A great procession of various trade
+and labour associations was then witnessed and the third day of the
+visit concluded with a well-managed and stately Royal reception at
+Government House.
+
+
+OPENING OF THE COMMONWEALTH PARLIAMENT
+
+On May 9th the central ceremony of the tour was performed and a new
+British Commonwealth started upon its national course. The streets
+through which the Royal progress was made were packed with enthusiastic
+masses of people; the great Exhibition Building in which the Parliament
+of Australia was to be formally inaugurated was filled with twelve
+thousand persons, representative of every form of Australian life and
+character and achievement; the scheme of decoration--blue and golden
+yellow and chocolate--was effective and bright, the black and white and
+purple of the universal mourning was brightened here and there amongst
+the people by scattering bits of uniform in blue and scarlet and gold.
+At noon, the distant sound of cheers and the blare of trumpets announced
+the approach of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York. Amidst the
+strains of the National Anthem, and accompanied by the Governor-General
+and Countess of Hopetoun, they took their places upon the dais. Around
+the King's son and his wife were all the leaders of Australia; in front
+of them, the Parliament, the classes and a substantial section of the
+masses. The Earl of Hopetoun read some formal prayers and then gave
+place to His Royal Highness who, in clear and distinct tones read his
+speech to Parliament and the people. In it he spoke of himself as
+fulfilling the wish of the late Queen Victoria and his father, the King,
+and as representing their deep interest in Australia and warm
+appreciation of Australian help in the war and loyalty to the Crown. Of
+the future, His Majesty felt assured.
+
+     "The King is satisfied that the wisdom and patriotism which have
+     characterized the exercise of the wide powers of self-government
+     hitherto enjoyed by the Colonies will continue to be displayed in
+     the exercise of the still wider powers with which the United
+     Commonwealth has been endowed. His Majesty feels assured that the
+     enjoyment of these powers will, if possible, enhance that loyalty
+     and devotion to his Throne and Empire of which the people of
+     Australia have already given such signal proofs. It is His
+     Majesty's earnest prayer that this union, so happily achieved, may,
+     under God's blessing, prove an instrument for still further
+     promoting the welfare and advancement of his subjects in Australia,
+     and for the strengthening and consolidation of his Empire."
+
+The Duke then declared the Parliament open in the name and on behalf of
+his Majesty. He also read a cablegram just received from the King: "My
+thoughts are with you on the day of the important ceremony. Most
+fervently do I wish Australia prosperity and happiness." The members of
+Parliament then took the oath of allegiance administered by Lord
+Hopetoun. Meanwhile, as His Royal Highness declared the Houses of
+Parliament open, and while the immense standing audience was making the
+building echo with a mighty cheer, the Duchess touched an electric
+button, and from every school-house in the Commonwealth there waved the
+Union Jack as a sign that the great function was completed. Amidst
+cheering multitudes the Royal couple then drove back to Government
+House. In the evening a brilliant concert was given under the auspices
+of the Commonwealth Government. On the following day fifteen thousand
+Australian troops were reviewed in the presence of one hundred and forty
+thousand people--infantry, mounted men, engineers, army service corps,
+army medical corps, ambulance corps and cadets--representative of all
+the States and of all branches of the system together with blue-jackets
+and marines from the Royal Navy.
+
+Then came a state dinner at Government House. On May 11th an afternoon
+reception was given by the Victorian Government and Parliament at the
+same place, and on Monday May 13th, His Royal Highness and the Duchess
+visited the famous golden city of Ballarat, inspected one of its great
+mines and laid the foundation-stone of a monument to Australian soldiers
+who had fallen in South Africa. Tuesday saw an interesting
+school-children's fete and a reception by the Mayor and Corporation of
+Melbourne. On May 14th, Their Royal Highnesses presented prizes to the
+scholars of the united Grammar Schools of Victoria, and the Prince spoke
+to the boys of the stately and historical events of the past few days.
+"Keep up your traditions and think with pride of those educated in your
+schools who have become distinguished public servants of the state, or
+who have fought, or are still fighting, for the Empire in South Africa."
+To another great gathering of twenty thousand children the Duke was both
+eloquent and impressive. "May your lives be happy and prosperous, but
+do not forget that the youngest of us have responsibilities which
+increase as time goes on. If I may offer you advice I should say: Be
+thorough, do your level best in whatever work you may be called upon to
+perform. Remember that we are all fellow-subjects of the British Crown.
+Be loyal, yes, to your parents, your country, your King and your God."
+
+After a rousing farewell from the people of Melbourne, a special train
+was taken on May 18th by the Royal couple for the capital of Queensland.
+
+
+AT BRISBANE AND SYDNEY
+
+Every town, or settlement, or mining camp on the way contributed its
+cheers and shouts from crowds of sturdy Australians, and on May 20th,
+Brisbane was reached and an enthusiastic welcome received in the drive
+through crowded and beautifully decorated streets. At Government House,
+where the Royal guests were received by Lord Lamington,
+Lieutenant-Governor of the State, twenty-two deputations attended to
+present addresses--as compared with forty-eight at Melbourne. In the
+evening, a brilliant illumination of the city marked the event. On the
+following day a review of troops took place, and the Duke and Duchess
+enjoyed the patriotic singing and happy sports of some five thousand
+children. The evening saw an aboriginal Corrobberee performed for their
+benefit, and on the 23rd of May, the foundation-stone of a new Anglican
+Cathedral, which was being erected as a memorial to the late Queen
+Victoria, was laid by His Royal Highness amid appropriate and dignified
+ceremonial. In the afternoon the Agricultural Exhibition was visited and
+a splendid demonstration of welcome received from over thirty thousand
+people. The following and last day at Brisbane included a Levee, an
+afternoon reception and a concert. Each evening had seen a formal state
+banquet.
+
+On May 24th the route was taken for Sydney, and a stop was made
+near Combooya for a picnic in the bush, or "billy tea." Newcastle
+gave the Royal couple a rousing reception, and at Haukesbury the
+_Ophir_ was boarded and the trip up the splendid harbour of Sydney
+commenced--escorted by warships and welcomed by the roar of cannon from
+ships and shore. As the Duke and Duchess landed amid cheering sailors,
+pealing bells and the shouts of a massed concourse of people stretching
+far back from the landing-place, they were received at a sort of
+graceful portal, decked with flags, flowers and semi-tropical foliage,
+by the Governor-General, the Federal and State Governors and Premiers,
+the Mayor and others. The procession then passed along a three-mile
+route to Government House with bands at intervals playing the
+ever-present National Anthem, with beautiful decorations and arches, and
+with cheering crowds, fluttering handkerchiefs and waving flags in every
+direction. In the evening there was the usual state dinner and more than
+usually striking illuminations. Of this reception the Sydney _Morning
+Herald_ said the next day: "The acquisition of territory is a triumph of
+national achievement; but it is a small thing beside this re-creation of
+a new Britain in another hemisphere. The demonstration in Sydney
+yesterday embodied the message to this effect which our people desire to
+transmit by favour of the Duke and Duchess to the centre of Empire."
+
+The ensuing event was a Royal review of nine thousand troops with the
+presence of one hundred and fifty thousand people as observers. Then
+came a brilliant Reception at Government House, and on the morning of
+May 29th a Levee attended by two thousand citizens and at which
+twenty-four addresses were received--including the various
+denominations, the Masons, and the Orangemen. That of the city was in a
+beautiful gold and jewelled casket. To these His Royal Highness replied
+in eloquent language, and then knighted the Mayor of Sydney, Dr. James
+Graham, as he had already done the Mayor of Melbourne. A state dinner
+followed with continued evening illuminations. The naval depot at Garden
+Island was visited in the morning, and in the afternoon a naval review
+witnessed. A second Reception followed at Government House, and on the
+succeeding day the commemoration-stone of a Queen Victoria Memorial
+addition to the Prince Alfred Hospital was laid by the Duke. In his
+speech he expressed a doubt "whether anymore fitting memorial to that
+great life could have been chosen, for sympathy with the suffering was
+an all-pervading element in the noble and beautiful character of her who
+was your first Patron and with whose name the Hospital will now be
+associated for all time." At the University of Sydney the Royal visitor
+was given an honorary degree amid the amusing chaff of a reception which
+was as hearty and enthusiastic as it was hilarious. A Citizen's Concert
+followed in the evening, and on the next day His Royal Highness
+conferred fourteen hundred medals upon volunteers who had returned from
+the war. In the afternoon there was a brilliant garden party at
+Government House. On Sunday a sermon was listened to at St. Andrew's
+Cathedral, preached by Archbishop Saumarez Smith, and Monday being the
+Duke's birthday was observed as a public holiday. In the afternoon a
+visit was paid to the Young People's Industrial Exhibition where five
+thousand school children sang a special Ode for the occasion. In the
+afternoon the Duke departed for a couple of days shooting, and the
+Duchess visited the neighbouring Blue Mountains.
+
+On June 6th, after a very cordial "send-off" from the people, the Royal
+party boarded the _Ophir_ and started for Auckland, New Zealand. Five
+days later they found that loyal city alive with enthusiasm, crowded
+with people and decorated to the extreme limit. They were welcomed by
+the Governor, Lord Ranfurly and the Premier, Mr. R. J. Seddon. The
+latter presented an address in a superb casket made of New Zealand wood
+and gold, silver, and enamel, in the shape of a Maori war canoe. The
+ceremony of presentation and the reply occurred on board ship.
+Immediately upon landing the Duchess touched the key of a telegraph
+instrument, and flags waved and guns roared a welcome in every city and
+town of New Zealand. The popular welcome in the streets was tumultuous
+and the arches particularly impressive, while one of the incidents of
+the Royal progress to Government House was a living Union Jack composed
+of two thousand children dressed to fit the design. In the afternoon
+eleven addresses were received, and during his reply the Duke said: "I
+look forward to making known to His Majesty how strong I have found the
+feeling of common brotherhood and readiness to share in the
+responsibilities of the Empire, and earnestly trust that the results of
+the journey maybe to stimulate the interest of the different countries
+in each other, and so draw even closer the bonds which now unite them."
+
+
+ROYAL WELCOME IN NEW ZEALAND
+
+A state dinner followed this event and an evening Reception. The
+succeeding day a Royal review of forty-three hundred troops occurred,
+with twelve thousand spectators, and was followed by a luncheon to four
+hundred veterans of the South African and Maori wars, at which the Duke
+of Cornwall and York made one of the several _impromptu_ speeches
+delivered during his tour. Speaking of the combination of old veterans
+and young soldiers he said: "There is nothing like a chip of the old
+block"--to which some one responded with "You're one yourself"--"when
+one knows that the old block was hard, of good grain and sound to the
+core, and if, in the future, whenever and wherever the Mother-hand is
+stretched across the sea, it can reckon on a grasp such as New Zealand
+has given in the present." This speech evoked tremendous cheering.
+Later, the foundation-stone of the Queen Victoria School for Maori Girls
+was laid, and in the evening, after a state dinner at Government House,
+the Royal visitors attended a Reception given by the Mayor, and drove
+through splendidly illuminated streets. The next few days were spent
+amongst that most picturesque, gallant and chivalrous of native
+peoples--the Maoris. Expressions of the most intense and unaffected
+loyalty and contentment with British rule were universal. Most
+interesting sights were witnessed and Maori customs studied--including
+war and other dances, songs of welcome and of challenge to enemies, and
+mimic battles fought with native skill and zest.
+
+Wellington was reached on Waterloo Day (June 18th) and the route to
+Government House was spanned by a dozen handsome arches--two of which
+had been erected by the enthusiastic Maoris. After the conferring of
+some knighthood honours the Royal visitors in the afternoon watched a
+procession of Friendly Societies and laid the foundation-stone of a new
+Town Hall. In the evening there were the usual state dinner, Reception
+and illuminations. On the following day three hundred medals were
+presented to South African veterans and seventeen deputations received.
+A state Reception was attended at the Parliament Buildings in the
+evening and the next day was devoted to visiting certain great
+industries and charitable institutions. On June 20th the
+foundation-stone of new Government Railway offices was laid amid
+torrents of rain and then the departure was made for Christchurch which
+was reached in a few hours amid the welcome of pealing bells, cheering
+people and roaring guns. Here the foundation-stone of a statue of Queen
+Victoria was laid in the presence of a great throng of people. The
+Sunday sermon of next day was preached by the Bishop of Christchurch
+and, on Monday, June 24th, a review of eleven thousand troops was held
+(including three thousand cadets) in the presence of sixty thousand
+spectators. A feature of the drive to the review ground was a welcome
+sung by eight thousand school children. A luncheon to the war veterans
+was also given here and militant New Zealand was well represented in the
+speeches.
+
+Dunedin was reached by train on the following evening and in the Royal
+saloon the Hon. John Mackenzie--whose health had prevented him attending
+the formal ceremony at Wellington--was knighted by the Duke and
+personally invested with his Order. The city was found to be spanned
+everywhere with arches. Several functions were combined here and His
+Royal Highness received addresses in a special pavilion, presented
+medals and inspected the veterans. The Corporation address was in a box
+modelled after a Maori meeting-house and made of gold, silver and
+bronze. Another military luncheon followed and in the afternoon a
+children's demonstration was attended and the Pastoral and Horticultural
+Shows visited. At Lyttleton, on the following day, another
+foundation-stone of a Queen Victoria statue was laid and then the Royal
+couple left for Tasmania after the Duke had issued a farewell address
+speaking of the enthusiasm of his reception, the loyal and military
+spirit of the people, the splendid qualities of the Maoris and the
+exquisite beauty of New Zealand scenery.
+
+The Hobart welcome was given on July 3rd and a most tasteful, loyal and
+enthusiastic one it was. There were a dozen triumphal arches and the
+civic address was presented in a beautiful pavilion specially erected.
+The usual state dinner and Reception followed. In the morning a Levee
+was held and thirty addresses received from the Churches and Friendly
+Societies, the Freemasons and the Orangemen, the Half-castes and the
+Chinese. During his reply the Duke referred to the Island's entry into
+the Commonwealth and said: "I trust that the hopes and aspirations which
+prompted her people to enter this great national union may be fully
+realized in the future prosperity of the Commonwealth and in the
+greatness, power and solidarity of the Empire." In the afternoon the
+foundation-stone of a statue to Tasmanian soldiers who had fallen in the
+war was laid by the Duke and an eloquent speech delivered in which
+reference was made to the event as being a testimony to "that living
+spirit of race, of pride in a common heritage and of a fixed resolve to
+join in maintaining that heritage; which sentiment, irresistible in its
+power, has inspired and united the peoples of this vast Empire." A
+log-chopping contest was then witnessed followed by an _impromptu_ visit
+to inspect an arch in a poor and squalid part of the city. Another
+Reception was held in the evening accompanied by illuminations on sea
+and land. The succeeding day saw a review of two thousand troops, the
+presentation of war medals, a children's demonstration, a trades'
+procession, a Reception by the Mayor in the City Hall with the singing
+of a special Ode, and illuminations and a fire brigade procession in the
+evening. Sunday was spent quietly and then the Royal yacht sailed for
+Adelaide, the capital of South Australia.
+
+
+IN SOUTH AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA
+
+Here the Duke and Duchess were formally received on July 8th by the
+Lieutenant-Governor, Lord Tennyson, and his Ministers, and
+enthusiastically welcomed in crowded and tastefully decorated streets,
+bathed in a bright and genial sunshine. There were four arches--though
+L2000 of the grant had been expended on the poor instead of on temporary
+decorations. At the Town-Hall an address was received and at the the
+same time twelve hundred homing pigeons were liberated to carry news of
+the Royal arrival to all parts of the State. A state banquet followed in
+the evening and after the Levee on the next day a number of addresses
+were received. Meanwhile the Duchess visited the two local hospitals.
+Her Royal Highness also attended a football match in the afternoon and
+received a brilliant assemblage of people in the evening--the Duke
+being compelled to have a tooth extracted. On the succeeding day the Art
+Gallery was visited and a bust of the late Lord Tennyson unveiled and an
+honorary degree accepted from the Adelaide University by His Royal
+Highness, who also laid the corner-stone of a new building in connection
+with this institution. Later, a demonstration of six thousand children
+was attended and a Reception held in the evening. The next day was
+devoted to shooting and to seeing an exhibition of sheep-shearing,
+bullock-riding and buck-jumping, with a military Tattoo in the evening
+and the usual spectacle of brilliant illuminations. The last day, but
+one, in South Australia included in its programme the laying of a
+foundation-stone for a Maternity Home in memory of Queen Victoria, and
+the review of four thousand troops with a state concert at night. On
+Sunday, a recently-completed Nave in St. Peter's Cathedral was dedicated
+by the Bishops of Adelaide and Newcastle and a tablet to South African
+heroes unveiled by the Duke.
+
+The voyage was then resumed for Freemantle and Perth, in Western
+Australia, but stress of weather on July 2nd caused the _Ophir_ to put
+in at Albany, instead, and there the surprised and delighted people gave
+the Duke and Duchess a rousing welcome as they took the train for Perth.
+The State capital was reached two days later and, amid perfect weather,
+through great crowds and a dozen splendid arches, the Royal progress was
+made to the Town Hall where the inevitable address was received. In the
+evening there was the usual state dinner given by the Governor, Sir
+Arthur Lawley, and ensuing Reception. On the following day the programme
+included a Levee, the reception of addresses, the laying of the
+foundation-stone of the State's monument to its sons lying on the South
+African veldt, the presentation of war medals and a civic Reception and
+state concert. The last two days of the visit were devoted to attendance
+at a state service in St. John's Cathedral where the Duke unveiled a
+brass tablet in memory of South African heroes, laying the
+foundation-stone of a new building connected with the Museum, a visit to
+the Mint, an enthusiastic welcome given by a children's demonstration
+and a visit to the Zoological Gardens. Before sailing for South Africa
+on July 26th, the new Heir Apparent addressed a formal farewell to the
+people of Australia in the form of a letter to the Earl of Hopetoun.
+Reference was made at some length to the twenty-five thousand troops
+reviewed during the visit, to the educational systems of the States, to
+the loyalty exhibited to the King and the generous personal reception
+given by the people, to the hospitality of Governments and the good
+management and kindness of officials. Finally he said:
+
+     "We leave with many regrets, mitigated, however, by the hope that
+     while we have gained new friendships and good will, something may
+     also have been achieved towards strengthening and welding together
+     the Empire, through the sympathy and interest which have been
+     displayed in our journey both at home and in the Colonies. The
+     Commonwealth and its people will ever have a warm place in our
+     hearts. We shall always take the keenest interest in its welfare,
+     and our earnest prayer will be for its continued advancement not
+     only in material progress, but in all that tends to make life noble
+     and happy."
+
+The response of the press to this Message was pronounced and may be
+represented by the statement of the Melbourne _Argus_ on June 29th, that
+from first to last "the Australasian visit was a success, in every way
+worthy of its statesmanlike conception and purpose." The Royal couple
+came from King and Empire, and their mission was personally performed
+with unique success. "Everywhere they were received with demonstrations
+of delighted loyalty. They were living symbols of British unity. From
+all they will take back a reciprocal message to King and Empire. There
+is not a single blemish upon the record of the visit. Not one imprudent
+word was spoken, not one slight left a stinging recollection."
+
+Mauritius was reached on August 4th, and the brightly-decorated streets
+of the capital were crowded with Creoles, Mohammedans, Hindoos, and
+Chinese, while the French language was everywhere, and the English
+tongue seldom heard. Tropical flowers and foliage were brilliant and
+plentiful in the plans of decoration, and the streets were lined with a
+combination of Bengal Infantry, Royal Artillery and Engineers. At
+Government House the first investiture of knighthood in the Island's
+history was held and various addresses received. The foundation-stone of
+a statue of Queen Victoria was then laid, a procession of Hindoo and
+Chinese children witnessed and a drive taken through the town. The next
+four days were spent in strict privacy at the residence of Sir Charles
+Bruce, the Governor, with the exception of a state dinner and Reception
+on the first evening.
+
+
+ROYAL RECEPTION IN SOUTH AFRICA
+
+War-tossed South Africa was sighted on August 13th and the landing took
+place at Durban, where the welcome was enthusiastic. There were many
+arches and excellent decorations, eleven thousand singing children,
+crowded streets and shouting spectators who included Zulus, Kaffirs of
+all kinds, Indian coolies and the whole white population. In a Royal
+pavilion, specially constructed, addresses were presented and answered,
+and the train was taken to Pietermaritzburg after luncheon with the
+Mayor and a distinguished gathering. A deputation of ladies had,
+meanwhile, presented the Duchess with a table-gong made of pompom shells
+mounted on a rhinoceros horn. The railway to the capital of Natal was
+patrolled by mounted troops, and the drive through the illuminated city
+and densely-packed streets to Government House was done at night. On the
+following day the place was found to be handsomely decorated with many
+arches and the first function was the Royal inauguration of a new Town
+Hall. The cheering of the people was intense and continuous in the
+streets. Afterwards addresses were presented--that of the Corporation
+in a singularly beautiful casket of ivory and gold. In his eloquent
+speech the Duke referred to the events and sacrifices of the war. They
+had not been in vain. "Never in our history did the pulse of Empire beat
+more in unison; and the blood which has been shed on the veldt has
+sealed for ever our unity, based upon a common loyalty and a
+determination to share, each of us according to our strength, the common
+burden." An address was also presented from Johannesburg and specially
+replied to.
+
+In the afternoon there was an extraordinary assemblage, composed of the
+dignitaries of political and social life and the pick of the great
+British army in South Africa--a quarter of a million fighting men. It
+was a gathering of eleven holders of the V.C., and forty-three holders
+of the honour next in degree for bravery in the field--the D.S.O. These
+famous medals were conferred by the Duke of Cornwall and York, and then
+a great deputation of Zulu Chiefs, clad in barbaric war paraphernalia,
+presented loyal congratulations. A reception was held in the evening and
+the city illuminated. The next day the voyage was resumed, and Simon's
+Bay reached on August 19th. After landing, through a guard of one
+thousand bluejackets, and receiving an address from the Mayor, the
+special train was taken to Cape Town. There the formal reception was
+given by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, the President of the
+Legislative Council, the Archbishop, the Chief Justice, the Mayor, the
+President of the Africander Bond and other officials or public men. The
+reception in the streets was enthusiastic, and it has been said that
+more Union Jacks were displayed than at any other point on the tour. A
+Levee was held in the afternoon at the Parliament Buildings and two
+thousand citizens were presented, while addresses were received from
+many public bodies in Cape Colony, Orange River Colony, and Rhodesia.
+
+A memorable event occurred on the succeeding day, when in the
+Government House grounds, His Royal Highness and the Duchess received
+over one hundred native chiefs who had come from all parts of South
+Africa, laden with unique and peculiar gifts, clad in extraordinary
+costumes and led by Lerothodi of the Basutos and Khama, the famous Chief
+of Bechuanaland. Short speeches were interchanged, and then the Duke and
+Duchess drove to Grootschur, to visit Mr. Cecil Rhodes. On the following
+day the Duke accepted an honorary degree from the University of Cape
+Town--of which he was already Chancellor--and in the afternoon received
+some six thousand school children, Colonial and Dutch, who sang an Ode
+of welcome and presented a gift of Basuto ponies for the Royal children
+in far-away London. There was also an evening reception and the same
+splendid illuminations which had graced the previous night. The last day
+of the visit included the laying of the foundation-stone of a Nurse's
+Home in memory of the late Queen, and of the corner-stone of the new St.
+George's Cathedral. Despatches were interchanged with Lord Kitchener,
+and a letter written by His Royal Highness to the Governor, Sir Walter
+Hely-Hutchinson, expressive of the deep gratitude of his wife and
+himself for their reception and the earnest hope that peace would soon
+be restored. An investiture of knighthood was also held, and on August
+23rd the Royal couple were once more on the _Ophir_ heading for distant
+Canada.
+
+
+ARRIVAL AT HISTORIC QUEBEC
+
+After a voyage in which every kind of ocean weather was experienced, or
+suffered, the mighty St. Lawrence was reached, and finally the City of
+Quebec, on the 15th of September. The arrival was the commencement of a
+continental tour which proved a fitting crown to the whole splendid
+Empire progress and a more than appropriate continuation of the King's
+visit of forty years before--in which he had touched only the smaller
+central Provinces of the great railway-girdled Dominion which now
+welcomed his son and his son's Consort. On Monday, September 17th, the
+Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York, accompanied by the Earl of Minto,
+Governor-General, and Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the Prime Minister--who had
+gone down the river to meet them--set their feet upon Canadian soil. The
+Dominion Ministers were present to join in the welcome, and the
+procession then passed through the city, many thousands of people lining
+the streets, and three thousand French children at the St. Louis Gate
+singing "O Canada, Land of Our Ancestors." At the Parliament Buildings,
+the Hon. S. N. Parent, Mayor of Quebec and Premier of the Province, read
+a lengthy address which referred to this visit as a proud privilege,
+expressed the renewed devotion of the citizens to the Crown and person
+of their Sovereign, and spoke of French-Canadians as "a free, united and
+happy people, faithful and loyal, attached to their King and country,
+and rejoicing in their connection with the British Empire and those
+noble self-governing institutions which are the palladium of their
+liberties." In his reply the Duke referred to the success of the
+Canadian troops at Paardeberg, and spoke with sorrow of the death of
+President McKinley. "It is my proud mission to come amongst you as a
+token of that feeling of admiration and pride which the King and the
+Empire feel in the exploits of the Canadians who rushed to the defence
+of the Empire."
+
+A Royal procession to the Citadel followed and in the afternoon the Duke
+and Duchess visited Laval University, where they were received by
+Archbishop Begin, the Rector, and five hundred clergymen of the
+Arch-diocese. In the address which was read by the Archbishop reference
+was made to the late Queen, to the accession of the present Sovereign,
+to the triumphal welcome on the banks of the mighty St. Lawrence which
+was being prepared for the nation's guests, and to the pleasure of the
+Church in sharing that welcome. "To the history of our Catholic Church
+belongs the honour of having forged between the English Throne and a
+French Canadian people solid bonds which neither adversity nor bribery
+can sever." Faith in the Church and loyalty to the Crown were the
+lessons they desired to inculcate. The University address was then read
+by the Rev. O. E. Mathieu, the Rector. His Royal Highness in replying
+and accepting the honorary degree of LL. D., paid a high tribute to
+Roman Catholicism in Canada. "I am glad to acknowledge the noble part
+which the Catholic Church in Canada has played throughout its history;
+the hallowed memories of its martyred missionaries are a priceless
+heritage; and in the great and beneficial work of education and in
+implanting and fostering a spirit of patriotism and loyalty, it has
+rendered signal service in Canada and the the Empire." In the evening, a
+state dinner was held at the Citadel.
+
+During the ensuing morning the Royal review took place on the Plains of
+Abraham. It rained during the greater part of the proceedings and this,
+together with the cancellation of the proposed Reception, for which
+fifteen hundred invitations had been issued, threw a measure of gloom
+over the City. But neither the rain nor the sad death of the President
+of the United States could be helped and certainly the Duke never
+flinched from the discomforts of the former. There were some five
+thousand troops on the ground under command of Major-General
+O'Grady-Haly assisted by Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. M. Aylmer as
+Adjutant-General. After the parade was over, His Royal Highness
+distributed the South African medals to the men and presented
+Lieut.-Colonel R. E. W. Turner, of the Queen's Own Canadian Hussars,
+with his V.C. and D.S.O. and a sword of honour from the City of Quebec.
+In the evening, as on the previous one, the city was brilliantly
+illuminated and the ships and river showed sudden blazes of light amid
+the blackness of surrounding night and through the flash of fireworks
+and gleam of electricity. The Royal couple gave a farewell dinner on the
+_Ophir_ to a select number and in the morning started for Montreal. The
+journey was made in the splendid train built by the Canadian Pacific
+Railway Company for the special purposes of this tour and destined to
+carry the Royal visitors all over the Dominion. Their immediate train of
+cars was preceded, as elsewhere throughout the country, by one bearing
+the Governor-General and Lady Minto.
+
+
+RECEPTION AT MONTREAL AND OTTAWA
+
+Very few stops took place on the way to Montreal, where some change in
+the programme was to be made owing to the President's funeral. At Port
+Neuf, Three River's and Lanoraie, however, a few minutes' pause had been
+arranged. At the Montreal station the Royal couple were received by Mr.
+Raymond Prefontaine, M.P., Mayor of the city, in gorgeous official
+robes. With him were Archbishop Bruchesi, Vicar-General Racicot,
+Archbishop Bond, Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal, Mr. T. G. Shaughnessy,
+Senator Drummond, Rev. Dr. Barclay, Principal Peterson, Sir William
+Hingston, Sir W. C. Van Horne and Sir Wilfrid Laurier. The Civic address
+was read in French and the Duke replied in English. Other addresses were
+presented from the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, the Daughters of
+the Empire and the Baron de Hirsch Institute. There was an immense crowd
+present and the proceedings concluded with the introduction of a number
+of Indian chiefs to His Royal Highness and the presentation of medals to
+the South African veterans.
+
+The procession through the streets to Lord Strathcona's house, where the
+Royal visitors were to stay, was a rather swift drive and the throngs of
+people were not given very much time to see the Duke and Duchess.
+Elsewhere in Canada the rate was slower. Several beautiful arches
+decorated the route. The cheers of the Laval students and the enthusiasm
+of five thousand school children on Peel Street were the most marked
+incidents of this parade through gaily decorated streets. In the evening
+Lord Strathcona entertained at dinner in honour of his Royal guests and
+the whole city was a blaze of light from electric illuminations and the
+fireworks on Mount Royal. The Reception in the evening was cancelled
+owing to the President's funeral. A visit was paid to the mountain in
+the morning and then followed the formal functions of a busy day. At
+McGill University an address was read by its Chancellor, Lord
+Strathcona, and an honorary degree received. Then followed an address
+from the Medical Faculty, read by Dr. Craik, and including the
+presentation of a casket of Labradorite--a native Canadian product. The
+Duke also formally opened the new Medical building.
+
+At Laval University the decorations were most elaborate and there was a
+great assemblage of local clergy. Archbishop Bruchesi extended a verbal,
+instead of written, welcome and informed the Duke that the clergy and
+Professors devoted themselves to training the youth of the University
+"in science and in arts, in loyalty to the throne, as well as in love of
+religion and country." An honorary degree was also given and accepted.
+Another place visited was the Royal Victoria Hospital which, like McGill
+University and its Medical Faculty, owed much to Lord Strathcona. At the
+Diocesan Institute an address was presented from the assembled
+Provincial Synod of Canada by the Lord Bishop of Toronto. In the
+afternoon the Duke and Duchess drove out to the Ville Marie Convent
+where they were received by the Archbishop of Montreal, the Lady
+Superior and Sir Wilfrid Laurier. An address was presented and, as at
+Laval, the Duke replied informally though here, for the first time, he
+said a few words in French. A torchlight procession of the people,
+general illumination of the city and more fire-works, followed in the
+evening. At nine o'clock on the succeeding morning the Royal couple
+started for Ottawa.
+
+They remained in Ottawa from September 20th until September 24th. On the
+way to the capital a brief stop was made at Alexandria and an address
+received. The arrival at Ottawa and the Royal progress through the city
+was marked by brilliant decorations, cheering crowds and finer weather
+than had been the case either at Quebec or Montreal. The Civic address
+was read by Major W. D. Morris in a pavilion erected on the Parliament
+grounds and eighteen other addresses were received. The reply of His
+Royal Highness was sympathetic and eloquent in language. It was, he
+said, impossible for him not to think of the difference between forty
+years ago and the present time. "Ottawa was then but the capital of two
+Provinces, yoked together in uneasy union. To-day it is a capital of a
+great and prosperous Dominion, stretching from the Atlantic to the
+Pacific Ocean, the centre of the political life and administration of a
+contented and united people. The Federation of Canada stands permanent
+among the political events of the century just closed for its fruitful
+and beneficent results on the life of the people concerned." He hoped
+that mutual toleration and sympathy would continue and be extended to
+the Empire as a whole and that, more than ever, the people would remain
+"determined to hold fast and maintain the proud privileges of British
+citizenship."
+
+On leaving for Government House the Duke and Duchess were greeted with
+"The Maple Leaf," sung by thousands of school children and were given a
+great cheer by the students of Ottawa College. In the afternoon a visit
+was paid to the Lacrosse match between the Cornwalls and Ottawas and at
+night a state dinner was held at Government House. The city was
+illuminated on this and subsequent evenings in a way to rival the
+famous effects of the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo. On the
+following morning an investiture of knighthood was held at Government
+House followed by a drive through Hull. At noon the statue of Queen
+Victoria on the Parliament grounds was unveiled amid the usual
+surroundings of state and soldiers and crowds. South African medals were
+presented by the Duke and to Lieutenant E. J. Holland was given his V.C.
+as well as medal. His Royal Highness was then lunched by a number of
+prominent gentlemen at the Rideau Club and in the afternoon a garden
+party was held at Government House. In the evening there was a quiet
+dinner and drive through the city to see the illuminations.
+
+On the following day, Sunday was quietly observed and Christ Church
+Cathedral attended in the morning by the Royal couple and the
+Governor-General and Lady Minto. Bishop Hamilton officiated and the
+sermon was preached by the Rev. Mr. Kittson. The morning of September 23
+was notable for the entertainment given by the lumbermen of Ottawa. The
+Duke and Duchess travelled on a special electric car to their
+destination, went in canoes with _voyageurs_ through the rapids,
+descended the famous lumberslides of the Chaudiere, witnessed a race of
+war canoes, saw tree cutting and logging, watched the strange dances of
+the woodsmen, ate a lumbermen's lunch in a shanty, heard the jolly songs
+of the _voyageurs_, and listened to a speech from a _habitant_ foreman
+which made them and all Canada laugh heartily. In the evening a
+brilliant Reception was held in the Senate Chamber.
+
+At noon on the following morning the Royal couple left for Winnipeg
+through crowded streets and cheering people. Before her departure the
+Duchess of Cornwall was given a handsome cape by the women of Ottawa.
+The presentation was made by Lady Laurier, on behalf of the
+contributors, at Government House. In Montreal a beautiful gift had also
+been made to her in the shape of a corsage ornament composed of a spray
+of maple leaves made of enamel and decorated with 366 diamonds and one
+large pearl. It was presented by Lady Strathcona and Mrs. George A.
+Drummond. The Royal journey across the continent commenced with the
+departure from Ottawa and, between the capital of the Dominion and the
+metropolis of the West, a number of places were passed at a few of which
+the Royal visitors paused for a brief time. At Carleton Place there was
+a cheering crowd and gaily decorated station and singing school
+children; at Almonte the town was _en fete_ and cheering could be heard
+from even the roofs of the distant cotton mills; at Arnprior the whole
+population turned out and the decorations were extensive; at Renfrew and
+Pembroke the same thing occurred; at Petawawa and Chalk River crowds of
+country people had gathered; at Mattawa and North Bay the stations were
+gaily decorated and bands played their welcome.
+
+Everywhere in the wilds of Algoma and along the rocky shores of Lake
+Superior little groups of settlers might be seen at the lonely stations
+watching for a sight of the Duke and Duchess. At Missanabie, a stop was
+made to see a Hudson's Bay post and stockade and at White River, the
+coldest place in Canada east of the Yukon, a picturesque party of
+Indians was seen. A stop was made at Schrieber, and the whole population
+turned out to see an address presented to the Duke and a bouquet to the
+Duchess. Late in the evening of the 25th Fort William was reached and
+the school children of the town sang "The Maple Leaf" from an
+illuminated stand at the station. At Port Arthur the Duke accepted a
+case of mineral specimens. Winnipeg was reached at noon of the next day
+after a quick journey through the "Lake of the Woods" district and a
+splendid welcome was accorded the Royal visitors. Flags flew everywhere
+and decorations abounded throughout the city. At the station about a
+hundred of Manitoba's leading men were gathered. The Governor-General
+and Lady Minto and Sir Wilfrid Laurier were also present to assist in
+the welcome, as their trains had preceded the Royal party to Winnipeg.
+The same order was observed in this connection throughout the Canadian
+tour.
+
+
+IN WINNIPEG AND THE WEST
+
+The Royal procession then passed along the wide main street of the city,
+through splendid arches of wheat, to the City Hall, where Mayor
+Arbuthnot presented the address to the Duke. Archbishop Machray then
+presented an address from the Church of England in Rupert's Land,
+expressive of welcome and attachment to the Throne and Empire.
+Archbishop Langevin, on behalf of the Catholics of Manitoba and the
+West, in his address dwelt upon the French pioneer labours in the
+Northwest, and declared the pride felt by the people of his Church in
+having defended England's noble standard, even at the expense of their
+blood. "We thank God for the amount of religious liberty we enjoy under
+the British flag." In his reply, the Duke of Cornwall and York spoke of
+the marvellous progress made by Winnipeg--"the busy centre of what has
+become the great granary of the Empire, the political centre of an
+active and enterprising population in the full enjoyment of the
+privileges and institutions of British citizenship." Then followed the
+presentation of South African medals and a luncheon at Government House
+attended by many leading citizens. In the afternoon the University of
+Manitoba was visited and an address read by Archbishop Machray,
+Chancellor of the University. A state dinner was given in the evening at
+Government House and about ten o'clock the Royal visitors passed through
+the crowded and illuminated streets of the city to the train, followed
+by a torchlight procession and the sound of many cheers.
+
+At Regina, on September 27th, a loyal welcome was received. The
+procession to Government House was followed by the reception of twelve
+addresses from Territorial centres and the distribution of South African
+decorations. A luncheon was given by Lieutenant-Governor Forget, and at
+3 P.M., the Royal visitors departed for Calgary. There, on the following
+morning, they witnessed a thoroughly typical Western scene and received
+a Western welcome. The streets were gaily decorated and many cheers
+followed the Duke and Duchess as they proceeded to Victoria Park, where
+a review of 240 Mounted Police was held, medals presented to the South
+African veterans and Major Belcher decorated with his C.M.G. At another
+point near the city the Duke then met a large party of Indians and
+received from them an address which recited their past privations and
+present progress and expressed the hope that when His Royal Highness
+should accede to the Throne it would be "to long reign over us, our
+children, and the other many peoples of the British Empire in peaceful
+security and abundant happiness."
+
+Speeches were made by a number of the Chiefs and the Duke replied in
+most picturesque terms. "The Indian is a live man, his words are true
+words and he never breaks faith. And he knows that it is the same with
+the Great King, my father, and with those whom he sends to carry out his
+wishes. His promises last as long as the sun shall shine and the waters
+flow. And care will ever be taken that nothing shall come between the
+Great King and you, his faithful children." Indian children then sang
+the National Anthem, and, after witnessing an extraordinary spectacle of
+broncho busting and cow-boy riding, the journey was resumed to the
+Rockies towering up on the horizon. Sunday was spent in traversing the
+marvellous panorama of nature which spreads out through the Rockies and
+Selkirks, the mighty glaciers, rushing rivers, lightning changes of
+colour and varied splendours of scene. A stop was made at Banff and at
+Laggan and Field, the stations were tastefully decorated with evergreens
+and flags. Revelstoke was passed, the lower levels of the mountains
+traversed, the plains reached, and on the morning of September 30th the
+Royal train drew into Vancouver.
+
+Mounted Police and blue-jackets from the fleet were there and as the
+procession left for the Court House, where addresses were to be
+received, the deep-mouthed guns of the fleet in the harbour, the ringing
+bells of the city churches and the cheers of the people sounded a
+combined welcome. Through several arches and gay decorations--the
+Japanese and Chinese arches being noteworthy--the parade proceeded, with
+the Premier of Canada in a carriage at its head. At the pavilion, in
+front of the Court House, the Royal visitors were received by Mayor
+Townley, an address was presented and a bouquet given to the Duchess as
+well as a handsome portfolio of British Columbia views from the Local
+Council of women. The Duke was very brief in his reply. The next thing
+on the programme was the opening of the new Drill-Hall and the
+presentation of South African medals. The Boy's Brigade was also
+inspected. After luncheon a visit was paid to the Hastings Saw-Mill, and
+a drive taken through the splendid trees and vistas of Stanley Park. At
+Brockton Point a drill of school children was held in sight of some
+seven thousand persons and a grand stand full of children looking on.
+Here the Duke presented a silken banner to the school which had won the
+prize for drilling and was given an enthusiastic reception. As the C. P.
+R. steamer, _Empress of India_, with the Royal party on board, passed in
+the evening across the Bay of Victoria the waters were illuminated with
+multitudes of lighted craft and the city was a vision of golden light
+with a background of surrounding blackness.
+
+Accompanied by five warships, the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall arrived
+at Victoria on the morning of October 1st and were greeted by
+Lieut.-Governor Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere as they landed. The drive
+through the decorated streets to the Parliament Buildings was the scene
+of much cheering and at the destination Their Royal Highnesses were
+received by the officials of the Province and an immense surrounding
+crowd. Mayor Hayward presented the Civic address and various deputations
+followed him. In his reply the Duke made no allusion to the
+international relations mentioned in one of the addresses but declared
+that Canadian sacrifices in South Africa had "forged another link in the
+golden chain which binds together the brotherhood of the Empire." Medals
+were distributed and the school children inspected. A drive followed
+through the gay streets of the city out to Esquimalt, where a barge was
+taken to the Admiral's flagship and luncheon served, with Real-Admiral
+Bickford as the host.
+
+In the afternoon the Agricultural Exhibition at Victoria was opened and
+in the evening the city and Parliament Buildings were brilliantly
+lighted up by electricity and fireworks. After a state dinner at the
+Lieutenant-Governor's residence a Reception was held at the Parliament
+Buildings. The following day was a very quiet one. Her Royal Highness
+called on Mrs. Dunsmuir, wife of the Prime Minister, to express sympathy
+over a terrible disaster which had occurred at the Extension Mines and,
+after luncheon, the Duke and Duchess visited the Royal Jubilee Hospital.
+During the day the latter was presented by the miners of Atlin with a
+bracelet of gold nuggets. Late in the afternoon farewells were made and
+the voyage back to Vancouver commenced. From Vancouver they departed in
+the morning, the Duchess going to Banff where she stayed for a couple of
+days and the Duke going on to Poplar Point, Manitoba, forty miles from
+Winnipeg, where he enjoyed a couple of days' shooting with Senator
+Kirchhoffer. Winnipeg was reached on October 8th. They were cordially
+welcomed again and a visit was paid to Oglivie's Mill--said to be the
+largest in the Empire--and the direct journey for Toronto was then
+commenced. From North Bay, through the Muskoka region and on to the
+capital of Ontario, there were cheering crowds at every station.
+Huntsville, Bracebridge, and Gravenhurst were marked in this respect. At
+Orillia, Barrie and Newmarket short stops were made and, amidst gay
+decorations, singing children and cheering throngs, the Duke and Duchess
+appeared on the platform, received a few presentations and in the case
+of Her Royal Highness accepted bouquets of flowers.
+
+
+MEMORABLE RECEPTION AT TORONTO
+
+The occurrences at Toronto during the Royal visit were of a character to
+make history. The morning of October 10th, when the Duke and Duchess
+arrived was gloomy and later on the rain poured with steady and
+depressive persistence. But it did not seem to affect the patience of
+the waiting crowds or dampen the enthusiasm of the reception. A special
+and beautiful station had been erected at the head of St. George Street
+and here, amid the patriotic songs of 6000 children, the Royal visitors
+were received by the Hon. G. W. Ross, Premier of Ontario and a number of
+his Ministers. The Vice-regal party and Sir Wilfrid Laurier had, as
+usual, arrived first. The procession followed through miles of decorated
+streets and throngs of cheering people until the City Hall was reached
+and a scene of colour and serried masses of people witnessed such as
+Toronto had never known. The streets were lined with ten thousand troops
+stretching from the station to the Hall and the Alexandra Gate, erected
+by the Daughters of the Empire, and the Foresters' Arch, erected by the
+Independent Order of Foresters, were notable features of the welcome. At
+the City Hall the Royal couple were received by Mayor O. A. Howland and
+welcomed by the singing of a large trained chorus of voices. An immense
+crowd was present and addresses were handed in by eleven deputations and
+replied to at some length.
+
+During the afternoon a presentation was made to the Duchess by Miss
+Mowat, daughter of the Lieutenant-Governor, on behalf of the women of
+Toronto. It consisted of a writing set made of Klondike gold and
+Canadian amethysts and chrystal. The case was made of Canadian maple. A
+state dinner was given at Government House in the evening by Sir Oliver
+Mowat and the Royal couple afterwards attended a Concert at Massey Hall
+where Madame Calve and others sang. The streets were filled with
+enthusiastic crowds far into the night and the illuminations were
+something unequalled in the history of the city and unexcelled by any
+others during the Royal tour in Canada. Powerful search-lights from the
+top of the City Hall tower were an unique feature of the demonstration.
+
+On the following morning--October 12th--the Royal review took place on
+the Exhibition grounds. It was unquestionably the most brilliant and
+effective military spectacle ever seen in Canada. Nearly eleven thousand
+men were mustered under command of Major-General O'Grady-Haly. Before
+the review commenced His Royal Highness presented the South African
+medals to a number of the soldiers and the V.C. to Major H. C. Z.
+Cockburn. To the latter also was given a sword of honour on behalf of
+the City Council. Colours were presented to the Royal Canadian Regiment
+of Infantry and the Royal Canadian Dragoons in the name of the King and
+as a mark of appreciation for their services in the war. The march past
+then took place. There were said to be twenty-five thousand people on
+the grounds and the streets and approaches were lined with many other
+thousands. In the afternoon the Duke and Duchess visited the Bishop
+Strachan School and the Duke planted a tree in Queen's Park and reviewed
+the Fire Brigade. Then came the state visit to Toronto University, the
+presentation of an address by the Chancellor, Sir William Meredith, and
+the bestowal of the honorary degree of LL. D.
+
+In the evening a Reception was held in the Parliament Buildings when
+two thousand people shook hands, amid brilliant surroundings, with the
+Heir to the Throne and his wife. Prior to this a very large state dinner
+had been held in the halls of the same building with His Excellency the
+Governor-General as host. The city was again most brilliantly
+illuminated and filled with waiting throngs anxious to see and cheer the
+Royal visitors. Early in the following morning they left Toronto for a
+rapid trip through Western Ontario. As the Royal train rushed through
+the populous centres, or quiet villages of this rich section of the
+country, every railway station was crowded with cheering people anxious
+for a sight of their future Sovereign and his Consort. At Brampton a
+short stop was made, and a mass of beautiful roses, carried by eight
+children, was presented to the Duchess from the well-known rosaries of
+the town. At Guelph a platform had been erected near the station, and
+here two thousand school children sang patriotic songs. At Berlin there
+was another chorus and another exquisite bouquet of flowers for the
+Duchess. There was a great crowd of people at this point, and the
+children carried branches of maple leaves, as well as flags, which they
+waved while the singing was going on and the presentations were being
+made by Mayor Bowlby. The City of Stratford had a gaily decorated
+station, eight thousand cheering citizens and children singing "The
+Maple Leaf." An arch had been erected festooned with evergreens and
+flowers. The visit to London was a matter of more formality and length.
+The city was packed with people from outlying points, and the reception
+to the Royal couple as they drove through decorated streets to the
+Victoria Park was most enthusiastic. There an address was proffered by
+Mayor Rumball. After the Duke's reply colours were presented to the 7th
+Regiment and the departure took place through the same kind of cheering
+throngs which had previously lined the streets.
+
+From London the route was taken up to Niagara. Every station was
+crowded with people, and in the vineyard and fruit region a brief stop
+was made at Grimsby. Finally, the Royal train ran into the historic
+village of Niagara-on-the-Lake, and there, at the Queen's Royal Hotel,
+the visitors found elaborate preparations for their comfort during the
+ensuing day of rest. Masses of flowers and fruit were displayed as
+further proof of the diverse productions of the Dominion. Sunday was,
+however, a busy day in some respects. In the morning the steamer was
+taken to Queenston, and from thence a special electric car conveyed the
+Royal couple along the banks of the mighty Niagara, past Brock's
+monument and the scene of the historic conflict upon Queenston Heights,
+and on to the famous whirlpool where half an hour of sight-seeing was
+spent. In Queen Victoria's Park there were crowds of people waiting to
+see the Duke and Duchess, but only a few minutes' glance at the Falls
+was taken. A visit to Loretto Convent followed with songs from the
+pupils and luncheon afterwards. Archbishop O'Connor of Toronto assisted
+in the reception. The rest of the day was spent in viewing and admiring
+the ever-changing glories of Niagara Falls, and the return took place in
+the evening. On the 14th of October Hamilton was visited and three hours
+spent in receiving one of the most enthusiastic welcomes of the whole
+tour. Thousands had gathered in the spacious grounds surrounding the
+station and in the streets, and the cheering was hearty and continuous.
+The usual address was presented by Mayor J. S. Hendrie at the City Hall.
+The Royal visitors then lunched at "Holmstead," the residence of Mr.
+William Hendrie, and afterwards the Duke presented new colours to the
+13th Regiment. The departure took place amidst the cheers of thousands.
+
+At St. Catharines there was a short stop and the whole city turned out,
+business was suspended and the colleges and schools attended in a body.
+There was a guard of honour at the station, cheers from eight thousand
+throats, a beautiful bouquet presented to the Duchess and a few citizens
+introduced by Mayor McIntyre. Brantford had its station handsomely
+decorated, and three thousand children massed on the platform to sing
+patriotic songs as the train rolled in. Another bouquet for the Duchess
+was presented and also a casket containing a silver long-distance
+telephone from Professor Bell, the father of its inventor, who was born
+in Brantford. Their Royal Highnesses here signed the Bible which was
+given in 1712 by Queen Anne to the Mohawk Church of the Six Nations and
+which already contained the autographs of the King and the Duke of
+Connaught. A very brief stop was made at Paris, where the school
+children were gathered and a large crowd cheered the Royal couple. At
+Woodstock the whole population turned out and the train entered the
+station amid the cheers of ten thousand people. Mayor Mearns presented
+some of the citizens and his little daughter handed a beautiful bouquet
+of roses to the Duchess. A thousand school children waved flags and sang
+the National Anthem.
+
+
+FROM WESTERN TO EASTERN ONTARIO
+
+From the West to the East travelled the Royal train during the night,
+and on the morning of October 15th reached Belleville, where some eight
+thousand people had assembled to welcome the Duke and Duchess.
+Presentations by Mayor Graham, a guard of honour, cheers and a bouquet
+for the Duchess, with singing school children, were the familiar
+features of the reception. An address from 250 deaf and dumb children
+was, however, an interesting exception. At Kingston the Royal couple
+drove through the crowded and decorated streets to a pavilion in front
+of the City Hall, where three thousand children sang, cheered and waved
+flags, while flowers were given to the Duchess and several addresses
+presented to the Duke. Following this ceremony the Royal procession
+passed on through the historic city to Queen's University where his
+Royal Highness was given an honorary LL.D. and presented with an address
+by the Chancellor, Sir Sandford Fleming. In replying to the latter the
+Duke expressed the regret of himself and the Duchess at the absence
+through illness of the Very Rev. Principal Grant. He then laid the
+corner-stone of a new building donated to the University by the citizens
+of Kingston. There was tremendous cheering from the students and gay
+decorations along the route which was then taken to the Royal Military
+College.
+
+At the College the Royal visitors witnessed a march past and gymnastic
+display from the Cadets. A spontaneous and unexpected incident occurred
+in the private visit of Their Royal Highnesses to Principal Grant at the
+General Hospital. They talked with him a few minutes and then the Duke
+personally conferred upon him the C.M.G. which had been recently granted
+by the King. About one o'clock the Royal party reached the wharf where
+they embarked on the steamer _Kingston_, which had been most elaborately
+decorated and fitted up for the occasion, and started for a trip through
+the Thousand Islands of the St. Lawrence. At six o'clock the steamer
+arrived at Brockville, and the Duke and Duchess were greeted with a
+brilliant display of fireworks from the shore. At the landing-place they
+were met by Mayor Buell, Senator Fulford and other prominent citizens. A
+bouquet was given the Duchess and the procession from the wharf to the
+station passed through cheering people and the departure was made in a
+blaze of fireworks. At Cornwall, which was reached on the morning of
+October 16th, there were some four thousand people at the station, and
+Mayor Campbell presented the Duke and Duchess with a complete set of
+lacrosse sticks for the Royal children. They were enclosed in a
+gold-mounted case. The next stoppage was at Cardinal, where thousands
+had assembled from the same surrounding country and the school children
+sang national songs.
+
+On the way from Ontario to the Provinces by the Atlantic a pause was
+made at Montreal on October 16th to visit the Victoria Jubilee Bridge--a
+reconstruction of the one into which His Majesty the King had driven the
+last rivet when visiting Canada in 1860. The Duke of Cornwall and York
+was now presented with a gold rivet by Mr. George B. Reeve, General
+Manager of the Grand Trunk Railway system, as a souvenir of that event
+and of his present visit. The Bridge, which was called one of the
+wonders of the world at the time of its construction, now had a double
+track and double roadway. During the afternoon half-an-hour was spent at
+Sherbrooke, where the station was gaily decorated. Mayor Worthington
+presented the address and during his reply the Royal speaker declared
+that "among the many pleasant experiences of our delightful visit to
+Canada one will remain most deeply graven in our memories--the solemn
+declaration of personal attachment to my dear father, the King, and of
+loyalty to the throne of our glorious Empire." A beautiful bear-skin was
+then presented to the Duchess by Mrs. Worthington on behalf of the
+ladies of Sherbrooke. Some South African veterans were decorated with
+the medal and a delegation from the Caughnawaga Indians received.
+
+From Sherbrooke the Royal party then travelled straight through to St.
+John, New Brunswick, which they reached in the afternoon of October
+17th. After they had arrived and the echoes of the roaring guns had died
+away the Royal procession was formed and passed through the usually
+crowded and decorated streets to the Exhibition Buildings where Mayor
+Daniel, in his official robes, welcomed the Duke and Duchess and
+presented an address from the City as did Mayor Crocket from Fredricton.
+Some nine other local addresses were also presented and replied to. His
+Royal Highness then presented colours to British Veterans from
+Massachusetts. There was to have been a review of troops in the
+afternoon but, owing to some mistake in the arrangements, a Royal
+presentation of South African medals, of colours to the 62nd Battalion,
+and of a sword of honour to Captain F. Caverhill Jones, comprised the
+proceedings. The return from the Exhibition grounds to Caverhill Hall,
+which had been specially fitted up by the Provincial Government for the
+visitors, was through crowds of more or less enthusiastic people. In the
+evening there were fireworks and electrical displays and a Reception at
+the Exhibition Building attended by a large representation of New
+Brunswick society. Late in the afternoon a deputation of ladies waited
+upon Her Royal Highness and presented her with a beautiful mink and
+ermine muff on behalf of the women of St. John. At noon on the following
+day the Duke and Duchess left the city amid much cheering and the
+farewells of a representative gathering at the station. On the way to
+Halifax the City of Moncton, N. B., celebrated the arrival of the Royal
+tourists with a half holiday, a decorated station and a mass of cheering
+people. Mayor Atkinson presented a number of prominent people and the
+Duchess received a couple of handsome bouquets. At Dorchester, as the
+train arrived it passed through a gaily decorated station, cheering
+crowds and local officials ranged along the platform. At Amherst, N. S.,
+a short stop was made.
+
+
+FROM NEW BRUNSWICK INTO NOVA SCOTIA
+
+When Halifax was reached, on the morning of October 19th, the reception
+was beautiful and impressive as well as loyal. Thousands of soldiers
+with glittering bayonets lined the streets, together with hundreds of
+sailors armed with cutlasses and rifles, and many thousands of crowding
+and cheering citizens. As the Royal visitors arrived at the station they
+were welcomed with a roar of guns from the magnificent citadel heights
+and defences of Halifax and from the vessels of the most formidable
+fleet of war-ships which, it was said, had ever graced a Canadian port.
+They were received by the Vice-regal party, Vice-Admiral Sir Frederick
+Bedford and his staff, Colonel Biscoe and his staff, Lieutenant-Governor
+the Hon. A. G. Jones, of Nova Scotia, Lieutenant-Governor P. E. McIntyre
+of Prince Edward Island, the Hon. G. H. Murray and the members of his
+Government, Mayor Hamilton of Halifax, the Mayor of Charlottetown and
+various other officials and representative men. At the platform in front
+of the station various addresses were presented amid cheers from an
+immense gathering. The Duke, in replying, did so separately to the
+Prince Edward Island welcome and to that from Nova Scotia. To the former
+he expressed the "true regret" which they felt at not being able to
+visit that well-remembered Province, and to the latter he made a really
+eloquent response. "It is perhaps fitting that we should take leave of
+Canada in the Province that was the first over which the British flag
+waved, a Province so full of moving, checquered, historic memories, and
+that, embarking from your capital which stands unrivalled amongst the
+naval ports of the world, we should pass through waters that are
+celebrated in the annals of our glorious Navy." He also spoke of the
+"affectionate sympathy" with which they had been received throughout the
+Dominion.
+
+Following this function the Royal couple passed through streets lined
+with troops and sailors and cheering crowds and at times presenting the
+appearance of a net-work of colour, a canopy of bunting. In the grounds
+of the Provincial Building His Royal Highness laid the foundation-stone
+of a monument erected by the Government and people of Nova Scotia in
+honour of the Provincial heroes who had fallen in South Africa. The
+procession then passed on to a handsome arch, guarded by a detachment of
+Royal Engineers, where the Duke inspected the members of the British
+Veterans' Society who were drawn up on parade. Conspicuous amongst them
+was a negro holder of the V.C. Thence the parade continued to the
+Dockyard where the Royal couple went on board the _Ophir_, which had
+come up from Quebec during the long inland tour. In the afternoon a
+great review and massing of many thousands of soldiers and sailors,
+infantry, cavalry and artillery, was held on the Halifax Common in the
+presence of a crowd of spectators--probably twenty-five thousand in
+number. The troops were under the supreme command of Colonel Biscoe, and
+the Royal Naval Brigade included four thousand sailors from twelve of
+Britain's most modern cruisers. It was a sight such as had never been
+witnessed in Canada before and the review eclipsed in effect the
+previous military spectacle at Toronto; while the environment of great
+fortifications and a harbour full of war-ships enhanced the character of
+the scene. Near the Royal pavilion was a stand containing six thousand
+school children who sang patriotic songs.
+
+After the review the Duke presented colours to the 66th Princess Louise
+Fusiliers and was informed by the Lieutenant-Governor that H.R.H. the
+Duke of Kent had conferred a similar honour upon the Regiment in the
+early part of the preceeding century. His Royal Highness then handed the
+war medals to the South African veterans and presented a sword of honour
+to Major H. B. Stairs. In the evening a state dinner was given by the
+Lieut.-Governor at Government House when occasion was taken by the Duke
+to present the Hon. Dr. Borden with the medal won by the gallant son who
+had lost his life in South Africa. A Reception was held afterwards in
+the Provincial Buildings amid scenes of striking beauty and brightness.
+The city and fleet were brilliantly illuminated and the spectacle one of
+the most beautiful of the whole Canadian tour. The next day was Sunday
+and was spent very quietly on board the _Ophir_. At night the Duke dined
+with Vice-Admiral Bedford on board his flag-ship. On the following
+morning the Royal visitors left the shores of Canada in their yacht,
+accompanied by the fleet of battleships and with the cheers of many
+thousands of people, the roar of guns and the sound of bands playing on
+sea and shores, echoing out over the waters of the harbour.
+
+
+THE ROYAL FAREWELL TO CANADA
+
+Before leaving Halifax, and under date of October 19th, the Duke of
+Cornwall and York sent a communication to the Earl of Minto expressive
+of the regret felt by the Duchess and himself at bidding farewell to "a
+people who by their warm-heartedness and cordiality have made us feel at
+home amongst them from the first moment of our arrival on their shores."
+He referred to the loyal demeanour of the crowds, the general
+manifestations of rejoicing and the trouble and ingenuity displayed in
+the illuminations and street decorations. They were specially touched by
+the great efforts made in small and remote places to manifest feelings
+of kindness toward them. "I recognize all this as a proof of the strong
+personal loyalty to the throne as well as the deep-seated devotion of
+the people of Canada to that unity of the Empire of which the Crown is
+the symbol." Thanks were tendered to the Dominion Government, the
+Provincial authorities and municipal bodies and to various individuals
+for the care and trouble bestowed upon the varied arrangements. Of the
+Militia His Royal Highness spoke in high terms. The reviews at Quebec,
+Toronto and Halifax had enabled him to judge of the military capacity of
+the Dominion and of the "splendid material" at its disposal. Their
+hearts, he added, were full at leaving Canada and their regrets extreme
+at having to decline so many kind invitations from different centres.
+"But we have seen enough to carry away imperishable memories of
+affectionate and loyal hearts, frank and independent natures, prosperous
+and progressive communities, boundless productive territories, glorious
+scenery, stupendous works of nature, a people and a country proud of
+its membership in the Empire and in which the Empire finds one of its
+brightest offspring."
+
+On the way home Newfoundland was visited and an enthusiastic reception
+given by the people of St. John's and the Government of the Island. The
+usual addresses, decorations and functions followed and then the _Ophir_
+steamed away over the last stretch of ocean in this long, strenuous and
+memorable Royal progress of over fifty thousand miles on sea and land.
+When in sight of English shores again the King and Queen and the Royal
+children, accompanied by the Channel squadron of thirteen warships, met
+the travellers and escorted them to Portsmouth. After eight months of
+separation the Royal family of three generations were again together.
+The popular welcome at Portsmouth was brilliant and enthusiastic as well
+it might be. As the _Times_ put it on November 1st--the day of the
+arrival home--"The Duke and Duchess have made the greatest tour in
+history; they have accomplished an act of high statesmanship without
+statecraft but by simple arts which are better than any statecraft; they
+have been under many skies and seen many strange, lovely and impressive
+sights; they have been greeted and acclaimed by many peoples, races and
+languages." In his speech to the Civic deputation waiting upon him on
+the following day His Royal Highness stated that their journey had
+covered thirty-three thousand miles by sea and twelve thousand five
+hundred by land. "Everywhere we have been profoundly impressed by the
+kindness, affection and enthusiasm extended to us and the universal
+declarations of loyalty to the Throne; and by the conscious pride in
+membership of our great Empire which has constantly displayed itself."
+
+A dinner was given by the King and Queen on board the yacht _Victoria
+and Albert_ in honour of the Royal travellers' return and, in the course
+of a speech of welcome, His Majesty referred to the cordiality and
+loyal enthusiasm of their reception everywhere. "The accounts of their
+receptions, regularly transmitted to me by telegrams and letters and
+amply confirmed in my conversations to-day, have touched me deeply and I
+trust that the practical result will be to draw closer the strong ties
+of mutual affection which bind together the old Motherland with her
+numerous and thriving offspring". The special train was then taken to
+London and from Victoria station to Marlborough House the Royal couple
+drove through numerous crowds of cheering people and gaily decorated
+streets, with little Prince Edward beside them--for the first time
+making a public appearance and accepting the acclamations of the public
+with becoming gravity. It was a triumphal ending to a triumphant
+progress. A sort of climax to this termination was afforded, however, in
+the great banquet given by the Lord Mayor of London at the Guild Hall on
+December 5th, to him who had been created Prince of Wales on the 9th of
+November preceding by his father the King. There were only four
+toasts--the King, proposed by Sir Joseph Dimsdale, the Lord Mayor and
+chairman; Queen Alexandra and the Royal family, responded to by the new
+Prince of Wales; the Colonies, proposed by the Earl of Rosebery and
+responded to by Mr. Chamberlain; the Lord Mayor and Corporation proposed
+by the Marquess of Salisbury.
+
+Besides the speakers and the members of the Royal suite during this
+famous tour there were present the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, Mrs.
+Chamberlain, Lord James of Hereford, Mr. John Morley, Lord Knutsford,
+Lord and Lady Tweedmouth, Lord and Lady Lamington, Lord Brassey, Lord
+Avebury, Sir Frederick Young and many other interesting or important
+personages. The speech delivered by the Prince of Wales was one which
+startled England from its directness of statement and its eloquence of
+style and delivery. It was not merely a clear, or good description of
+the tour; it was the utterance of one who was both statesman and
+orator. His Royal Highness referred to the historic title which he now
+bore, to the voyage, unique in character and rich in experience, to the
+loyalty, affection and enthusiasm of the greetings everywhere, to the
+special characteristics of the visit in each country. He analysed
+Colonial loyalty as being accompanied by "unmistakable evidences of the
+consciousness of strength; of a true and living membership in the
+Empire; and of power and readiness to share the burden and
+responsibility of that membership". He spoke of the influence of Queen
+Victoria's life and memory, of the qualities of the sixty thousand
+troops whom he had reviewed, of the openings for better commercial
+interchange. "I venture to allude to the impressions which seemed
+generally to prevail among our brethren across the seas that the Old
+Country must wake up if she intends to maintain her old position of
+pre-eminence in her Colonial trade against foreign competitors". The
+need of more population in the Colonies was referred to and an urgent
+appeal made to encourage the sending out of suitable emigrants. "By this
+means we may still further strengthen, or at all events, pass on
+unimpaired, that pride of race, that unity of sentiment and purpose,
+that feeling of common loyalty and obligation which knit together and
+alone can maintain the integrity of our Empire".
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+The King and the South African War
+
+
+No event in many years has created such keen interest amongst, and been
+so closely followed by, the Royal family of Great Britain as the war in
+South Africa. Apart from Queen Victoria's natural and life-long dislike
+of the horrors of war, there was the earnest sympathy which she felt in
+the last two years of her reign with thousands of her subjects who had
+suffered in the loss of husband, or brother, or father, or friend; and
+the womanly sorrow which she herself felt for the many promising young
+officers whom she had personally known or liked, or whose relations and
+friends had been upon terms of intimacy with members of the Royal
+circle. The matter was still more brought home to her, in a personal
+sense, by the death of her grandson, Prince Christian Victor, who, after
+months of hard campaigning and with the reputation of an able, modest
+and hard-working officer, succumbed in the autumn of 1900 to enteric
+fever, and was buried, at his own request, upon the South African veldt.
+But these personal considerations had never been so potent with the
+Queen as had her broader sympathies for her people, and there can be no
+doubt the gloomy days of Colenso and Spion Kop told severely upon the
+sensibilities of a Sovereign who was as proud of the nation's position
+and as keen to feel national humiliation, or sorrow, as was the humblest
+and most loyal of her subjects. And the fact that her duty to the people
+and the Empire lay in supporting her Ministers and pressing, if
+necessary, for a still more vigorous prosecution of the struggle, could
+not but have its effect upon the constitution of a Queen who felt her
+responsibilities very keenly and who was an aged woman as well as a
+great ruler.
+
+Where she could help in keeping behind her Ministers a united people
+Queen Victoria did her utmost. Early in March, 1900, the Royal
+recognition of Irish valour in South Africa, shown in the order to the
+soldiers of the Empire to wear the Shamrock on St. Patrick's day, was as
+tactful and wise a step as statesmanship ever initiated. The ensuing
+postponement of Her Majesty's spring visit to sunny Italy and her
+prolonged stay in Dublin during the month of April were pronounced
+appeals to Irish loyalty. Her Christmas present of chocolate to the
+troops in the field, her ever-thoughtful telegrams, and occasional
+letters and speeches upon public occasions, were also of great value to
+the cause of national unity and action in differing degrees. Meantime,
+the Duke of Connaught had volunteered early in the period of trouble
+which eventually developed into war, but the Queen did not wish him to
+go to the front and, though he had offered to waive his rank and
+seniority in order to do so, his mother's wishes, of course, prevailed.
+
+
+DUTIES OF THE HEIR APPARENT
+
+The Prince of Wales was exceedingly active during this period in paying
+every possible compliment to departing troops, in welcoming home the
+veterans of the war, in conferring medals and in helping the many
+charities, hospital interests and military organizations which the
+situation evoked. As soon as the war broke out the Princess of Wales had
+commenced to organize a hospital ship for the care of the wounded at
+Cape Town and, on November 22d, 1899, Her Royal Highness visited the
+vessel prior to its departure. She was accompanied by the Prince with
+Princess Victoria, the Duchess of York and the Duke and Duchess of Fife.
+Badges and gifts were presented to the nursing sisters and the men of
+the Royal Army Medical Corps and St. John Ambulance Brigade and a brief
+speech delivered by the Prince. To this object, it may be added, the
+Princess had given L1000, and a Committee formed by her and composed of
+Lady Lansdowne, Lady Wolseley, Lady Wantage, Sir Donald Currie and
+others, had raised the large additional sum required. At Windsor, on
+December 15th, the Prince of Wales, accompanied by his wife, the Duke of
+Cambridge and Prince Christian, presented to the Grenadier Guards the
+medals they had won in the Soudan. On January 26th, 1900, he reviewed
+six hundred officers and men of the Imperial Yeomanry under command of
+Colonel, Lord Chesham. He thanked them for making him their Hon.
+Colonel, and then added: "You have all, like true men, volunteered for
+active service to do your duty to your Sovereign and your country. I
+feel sure that when you leave your homes and country you will feel that
+a great duty devolves on you--to maintain the honour of the British
+flag--and that you will ably assist the Regular forces of Her Majesty
+abroad and do credit to your country and your corps."
+
+A little later, on February 9th, another contingent of Yeomanry, under
+Colonel Mitford, were inspected by the Prince ere they departed for
+South Africa. "Most heartily" he said to them, "do I hope that the
+services you intend to render your Sovereign and your country will bring
+credit upon yourselves. I feel sure that, under your commanders, you
+will know that one of the first principles is good discipline. Then, I
+hope you are good shots and good riders." In the afternoon, at
+Devonshire House, His Royal Highness received the one hundred and fifty
+nurses and men connected with the Imperial Yeomanry Hospital. When the
+Princess of Wales' Hospital Ship returned with its sorrowful burdens of
+wounded men the Prince and Princess were the first to visit it and do
+what was possible by kind thought and word and action to soothe the
+suffering of the soldiers. Netley Hospital they visited again and
+again, and more than one Canadian or Australian, or other Colonial
+soldier of the Queen, will always speak of the gracious personal
+kindness of the Royal couple.
+
+When the Naval Brigade returned in triumph from its achievements at
+Ladysmith there was added to the seething, cheering, enthusiastic
+popular welcome the formal reception and inspection by the Heir
+Apparent, accompanied by the Princess and other members of the Royal
+family and the Lords of the Admiralty. After brief speeches from Mr.
+Goschen and His Royal Highness the former, as First Lord of the
+Admiralty, entertained the officers of the Brigade and the Prince of
+Wales at luncheon. On November 2nd, following, the Prince presided at a
+great banquet given in London to the officers and men of the Honourable
+Artillery Company and the City Imperial Volunteers. Colonel Mackinnon of
+the latter force sat on the right of the Royal chairman and the Lord
+Mayor on the left. In his speeches the Prince gave a brief history of
+the origin and the war achievements of the Artillery and the City
+Imperial Volunteers, congratulated many of the officers by name, spoke
+of the opportunity they had been given of taking part in "a great and
+important war and of maintaining the honour of the British flag," and
+referred in pathetic terms to the death of Prince Christian Victor--who
+had been through five campaigns and was under thirty-four years of age.
+
+When the Composite Regiment of the Household Cavalry went to war in
+November 1899 they had been inspected by the Heir Apparent. Upon their
+return, December 3rd 1900, he paid them the same compliment, accompanied
+by various members of the Royal family and leading officers of the Army.
+He expressed pride at being Colonel-in-Chief of a corps which had so
+greatly distinguished itself--in the distant past as well as the near
+present. Following them came the Royal Canadian Regiment, commanded by
+Colonel W. D. Otter. To them the Prince made a neat and patriotic
+speech. "I am well aware of what you have gone through and the splendid
+way in which you have served in South Africa and I deeply regret and
+mourn with you the loss of so many brave men." Ever anxious, like the
+Queen and her own husband, to promote the well-being of the soldiers and
+sailors the Princess of Wales had acted since the beginning of the war
+as President of the Soldiers and Sailors' Families Association and, on
+December 31st, 1900, reported through the press that L500,000 had been
+directly subscribed to their purposes, L190,000 given through the
+Mansion House subscription, and L50,000 through a special Lord Mayor's
+Fund. The whole of this sum had now been expended in caring for the
+wives and families of those at the front and distributed through the
+voluntary services of eleven hundred ladies and gentlemen throughout the
+United Kingdom. At least L50,000 was still being expended monthly and
+Her Royal Highness made and personally signed an earnest appeal for the
+further funds required.
+
+When Lord Roberts left to take command in South Africa, the Prince of
+Wales personally saw him off at the station--accompanied by the Duke of
+Connaught, who had been again praying the Military authorities to allow
+him to go to the front in the new crisis which had arisen and who had
+even obtained Lord Roberts' approval to his taking a place upon his
+Staff. But the War Office would only say that with so many general
+officers out of the country His Royal Highness could do better service
+by remaining with the Army at home.
+
+There were many reasons for the Prince of Wales taking a keen interest
+in the war apart altogether from the natural and patriotic reason. A
+peculiarly large number of the sons of personal friends were at the
+front and many of them were fated to fall from time to time. The
+reputation of the officers engaged in the struggle was necessarily very
+dear to him. He knew them all and had many associations with their
+regiments and themselves. A blow to Sir George White, a disaster to Sir
+Redvers Buller, a danger to Col. Baden Powell, a threatened illness in
+the case of Lord Roberts, were all matters of personal concern to him as
+well as of national or patriotic interest. The central figure in the
+beginning of the war--the great personality of Mr. Cecil Rhodes--had
+long been a friend and had been received by the Prince upon a kindly
+social footing. Through the Duke of Fife's connection with the South
+African Chartered Company, the Prince must have been closely interested
+in all the earlier developments of the struggle and it could only have
+been by special permission that his son-in-law held a Director's place
+up to the actual outbreak of the war. Mr. Chamberlain and Lord Milner
+were both men who had been closely associated with his own Imperialistic
+projects and ideals and there can be little doubt--though it was never
+publicly expressed--that the Prince of Wales sympathised with the policy
+which has since made South African expansion and empire possible.
+
+The Prince of Wales had seen Lord Roberts off upon his career of
+successful action; on January 3rd, 1901, accompanied by the Princess,
+the Duke and Duchess of York and the Duke of Connaught, he welcomed him
+home and on behalf of the Queen received him as a Royal guest at
+Buckingham Palace. A magnificent banquet followed, given by the Prince,
+in honour of the Field Marshal--who had just been created an Earl and a
+Knight of the Garter--and six months later as King of Great Britain, he
+was able to send a special message to Parliament recommending a grant to
+Earl Roberts of L100,000. Shortly after this reception came the
+much-mourned death of the Queen and the accession of His Royal Highness
+to the Throne. It was not long before the King was showing his
+appreciation of South African soldiers by inspecting or addressing them
+before their departure, or upon their return. On February 15th,
+accompanied by Queen Alexandra, the Duke and Duchess of Connaught, the
+Duke of Cambridge, Princess Louise, the Duchess of Argyll, the Duke of
+Argyll, Lord Roberts, Sir Redvers Buller, Lord Strathcona and Mr.
+Chamberlain, he inspected Lord Strathcona's Regiment of Horse and
+presented a King's colour to Colonel Steele. His Majesty's speech to the
+officers and men was tactful and gracious: "I welcome you here on our
+shores on your return from active service in South Africa. I know it
+would have been the urgent wish of my beloved mother, our revered Queen,
+to have welcomed you also. That was not to be; but be assured she deeply
+appreciated the services you rendered as I do. It has given me great
+satisfaction to inspect you to-day, to have presented you with your
+war-medals and also with the King's colour. I feel sure that in
+entrusting this colour to you, Colonel Steele, and to those under you,
+you will always defend it and will do your duty as you have done in the
+past year in South Africa and will do it on all future occasions. I am
+glad that Lord Strathcona is here to-day, as it is owing to him that
+this magnificent force has been equipped and sent out." The King then
+presented Colonel Steele, personally with the M.V.O. decoration.
+
+
+PERSONAL INTEREST IN THE WAR
+
+Following this and other similar events came the re-organization of the
+Army, in which the King no doubt took a great deal of interest though it
+would only be shown the form of advice or expressions of opinion. By Mr.
+St. John Brodrick's scheme, as outlined on March 9th, and ultimately
+accepted in the main, it was decided to have the military forces so
+organized that three Army corps could be sent abroad at any time; that
+the artillery and mounted troops should be increased and the medical and
+transport service reformed; that officers should be better trained, with
+less barrack-square drill and more musketry, scouting and
+individuality. It was proposed also to "decentralize administration,
+centralize responsibility;" to increase the Militia from 100,000 to
+115,000, to increase the pay of the soldiers, to utilize the Yeomanry
+and to affiliate, if possible, the Colonial forces. The new arrangements
+would provide, it was hoped, a home force of 155,000 Regulars, 90,000
+Reserves, 150,000 Militia, 35,000 Yeomanry and 250,000 Volunteers--a
+total of 680,000 men.
+
+Meanwhile, peace negotiations had been progressing. On February 28th a
+long interview took place between Lord Kitchener and General Louis Botha
+who, according to the British general's despatch, "showed very good
+feeling and seemed anxious to bring about peace." The question of
+government, grading from a Crown Colony system up to full
+self-government, was discussed; the licensing of rifles for protection
+and hunting; the use of English and Dutch languages; the enfranchising
+of Kaffirs; the protection of Church and trust funds and the guarantee
+of legal debts and notes of the late Republics; the question of a
+war-tax on the farms and the time of return of prisoners of war;
+pecuniary assistance to the burghers, so as to enable them to start
+afresh; the question of amnesty and the proposal to disfranchise Cape
+rebels; were all freely discussed. After considerable interchange
+between Lord Kitchener and Mr. Brodrick and Lord Milner and Mr.
+Chamberlain, a definite statement of terms was offered General Botha and
+by letter, dated March 16th, declined. The details of this cabled
+correspondence and the proposed terms were, of course, submitted to the
+King and approved by His Majesty, and it is certain that had the war
+then ended the Coronation would have taken place at an earlier date than
+was afterwards fixed.
+
+The question of honours conferred by the Crown in peace or war has
+always been one of considerable discussion in Colonial, if not in home
+circles. How far the Sovereign acts in this connection with, or without
+the advice of responsible Ministers, cannot be exactly known. The action
+is unquestionably guided by circumstances based primarily upon the
+admitted fact that all honours and titles, constitutionally as well as
+theoretically, lie in the hands of the Sovereign. It is probable that
+the recommendations made are generally accepted; that the name of any
+one known to be disapproved of by the King would never be submitted;
+that the slightest hint of disapproval would suffice for any name to be
+at once dropped; that any suggestion made by the Sovereign is at once
+included in the official list as a matter of course; that the interest
+taken by the Sovereign in the honours bestowed depends somewhat upon
+whether they are conferred in the ordinary way for routine services or
+granted for special reasons of action or state; that Colonial honours
+are seldom changed as they come from the hands of the Governor-General
+or Viceroy.
+
+On the other hand it may be reasonably assumed that King Edward took
+more interest in this subject than did the late Queen. His many years of
+active association with public life and men of all classes and political
+opinion had made him keenly and impartially aware of personal claims and
+merits and more than usually able to judge amongst the great numbers who
+desire or deserve Royal recognition from time to time. His Majesty's
+first Honour List dealt with services in the South African War under
+terms of a multitudinous catalogue submitted by F. M. Lord Roberts up to
+November 29th, 1900. Amongst those who were made Knights Commander of
+the Bath, or K.C.B. were Lieut.-General Charles Tucker,
+Lieutenant-General Lord Methuen, Major-General Reginald Pole-Carew,
+Major-Generals W. G. Knox and H. J. T. Hildyard, Lieut.-General Ian S.
+M. Hamilton, Major-General Hector A. Macdonald, Lieut.-General J. D. P.
+French, Brigadier-Generals Henry S. Settle, Edward Y. Brabant and J. G.
+Dartnell--all well-known officers in the South African conflict. The
+Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George, or G.C.M.G. was conferred
+upon General Sir Redvers Buller, Lieut.-General Lord Kitchener,
+Lieut.-General Sir Frederick Forestier-Walker and General Sir George
+White. The K.C.M.G., or Knight Commandership in the same Order, was
+given to Major-General Sir C. F. Clery, Major-General Sir Leslie Rundle,
+Major-General E. T. H. Hutton, Lieut.-Colonel E. P. C. Girouard and
+others. A number of minor honours were bestowed upon British, Canadian,
+Australian, New Zealand and South African officers and men and an
+Investiture of various Orders was held at St. James's Palace on June
+3rd, 1901. In such a list much discrimination was necessary and it is
+probable that the tact and knowledge of the King would have a very
+controlling influence apart altogether from his constitutional rights
+and powers.
+
+
+VARIOUS CEREMONIES AND INCIDENTS
+
+On May 24th, His Majesty helped to make the welcome home to Sir Alfred
+Milner splendid and impressive and worthy of the statesman who had
+toiled amidst personal danger and depressive surroundings, public
+disasters and continuous misrepresentation, to maintain British rights
+and justice in South Africa. The High Commissioner was received at the
+station by Lord Salisbury, Mr. Chamberlain, Lord Roberts, Lord
+Lansdowne, Mr. Balfour and many others. Thence he was driven to
+Buckingham Palace and received by the King in a prolonged and private
+audience. The honour of a peerage was conferred upon him and on the
+following day Lord Milner was entertained at a large luncheon given by
+the Colonial Secretary and Mrs. Chamberlain and attended by the most
+eminent public men of the Metropolis--outside of the Liberal party
+ranks. On the same day the King presented colours to the Third Scots
+Guards.
+
+On June 13th a most imposing ceremony was held by His Majesty on the
+Horse Guards Parade when thirty-two hundred officers and men from South
+Africa were presented with war medals by the King amid scenes which had
+not been duplicated since the memorable function when the late Queen
+Victoria and the Crimean soldiers had been the central figures. The
+Royal platform was covered with crimson cloth and in its centre was
+spread a beautiful Persian silk carpet above which a canopy of crimson
+and gold, supported on silver poles, had been erected. Around the
+platform was a bewildering display of splendid uniforms and, after the
+arrival of the King and Queen Alexandra, accompanied by Princess
+Victoria, the distribution of the medals lasted over two
+hours--Major-General Sir Henry Trotter handing them to His Majesty who,
+in turn, presented them to the officer or soldier as he filed past. The
+first recipients were Lord Roberts, Lord Milner and Sir Ian Hamilton. A
+most brilliant and successful function concluded with cheers and the
+National Anthem.
+
+[Illustration: THE RIGHT HON. HERBERT HENRY ASQUITH. K.C., D.C.L., M.P.
+  Prime Minister of Great Britain and Ireland at the time of King
+  Edward's Death]
+
+[Illustration: THE MOST REVD. DR. RANDALL T. DAVIDSON, P.C., G.C.V.O.
+  Ninety-fourth Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of England under King
+  Edward, 1903-10.]
+
+[Illustration: THE RIGHT HON. SIR WILFRID LAURIER, P.C., G.C.M.G., M.P.
+  Prime Minister of Canada during King Edward's Reign]
+
+[Illustration: THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL GREY, P.C., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O.
+  The King's Representative in Canada, 1904-10]
+
+The war now dragged on its weary way. Victories and occasional defeats
+marked the stages of attrition by which the bravery and obstinacy of a
+determined foe was gradually worn down. On August 16th, 1901, Lord
+Kitchener issued his proclamation banishing all Boer leaders taken in
+arms after September 15th: three days later the Duke of Cornwall landed
+at Cape Town; on August 27th Lord Milner returned to take up his arduous
+duties. Mr. Cecil Rhodes died on March 26th, 1902, and on April 9th Boer
+delegates met at Klerksdorp under safe conducts from Lord Kitchener, and
+there Mr. Steyn, General Delary and General De Wet, and others,
+conferred upon the possibilities of peace. Three days later they
+proceeded to Pretoria and were given every facility for discussion and
+consultation by the British authorities. On April 18th they temporarily
+dispersed to consult their Commandos after being given the terms and
+concessions which it was decided to grant. There were supposed to be, at
+the most liberal computation--London _Times_ of April 25th--some 10,000
+Boers in the field at this time, while the women, children and Boer
+residents of the refugee camps, who were being fed and cared for by the
+authorities, numbered 110,000.
+
+The keenest interest had been taken by the King in the course of the war
+during this period and in the negotiations which ensued. He had been
+hoping for its termination before his Coronation and, some months prior
+to this, on January 15th, had addressed a re-inforcement of the
+Grenadier Guards in rather sanguine terms: "I trust that the duties you
+will be called upon to perform will be less arduous than those of some
+of the men who have gone before you and that the war will shortly be
+brought to a close. But, whatever duties you may be called upon to
+perform, I am sure you will fulfil them efficiently and will keep up the
+old spirit and traditions for which the Guards are famous." His wishes,
+like so many entertained throughout the Empire, were not speedily
+realized, but it is safe to say that His Majesty would no more have
+unduly hurried the course of negotiations or changed their effective and
+final character in order to attain his natural desire for a peaceful
+celebration of the Coronation--as was asserted in some sensational
+quarters--than he would have cut his own hand off.
+
+It is sometimes forgotten that the King not only embodies the authority
+of his vast realm in his position, but must concentrate in his own
+person a natural strength of pride in his Empire so great as to be far
+beyond the possibility of a reflection upon its patriotism. He would
+hardly be human in his qualities if the most intense patriotic pride in
+the unity and power of his realms was not the first and strongest
+instinct of his nature. But this in passing. Lord Salisbury illustrated
+the attitude of both the Sovereign and his Ministers when speaking at
+the Albert Hall, London, on May 7th, during the pending negotiations: "I
+only wish to guard against misapprehension which I think I have seen, to
+the effect that the willingness we have shown to listen to all that may
+be said to us is a proof that we have retreated or receded from our
+former position and are willing to recognize that the rights we claimed
+are no longer valid. There is no ground for such an assertion. We cannot
+afford after such terrible sacrifice, not only of treasure but of men,
+after the exertions, unexampled in our history, that we have made--we
+cannot afford to submit to the idea that we are to allow things to slide
+back into a position where it will be in the power of our enemy again,
+when the opportunity suits him and the chance is favourable to him, to
+renew again the issue that we have fought this last three years."
+
+
+TERMINATION OF THE WAR
+
+Meanwhile the negotiations were proceeding. At first the Boer delegates
+proposed that the two Republics should merely concede what had been
+demanded before the outbreak of the war. When this was refused, even as
+a matter for consideration, and they were referred to previous
+statements as to terms, the request was made that some of the leaders be
+allowed to consult their friends in Europe, or at least to have one of
+the European refugee leaders come over and assist them in their
+decision. To this Lord Kitchener gave an instant veto, and intimated
+that unless their proposals were to be serious the negotiations had
+better drop. Then they asked for an armistice in order to consult the
+burghers in the field, but Lord Kitchener would not stop military
+operations a moment further than to allow the delegates to hold meetings
+of their Commandos. But in that event they were to return to Pretoria
+armed with full powers to conclude peace--if they returned at all. As a
+result of this decision the leading officers of the Boer forces met
+their respective Commandos, and delegates were duly appointed to a total
+number of one hundred and fifty. These met on May 16th at Vereeniging
+and spent a couple of weeks in discussion, in obtaining absolutely final
+terms for acceptance or rejection from the British authorities, and in
+presenting these again to the Commandos. The opponents of peace during
+these preliminaries were generally believed to include Mr. Steyn and
+Commandants Wessels, Muller, Celliers and Herzog, while Generals Delarey
+and De Wet were in favour of accepting the British terms. Finally, on
+May 31st, the conditions of surrender were signed. Mr. Steyn was the
+only important absentee from the final conferences at Pretoria.
+
+Thus ended a war in which Great Britain had spent L200,000,000, raised
+and equipped some three hundred thousand men, of whom one-sixth were
+Colonial troops, and performed the unparalleled feat of supplying quick
+and satisfactory transport and subsistence for this great body of troops
+to a distance of seven thousand miles from the seat of Government. The
+people had never wavered, the Government had, apparently, never
+hesitated, the credit of the country had not been affected, even the
+prosperity of Great Britain had not been touched. Speaking of the
+conduct of the people in this connection the _Times_ of July 2d paid the
+following personal tribute: "A splendid example of patriotism and
+devotion was set them by our late Sovereign Lady, and they nobly
+followed it. It is worth recalling now that, while she deplored the
+necessity of war, she never wavered to the end in her conviction that it
+must be fought through. It is to her, perhaps, above all others, that we
+owe the calm dignity of temper with which the peoples of her Empire have
+passed through the greatest ordeal they have been called upon to undergo
+since the days of Napoleon. Her son, King Edward, has inherited her
+spirit and kept before his subjects the ideals she held up to them."
+
+The terms of peace included the promise by Great Britain of
+self-government in gradual stages and "as soon as circumstances will
+permit"; the exemption of burghers from civil or criminal proceedings in
+connection with the war (with certain specified exceptions); the
+recognition of English as the official language, and the promise that
+Dutch should be taught in the schools when desired; the granting of
+arms, under license, to the burghers and the postponement of native
+franchise questions until the period of free government had arrived; the
+grant of L3,000,000 to be expended by Commissioners in the work of
+repatriation and the supply of shelter, seed, stock, etc., to the
+returning burghers; and the reference of rebels to their own Colonial
+Courts for trial, with the proviso that the death penalty should not in
+any case be inflicted.
+
+The settlement was well received by the burghers, of whom fully twenty
+thousand came in and gave up their arms in the course of a week or two.
+Many of the Commandos fraternized with the British troops and joined
+them in singing "God Save the King." As soon as the decision for peace
+had been ratified Lord Kitchener paid a visit to Vereeniging and
+addressed the assembled Boer leaders. He congratulated them upon the
+splendid fight they had made. "If he had been one of them himself he
+would have been proud to have done as they had done. He welcomed them as
+citizens of a great Empire and hoped they would do their duty to the
+Sovereign as loyally as they had to the old State." Messrs.
+Schalk-Burger and Louis Botha had, meanwhile, written farewell letters
+to the burghers which concluded by asking them to be obedient and
+respectful to their new Government.
+
+Immediately on receipt of the information that peace had been signed
+King Edward issued the following message: "The King has received the
+welcome news of the cessation of hostilities in South Africa with
+infinite satisfaction, and trusts that peace may be speedily followed by
+the restoration of prosperity in his new dominions, and that the
+feelings necessarily engendered by war will give place to the earnest
+co-operation of all His Majesty's South African subjects in promoting
+the welfare of their common country." At the same time His Majesty
+cabled Lord Milner: "I am overjoyed at the news of the surrender of the
+Boer forces and I warmly congratulate you on the able manner in which
+you have conducted the negotiations." A similar despatch went to Lord
+Kitchener, with hearty congratulations on the termination of
+hostilities: "I also most heartily congratulate my brave troops under
+your command for having brought this long and difficult campaign to so
+glorious and successful a conclusion." The King also announced that he
+had created Lord Kitchener a Viscount and promoted him to be full
+General. Following the public announcement of peace on Sunday, June 1st,
+came a flood of congratulatory telegrams to the King from public bodies
+and private individuals, and celebrations were held all over the United
+Kingdom and the British Empire.
+
+On June 8th, by order of the King, a special thanksgiving service was
+held in St. Paul's Cathedral and His Majesty attended in person
+accompanied by Queen Alexandra, Princess Victoria, the Prince and
+Princess of Wales, Prince and Princess Charles of Denmark, the Duke and
+Duchess of Connaught, the veteran Duke of Cambridge, and other members
+of the Royal family. A great gathering of representative Britons was
+present in the crowded Cathedral, including most of the members of the
+Houses of Lords and Commons and the Corporation of London. Amongst many
+other notabilities were the Duke and Duchess of Argyll, Mr. Balfour, the
+Earl of Rosebery, the Marquess of Lansdowne, Earl and Countess Roberts,
+Earl and Countess Carrington, Lady Macdonald of Earnscliffe, Sir Redvers
+and Lady Audrey Buller. A short and eloquent sermon was preached by
+Bishop Winnington-Ingram, of London, in which he referred to the
+blessings of peace for the people and the completion of the causes for
+rejoicing at the approaching Coronation. Meanwhile, on June 4th, the
+King had followed up the honours already conferred on Lord Kitchener by
+sending a special message to the House of Commons at the hands of Mr. A.
+J. Balfour, the Government Leader, to the following effect: "His
+Majesty taking into consideration the eminent services rendered by Lord
+Kitchener and being desirous, in recognition of such services, to confer
+on him some signal mark of his favour, recommends that he, the King,
+should be enabled to grant Lord Kitchener L50,000." The vote was carried
+by a majority of three hundred and eighty-two to forty-two and marked
+the final stage in the war--its prolonged struggles, its negotiations,
+its honours and its rewards. To the King this result was the one thing
+needful and seemed to leave a fair field, a peaceful Empire, a loyal
+people, waiting without a shadow on the sun to share in the splendid
+celebration of his approaching Coronation. To the Lord Mayor and
+Corporation of London and the London County Council His Majesty
+addressed, on June 13th, some words in reply to their expressions of
+loyalty and congratulation at the conclusion of peace, which may
+appropriately be quoted here:
+
+     "I heartily join in your expression of thankfulness to Almighty God
+     at the termination of a struggle which, while it has entailed on my
+     people at home and beyond the seas so many sacrifices, borne with
+     admirable fortitude, has secured a result which will give increased
+     unity and strength to my Empire. The cordial and spontaneous
+     exertions of all parts of my dominions, as well as of your ancient
+     and loyal city, have done much to bring about this happy result."
+
+     "You give fitting expression to the admiration universally felt for
+     the valour and endurance of the officers and men who have been
+     engaged in fighting their country's battles. They have been opposed
+     by a brave and determined people, and have had to encounter
+     unexampled difficulties. These difficulties have been cheerfully
+     overcome by steady and persistent effort, and those who were our
+     opponents will now, I rejoice to think, become our friends. It is
+     my earnest hope that, by mutual co-operation and good-will, the
+     bitter feelings of the past may speedily be replaced by ties of
+     loyalty and friendship and that an era of peace and prosperity may
+     be in store for South Africa."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+Arrangements for the Coronation
+
+
+The preparations for the Coronation of the King were of a character
+which eclipsed anything in the history of the world. It was
+unquestionably his aim and intention to make the event an illustration
+of the power of the British Empire, the loyalty of its people and the
+unity of its complex races. The pride of the King in his great position,
+the knowledge which he had acquired of the Empire in his innumerable
+travels, the statecraft which he had inherited and developed, were all
+factors in the determination to make this occasion memorable. Connected
+with the splendour of the event, as planned, was the personal
+relationship and friendship of most of the Sovereigns of Europe with and
+for His Majesty and, associated with every detail of its anticipated
+success, was the enthusiastic loyalty of Indian Princes and great
+self-governing British dominions beyond the seas. Finally, the end of
+the South African War came as if to add the one thing wanting to the
+entire success of the most magnificent Coronation in all history.
+Preparations went on apace from the beginning of Spring, 1902. The mere
+material evidences of the coming event transformed busy and commercial
+London into a forest of boards and poles and platforms. Westminster
+Abbey was changed inside and out and a special entrance was made for the
+King and Queen Alexandra to enter through, and so made as to harmonize
+with the general architecture and character of the building.
+
+A thousand great beacon lights were built over the United Kingdom so
+that from shore to shore the news of the crowning of the King might be
+flashed in flames of light to the people. In London and other centres
+every kind of device for electrical display and illumination was
+prepared and, toward the middle of June, flags and bunting in myriad
+forms began to show themselves. In other parts of the Empire almost
+every city and town and village arranged for some kind of demonstration.
+Banquets and garden parties and band concerts and processions and
+military reviews and all the varied means by which the English-speaking
+person expresses his feelings were in full tide of preparation as the
+time of the Coronation grew near. India had its own unique and Oriental
+modes of expressing loyalty and the feeling there was enhanced by the
+news that the new Prince of Wales was going to repeat the state visit of
+his father, the King, in December of this year and see the people of
+practically the only part of the British realms which he had not yet
+visited. South Africa was to celebrate peace and loyalty at the same
+time and the great centres of Australia were not behind the rest of the
+Empire despite the existing gloom of draughts and sheep famine.
+
+The guests invited to attend the great function might be divided into
+two classes--those who came to a common centre for the celebration of
+their Sovereign's crowning, for the presentation of a picture of
+Imperial unity, and for the discussion of questions incident to the
+wide-spread dominions of the King; and those who came from foreign
+nations as a tribute to the position of Great Britain in the world and
+as a token of their friendship for its people as well as their respect
+for its ruler. In the first list the first place may be given to India
+because of the element of gorgeousness and Oriental pomp which its
+representatives were to bring to the function. Calcutta was to be
+represented by Maharajah Kumar Tagore; Bombay by Sir Jamsetjee
+Jeejeebhoy, the scion of a series of great merchants; Madras by Rajah
+Sir Savalai Ramaswami Mudaliyar; Bengal and the Presidencies of Bombay
+and Madras by distinguished gentlemen of long names and varied titles;
+the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh by the Hon. N. M. D. F. Ali Khan,
+who had served in both the Provincial and Supreme Councils, and by Rajah
+Pertab Singh; the Punjab sent two representatives of whom Sir Harnman
+Singh Ahluwalia belonged to the Viceroy's Legislative Council and
+represented indirectly the native Christians; the Central Provinces,
+Assam, Burmah and the new North-West Frontier Province also appointed
+representatives. Other guests from India included the Sultan Muhammad
+Agha Khan of the Khoga Community.
+
+The special Royal guests from the Colonies were General Sir Francis W.
+Grenfell, representing Gibraltar, Malta and Cyprus; Sir Joseph West
+Ridgeway, representing Fiji and various Eastern Colonies and
+Protectorates; Sir Walter J. Sendall, for the West Indies, Bermudas,
+British Honduras and the Falkland Islands; Sir William MacGregor,
+representing the West African Colonies and Protectorates; the Right Hon.
+Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Prime Minister, representing the Dominion of
+Canada; the Right Hon. Edmund Barton, Prime Minister, representing the
+Commonwealth of Australia; the Right Hon. Richard J. Sedden, Prime
+Minister, representing New Zealand; the Right Hon. Sir J. Gordon Sprigg,
+Prime Minister, representing Cape Colony; Sir Albert H. Hime, Prime
+Minister, representing Natal; and Sir Robert Bond, Prime Minister,
+representing Newfoundland. Other British guests were His Highness the
+Sultan of Perak and Lewanika, Chief of the Barotzes, in Africa. There
+were many invitations accepted outside of the list of special names
+mentioned who were privileged as the King's guests and as such were to
+be put up in state at the Hotel Cecil and be provided with Royal
+carriages and servants and escorts. Governors of various minor Colonies
+and dependencies; Native Princes of India apart from the official
+representatives of its Cities and Provinces; Premiers of Australian
+States and Canadian Provinces; were all invited to be present and many
+of them came to grace the occasion. Amongst those from Canada who
+accepted the invitation and were in London, with the others already
+referred to, as the day for the ceremony approached, were the Hon. G. W.
+Ross, Premier of Ontario, the Hon. H. T. Duffy, representing the Premier
+of Quebec, the Hon. R. P. Roblin, Premier of Manitoba, the Hon. James
+Dunsmuir Premier of British Columbia, the Hon. L. J. Tweedie, Premier of
+New Brunswick and the Hon. G. H. Murray, Premier of Nova Scotia.
+
+Every foreign country or state of importance had its official
+representative appointed and they poured into London and were received
+with varying degrees of state and ceremony as the eventful day
+approached. Prominent amongst them were the Hon. Whitelaw Reid, special
+Ambassador from the United States and, in an unofficial capacity,
+Senator Chauncey M. Depew. From Russia came the Grand Duke Michael, Heir
+Presumptive to the Throne; from Italy His Royal Highness the Duke
+d'Aosta; from Greece the Crown Prince and Heir to the Throne; from
+Bulgaria, the reigning Prince Ferdinand I.; from Belgium, Prince Albert
+of Flanders; from Germany, Prince Henry of Prussia; from Denmark the
+Crown Prince Frederick, Heir to the Throne; from Roumania the Crown
+Prince; from Austria the Arch-duke Francis Ferdinand, Heir Presumptive;
+from France, Admiral Gervais, special Ambassador; from Rome, Mgr. Merry
+del Val; from Abyssinia, Ras Makonnen, the victorious general and
+special envoy of the Emperor Menelik; from Bavaria, Prince Leopold; from
+Sweden and Norway the Crown Prince; from Portugal, the Crown Prince.
+
+Other foreign representatives were Duke Albert of Wuertemberg, Prince
+Waldemar of Denmark, General Dubois of France, Field Marshal Count Von
+Waldersee and Admiral Von Koeter of Germany, Prince George, Prince
+Nicholas and Prince Andrew of Greece, the Grand Duke of
+Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince Danilo of Montenegro, the Duke of
+Saxe-Coburg and Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg, Prince George of
+Saxony, the Prince of the Asturias from Spain, Prince Chen of China,
+Prince Mohamed Ali of Egypt, Prince Akihito Komatsu of Japan, Prince Yo
+Chai-Kak of Korea, Baron de Stein of Liberia, the Prince of Monaco, the
+Crown Prince of Siam and special Ministers from Luxemburg, the
+Netherlands, Turkey, Honduras, Mexico, Morocco, Nicaragua, Persia,
+Servia and Uruguay.
+
+Soldiers of the King from all parts of the Empire were present in
+England for the occasion. The Indian troops, quartered at Hampton Court,
+numbered nine hundred strong and represented every phase of the military
+and native life of Hindostan. Sikhs, Dogras, Jats, Pathans, Mohammedans
+from the Punjaub, the Deccan and Madras, Mahrattas, Rajpoots, Garwhal's,
+Gurkhas, Afridis, Tamils, Moplahs, Hazaras and Beloochis, were each
+represented in uniforms of their local regiments. Scarlet, yellow, blue,
+grey, green and red, were some of the colours to be seen. At the
+Alexandra Palace were soldiers from a great variety of countries. Canada
+sent six hundred and fifty-six men, representative of all its regiments,
+under command of Lieut.-Colonel H. M. Pellatt and Lieut.-Colonel R. E.
+W. Turner V.C., D.S.O.; Australia sent one hundred and forty men under
+Colonel St. Clair Cameron C.B.; New Zealand seventy-nine men under
+Colonel Porter; Cape Colony one hundred and fifty under Major-General
+Sir Edward Y. Brabant; Natal, ninety-nine under Lieut.-Colonel E. M.
+Greene; Rhodesia twenty-six, Ceylon fifty-four, Malta forty-six, and
+Cyprus fourteen men. Native contingents included variously coloured and
+clad soldiers from the Gold Coast of Africa, Nigeria, Sierra Leone,
+Lagos, British Central Africa, British East Africa, Uganda, Somaliland,
+Straits Settlements, Bermuda, British Borneo, the West Indies, Fiji,
+Hong-Kong and Wei-hai-Wei. The Colonial troops, with their interesting
+war record, their varied and striking uniforms, their varieties of race
+and colour and country, their differences of physique and appearance,
+were not the least remarkable of the Empire contributions to a great
+function. The Duke of Connaught was in command of all the Forces for the
+occasion and with him were associated Lord Roberts, Lord Wolseley, Sir
+Francis Grenfell, Sir William Butler, Major-General W. H. Mackinnon, Sir
+Edward Brabant and other officers connected with the late war. Colonel
+and Maharajah Sir Pertab Singh represented India on this Staff and
+Lieutenant-General Sir Archibald Hunter was in immediate command of the
+Colonial Contingents.
+
+Various Foreign regiments were to be represented including the 1st
+Prussian Dragoons of Germany, the 12th Hussars of Austria, the Guard
+Hussars of Denmark and the forces of Russia and Portugal. All the great
+British regiments were to be included, either in the procession as
+cavalry, or along the route as infantry. Preparations for the great
+Naval Review were elaborate. The Channel, Home and Cruiser squadrons
+were to be in attendance with Admiral Sir Charles Hotham as
+Commander-in-Chief. Besides a number of Foreign warships, which were
+specially sent to participate in the function, the British battle-ships
+numbered twenty-one, the cruisers twenty-six, the torpedo gun-boats
+seventeen, the torpedo boat destroyers twenty-eight and the sea-going
+training vessels ten. Amongst the Foreign contributors to the Review
+were Germany, the United States, Russia, Sweden and Norway, Denmark,
+Greece, France, Japan, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal, Chili,
+Austro-Hungary and the Argentine.
+
+All the complex arrangement of the details in connection with these and
+other elements of the Coronation festivities were in the hands of an
+Executive Committee appointed on June 28th, 1901, at a meeting of the
+King and his Privy Council and attended by most of the members of the
+Cabinet, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Dukes of Norfolk,
+Portland and Fife, the Earls of Rosebery, Selborne and Carrington, Earl
+Roberts, Earl Spencer, Lord Alverstone, Sir W. V. Harcourt, and Sir
+Henry Campbell-Bannerman. Amongst the members of this Executive of
+fifteen were the Duke of Norfolk (chairman) Lord Esher, the Bishop of
+Winchester, Lord Farquhar, Mr. Schomberg K. McDonnell, Colonel Sir
+Edward Bradford, Sir Francis Knollys, Sir Edward W. Hamilton, Colonel
+Sir E. W. D. Ward, Major-General Sir Arthur Ellis and Rear-Admiral W. H.
+Fawkes. Later on Sir Montagu Ommanney, Sir William Lee-Warner, Sir
+Kenelm Digby, Lieut.-General Kelly-Kenny, and others, were added. Their
+work was, of course, closely overlooked by the King who was in constant
+communication with the Duke of Norfolk and Sir Francis Knollys. The
+following programme of leading events was finally announced as approved
+by His Majesty:
+
+     June 23 State Dinner at Buckingham Palace.
+
+     June 24 The King and Queen to receive Foreign Envoys and
+     Deputations. State Dinner at Buckingham Palace.
+
+     June 25 Royal Reception of Colonial Premiers. Dinner by Prince of
+     Wales to Princes and Envoys at St. James's Palace.
+
+     June 26 The Coronation.
+
+     June 27 Procession through London, Luncheon at Buckingham Palace.
+     Dinner at Landsdowne House to King and Queen. Lady Lansdowne's
+     Reception.
+
+     June 28 The Naval Review.
+
+     June 29 Ambassadors and Ministers give Dinners to their respective
+     Princes.
+
+     June 30 The King and Queen proceed from Portsmouth to London. Gala
+     Opera.
+
+     July 1 Royal Garden Party at Windsor Castle.
+
+     July 2 Dinner at Londonderry House to the King and Queen.
+
+     July 3 The King and Queen to attend a Special Service at St. Paul's
+     Cathedral and a Luncheon at the Guildhall given by Lord Mayor and
+     Corporation.
+
+     July 4 Reception at the India Office in honour of the Indian
+     Princes to be attended by the King and Queen.
+
+     July 5 The King's Coronation Dinner to the Poor.
+
+Many other functions developed around these central ones until the weeks
+before and after the event were to be crowded with every sort of
+festivity and celebration--partly in honour of the occasion, partly as
+evidences of hospitality to Colonial, Indian and Foreign visitors. At
+Portsmouth arrangements were made for a banquet in the Drill-hall, on
+June 26th, to one thousand men from the Foreign war-ships, with five
+hundred British seamen and marines as hosts. On the following day there
+were to be athletic sports for the sailors and a garden party by the
+Mayor and Mayoress for the officers of the fleets and distinguished
+visitors. Following the Review, on June 28th, arrangements were made for
+a garden party at Whale Island, for an Admiralty ball in the Town-Hall,
+for a luncheon to the officers, a Civic entertainment to the men and a
+ball given by the Mayor and Mayoress. In London a Coronation bazaar, in
+aid of the Sick Children's Hospital, was announced with various stalls
+in charge of Princess Henry of Pless, the Duchess of Westminster, Lady
+Tweedmouth, Mrs. Harmsworth, the Countess of Bective, Mrs. Choate, the
+Duchess of Somerset and Countess Carrington. The King's Dinner to the
+Poor of London was planned upon an enormous scale and His Majesty stated
+that he would spend L30,000 in thus entertaining half-a-million of his
+poorer subjects. Sir Thomas Lipton, who had been in charge of a smaller
+affair at the Diamond Jubilee, was given control of the details. Similar
+preparations, upon a minor scale of course, were going on all over the
+Empire and in New York a Coronation Ode was issued by Mr. Bliss
+Carman--a Canadian by birth--which did the subject noble justice and
+commenced with the following verse:
+
+    "There are joy-bells over England, there are flags in London town;
+    There is bunting on the Channel where the fleets go up and down;
+    There are bon-fires alight
+    In the pageant of the night;
+    There are bands that blare for splendour and guns that speak for might;
+    For another King of England is coming to the Crown."
+
+Meanwhile, a Colonial Conference had also been arranged to take place
+during these weeks of celebration and the delegates were to be special
+Royal guests for the Coronation--Sir Francis W. Grenfell, Sir Wilfrid
+Laurier, Mr. Seddon, Mr. Barton, Sir W. J. Sendall, Sir William
+MacGregor, Sir Gordon Sprigg, Sir Albert Hime, Sir Robert Bond, and Sir
+West Ridgeway--together with Mr. Chamberlain and the Earl of Onslow,
+Under-Secretary of the Colonies. The official programme, published a few
+days before the date set for the Coronation, gave the details of the
+Royal procession on that and the following days. On June 26th, in
+passing from Buckingham Abbey, there were to be eight carriages
+containing the Royal visitors and members of the Royal family, the
+Prince and Princess of Wales and then the state coach with the King and
+Queen--having the Duke of Connaught riding to its right and a
+considerable staff and brilliant escort of Life Guards behind.
+
+The procession of the following day was to be essentially an Imperial
+pageant and was to pass over a popular city route. The Colonial portion
+came first on the programme, headed by Lieut.-General Sir A. Hunter, and
+with detachments of Canadian artillery and cavalry and Australian
+cavalry preceding a carriage containing Sir Wilfrid and Lady Laurier and
+Mr. and Mrs. Barton. Then followed carriages with Sir R. Bond and Mr.
+and Mrs. Seddon, Sir Gordon and Miss Sprigg, Sir Albert and Miss Hime,
+Sir W. Ridgeway and Sir F. Grenfell, Sir W. Sendall, and Sir W.
+MacGregor, the Sultan of Perak and King Lewanika--each preceded or
+followed by detachments of New Zealand, Cape, Natal, Ceylon, Trinidad,
+Cyprus and other Colonial cavalry, in accordance with the country
+represented. Then was to come the Indian portion of the procession
+including varied detachments of Native cavalry, and with carriages
+containing the Maharajahs of Jaipur, Kolapore and Bikanur. Following
+these was to be a long line of British artillery and Aids-de-Camp to the
+King, representing the Volunteers, Yeomanry, Militia and Regular forces
+and the Marines. The Head-Quarters staff came next, then Field Marshals
+in the Army, Foreign naval and military attaches, deputations of Foreign
+officers, then Indian Aides-de-Camp to the King--the Maharajahs of
+Gwalior, Gooch and Idur--and several members of the Royal family on
+horseback. Then came thirteen carriages containing Royal visitors,
+special Ambassadors and members of the Royal family, followed by special
+escorts of Colonial and Indian troops and Royal Horse Guards. The King
+and Queen were to come next, in a splendid state coach drawn by eight
+horses, with the Duke of Connaught riding on one side of them and the
+Prince of Wales on the other.
+
+[Illustration: THE RIGHT HON. SIR HENRI E. TASCHEREAU, P.C.
+  Chief Justice of Canada, 1902-1906]
+
+[Illustration: THE HON. WILLIAM STEVENS FIELDING, D.C.L., M.P.
+  Finance Minister of Canada during King Edward's Reign]
+
+[Illustration: THE HON. RODOLPHE LEMIEUX. K.C., M.P.
+  Postmaster-General and Minister of Labour in Canada during King
+  Edward's Reign]
+
+[Illustration: THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF MINTO, P.C., G.C.M.G.
+  The King's Representative in India, 1905-10]
+
+[Illustration: THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF ABERDEEN, K.T., G.C.M.G.
+  The King's Representative in Ireland, 1905-10]
+
+
+THE KING'S PRELIMINARY WORK AND ILLNESS
+
+Some of the incidents connected with the Coronation as preliminaries
+were carried out by the King with apparent energy and in the midst of
+what were known to be very heavy labours. On May 30th His Majesty
+presented colours to the Irish Guards, received the Maharajah Sir Pertab
+Singh, held an investiture of the Garter in great state, visited
+Westminster Abbey to see the Coronation preparations, and gave a large
+dinner party. During the next three days he presented medals to the St.
+John Ambulance Brigade and held a Levee and investiture of the Bath. On
+June 4th he gave audiences to various Ministers, proceeded with the
+Queen to the Derby, gave a dinner to the Jockey Club and then joined the
+Queen at the Duchess of Devonshire's dance. On June 6th the King
+received the Indian Princes at Buckingham Palace and afterwards, with
+Queen Alexandra, held a stately Court function. Two days later the King
+and Royal family attended a service of thanksgiving for peace at St.
+Paul's Cathedral. Other incidents followed and on June 14th His Majesty,
+accompanied by Queen Alexandra, the Prince and Princess of Wales, the
+Duke and Duchess of Connaught, Princess Victoria and Princess Margaret,
+of Connaught, visited Aldershot to inspect the forty thousand troops
+which had been slowly gathering there for weeks. A stormy and wet day
+changed to brightness as the Royal party arrived and the town was found
+to be prettily decorated and filled with enthusiastic people. A great
+Tattoo was held in the evening with massed bands and myriad
+torch-lights, but with not very pleasant weather.
+
+On the following day it was announced in the _Times_ that the King could
+not attend church owing to a slight attack of lumbago caused by a chill
+contracted the night before. Queen Alexandra attended the service,
+however, and in the afternoon visited several charitable institutions.
+Monday the 16th saw His Majesty still too much indisposed to take his
+part in reviewing the troops and this function was fulfilled by the
+Queen, accompanied by the Prince and Princess of Wales. In the afternoon
+the King and Queen returned to Windsor and in the evening His Majesty
+was able to be present at a dinner party in the Castle. On the following
+day the _Times_ expressed editorial pleasure at the King's apparent
+recovery but urged caution and suggested that, despite the
+disappointment of the people, it might be better if Ascot were not
+visited by him on that day and the next but a substantial rest taken
+instead. The same idea seemed to occur to the Royal physicians because
+not only was the visit to Ascot cancelled but also a long-expected visit
+to Eton which had been arranged for June 21st.
+
+Other functions were postponed or cancelled and it was announced that
+His Majesty was resting quietly and preparing himself for the essential
+and heavy functions of the Coronation week. Such was the apparent
+position of affairs in connection with this great event as massed
+myriads of people roamed the streets of London and the other and varied
+millions of the British Empire threw themselves into the final stages of
+preparation. Such was the position on June 21st when the Toronto
+_Globe_, in a very fitting editorial, embodied the popular feeling of
+Canada. It declared that on the following Thursday the historic Abbey of
+Westminster and the streets of London would see "the greatest ceremonial
+which our times have known"; that no King "ever ascended a throne with
+the more universal consent of the governed than does Edward VII."; and
+that the British people had never been fickle in their feelings toward
+him who was once Prince of Wales and was now King. "Their affection for
+him has never faltered and they will feel gratified on Thursday that the
+concluding ceremony of Coronation has fixed him firmly on the most
+glorious of earthly thrones".
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+The Illness of the King
+
+
+If the almost fatal sickness of the Prince of Wales in 1871 was
+historic, from the sympathy it evoked and the influence it wielded, that
+of the King in June 1902 was infinitely more memorable. At the latter
+period the attention of the whole civilized world was focussed upon the
+figure of the Sovereign who was about to be crowned amid scenes of
+unprecedented splendour; the press of the Empire and the United States
+was filled with the record of his movements; the representatives of the
+Courts of Europe had arrived or were arriving; the Prime Ministers of a
+dozen countries and the Governors of many other countries of his
+far-flung realm were in London; dense crowds were swarming through the
+streets of the gaily-decorated metropolis; the approaching day was being
+looked forward to by many millions of people in many lands as an
+evidence, in its successful splendour, of the power and prosperity of
+the Empire. Three days before the 26th of June the King and Queen
+Alexandra had arrived in London from Windsor and the Coronation
+festivities proper had commenced. His Majesty had looked well and had
+smiled and bowed freely to the welcoming multitudes along the line of
+route. Rumors of his having caught cold had prevailed, it is true, and
+in certain sensational quarters there had been statements as to serious
+illness and even allegations of paralysis.
+
+But the evidence of that drive through the cheering streets of London
+was deemed conclusive and during that afternoon and the next morning
+the crowds increased and the excitement grew until sober-minded
+observers who had seen the celebrations of the Queen's Jubilee and the
+Diamond Jubilee and knew something of the millions then gathered
+together were dismayed at the prospect of the massed multitudes of
+Coronation day. It was at 12.45 P.M. on June 24th, when the streets were
+packed with moving, happy, holiday crowds and the decorations were
+nearing completion and their full effect and force becoming apparent to
+the on-lookers, that an official bulletin was posted at the Mansion
+House which seemed to reach every one in London at the same instant--so
+rapidly was the news spread. News that almost on the steps of the
+throne, within a day of the mightiest festival ever designed by human
+government and helped by a willing people, the King had been stricken
+down! It appeared incredible. The people of England and of the Empire
+were almost as dumb-founded as the masses on the streets of the
+Metropolis. But there was no way of getting beyond the simple words of
+the bulletin signed by Lord Lister, Sir Thomas Smith, Sir Francis
+Laking, Sir Thomas Barlow and Sir Frederick Treves: "The King is
+suffering from perityphlitis. His condition on Saturday was so
+satisfactory that it was hoped that with care His Majesty would be able
+to go through the ceremony. On Monday evening a recrudescence became
+manifest rendering a surgical operation necessary to-day."
+
+The trouble approximated to the disease known in the United States and
+Canada as appendicitis and was of a character which made certainty as to
+recovery quite impossible and left the widest scope for fears and
+discussion and speculation. It was analysed by Dr. Cyrus Edson, a
+well-known New York physician, as follows: "Perityphlitis is
+inflammation, including the formation of an abscess of the tissues
+around the vermiform appendix and hence it is very hard to distinguish
+from appendicitis. Usually an operation is necessary to ascertain
+whether the appendix or the surrounding tissue is diseased." The King's
+physicians gave the public all the information they wisely could. The
+operation was performed by Sir Frederick Treves, the most eminent living
+surgeon in this connection, shortly after the first bulletin was issued
+and at six o'clock it was announced that "His Majesty continues to make
+satisfactory progress and has been much relieved by the operation." Five
+hours later the physicians stated that the King's condition was "as good
+as could be expected after so serious an operation." It would be some
+days, however, they added, before it would be possible to say he was out
+of danger. The doctors remained at Buckingham Palace all that night and
+but little news crept out from the silence surrounding the great pile of
+buildings to that stirring outer world which had grown so suddenly and
+strangely quiet.
+
+Following the startling announcement of the King's illness came the
+necessary statement that the Coronation ceremony was indefinitely
+postponed and the further intimation that the King himself had asked
+that celebrations in the Provinces outside London might be continued. In
+London, he had specified his wish, before the operation took place, that
+the dinner which was to be given to half-a-million of poor people should
+not be postponed and His Majesty had expressed keen sorrow, not at what
+he had already suffered himself or was likely to suffer, but at the
+disappointment which his people would everywhere feel. Gradually it came
+out that for over a week he had been ill; that the pain had been very
+great at times; that the physicians had acceded to his determination to
+go on with the ceremonies and the Coronation until longer delay in
+operation would have made the result fatal; that the King's one anxiety
+had been not to disappoint the millions who would be in London and the
+millions who would look on from abroad during the long-looked for event.
+
+The story of the illness as it developed was made known by the _Lancet_
+on June 27th. It seems that on Friday June 13th His Majesty had gone
+through a particularly arduous day and next morning was attended by Sir
+Francis Laking who found him suffering from considerable abdominal
+discomfort. In the afternoon he felt better and went to Aldershot where
+the unfortunately wet and cold weather at the Tattoo caused a distinct
+revival of the trouble in the early morning accompanied by severe pain.
+Sir F. Laking was sent for and in turn telegraphed Sir Thomas Barlow. On
+the 15th, the Royal patient had a chilly fit but on Monday returned to
+Windsor and bore the journey well. Two days later he was seen by Sir
+Frederick Treves who found symptoms of perityphlitis. These, however,
+gradually disappeared and on Saturday, the 21st, His Majesty was
+believed to be on the road to rapid recovery and to be able to go
+through the Coronation ceremonies.
+
+"Sunday was uneventful. On Monday the King travelled from Windsor to
+London. Next day the necessity for an operation became clear." The
+_Lancet_ gave no reason for this sudden change in condition and it may
+have been the excitement and strain of the drive through cheering masses
+of the London populace. "At ten o'clock Tuesday morning (24th) the
+urgency of an operation was explained to His Majesty. Recognizing that
+his ardent hope that the Coronation arrangements might not be upset must
+be disappointed he cheerfully resigned himself to the inevitable. Before
+the actual decision upon an operation was arrived at Sir Frederick
+Treves took the advice of two other sergeant-surgeons to the King, Lord
+Lister and Sir Thomas Smith. They, as well as Sir Thomas Barlow and Sir
+Francis Laking, came to the unanimous conclusion that no course but an
+operation was possible in all the circumstances. To delay would, in
+fact, be to allow His Majesty to risk his life." Such appears to have
+been the plain statement of this serious incident. Following the
+operation the course of the disease was steadily towards recovery and
+without serious complications of any kind. Danger at first there was and
+neither physicians, nor family, nor the public could feel anything like
+assurance of recovery.
+
+
+PROGRESS TOWARDS RECOVERY
+
+The London _Times_ went out of its way to warn the people against
+over-confidence in the result, and the bulletins were cautious in the
+extreme. On June 25th the King was said to have been very restless and
+without sleep during the early part of the night. He was, however, free
+from pain, and his five physicians declared that, under all the
+circumstances, he might be described as "progressing satisfactorily." On
+June 26th they reported His Majesty's condition as satisfactory, his
+strength as having been well maintained, and the wound as doing well.
+The reports of June 27th showed a normal temperature, no disquieting
+symptoms and, finally, a substantial improvement. On the next day the
+five physicians issued the following bulletin: "We are happy to be able
+to state that we consider His Majesty out of immediate danger. His
+general condition is satisfactory. The operation wound, however, still
+needs constant attention and such concern as attaches to His Majesty's
+case is connected with the wound. Under the most favourable condition
+His Majesty's recovery must of necessity be protracted." The bulletins
+thenceforward were regular in their statements of slow and steady
+improvement. On July 2d it was announced that the wound was beginning to
+heal; then only daily reports were issued; and finally, on July 13th,
+the Royal patient was taken by private train from Buckingham Palace to
+his yacht at Portsmouth and, during the next few weeks, while it was
+anchored or quietly cruising off Cowes, the King was steadily growing
+stronger and better.
+
+The bare details of an illness such as this can give no idea of the
+burden of apprehension which it entailed upon millions of people, the
+financial losses which it meant to thousands of merchants and others in
+all parts of the world, the dislocation of a political, social, and
+general character which it involved in London, the consternation which
+it naturally caused in every centre in the Empire. The first effect of
+the King's illness was to create a new tie of sympathy between himself
+and his subjects. Human suffering borne so patiently during that week of
+concealed sickness and with such earnest determination to go through
+what must have come to appear the frightful ordeal of the Coronation
+appealed strongly to people everywhere in the Empire, while the
+externally dramatic passage from preparations for the greatest of
+national festivities down into the valley of the shadow of death came
+home to the hearts of every one with peculiar force. This was
+particularly apparent in Westminster Abbey where the last rehearsal of
+the great Coronation choir, in the presence of the Bishop of London and
+under the musical direction of Sir Frederick Bridge, was proceeding at
+noon on June 24th. Suddenly, Lord Esher entered and told the sad news to
+the Bishop, who, in a few words, turned the service of national
+rejoicing into one of solemn intercession. Everywhere there were similar
+services and similar sudden changes. Coronation day, despite the King's
+kindly wish that demonstrations and functions outside of London should
+proceed, was turned into a season of special service and prayer in Great
+Britain and in the many other countries of the Empire.
+
+A pathetic service was held in St. Paul's Cathedral on the evening of
+the announced illness, and the Bishop of Stepney spoke in most
+impressive terms. "As the days have passed, our thoughts and, I trust,
+our prayers have been centred in the King as he has moved to his
+Coronation watched by millions of eyes. Only yesterday we welcomed him
+to London with heartfelt joy. All around us is the glamour of
+preparation for a splendid festival. The very air is vivid with the glow
+of popular enthusiasm. From all parts of the earth our brethren have
+come to rivet anew the links which bind them to our ancient Monarchy.
+And now come the tidings that this King is laid low with sickness and
+that the great day has been postponed. We are bewildered. We cannot
+realize, except in imagination, the dislocation of the life of a whole
+Empire." Meanwhile, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York had asked
+their clergy to hold intercessory services on June 26th, and Cardinal
+Vaughan, for his Church, had given similar orders. "The finger of God,"
+he wrote to his clergy, "has appeared in the midst of our national
+rejoicing and on the eve of what promised to be one of the most splendid
+pageants in English history. This is in order to call the thoughts of
+all men to Himself. The King's life is in danger. Danger being imminent,
+let us have immediate recourse to the Divine mercy and by public prayer
+seek His Majesty's recovery." The Chief Rabbi held special Jewish
+supplications and the Chairman of the Congregational Union of England
+and Wales telegraphed to Sir Francis Knollys their hope that it might
+please God to spare the King's valuable life so "that he may rule for
+many years over his devoted people."
+
+Telegrams of inquiry and sympathy poured into the Palace, the
+Departments of the Government, and the Guildhall, for days after the
+eventful incident of the operation. On the day that should have
+witnessed the stately splendour of the Coronation, St. Paul's Cathedral
+was the scene of a solemn service of intercession for the recovery of
+the King. The Bishops of London and Stepney, the Archdeacon of London
+and Canons Holland and Newbolt were the officiating clergy and with them
+were the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and a dozen other Bishops.
+The Lord Mayor of London was present officially and the Duke of
+Cambridge and Duke of Teck. So were the special missions of France,
+Spain, Germany, Mexico and other countries, the Hon. Whitelaw Reid and
+Mr. Choate, the American Ambassador. Lord Selborne, Lord Cadogan and Mr.
+Ritchie represented the Cabinet while the Premiers of Canada, Australia,
+Cape Colony, Natal, New Zealand, Western Australia, and South Australia,
+with the Sultan of Perak, the Rajah of Bobbili, Sir Jamesetjee
+Jejeebhoy, and others represented the Colonial and Indian Empire. A
+large number of the leaders in the public, social and general life of
+the country were also there. At the same time a similarly impressive
+service was held in Margaret's, Westminster, the official church of the
+House of Commons, attended by the Lord Chancellor and Speaker, the Duke
+and Duchess of Devonshire, Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman, Lord and Lady
+Londonderry, and many members of both Houses of Parliament. A multitude
+of other churches held intercessory services at home and abroad on this
+day--notably, perhaps, one arranged by the National Council of Free
+Churches and held in the City Temple. Orders were given by the heads of
+all kinds of denominations in all kinds of countries to pray for the
+King on the succeeding Sunday and, in most of the great Colonies of the
+Crown, that day was specially set apart for the purpose.
+
+
+EXPRESSIONS OF SYMPATHY
+
+Meanwhile, the messages continued to pour in from Governments as well as
+individuals or institutions. General Sir Neville Lyttelton for the Army
+in South Africa, Lord Hopetoun for the Government and people of
+Australia, Sir Edmund Barton, the Premier of Australia, the Legislature
+of New South Wales, the Governors of the other Australian States and New
+Zealand, the Governors of Fiji, Gambia, Cape Colony, Mauritius, Bermuda,
+Newfoundland, and Gibraltar, the Administrators of Sierra Leone,
+Seychelles, Ceylon, Hong-Kong and Wei-hai-Wei, the Governor of the
+Straits Settlements and the Premier of Natal sent despatches of
+sympathy and regret. In the United States much kindly feeling was
+expressed. Papers such as the New York _Commercial-Advertizer_,
+_Tribune_ and _Post_ were more than kindly and generous in their
+regrets; others were merely sensational. The President hastened to cable
+an expression of the nation's sentiments and, at Harvard University on
+June 25th, said: "Let me speak for all Americans when I say that we
+watch with the deepest concern and interest the sick-bed of the English
+King and that all Americans, in tendering their hearty sympathy to the
+people of Great Britain will now remember keenly the outburst of genuine
+grief with which all England last fall greeted the calamity which befell
+us in the death of President McKinley." Prayers were also offered up for
+His Majesty in the Senate and House of Representatives. Germany was
+largely silent in its press but outspoken and warmly sympathetic in the
+person of its Emperor. Austria was more than friendly and at Rome a
+Resolution passed unanimously through both Houses expressing earnest
+wishes for "the prompt recovery of the head of the State which has long
+been Italy's best friend." The French press was moderately sympathetic
+and dwelt upon King Edward's love of peace, while the leading Russian
+newspapers paid tribute to the same elements in his character and laid
+stress upon his high qualities as a man and a Sovereign.
+
+On the Sunday following the serious stage in the King's illness the
+metropolis was the scene of many special services. At Marlborough House
+Chapel, Queen Alexandra, the Prince and Princess of Wales and other
+members of the Royal family were present in the morning, together with a
+crowded gathering of members of the Court and old friends of His
+Majesty. Bishop Randall Davidson of Winchester preached a sermon of
+eloquent retrospect--a picture of the events of the past few days and
+weeks. Almost from his seat on a great throne their Sovereign had passed
+to a hushed sick-room; during a crowded week the people had passed from
+bouyant expectancy to crushing disappointment, from loyal admiration of
+a splendid occasion to personal sympathy with a stricken King. At the
+Chapel Royal the Bishop of London preached and drew a lesson of humility
+from the tragic event, while in St. Paul's Cathedral the Bishop of
+Stepney preached to an audience which included various Indian Chiefs and
+King Lewanika of Barotze. Mgr. Merry del Val, the Papal Envoy to the
+Coronation, addressed a gathering at the Brompton Oratory attended by
+Sir Wilfrid and Lady Laurier and Mr. Justice Girouard of Canada, Sir
+Nicholas O'Conor, British Ambassador at Constantinople, Lord Edmund
+Talbot, Lord Walter Kerr, first Sea Lord of the Admiralty, Lord Howard
+Glossop and Lord Clifford of Chudleigh. The Reverend Bernard Vaughan, at
+the Warwick Street Roman Catholic Church, dwelt upon the great loyalty
+of his people to the Throne and declared that much might and should be
+done by Roman Catholics "to build up and consolidate an Empire where
+every man could breathe the air of freedom, claim his share of justice
+and practice his religion in peace."
+
+Amongst the special incidents of the day were prayers for King Edward in
+all the principal towns of Greece as well as in the churches of Athens
+and prayers and sermons upon the subject in many of the churches of New
+York. On July 3rd Cape Town was brilliantly illuminated as an expression
+of pleasure at the King's recovery. Four days later the Prince and
+Princess of Wales visited Grey's Hospital and His Royal Highness in
+speaking to the institution, for which the King had done so much when
+Heir Apparent, referred to the occasion as the first on which he had
+been able to attempt an expression of the unbounded gratitude which they
+all felt for "the merciful recovery of my dear father, the King." He
+spoke of the important work undertaken by the Hospital and then
+proceeded: "I wish to take this first opportunity to say how His
+Majesty the King, the Queen, and whole of our family have been cheered
+and supported during a time of severe trial by the deep sympathy which
+has been displayed towards them from every part of the Empire. And I
+should like to say that we who have watched at the sick bed of the King
+fully realize how much, humanly speaking, is due to the eminent surgical
+and medical skill, as well as to the patient and highly-trained nursing
+which it has been His Majesty's good-fortune to enjoy".
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+The Coronation
+
+
+In the middle of July it was announced that the Royal patient had
+recovered sufficiently to be able to fix a date once more for the
+Coronation ceremony and that, with the advice of his physicians, August
+9th had been decided upon. Many of the events surrounding and connected
+with the central function originally proposed for June 26th had already
+taken place by special wish or consent of the King. Deeply regretting
+the disappointment of his people and keenly thoughtful, as he always had
+been, for the feelings and anticipations of others, His Majesty had
+specially ordered the carrying out of two incidents of the Coronation
+festivities upon the date arranged--the Dinner to the London poor and
+the publication of the Coronation honours. In both cases much
+disappointment would have followed delay though it would necessarily
+have been different in degree and effect. On June 26th, as already
+decided upon and expected, the Honour List was made public and the names
+of those whom the King desired to especially compliment were announced.
+The promotion of the Earl of Hopetoun to be Marquess of Linlithgow, was
+well deserved by his services as Governor-General of Australia and the
+creation of Lord Milner as a Viscount by his work in South Africa. A
+number might almost be called personal honours. Sir Francis Knollys, the
+veteran and efficient Private Secretary became Lord Knollys; Lord
+Rothschild and Sir Ernest Cassel, old friends of the King when Prince of
+Wales, were made members of the Privy Council; Lord Colville of
+Culross, Chamberlain to the Queen Alexandra since 1873, was made a
+Viscount; Sir Francis Laking and Sir Frederick Treves, the well-known
+surgeons, and Sir Thomas Lipton, the King's yachting companion upon more
+than one occasion, were created baronets; the Earl of Clarendon, Lord
+Chamberlain to the King, and General the Right Hon. Sir Dighton Probyn,
+so long the faithful official of his Household, were given the G.C.B.;
+Viscount Esher was made a K.C.B. General H. R. H. the Duke of Connaught,
+brother of the King and Commanding the Forces in Ireland, was made a
+Field Marshal, and H. R. H. the Prince of Wales, was created a General.
+
+
+CORONATION HONOURS AND INCIDENTS
+
+In the more general list every rank and profession was represented--the
+Army and the Navy in honours conferred upon a large number of officers;
+Art in the creation of Sir Edward Poytner as baronet, and the knighting
+of Sir F. C. Burnand and Sir Ernest Waterlow; Literature in the
+knighting of Sir Conan Doyle, Sir Gilbert Parker and Sir Leslie Stephen;
+Medicine and Surgery in the same honour conferred upon Sir Halliday
+Croom, Sir Thomas Fraser, Sir H. G. Howse and Sir William Church;
+Science in the person of Sir Arthur Rucker; Music in that of Sir Charles
+Villiers Stanford; Architecture in that of Sir William Emerson; the
+Stage in that of Sir Charles Wyndham, The Colonies were amply honoured.
+Australia saw knighthoods bestowed upon Sir E. A. Stone, Sir J. L.
+Stirling, Sir Henry McLaurin, Sir A. J. Peacock, Sir Arthur Rutledge,
+Sir John See, Sir A. Thorpe-Douglas, Sir N. E. Lewis. In New Zealand,
+Captain Sir W. Russell-Russell and Sir J. L. Campbell received their
+knighthoods. Sir John Gordon Sprigg of Cape Colony, received a G.C.M.G.,
+as did Sir Edmund Barton of Australia. In Canada, Sir D. H. McMillan,
+Sir F. W. Borden and Sir William Mulock received the K.C.M.G. The King
+also announced the establishment of a new Order of Merit, restricted in
+numbers and for the purpose of special Royal recognition of
+distinguished and exceptional merit in the Army and Navy services, and
+in Art, Science and Literature. The first list of members included Lord
+Roberts, Lord Wolseley, Lord Kitchener, Lord Rayleigh, Lord Lister, Lord
+Kelvin, Admiral Sir Henry Keppel, Mr. John Morley, Mr. W. E. H. Lecky,
+Admiral Sir E. H. Seymour, Sir William Huggins and Mr. George Frederick
+Watts.
+
+A very important event connected with the Coronation--though not exactly
+a part of it--and which proceeded in spite of the King's illness, at his
+earnest desire, was the Colonial Conference composed of General Lord
+Grenfell, Sir J. W. Ridgeway, Sir W. J. Sendall and Sir William McGregor
+representing the lesser Colonies, Protectorates and Military posts and
+the Premiers of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Natal, Cape Colony and
+Newfoundland. It was called by Mr. Chamberlain, largely as a result of
+so many Colonial leaders being in London at this time, and partly
+because of negotiations between Australia and Canada looking to a
+discussion during the Coronation period of such questions as trade
+relations between the Commonwealth and the Dominion, the establishment
+of a fast mail service, the organization of a better steamship service
+between Canada and Australia, the establishment of a line of steamers
+from Australia to Canada _via_ South Africa, and the position of the
+Pacific Cable scheme. The Conference met a few days after the King's
+illness was announced and proceeded to discuss these and other questions
+in secret session during the next few weeks.
+
+A great many of the functions surrounding and forming part of the
+Coronation festivities took place during the period immediately
+following the Coronation day, which was to have been, and these
+increased in number and brilliancy as the days of actual danger passed
+away. On June 26th it was determined not to disappoint the twelve
+hundred children from Orphanages and Homes who had been looking forward
+for many weeks to an entertainment promised them by the Prince and
+Princess of Wales in Marlborough House grounds. They were according
+received on that day and another twelve hundred on the succeeding day,
+and enjoyed their feasts and games to the uttermost. On July 1st, amid
+perfect weather, immense and enthusiastic crowds and in the presence of
+Queen Alexandra and the Prince and Princess of Wales, a parade of
+Colonial troops took place at the Horse Guards. The route was lined by
+Regular troops and the Colonial force of about two thousand men was
+headed by General Sir Henry Trotter and the Canadian Contingent. The
+Duke of Connaught commanded the whole and was supported by a brilliant
+staff.
+
+The Queen came first on the review ground accompanied by many members of
+the Royal family, and soon afterwards there appeared a glittering
+cavalcade headed by the Prince of Wales in general's uniform. With him
+were Lord Roberts, Commander-in-Chief, the Duke d'Aosta, the Crown
+Princes of Denmark, Greece, Sweden and Roumania, the Grand Duke of
+Hesse, Prince Nicholas and Prince Andrew of Greece, the Duke of
+Saxe-Coburg, Prince Akihitu Komatsu of Japan, Prince Christian and
+Prince Albert of Schleswig-Holstein and two Indian Princes. After the
+inspection the Prince of Wales personally conferred the Distinguished
+Service Order, the Victoria Cross, the Companionship of the Bath and the
+Distinguished Conduct Medal upon a number of Colonial officers and men
+who had won them in the South African War. The parade followed and men
+from Canada and Australia, New Zealand, Cape Colony and Natal, Ceylon,
+Cyprus and many other parts of the British world filed past the Queen
+and the Heir Apparent--special cheers greeting the gallant Sir Edward
+Brabant of Cape Colony. Well might the _Times_ in its description
+express the keen regret of all at the absence of the King, and then add:
+"Perhaps never in the whole history of the world has there been such a
+display of Empire power as was witnessed yesterday. Here we had men of
+every colour, creed, denomination and descent, all answering to the same
+word of command, all performing the same manoeuvre, all animated with
+the single object of paying homage to the head of the greatest Empire
+the world has ever seen."
+
+Meanwhile, on June 30th, some fifteen hundred Colonial officers and men
+and one thousand Indian troops had embarked on special transports to see
+the great fleet at Spithead and to obtain an insight into that mighty
+naval power of England which the Coronation review was to have brought
+before the world once more. In the evening a multitude of bon-fires
+around the Kingdom, intended to celebrate the Coronation, were fired to
+mark the King's having passed the danger-point in his illness, and they
+afforded a most weird and striking effect. On the evening of July 1st a
+number of important festivities took place. At the Inner Temple the
+Colonial Premiers and distinguished visitors were banquetted. Amongst
+the guests were the Lord Chancellor, Mr. Chamberlain, Lord Cross, Lord
+Davy, Lord Macnaghten, Lord Lindley, Lord Knutsford, Lord Robertson, and
+Sir Edmund Barton of Australia, Sir John Forrest of Australia, Sir
+Robert Bond of Newfoundland, Sir Albert Hime of Natal, Sir West
+Ridgeway, General Sir Francis Grenfell, Sir W. J. Sendall, Sir John
+Carrington, Sir William MacGregor, Sir Julian Salomons, Mr. Justice
+Girouard of Canada, the Hon. Arthur Peters and Hon. F. W. G. Haultain.
+The Premiers of Australia, Newfoundland and Natal spoke and paid loyal
+tributes to the King and the Empire. In his speech Mr. Chamberlain
+referred to Sir Albert Hime's statement that the Colonies would be glad
+to join the Councils of the Motherland. "If that be their feeling, I
+say--and I know I speak the view of the whole of the people of Great
+Britain--we shall welcome them. They have enjoyed all the privileges of
+the Empire; if they are now willing to take upon themselves their share
+of its responsibilities and its burdens we shall be only too glad of
+their support." The Canadian Dinner, to celebrate Dominion Day, was held
+the same evening; as was Lady Lansdowne's Reception. At the
+first-mentioned event, the speakers included Lord Strathcona, Sir
+Charles Tupper, the Hon. G. W. Ross, the Earl of Dundonald, Sir F. W.
+Borden, the Earl of Minto, the Duke of Argyll, Sir W. Mulock and Mr.
+Seddon.
+
+
+ROYAL AND COLONIAL FUNCTIONS
+
+Lady Lansdowne's function was given in the magnificent drawing-rooms of
+Lansdowne House in honour of the special Envoys to the Coronation and
+the Colonial and Indian guests of the King. Nearly all the Colonial
+Premiers were present at some period during the evening and the Crown
+Princes of Roumania, Sweden, Japan and Siam, Mgr. Merry del Val, King
+Lewanika, the Duke and Duchess d'Aosta, the Maharajahs of Gwalior,
+Jaipur, Kolapore, Bikanur, and Kuch Behar, Sir Pertab Singh, and Mr. and
+Mrs. Whitelaw Reid. The Ambassadors of France, Austria, Turkey, Spain,
+United States, Germany, Persia, Belgium and half the countries in the
+world were also in attendance on what had been originally intended to be
+a reception by the Foreign Secretary and his wife in honour of the
+Coronation. After the Dominion Day banquet Lord Strathcona also held a
+Reception in Piccadilly attended by a great gathering of Canadian and
+other Colonial celebrities.
+
+The Review of the Indian Coronation Contingent on July 2nd by the Queen
+and the Prince of Wales was a brilliant spectacle, the enthusiasm of the
+reception accorded the members of the Royal family as great as on the
+preceding day, the massed crowds even larger than on that occasion, the
+kaleidoscopic colour and glittering splendour of the scene even more
+marked. The ordinary incidents of the parade were much the same as in
+that of the day before but British officers from British countries were
+superseded by a staff of native Princes blazing with gems, while the
+white soldier in ordinary British uniform, with only an occasional
+contingent of Houssas, or Fiji troops, or some other dark-coloured
+Colonial subjects, were replaced by an Oriental combination of varied
+uniform and complex colours. They numbered twelve hundred strong and the
+Eastern side of the display was one which the stricken King--deeply
+sensitive to the Imperial significance of the Coronation as he
+was--would have greatly appreciated and understood. The _Times_
+description was an eloquent one: "To those sitting in the stands it
+appeared as if a great rich ornamental carpet of kaleidoscopic colour
+had been suddenly unrolled across the gravel of the parade-ground; a
+line of dazzling tints, before which the impressive grandeur of
+Household uniforms with attendant cuirasses, bear-skins, scarlet and
+bullion, dwarfed into insignificance. The front of the Asiatic line was
+crested with fluttering lance pennons, and beneath these flags were
+stalwart frames in vermillion, rich orange, purple-drab, French-grey,
+and gold-tipped navy-blue, dressed shoulder to shoulder, making a nether
+border of snow-white or orange breeching."
+
+One after another the representatives of famous Indian regiments passed
+by and no Roman Emperor, or conqueror of old, ever had such a triumphal
+gathering in victorious procession through his ancient capital as this
+which passed the windows of the room where the Emperor-King lay slowly
+verging toward recovery. Finally, they had all passed--Rajpoot, Sikh,
+Pathan, Afridi, Jat, Hazura, Gurkha, Dogra, Multani, Madrassee, Baluchi,
+Dekani--and, after a great cheer for the Emperor of India and to the
+strains of the National Anthem and personal cheering of another kind,
+the Queen and Princess of Wales drove from the grounds followed by the
+Prince and the rest of the Royal family.
+
+In the evening a ball was held at the Crystal Palace, the proceeds of
+which were to go to King Edward's Hospital Fund, as a sort of Coronation
+tribute to His Majesty's well-known interest in this subject. The
+function, which had been managed by Mrs. Arthur Paget, Lady Maud
+Wilbraham and others was a great success. During the same day Mr. W. H.
+Grenfell M.P. entertained the Colonial Premiers and visitors, on behalf
+of the British Empire League, at a water-party on the Thames and a
+luncheon at Taplow Court. The King's Dinner to the poor people of London
+took place on July 5th and constituted probably the most remarkable
+event of the kind in all history. A statistician estimated that six
+hundred thousand persons sat down at ninety miles of tables served by
+eighty thousand voluntary waiters. The cost of the occasion was about
+_L_30,000 and how the guests enjoyed their substantial meal of meat,
+potatoes, bread, cheese, pudding, beer, lime-juice, chocolate,
+cigarettes and tobacco can be better imagined than stated. There were
+eight hundred separate feasts and eighteen thousand people entertaining
+the guests while thirteen members of the Royal family devoted themselves
+to representing the King and giving the pleasure of their presence to
+the crowded and happy multitudes.
+
+The day was beautiful, the arrangements, which had been so largely in
+the hands of Sir Thomas Lipton, were excellent, and the assistance
+abundant. The Coronation mugs gave tremendous pleasure and it would be a
+problem in psychology to say why the mere sight of Royalty should give
+the intense satisfaction which it unquestionably afforded the
+crowds--especially the women. Decorations were everywhere and the Prince
+and Princess of Wales drove in semi-state all through East London. The
+final climax to the day was the physicians' announcement from the
+Palace that the King was out of danger. Princess Christian, the Duke and
+Duchess of Connaught, the Duke and Duchess of Fife, the Prince and
+Princess Charles of Denmark, the Duchess of Albany, the Duke and Duchess
+of Argyll did more than their duty in visiting the various points and
+giving the feasters a glimpse of those who represented, even indirectly,
+their Royal host. On the following day Lord Knollys wrote the Lord
+Mayor, by command of the King, expressing the greatest satisfaction at
+the success of the affair and at the energy, foresight and skill
+displayed by those who had taken it in hand. "I am further commanded",
+he wrote, "to repeat how sincerely His Majesty regretted his inability
+to be present at any of his dinners and how deeply also he has been
+touched by the loyal and kind feeling so universally displayed when the
+bulletin of yesterday morning was read at the various dining-places."
+
+On the following day and at various times and places in the succeeding
+weeks the Queen entertained thousands of young servants at tea. Mayors
+and other officials or prominent persons presided, and each guest, after
+listening to a musical programme, was sent away happy with a box of
+chocolate bearing Queen Alexandra's portrait in colours. A function of a
+different character was the great state dinner given by the Prince and
+Princess of Wales at St. James's Palace on July 8th in honour of the
+Colonial guests and visitors. The leading members of the suite during
+the late Empire tour were present together with the Countess of
+Hopetoun, the Earl and Countess of Onslow, the Earl and Countess of
+Minto, the Lord and Lady Lamington, the Lord and Lady Strathcona, Mrs.
+Chamberlain, Sir Wilfrid and Lady Laurier, Sir Edmund and Lady Barton,
+Mr. Seddon, Sir Gordon and Miss Sprigg, Sir Albert and Miss Hime, Sir R.
+Bond, Sir John and Lady Forrest, General Sir Edward Brabant, Sir W.
+Mulock, the Hon. Mr. Fielding and Hon. Mr. Paterson. During this week
+the Countess of Jersey gave three garden parties at Osterley Park in
+honour of the visitors, and Lady Howard de Walden entertained the
+Colonial and Indian dignitaries at a reception and concert on July 7th.
+Three days later the Queen opened the Imperial Coronation Bazaar which
+was held on behalf of the Ormonde St. Hospital for Sick Children. Her
+Majesty was accompanied by Princess Victoria, the Duke and Duchess of
+Connaught, the Princess Christian and other members of the Royal family,
+and the occasion was successful despite a storm of wind and rain. In the
+evening the Prince and Princess of Wales held a Reception of some nine
+hundred more or less distinguished people at St. James's Palace in
+honour of the Colonial visitors. Most of the members of the Royal family
+were present as well as Royal representatives of Roumania, Denmark,
+Greece and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and the Colonial Premiers and other
+officials or visitors from the outside Empire. It was a really brilliant
+function, delightful in its surroundings, decorations and illuminations,
+and elaborate in its final incident of supper. On the preceding day a
+detachment of troops from Australia and New Zealand, under arrangements
+made by Lord Carrington and the Duke of Argyll, visited Windsor Castle
+and were given luncheon in the town with the former nobleman as host.
+About the same time twelve thousand Kensington school-children were
+entertained under the auspices of Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll,
+and revelled in a pleasure such as had perhaps never come before to the
+most of them.
+
+There were various functions and incidents of interest in the second
+week following the postponed Coronation. One of the most picturesque
+scenes ever witnessed in London occurred on July 3rd, when the Fijian
+soldiers, who had come to the Empire capital for the great event, were
+being driven around the city. On reaching Buckingham Palace they
+expressed a wish to sing an intercessory hymn for the King. With their
+bare heads, legs and feet, their long and frizzy hair, their white
+cotton skirts and quaint tunics, they made a most unique appearance as
+they turned toward the Palace and chanted words of which the following
+is a rough translation:
+
+    "The King is great, and noble, and good.
+    May he find favour in the sight of the Ruler of Kings;
+    May he wax strong and stay the tears of us all, for his people are sad.
+    Mighty is the King and his people shall be glad."
+
+Other parties of West African and Indian troops were driven up and
+cheered the bare walls of the Palace with fervour. The Duke of
+Connaught, and afterwards the Duke of Cambridge, visited the Indian
+troops at Hampton Court. On July 9th, Colonel Lord Binning and the
+officers and men of the Royal Horse Guards provided an entertainment for
+the Colonial contingents at the Albany Barracks. Entertainments for the
+Colonial Premiers were almost continuous. The Duke and Duchess of
+Westminster gave an afternoon party in their honour at Grosvenor House;
+Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach gave a garden party at the official residence of
+the Chancellor of the Exchequer; parties of the King's Indian guests
+were taken at different times by Lord Esher and Lord Churchill to see
+Windsor Castle; Sir Gilbert Parker gave a dinner in honour of the
+Premiers of Australia and Canada; Lady Wimborne gave a dinner and
+reception for the Colonial Premiers; the Constitutional Club on July 7th
+entertained the guests from the Colonies at a banquet presided over by
+the Duke of Marlborough. Sir Wilfrid Laurier, in the course of his
+speech, made a notable declaration: "The bond of the British Empire, let
+me tell you this my fellow-countrymen, and accept it from a man not of
+your own race, the bond of union of the British Empire is allegiance to
+the King without distinction of race or colour." The Primrose League in
+London entertained the visiting Premiers at a banquet; and the
+Fishmonger's Company did the same. An interesting incident was the visit
+of Mr. R. J. Seddon, Premier of New Zealand, and his wife and daughters
+to Windsor Castle whence, on July 3rd, they were driven to Frogmore
+Mausoleum and placed a wreath of lilies and rosebuds on the tomb of the
+Queen and on behalf of the people of New Zealand.
+
+The Empire Coronation banquet was the great event of these weeks in the
+way of dining and speaking, although Mr. Chamberlain's unfortunate
+accident and absence created a serious void. The Earl of Onslow
+presided, and amongst the speakers were Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the
+Maharajah of Kolapore, Sir Gordon Sprigg and Sir Edmund Barton. Earl
+Cromer and Lord Lansdowne, Lord Minto, Lord Kelvin and the Maharajahs of
+Bikanur and Cooch-Behar were also present together with a distinguished
+array of Colonial dignitaries.
+
+An event of historic importance occurred on July 11th when the Marquess
+of Salisbury waited upon the King and tendered his resignation of the
+post of Prime Minister. The fact that His Majesty was able to receive
+him and deal with the questions involved also served to indicate his
+progress toward recovery. Mr. A. J. Balfour was at once sent for and,
+after an interview with Mr. Chamberlain, accepted the task of forming a
+new Ministry. It had been pretty well understood that Lord Salisbury
+intended to resign when peace had come and the Coronation ceremonies
+were disposed of. Delay had naturally occurred owing to the King's
+illness, but His Majesty's progress toward recovery and the fact of the
+principal Coronation functions having been disposed of--outside of the
+event itself--induced the Premier to feel that he could now lay down his
+burdensome position. Mr. Balfour was received again by the King on July
+12th and a little later in the day General Lord Kitchener, after passing
+in triumphal procession through the streets of London on his return from
+South Africa, was also admitted into audience by the King and
+personally decorated from his couch with the special Coronation
+honour--the new Order of Merit. Lord Kitchener then dined with the
+Prince of Wales, as representing His Majesty, at St. James's Palace.
+
+Meanwhile, the King had been winning golden opinions from all sorts and
+conditions of men. His plucky conduct at the beginning of the illness,
+his thoughtful consideration for others through every stage of its
+continuance, his evidently strong place in the hearts of his subjects,
+combined to increase the personal popularity of the Sovereign at home
+while enhancing or promoting respect for him abroad. As the New York
+_Tribune_ put it on the day before the Coronation: "The King is showing
+himself 'every inch a King' in some of those respects which are most
+prized and cherished by all men of his race, and which unfailingly
+command admiration among all men and all races. Those are the qualities
+of unselfishness, and indomitable and uncomplaining pluck." He had
+struggled long and earnestly against the malady--not for his own sake,
+because safety and ease would have early been found in surrender to its
+natural course. When that became finally necessary, and recovery then
+succeeded the period of suspense, his whole desire seemed to be the
+re-assuring of the popular mind and the relieving of public
+inconvenience. On August 6th the King and Queen Alexandra had landed at
+Portsmouth from the Royal yacht and proceeded to London. The stations
+were profusely decorated, and dense crowds were awaiting their arrival
+in the capital. At the Metropolitan station the King walked easily to
+the end of the platform and to his carriage, helped the Queen to enter,
+and followed himself without any apparent difficulty. The route to
+Buckingham Palace was lined with great throngs of people, and His
+Majesty acknowledged the continuous cheering with a most cheerful
+expression and by frequently raising his hat. He was described as
+looking better than for a long time past--while the Queen appeared
+positively radiant. On the evening of August 8th, the King issued an
+autograph message of thanks and appreciation to the nation, through the
+Home Secretary, couched in the following terms:
+
+     "To My People:--On the eve of my Coronation, an event which I look
+     upon as one of the most solemn and most important in my life, I am
+     anxious to express to my people at home and in the Colonies and
+     India, my heartfelt appreciation of the deep sympathy they have
+     manifested towards me during the time my life was in such imminent
+     danger.
+
+     "The postponement of the ceremony, owing to my illness, caused, I
+     fear, much inconvenience and trouble to all those who intended to
+     celebrate it, but their disappointment was borne by them with
+     admirable patience and temper.
+
+     "The prayers of my people for my recovery were heard, and I now
+     offer up my deepest gratitude to Divine Providence for having
+     preserved my life and given me strength to fulfil the important
+     duties which devolve upon me as Sovereign of this great Empire.
+
+     EDWARD R. I."
+
+While this tactful and sympathetic letter was being written by the
+Sovereign, his people in London were preparing for the great event of
+the morrow. The streets were crowded with moving masses of people; the
+decorations, though not as numerous or imposing as in June, were
+nevertheless effective; the streets were illuminated to a considerable
+extent, and the stands were nearly all sold out of their seating
+capacity. During the afternoon the King walked in the grounds of
+Buckingham Palace and held an Investiture, at which he gave the Order of
+the Garter to the Dukes of Wellington and Sutherland and of the Thistle
+to the Duke of Roxburghe and the Earl of Haddington. A little later, he
+received in audience Ras MaRonnen, the Abyssinian Envoy. Two interesting
+announcements were also made at this time--that Lord Salisbury was
+unwell and would be unable to attend the Coronation, and that Bramwell
+Booth had been granted special permission by the King to appear at
+Westminster Abbey in Salvation Army garb. The first incident marked the
+closing of an era of statecraft; of an age marked by the name and fame
+of Queen Victoria and her Ministers. The other illustrated the tact of
+the Sovereign as it proved the existence of a religious toleration and
+equality characteristic of the new period in which the new reign was
+commencing.
+
+On August 9th the great ceremony finally took place. Though shorn of
+some of the International splendour of the first arrangements and
+without some of the military and naval glory which would have then
+surrounded the event its Imperial significance was in some respects
+enhanced and there was a deeper note in the festivities and an even more
+enthusiastic tone in the cheering than would have been possible on the
+26th of June. The solemn ceremony in the ancient Abbey--which had not
+been used or opened to the public since that final practice of the
+choir--was brilliant in all the colours and shadings and dresses and
+gems and uniforms of a Royal function while it presented that other and
+more sacred side which all the traditions and forms of the Coronation
+ceremony so clearly illustrate. The enthusiasm of the people in the
+streets can hardly be described but the spirit and thought and feeling
+were well summed up in the words of a Canadian poet--Jean Blewett:
+
+    "Long live the King!
+    Long live the King who hath for his own
+    The strongest sceptre the world has known,
+    The richest Crown and the highest Throne,
+    The staunchest hearts, and the heritage
+    Of a glorious past, whose every page
+    Reads--loyalty, greatness, valour, might."
+
+The day opened with brilliant promise and bright sunshine, but became
+overcast and gloomy by the time the Royal progress from the Palace had
+commenced. The crowds gathered early, and soon every seat in the many
+stands were filled with expectant and interested people who numbered in
+the end fully half a million. Picked troops, chiefly Household Cavalry
+and Colonial and Indian soldiers of the King, to the number of 30,000,
+guarded the route, with a picturesque line of white, black, brown and
+yellow men of many countries and varied uniforms. When the King and
+Queen appeared in their gorgeous state coach from out the gates of
+Buckingham Palace they were greeted with tremendous cheers from the
+multitude, and these cheers continued all along the way to the Abbey. In
+the Royal procession were the Prince and Princess of Wales with
+thirty-one other members of the Royal family. The Princess was beautiful
+in a long Court mantle of purple velvet trimmed with bands of gold and a
+minever cape fastened with hooks of gold over a dress of white satin
+embroidered in gold and jewelled with diamonds and pearls. Then followed
+Lord Knollys and Lord Wolseley and Admiral Seymour, Lord Kitchener and
+General Gaselee and Lord Roberts, with many other notabilities. The
+Indian Maharajahs, who acted as Aides-de-Camp to the King, were
+brilliant in red and white and brown and blue and gold and jewels.
+Immediately in front of the King was the Royal escort of Princes and
+Equerries with a body of Colonial and Indian troops. The arrival at the
+Abbey was marked by great enthusiasm in the massed multitudes
+surrounding the famous building and seated in the crimson-covered stands
+which had been built on every side.
+
+The scene in the interior was indescribable. The blend of many colours
+in costume mixed with the time-mellowed harmonies of shade and substance
+in the mighty structure, while the air was permeated with the solemn
+sounds of the recently sung Litany and the slowly pealing bells of loyal
+welcome. Around were the greatest men and noblest and most beautiful
+women of Great Britain, and in the stalls was a veritable roll-call of
+fame in a world-wide Empire. Lord Salisbury was practically the only
+British personage of historic repute who was not present while the
+veteran Duke of Cambridge appeared as one of the two living links
+present between the Coronation which had marked the beginning of the
+Victorian era and that which was now to illustrate the birth of a new
+period. Into this scene of splendour and revel of colour came the King
+and the state officials of his realm.
+
+The procession as it passed from the west door of the Abbey through the
+standing and brilliantly-garbed gathering was one of the most stately
+spectacles recorded in history. First came the Clergy of the Abbey in
+copes of brown shot with gold, the Archbishops in purple velvet and
+gold, the gorgeously-clad officers of the Orders of Knighthood, and the
+Heralds. Then came the Standard of Ireland, carried by the Right Hon.
+O'Conor Don, the Standard of Scotland by Mr. H. S. Wedderburn, the
+Standard of England by Mr. F. S. Dymoke and the Union Standard borne by
+the Duke of Wellington. Various great officials and nobles followed, the
+coronet of each borne by a beautifully dressed page. They included the
+Lord Privy Seal, the Lord President of the Council the Lord Chancellor
+of Ireland, the Lord Archbishop of York, the Lord High Chancellor, the
+Lord Archbishop of Canterbury. Then came the Earl of Gosford as Lord
+Chamberlain, Lord Harris carrying the Queen's regalia and the Duke of
+Roxburghe carrying Her Majesty's Crown. The Queen herself followed in
+robes of exquisite character and splendour and looking as only the most
+beautiful woman in England could look. On either side of her were the
+Bishops of Oxford and Norwich with five gentlemen-at-arms to the right
+and left of them and Her Majesty's train was borne by the Duchess of
+Buccleuch assisted by eight youthful personages of title or heirship to
+aristocratic position. The Ladies of the Bedchamber followed and then
+came the King's regalia, carried by the Earl of Carrington, the Duke of
+Argyll, the Earl of Loudoun, Lord Grey de Ruthven, Viscount Wolseley,
+the Duke of Grafton and Earl Roberts.
+
+The next personage in this splendid procession of rich-robed noblemen
+and gorgeously-clad officials was the Lord Mayor of London and then came
+the Marquess of Cholmondeley, as Lord Great Chamberlain, the Duke of
+Abercorn as High Constable of Ireland, the Earl of Erroll as High
+Constable of Scotland, the Earl of Shrewsbury as Lord High Steward of
+Ireland, the Earl of Crawford as Lord High Steward of Scotland (Deputy
+to the Duke of Rothesay and Prince of Wales), the Duke of Norfolk as
+Earl Marshal of England, the Marquess of Londonderry carrying the Sword
+of State, and the Duke of Fife as Lord High Constable of England.
+Following these high officers of state came central figures in the
+procession--the Duke of Marlborough as Lord High Steward carrying St.
+Edward's ancient Crown, the Earl of Lucan carrying the Sceptre, and the
+Duke of Somerset bearing the Orb. The Bishop of Ely followed bearing the
+Patina, the Bishop of Winchester bearing the Chalice, the Bishop of
+London carrying the Bible and then, behind him came the Sovereign of the
+mighty little Islands and of an Empire girdling the world in power and
+wealth and service to civilization.
+
+His Majesty was clad in Royal crimson robes of state and wore the Order
+of the Garter. His train was borne by the Earl of Portarlington, the
+Duke of Leinster, the Marquess Conyngham, the Earl of Caledon and Lord
+Somers, with Viscount Torrington and Hon. P. A. Spencer, as Pages of
+Honour and Lord Suffield, Master of the Robes. On either side of the
+King walked the Bishop of Bath and Wells and the Bishop of Durham and
+beside them again ten gentlemen-at-arms. Following the bearers of the
+Royal train came Admiral Sir Michael Culme-Seymour, the Duke of
+Portland, General Lord Chelmsford, the Duke of Buccleuch, Earl
+Waldgrave, Lord Belper, various Lords-in-Waiting, Lord Knollys, Sir D.
+M. Probyn and Major-General Sir Arthur Ellis.
+
+The services and ceremonies in the Abbey were beautiful and impressive
+in the extreme. Enriched with a thousand years' traditions, moulded upon
+ancient forms of a sacred and essentially religious character,
+symbolizing and expressing a solemn compact between the Sovereign and
+his subjects, registering by forms of popular acceptance, homage and
+ecclesiastical ritual the final consecration of the King to the
+government of his nation, it was a ceremony of exceeding solemnity as
+well as of impressive splendour. The great Abbey had been transformed by
+tier above tier of seats, covered with blue and yellow velvet, and so
+arranged as to form one dazzling mass of brightness and colour when
+filled with the peers in their gorgeous robes and peeresses in their
+crimson velvet mantles, ermine capes and beautiful gowns. As the King
+and Queen entered the Abbey on this eventful day and moved toward their
+chairs the choir of trained voices sang with exquisite feeling and sound
+the anthem: "I was glad when they said unto me, we will go into the
+house of the Lord." The King at different times during the ceremonies
+was clad in vestments combining an ecclessiastical character with Royal
+magnificence. The dalmatic was a robe of cloth of gold, the stole was
+lined with crimson cloth and richly embroidered, the alb, or sleeveless
+tunic of fine cambric, was trimmed with beautiful lace. The whole effect
+was one of harmonized colour and splendour.
+
+After brief prayer, kneeling on faldstools in front of their chairs, the
+King and Queen took their seats and then the Archbishop of Canterbury
+turned north, south, east and west and, while the King stood, he said to
+the people: "Sirs, I here present unto you King Edward, the undoubted
+King of this Realm; wherefore all you who have come this day to do your
+homage, are you willing to do the same?" Ringing acclamations of "God
+save the King," to the sound of trumpets strongly blown, greeted this
+part of the ceremony. The Bible, Patina, Chalice and Regalia were then
+borne to the Altar, and the Communion service of the Church of England
+proceeded with. Then followed the taking of the Coronation Oath, the
+Archbishop of Canterbury first asking His Majesty if he was willing to
+do so and receiving an affirmative reply. The questions and answers were
+as follows, the King holding a Bible in his hands:
+
+     _Archbishop._ Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the
+     people of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the
+     Dominions thereto belonging, according to the statutes in
+     Parliament agreed on and the respective laws and customs of the
+     same?
+
+     _The King._ I solemnly promise to do so.
+
+     _Archbishop._ Will you to your power cause law and justice, in
+     mercy, to be executed in all your judgments?
+
+     _The King._ I will.
+
+     _Archbishop._ Will you to the utmost of your power maintain the
+     laws of God, the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant
+     Reformed religion established by law? And will you maintain and
+     preserve inviolably the Settlement of the Church of England and the
+     doctrine, worship, discipline and government thereof as by law
+     established in England? And will you preserve unto the Bishops and
+     Clergy of England and to the Church therein committed to their
+     charge, all such rights and privileges as by law do, or shall
+     appertain to them or any of them?
+
+     _The King._ All this I promise to do.
+
+His Majesty, when he had said these words passed to the Altar, knelt
+down and with his hand on the Bible said: "The things which I have here
+before promised I will perform and keep. So help me God." After signing
+the Oath the King returned to his chair. A hymn, a prayer by the
+Archbishop and an anthem followed. Meanwhile His Majesty, after being
+relieved of his crimson robes by the Lord Great Chamberlain and of his
+cap of state, proceeded to King Edward's Chair, near the Altar and, and
+while four Knights of the Garter in their magnificent robes and
+insignia--the Earl of Rosebery, Earl of Derby, Earl of Cadogan and Earl
+Spencer--held over him a Pall of golden Silk, the Archbishop, assisted
+by the Dean of Westminster, anointed him with holy oil on the crown of
+the head, on his breast and on his hands. His Grace of Canterbury
+concluded this part of the ceremony with the words: "And as Solomon was
+anointed King by Zadok the Priest and Nathan the Prophet, so be you
+anointed, blessed and consecrated King over this People whom the Lord
+your God hath given you to rule and govern. In the name of the Father,
+and the Son and the Holy Ghost, Amen." The King, after a brief prayer by
+the Archbishop then resumed his place in King Edward's Chair and was
+robed by the Dean of Westminster with cloth of gold and symbolic girdle.
+
+
+INCIDENTS OF THE CEREMONY
+
+Various typical or symbolic functions were then performed. The Lord
+Great Chamberlain touched the King's feet with a pair of golden spurs as
+constituting the ancient emblems of Knighthood; a Sword of State, with
+scabbard of purple velvet, was then handed with elaborate ceremony to
+the Archbishop who, after placing it upon the Altar and delivering a
+short prayer proffered it to His Majesty about whom it was girt by the
+Lord Great Chamberlain, His Grace of Canterbury giving the following
+injunction: "With this sword do justice, stop the growth of iniquity,
+protect the Holy Church of God, help and defend widows and orphans,
+restore the things that are going to decay, maintain the things that are
+restored, furnish and reform what is amiss and confirm what is in good
+order; that by doing these things you may be glorious in all virtue; and
+so faithfully serve our Lord Jesus Christ in this life that you may
+reign for ever with him in the life that is to come." The King then
+placed the Sword upon the Altar from which it was presently taken and
+held drawn from the scabbard before him during the rest of the
+ceremony. The Dean of Westminster then invested His Majesty with the
+Armilla, or gold bracelets, and with the Imperial mantle of cloth of
+gold, while the Archbishop presented the Orb of Empire--a golden ball,
+made originally for Charles II. with a band covered with gems and a
+cross set in brilliants. As he did so His Grace said: "Receive this
+Imperial Robe and Orb; and the Lord your God endow you with knowledge
+and wisdom, with majesty and with power from on high; the Lord clothe
+you with the robe of righteousness and with the garments of salvation."
+
+The next incident was the placing of a gold ring--carried off by James
+II. in his flight, and afterwards recovered in Rome by George IV.--upon
+the fourth finger of the King's right hand with an Episcopal injunction
+to receive the ring as "the ensign of kingly dignity and of defence of
+the Catholic faith." Then came the presentation of the Sceptre by the
+Archbishop as the ensign of kingly power and justice, and the rod of
+equity and mercy, while the Duke of Newcastle as Hereditary Lord of the
+Manor of Worksop, had the privilege or right of placing a glove upon the
+King's hand. Following this came the central and most dramatic feature
+of the ceremonies--the placing of the Crown upon His Majesty's head by
+the Archbishop of Canterbury. As the action was performed the venerable
+Abbey shook with the acclamation of "God Save the King" while the
+trumpets blared and the scene, already brilliant with varied splendours,
+flashed in added beauty when the Peers and Peeresses put on their
+glittering coronets. A brief prayer and the presentation of a copy of
+the Bible by the Archbishop followed with a benediction ending in the
+words: "The Lord give you a fruitful country and healthful seasons;
+victorious fleets and armies and a quiet Empire; a faithful Senate, wise
+and upright Counsellors and magistrates, a loyal nobility and dutiful
+gentry; a pious and learned and useful Clergy; an honest, industrious
+and obedient community."
+
+After the _Te Deum_ was sung by the choir, His Majesty for the first
+time took his place upon the Throne surrounded by the leading officials,
+nobles and clergy, and listened to a brief exordium from the Archbishop,
+ending with the hope that God would "establish your Throne in
+righteousness that it may stand fast for evermore." Then came the
+impressive ceremony of Homage. First the Archbishop of Canterbury,
+kneeling in front of His Majesty with all the Bishops in their places,
+repeated an oath of allegiance. Then the Prince of Wales, taking off his
+coronet, knelt in front of the King and the other Princes of the blood
+royal knelt in their places and repeated the quaint mediaeval formula in
+which they swore "to become your liege man of life and limb and of
+earthly worship, and faith and truth I will bear unto you, to live and
+die against all manner of Folks." At this point occurred an abbreviation
+of the ceremony as well as an _impromptu_ change in the proceedings. As
+the Prince rose from his knees touched the Crown on his father's head
+and kissed his left cheek in the the formal manner prescribed, the King
+rose, threw his arms round his son's neck for a moment and then took his
+hand and shook it warmly. After the homage of the Heir Apparent each
+Peer of the realm should have followed the traditionary form in the
+order of his rank and touched the Crown and kissed the King's cheek.
+This was modified, however, so as to enable each grade of the nobility
+to perform the function through its representative of oldest patent--the
+Duke of Norfolk, the Marquess of Winchester, the Earl of Shrewsbury, the
+Viscount Hereford and the Baron de Ros. After this had been done the
+trumpets once more sounded their acclaims and the audience joined in
+shouting "God save King Edward."
+
+A short but stately ceremony of crowning the Queen then followed. The
+Archbishop of York officiated and four Peeresses upheld the Cloth of
+Gold over Her Majesty as she was anointed upon the head. A ring was
+placed upon her finger with a brief prayer, and a sceptre in her hand
+with the following words: "Grant unto this thy servant Alexandra, our
+Queen, that by the powerful and mild influence of her piety and virtue,
+she may adorn the high dignity which she hath obtained, through Jesus
+Christ our Lord." Her Majesty was then escorted from the Altar to her
+own Throne, bowing reverently to the King as she passed him to take her
+place.
+
+The King and Queen then passed to the Altar together, taking off their
+Crowns and kneeling on faldstools and His Majesty formally offered the
+Sacrament of Communion to the Archbishop. After thus indicating his
+headship of the National Church, the King returned with his Consort to
+their chairs and listened to some brief prayers. Thence they returned to
+the Altar, received Communion from the Archbishop of Canterbury and then
+passed into the Chapel of Edward the Confessor accompanied by a stately
+procession. There they were arrayed in Royal robes of purple and velvet,
+in place of the mantels previously worn, and passed with slow and
+stately dignity down the nave, out to their carriage and thence through
+masses of cheering people to Buckingham Palace.
+
+There were several incidents in connection with the Coronation
+ceremonies which deeply impressed the onlookers. One was the spontaneous
+and obvious sincerity of the King's affectionate greeting to his son.
+Another was the enfeebled condition of the aged Archbishop of
+Canterbury. With his massive frame, brilliant intellect, and piercing
+eyes Dr. Temple had lived a life of intense mental activity and
+religious zeal, but in these declining days the massive form had become
+bent and trembling, the memory and the eyes found difficulties in the
+solemn words of the service, and his shaking hands could hardly place
+the Crown upon the head of his King. But the latter's solicitude and
+anxious care to save the Primate any exertion, not absolutely essential,
+were marked and noticed by all that vast assemblage. The Royal patient
+was transformed, by kindly sympathy, into a guardian of the Archbishop's
+weakness. When tendering his homage as first of all the subjects of the
+King, the aged Primate almost fainted and was unable to rise from his
+knees until His Majesty assisted him. Prior to the actual Coronation,
+Mr. Edwin A. Abbey, R.A., who had been commissioned by the King to paint
+a picture of the historic scene, was allowed to take note of the
+surroundings. Another incident of the event was the presence of the
+Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz--placed by desire of Queen Alexandra in
+a seat at the exact spot which she had held during the Coronation of
+Queen Victoria.
+
+On the day following the great event a final bulletin was issued by Sir
+F. Laking and Sir F. Treves, which stated that "His Majesty bore the
+strain of the Coronation ceremony perfectly well, and experienced but
+little fatigue. The King has had a good night, and his condition is in
+every way satisfactory." Being Sunday, special services were held in the
+St. James's Chapel Royal, at St. Paul's Cathedral, in Marlborough House
+Chapel, and at St. Margaret's, Westminster. On Monday, a Royal message
+to the nation was made public through Mr. Balfour, the Prime Minister.
+Dated on Coronation Day, it described the Osborne House estate, on the
+Isle of Wight, as being the private property of the Sovereign, and
+expressed his wish to establish this once favourite residence of the
+late Queen as a National Convalescent Home for Officers of the Army and
+Navy--maintaining intact, however, the rooms which were in her late
+Majesty's personal occupation. "Having to spend a considerable part of
+the year in the capital of this Kingdom and in its neighbourhood, at
+Windsor, and having also strong home ties in the County of Norfolk,
+which have existed now for nearly forty years, the King feels he will
+be unable to make adequate use of Osborne House as a Royal residence,
+and he accordingly has determined to offer the property in the Isle of
+Wight as a gift to the nation." Following the Coronation came multitudes
+of editorial comments upon the event, and one of the most concise and
+expressive was that of the London _Times_: "The significance of the
+Coronation ceremony on Saturday lay in its profound sincerity, as a
+solemn compact between the Sovereign and his subjects, ratified by oath,
+and blessed by the highest dignitaries of the National Church. It was a
+covenant between a free people, accustomed for long centuries to be
+governed according to statutes in Parliament agreed on, and their
+hereditary King, and a supplication from both to God that the King may
+be endowed with all princely virtues in the exercise of his great
+office. Though the details of the ceremony do not mean to us all they
+meant to our forefathers, the ceremony itself is a no less strong and
+enduring bond between the King and subjects. The most striking feature
+of the Coronation was that it was the first to be attended by the
+statesmen of self-governing Colonies, and by the feudatory Princes of
+India."
+
+With the event also came an Ode from Mr. Alfred Austin, entitled "The
+Crowning of Kingship." On August 11th the King held a Council at
+Buckingham Palace, attended by the retiring and new members of the
+Cabinet; invested many distinguished personages with their Coronation
+honours; and gave an audience to Sir Joseph Dimsdale, Lord Mayor of
+London, who presented the City's Coronation gift of $575,000 toward the
+King Edward Hospital Fund, in which His Majesty had so long taken so
+deep an interest and to which, on this occasion, there was contributed
+20,000 penny donations from the poorest quarters of London.
+
+Various functions of a Coronation character or connection ensued. On
+August 12th some 2000 Colonial troops who were present at the event, in
+a representative capacity, from British dominions beyond the seas, were
+received by the King on the grounds of Buckingham Palace. Under the
+Royal canopy were the Queen and the children of the Prince of Wales, and
+in attendance were Earl Roberts, Lord Kitchener, Mr. Chamberlain and
+various Colonial Premiers, including Sir Wilfrid and Lady Laurier. After
+the march past, the King pinned a Victoria Cross on the breast of
+Sergeant Lawrence, and the Prince of Wales conferred Coronation medals
+upon the officers and men. His Majesty then addressed the troops as
+follows: "It has afforded me great pleasure to see you here to-day and
+to have the opportunity of expressing my high appreciation of your
+patriotism and the way you distinguished yourselves in South Africa. The
+services you have rendered the Mother-Country will never be forgotten by
+me, and they will, I am sure, cement more firmly than ever the union of
+our distant Colonies with the other parts of my great Empire."
+
+On the following day the Indian troops sent from the great Eastern realm
+to honour the Coronation of its Emperor were reviewed at the same place.
+His Majesty wore a jewelled sword which cost some $50,000, and had been
+presented to him on the previous day by the Maharajah of Jaipur. The
+scene was a most brilliant and picturesque one. The British notables
+present wore military or Levee dress; the great lawn of the Palace was a
+splendid spectacle in red, yellow, green and blue; the Eastern Princes
+were gorgeous in jewels and many-coloured raiment, and the little
+Princes Edward and Albert of Wales constituted themselves Aides of the
+King and brought several general officers up to have an audience. After
+the march past and the distribution of medals at the hands of the Prince
+of Wales, His Majesty addressed the troops in the following words: "I
+wish to convey to all ranks the high satisfaction it has given me to see
+this splendid contingent from India. I almost feared, owing to my
+serious illness, that I would be prevented from having the advantage of
+seeing you, but I am glad to say that by God's mercy I am well again. I
+recognize among you many of the regiments I had the advantage of seeing
+at Delhi during my tour of India." During the next few days various
+minor functions took place, and the Colonial leaders especially were
+feasted and entertained in every possible way.
+
+On August 17th the final event occurred in connection with the
+Coronation. It was the mighty greeting of a great fleet to the Sovereign
+of a wide-flung realm. It was the inspection of a naval force which a
+generation before could have dominated the seas of the world and put all
+civilized nations under tribute. Gathered together from the Home
+Station, the Channel squadron and the Cruising squadron; without the
+detachment of a ship from foreign waters or Colonial stations, it
+included 20 battleships, 24 cruisers and 47 torpedo crafts, with an
+outer fringe of foreign vessels contributed in complimentary fashion to
+honour the occasion. From Spithead to the Isle of Wight the horizon was
+black with great grim vessels of war decked out with flags, and as the
+King's yacht approached the first line of ships, a hundred Royal salutes
+made a tremendous burst of sound such as probably the greatest
+battle-fields of history had never heard. As the King, in Admiral's
+uniform, stood upon the deck of his vessel and passed slowly down the
+lines, a signal given at a certain moment evoked one of the most
+impressive incidents which even he had ever encountered--a simultaneous
+roar of cheers from the powerful throats of 50,000 enthusiastic sailors.
+The sound rolled from shore to shore, and ship to ship, was echoed from
+100,000 spectators on land and sea, and repeated again from the
+battleships. The King was deeply moved by this crowning tribute of
+loyalty, and at once signaled his gratification to the fleet and an
+invitation to its flag officers to come aboard his yacht and receive a
+personal expression of his feelings. In the evening electric and
+coloured lights of every kind and in countless number combined with
+flashing searchlights to illuminate the great fleet and to cast a
+glamour of fairy land over the splendid scene.
+
+Meanwhile, in the morning, His Majesty had received on board his yacht
+the celebrated Boer Generals, Botha, De Wet and De la Rey. Afterwards,
+in company with Lord Kitchener and Earl Roberts they had returned to
+London greatly pleased with the cordiality of their reception and
+especially gratified at the kind manner of Queen Alexandra. Following
+the official Naval Review, the King on the next day visited the fleet in
+a stormy sea and watched it go through certain manoeuvres of a
+practical kind before being dispersed to its different local stations.
+On his return to London he found the Shah of Persia a guest of the
+nation and awaiting formal reception at the hands of its Monarch. And
+thus King Edward took up again his unceasing round of duty and
+ceremonial and high responsibility. In the past year or two he had gone
+through every variety of emotional experience and official work and
+brilliant ceremony--his mother's death and the consequent mourning of a
+nation and empire; his own assumption of new and heavy duties; the
+special labours of an expectant period; the time of serious illness and
+the anxieties of complex responsibility to a world-wide public; the
+realization of his Coronation hopes; the change from an old to a new
+period stamped by the change in his national advisers and the presence
+of his Colonial Premiers. He now entered upon his further lifework, with
+chastened feelings in a personal sense but, it is safe to say, with high
+and brilliant hopes for the future of his own home country and its
+far-flung Empire.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+The Reign of King Edward
+
+
+The history of this reign--not long in years--is yet crowded with
+events, rich in national and Imperial developments, conspicuous in the
+importance of its discussions and international controversies. The first
+brief months, which have been already reviewed, saw the completion of
+the memorable Empire tour of the new Prince of Wales and the settling
+down of Australia to a life of national unity and progress; the
+conclusion of the South African War and the beginning of an
+extraordinary process of unification which was in a few years to evolve
+the Union of South Africa; the almost spectacular incidents of the
+Coronation and the important proceedings of the Colonial Conference of
+1902. In July of this latter year the Marquess of Salisbury retired and
+was succeeded in the Premiership by his nephew, Arthur J. Balfour. To
+the King this meant the removal of a strong arm and powerful intellect
+and respected personality from his side and increased the importance of
+his own experience and _prestige_ as a statesman.
+
+Something has already been said of the qualities with which King Edward
+entered upon his task and with which it was conducted to the moment when
+in passing to his rest he said: "It is all over, but I think I have done
+my duty." The unique feature of his career in a personal sense was his
+amazing popularity, the real affection with which every class in the
+great community of the British Isles regarded him. In the days of his
+unofficial labours as Prince of Wales, Lord Beaconsfield greatly
+esteemed him and Mr. Gladstone was "devotedly attached" to him. At the
+latter's funeral the Prince went up to Mrs. Gladstone and in a spirit of
+spontaneous courtesy bent over her hand and kissed it with an air of
+sympathy so great as to be beyond the expression of words. It was little
+acts such as this that won unstinted liking for the man as well as
+loyalty to the King. It was this magnetism of the kindly heart, this
+instinctive courtesy of character, coupled with a remarkable dignity of
+bearing at the right moment and in the right place, and a rare memory
+for faces and incidents and peoples and places, that made King Edward so
+truly the Sovereign of his people. In this connection a religious orator
+of the Radical type in London--Rev. R. J. Campbell--told an audience in
+Toronto, Canada, on July 22, 1903, that "Queen Victoria is gone but her
+son remains and I would not exchange King Edward, with all the criticism
+that has been directed against him, for any Sovereign ruler on the face
+of the earth or any President of any Republic on either side of the
+water."
+
+Following the visit to Paris of this year, which paved the way for
+better relations in the future between Britain and France, the King made
+a successful tour of a part of Ireland--July 21st to August 1st--and
+impressed himself upon the mercurial temperament of the sons of Erin. In
+September came the memorable retirement of Mr. Chamberlain from the
+Balfour Government; his declaration of devotion to the new-old ideal of
+limited protective tariffs for the United Kingdom _plus_ preferential
+duties in favour of the external Empire; the split in the Conservative
+party and the presentation of a great issue to the people which,
+however, was clouded over by other policies in either party and had not,
+up to the time of the King's death, won a clear presentation to the
+people as a whole. Mr. Chamberlain's letter to Mr. Balfour dated
+September 8th expressed regret that the all-important question of fiscal
+reform had been made a party issue by its opponents; recognised the
+present political force of the cry against taxing food and the
+impossibility of immediately carrying his Preferential policy; suggested
+that the Government should limit their immediate advocacy to the
+assertion of greater fiscal freedom in foreign negotiations with a power
+of tariff retaliation, when necessary, as a weapon; and declared his own
+intention to stand aside, with absolute loyalty to the Government in
+their general policy but in an independent position, and with the
+intention of "devoting myself to the work of explaining and popularizing
+those principles of Imperial union which my experience has convinced me
+are essential to our future welfare and prosperity." In his reply the
+Premier paid high tribute to Mr. Chamberlain's services to the Empire,
+sympathized personally with his Imperial ideals and agreed with him that
+the time was not ripe for the Government or the country to go to the
+extreme length of his Preferential policy.
+
+Mr. Chamberlain's action and policy gave a thrill of pleasant
+hopefulness to Imperialists everywhere; it stirred up innumerable
+comments in the British, Colonial and Foreign press; it made Germany
+pause in a system of fiscal retaliation and tariff war into which she
+had intended to enter with Canada--and with Australia and South Africa
+if they presumed to grant a tariff preference to Britain. Meanwhile, the
+King had suffered the loss, a personal as well as national one, of Lord
+Salisbury's retirement from office and his death not long afterwards;
+the Balfour-Chamberlain Government had struggled along until the Tariff
+Reform movement, as above described, broke in upon and dissipated the
+party's unanimity of opinion and uniformity of action; a long series of
+Liberal victories at bye-elections reduced the Conservative majority
+from 134 as it was in 1900 to 69 in November, 1905; Mr. Balfour, in his
+Newcastle speech of November 14th, defined his fiscal policy as (1)
+Retaliation with a view to compelling the removal of some of the
+restrictions in Foreign markets and (2) the calling of a Conference of
+Empire leaders to arrange, if possible, a closer commercial union of the
+Empire. As to himself he had never been and was not now "a
+protectionist." In December he resigned and the King called on Sir H.
+Campbell-Bannerman, the Liberal Leader in the Commons, to form a
+Government.
+
+A general election followed in which the Liberals swept the great towns
+of the country--excluding London and Birmingham--and came back with the
+largest majority in modern English history; the total of the Labour,
+Home Rule, Liberal and Radical majority being 376 over the supporters of
+Tariff Reform. The result, however, evoked on February 14, 1906, a
+declaration from Mr. Balfour in favour of "a moderate general tariff on
+manufactured goods and the imposition of a small duty on Foreign corn,"
+and this united the Conservative or Unionist party with the exception of
+about sixteen Free-trade members who still followed the Duke of
+Devonshire. The rise of the Labour Party began at this election; the
+serious illness of Mr. Chamberlain followed and hampered Conservative
+work and progress; the retirement of the Premier took place early in
+1908 and, on April of that year, the King called on Mr. Asquith to form
+the Ministry which carried its election in 1910 by so small a Liberal
+majority. The reconstruction of 1908 was notable for the rise or
+promotion of the fighting, aggressive, youthful elements in the new
+Liberalism--men like David Lloyd-George, Winston Churchill and Reginald
+McKenna. There followed the establishment of Old-Age Pensions at an
+initial expenditure of $40,000,000 a year; the prolonged and ultimately
+successful struggle to increase the taxation upon landed interests,
+property, and invested income by means of the much-discussed Budget of
+1909; the natural resentment of the Lords, the Conservatives, and many
+who were neither--as illustrated in the subsequent wiping out of the
+Liberal majority in England itself; the constitutional issue which the
+Liberals so cleverly forced to the front with the House of Lords as
+their chief antagonists and which relegated Tariff Reform temporarily to
+the background; the prolonged period in which King Edward took minute
+and anxious and personal interest in the question.
+
+There can be no doubt as to this interest or as to the natural and valid
+reasons for it. A House of Lords, either abolished or existing without
+power in the constitution, would leave no check upon the Commons except
+the King and this might be bad for both the Commons and the Sovereign.
+Over and over again in English history the people have reversed the
+action or vote of the Commons but if this was ever to be done in future
+it could only be through the interjection of the King's veto, and the
+bringing of the Crown into the hurly-burly of party struggle. This would
+be the very thing which all parties had hitherto endeavoured to prevent
+and for at least seventy years had been successful in preventing. Then
+came the general elections of 1909-10, with their continual query as to
+what the King would do if the Liberals did win. Would he accept the
+Government's policy and the proposed Commons legislation as to the Lords
+and thus take an active part in the destruction of one portion of the
+constitution which he was pledged to guard--through and by means of the
+creation of hundreds of peers to swamp the Conservative vote in that
+House? Or would he take the situation boldly in hand and insist on
+another election with this question of practical abolition of the Lords
+as the distinct issue before the people? It was little wonder that His
+Majesty's physicians should declare after his death that the political
+situation had been one of its causes! It must be remembered that in all
+countries the Upper House and the aristocracy are natural and
+inevitable, if not necessary, adjuncts to and supporters of a Throne.
+Where, as in Britain, that House and that aristocracy have upon the
+whole much to be proud of in personal achievement, much to be credited
+with in social legislation and still more to be approved of in the
+individual public work of its Salisburys, Roseberys, Devonshires, and a
+multitude of other historic personalities with, also, a close and vital
+interest in the country through large landed responsibilities, the
+situation can readily be appreciated. Not that the Monarchy was an issue
+in itself; but there can be no doubt, despite such speeches as the
+following quotation from Mr. Winston Churchill's address at Southport on
+December 8, 1909, that King Edward felt the danger of weakening his
+immediate, natural and fitting environment of (with certain exceptions)
+an energetic and patriotic aristocracy surrounding a popular Throne:
+
+     "There is no difficulty in vindicating the principle of a
+     hereditary monarchy. The experience of every country and of all the
+     ages show the profound wisdom which places the supreme leadership
+     of the state beyond the reach of private ambition and above the
+     shocks and changes of party strife. And, further, let it not be
+     forgotten that we live under a limited and constitutional monarch.
+     The Sovereign reigns but does not govern; that is a maxim we were
+     all taught out of our school-books. The British monarchy has no
+     interests divergent from those of the British people. It enshrines
+     only those ideas and causes upon which the whole British people are
+     united. It is based upon the abiding and prevailing interests of
+     the nation and thus, through all the swift changes of the last
+     hundred years, through all the wide developments of a democratic
+     state, the English monarchy has become the most secure, as it is
+     the most ancient and the most glorious monarchy in the whole of
+     Christendom."
+
+While all this political change and controversy was going on the King
+was performing a multitude of personal and social and State duties.
+There was always the vast amount of detailed study of current
+documents--all of which he looked into before signing as had Queen
+Victoria before him; there was the strenuous and incessant round of
+State functions including the reception of visiting Sovereigns and
+ambassadors, and special deputations, visits to cities and towns and the
+private houses of his greater subjects, State dinners to men and women
+of every school of thought and life in its higher branches, frequent
+trips to the Continent and continuous conferences with public men. In
+this connection it is interesting to note that just before the General
+Elections--towards the close of 1909--he did what no Sovereign had done
+for many a long year and did it not only without criticism but with
+public approval when he called Lord Lansdowne, Lord Rosebery and Mr.
+Balfour into quiet conference regarding the political situation. How
+many others of all parties he may have invited to similar discussions in
+the privacy of Buckingham or Windsor only such a personage as his
+faithful and old-time Secretary, Lord Knollys, really knows. Military
+and Naval reviews were amongst the more important general functions of
+these years coupled with gracious and conciliatory visits to Ireland in
+1904 and 1907. In this latter year he reviewed a magnificent fleet of
+warships at Portsmouth eleven miles long, headed by the first of the
+Dreadnaughts, and manned by 35,000 officers and men. Upon another
+occasion in 1909, the greatest fleet ever gathered together in any
+waters in the history of the world was also reviewed by His Majesty as,
+perhaps, a comment on the recently revealed crisis caused by German
+Naval construction. As to this the King was intensely concerned and we
+can safely assume that if one cause of his latter ill-health was
+political worry another cause may well have been the Naval rivalry of a
+Power which boasted 4,000,000 of a trained Army to Britain's 250,000
+men.
+
+With all these varied home duties and his many diplomatic efforts King
+Edward never forgot his own external Empire, never overlooked his vast
+interests overseas. To India in 1908 had gone a vivid and statesmanlike
+Royal Message, on November 2d, which recalled to the minds of its
+Princes and peoples their fifty years of progress under the Crown, the
+obligations which they were under to the liberty-loving rule of Britain,
+and the pride of their Emperor in governing so vast a congeries of races
+and interests. To them also in 1906 he had sent the Prince and Princess
+of Wales in a tour which repeated his own triumphs of 1876. To South
+Africa, upon frequent and appropriate occasions, came expressions of the
+King's interest in the people's welfare, in their strivings for unity,
+in their efforts to retrieve the misfortunes of war. It was King
+Edward's Imperial policy that dictated the sending of the Prince of
+Wales to open the first Parliament of the Union of South Africa--a
+policy which his own death rendered impossible--as curiously enough, it
+had been Queen Victoria's last public duty to send the Duke of
+Cornwall--as he then was--to open the first Parliament of the Australian
+Commonwealth. It was the King who sent the Duke of Connaught to visit
+East Africa in 1906 and Prince Arthur of Connaught to return from Japan
+_via_ Canada in the same year. To the people of Australia Lord
+Northcote, the new Governor-General, on January 28, 1904, conveyed a
+Royal Message of greeting and then proceeded to say that: "Every
+constitutional process having for its object the linking together of the
+different component parts of this great Empire is sure to be
+sympathetically regarded by our Sovereign and I know his hope is that
+his people who live outside the narrow seas of Great Britain may believe
+that His Majesty regards them primarily, not as inhabitants of colonies
+or dependencies of the Mother-country, but as equally valued component
+parts of one mighty nation."
+
+As to Canada and King Edward much might be said. On July 22, 1905,
+His Majesty was at Bisley and presented the Kolapore Cup to the
+proud Canadian team which had won it and to whose Commander,
+Lieutenant-Colonel A. G. Hesslein, a few kind and tactful words were
+addressed. About the same time it was announced that the London Hospital
+Fund in which the King had for many years taken a deep personal
+interest, and in the maintenance of which he was really the chief power,
+had received a gift of $1,000,000 from Lord Mount Stephen of Canadian
+Pacific Railway fame. In 1906 His Majesty showed special interest in
+Canadian affairs. A cablegram through Lord Elgin, on January 2d,
+expressed the King's regret at the sudden death of the Honorable R.
+Prefontaine; he received Canadian delegates to the Empire Commercial
+Congress at Windsor on July 13th, when Sir D. H. McMillan, Sir Sandford
+Fleming, Messrs. R. Wilson-Smith, G. E. Drummond, F. H. Mathewson, J. F.
+Ellis and W. F. Cockshutt were presented; a deputation of Indian chiefs
+from British Columbia was received by him on August 13th and submitted
+an address and a petition; a number of shire-horses were lent by His
+Majesty in the autumn for exhibition at Toronto and as a proof of his
+interest in that branch of Canadian development. But the chief event of
+the year in this respect was Canada's invitation to the King, and Queen
+Alexandra, to pay the country and its people a visit. In the House of
+Commons on April 18th, the Hon. N. A. Belcourt, seconded by Mr. W. B.
+Northrup, moved a Resolution expressive of Canadian loyalty and devotion
+to the King's person and of the hope that His Majesty and the Queen
+would be pleased to visit Canada at such time as might be found possible
+and convenient.
+
+In his short speech the Prime Minister laid stress upon the King's
+personal qualities and his work in the cause of peace. Sir Wilfrid
+Laurier then made a reference which was probably of more consequence in
+the final decision than was supposed at the time, "I believe it is the
+opinion of all who sit in this House that if the King were to visit
+Canada--and he could not visit Canada without visiting the United States
+also--the effect would be to bring more closely together than they are
+at the present time--and they are more so than ever before--the two
+great branches of the Anglo-Saxon race on both sides of the Atlantic."
+This additional suggestion involved tremendous considerations of travel,
+functions, ceremonial, time, and responsibility. After being spoken to
+by men of such opposite opinions as Colonel S. Hughes and Mr. H.
+Bourassa, as well as warmly endorsed by the Opposition Leader, the
+Resolution was passed unanimously, as it was later in the Senate. All
+the Provincial Legislatures, then in session, joined in this invitation,
+while centres such as Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, Quebec, Three
+Rivers, St. Hyacinthe, Valleyfield, Hamilton, London, Guelph, Woodstock,
+Halifax, Sydney, St. John, Fredericton, Regina, Calgary, Vancouver,
+Victoria and about forty others warmly endorsed the request; as did
+every newspaper of standing in Canada. In reply Lord Elgin, Colonial
+Secretary, under date of July 7th wrote a long despatch to the
+Governor-General in which he expressed the King's appreciation of the
+invitation, his pleasant memories of the Royal visit to Canada in 1860,
+and his comprehension of the wonderful growth of the country since that
+time, and continued:
+
+     "I need scarcely remind Your Lordship of two circumstances which
+     must not be overlooked in the consideration of these proposals. In
+     the first place the current business of the Empire, which is
+     continuous and incessant, imposes a heavy tax on the time and
+     strength of its Sovereign and it is well known that the absence of
+     His Majesty from this country for any length of time is difficult,
+     if not impossible except under very definite limitations and
+     restrictions; even when considerations of health and the need for
+     comparative rest can render it expedient. In the second place it
+     must be remembered that there can be practically no limits within
+     the habitable globe of the distance which must be traveled to reach
+     all parts of the British Empire and that it would be very difficult
+     to visit one important part and decline to visit the other. In
+     spite of the many and strong inducements which prompt him to
+     gratify the loyal wishes of his Canadian subjects, I am to say that
+     the King feels unable at present to entertain the idea of a journey
+     to Canada."
+
+It would be quite impossible to indicate here the great regret expressed
+by the Canadian press, and the people generally, at this result of the
+invitation. Many reasons were adduced, other than those given in the
+despatch, and including diplomatic requirements in Europe, Royal visits
+and delicate negotiations then pending, Eastern troubles and
+complications, Australian jealousy if omitted from such a tour, as well
+as the difficulties involved in any possible visit to the United States.
+During the year a full-length portrait of the King was received at
+Government House, Ottawa, painted by Luke Fildes, R.A., and the
+portraits of the King and Queen, specially painted by J. Colin Forbes,
+the Canadian artist, were also received and hung in the Parliament
+Houses. In 1907 King Edward visited the Canadian pavilion at the Dublin
+Exhibition of that year and inspected its exhibits while Queen Alexandra
+accepted from one of the Departments the gift of a rug made by
+French-Canadian women. In the next year much practical appreciation was
+shown in Canada of His Majesty's special arrangement under which the
+"Life and Letters of Queen Victoria" was offered for sale at a low
+popular price; a Royal cablegram of sympathy was sent to the sufferers
+by the Fernie (B. C.) fire; the Edward Medal, established by the King
+for the recognition of courage in saving or trying to save life in
+quarries or mines, was extended to Canada and all parts of the Empire.
+In the last year of his reign the King's third Derby victory was a
+popular one in Canada and throughout the Empire and his establishment of
+a Police Medal for the recognition of "exceptional service, heroism or
+devotion to duty" was also applied to Canada and all the British
+Dominions. During the year His Majesty presented a gift of money to T.
+L. Wood, a blacksmith at Port Elgin, N. S., and accepted a horse-shoe of
+exquisite workmanship which had been wrought by him while lying on a
+sick-bed; visited and praised the exhibition of British Columbia fruit
+at Islington on December 6th.
+
+On October 21, 1909, a Tuberculosis Institute, established at Montreal
+by Lieutenant-Colonel J. H. Burland, was opened by the King through
+special electric communication between the Library of West Dean Park,
+Colchester, where he was staying, and the Institute at Montreal, with a
+cablegram which read as follows: "I have much pleasure in declaring the
+Royal Edward Institute at Montreal now open. The means by which I make
+this declaration testifies to the power of modern science and I am
+confident that the future history of the Institute will afford equally
+striking testimony to the beneficent results of that power when applied
+to the conquest of disease and the relief of human suffering. I shall
+always take a lively interest in the Institute and I pray that the
+blessing of the Almighty may rest upon all those who work in and for it
+and also upon those for whom it works. Edward R. & I." On November 20th
+His Majesty sent a personal despatch to Sir Wilfrid Laurier in the
+following terms: "Let me express my hearty congratulations to you on the
+anniversary of your birthday. I hope you will be spared for many years
+to come to serve the Crown and Empire, Edward." The Premier replied with
+an expression of "humble duty and deep gratitude."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+The King as a Diplomatist and Peace-Maker.
+
+
+In the olden days Kings used to very often be their own Generals; in
+these modern times King Edward has set an example by means of which they
+may well be their own Ambassadors. He had every qualification of
+capacity, intellect and trained experience to serve him in such
+conditions. If Queen Victoria, remaining very largely at home, could
+wield an immense and undoubted personal influence in Europe, partly
+because of an ability which made the late Lord Tennyson describe her as
+"the greatest statesman in Europe" and the Earl of Rosebery say that in
+matters of foreign policy she advised her Minister of Foreign Affairs
+more then he advised her,[7] how much more was King Edward entitled to
+personal _prestige_ in Europe and fitted for diplomatic work amongst its
+rulers. His Royal Mother had known many Sovereigns and seen many Kings
+and statesmen come and go; he had also met and known many of them more
+intimately than she could possibly do in the semi-seclusion of her quiet
+Court. He was uncle to the German Emperor, the mother of the Russian
+Czar was Queen Alexandra's sister, the King of Norway was a son of Queen
+Alexandra's brother the King of Denmark, the King of Spain was married
+to his niece and King George of Greece was his wife's brother. Even more
+important were the friendships which, as Prince of Wales, the King had
+made in all the Courts of Europe, the statesmen whom he knew like a
+book, the policies of which he understood the origin and every detail of
+development.
+
+In 1902 King Edward had received the German Emperor in England and had
+entertained other visiting monarchs and statesmen and diplomats. Early
+in 1903 he visited Rome, was received by His Holiness, the Pope, and by
+the King of Italy, and managed the difficult situation of the moment
+with a delicacy and tact which prevented even a hint of unpleasantness;
+and served to greatly increase the traditional friendship of Italy and
+Britain while sending a glow of appreciation throughout the Roman
+Catholic world which lives under the British flag, and helping to settle
+troubles which had arisen in Malta between the Government and the
+Italian residents. A little later he was in Portugal and proved a prime
+factor in promoting an understanding in Lisbon which substantially
+facilitated arrangements at far-away Delagoa Bay which, in turn, were of
+great advantage to South Africa. Then, on May 1st, came his famous visit
+to Paris and the commencement of an era of new and better feeling. It
+was not an easy task or one entirely without risk. French sentiment had
+been greatly excited during the South African war, the Parisian populace
+had not been friendly to Britain, the press had, at times, been grossly
+abusive and relations were undoubtedly strained. Through all the formal
+ceremonies of this visit, however, the King showed his usual tact and
+powers of conciliation. A difficult situation was successfully met;
+ill-feeling engendered by the misrepresentations of the War period were
+greatly ameliorated; the friendly settlement of controversial questions
+rendered probable. In his speech to the British Chamber of Commerce in
+Paris, on May 1st, His Majesty touched the key-note of the visit:
+
+     "A Divine Providence has designed that France should be our near
+     neighbour and I hope always a dear friend. There are no two
+     countries in the world whose mutual prosperity is more dependent
+     upon each other. There may have been misunderstandings and causes
+     of dissension in the past but all such differences are, I believe,
+     happily removed and forgotten, and I trust that the friendship and
+     admiration which we all feel for the French nation and their
+     glorious traditions may in the near future develop into a sentiment
+     of the warmest affection and attachments between the peoples of the
+     two countries. The achievement of this aim is my constant desire."
+
+Such an incident, followed by the cordial expressions of the French
+press and by a visible _rapprochement_ between the two countries, could
+not but be of special interest to the French-Canadians of Quebec.
+Naturally monarchists at heart, the incident seemed to increase the
+personal loyalty already existing there. The Toronto _Globe_ of April
+20, 1903, voiced a strong feeling in Canada when it hoped for a future
+Royal visit to the Dominion and declared that "it would be a mistake to
+suppose that Edward VII. is merely an urbane gentleman, not to say a
+lover of the common people; he is a statesman and diplomat of breadth of
+view, depth of insight, and quickness of intuition. He knows how to time
+his visits in the interest of the peace of the world for which he
+humanely and seriously labours." From July 6th to 9th President Loubet
+of France was the guest of the King and his reception in London tended
+to still further promote good feeling. On October 14th came the
+signature of an Arbitration Treaty between England and France. In this
+connection much praise was accorded to the King as one of the chief
+factors in its evolution. Mr. W. R. Cremer, M.P., the well-known
+Radical, made the following comment in the _Daily News_ as to this
+victory for Arbitration: "It has been the privilege and joy of others to
+do the spade work in this beneficent movement, but to King Edward the
+opportunity was, at the psychological moment, presented to complete the
+work of thirty years. How well and how nobly His Majesty performed his
+part the history of the past nine months clearly shows. Indeed, the King
+seems likely to distinguish himself by efforts of a character not
+recorded in the reigns of any other English or Foreign monarch."
+Addressing a British Parliamentary Delegation to Paris on November 26th,
+the Premier, M. Combes, eulogized King Edward and toasted him as the
+sovereign to whom they owed the treaty. At the annual banquet of the
+British Chamber of Commerce in Paris on December 3d, its president, Mr.
+O. E. Bodington, made a similar reference to the King. To the Montreal
+_Witness_ on December 7th, Senator Dandurand, who had just returned from
+England, paid the following French-Canadian tribute to His Majesty: "The
+King is the most popular crowned head in Europe to-day. He is beloved at
+home, he is admired and praised in France, he is respected by every
+Power on the Continent."
+
+But the Continental tour of 1903 by King Edward did more than effect
+great results in France. The signing of a Treaty of Arbitration with
+Italy in January, 1904, with Spain in March, and with Germany on July
+12th--following upon the King's visit to Berlin in June--were supposed
+to be largely due to His Majesty's personal influence with the rulers of
+those countries and to a popularity with the masses which, in two cases
+at least, helped greatly in soothing current animosities. On April 8th
+of this year a Treaty was signed with France, in addition to the
+Arbitration Treaty already mentioned, which disposed of all outstanding
+and long-standing subjects of dispute and as to which, while Lord
+Lansdowne was the negotiator, King Edward was a most potent factor.
+Under this arrangement Egypt was freed from foreign control and
+practically admitted to be British territory, while Newfoundland was
+finally relieved of its coast troubles and conflicts of a century. On
+November 9th, preceding, Sir W. McGregor, Governor of Newfoundland,
+had, during a banquet at St. John's, conveyed a personal message from
+the King which assured the people of that colony of his earnest
+endeavours to promote a settlement of the French Shore question. To
+Canada this matter was also one of the most vital importance, because of
+its large French population. In the controversy with Russia over the
+Hull fishing fleet outrage of October 23, 1904, which so nearly plunged
+the Empire into a great war, it may be said that the King's influence,
+coupled with the statecraft of Lord Lansdowne, as exhibited in the
+latter's historic speech of November 9th, alone held the dogs of war in
+leash. The remark of a member of the Trades' Union Congress at Leeds on
+September 7th of this year that in his opinion "King Edward was about
+the only statesman that England possessed" was significant in this
+connection even if it was unfair. Still more significant was the
+description of His Majesty in the Radical _News_ of London, on November
+10th, as "the first citizen of the world and the chief Minister of
+Peace."
+
+During 1905 King Edward continued his public services along these lines
+of international statecraft. On April 30th he paid an unofficial visit
+to Paris, accompanied by the Marquess of Salisbury as Minister in
+attendance. A great banquet was given at the Elysee by President Loubet
+and there followed a general press discussion of the _entente_ between
+England and France. In June the King of Spain visited England and at a
+state banquet given by King Edward at Buckingham Palace, on June 6th,
+the latter said: "Spain and England have often been allies; may they
+always remain so; and above all march together for the benefit of peace,
+progress and the civilization of mankind." On August 7th a French fleet
+arrived in the Solent and its men fraternized with those of the British
+cruiser squadron while the King gave a banquet on board the Royal yacht
+to the chief French officers. On the following day His Majesty reviewed
+two fleets which together made a splendid aggregation of seventy
+warships; while the press of the civilized world commented upon the new
+friendship of the two nations and very largely credited King Edward with
+the achievement.
+
+Early in 1907 the King's visit of two months' duration in Europe did
+more service in the cause of international friendliness; later on the
+German Emperor visited England, as did the King and Queen of Denmark,
+and the King and Queen of Portugal. In June a triple agreement was
+concluded between Great Britain, France and Spain for the joint
+protection of their mutual interests in the Mediterranean and on the
+Atlantic. This arrangement and the improved relations with Germany were
+credited largely to the efforts of King Edward, just as the _entente
+cordiale_ with France had previously been conceded to be greatly due to
+his tact and popularity. In October he was able to crown his work by
+accepting a Convention with Russia which dealt primarily with the
+affairs of Persia, Afghanistan and Thibet, but really made future war
+between the two Powers a matter of difficulty. The year 1908 saw state
+visits to Copenhagen, Stockholm and Christiana in April; the King's
+opening of the Franco-British Exhibition in London on May 26th and
+reception of President Fallieres of France; his visit, with Queen
+Alexandra and a large suite, to Russia--the first of the kind in British
+history--and a meeting with the Czar at Revel on June 8th; his
+conference with the German Emperor at Cronberg on August 11th and with
+the Austrian Emperor at Ischl on the 12th. During the last year of his
+reign, King Edward's personal intercourse and diplomatic meetings with
+other rulers were undoubtedly conducive to continued peace and to better
+mutual understandings. His Majesty met the German Emperor at Berlin on
+February 8, 1909, the French President at Paris on March 6th, the King
+of Spain at Biarritz on March 31st, the King of Italy on April 29th, the
+Emperor of Russia at Cowes on August 2d. Just as Britain was an
+American Power at this time because of Canada, an Asiatic Power because
+of India and an African Power because of many possessions, so Canada was
+an European Power because of its connection with Great Britain, and
+Australia an Eastern Power because of its proximity to China and Japan,
+and a European Power because of the nearness of Germany in New Guinea
+and of France in New Caledonia. Hence, to all these countries and for
+obvious reasons of common interest, the importance in an Empire sense of
+the King's personality and diplomacy during these years.
+
+King Edward's training was of a nature which fitted into his personal
+characteristics in this respect. His Royal mother had cultivated his
+boyhood memory for faces and names most carefully; from the days of his
+youth he was thoroughly conversant with many foreign languages; from his
+coming of age he was in constant touch with the best of British and
+European leaders. He had not reached maturity before experiencing the
+difficulties of a tour of Canada and the United States in days when
+there was no royal road mapped out by precedent for the management of
+the tour and at a time when Orange and Green were in frequent conflict
+in the British-American provinces and feelings of international
+kindliness were not quite so strong in the United States as they were at
+the close of his reign. In 1876 he had toured India amidst gorgeous
+ceremonial and amid an infinite variety of racial and religious
+occasions, or incidents, which only rare tact could successfully meet.
+How much exercise there was of this Royal statecraft behind the scenes
+during his nine years of sovereignty only the distant future can reveal
+and then but partially. His Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs,
+Lord Salisbury, Lord Lansdowne and Sir Edward Grey, were all men of
+exceptional capacity and rare experience.
+
+It is probable, in view of the broad statecraft and high standing of
+these Ministers and the uniformity of policy which they pursued, that
+advice was frequently given by the King and consultations continuously
+held. They were only too glad, as was Lord Rosebery during the late
+Queen's reign, to benefit personally by his knowledge and experience;
+they were only too happy that the Nation and other nations should
+benefit by his tactful conduct of delicate negotiations with monarchs
+and rulers abroad. The alliance with Japan may or may not stand to his
+credit; the probabilities are that it does, in part at least. It
+safeguarded British interests in the East, checkmated the, at that time,
+dangerous ambitions of Russia, put up a barrier against certain efforts
+of Germany. The French _entente cordiale_ and subsequent treaties gave
+British interests in the Mediterranean and Northern Africa an ally
+against German plans and settled the Newfoundland troubles while
+solidifying Britain's position in Egypt. Italy was partially separated
+from its German alliance; Spain was brought close to Britain by the
+young King's marriage with the Princess Ena; Russia was swung into the
+circle of a friendship which not even the Japanese alliance has broken;
+Norway made King Edward's son-in-law its King. If Germany did not become
+one of this circle of friendly nations it was not due to any lack of
+diplomacy, or effort, or desire on the part of the British Sovereign; it
+was because of national ambitions and an aggressive personal leadership
+by the Kaiser which had other ends in view. Nominally, at any rate, the
+friendly relations existed, and it is safe to say that there was no
+greater admirer of King Edward's character and statecraft in Europe than
+the Emperor William.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[7] Personal statements made to the writer of these pages.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+The Death of King Edward
+
+
+There had been rumours flying around London early in 1910 as to the
+King's health, but it would seem that only a limited circle understood
+that, while there was no serious disease involved, there was a general
+weakness of the system which rendered great care necessary and made it
+easy to see danger in any otherwise trifling illness. Occasional
+cablegrams to this Continent were largely disregarded and looked upon as
+more or less sensational and little was thought of the attack of
+bronchitis at Biarritz in March. There seems small reason to doubt that
+the political situation hastened the end though it did not actually
+cause the sad event. The conditions of weakness were there; the worry of
+a great and urgent responsibility was added to the King's normal work
+and subjects of thought. Though the constitutional crisis was probably
+not as serious as the press and politicians made out, it must
+undoubtedly have had its effect upon a ruler conscientiously devoted to
+his duty. On May 5th, it was announced that the King was again ill with
+bronchitis and that his condition caused "some anxiety;" a few hours
+afterwards it was officially stated that "grave anxiety" was felt; on
+May 6th, near midnight, there came the sorrowful announcement of his
+physicians that the King had passed away in the presence of Queen
+Alexandra, the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Princess Royal [Duchess
+of Fife], Princess Victoria and the Princess Louise [Duchess of Argyll].
+
+So unexpected was any serious or immediate issue of His Majesty's
+condition that the Queen was still on the Continent when he was taken
+ill and the King himself was transacting state business in an arm-chair
+the day before he died. A pathetic incident of the latter date was the
+bearing of the well-known purple and gold colours to victory at Kempton
+Park Races by "The Witch of the Air." When the news came it was hard to
+believe. People throughout the Empire were entirely unprepared. In
+Britain, Canada, Australia, etc., public functions and social
+arrangements were at once cancelled; black and purple drapings rapidly
+covered the important buildings--and many that were even more important
+as representing individual and spontaneous feeling--of the British
+world; mourning was seen everywhere in the United Kingdom and to a
+lesser extent in the other countries; papers appeared universally draped
+in black. In Canada, H. E. the Governor-General cabled to Lord Crewe an
+official expression of regret--one which was real as well as official:
+"The announcement of the death of King Edward VII, which has just
+reached Canada, has created universal sorrow. His Majesty's Canadian
+Ministers desire that you will convey to His Majesty, King George, and
+the members of the Royal family, an assurance that the people of Canada
+share in the great grief that has visited them. In discharge of the
+duties of his exalted station His late Majesty not only won the respect
+and devotion of all British subjects, but by his efforts on behalf of
+international harmony and good-will he became universally esteemed as a
+great Peacemaker. Nowhere was this gracious attribute of Royal character
+more deeply appreciated than in His Majesty's Dominion of Canada."
+
+Every kind of loyal tribute was paid to the late King by the Press and
+in the pulpit of all the countries concerned, while from the United
+States came expressions of admiration and respect very little short of
+those dictated by the natural loyalty and knowledge of his own subjects.
+In Canada the Premiers of the Provinces were amongst the first to
+express their feelings. At Quebec Sir Lomer Gouin, supported by the
+Opposition Leader, moved the adjournment of the Legislature on May 6th:
+"Those who love in a Chief of State the greatest qualities, peace,
+goodness, nobility and _entente cordiale_, all feel his loss. It is for
+that reason that we cannot do otherwise than suspend our sittings, and I
+am convinced that all the Members of this House will endorse this
+proposal for adjournment."
+
+In Toronto Sir James Whitney, the Provincial Premier, declared that "it
+would be difficult to express the feeling of love, respect, and
+admiration entertained by British peoples for their late sovereign, who
+in his comparatively short reign, has so borne himself and has so done
+his part, that the whole human race has participated in the benefit
+resulting from the wisdom shown by him. Probably no wiser monarch ever
+reigned over a nation." To the New Brunswick press the local Premier,
+Hon. Douglas Hazen, said: "King Edward's reign was a comparatively short
+one, but the verdict of history will undoubtedly be that he was one of
+the wisest and greatest rulers that ever sat upon a throne. He took a
+most keen and active interest in all his country's institutions,
+endeavouring at all times to promote the well-being of his subjects and
+to show his appreciation of the British Dominions beyond the Seas." The
+Hon. A. K. Maclean, Acting-Premier of Nova Scotia, stated that "to his
+pacific tendencies and his powerful mediation is due the existence of
+friendly relations between Great Britain and other nations and the
+removal of many long-standing differences and historic prejudices." The
+Conservative leader at Ottawa, Mr. R. L. Borden, gave eloquent
+expression to his feelings:
+
+     "The tidings of sorrow which have just been flashed across the
+     ocean come to the people of Canada with startling suddenness.
+     Words of foreboding had hardly reached us before the last message
+     came; 'God's finger touched him and he slept.' To the people of the
+     overseas Dominions the Crown personifies the dignity and majesty of
+     the whole Empire; and through the Throne each great Dominion is
+     linked to the others and to the Motherland. Thus the Sovereign's
+     death must always thrill the Empire. But to-day's untimely tidings
+     bring to the people of Canada the sense of a still deeper and more
+     personal bereavement. They gloried in their King's title of
+     Peacemaker, and they believed him to be the greatest living force
+     for right within the Empire. In him died the greatest statesman and
+     diplomat of Europe."
+
+The Hon. R. Lemieux, Postmaster-General and a Liberal leader in Quebec,
+added this succinct description: "As a peacemaker and as a
+constitutional king he had no equal in the history of modern times." He
+expressed the hope that "in the common sorrow of his subjects at the
+death of an exemplary Sovereign the ties making for unity and common
+interest throughout the Empire may be strengthened and his influence for
+good find continued fruition." The Hon. G. P. Graham, Minister of
+Railways, also touched on the Empire thought: "His part in the growth
+and increasing solidarity of the Empire in matters of defense, of trade,
+of common effort for the common interest, must bulk large in history.
+Since his assumption of the throne there has been a steady growth in
+Canada's loyalty to the Sovereign based on esteem for his personal
+character, confidence in his judgment and statesmanship, and pride in
+his commanding position among the world's sovereigns." From Mr. Richard
+McBride, Premier of far-away British Columbia, came the declaration that
+King Edward was infinitely tactful and always patient, the first
+gentleman and best beloved monarch of his time; that he was "an
+unusually gifted ruler who performed unostentatiously and with inspired
+ability his part in the making of British history." To Archbishop
+Bruchesi of Montreal he was "a great and good King;" to the Rev. Dr.
+Carman, Canada's Methodist leader, he was "royally born and ruled
+royally over a free, loyal and loving people;" to Archbishop McEvay
+(Roman Catholic) of Toronto he was a ruler "trusted and loved by all his
+subjects;" to President R. A. Falconer, of Toronto University, there was
+a special appeal in his "experience, sympathy and broad humanity."
+
+There is no need to largely quote the tributes of Britain, Australia or
+South Africa. Their people thought and felt and acted as Canada's did.
+Great Britain felt the loss, of course, in a more strictly personal
+sense than the Dominions beyond the Seas. The reverent crowds with bared
+heads, and every sign of severe personal grief, standing outside
+Buckingham Palace grounds could hardly be exactly duplicated abroad,
+though the scenes in countless churches, as memorial sermons were
+delivered and memorial services held amidst tokens of obvious and
+sincere sorrow, came very near to it. In particular, was the open-air
+service in Toronto facing the Parliament Buildings and attended by
+silent masses of people, with respectful and sympathetic addresses, with
+drapings and evidences of mourning on every hand, with the solemn
+strains of muffled music from many bands, and the presence of thousands
+of loyal troops, an indication of the popular feeling shown throughout
+the Dominion on May 20th, which was appointed to be a day of mourning, a
+holiday of sorrow for the people. But this is anticipating. Perhaps, in
+England, the tribute of Mr. Premier Asquith, at the special meeting of
+Parliament on May 11th, was most significant of the innumerable tributes
+of earnest loyalty and appreciation expressed at the passing of one who
+was not only a great King but a much-loved personality.
+
+After pointing out the nature of events in recent years, the growth of
+international friendships and new understandings and stronger safeguards
+for peace, together with the ever-tightening bonds of corporate unity
+within the British realms, Mr. Asquith went on to say that: "In all
+these multiform manifestations of national and Imperial life, the
+history of the world will assign a part of singular dignity to the great
+ruler Great Britain has lost. In external affairs King Edward's powerful
+influence was directed not only to the avoidance of war, but to the
+causes of and pretexts of war, and he well earned the title by which he
+will always be remembered, the Peace-maker of the World." Continuing,
+the Premier said, that within the boundaries of the Empire his late
+Majesty, by his broad and elastic sympathies, had won a degree of
+loyalty and affectionate confidence which few Sovereigns had ever
+enjoyed. "Here at home," he added, "all recognized that above the din
+and dust of their hard-fought controversies, detached from party, and
+attached only to the common interest, they had in the late King an
+arbiter ripe in experience, judicial in temper, and at once a reverent
+worshipper of their traditions, and a watchful guardian of their
+constitutional liberties." King Edward's life as a devotee of duty, as a
+sportsman in the best sense of the word, as an ardent and discriminating
+patron of the arts, as a good business man at the head of a great
+business community, possessed of intuitive shrewdness in the management
+of men and difficult situations, as a keen social reformer with "no self
+apart from his people," was then dwelt upon. It would be impossible in
+any limited space to analyze the views of the British press. The _Times_
+declared that "his people loved him for his honesty and kindly courtesy.
+To all he was not merely every inch a King but every inch an English
+King and an English gentleman. His influence was not the same as that of
+Queen Victoria, but in some respects it was almost stronger." The _Daily
+Mail_ considered that "to his initiative his subjects and the Empire
+owe the pacification of South Africa and the final reconciliation with
+the Boers. The system of understandings with foreign powers which is our
+security to-day was in a great part his handiwork." To the Radical
+_Daily News_ he was "the supreme example of a people's King by common
+consent" and this the Liberal _Morning Leader_ echoed with a further
+tribute to "the sheer instinctive deference paid to his proved wisdom,
+his large-minded statesmanship, his unequaled knowledge of the world,
+and the tact that never failed him in the greatest or the least
+occasion."
+
+A notable incident of this first week of mourning, during which the
+people were waiting to pay their final tribute of loyal sympathy on the
+day of the Royal interment, was the unanimous Resolution of the
+Legislature of Quebec. Coming from a French-Canadian people, amongst
+whom special interest had been aroused by King Edward's creation of the
+_entente cordiale_ with France, something earnest and sympathetic as
+well as loyal in expression might have been expected and, if so, the
+hope was certainly realized. The Legislature in its address to King
+George V. (May 10th) put the feelings of the people of the Province in
+the following expressive words:
+
+     "We mourn the loss in him of a monarch whose chief aim was to draw
+     all the nations closer together and to promote universal peace.
+     Ever mindful of the great principles of the British constitution,
+     through his broad-mindedness, his tolerance, and the exquisite
+     charm of his personality, he succeeded in creating a potent bond of
+     union between the various parts of our common country, and in
+     closely consolidating the different branches of the greatest Empire
+     that ever existed. Representing as we do the Province of Quebec it
+     gives us pleasure to recall that the development of the idea of a
+     powerful Canadian nation, devoted to the interest of the
+     Mother-Country, was favoured by that great King. Imbued with the
+     grandeur and nobility of his mission he won our admiration and our
+     love through his solicitude in respecting our laws and our dearest
+     traditions, aspirations and liberties."
+
+The individual utterances of the Ministers were equally patriotic in
+terms. Sir Lomer Gouin spoke along the lines of his earlier tribute and
+declared that King Edward's reign had been "a glory to his people and a
+blessing to humanity." Mr. J. M. Tellier, the Opposition leader, joined
+the Premier in expressing the "confidence and sincere affection" of his
+people for this "the most powerful King of the most powerful of Empires"
+and in presenting to the new King "the allegiance, the faith and the
+heartfelt wishes of Canadians." Mr. H. Bourassa, the Nationalist
+representative, Hon. P. S. G. Mackenzie, the English-speaking member of
+the Cabinet, and Hon. J. C. Kaine and Hon. C. R. Devlin, the Irish
+Ministers, joined in these tributes.
+
+The view of Foreign countries was unique in its friendliness, in its
+expressions of admiration for the great qualities of heart and head in
+the late Sovereign, for appreciation of his broad sympathies and
+international statecraft. One of the earliest official telegrams of
+sympathy to King George was from President Fallieres of France: "I
+learnt with emotion of the death of your beloved Father. The French
+Government and the French people will regret profoundly the demise of
+the august Sovereign who upon so many occasions has given them evidence
+of his sincere friendship; and associate themselves fully in the great
+grief which his unexpected loss brings to you, the Royal family, and the
+entire British Empire. It is with a heart full of sadness that I ask
+Your Royal Highness to accept my personal condolences, those of the
+French Government and of all France." From the President of the United
+States came a prompt message of condolence to Queen Alexandra, and from
+the American Congress a unanimous Resolution of adjournment and
+expressive words of sympathy with the British people "in the loss of a
+wise and upright ruler whose great purpose was the cultivation of
+friendly relations with all nations and the preservation of peace"; from
+ex-President Roosevelt, speaking at Stockholm on May 8th, came words of
+regret and of regard for the people "who mourn the loss of a wise ruler
+whose sole thought was for their welfare and for the good of mankind,
+and the citizens of other nations can join with them in mourning for a
+man who showed throughout his term of Kingship that his voice was always
+raised for justice and peace among the nations."
+
+From United States newspapers, the exponents of public opinion in a
+great kindred nation, came a wonderfully unanimous and kindly expression
+of real feeling. To the New York _Herald_ the late King appeared as
+blessed with "a genial personality, a kind heart and a strong common
+sense, together with that highest quality of supreme importance in a
+ruler and statesman--tact"; to the Buffalo _News_ King Edward was "the
+ablest Royal ruler England has known in centuries;" to the Baltimore
+_American_ "he was, and the world to-day generously accords him the
+distinction, the first diplomatist of his time, the man who beyond all
+others shaped the policies of the world." To the Indianapolis _News_ he
+had "served his country and the world wisely and well, and will go into
+history as one of the most successful monarchs that England has ever
+had." The New York _Journal of Commerce_ paid special and high tribute
+to King Edward's diplomacy and, after dealing with the French _entente
+cordiale_ went on as follows: "Even more marvelous than the closing of
+the secular feud with France was the termination of that with Russia,
+which seemed more bitter and more hopeless of adjustment. The seemingly
+impossible was, nevertheless, accomplished, and the power which but a
+few short years before had been the chief menace to the safety of
+British India became one of the guarantors of its immunity from attack.
+It will be reckoned one of the miracles of history that Russia could
+have been induced to abandon a policy which she had steadfastly
+supported and been ready to concede that the affairs of Afghanistan were
+purely a British interest and those of Korea exclusively Japanese."
+
+In most of these tributes of regard and respect--British, Imperial or
+Foreign--there was a reference of affectionate admiration for the Queen
+Consort who, at this moment, allowed it to be understood that she would
+like in future to be known as the Queen Mother. The far-famed beauty of
+person, the charm and graciousness of manner, and nobility of mind and
+character, which had won a way so quickly and permanently into the
+hearts of the British people and had been such potent forces in the life
+of King Edward and of her own family, brought to Queen Alexandra at this
+time a world-tribute of sympathy and regard. British subjects all over
+the Empire, multitudes outside of its bounds, were ready to echo those
+famous words of Lord Tennyson, applied to the similar sorrow of Queen
+Victoria:
+
+                        May all love,
+    His love, unseen but felt, o'ershadow Thee,
+    The love of all Thy sons encompass Thee
+    The Love of all Thy Daughters cherish Thee
+    The Love of all Thy people comfort Thee
+    Till God's love set Thee at his side again.
+
+Few more touching words have been written than the Queen's Message to
+the Nation which was made public on May 10th: "From the depth of my poor
+broken heart," she wrote, "I wish to express to the whole Nation and our
+own kind people we love so well, my deep-felt thanks for all their
+touching sympathy in my overwhelming sorrow and unspeakable anguish. Not
+alone have I lost everything in him, my beloved husband, but the nation,
+too, has suffered an irreparable loss in their best friend, father, and
+Sovereign thus suddenly called away. May God give us all his Divine help
+to bear this heaviest of crosses which He has seen fit to lay upon us.
+His will be done. Give to me a thought in your prayers which will
+comfort and sustain me in all that I have to go through. Let me take
+this opportunity of expressing my heartfelt thanks for all the touching
+letters and tokens of sympathy I have received from all classes, high
+and low, rich and poor, which are so numerous that I fear it would be
+impossible for me ever to thank everybody individually. I confide my
+dear Son to your care, who I know, will follow in his dear Father's
+footsteps, begging you to show him the same loyalty and devotion you
+showed his dear Father. I know that both my dear son and daughter-in-law
+will do their utmost to merit and keep it."
+
+It may be added that the surviving children of King Edward and Queen
+Alexandra at the time of the King's death were his successor--George
+Frederick Ernest Albert, Prince of Wales; Princess Louise, Duchess of
+Fife, who was born in 1867 and married in 1889; Princess Victoria, who
+was born in 1868 and was unmarried; Princess Maud, Queen of Norway, who
+was born in 1869 and married in 1896 to Charles, then Crown Prince of
+Denmark. King Edward's only surviving brother was H. R. H., the Duke of
+Connaught, who was born in 1850. His surviving sisters were Princess
+Helena, married to Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein; Princess
+Louise, married to the Duke of Argyll; and Princess Beatrice, widow of
+the late Prince Henry of Battenberg.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+The Solemn Funeral of the King
+
+
+The death of King Edward was an event of more than British importance,
+of more than Imperial significance. His funeral was a stately, solemn
+and splendid ceremony preceded by two weeks of real mourning throughout
+his Empire, of obvious and sincere regret throughout the world. In
+London and Cape Town, in Melbourne and Toronto, in Wellington and Dawson
+City, in Ottawa and Khartoum, in Calcutta and in Cairo; wherever the
+British flag flies, efforts were made to mark the funeral as one of
+individual and local and national sorrow. All the great cities of the
+Empire, the smaller towns, and even the hamlets, had their drapings of
+purple and black. In every church and chapel and Sunday meeting-house
+during the two weeks of mourning at least one service was given up to
+the memory of the late King. In all foreign countries preparations were
+made for the formal expression of the general admiration which the
+qualities and reign of the dead monarch had aroused. Formal resolutions,
+public meetings, the appointment of national representatives to the
+coming funeral were world-wide incidents.
+
+At home in London the casket to contain the Royal remains was fashioned
+of British oak from the Forest of Windsor and on May 14th, the body of
+King Edward was removed from the room in which he died to the Throne
+Room of Buckingham Palace, and there placed on a catafalque in front of
+a temporary altar where it was guarded night and day by four Royal
+Grenadiers. On May 16th, amidst a solemn and imposing but preliminary
+pageant the late King was carried from the Palace where he died to
+Westminster Hall, where the remains were to lie in solemn state. A
+farewell family service had been held by the Bishop of London and then
+the body at 11.30 in the morning was transported to its new
+resting-place between double lines of red-coated soldiers, flanked by
+dense and silent masses of mourning people, with buildings on every hand
+heavily draped.
+
+Preceded by the booming of minute guns, the slow pealing of bells and
+the roll of muffled drums the procession passed to its destination. It
+included the Headquarters Staff of the Army with Lord Roberts leading,
+the Admiralty Board, the great officers of Army and Navy, dismounted
+troops, Indian officers. These preceded the plain gun-carriage on which
+rested the Royal remains, the coffin covered with a white satin pall and
+the Royal Standard, on which rested the Crown, the Orb and the Sceptre.
+Drawn by eight magnificent black horses and flanked by the King's
+Company of the Royal Grenadiers the bier was followed by King George on
+foot with his two eldest sons and behind them were the Kings of Denmark
+and Norway, the Duke of Connaught, various visiting royalties, or
+representatives, and the household of the late King. A mounted escort
+succeeded and then came a carriage containing the Queen-Mother, her
+sister the Dowager Empress of Russia, the Princess Royal and Princess
+Victoria, another with Queen Mary, and others with the Queen of Norway
+and various members of the royal family. Last of all came a body of
+mounted troops. All along the route, which was scarcely half a mile in
+length, the attitude of the uncounted multitude was one of deep personal
+grief. No word was spoken and after heads had been uncovered, the masses
+of people were described as looking like an assembly of graven images.
+At the noble Hall, famous in British history for more than 800 years,
+the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Duke of Norfolk received the coffin
+and preceded it to the catafalque. No attempt at funeral decoration
+marred the noble simplicity of the grand interior. The spacious floor
+was laid with dull grey felt. In the centre, on a slightly elevated dais
+spread with a purple carpet stood the lofty purple draped catafalque. No
+flowing draperies softened its outlines and it appeared like smoothly
+chiselled blocks of purple granite.
+
+[Illustration: Above--The west front of Buckingham Palace, showing the
+windows of the room in which King Edward died. (Nos. 1 and 2, King
+Edward's bedroom; No. 3, Queen Alexandra's bedroom.)]
+
+[Illustration: Below--The Private Chapel of Buckingham Palace, where the
+family service was held on the Sunday following King Edward's death.]
+
+[Illustration: Photo by Paul Thompson. N. Y. Monarchs in the funeral
+procession of King Edward. King George, the German Emperor and the Duke
+of Connaught are seen in the center of the photograph.]
+
+[Illustration: The funeral procession of King Edward passing the Marble
+Arch. The gun carriage bearing his body is seen in the foreground,
+followed by the late King's horse with empty saddle.
+
+Photo by Paul Thompson, N. Y.]
+
+[Illustration: King Edward's funeral procession moving into Edgeware
+Road, flanked by thousands of military and tens of thousands of
+mourning citizens.
+
+Photo by Paul Thompson. N. Y.]
+
+Slowly and quietly a great company assembled and then the Westminster
+Abbey choir of men and boys clad in white surplices and scarlet
+cassocks, took its position. On the left, preceded by the mace-bearer
+with his glittering mace, came the Speaker of the House of Commons in
+his flowing robes of black and gold, followed by 400 members of the same
+House led by the Prime Minister. All the members of the Cabinet were
+there while Radical, Labour and Unionist members mingled behind the low
+purple barrier. A little later the Lord Chancellor, wearing his
+full-bottomed wig and black and gold gown and preceded by the
+mace-bearer, led the Peers down the staircase in front of the choir to
+an enclosure on the right side of the catafalque. On bars immediately
+opposite each other rested the masses of the House of Commons and the
+House of Lords. Behind each there was arranged a nearly equal number of
+Commoners and Peers. Between them stood the catafalque. Presently, amid
+a deep hush, great military and naval officers led the procession into
+the hall. Proceeded by the Garter King-at-Arms, and Heralds they marched
+slowly and ranged themselves in a glittering array over the steps below
+the choir while the coffin was borne in by soldiers. Behind it was
+carried by other soldiers the covering of the coffin on which rested the
+crown, sceptre and orb. Very gently the heavy coffin was raised to the
+catafalque and the glittering emblems of royalty replaced on its top.
+Then, leaning on either side of the catafalque, and resting on the
+ground, were placed two plain wreaths of cypress. Behind the coffin
+followed the Queen Alexandra, King George and the Dowager Empress Marie
+of Russia, each holding one of her arms. The purple carpeted dais was
+occupied by the dead King's family and royal visitors. A short service
+followed and the first part of the royal funeral was over while from the
+heart and pen of the great poet of the Empire--Rudyard Kipling--came
+verses addressed to and representing the people of which a few lines may
+be quoted:
+
+    And God poured him an exquisite wine, that was daily renewed to him
+    In the clear welling love of his peoples, that daily accrued to him.
+    Honour and service we gave him, rejoicingly, fearless;
+    Faith absolute, trust beyond speech, and a friendship as peerless.
+    And since he was master and servant in all that we asked him
+    We leaned hard on his wisdom in all things, knowing not how we
+      tasked him.
+
+    For on him each new day laid command, every tyrannous hour
+    To confront, or confirm or make smooth some dread issue of power.
+    To deliver true judgment aright at the instant unaided
+    In the strict, level, ultimate phrase that allowed or dissuaded;
+    To foresee, to allay, to avert from us perils unnumbered;
+    To stand guard at our gates when he guessed that our watchman had
+      slumbered;
+    To win time, to turn hate, to woo folly to service, and mightily
+      schooling
+    His strength to the use of his nations; to rule as not ruling.
+    These were the works of our King; earth's peace is the proof of
+      them.
+    God gave him great works to fulfil and to use the behoof of them.
+
+Following these events Westminster Hall for two days was thrown open to
+the public and a continuous procession of half a million mourners passed
+the coffin and looked for the last time upon the face of their
+well-loved Sovereign. Into Windsor, meanwhile, there poured innumerable
+evidences of the peoples' sympathy from the costliest tribute of wealth
+and aristocracy to the thousands of simple green wreaths sent in by the
+poorer classes. To Westminster Hall, on May 19th, the Emperor William of
+Germany, soon after his arrival, proceeded with King George, stood for a
+while in the private enclosure as the countless stream of people passed
+slowly by, then descended to the floor of the Hall--the Kaiser carrying
+a wreath of purple and white flowers--and together knelt within the
+rails while the stream of passers-by was temporarily suspended. When the
+two monarchs arose the Emperor William held out his hand which King
+George clasped and held for some moments.
+
+By May 20th the preparations were all in readiness for the final
+functions and splendid ceremonial. The streets were draped from
+Buckingham Palace to Westminster Hall, and thence to Paddington Station,
+in great masses of purple and white and black; Venetian masts lined the
+route on which hung masses of funeral wreaths from the people;
+half-masted flags were everywhere. The town of Windsor was almost buried
+from sight in the purple trappings of grief and royalty. On the day
+itself solemn, silent multitudes of men and women, estimated at from
+three to five millions, were massed along the route of the procession
+with 35,000 soldiers lining the streets and a parade which even London
+had never equalled for mingled splendour and solemnity. At 9:10 a. m.,
+the deep-toned bell of Westminster announced the beginning of the royal
+obsequies. King George, Queen Mary, the Queen Mother, the royal family
+and the visiting monarchs and representatives of the powers and the
+Empire, left Buckingham Palace and proceeded with a small escort to
+Westminster Hall amidst the tolling of bells and the firing of minute
+guns. Only Queen Alexandra, the Princess Victoria, the King and the
+Emperor William entered the Hall and saw the body removed from the
+catafalque to the gun-carriage outside where it rested under conditions
+similar to those of the earlier removal from Buckingham Palace. Outside,
+the Queen Mother entered her coach and, as the body-guard of Kings
+wheeled around and passed her carriage, three by three, each saluted her
+with silent reverence.
+
+The procession left Westminster at 9.30 headed by a long column of
+troops and bluejackets and the greater officers of the Army and Navy.
+Bands of the Household cavalry, the new Territorial troops, Colonial
+soldiers, were first and then came various volunteer corps, the
+Honourable Artillery Company, officers of the Indian regiments in their
+picturesque uniforms and turbans, followed by detachments of infantry,
+Foot Guards, Royal Engineers, Garrison, Field and Horse Artillery. Naval
+representatives came next with the military attaches of the foreign
+embassies, the officers of the Headquarters Staff of the Army and the
+Field Marshals and massed bands playing solemn funeral marches. Then
+followed the chief officers of State, followed by the Duke of Norfolk
+and succeeded by a single soldier carrying the Royal Standard; the
+gun-carriage carrying the mortal remains of the King came next and just
+behind it walked a groom leading his favourite charger and another with
+his favourite dog "Caesar"; King George followed, riding between the
+German Emperor and the Duke of Connaught, all clad in brilliant uniforms
+with a long and unique line of nine Monarchs, Princes of great States
+and special Ambassadors and Imperial representatives. They rode in the
+following order:
+
+The Duke of Connaught, King George and the Emperor William.
+
+King Haakon of Norway, King George of Greece, and King Alfonso of Spain.
+
+King Ferdinand of Bulgaria, King Frederick of Denmark and King Manuel of
+Portugal.
+
+Prince Yussof Zvyeden, the Heir Apparent of Turkey, King Albert of
+Belgium and Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of
+Austro-Hungary.
+
+Prince Sadanaru Fushimi of Japan, Grand Duke Michael of Russia, the Duke
+of Aosta, representing Italy, the Duke of Sparta, Crown Prince of
+Greece, and the Crown Prince Ferdinand of Roumania.
+
+Prince Henry of Prussia representing the German Navy, Prince Charles of
+Sweden, Prince Henry of Holland, the Duke of Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha, the
+Crown Prince of Montenegro and Crown Prince Alexander of Servia.
+
+Prince Mohammed Ali, Said Pasha Zulfikar, Watsen Pasha of Egypt and the
+Sultan of Zanzibar. Then followed the Princely and Ducal representatives
+of a dozen German States, the members of the British Royal family, the
+Duc D'Alencon, and Prince Bovaradej of Siam.
+
+The mounted group was followed by twelve State carriages. The first was
+occupied by the Queen-Mother, Alexandra, and her sister the Russian
+Dowager Empress Marie, the Princess Royal and the Princess Victoria; the
+second carriage contained Queen Mary of Great Britain, Queen Maud of
+Norway, the Duke of Cornwall, heir to the British Throne, and the
+Princess Mary; the next four carriages carried Royal ladies and
+ladies-in-waiting; the seventh carriage contained Prince Tsai-Tao of
+China and his suite; the eighth carriage was shared by Special American
+Ambassador Theodore Roosevelt, M. Pichon, French Foreign Minister, and
+the representative of Persia; the ninth carriage was occupied by Lord
+Strathcona, High Commissioner for Canada, Sir George Reid, High
+Commissioner for Australia and William Hall-Jones, High Commissioner for
+New Zealand.
+
+The train to Windsor contained a funeral car upholstered in purple and
+white silk with a catafalque on which the casket was placed and around
+it were grouped the near members of the Royal Family and eight
+Sovereigns of Foreign States. From Windsor station to the Castle the
+procession formed in the previous order except that the Royal mourners
+walked while sailors drew the gun-carriage to the famous home of
+Britain's monarchs and to the entrance of the historic St. George's
+Chapel. Here, where King Edward was christened and married and shared in
+so many stately functions, the final religious ceremonies were performed
+by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York. While the coffin rested on a
+purple catafalque before the altar, which was almost buried in floral
+emblems, and minute guns boomed and bells tolled, the briefest service
+of the Church of England--at Queen Alexandra's request--was proceeded
+with and the body slowly, reverently, lowered into the vault. A prayer
+was then uttered for the new King and the Benediction pronounced by the
+Archbishop of Canterbury.
+
+What can be said of the day elsewhere? A full record would fill many
+volumes. In Canada, in Australia, in South Africa, in New Zealand, in
+Newfoundland, in all British countries and territories, there was a
+great similarity of solemn and popular demonstration. Everywhere
+factories and financial institutions and commercial establishments
+closed their doors. Wherever that was impossible in Canadian factories
+work was stopped at a certain stage in the funeral ceremonies and every
+man stood in silence, with bared head for the time arranged; on all the
+great railways of Canada at the moment when the King's body was lowered
+into his grave, and for three minutes, everything stopped, every kind of
+work ceased, every one of at least 40,000 men stood in reverent silence.
+Military parades took place with muffled drums and passage through long
+lanes of silent people, in Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton, Chatham, London,
+St. Catharines, Kingston, Woodstock, Ottawa, St. Thomas, Winnipeg and
+Victoria, and other places. Memorial services were everywhere held; in
+Ottawa, Vice-Royalty and the Ministers took part in a great open-air
+ceremony in front of the Parliament Buildings, with troops and massed
+bands and superb drapings, to still further emphasize the solemnity of
+the occasion. Toronto had 100,000 people attend a similar service under
+the auspices of the Government in front of its Parliament Buildings and
+so with other centres. It may be added here that besides Lord
+Strathcona, Canada had as representatives at the funeral ceremonies Hon.
+A. B. Aylesworth, Minister of Justice; Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, Chief
+Justice of the Supreme Court; Hon. C. Marcil, Speaker of the House of
+Commons; Hon. S. A. Fisher, Minister of Agriculture; Sir D. M. McMillan,
+Lieut.-Governor of Manitoba; Mayors Geary of Toronto, Sanford Evans of
+Winnipeg, and Guerin of Montreal.
+
+In other parts of the Empire similar scenes occurred. Throughout South
+Africa the most solemn memorial services were held and attended by vast
+congregations. There were scenes of heartfelt sorrow and hundreds of
+magnificent wreaths were deposited on the statue of the King at Cape
+Town. Funeral services were held throughout India, the Hindus joining in
+the services in a remarkable manner. All military trains were halted for
+fifteen minutes. In Australia the Governor-General and all the Ministers
+assembled on the great tier of steps at the Parliament Buildings,
+Melbourne, in the presence of perhaps the most solemn assembly ever
+gathered together in that country. For a long space there was a reverent
+silence and the crowd then sang the National Anthem. The day was
+observed as a day of mourning in Sydney, bells were tolled from noon to
+sunset, and salutes of sixty-eight minute guns fired in the afternoon.
+A hundred thousand persons attended the memorial service in Centennial
+Park at Wellington, New Zealand. Services were general throughout that
+Dominion while every outpost of the Empire flew the Union Jack at
+half-mast and paid a tribute to the dead Sovereign's memory.
+
+Thus there passed away and was buried a great King, a man of
+whole-souled, genial and honourable type, a character rich in graces
+granted to few in this world, a ruler who combined intellect with heart
+and knowledge with discrimination, a Briton who could love and believe
+in the greatness of his own country and Empire without antagonizing the
+legitimate pride and aspirations of other nations, a diplomatist made by
+nature's own hand to soothe international acerbities and embody the
+ideal of peace in an age of preparation for war.
+
+[Illustration: Funeral procession of King Edward VII from Buckingham
+Palace to Westminster Hall for the public lying-in-state. King George,
+Prince Edward and Prince Albert are seen following immediately behind
+the gun carriage.
+
+Photo by Paul Thompson, N. Y.]
+
+[Illustration: Bearing the Coffin of King Edward into St. George's
+Chapel, Westminster. The Dowager Queen Alexandra and other royal
+mourners following the body.
+
+Photo by Paul Thompson, New York.]
+
+[Illustration: The lying-in-state of King Edward VII at Westminster
+Hall.
+
+Photo by Paul Thompson, N. Y.]
+
+[Illustration: The gun carriage bearing King Edward's body drawn by
+sailors from Windsor Station.
+
+Photo by Paul Thompson, N. Y.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+The New King and His Imperial Responsibilities
+
+
+In assuming the burden of his great position and manifold duties King
+George V had the disadvantage of succeeding a great monarch; he had also
+the advantage of having been trained in statecraft, diplomacy, and the
+science and practice of government, by a master in the art. He was young
+in years--only forty-five--strong, so far as was known, in body and
+health, equipped with a vigorous intelligence and wide experience of
+home and European politics and, what was of special importance at the
+time of his accession, instinct with Imperial sentiment and acquainted,
+practically and personally, with the politics and leaders of every
+country in the British Empire--notably India, Canada, South Africa and
+Australia. He was not known to the public as a man of genial temperament
+but rather as a strong, reserved, quiet thinker and student of men and
+conditions. Great patience and considerable tact, common sense and
+natural ability, eloquence in speech and fondness for home life and
+out-door sports, he had shown as Prince of Wales or Duke of Cornwall. He
+spoke German, French, and, of course, English with ease and accuracy; he
+had seen much service in the Royal Navy and was understood to be
+devotedly attached to the wide spaces of the boundless seas; his Consort
+was beautiful, kindly, and graceful in bearing, with a profound sense of
+the importance of her place and duties and a sincere belief in the
+beneficence and splendid mission of British power.
+
+The Prince of Wales became, of course, King at the moment of his
+Father's death; on May 7th His Majesty met the Privy Council, signed
+the proclamation relating to his Accession and accepted the oath of
+fealty from the Lords and gentlemen assembled. To them he delivered a
+brief address expressive of his personal sorrow and sense of his onerous
+responsibilities: "In this irreparable loss, which has so suddenly
+fallen upon me and the whole Empire, I am comforted by the feeling that
+I have the sympathy of my future subjects, who will mourn with me for
+their beloved Sovereign, whose own happiness was found in sharing and
+promoting theirs. I have lost not only a Father's love, but the
+affectionate and intimate relations of a dear friend and adviser. No
+less confident am I of the universal and loving sympathy which is
+assured to my dearest Mother in her overwhelming grief.
+
+"Standing here, little more than nine years ago, our beloved King
+declared that so long as there was breath in his body he would work for
+the good and amelioration of his subjects. I am sure that the opinion of
+the whole nation will be that this declaration has been fully carried
+out. To endeavour to follow in his footsteps, and at the same time to
+uphold the constitutional government of these realms will be the earnest
+object of my life. I am deeply sensible of the heavy responsibilities
+which have fallen upon me. I know that I can rely upon the Parliament
+and on the people of these Islands and my Dominions beyond the Seas for
+their help in the discharge of these arduous duties and their prayers
+that God will grant me strength and guidance. I am encouraged by the
+knowledge that I have in my dear wife one who will be a constant
+helpmate in every endeavour for our people's good."
+
+This speech, delivered with obvious feeling and indicating a real
+understanding and appreciation of his late Father's character and
+career, made a most favourable impression upon the Council, the Nation,
+and the Empire. It was followed by others--all showing tact and a clear
+grasp of the fundamental conditions of the time and of his new
+responsibilities. To the British Army King George issued the following
+Message: "My beloved Father was always closely associated with the Army
+by ties of strong personal attachment, and from the first day he entered
+the service he identified himself with everything conducive to its
+welfare. On my accession to the Throne I take this earliest opportunity
+of expressing to all ranks my gratitude for their gallant and devoted
+service to him. Although I have been always interested in the Army,
+recent years have afforded me special opportunities of becoming more
+intimately acquainted with our forces both at home and in India, as well
+as in other parts of the Empire. I shall watch over your interests and
+efficiency with continuous and keen solicitude and shall rely on that
+spirit of loyalty which has at all times animated and been the proud
+tradition of the British Army." To the Royal Navy His Majesty's Message
+was issued with special and personal interest. He was devoted to that
+arm of the service. From the year 1877 when he entered as a Cadet of
+twelve years old, and 1879 when, with Prince Albert Victor--afterwards
+Duke of Clarence--he went around the world in H. M. S. _Bacchante_, and
+1885 when he became a Midshipman, he had delighted in the Naval service,
+imbibed the free air of the seas of the world and become instinct with
+pride in England's naval record and achievements. He had been attached
+to and served in several great battleships; in 1888 he commanded a
+torpedo boat and in 1890 the gunboat _Thrush_; in succeeding years he
+held more important commands and finally in 1897 had become an Admiral.
+To his Navy King George spoke as follows:
+
+     "It is my earnest wish on succeeding to the Throne to make known to
+     the Navy how deeply grateful I am for its faithful and
+     distinguished services rendered to the late King, my beloved
+     Father, who ever showed great solicitude for its welfare and
+     efficiency. Educated and trained in that profession which I love so
+     dearly my retirement from active duty has in no sense diminished my
+     feelings of affection for it. For thirty-three years I had the
+     honour of serving in the Navy, and such intimate participation in
+     its life and work enables me to know how thoroughly I can depend
+     upon that spirit of loyalty and zealous devotion to duty of which
+     the glorious history of our Navy is the outcome. That you will ever
+     continue to be, as in the past, the foremost defenders of your
+     country's honour I know full well, and your fortunes will always be
+     followed by me with deep feelings of pride and affectionate
+     interest."
+
+Parliament met in special Session on May 11th to tender its combined
+condolences and congratulations to the new Sovereign. The Addresses from
+both Houses were identical in terms and referred eulogistically to the
+great work of the late King in building up and maintaining friendly
+Foreign relations. To them His Majesty replied briefly as to his
+personal grief and the national sorrow and then added: "King Edward's
+care for the welfare of his people, his skill and prudent guidance of
+the nation's affairs, his unwavering devotion to public duty during his
+illustrious reign, his simple courage under pain, will long be held in
+honour by his subjects both at home and beyond the Seas." Meanwhile an
+infinite variety of articles were being written about the new King. In
+Canada and the United States the same despatches, practically, came to
+the leading papers; in Canada were reproduced many of the attractive
+articles written by special American correspondents in England. Some of
+them could hardly have come from personal knowledge; others contained
+much of current gossip, passing stories, hasty impressions; all were
+interesting. A remarkable feature of nearly all that was written
+regarding His Majesty was the absence of serious criticism or the
+slightest cause for condemnation in a life of forty-five years lived in
+the continuous white light which beats upon Royalty with such merciless
+precision.
+
+The facts are that King George was and had been essentially a sailor
+Prince; that he had in his younger days been open-handed, free, and
+possessed of a certain natural and bluff and pleasant geniality which
+was, however, quite different from the urbane, charming, courtly
+geniality of King Edward; that something of this characteristic had
+disappeared from public view after the death of his brother, the Duke of
+Clarence, and his own assumption of public duties and public work as
+heir presumptive--functions greatly enlarged by the accession of his
+father to the Throne; that in his travels through the outer spaces, the
+vast Colonial Dominions, of the Empire he was too hedged about with
+etiquette, too much surrounded by a varied, and constantly changing, and
+bewildering environment to exhibit anything except devotion to the
+immediate duty of the moment; that under the circumstances of his
+Imperial tours, amidst political conditions wherein a wrong word or even
+an unwise gesture might, upon occasions, evoke a storm, where not even
+his carefully-selected suite could be expected to understand all the
+varied shades of political strife and the infinite varieties of public
+opinion, it would have been more than human for him to show continuous
+geniality--as that word is interpreted in democratic countries; that
+upon many occasions and despite these obstacles he did thoroughly
+indicate a personal and unaffected enjoyment very different in manner
+from that of a prince receiving a formal address--notably so in his
+drives around Quebec during the Tercentenary; that the responsibilities
+of his position, the personal limitations of his environment, the
+difficulties always surrounding an heir to the throne, had however, and
+upon the whole, sobered the one-time "jolly" Prince into a serious and
+thoughtful personage--a statesman in the making; that he was, what none
+of the Royal family had ever been, something of an orator as he proved
+by his splendid speech in London upon returning from the Empire tour of
+1901 and by his delivery of otherwise routine addresses upon many
+occasions; that there could be absolutely no doubt as to his love of
+home, his devotion to wife and family, his personal preference for a
+quieter life than that which destiny had given him. King George was
+married to Princess May of Teck, on July 6, 1893, and the children of
+the Royal pair at the Accession were as follows:
+
+  H. R. H., Edward Albert      Born June  23, 1894
+  H. R. H., Albert Frederick     "  Dec.  14, 1895
+  H. R. H., Victoria Alexandra   "  April 25, 1897
+  H. R. H., Henry William        "  March 31, 1900
+  H. R. H., George Edward        "  Dec.  20, 1902
+  H. R. H., John Charles         "  July  12, 1905
+
+Of the new Queen Mary much might be said. Unspoiled by the social
+adulation, the personal power of her environment; devoted to her home,
+its duties and its responsibilities, and believing her children to be
+the first object and aim of a woman's study and attention, she yet found
+time to master the underlying principles of her future position, to
+become thoroughly conversant with all the details of sovereignty--not
+only in the ordinary sense but in that new meaning which has come to
+stamp the British Monarchy with such an international and Imperial
+prestige. The future Queen had some special qualifications for her
+position. She was British by birth and training and habit of
+thought--the first Queen-Consort who could claim these conditions in
+centuries of history. A great-granddaughter of George the Third she was
+the popular child of a popular mother--Princess Mary of Teck--and was
+born in Kensington Palace on May 26, 1867, in a room adjacent to that
+in which Queen Victoria first saw the light of day. Interested in the
+theatre, in music, and the drama, charitable by nature and incessant in
+her work for, and amongst, the poor, a cheerful though not exactly eager
+participant in social affairs and presiding at the Marlborough House
+functions with tact and distinction; winning during her tour around the
+Empire the unstinted liking and respect of the people; the mistress and
+careful head of her household, a constant friend and adviser and
+associate of her Royal husband, a loving and devoted mother; the
+Princess of Wales before she entered upon her inheritance of power had
+well proved her right to help in holding the reins of a greater position
+and in setting the example of leadership in her natural and important
+share of the duties surrounding the throne of Britain and its far-flung
+realm.
+
+[Illustration: KING GEORGE V
+  Son and successor of Edward VII upon the throne of England]
+
+[Illustration: QUEEN MARY, CONSORT OF GEORGE V]
+
+[Illustration: THE KING AND QUEEN AT TORONTO
+  King George V and the Queen when they visited Toronto, Canada, October
+  10, 1901, as Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York]
+
+[Illustration: KING GEORGE V LEARNING TO SPLICE ROPE
+
+In this interesting old photograph King George (on the left), and his
+older brother, the Duke of Clarence (on the right), are shown as boys on
+the "Britannia," where they were thoroughly taught the principles of
+seamanship. The Duke of Clarence, who was Heir to the Throne, died in
+1892 at the age of 28 years, leaving the right of succession to his
+younger brother.]
+
+[Illustration: THE ROYAL CHILDREN OF KING GEORGE V AND QUEEN MARY
+  Photograph by Paul Thompson, New York.
+
+Reading from left to right: Their Royal Highnesses, Henry William;
+Albert Frederick; Edward Albert, Prince of Wales; John Charles; Victoria
+Alexandra, George Edward.]
+
+What can be said of the future? It may be assumed that King George V
+will know his people well. He is thoroughly English in life, character,
+feelings; he knows Europe and the Empire better perhaps than any other
+living man; he is in sympathetic touch with rich and poor alike and has
+taken for many years deep interest in philanthropic and other schemes
+for the betterment of the poor; he has been trained in the school of
+constitutional monarchy by the personal teachings of his father and the
+potent example of Queen Victoria. The London _Daily Telegraph_ said of
+him at the time of his accession--speaking probably with the knowledge
+of Lord Burnham, its proprietor, who had for many years been on intimate
+terms of friendship with the Royal Family--that the new King had
+undergone sedulous training and been educated to rule by learning to
+obey. "The country will discover in him what those admitted to his
+confidence have always realized--admirable traits of kindliness and
+strength; wise common sense, practical judgment of affairs; shrewd
+insight into character; and a singularly upright and lofty conception
+of his kingly duty. He has a frank, generous, unspoiled nature, is
+quick in apprehension, deliberate in thought, careful in expression,
+controlled by a far-reaching consciousness of duty and is animated by a
+vivid sense of his exalted mission. He is a keen sportsman, an admirable
+father and husband, and a lovable man."
+
+King George has also been trained Imperially. He has trod the soil of
+his empire in every part of the globe and visited seas and lands which
+no other British sovereign ever saw; he has seen the courage and
+commercial skill and success of his more distant peoples, the pioneering
+activities and growing civilizations of new states and territories
+thousands of miles apart; he has obviously learned from them lessons of
+great import. It required considerable courage in 1902 to make that
+speech of "Wake up, England," to a people who do not readily take advice
+from their rulers and who notoriously dislike being hurried along the
+lines of their development. In other directions there is much to be
+hopeful for. His Majesty has chosen his friends well. They are said, in
+an intimate sense, to be few in number, but the fact of Lord Rosebery
+being one of them augurs well of the others. He has a strong sense of
+duty, his addresses indicate the principle of Imperialism in its best
+sense, his life has commanded the respect of his people. It may well be,
+and surely will be in his case, as with the late Queen, with Wellington
+and Nelson and King Edward himself, that
+
+    "Not once or twice in our fair Island's story
+    The path of duty was the road to glory."
+
+To the political situation at his accession, therefore, King George
+brings a trained intelligence, detailed and intimate knowledge, a keen
+perception of the basic interests and feelings of his people. No one
+knows, no one can know, what are his political opinions. The
+probabilities are that his principles are not those of any so-called
+party. If they were closely analyzed in the light of environment,
+education, instincts, and natural predelictions the King's policy might,
+perhaps, be found to be something like this: (1) The maintenance of
+British power, including a strong Navy and a United Empire; (2) the
+maintenance of the Monarchy in all its essential rights and privileges
+and absolute independence of party. These two lines of ambition would
+really be, and are, one, as in his opinion and, indeed, in that of most
+thinking men who are not blinded by passing party phantoms the interests
+of Great Britain, of the Empire, and the Monarchy, are identical.
+
+In the political crisis of 1910 two questions are uppermost--a
+constitutional change and a fiscal change. In order to defeat the latter
+proposals the Liberals in part have created the former situation. The
+King can act only upon the advice of his Ministry unless tacitly and by
+unusual agreement, as latterly was the case with King Edward, he acts as
+a conciliatory force. If the Government asks him to create 300 peers so
+as to compel the acceptance of legislation curbing and crippling, if not
+abolishing, the Upper House, he can either assent or refuse. Assent
+means the destruction of a portion of the Constitution--and a portion
+very close to the Throne and which acts as a real buffer against the
+hasty action of an impetuous and sometimes imperious Commons. Refusal
+means that the Ministry must resign or go to the country on an issue in
+which it is quite possible the people will not support them.
+
+Against the Government, also, in this contest will be urged the full
+force of the growing fiscal feeling, the desire for Tariff Reform, the
+development of an Imperial sentiment which wants some means of giving
+the Colonies a preference in the British market, the pressing need for
+some weapon of retaliation upon highly protective foreign nations.
+Whatever course the King takes under all these conditions will bring
+the Crown into the conflict--either as yielding to the Liberals and thus
+antagonizing the Conservatives, or by refusing the demands of the
+former, raising up a party--small but vehement--against the Monarchy
+itself. There is another element in the situation to be remembered.
+England, "the dominant partner," is not really behind the Asquith
+Government. Its majority at the recent elections was infinitesimal; what
+there was came from Wales and Ireland and Scotland; and that of Ireland
+was divided upon the fiscal issue. The whole situation is, therefore,
+very much clouded to the eye.
+
+So far as one writer can estimate the end of such a crisis it will
+probably be one of compromise. Almost everything in the British
+constitution is in the nature of a compromise. Constitutional monarchy
+in its essence is a half-way house between Autocracy and Republicanism
+and its great advantage to the minds of its supporters is that the
+system has the extremes of neither, the best qualities of each, and all
+the advantages of that strength and permanence which moderation and
+toleration always afford. In Britain the system certainly has the
+affection and devotion of the great mass of the people. Mr. Asquith is
+not an extremist, Mr. Haldane and Sir Edward Grey are moderate forces in
+the Cabinet, and though Messrs. Lloyd-George and Winston Churchill are
+more heard of it does not follow, and it certainly is not the fact, that
+they are more influential. They hold the same place in Liberalism that
+Mr. Chamberlain with his republican tendencies (which they do not
+profess) and his "three acres and a cow" held to Mr. Gladstone and the
+Liberal leaders of thirty or forty years ago. The Conservatives, also,
+are not desirous of pushing the issue too far. They believe in and have
+tested the affection of rural England for the aristocracy and the
+preference of nearly all England for a second Chamber of some kind. But
+they do not intend to fight the issue on the hereditary principle. The
+acceptance, by a very large majority, of Lord Rosebery's motion in the
+Lords declaring that "the possession of a peerage should no longer, of
+itself, give the right to sit and vote in the House of Lords," removes
+this point from the actual conflict and leaves the Conservatives as
+urging a strong, reformed and democratised Upper House against the
+Liberal policy of a weakened, emasculated echo of the House of Commons.
+
+[Illustration: THE YOUNG PRINCES AT THE WALL OF MARLBOROUGH HOUSE
+WATCHING THE PROCLAMATION OF THEIR FATHER AS KING; AND TEXT OF THE
+PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it has pleased Almighty God to call to His Mercy our late
+Sovereign Lord King Edward the Seventh, of Blessed and Glorious Memory,
+by whose Decease the Imperial Crown of the United Kingdom of Great
+Britain and Ireland is solely and rightfully come to the High and Mighty
+Prince George Frederick Ernest Albert:
+
+We, therefore, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of this Realm, being
+here assisted with these of His late Majesty's Privy Council, with
+Numbers of other Principal Gentlemen of Quality, with the Lord Mayor,
+Aldermen, and Citizens of London, do now hereby, with one Voice and
+Consent of Tongue and Heart, publish and proclaim, That the High and
+Mighty Prince George Frederick Ernest Albert, is now by the Death of our
+late Sovereign of Happy Memory, become our only lawful and rightful
+Liege Lord George the Fifth by the Grace of God, King of the United
+Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and of the British Dominions
+Beyond the Seas, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India:
+
+To whom we do acknowledge all Faith and constant Obedience, with all
+hearty and humble Affection; beseeching God, by whom Kings and Queens do
+reign, to bless the Royal Prince George the Fifth with long and happy
+years to reign over Us.
+
+GOD SAVE THE KING!]
+
+[Illustration: PROCLAIMING THE ACCESSION OF KING GEORGE V TO THE CROWDS
+IN LONDON.
+
+The third proclamation by the Heralds was made from the Royal Exchange
+and was witnessed by an enormous crowd. The ceremony opened with a
+fanfare of trumpets, after which Somerset Herald read the proclamation.
+He then lifted his hat and cried, "God save the King." Three cheers were
+then given for King George V, followed by three more for Queen Mary.]
+
+[Illustration: Reading from left to right--Sir Almeric Fitzroy (Clerk of
+the Privy Council), Earl Beauchamp (Lord Steward), Viscount Althorp
+(Lord Chamberlain), the Earl of Crewe (Lord Privy Seal), the King,
+Prince Christian, Lord Loreburn (the Lord Chancellor), the Earl of
+Granard (Master of the Horse), the Duke of Fife, the Duke of Argyll, the
+Archbishop of Canterbury.
+
+KING GEORGE'S FIRST OFFICIAL ACT.
+
+According to ancient procedure a meeting of the Privy Council was held
+at St. James's Palace on Saturday, May 7th, the morning after King
+Edward's death. After the Earl of Crewe had officially informed the
+Council of the death of the late King, and of King's George's accession,
+His Majesty entered the Council Chamber and after addressing the
+Councillors, took the usual oath for the security of the Church of
+Scotland.]
+
+Genealogical Chart
+
+SHOWING DESCENT OF KING GEORGE V, FROM EGBERT (A. D. 827)
+
+  1. Egbert. 2. Ethelwolf. 3. Alfred the Great. 4. Edward the Elder.
+  5. Edmund. 6. Edgar. 7. Ethelred. 8. Edmund Ironside. 9. Edward
+  (not a king). 10. Margaret, wife of Malcolm, King of Scotland.
+  11. Matilda, wife of Henry I. 12. Matilda or Maud, Empress of Germany,
+  and wife of Geoffrey of Anjou. 13. Henry II. 14. John. 15. Henry III.
+  16. Edward I. 17. Edward II. 18. Edward III.
+                                      |
+             ----------------------------------------------------
+             |                        |                         |
+    19. Lionel, Duke               Edmund                 John of Gaunt,
+      of Clarence               Duke of York           Duke of Lancaster,
+             |                        |              m. Catherine Swynford
+        20. Phillippa,                |        (issue afterwards legitimated)
+  m. Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March   |                         |
+             |                        |                         |
+  21. Roger Mortimer, Earl of March   |                  John Beaufort,
+             |                        |                 Earl of Somerset
+  22. Anne Mortimer.......m........Richard,                     |
+             |                Earl of Cambridge           John Beaufort,
+             |                        |                  Duke of Somerset
+             --------------------------                         |
+                        |                                       |
+                  23. Richard,                              Margaret.
+                  Duke of York                          m. Edmund Tudor,
+                        |                               Earl of Richmond
+                 24. Edward IV                                  |
+                        |                                       |
+                 25. Elizabeth............married............Henry VII
+                        |                                       |
+                        -----------------------------------------
+                                        |
+   James IV...m....26. Margaret Tudor.....m.....2ndly, Archibald Douglas,
+   of Scotland              |                         |    Earl of Angus
+                 27. James of Scotland        Margaret Douglas
+                            |                 m. Earl of Lennox
+                            |                         |
+              28. Mary, Queen of Scots.....m....Lord Darnley
+                            |                         |
+                            ---------------------------
+                                         |
+                    29. James VI of Scotland (James I of England)
+                                         |
+                    30. Elizabeth m. Frederick, Elector Palatine
+                                         |
+           31. Sophia m. Ernest Augustus of Brunswick, Elector of Hanover
+                                         |
+                32. George, Elector of Hanover, afterwards George I
+                                         |
+                                  33. George II
+                                         |
+                          34. Frederick, Prince of Wales
+                                         |
+                                 35. George III
+                                         |
+                            36. Edward, Duke of Kent
+                                         |
+                                  37. Victoria
+                                         |
+                                 38. Edward VII
+                                         |
+                                  39. George V
+
+There is plenty of room for compromise in this, and there is every
+possibility that something will be done along the lines of, perhaps,
+restricting the financial veto of the Lords, leaving the other questions
+open, and, meantime, reforming the structure of the House. Whatever the
+developments of the future, the new King may be depended upon to
+preserve the general principle of a second chamber; to conserve the
+legitimate interests and influence of the aristocracy and landed classes
+in the state--when, of course, they do not conflict with the well-being
+of the people as a whole; to stand for stability and gradual reform
+rather than change for the sake of change; to prefer and enforce
+evolution rather than revolution. In all this His Majesty will voice the
+deliberate and well-known opinions--instinct it may almost be said--of
+his people in general. Be it also said, in conclusion, that these
+thoughts are generalizations; that the King's opinions are his own and
+are not known to the people; that newspaper writers in England, the
+United States, or Canada, who proclaim an intimate acquaintance with his
+views, and hidden qualities, and private conversations, only betray
+their absolute ignorance of actual conditions. King George is an honest,
+honourable and patriotic Englishman, guarding the greatest birthright
+that a man can have, watching over the evolution of the greatest of
+world-empires, sitting at the heart of vital and powerful political
+movements. The steps he takes, or does not take, will be carefully
+considered, and all public knowledge of the new King's character and
+life leads one to believe that they will be wisely taken--in this
+respect following the precedents left by his august father and
+grandmother and realizing the principles and training and looming
+responsibilities of a lifetime.
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+The scan of page 287 is unclear, but it makes sense for the text to be:
+"The King was accompanied by Sir Frank Lascelles, Ambassador at Berlin,
+and by his physician, Sir Francis Laking."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Life of King Edward VII, by J. Castell Hopkins
+
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