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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/24581-8.txt b/24581-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3065dc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/24581-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2148 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Colonel John Brown, of Pittsfield, +Massachusetts, the Brave Accuser of Benedict Arnold, by Archibald Murray Howe + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Colonel John Brown, of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, the Brave Accuser of Benedict Arnold + +Author: Archibald Murray Howe + +Release Date: February 11, 2008 [EBook #24581] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLONEL JOHN BROWN *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Richard J. Shiffer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: Every effort has been made to replicate this text +as faithfully as possible, including obsolete and variant spellings +and other inconsistencies.] + + + + + COLONEL JOHN BROWN + + _OF PITTSFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS_ + + + THE BRAVE ACCUSER OF + + BENEDICT ARNOLD + + + An Address + + DELIVERED BEFORE THE FORT RENSSELAER CHAPTER OF THE + D.A.R. AND OTHERS + + + BY ARCHIBALD M. HOWE + + + AT THE + + VILLAGE OF PALATINE BRIDGE, NEW YORK + + SEPTEMBER 29, 1908. + + + + + W. B. CLARKE COMPANY + 26 AND 28 TREMONT STREET + BOSTON + + 1908 + + +GEO. H. ELLIS CO., PRINTERS, 272 CONGRESS ST., BOSTON. + + +This address was delivered for the purpose of calling attention to the +present condition of the marble monument erected at Stone Arabia, +N.Y., to the memory of Colonel Brown in 1836, now insecure because the +cemetery in the rear of Stone Arabia church is not properly +maintained. + +The form of the address is slightly changed, but the writer will never +forget the kindness of the Canajoharie and Palatine friends who +greeted him and the wonderful beauty of Stone Arabia, a plateau north +of the Mohawk at Palatine where our ancestors maintained a strong +outpost against Indians and other adversaries. + + + + +THE BRAVE ACCUSER OF BENEDICT ARNOLD. + + +John Brown, of Pittsfield, Mass., now almost forgotten, was a patriot +in our Revolution of 1775 whose career has been described more than +once by men in New York and in Berkshire County, but, as it is now +time to give more impartial views of the controversy, perhaps another +sketch of the life of this leader may encourage others to search for +clearer views of the ways by which our ancestors established the +institutions which we hope are to endure. + +Daniel Brown, the father of Colonel John Brown, came from Haverhill, +Mass., to the western part of the Commonwealth in 1752, when his son +John was eight years old. He seems to have been first in the beautiful +town of Sandisfield to take part in its local government, both secular +and ecclesiastical. "Deacon Brown" is called prosperous when this new +town on the banks of the Farmington River, east of the hills of the +Housatonic, bade fair to equal Pittsfield as a trading-place. "The +Deacon" was a local magistrate under the king, when laymen served as +judges. John, his youngest son, is described as tall and powerful, an +athlete able to kick a football over the elm-tree on the college green +at New Haven when he entered at twenty-three years of age, older in +years than most college students of the year 1767. + +It is believed that he prepared for college with some citizen of the +neighborhood, and it is known that he married before graduating in +1771. + +While at New Haven, he was fully informed of the peculiarities of +Benedict Arnold, then a storekeeper, already disgraced in the eyes of +respectable citizens because of his desertion from the British army +and his reckless disregard for the rights of his creditors; for then +the debtor was not allowed to retain his respectability, if he failed +dishonestly. Furthermore, his self-assertion was recognized as too +often a display of arrogance and vanity. Brown's sister Elizabeth had +married Oliver Arnold, attorney-general of Rhode Island, a cousin of +Benedict, and it is reasonable to suppose that he was well informed of +Arnold's misdeeds, which thus became known to John Brown. + +In 1771, when he was graduated from Yale, only twenty men were of his +class. Quite a large number of Yale graduates took part with the +patriots, and Humphreys, one of the class of 1771, was aide-de-camp to +Washington. He, I believe, is the only writer in verse who extolled +this John Brown. How often we are indebted to poets for our heroes! If +this John Brown had incited an insurrection and been hanged for +killing his fellow-men contrary to law in time of peace, "his soul +might be marching on." If, when he rode from Ticonderoga on horse at a +high rate of speed to Philadelphia, to inform the Continental Congress +that his friend Ethan Allen had taken possession of the fortress with +its guns and materials for war, some poet had described his ride, as +Longfellow portrayed Paul Revere's, the school children would still +recall Brown of Pittsfield; but, my friends, 'tis of little moment +that we are soon forgotten, if it be certain that, while we live, we +live with moral courage in the life of every day. + +I do not intend to put much emphasis upon military glory. I am trying +to show that Brown's life by reason of its entire sincerity, although +at times unsuccessful, was led, so far as we can know, by "_a man +every inch a man_," holding fast to his ideals, fearless in the +assertion of truth as he saw it, and directed by high principle; that, +having all these noble attributes, his part in public affairs should +now and then be rehearsed to show the value of goodness even amid the +horrors of war. + +On December 10, 1772, a few months after graduation from Yale College, +he was admitted to practise law in New York in the courts of Tryon +County, a part of which is now Montgomery County, bearing the name of +one of our noblest American generals, who led the attack on Quebec in +December, three years later, where Brown served under him as a major +of a Berkshire County regiment. Some writers call Brown king's +attorney at Caughnawaga, whether rightly I know not, nor do I know why +he came to the Mohawk Valley from Berkshire, for Pittsfield was a +growing frontier town. Perhaps Sir William Johnson's influence and his +busy settlement offered some inducement to the young attorney, but it +did not long have weight with him, for we find him in 1773 at +Pittsfield, where another attorney of Loyalist tendencies had left +town under coercion. + +Before I attempt to describe the civil and military career of John +Brown from 1773 to his thirty-sixth birthday, when he was killed at +Stone Arabia, I wish to call your attention to the peculiarities of +the political situation in Berkshire County and its vicinity. On the +north the New Hampshire Grants (now Vermont) had recently been +disputed territory where local partisans, Ethan Allen and others, used +coercion to maintain the claims of settlers against New York men +claiming title. New York Colony on the west, though directed largely +by men of high character like Philip Schuyler, was torn by bitter +political differences, the Loyalist element being strong in social and +political affairs. Then, although the Berkshire towns were active from +the earliest days of 1774 in sharing with other towns the plans for +resistance to royal authority, they were very jealous of any +continuance of unnecessary power in the Provincial Congress. +Pittsfield by the quill of a cousin of Ethan Allen, the Rev. Thomas +Allen, asserted that the town would remain "in a state of nature" [see +Note 1] (i.e., simple democracy without representative government) +unless it obtained new privileges. If the right of nominating to +office is not vested in the people, they said, "_we are indifferent +who assumes it, whether any particular persons on this or the other +side of the water_." They did not want any bosses, but no doubt would +have voted for Governor Hughes. They were of the belief that the +government of the respective committees (County and Town, Committees +of Correspondence and Inspection) was lenient and efficacious, but +they hoped for a new Constitution "on such a broad basis of civil and +religious liberty as no length of time will corrupt as long as the sun +and moon shall endure." They wished to elect judges by votes of the +people of the county, justices of the peace by the voters of the +towns, and of course allow soldiers to elect their company officers. + +Brown was chosen judge of the Common Pleas by the General Court of +Massachusetts for 1779, but never held court, probably because his +fellow-citizens were not submissive to the existing authority of the +General Court as exercised before the adoption of the new Constitution +of Massachusetts. In such a state of affairs Berkshire took her part +largely in her way when she sent men to fight the battles of the +United Colonies. Her officers and men were often too independent to +submit willingly to proper military authority, and in some trying +emergencies the Berkshire men were insubordinate or were disposed to +follow their leaders in attacks not always wisely chosen. It was +Captain Asa Douglas, of Hancock, the man who had done much to promote +the capture of Ticonderoga by skilful recruiting and by pledge of his +estate, who in May, 1776, was Chairman of a convention of Berkshire +towns which, deluded by false rumors and influenced by their own +prejudices against the noble General Schuyler, sent to General +Washington their doubts concerning his loyalty, although expressing +their hope that his name might be handed down to posterity as one of +the great pillars of the American Cause. Their hope is grandly +fulfilled, but the Berkshire men have left us with some doubt as to +their skill in judging of current events. However, on the twenty-sixth +day of May, 1776, Mark Hopkins, as Secretary of this Convention, wrote +to Washington to tell him their fears concerning Philip Schuyler were +groundless. + +John Brown was twenty-nine years of age when he began his active +citizenship at Pittsfield. He had lived in Berkshire more than +one-half his life. His experience on a farm, at college, near the sea, +and for a short time in the Mohawk country among the Indians and white +men of varying views about the king, made him worthy the confidence of +Berkshire men; and he always had their support and their respect. What +his literary attainments were we cannot tell. A few letters to General +Lincoln and letters relating to military affairs which appear in the +archives give little opportunity for judging of his literary and +professional skill. The inventory of his estate, giving in detail the +names of law books, a surveyor's guide, a theological treatise, and a +Bible, with farm implements and military clothing, show something of +the life of his time, when a man was farmer, surveyor, lawyer, and +soldier altogether, and, if as active as John Brown, not much more +able to write well-considered essays and books than if he had never +seen Yale College. Alas! his fate in that regard is not unlike many +graduates of our present time, who, having fine natures, strong traits +of character, and ability enough to express themselves, are driven by +commercial or other present activities to and fro from typewriter to +telephone, often to die without using their minds calmly and without +imparting to others much that they might have given to help the world, +had they been able to have peace in the midst of their busy lives. + +Pittsfield frequently employed Brown. In January, 1774, he was chosen +to instruct the representative to the General Court in reference to +the destruction of the tea at Boston. He was quite discriminating. +While he opposed the useless waste of property by disguised men, he +strongly denounced the British tyrannies. Within six months he was one +of the Committee of Correspondence and a delegate to the County +Congress at Stockbridge. In the fall of 1774 he acted as arbitrator +with others to settle disputes following the common law and the +Province laws when they did not interfere with the democracy of +Berkshire. + +He was chosen Ensign of the Company of Minute Men, and finally +delegate to the First Provincial Congress. This Congress appointed him +to a very important Committee on Correspondence with Canada, and that +winter the committee sent him to Canada with full power to get +information, confer with Canadians, whether English or French, and +report back the condition of affairs and whether they would act with +the Colonies. This mission was peaceful in its aim. He conferred with +men from Montreal and Quebec, assuring all whom he met that the +Colonies desired peace with Great Britain, but, if war came, they +would surely respect the rights of all men to worship God in their own +way and would maintain a democratic form of government. + +Mr. Brown showed himself to be diplomatic and faithful. He endured +much personal hardship and risk during the winter, and his report was +most valuable. The part of it best known is under date of March 29, +1775, wherein he recommended that, if war came, Ticonderoga should be +taken. "The people in the New Hampshire Grants," he wrote, "have +engaged to do the job." Recently it has been stated that in February, +1775, he was at Chesterfield, Mass., and that about that time he led a +party of Berkshire and Hampshire men to Deerfield and arrested a Tory +or some Tories who were suspected of being in direct communication +with General Gage at Boston. April 27, 1775, there appeared in the +Hartford _Courant_ a notice signed "John Brown" by order of the +Committee of Inspection in the towns of Pittsfield, Richmond, and +Lenox, in the following words: "Whereas Major Israel Stoddard and +Woodbridge Little Esq., both of Pittsfield in the County of Berkshire, +have fled from their respective homes and are justly esteemed the +common pests of society and incurable enemies of their country and are +supposed to be somewhere in New York Government moving sedition and +rebellion against their country, it is hereby recommended to all +friends of American liberty and to all who do not delight in the +innocent blood of their countrymen, to exert themselves that they may +be taken into custody and committed to some of his Majesty's jails +till the civil war which has broken out in this Province shall be +ended." Surely, Brown was an active partisan, though not at Lexington +in April, 1775. In May he was at Ticonderoga with Ethan Allen, not +holding any military rank. Allen commended him to the government as +fit for military command. + +The oft-told tale of how Ethan Allen took the fortress, proclaiming +its capture in the name of "Almighty God and the Continental +Congress," need not be rehearsed here. Allen took possession of +Ticonderoga, its garrison, and its valuable military property with the +aid of Connecticut and Berkshire men, and at his request Brown rode +his horse rapidly to Philadelphia to announce to the Continental +Congress the capture which was attained without their authority or +aid. At this point Benedict Arnold must be referred to. In April, +1775, he had broken open an arsenal at New Haven, and with his militia +company hurried to Cambridge. As he rode one day from New Haven +towards Cambridge, he met Captain Parsons, who was going to Hartford +to plan with some Connecticut leaders for the capture of Ticonderoga. +Hearing Parsons's plan, Arnold pushed on to Watertown and got a +commission from the Massachusetts government as colonel as well as an +order for power to recruit men, for horses and ammunition. Meeting +Ethan Allen on his way to Ticonderoga, Arnold produced his +Massachusetts authority, but not his men, on the same day that Allen +was fully prepared for his work. Arnold began his interference with +the concerted plan, hoping for a separate command and the glory of +victory. He promised payments of money to Berkshire men from the +southern towns, which he failed to pay from funds given him for that +purpose. This was the beginning of an angry and long-continued dispute +between Easton, Brown's colonel, and Brown, on the one hand, and +Arnold, on the other. Unhappily for Easton and Brown, as for all men +who possess the truth about the characters of men who are undoubtedly +able to fight battles, though brutal and even wicked in their lives, +the controversy was long and bitter, but, while war exists, the common +law and legal procedure rarely have weight and even martial law +becomes ineffective. + +"War is hell," said the great Sherman. Hell is irrational, as is war. +Reason fails to have even its usual part in man's destiny during all +wars. Chance has sway, and men often get what is called glory when +others, almost unknown to fame, should win the approval of all men. + +Whether Washington had his doubts about Arnold's character may never +be known, but more than once he gave him opportunities to hold high +command because he fought battles through. So Lincoln, when told that +Grant drank whiskey, asked for more such whiskey for other generals. +Sparks, the historian, a Unitarian clergyman, when writing Arnold's +life, detailed his sins, his youthful desertion from the British army, +his financial dishonor at New Haven, his overbearing self-assertion, +and yet he added, when telling of the attitude of the members of +Congress towards Arnold, that "these stern patriots, regarding virtue +as essential to true honor, did not consider great examples of valor, +resource, and energy even of arousing and sustaining the military +ardor of a country as an adequate counterpoise to a dereliction of +principle and a compromising integrity." "How far a judicious policy +and a pure patriotism were combined on this occasion," writes Sparks, +"as to what extent party zeal contributed to warp the judgment, we +need not now inquire." + +And here, my friends, is our solemn warning against war. No inquiry +will ever justify war. War is justified only upon the sad assumption +that, as men are "poor weak mortals" and naturally wicked, they will +go to war, and justice fails where might makes right. Who thinks I can +here and now fully justify John Brown as a soldier, if he was too +aggressive in attack or too ardent in his antagonism of a dastardly +traitor whom he knew through and through, but whom Washington, +Schuyler, and other generals felt obliged to support? Perhaps not +fully justify on the grounds that seem necessary to the success of +war, but I can fully support Brown as a man who fought nobly for his +country and in defence of the unprotected inhabitants of the Mohawk +Valley, who was never false to his aims as an American patriot, who +served with distinction under Allen, Montgomery, Schuyler, Arnold, +Lincoln, and Van Rensselaer, and finally died while attempting to +defend the Canajoharie settlements from the hostile attack of a +murderous foe and acting in obedience to the command of his superior +officer. + +When the Massachusetts government understood the situation at Lake +Champlain, Brown was appointed major of the Berkshire Regiment, and +sent again to Canada with four scouts. This time the business was very +dangerous. The French Canadians often helped him, but he might have +been treated as a spy, and a military police chased him for many miles +with two parties of fifty men each. On his return he reached Crown +Point within a day of the time General Schuyler had expected him, +after five days on the lake in a canoe. Early in August, 1775, he +urged by letter and every other means in his power the immediate +invasion of Canada. Soon he was put in command of a flotilla on Lake +Champlain, and then followed his well-known exploits at St. Johns and +Chamblee, where he co-operated with James Livingston, a brave New +Yorker. His capture of Chamblee on the 19th of October, 1775, just +five years before his death, brought promises of reward from Congress. +Then came the reckless expedition of Ethan Allen which led to his +capture, and which has long been believed to be the result of a +failure on the part of Brown to co-operate with Allen when he could +have supported him. Here the burden of proof rests on the accusers of +Brown, and they never have had other proof than an implication drawn +from the "Allen's narrative" that he did not make his best effort to +help him, although Allen does not make any direct charge. Furthermore, +the narrative is often far from correct; and as Allen was reckless in +act and statement, and as Brown was continued in service under +Montgomery, who was friendly to him, we may infer that Brown's failure +was unavoidable. Allen's plan was not approved by Schuyler or +Montgomery. Washington hoped that Allen's misfortune "would teach a +lesson of prudence and subordination to others who may be anxious to +outshine their general officers." + +It has been intimated that Brown was one of these junior officers who +chafed under the limitations set by his superiors, but he certainly +retained his position as a regimental officer, and achieved such +results in this Canadian invasion during the advance to Quebec that he +was highly commended by his associates, promised promotion by +Montgomery, and finally given his Lieutenant-colonelcy by Congress. He +took part in the attack of December 31, 1775, on Quebec, and on the +death of Montgomery served under Arnold for months, commanding a +detachment of Berkshire and other men who were willing to re-enlist if +he stayed. [See Note 2.] One of his letters written to his wife, March +15, 1776, when commanding an outpost near Quebec, says he expects to +be "another Uriah because he does not agree very well with Mr. General +Arnold." He had been "ordered to attack with his attachment of two +hundred men, one-half of whom were sick in the hospital" (his brave +brother, Captain Jacob Brown, died of small-pox). He himself marched +out with his men, but the enemy retired into their fort too soon for +him to attack them. He "expected another storm from Arnold, or to be +punished for disobedience to orders." Truly, he was not easily +subordinate to Arnold, but he was not again "set in the forefront of +the battle, that others might retire from him and that he might be +smitten and die," as David planned for Uriah, because he was truly +loyal to the cause he so nobly served, and Arnold did not dare to +destroy him. + +To fully describe his conduct in denouncing Arnold and Arnold's +tergiversation and intrigues against him would lead me far afield. No +doubt his accusations interfered with Arnold's promotion by +Congress,--promotion he earned as a great leader in battle,--but as an +officer responsible for property he was repeatedly unsuccessful. Brown +again and again renewed his charges against the arch-traitor, but was +not able to get proper attention from the tribunals that should have +relieved him from Arnold's false charges. [See Note 3.] + +Again and again historians declare that Arnold was led to treason +because he had been unjustly treated by the Continental Congress. What +a false view this is! He is willing enough to throw himself into +battle for glory and for his country's honor at Saratoga without +definite authority, and again he was ready for a fight or an +expedition for the relief of this valley _when he could lead_, but he +was always in trouble financially. His Philadelphia extravagances and +the increase of his indebtedness did not escape all censure. + +Although Washington mildly rebuked him, he gave him new offers of high +command. It is clear to me that any such statements as are indulged in +by historians are of no weight or consequence. + +I cannot help referring to Colonel Brown's hand-bill of the winter of +1776-77, published and posted in public places, wherein he attacked +Arnold with great severity, concluding with the words, "_Money is this +man's God, and to get enough of it he would sacrifice his country_." A +prophecy! Unhappily, the same might be said of too many men of to-day. +Another incident painful to recall, but characteristic, was told to my +great-uncle in 1834 by Colonel Morgan Lewis, a friend of Colonel +Brown's, and printed elsewhere. At the camp and in the tent where +Arnold sat with other officers at some time during the Saratoga +campaign, Brown faced the arch-traitor and denounced him as a +scoundrel, and then, apologizing to those present, left the tent. His +reiterated charges were not regarded as worthy of him as a soldier, +although he had resigned from the Continental service because he could +not get justice and because Arnold was not tried for his crimes. +Schuyler deplored Brown's conduct as an accuser though respecting him +as a brave man. + +I am unable to account for the record which accredits him with +thirteen months' and eighteen days' service at German Flats, New York. +From April 1, 1776, to May 18, 1777, he was Lieutenant-colonel of +Elmore's Connecticut Regiment, which was stationed at Albany and later +at Fort Stanwix. I suppose his resignation from the Continental army +was accepted about May 18, 1777, but, whatever his loyal service in +New York may have been, he again marched in September, 1777, in +command of Massachusetts militia under direction of General Lincoln, +from Pawlet, Vt., with a separate detachment to harry the British at +Ticonderoga and Lake George. On the 18th of September, 1777, early in +the day he made sudden and successful attacks on the landing-place +near Ticonderoga, Mount Defiance, and that neighborhood, demanding the +surrender of the fortress; but this time General Powel, of the +British army, made a manly reply. His captures of men and material +were very valuable. Some American prisoners were released, and a +Continental standard of colors was recaptured and sent to General +Lincoln with much delight. All the joy of conquest is expressed in his +report from Pawlet, Vt., October 4, 1777, but in his letter of +September 20, written at eleven o'clock at night to General Lincoln, +he said he was censured by officers and men for not suffering them to +make a rash attempt to carry the fortress at Ticonderoga, although on +mature consideration he thought it impossible to take possession +without too great loss of life. Here as late as 1777 appears the +tendency of the militia to be insubordinate. He withdrew from Lake +Champlain, and planned the capture of Diamond Island in Lake George, a +place where some German troops were guarding a large amount of +supplies. He had manned an armed sloop and boats, but was thwarted by +the escape of a prisoner and a sudden and violent storm on the lake. +The prisoner gave warning to the garrison, and the result of the storm +gave time for the preparation of a defence, so that after two hours' +hot engagement he withdrew after destroying some of his boats. General +Lincoln commended him highly for the success of this expedition. He +wrote to General Lincoln September 19, 1777, telling him he had given +the men all the plunder to encourage them before the attack, although +"going beyond the letter of the law." This action General Lincoln +approved. + +The question of plunder and the martial law governing it must have +been a great source of trouble in this war among Indians and white men +in the invasion of Canada and the Tory invasions hereabouts. [See Note +4.] It seems probable that, when Arnold falsely charged Easton and +Brown with plundering the baggage of British officers at the Sorel, he +could easily cast a shadow because of the uncertainty about the rules +of war and the orders given by general officers. Plunder was promised +the men by recruiting officers as early in the war as when the plan +was laid by Ethan Allen to capture Ticonderoga in April or May, 1775. +[See Note 5.] + +In the early part of the summer of 1780 rumors were received tending +to show that Sir John Johnson might again invade the Mohawk Valley, +this time by way of Lake Ontario and Lake Oneida. Therefore, on the +twenty-second day of June, 1780, the General Court of Massachusetts, +at the earnest request of General Washington, directed that 4,726 men +should be raised from the militia by draft, lot or voluntary +enlistment, to serve three months in New York territory after they +arrived at Claverack on the Hudson. These levies, by reason of +apparent danger to the cause in Rhode Island, with the exception of +315 or more men raised in Berkshire County, were sent to General Heath +at Tiverton, R.I. Various meagre statements are in print in reference +to the men who served under Brown at this time. I find in the +Massachusetts Archives the names of officers and privates, in all 381 +men, who served in the Mohawk Valley probably after August 5, 1780. +[See Note 4.] It may be that some of his men were stationed in +different forts or block-houses in other places than Stone Arabia, and +that only 217 men of the Berkshire Regiment were in the battle of +October 19, 1780. The killed and wounded are all from three of the +five companies. [See Note 4.] Some writers say that Colonel Brown had +New York men with him, and one statement refers to Captain John +Kasselman, of Tryon County Rangers, as being in conference with Brown +on the day he fell. [See Note 4.] + +Each soldier was equipped at his own expense with a good fire-arm, +with a steel or iron ramrod and a spring to retain the same, a worm +priming wire and brush, and a bayonet fitted to his gun, a scabbard +and belt therefor, and a cutting sword or a tomahawk or hatchet, a +pouch containing a cartridge-box that will hold fifteen rounds of +cartridges at least, a one-hundred buckshot, a jack-knife and tow for +wadding, six flints, one pound of powder, forty leaden balls fitted to +his gun, a knapsack and blanket, a canteen or wooden bottle sufficient +to hold one quart. + +Long after the Stone Arabia fight, claims were presented to the +General Court of Massachusetts for felt hats, coats, vests, linen +overalls, shirts, shoes, blankets, canteens, and handkerchiefs, and of +course for muskets,--all lost on the 19th of October, 1780. + +Brown's major was Oliver Root, his adjutant James Easton, Jr., son of +his old colonel. Dr. Oliver Brewster was surgeon, and Elias Willard +quartermaster. He assumed command July 14, 1780, at Claverack, and +marched probably August 5 to some of the Mohawk settlements or forts. +His mission was to protect various neighborhoods from sudden raids. + +September 5 he was sent with two hundred men from Fort Rensselaer to +Fort Schuyler to guard twelve boats with provisions for the relief of +the garrison. September 11 he is reported as one of the officers of +Van Rensselaer's force at Fort Rensselaer (part of which--a well +preserved stone house--remains at Canajoharie under the care of young +citizens of that town, being the place where the Tryon County +Committee of patriots met). I cannot tell where he was for the month +prior to the 19th of October, when he was in command at Fort Paris, a +palisaded enclosure of stone block-houses fit for a garrison of over +two hundred men, built in 1776-77 by Captain Christian Getman's +Rangers on a most commanding position on the beautiful plateau called +Stone Arabia, north of the Mohawk between Garoga Creek and Johnstown, +where Sir William Johnson's baronial hall was. The fort was more than +a dozen miles from Johnstown, and was named for Isaac Paris, who took +part in the terrible affair at Oriskany. Sir John Johnson and his +career in Tryon County and elsewhere in New York is well known. To me +the whole subject of Indian warfare in all our wars seems to open +every possible avenue to the extremest horrors and brutalities of war. +Philip Schuyler, one of the noblest men who ever lived in New York +State, had from his early youth been friendly to Indians. In fact, +before he reached twenty-one years of age, he was given a chief's name +among the Oneidas for his services to that tribe. His skill and +patience made him all important in making treaties and negotiations +with "_The Six Nations_" and other Indians. The Patriots very early +realized that the Indians were to become a stumbling-block to any +attempt at treating with Canada or maintaining what is called +civilized warfare (can any warfare be civilized?). Schuyler, Hawley, +Oliver Wolcott, and other distinguished men of high character +attempted in vain to hold the Indians to neutrality. Congress at one +time voted that Indians should not be employed in the service +excepting where a whole nation, after full consideration, decided to +act together. At another time Congress asked Schuyler to employ two +thousand Indians for military service. Sir John Johnson's career, his +apparent acquiescence in Schuyler's demands, his conduct when taking +and when breaking his parole, his apology being that the Patriots had +no established authority, and his repeated invasions of this country +showed him to be the growth of the treachery which is bred among men +who use the sordid and brutal nature of savages for evil purposes. + +It is interesting to me that Lieutenant-colonel Mellen led +Massachusetts militia to Fort Schuyler to aid Gansevoort, and that, +when in August, 1777, Arnold set out to the relief of Gansevoort he +led Massachusetts volunteers from Colonel Learned's battalion, and +that again in the summer and fall of 1780 Brown led Massachusetts men +to defend this neighborhood from the murderous invasion of Sir John +Johnson. At Oriskany, Herkimer was hurried into action by his inferior +officers in the manner characteristic of the independent and valorous +spirit of his time, and Oriskany in 1777 was one of the most brutal +conflicts between Tories and Patriots. Sullivan's retaliating +expedition of July, 1778, was as bad in its character and effects as +anything ever done on behalf of any cause, good or bad. The +destruction of many Indian villages by Sullivan and General James +Clinton was no doubt thorough, but of little avail, although it was +thought wise to retaliate for the horrors of Wyoming. + +Early in May, 1780, the information came to this neighborhood that Sir +John Johnson was moving from Lake Champlain towards Johnstown with a +considerable force, that Brant was marching against the Canajoharie +settlements with a body of savages and that the Tories would join +them. Johnson landed at Bulwagga Bay, near Crown Point, and, pushing +through the forest and down the valley of the Sacandoga, he appeared +near Johnstown. On the 21st of May, 1780, his forces divided, and +poured into the lower valley of the Mohawk along a line of ten miles. +From Tribes Hill upward they plundered, murdered, and destroyed. Every +man capable of bearing arms was said to have been killed. Johnson +withdrew hastily, as he was pursued by militia. Of course hundreds of +people fled to Albany and Schenectady. Governor Clinton hurried at the +head of troops from Kingston to Fort George, and, ordering others to +meet him at Ticonderoga, he pushed on to Crown Point, but was too late +to capture Sir John. + +Brant delayed his attack until late in July, 1780, and then made a +feigned attack on Fort Schuyler. General Van Rensselaer, then at Stone +Arabia, hastened to the relief of Fort Schuyler, and Brant in early +August fell upon the Canajoharie settlements and destroyed them +mercilessly. Troops were sent from Albany to protect the settlements, +but they were not sufficient. + +September 7 an extra session of the New York legislature sat at +Poughkeepsie, and authorized Governor Clinton to order out such number +of militia as he thought necessary. Brigadier-General James Clinton +was assigned command at Albany and authorized to call for assistance +from the brigades of Generals Ten-Broeck and Van Rensselaer. As I have +already said, Colonel Brown on the 18th of October was in command at +Fort Paris, subject to orders of General Robert Van Rensselaer. Fort +Paris was two or three miles north of the Mohawk. In September and +early October Sir John Johnson led his forces by way of the Oswego +River, Oneida Lake, and across country to the Susquehanna Valley. He +ravaged the Schoharie Valley, laid siege to Middle Fort +unsuccessfully, then, turning north, raided all the country from Fort +Hunter. He let loose his forces for the general purpose of +devastation. He again did his work thoroughly,--brutally, as was +customary in Indian warfare at that time. Major Jelles Fonda, one of +the victims of this ruthless destruction, who had been a confidential +officer under Sir William Johnson, was absent, being a State senator. +Sir John's forces burned his homestead, "The Nose," at Palatine, and +destroyed, it is said, $60,000 worth of his property. On the night of +October 18 Sir John encamped with his forces nearly opposite or rather +above the Nose, and on the 19th he crossed the river to the north at +Keder's Rifts, near Spraker's Basin. A detachment of 150 men proceeded +at once against Fort Paris, but, after marching two miles, the main +body joined them. + +October 18 General Van Rensselaer found Caughnawaga in flames. He was +in camp on a hill near Stanton Place in Florida, perhaps twenty miles +from Fort Paris, when he heard that that fort was to be attacked the +next morning. 'Tis said he sent a messenger with a letter to Colonel +Brown and another to Colonel Dubois at Fort Plain, telling Brown to +march out of the fort at nine o'clock the next morning and hold the +enemy in check, while Dubois and he with his force were to co-operate. +Furthermore, it is said, Brown's officers and men advised him to +disobey the order, as that was not the time to leave the fort. +However, he marched forth at the head of his detachment, but, being +deceived by the false advice of persons pretending to be patriots, he +was led to turn aside from the road upon which he marched out into a +somewhat narrow clearing in the forest near a small work called Fort +Keyser, and was killed nearly two miles from Fort Paris, being +attacked on every side in what amounted to an ambuscade. + +Captain John Ziele, of the Second Regiment of Tryon County militia, +Colonel Klock's Regiment, had charge of Fort Keyser that day; and +after Brown's defeat George Spraker, John Wafel, Joseph and Conrad +Spraker, William Wafel, and Warner (?) Dygert, with two or three other +young men, were ready to defend the place from attack, but the enemy +fled, whereupon William Wafel, Joseph and Conrad Spraker, and W. +Dygert proceeded to where Brown lay and carried his body to Fort +Keyser. His scalp was entirely removed, and he was stripped of all +his clothing excepting a ruffled shirt. After hard fighting, thirty +men or more being killed, some of his men got back to Fort Paris and +defended themselves successfully, thus saving the refugees therein +from harm. Major Root was in command, and acted skilfully and bravely. +Mr. Grider describes the battle as a running or moving fight extending +from the eastward to the south-west at least across six farms, and you +all know how valuable the evidence is showing that the large boulder +with its inscription was the stone behind which six men found refuge +and shelter until surrounded and killed. + +Washington wrote to the Continental Congress: "It is thought, and +perhaps not without foundation, that this invasion [of the Mohawk +Valley] was made by Sir John Johnson upon the supposition that +Arnold's treachery was successful." + +If Johnson acted upon that supposition, Arnold was in some measure the +cause of Brown's death, but, however that may be, _John Brown died +honorably after living honorably at Stone Arabia the 19th of October, +1780,--it is said between nine o'clock and ten o'clock in the +morning_. + +I said that poets had not presented him to popular imagination, but +his devoted classmate at Yale, David Humphreys, aide-de-camp to +General Washington in 1780, wrote verses to his memory. Among his +words are these:-- + + "And scarce Columbia's arms the fight sustains, + While her best blood gushed from a thousand veins. + Then thine, O Brown, that purpled wide the ground, + Pursued the knife through many a ghastly wound. + Ah! hapless friend, permit the tender tear + To flow e'en now, for none flowed on thy bier, + Where cold and mangled, under northern skies, + To famished wolves a prey, thy body lies, + Which erst so fair and tall in youthful grace, + Strength in thy nerves and beauty in thy face, + Stood like a tower till, struck by the swift ball, + Then what availed to ward th' untimely fall, + The force of limbs, the mind so well informed, + The taste refined, the breast with friendship warmed + (That friendship which our earliest years began), + When the dark bands from thee expiring tore + Thy long hair, mingled with the spouting gore." + +We do not know whether the news of Arnold's flight from West Point +September 25 reached Brown's ears. Perhaps, if it did, he would have +appreciated the patriotic and lofty self-control of Washington when +the next day he wrote to Rochambeau: "General Arnold, who has sullied +his former glory by the blackest treason, has escaped to the enemy." +"This is an event that occasions me equal regret and mortification, +but traitors are the growth of every country in a revolution of the +present nature. It is more to be wondered at that the catalogue is so +small than that there have been found a few." + +Arnold's flight to the enemy was his flight from what all men, +excepting Brown and a few others [see Note 6], supposed was his soul's +desire; _i.e._, to serve the people of America to the death. For +twenty-one years after 1780 he lived, pursuing a checkered career. +John Fiske said he often looked at the sword given him for his valor +at Saratoga, and bemoaned the results of his treason. However that may +be, his name is remembered with harshness and disgust, the result of +an untruthful life. + + +NOTE 1. + +"in a state of nature." See "The Struggle for American Independence," +Fisher, vol. i, p. 27 _et seq._ Burlamaqui's "Principles of _Natural +Law_." + + +NOTE 2. + +See "New York in the Revolution," vol. i, p. 61. "_The Line, +Additional Corps, Green Mountain Boys, Major Brown's Detachment in +General Arnold's Regiment_." 244 men. + +_I take great pleasure in this record. Some writers have intimated +that Brown was insubordinate at Quebec_ because Montgomery referred to +one of his friends as going beyond proper bounds in objecting to +Arnold. If so, why does Arnold permit Brown to remain in command? Some +men went home after the defeat of December 31, 1775, others fled. +Fisher says Arnold had only seven hundred men, of which the Brown +detachment is a large part,--no doubt induced to stay _because they +trusted him_. + + +NOTE 3. + +Smith's History of Pittsfield, 1734-1800, p. 271:-- + + _To the Honorable Horatio Gates, Esq., Major-General in the Army + of the United States of America, commanding at Albany_. + + Humbly sheweth, that, in the month of February last, Brig.-Gen. + Arnold transmitted to the honorable Continental Congress, an + unjustifiable, false, wicked, and malicious accusation against + me, and my character as an officer in their service, at the time + when I was under his immediate command; that, had there been the + least ground for such an accusation, the author thereof had it in + his power--indeed, it was his duty--to have me brought to a fair + trial by a general court-martial in the country where the + pretended crime is said to have originated; that I was left to + the necessity of applying to Congress, not only for the charge + against me, but for an order for a court of inquiry on my own + conduct in respect thereto; that, in consequence of my + application, I obtained a positive order of Congress to the then + general commanding the Northern Department for a court of + inquiry, before whom I might justify my injured character; that + the said order was transmitted to your Honor at Ticonderoga, in + the month of August last; and, notwithstanding the most ardent + solicitations on my part, the order of Congress has not yet been + complied with; that, upon my renewing my application to your + Honor for a court of inquiry, you were pleased to refer me to the + Board of War. + + Thus I have been led an expensive dance, from generals to + Congress, and from Congress to generals; and I am now referred + to a Board of War, who, I venture to say, have never yet taken + cognisance of any such matter; nor do I think it, with great + submission to your Honor, any part of their duty. I must + therefore conclude, that this information, from the mode of its + origin, as well as from the repeated evasions of a fair hearing, + is now rested upon the author's own shoulders. + + I therefore beg that your Honor will please to order Brig.-Gen. + Arnold in arrest for the following crimes, which I am ready to + verify, viz.:-- + + 1. For endeavoring to asperse your petitioner's personal + character in the most infamous manner. + + 2. For unwarrantably degrading and reducing the rank conferred on + your petitioner by his (Gen. Arnold's) superior officers, and + subjecting your petitioner to serve in an inferior rank to that + to which he had been appointed. + + 3. For ungentlemanlike conduct in his letter to Gen. Wooster, of + the 25th of January last, charging your petitioner with a + falsehood, and in a private manner, which is justly chargeable on + himself. + + 4. For suffering the small-pox to spread in the camp before + Quebec, and promoting inoculation there in the Continental army. + + 5. For depriving a part of the army under his command of their + usual allowance of provisions, ordered by Congress. + + 6. For interfering with and countermanding the order of his + superior officer. + + 7. For plundering the inhabitants of Montreal, in direct + violation of a solemn capitulation, or agreement, entered into + with them by our late brave and worthy Gen. Montgomery, to the + eternal disgrace of the Continental arms. + + 8. For giving unjustifiable, unwarrantable, cruel and bloody + orders, directing whole villages to be destroyed, and the + inhabitants thereof put to death by fire & sword, without any + distinction to friend or foe, age or sex. + + 9. For entering into an unwarrantable, unjustifiable & partial + agreement with Capt. Foster for the exchange of prisoners taken + at the Cedars, without the knowledge, advice, or consent of any + officer then there present with him on the spot. + + 10. For ordering inoculation of the Continental Army at Sorel, + without the knowledge of, and contrary to the intentions of the + general commanding that Northern Department; by which fatal + consequences ensued. + + 11. For great misconduct in his command of the Continental fleet + on Lake Champlain, which occasioned the loss thereof. + + 12. For great misconduct during his command from the camp at + Cambridge, in the year 1775, until he was superseded by Gen. + Montgomery, at Point Aux-Tremble, near Quebec. + + 13. For disobedience of the orders of his superior officers, + while acting by a commission from the Provincial Congress of the + Province of Massachusetts Bay; and for a disobedience of the + orders of a committee of the same Congress, sent from that State + to inspect his conduct, and also for insulting, abusing, and + imprisoning the said committee; as also for a _treasonable + attempt_ to make his escape with the navigation men, at or near + Ticonderoga, to the enemy at St. Johns, which oblidged the then + commanding officer at Ticonderoga and its dependencies to issue a + positive order to the officers commanding our batteries at Crown + Point, to stop or sink the vessels attempting to pass that post, + and by force of arms to make a prisoner of the said Gen. Arnold + (then a colonel), which was accordingly done. + + JOHN BROWN, _Lieutenant-Colonel_. + + ALBANY, 1st Dec., 1776. + + + PITTSFIELD 9th June 1779 + + Sir + + I send you the enclosed hope you will present it to Congress the + first opportunity not doubting their Disposition to do equal + Justice to Persons of every Denomination in these united States, + and that in justice in my instance must be owing rather to + misinformation than anything else, altho in the present Case it + is scarcely supposable. + + The very extraordinary trial alluded to in the Petition is truly + a Matter of Surprize to every Officer and Citizen in this part of + the World and is of such a dangerous tendency that I think it + ought to be attended to, what is more extraordinary it is I am + told the only trial of the kind ever had in Congress.--In the + Year 1776 I petitioned to Congress for a trial who refused me, + giving for reason that Congress was not a proper tribunal and + therefore refered me to the Officer commanding the northern + Department. + + Genl. Arnold on the First application obtained a hearing and + determination on that Principle I am a Stranger + + I am with the greatest Respect + + Your hons. most obedt most hmbl Sert. + + JNO. BROWN. + The honle. JNO. JAY ESQ. + Predt. Congress + + + (Continental Congress Papers, no. 42, Petitions, vol. i. 179.) + + THE HONle THE CONGRESS + + The Memorial and Remonstrance of John Brown of Pittsfield in the + State of the Massachusetts Bay humbly sheweth-- + + That in the Month of Novr. 1777 Your Petitioner was passing + through York Town to the Southord when he waited on the honble + Charles Thompson Esqr Secy to Congress, who favoured your + petitioner with a Copy of the very extraordinary Trial of Genl. + Arnold of which the following is an Extract Viz "In Congress May + 20th 1777-- + + A Letter this Day from Genl. Arnold with a printed Paper inclosed + signed John Brown was read, order'd that the same be refered to + the Board of War together with such Complaints as have been + lodged agt. Genl. Arnold." By this your Petitioner would suppose + that the Board of War were directed not only to take into + consideration his Complaint, but all others that have been lodged + agt. Genl. Arnold, particularly those lodged by a General Court + Martial composed by thirteen of the principle Officers at + Tycondoroga in the Year 1776 as well as those lodged by Colo. + Hazen & others altho it does not appear that any other Matter of + Complaint was determined on, but that contained in the hand Bill + signed John Brown on which the Board of War Report-- + + "That the Genl. laid before them a variety of original Letters + orders and other papers, _which together with the General's own + account of his Conduct_, confirmed by Mr. Carroll one of the late + Commissioners in Canada now a Member of this Board, have given + intire Satisfaction to this Board concerning the General's + Character and Conduct, so cruelly and groundlessly aspersed in + the Publication." + + Your Petitioner begs leave to affirm that Mr. Carroll whatever he + might wish knew nothing more or less as a Witness concerning the + Charges laid agt. Genl. Arnold owing to an unlucky Alieubi, which + happened with respect to him in regard to all the Charges laid in + the Complaint. Still how far his evidence might go in assisting + Genl. Arnold in proving his negatives your Petitioner does not + pretend to say, as this is an intire new mode of Trial. + + First Because one of the Parties was not notified or present at + the same, consequently the trial ex parte unconstitutional and + illegal on every principle. + + Secondly Because there was not one Witness at the Trial who will + pretend he even had it in his Power to disprove one of the + Charges in the Complaint. + + Thirdly with the greatest Respect to Congress they had not the + least Right to take cognizance of the Crimes enumerated in my + complaint, for the truth of this assertion I beg leave to refer + them to the military Laws by them compiled and instituted for the + Regulation of the Army, which are the only security and + protection of the Officers and Soldiers belonging to the same, + consequently no other Court or Tribunal would have any Right to + take cognizance of the Crimes enumerated but that of a Court + Martial, and therefore the trial of the Genl. above recited was + strictly a nullety to all intents and purposes it being Coram non + Judice. However should Congress be of a Different opinion with + respect to this Matter, and that that the Trial of Genl. Arnold + was legal & constitutional, he then expects that Congress will + give him the same indulgence and latitude, and that he may be + heard by congress on the subject of his Impeachment of Genl. + Arnold, in which Case the General's presents & witnesses will not + be necessary. Your Petitioner therefore esteems it as a very + great grieveance that the Honle. Congress by the trial aforesaid + have resolved and published and authorised Genl. Arnold to + publish to the World that he your Petitioner has been guilty of + making and publishing false and groundless aspertions agt. a + general Officer, when at the same time every article in the + Complaint was sacredly true, and would have been proved so had a + proper tribunal been obtained, of which Genl. Arnold was well + apprised. 'Tis possible that Genl. Arnold might have suggested to + Congress that your Petitioner was not an Officer at the time of + trial afd. as to this Matter your Petitioner has not as yet been + informed whether his Resignation has been accepted or not, indeed + he cannot suppose it compatible with the Wisdom Dignity and + Justice of Congress to descharge any of their Officers for the + Reason set forth in your Petitioners Letter accompanying his + Resignation as he then stood impeach'd to Congress by the same + Genl. Arnold of every high Crimes which if true effected the + Reputation of the united States and Genl. Arnold's sacred + Character stood then impeached by your Petitioners of thirteen + capital Charges, which in the opinion of those most knowing would + have effected the life of a more honest Man, in consequence of a + proper trial before a generous Court Martial--on these + considerations your Petitioner presumes his Resignation was not + accepted but on Supposition it was, yet your Petitioner conceives + that to make no material odds, as it can not be presumed that + congress would try a Citizen without a hearing, whatever they may + imagine their authority to be. However let this matter be as it + may Congress are sensible that your Petitioner notwithstanding + the most flagrant abuses received was not out of Service from the + commencement of the War untill the reduction of the british Army + under the Commandg genl. Burgoyne, in which he challenges to + himself some show [?] of merit since no one else (to his + knowledge) has been willing to give it him. + + Your Petitioner is sensible that Congress at the time of Genl. + Arnold's application for a trial were imbarrassed on all + Quarters, and no doubt laboured under high prejudices with + Respect to your Petitioners Character owing perhaps to the + Representations made them by Genl. Gates, who 'tis possible has + been mistaken to his Sorrow with respect to his Friend--which + prejudices your Petitioner hopes time and events have eradicated, + he therefore can assure Congress, that he hopes and wishes for + nothing more than common justice altho the History of the War and + his present infirmities received therein, might entitle him to + something more. But to stand conviction by a Decree of Congress + of publishing cruel and groundless assertions or Libels without a + hearing when actually fighting for Liberty is intolerable in a + free Country and has a direct tendency to check the ambition, + and even disaffect those Men by whose wisdom Valour and + perseverance America is to be made free, not to mention the + dangerous president such trials may afford. Your Petitioner + therefore implores Congress to reconsider their determination on + the impeachment of Genl. Arnold, as there cannot at this Day + remain a possibility of Doubt but that the same was premature, + and furnished Genl. Arnold with a foundation to establish a + Character on the Ruins of a Man who to speak moderately has + rendered his Country as essential [?] Service as that Donquixote + Genl. whose reasons for evading a trial at a proper tribunal are + very obvious and fully set forth in my impeachment & which the + Genl. has had his pretended trial by which impeachment it fully + appears that Genl. Arnold was resqued from Justice by mere dint + of unlawfull authority exercised by Genl. Gates. + + Your Petitioner relying on the Wisdom and Justice of Congress + begs leave to submit [?] himself most Respectfully their very + obedt. Humble Svt. + + JNO. BROWN. + Petition [?] + 9th June 1779 Honle JNO. JAY Esq. + Presidt. Congress + + + + +NOTE 4. + +§1. MILITARY RECORD OF JOHN BROWN. + +_First._ Fourteen (14) days in Ticonderoga expedition, engaged in +capture. (See "Connecticut in Revolution," p. 32.) + +_Second._ _Major_, Colonel Easton's Regiment, service from May 10, +1775, to December 30, 1775, in list of men who marched to Canada. (See +"Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors," vol. ii. p. 642.) + +_Third._ _Major of the New York Line, Additional Corps_, Green +Mountain Boys. "Major Brown's detachment in Genl. Arnold's Regiment." +Colonels Ethan Allen and Seth Warner, Quebec, 1776. (See "New York in +the Revolution," vol. i. p. 61.) On list sent Provincial Congress of +New York, 4 July, 1775. + +_Fourth._ _Lieutenant-colonel._ Colonel Samuel Elmore's Regiment, +raised for one year from Connecticut and Massachusetts, appointed by +Congress July 29, 1776, resigned March 15, 1777. Regiment took field +July, 1776, under General Schuyler. August 25, marched from Albany +into Tryon County. Posted remainder of term at Fort Stanwix. Broke up +in spring of 1777. (See "Connecticut in Revolution," p. 113.) The +Massachusetts roll states that John Brown was among the men who went +to German Flats April 1, 1776, and was discharged May 18, 1777. +Service, thirteen months, eighteen days. + +_Fifth._ _Colonel Third Berkshire Regiment._ Commissioned April 4, +1777. Services in Northern Department not stated. April 14, 1780, +further appointment as Colonel. Service, three months, five days. +Killed October 19, 1780. (See Massachusetts Rolls.) + +The above memoranda are imperfect, but I print them from printed +records. I have not searched the original sources, believing the +public officials have done all that could be done. + +§2. COLONEL JOHN BROWN'S COMMAND JULY 14, 1780, TO OCTOBER 19, 1780. + + _Claverack to Stone Arabia, N.Y._ + + Colonel, John Brown. + Major, Oliver Root. + Adjutant, James Easton, Jr. + Quartermaster, Elias Willard. + Surgeon, Dr. Oliver Brewster. + + + CAPTAIN WILLIAM FOORD'S COMPANY. + + Foord, William, _captain_. + Spencer, Alpheus, _lieutenant_. + Pearson, Abel, _lieutenant_. + Benden, Timothy, _sergeant_. + Rothborn, Daniel, _sergeant_. + Sloson, Eleazer, _sergeant_. + Wheaton, Samuel, _sergeant_. + Barber, James, _corporal_. + Bond, Bartholomew, _corporal_. + Tobie, Nathaniel, _corporal_. + Goodrich, Gilbert, of Lenox, _private_. + Austin, Shubael, _drummer_. + Andrews, Colman, _private_. + Alcock, Stephen, _private_. + Adams, Aaron, _private_. + Burt, Thomas, _private_. + Baker, William, _private_. + Bell, Henry, _private_. + Bateman, Jonathan, _private_. + Blen, Solomon, _private_. + Balding, Oliver, _private_. + Bond, Seth, _private_. + Cumington, John, _private_. + Case, Ezekiel, _private_. + Clarke, David, _private_. + Carlton, Peleg, _private_. + Carlton, Reuben, _private_. + Carter, Elisha, _private_. + Cogswell, Levi, _private_. + Dean, Joel, _private_. + Easton, Calvin, _private_. + Ellison, James, _private_. + Foot, Asahel, _private_. + Gleason, Benoni, _private_. + Goodrich, Nathaniel, _private_. + Gates, Jonah, _private_. + Hatch, William of Nobletown, N.Y., _private_. + Harrison, Asahel, _private_. + Hewitt, Zadok, _private_. + Huet, Jeremiah, _private_. + Hull, Warren, _private_. + Handy, Joseph, of Stockbridge or Lee, _private_. + Hide, Charles, _private_. + Ingraham, Nathan, _corporal_. + Juhel, Joseph, _private_. + Knolton, Thomas, _private_. + Ladd, Joel, _private_. + Lewis, John, _private_. + McKnite, Thomas, _fifer_. + Meres, John, _private_. + Milliken, William, _private_. + McKnight, William, _private_. + Mack, Warren, _private_. + Noble, John, _private_. + North, John, _private_. + Newell, Seth, _private_. + Phelps, John, _private_. + Parks, Nathan, _private_. + Porter, Joseph, Jr., _private_. + Porter, Joseph, Sr., _private_. + Robbins, Jason, _private_. + Reed, Joseph, _private_. + Reed, James, _private_. + Smith, Ezekiel, _private_. + Stearns, Zehiel, _private_. + Stiles, Josiah, _private_. + Stoddard, Philemon, _private_. + Sears, David, _private_. + Tailor, David, _private_. + Tomblin, Moses, _private_. + West, William, _private_. + Wilson, Shubael, _private_. + Woodroof, Amos, _private_. + Wollison, Shubael, _private_. + Thomas (surname undecipherable), _private_. + Dunham, Calvin, _private_. + + + CAPTAIN LEVI ELY'S COMPANY. + + Ely, Levi, _captain_. + Smith, Martin, _lieutenant_. + Fowler, Bildad, of West Springfield, _lieutenant_. + Stiles, Gideon, _lieutenant_. + Smith, Jonathan, _quartermaster sergeant_. + Kendal, William, _sergeant_. + Noble, Jacob, _sergeant_. + Ainsworth, Luther, _private_. + Ashley, James, of Westfield, _private_. + Allen, William, _private_. + Anderson, Samuel, Jr., of Blandford, _private_. + Bruk, Wainwright, _private_, killed. + Bills, William, of Westfield, _private_. + Baird, John, _private_. + Blackwood, Albright, of Soudon, _private_. + Badcock, Nathan, _private_. + Blair, Alexander, _private_. + Church, John, of Westfield, _private_. + Colgrove, Joseph, _private_. + Chapin, John, _private_, killed. + Crooks, James, _private_. + Colhiren, Abner, _private_. + Conners, Abraham, _private_, killed. + Converse, Isaac, _private_. + Crow, John, _private_. + Copley, Matthew, _private_. + Day, Moses, _private_. + Day, Asa, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Dewey, Heman, of Westfield, _private_. + Dewey, Oliver, of Westfield, _private_. + Dimmouth, John, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Ely, Edmond, _private_. + Farmar, Elisha, _corporal_. + Francis, Aaron, _private_. + Francis, Simeon, _private_. + Gleason, Daniel, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Hill, Dan, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Hough, Justus, _private_. + Herrick, Ebenezer, _private_. + Haley, William, _private_. + Hubbard, Jonas, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Hill, Primus, _private_. + Ingowol, Stephen, _drummer_. + Jones, Judah, _corporal_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Jones, Ithamar, _private_. + Kent, Ezekiel, _private_. + Kellegg, Daniel, _private_. + Leonard, Russel, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Loomis, Josiah, _private_. + Loyhead, Thomas, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Miller, Abner, _corporal_. + Morgan, Simeon, _private_. + Moor, William, _private_. + Mathew, Nathan I., _private_. + Nott, Selden, _private_. + Noble, Paul, of Westfield, _private_. + Noble, Jared, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Plumm, Jared, _private_. + Pepper, William, _private_. + Pitts, Gideon, _private_. + Rimington, Jonathan, _private_. + Rogers, Isaac, _private_. + Read, Amos, _private_. + Stewert, Jesse, _corporal_. + Smith, David, _fifer_. + Smith, James, _private_. + Stewart, Moses, _private_. + Shephard, Elijah ? + Taylor, Joseph, _corporal_. + Taylor, Jonathan, _private_. + Taylor, Thomas, _private_. + Vanslow, Justus, _private_. + Worthington, Seth, _sergeant_. + Worriner, Lewis, _corporal_. + Worthington, Stephen, _private_. + Whitney, David, _private_. + Williams, Roswell, _private_. + Walker, John, _private_. + Woodworth, Roswell, _private_. + Woolworth, Samuel, _private_. + Walton, Elijah, _private_. + + + CAPTAIN JOHN SPOOR'S COMPANY. + + Spoor, John, _captain_. + Brooks, Jonathan, of Lanesborough _lieutenant_. + Ball, Isaac, of Stockbridge, _lieutenant_. + Fish, John, _sergeant_. + Jones, William, _sergeant_. + Davis, William, _corporal_. + Edmun, Andrew, _corporal_. + Edy, Briant, _private_. + Foster, Jeremiah, of Williamstown (also given Weston), _corporal_. + Lemmon, Moses, _sergeant_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Tylor, Russell, _corporal_. + Jones, Josiah, _fifer_. + Cetcham, Joseph, _drummer_. + Adams, Peter, _private_. + Abbe, John, _private_. + Bennett, Jeremiah, _private_. + Babcock, Jonathan, _private_. + Bradley, Josiah, of Stockbridge, _private_. + Bush, Japhet, _private_. + Bondish, Asa, _private_. + Bigsbey, Peletiah, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Barry, John, _private_. + Moses, Charles, of Stockbridge, _private_. + Comstock, Medad, _private_. + Curk, John, _private_. + Chapman, Gershom, _private_. + Calender, Ezekiel, _private_. + Charles, Darius, _private_. + Campbel, Sam, _private_. + Dickerman, Joel, _sergeant_. + Davis, Robert, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Dewey, Lalson, of Stockbridge, _private_. + Egleston, Elijah, _private_. + Fuller, Boswell, _private_, discharged September 28. + Fitch, Nat, _private_. + Foster, Jeremiah, Jr., of Williamstown (also given Weston), _private_. + Gaff, Jacob, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Giles, James, _private_. + Gregory, "Isband," _private_. + Hubbard, Baley, _private_. + Heart, Leveret, _private_. + Horsford, Ambrose, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Hatch, Solomon, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Holmes, John, _private_. + Ingersole, Moses, _private_. + King, George, of Sheffield, _private_. + Lorris, Jacob, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Meeken, Oliver, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Mansfield, Josiah, _private_. + Mash, Abijah, _private_. + Monrsurir, Gabriel, _private_. + Noble, Joseph, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Orton, James, _private_. + Pixley, Jonah, _private_. + Pior, Abner, _private_. + Raymond, John, _private_. + Rool, "Hewek," _private_. + Ransom, Elias, _private_. + Root, Roswell, of Sheffield, _private_. + Rool, Stephen, _private_. + Standish, Asa, _private_. + Starr, Thomas, _private_. + Saxton, Jesse, _private_. + Sprague, Barnabas, _private_. + Shearwood, Jonathan, _private_. + Tylor, Bezaleel, _private_. + Winchel, David, _private_. + Watson, Samuel, _private_. + Wright, Miles, _private_. + Winchel, Ephraim, _private_. + Wood, Amaziah, _private_. + Webb, Will, _private_. + + + CAPTAIN SAMUEL WARNER'S COMPANY. + + Warner, Samuel, _captain_. + Norton, Jonathan, _lieutenant_. + Chadwick, Ebenezer, of Tyringham, _lieutenant_. + Tracy, David, _sergeant_. + Jackson, Joshua, _sergeant_. + Brown, Nathaniel, _sergeant_. + Rand, James, _sergeant_. + Greppen, Alpheus, _sergeant_. + Bush, Caleb, of Sandisfield, _corporal_. + Jewet, Joseph, _corporal_. + Down, Stephen, _corporal_. + Powel, Joseph, of Sheffield, _corporal_. + Belton, Stephen, _corporal_. + Griffins, Thomas, _drummer_. + Pope, Gideon, _fifer_. + Noble, Saul, _private_. + Allen, Rufus, _private_. + Bogworth, Frederick, of Sandisfield, _private_. + Bogworth, John, of Sandisfield, _private_. + Brooks, Shadrack, _private_. + Bradle, Isaac, _private_. + Bond, Joseph, _private_. + Brown, Reuben, of New Marlboro, _private_. + Blackmer, Isaac, _private_. + Bird, Amos, of Tyringham, _private_. + Benton, David, Jr., of Sheffield, _private_. + Brookner, Reuben, _private_. + Beckett, William, _private_, killed Oct. 20, 1780. + Boods, Joel R., _private_. + Bradle, Isaac, _private_. + Core, Noah, _private_. + Clark, Reuben, of Sheffield, _private_. + Clark, Wells, _private_. + Cooper, Benjamin, _private_. + Carter, Elisha, _private_. + Cole, Elisha, _private_. + Conch, William, of Sandisfield, _private_. + Comstock, Rufus, _private_. + Callender, Daniel, _private_, received bounty at Sheffield. + Denely, John, _private_. + Dunham, Calvin, _private_. + French, Ebenezer, _private_. + ? French, Elisha, _private_. + Graten, Care, _private_. + Gichel, Joseph, _private_. + Gillet, John, _private_. + Glaston, Willard, _private_. + Guild, Orrange, _private_. + Hodg, Daniel, _private_. + Huggins, Joseph, of Sheffield, _private_. + Heath, George, _private_. + Hines, Ezekiel, _private_. + Hoskins, Anthony, _private_. + Hyde, Theophilus, of Sheffield, _private_. + Higgins, Zenas, _private_. + Hatch, Seth, of Bennington, _private_. + Jaqua, Seth, _private_. + Keyes, Elias, _private_. + Kilbernt, Robert, _private_. + Kelegg, Joel, _private_. + Kingsbury, Nathaniel, _private_. + Lummis, Noah, _private_. + Marel, Abner, _private_. + Marcone, Stephen, _private_. + Mack, Warren, _private_. + Orten, Roger, _private_. + Owen, William, of Sheffield, _private_. + Remington, Simeon, _private_. + Rhods, Adam, _private_. + Root, "Rosel," _private_. + Sage, David, _private_. + Smith, Henry, of Sandisfield, _private_. + Spring, Henry, _private_. + Skinner, Samuel, _private_. + Shed, Samuel, _private_. + Shed, Daniel, _private_. + Todge, Elias, _private_. + Turner, Uriah, _private_. + Tuttle, Benjamin, _private_. + Underwood, Silas, _private_. + Warner, Levi, of Sandisfield, _private_. + Warker, Thomas, _private_. + Webster, Daniel, _private_. + Wollen, Moses, _private_. + Whitne, Silas, _private_. + White, Solomon, _private_. + Bradle, Isaac, _private_. + Wording, John M., _private_. + + + CAPTAIN WILLIAM WHITE'S COMPANY. + + White, William, _captain_. + Beckit, Silas, _lieutenant_. + Sprague, John, _lieutenant_. + Day, Elkanah, _sergeant_. + Stearns, Isaac, _sergeant_. + Barker, Ezra, of Lanesborough, _corporal_. + Allen, Benjamin, _corporal_. + Brown, Luther, of Windsor, _fifer_. + Allen, John, _private_. + Arnold, Jonathan, of Hancock, _private_. + Bundee, Elisha, _private_. + Barnes, Asa, Jr., _private_. + Bryant, John, _private_. + Barus, Aaron, _private_. + Briggs, Benjamin, _private_. + Cleaveland, Jedediah, _private_. + Cook, Amasa, _private_. + Coree, Josiah, Jr., _private_. + Chafee, John, _private_. + Coree, Josiah, _private_. + Carpenter, Benjamin, of Hancock, _private_. + Cole, Solomon, _private_. + Cowing, Elisha, _private_. + Cole, William, Jr., _private_. + Doolan, Patrick, _private_. + Eddy, Andrew, _private_. + Gallop, William, _private_. + Hanks, Levi, _private_. + Haringdon, William, _private_. + Holt, Titus, _private_. + Harris, Joseph, _private_. + Hall, Calvin, _private_. + Hill, Gardner, of Hancock, _private_. + Harringdon, Peter, _private_. + McFarling, William, _private_. + Jarvis, Joseph, _private_. + Keeler, James, _private_. + Lewis, Richard, of Lanesborough, _private_, killed October, 1780. + Leanord, Soloman, _private_. + Lusk, Asa, _private_. + McGuire, James, _private_. + Morehouse, Matthew, of Hancock, _private_. + Narramore, Asa, _private_. + Oles, Horace, _private_. + Parker, Charles, _private_. + Pettabone, Amos, _private_. + Pearce, Levi, _private_. + Parker, Philip, _private_. + Parker, Giles, _private_. + Powel, Daniel, of Lanesborough, _private_. + Pettabone, Roger, _private_. + Richardson, Nehemiah, _private_. + Ross, Willard, _private_. + Robbins, Jonathan, _private_. + Reed, Simeon, _private_. + Rice, Daniel, _private_. + Smith, Jonathan, _private_. + Stevens, John, _private_. + Smith, Simeon, _private_. + Slater, James, _private_. + Tracey, William, _private_. + Thrasher, Charles, of New Ashford, _private_. + White, William, Jr., _private_. + Wollcut, Moses, _private_. + + +SUMMARY. + +Captain William Foord's Company may have been stationed at Middle +Fort, Schoharie Valley, under command of Major Melancton L. Woolsey. +See his report of Sept. 27, 1780. It had + + 2 Lieutenants, + 4 Sergeants, + 1 Drummer, + 1 Fifer, + 4 Corporals, and 63 men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 + + Captain Levi Ely's Company had + 3 Lieutenants, + 1 Quartermaster Sergeant, + 3 Sergeants, + 6 Corporals, + 1 Drummer, + 1 Fifer and 66 men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 + +Captain Ely and 15 men were killed Oct. 19, 1780. + + Captain John Spoor's Company. + 2 Lieutenants, + 4 Sergeants, + 4 Corporals, + 1 Drummer, + 1 Fifer, and 59 men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 + + One man taken prisoner, 11 killed Oct. 19, 1780, + 2 killed Oct. 20, 1780. + + Captain Samuel Warner's Company may have been left at Fort + Paris or stationed elsewhere. + 2 Lieutenants, + 5 Sergeants, + 5 Corporals, + 1 Drummer, + 1 Fifer, and 73 men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 + + Captain William White's Company. + 2 Lieutenants, + 2 Sergeants, + 2 Corporals, + 1 Fifer, and 56 men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 + + 1 private killed, 1 private wounded, 1 taken prisoner. + --- + Whole force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 + + Total killed Oct. 19, 1780, 29; wounded, 1; prisoner, 1. + + +Besides these Berkshire men, perhaps Captain John Kasselman's Tryon +Company Rangers were at Fort Paris, and Captain John Zelley's Company +at Fort Keyser. + +From "New York in the Revolution":-- + + _Tryon County Rangers._ + + Captain, John Kasselman. Lieutenant, John Empie. + Ensign, George Gittman. + + Badier, John. + Bickerd, Adolph. + Dusler, Jacob. + Empie, John. + Ettigh, Conrad. + Fry, Jacob. + Gittman, Peter. + Harth, Daniel. + Hayne, George. + Hortigh, Andrew. + House, Peter. + Kasselman, John. + Kutzer, Leonard. + Kulman, Henry. + Shnell, John. + Smith, Henry. + Smith, William. + Strater, Nicholas. + Tillenbach, Christian. + Vanderwerke, John. + Walter, Adams. + Walter, Christian. + +Probably at Fort Paris. + +Captain John Zelley's Company, Second Regiment, Tryon County, Colonel +Jacob Klock. + +Also John Wafel, William Wafel, Conrad Spraker, George Spraker, +William (?) Dygert. + +Probably at Fort Keyser. + + +NOTE 5. + +See "Rules and Articles for better Government of the Troops of the +Thirteen United English Colonies of North America." Printed by William +and Thomas Bradford, 1775. John Hancock, President. Philadelphia, Nov. +7, 1775. (Massachusetts Historical Society Collections.) + +Plunder or pillage always incident to war, and, whatever rules exist +for restraint, the conflict usually leads to authorized devastation +and plunder, retaliatory to exhaust the enemy. For instances, in Civil +War of 1861-65, Sherman's destruction of property in march through +Southern territory, Sheridan's destroying agents in the Shenandoah +Valley. + +By Hague rule of 1899, July 29, pillage of a town or place even when +taken by assault is prohibited. + +How about Allies in Pekin? + +See Instructions to United States Army in the field. General Orders, +April 24, 1863, War of Rebellion:-- + +All wanton violence committed against persons in the invaded country, +all destruction of property not commanded by the authorized officer, +all robbing, all pillage and sacking even after taking a place by main +force, all rape, wounding, maiming or killing of such inhabitants are +prohibited, under penalty of death or such other severe punishment as +may seem adequate to the gravity of the offence. + +A soldier, officer, or private may be killed by superior officer for +such act. See John Bassett Moore's "Digest of International Law." + + +NOTE 6. + +Brown was more outspoken than General Wayne. See "Major-general +Anthony Wayne, and the Pennsylvania Line," by Charles J. Stillé, +President Historical Society of Pennsylvania. J. B. Lippincott +Company, 1893. (Pages 235 _et seq._) + + + GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE TO H. A. SHEEL. + + HAVERSTRAW NEAR STONEY POINT + 2d Oct 1780. + + _Dear Sheel_ + + I am confident that the perfidy of Genl. Arnold will astonish the + multitude--the high rank he bore--the eclat he had obtained + (whether honestly or not) justified the world in giving it him. + + But there were a few Gentlemen who at a very early period of this + war became acquainted with his true character! when you asked my + opinion of that officer I gave it freely & believe you thought it + rather strongly shaded. + + I think I informed you that I had the most despicable Idea of him + both as a Gentleman & a Soldier--& that he had produced a + conviction on me in 1776 that honor & true Virtue were Strangers + to his Soul and however Contradictory it might appear--that he + never possessed either fortitude or personal bravery--he was + naturally a Coward and never went in the way of Danger but when + Stimulated by liquor even to Intoxication, consequently + Incapacitated from Conducting any Command Committed to his + charge. + + I shall not dwell upon his Military Character or the measures he + had adopted for the surrender of West Point--that being already + fully Elucidated but will give you a small specimen of his + _peculate_ talents. + + What think you of his employing Sutlers to retail the publick + Liquors for his private Emolument & furnishing his Quarters with + beds & other furniture by paying for them with Pork, Salt, Flour + &c. drawn from the Magazine--he has not stopped here, he has + descended much lower--& defrauded the old Veteran Soldiers who + have bled for their Country in many a well fought field--for more + than five Campaigns among others an old Sergeant of mine has felt + his rapacity by the Industry of this man's wife they had + accumulated something handsome to support them in their advanced + age--which coming to the knowledge of this cruel Spoiler--he + borrowed 4500 dollars from the poor Credulous Woman & left her in + the lurch. + + The dirty--dirty acts which he has been capable of Committing + beggar all description--and are of such a nature as would cause + the _Infernals to blush_--were they accused with the Invention or + Execution of them. + + The detached & Debilitated state of the Garrison of West + Point--Insured success to the assailants--the enemy were all in + perfect readiness for the Enterprise--& the discovery of the + treason only prevented an Immediate attempt by open force to + carry those works which _perfidy_ would have effected the fall + of, by a slower & less sanguine mode.--Our army was out of + protecting distance the troops in the possession of the Works a + spiritless Miserabile Vulgus--in whose hands the fate of America + seemed suspended in this Situation his Excellency (in imitation + of Cæsar & his tenth legion) called for his Veterans--the + summons arrived at one o'clock in the morning & we took up our + line of March at 2. + + + HUGH A. SHEEL TO GENERAL WAYNE. + + PHILA Oct. 22, 1780 + + _My dear General_ + + ... the character you gave me in confidence of Arnold _several + months_ ago made a strong impression on my mind it has been + verified fully--his villany & machinations never could have been + carried on but through the medium of his Tory acquaintance in + this place.... + + + + +APPENDIX. + + +A very valuable map of the Province of New York, by Claude Joseph +Sauthier, drawn for Major-general William Tryon in 1779, is found in +"The Documentary History of New York," showing the Mohawk Valley +grants, old forts, etc. + +_Fort Paris_, Dec. 19, 1776, Captain Christian Getman's Rangers, Tryon +County militia, were stationed at Stone Arabia, and were ordered, when +not ranging, to cut timber for building a fort, under direction of +Isaac Paris, Esq. (Mr. Paris was in Provincial Congress and later in +State Senate.) It was a palisaded enclosure of stone and block-houses +for a garrison of from two to three hundred (200-300) men. Begun in +December, 1776, it was completed in the spring of 1777. It was +situated on a most beautiful plain three or four miles north-east of +Fort Plain, one-half a mile north of Stone Arabia churches, twelve +(12) rods from the road. North of it water would run into the +Sacondaga, and thence into upper waters of the Hudson; south into +Mohawk waters. It is easily reached from Palatine Bridge, and is +nearly one thousand feet above sea-level. In the fall of 1779, Colonel +Fred. Fisher (Visscher), of Third Regiment, Tryon County militia, was +at Fort Paris. + +May 12, 1780, Colonel Jacob Klock, Second Regiment of Tryon County +men, was there. + +June 24, 1780, General Robert Van Rensselaer, of Second Brigade of +Albany militia, was ordered to Fort Paris. + +July 26, 1780, he left there (perhaps, however, to return), to assist +the Canajoharie men at Fort Schuyler. + +When John Brown took command there I do not know. + +The conclusion of the matter of Oct. 19, 1780 was _battle of Klock's +Field_ or _Fox's Mills_. On that day and the 18th Sir John Johnson +laid waste the whole of Stone Arabia district after burning +Caughnawaga. + +Brown's defeat in the morning of October 19 did not, however, involve +Fort Paris, which was held by Major Root. Although immediate relief of +the fort and pursuit of Johnson were essential, Van Rensselaer did not +cross the Mohawk until afternoon, crossing at Fort Plain. The enemy +was entrenched on the north side of the river, about St. Johnsville, +near a stockade or block-house at Klock's. Fort House, a small +block-house, was the exact place where just before night a "smart +brush" occurred between the British and the Americans under Colonel +Dubois. Colonel Dubois took a position above Johnson, on the heights +of the north side, to prevent his passage up the river. Colonel +Harper, with the Oneida Indians, was on the south side of the river, +nearly opposite. General Van Rensselaer after all this forward +movement and the slight attack, did not hold his position, but fell +back three miles down the river. + +The enemy camped on land of the late Judge Jacob G. Klock, I suppose, +colonel of Second Regiment, Tryon County militia, and, "soon after the +moon appeared," moved to a fording-place just above a well-known +citizen's (Nathan Christie) residence, and retreated on the south side +of the Mohawk, passing Oneida Castle, and pushing westward for +Canaseraga on Chittenango Creek, near Lake Oneida. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Colonel John Brown, of Pittsfield, +Massachusetts, the Brave Accuser of Benedict Arnold, by Archibald Murray Howe + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLONEL JOHN BROWN *** + +***** This file should be named 24581-8.txt or 24581-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/5/8/24581/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Richard J. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Colonel John Brown, of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, the Brave Accuser of Benedict Arnold + +Author: Archibald Murray Howe + +Release Date: February 11, 2008 [EBook #24581] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLONEL JOHN BROWN *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Richard J. Shiffer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="trans-note"> +<p class="heading">Transcriber's Note</p> +<p>Every effort has been made to replicate this text as +faithfully as possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other +inconsistencies.</p> +</div> + +<h1><span class="spacious">COLONEL JOHN BROWN</span><br /> + +<small><i>OF PITTSFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS</i></small></h1> + +<br /> + +<h3>THE BRAVE ACCUSER OF</h3> + +<h2>BENEDICT ARNOLD</h2> + +<br /> + +<h2>An Address</h2> + +<h5>DELIVERED BEFORE THE FORT RENSSELAER CHAPTER OF THE<br /> +D.A.R. AND OTHERS</h5> + + +<h3 class="sc">By ARCHIBALD M. HOWE</h3> + + +<h5>AT THE</h5> + +<h4>VILLAGE OF PALATINE BRIDGE, NEW YORK</h4> + +<h5 class="sc">September 29, 1908.</h5> + +<br /> +<br /> + + +<h4 class="sc"><span class="spacious">W. B. CLARKE COMPANY</span><br /> +26 and 28 Tremont Street<br /> +Boston</h4> + +<h5>1908</h5> + +<br /> + +<h6>GEO. H. ELLIS CO., PRINTERS, 272 CONGRESS ST., BOSTON.</h6> + +<br /><br /> + +<p>This address was delivered for the purpose of calling attention to the +present condition of the marble monument erected at Stone Arabia, +N.Y., to the memory of Colonel Brown in 1836, now insecure because the +cemetery in the rear of Stone Arabia church is not properly +maintained.</p> + +<p>The form of the address is slightly changed, but the writer will never +forget the kindness of the Canajoharie and Palatine friends who +greeted him and the wonderful beauty of Stone Arabia, a plateau north +of the Mohawk at Palatine where our ancestors maintained a strong +outpost against Indians and other adversaries.</p> + + + +<hr /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="THE_BRAVE_ACCUSER_OF_BENEDICT_ARNOLD" id="THE_BRAVE_ACCUSER_OF_BENEDICT_ARNOLD"></a>THE BRAVE ACCUSER OF BENEDICT ARNOLD.</h2> + + +<p>John Brown, of Pittsfield, Mass., now almost forgotten, was a patriot +in our Revolution of 1775 whose career has been described more than +once by men in New York and in Berkshire County, but, as it is now +time to give more impartial views of the controversy, perhaps another +sketch of the life of this leader may encourage others to search for +clearer views of the ways by which our ancestors established the +institutions which we hope are to endure.</p> + +<p>Daniel Brown, the father of Colonel John Brown, came from Haverhill, +Mass., to the western part of the Commonwealth in 1752, when his son +John was eight years old. He seems to have been first in the beautiful +town of Sandisfield to take part in its local government, both secular +and ecclesiastical. "Deacon Brown" is called prosperous when this new +town on the banks of the Farmington River, east of the hills of the +Housatonic, bade fair to equal Pittsfield as a trading-place. "The +Deacon" was a local magistrate under the king, when laymen served as +judges. John, his youngest son, is described as tall and powerful, an +athlete able to kick a football over the elm-tree on the college green +at New Haven when he entered at twenty-three years of age, older in +years than most college students of the year 1767.</p> + +<p>It is believed that he prepared for college with some citizen of the +neighborhood, and it is known that he married before graduating in +1771.</p> + +<p>While at New Haven, he was fully informed of the peculiarities of +Benedict Arnold, then a storekeeper, already disgraced in the eyes of +respectable citizens because of his desertion from the British army +and his reckless disregard for the rights of his creditors; for then +the debtor was not allowed to retain his respectability, if he failed +dishonestly. Furthermore, his self-assertion was recognized as too +often a display of arrogance and vanity. Brown's sister Elizabeth had +married Oliver Arnold, attorney-general of Rhode Island, a cousin of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> +Benedict, and it is reasonable to suppose that he was well informed of +Arnold's misdeeds, which thus became known to John Brown.</p> + +<p>In 1771, when he was graduated from Yale, only twenty men were of his +class. Quite a large number of Yale graduates took part with the +patriots, and Humphreys, one of the class of 1771, was aide-de-camp to +Washington. He, I believe, is the only writer in verse who extolled +this John Brown. How often we are indebted to poets for our heroes! If +this John Brown had incited an insurrection and been hanged for +killing his fellow-men contrary to law in time of peace, "his soul +might be marching on." If, when he rode from Ticonderoga on horse at a +high rate of speed to Philadelphia, to inform the Continental Congress +that his friend Ethan Allen had taken possession of the fortress with +its guns and materials for war, some poet had described his ride, as +Longfellow portrayed Paul Revere's, the school children would still +recall Brown of Pittsfield; but, my friends, 'tis of little moment +that we are soon forgotten, if it be certain that, while we live, we +live with moral courage in the life of every day.</p> + +<p>I do not intend to put much emphasis upon military glory. I am trying +to show that Brown's life by reason of its entire sincerity, although +at times unsuccessful, was led, so far as we can know, by "<i>a man +every inch a man</i>," holding fast to his ideals, fearless in the +assertion of truth as he saw it, and directed by high principle; that, +having all these noble attributes, his part in public affairs should +now and then be rehearsed to show the value of goodness even amid the +horrors of war.</p> + +<p>On December 10, 1772, a few months after graduation from Yale College, +he was admitted to practise law in New York in the courts of Tryon +County, a part of which is now Montgomery County, bearing the name of +one of our noblest American generals, who led the attack on Quebec in +December, three years later, where Brown served under him as a major +of a Berkshire County regiment. Some writers call Brown king's +attorney at Caughnawaga, whether rightly I know not, nor do I know why +he came to the Mohawk Valley from Berkshire, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>for Pittsfield was a +growing frontier town. Perhaps Sir William Johnson's influence and his +busy settlement offered some inducement to the young attorney, but it +did not long have weight with him, for we find him in 1773 at +Pittsfield, where another attorney of Loyalist tendencies had left +town under coercion.</p> + +<p>Before I attempt to describe the civil and military career of John +Brown from 1773 to his thirty-sixth birthday, when he was killed at +Stone Arabia, I wish to call your attention to the peculiarities of +the political situation in Berkshire County and its vicinity. On the +north the New Hampshire Grants (now Vermont) had recently been +disputed territory where local partisans, Ethan Allen and others, used +coercion to maintain the claims of settlers against New York men +claiming title. New York Colony on the west, though directed largely +by men of high character like Philip Schuyler, was torn by bitter +political differences, the Loyalist element being strong in social and +political affairs. Then, although the Berkshire towns were active from +the earliest days of 1774 in sharing with other towns the plans for +resistance to royal authority, they were very jealous of any +continuance of unnecessary power in the Provincial Congress. +Pittsfield by the quill of a cousin of Ethan Allen, the Rev. Thomas +Allen, asserted that the town would remain "in a state of nature" [<a href="#Note_1">see +Note 1</a>] (i.e., simple democracy without representative government) +unless it obtained new privileges. If the right of nominating to +office is not vested in the people, they said, "<i>we are indifferent +who assumes it, whether any particular persons on this or the other +side of the water</i>." They did not want any bosses, but no doubt would +have voted for Governor Hughes. They were of the belief that the +government of the respective committees (County and Town, Committees +of Correspondence and Inspection) was lenient and efficacious, but +they hoped for a new Constitution "on such a broad basis of civil and +religious liberty as no length of time will corrupt as long as the sun +and moon shall endure." They wished to elect judges by votes of the +people of the county, justices of the peace by the voters <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>of the +towns, and of course allow soldiers to elect their company officers.</p> + +<p>Brown was chosen judge of the Common Pleas by the General Court of +Massachusetts for 1779, but never held court, probably because his +fellow-citizens were not submissive to the existing authority of the +General Court as exercised before the adoption of the new Constitution +of Massachusetts. In such a state of affairs Berkshire took her part +largely in her way when she sent men to fight the battles of the +United Colonies. Her officers and men were often too independent to +submit willingly to proper military authority, and in some trying +emergencies the Berkshire men were insubordinate or were disposed to +follow their leaders in attacks not always wisely chosen. It was +Captain Asa Douglas, of Hancock, the man who had done much to promote +the capture of Ticonderoga by skilful recruiting and by pledge of his +estate, who in May, 1776, was Chairman of a convention of Berkshire +towns which, deluded by false rumors and influenced by their own +prejudices against the noble General Schuyler, sent to General +Washington their doubts concerning his loyalty, although expressing +their hope that his name might be handed down to posterity as one of +the great pillars of the American Cause. Their hope is grandly +fulfilled, but the Berkshire men have left us with some doubt as to +their skill in judging of current events. However, on the twenty-sixth +day of May, 1776, Mark Hopkins, as Secretary of this Convention, wrote +to Washington to tell him their fears concerning Philip Schuyler were +groundless.</p> + +<p>John Brown was twenty-nine years of age when he began his active +citizenship at Pittsfield. He had lived in Berkshire more than +one-half his life. His experience on a farm, at college, near the sea, +and for a short time in the Mohawk country among the Indians and white +men of varying views about the king, made him worthy the confidence of +Berkshire men; and he always had their support and their respect. What +his literary attainments were we cannot tell. A few letters to General +Lincoln and letters relating to military <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>affairs which appear in the +archives give little opportunity for judging of his literary and +professional skill. The inventory of his estate, giving in detail the +names of law books, a surveyor's guide, a theological treatise, and a +Bible, with farm implements and military clothing, show something of +the life of his time, when a man was farmer, surveyor, lawyer, and +soldier altogether, and, if as active as John Brown, not much more +able to write well-considered essays and books than if he had never +seen Yale College. Alas! his fate in that regard is not unlike many +graduates of our present time, who, having fine natures, strong traits +of character, and ability enough to express themselves, are driven by +commercial or other present activities to and fro from typewriter to +telephone, often to die without using their minds calmly and without +imparting to others much that they might have given to help the world, +had they been able to have peace in the midst of their busy lives.</p> + +<p>Pittsfield frequently employed Brown. In January, 1774, he was chosen +to instruct the representative to the General Court in reference to +the destruction of the tea at Boston. He was quite discriminating. +While he opposed the useless waste of property by disguised men, he +strongly denounced the British tyrannies. Within six months he was one +of the Committee of Correspondence and a delegate to the County +Congress at Stockbridge. In the fall of 1774 he acted as arbitrator +with others to settle disputes following the common law and the +Province laws when they did not interfere with the democracy of +Berkshire.</p> + +<p>He was chosen Ensign of the Company of Minute Men, and finally +delegate to the First Provincial Congress. This Congress appointed him +to a very important Committee on Correspondence with Canada, and that +winter the committee sent him to Canada with full power to get +information, confer with Canadians, whether English or French, and +report back the condition of affairs and whether they would act with +the Colonies. This mission was peaceful in its aim. He conferred with +men from Montreal and Quebec, assuring all whom <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>he met that the +Colonies desired peace with Great Britain, but, if war came, they +would surely respect the rights of all men to worship God in their own +way and would maintain a democratic form of government.</p> + +<p>Mr. Brown showed himself to be diplomatic and faithful. He endured +much personal hardship and risk during the winter, and his report was +most valuable. The part of it best known is under date of March 29, +1775, wherein he recommended that, if war came, Ticonderoga should be +taken. "The people in the New Hampshire Grants," he wrote, "have +engaged to do the job." Recently it has been stated that in February, +1775, he was at Chesterfield, Mass., and that about that time he led a +party of Berkshire and Hampshire men to Deerfield and arrested a Tory +or some Tories who were suspected of being in direct communication +with General Gage at Boston. April 27, 1775, there appeared in the +Hartford <i>Courant</i> a notice signed "John Brown" by order of the +Committee of Inspection in the towns of Pittsfield, Richmond, and +Lenox, in the following words: "Whereas Major Israel Stoddard and +Woodbridge Little Esq., both of Pittsfield in the County of Berkshire, +have fled from their respective homes and are justly esteemed the +common pests of society and incurable enemies of their country and are +supposed to be somewhere in New York Government moving sedition and +rebellion against their country, it is hereby recommended to all +friends of American liberty and to all who do not delight in the +innocent blood of their countrymen, to exert themselves that they may +be taken into custody and committed to some of his Majesty's jails +till the civil war which has broken out in this Province shall be +ended." Surely, Brown was an active partisan, though not at Lexington +in April, 1775. In May he was at Ticonderoga with Ethan Allen, not +holding any military rank. Allen commended him to the government as +fit for military command.</p> + +<p>The oft-told tale of how Ethan Allen took the fortress, proclaiming +its capture in the name of "Almighty God and the Continental +Congress," need not be rehearsed here. Allen <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>took possession of +Ticonderoga, its garrison, and its valuable military property with the +aid of Connecticut and Berkshire men, and at his request Brown rode +his horse rapidly to Philadelphia to announce to the Continental +Congress the capture which was attained without their authority or +aid. At this point Benedict Arnold must be referred to. In April, +1775, he had broken open an arsenal at New Haven, and with his militia +company hurried to Cambridge. As he rode one day from New Haven +towards Cambridge, he met Captain Parsons, who was going to Hartford +to plan with some Connecticut leaders for the capture of Ticonderoga. +Hearing Parsons's plan, Arnold pushed on to Watertown and got a +commission from the Massachusetts government as colonel as well as an +order for power to recruit men, for horses and ammunition. Meeting +Ethan Allen on his way to Ticonderoga, Arnold produced his +Massachusetts authority, but not his men, on the same day that Allen +was fully prepared for his work. Arnold began his interference with +the concerted plan, hoping for a separate command and the glory of +victory. He promised payments of money to Berkshire men from the +southern towns, which he failed to pay from funds given him for that +purpose. This was the beginning of an angry and long-continued dispute +between Easton, Brown's colonel, and Brown, on the one hand, and +Arnold, on the other. Unhappily for Easton and Brown, as for all men +who possess the truth about the characters of men who are undoubtedly +able to fight battles, though brutal and even wicked in their lives, +the controversy was long and bitter, but, while war exists, the common +law and legal procedure rarely have weight and even martial law +becomes ineffective.</p> + +<p>"War is hell," said the great Sherman. Hell is irrational, as is war. +Reason fails to have even its usual part in man's destiny during all +wars. Chance has sway, and men often get what is called glory when +others, almost unknown to fame, should win the approval of all men.</p> + +<p>Whether Washington had his doubts about Arnold's character may never +be known, but more than once he gave him <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>opportunities to hold high +command because he fought battles through. So Lincoln, when told that +Grant drank whiskey, asked for more such whiskey for other generals. +Sparks, the historian, a Unitarian clergyman, when writing Arnold's +life, detailed his sins, his youthful desertion from the British army, +his financial dishonor at New Haven, his overbearing self-assertion, +and yet he added, when telling of the attitude of the members of +Congress towards Arnold, that "these stern patriots, regarding virtue +as essential to true honor, did not consider great examples of valor, +resource, and energy even of arousing and sustaining the military +ardor of a country as an adequate counterpoise to a dereliction of +principle and a compromising integrity." "How far a judicious policy +and a pure patriotism were combined on this occasion," writes Sparks, +"as to what extent party zeal contributed to warp the judgment, we +need not now inquire."</p> + +<p>And here, my friends, is our solemn warning against war. No inquiry +will ever justify war. War is justified only upon the sad assumption +that, as men are "poor weak mortals" and naturally wicked, they will +go to war, and justice fails where might makes right. Who thinks I can +here and now fully justify John Brown as a soldier, if he was too +aggressive in attack or too ardent in his antagonism of a dastardly +traitor whom he knew through and through, but whom Washington, +Schuyler, and other generals felt obliged to support? Perhaps not +fully justify on the grounds that seem necessary to the success of +war, but I can fully support Brown as a man who fought nobly for his +country and in defence of the unprotected inhabitants of the Mohawk +Valley, who was never false to his aims as an American patriot, who +served with distinction under Allen, Montgomery, Schuyler, Arnold, +Lincoln, and Van Rensselaer, and finally died while attempting to +defend the Canajoharie settlements from the hostile attack of a +murderous foe and acting in obedience to the command of his superior +officer.</p> + +<p>When the Massachusetts government understood the situation at Lake +Champlain, Brown was appointed major of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> Berkshire Regiment, and +sent again to Canada with four scouts. This time the business was very +dangerous. The French Canadians often helped him, but he might have +been treated as a spy, and a military police chased him for many miles +with two parties of fifty men each. On his return he reached Crown +Point within a day of the time General Schuyler had expected him, +after five days on the lake in a canoe. Early in August, 1775, he +urged by letter and every other means in his power the immediate +invasion of Canada. Soon he was put in command of a flotilla on Lake +Champlain, and then followed his well-known exploits at St. Johns and +Chamblee, where he co-operated with James Livingston, a brave New +Yorker. His capture of Chamblee on the 19th of October, 1775, just +five years before his death, brought promises of reward from Congress. +Then came the reckless expedition of Ethan Allen which led to his +capture, and which has long been believed to be the result of a +failure on the part of Brown to co-operate with Allen when he could +have supported him. Here the burden of proof rests on the accusers of +Brown, and they never have had other proof than an implication drawn +from the "Allen's narrative" that he did not make his best effort to +help him, although Allen does not make any direct charge. Furthermore, +the narrative is often far from correct; and as Allen was reckless in +act and statement, and as Brown was continued in service under +Montgomery, who was friendly to him, we may infer that Brown's failure +was unavoidable. Allen's plan was not approved by Schuyler or +Montgomery. Washington hoped that Allen's misfortune "would teach a +lesson of prudence and subordination to others who may be anxious to +outshine their general officers."</p> + +<p>It has been intimated that Brown was one of these junior officers who +chafed under the limitations set by his superiors, but he certainly +retained his position as a regimental officer, and achieved such +results in this Canadian invasion during the advance to Quebec that he +was highly commended by his associates, promised promotion by +Montgomery, and finally given his Lieutenant-colonelcy by Congress. He +took <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>part in the attack of December 31, 1775, on Quebec, and on the +death of Montgomery served under Arnold for months, commanding a +detachment of Berkshire and other men who were willing to re-enlist if +he stayed. [<a href="#Note_2">See Note 2.</a>] One of his letters written to his wife, March +15, 1776, when commanding an outpost near Quebec, says he expects to +be "another Uriah because he does not agree very well with Mr. General +Arnold." He had been "ordered to attack with his attachment of two +hundred men, one-half of whom were sick in the hospital" (his brave +brother, Captain Jacob Brown, died of small-pox). He himself marched +out with his men, but the enemy retired into their fort too soon for +him to attack them. He "expected another storm from Arnold, or to be +punished for disobedience to orders." Truly, he was not easily +subordinate to Arnold, but he was not again "set in the forefront of +the battle, that others might retire from him and that he might be +smitten and die," as David planned for Uriah, because he was truly +loyal to the cause he so nobly served, and Arnold did not dare to +destroy him.</p> + +<p>To fully describe his conduct in denouncing Arnold and Arnold's +tergiversation and intrigues against him would lead me far afield. No +doubt his accusations interfered with Arnold's promotion by +Congress,—promotion he earned as a great leader in battle,—but as an +officer responsible for property he was repeatedly unsuccessful. Brown +again and again renewed his charges against the arch-traitor, but was +not able to get proper attention from the tribunals that should have +relieved him from Arnold's false charges. [<a href="#Note_3">See Note 3.</a>]</p> + +<p>Again and again historians declare that Arnold was led to treason +because he had been unjustly treated by the Continental Congress. What +a false view this is! He is willing enough to throw himself into +battle for glory and for his country's honor at Saratoga without +definite authority, and again he was ready for a fight or an +expedition for the relief of this valley <i>when he could lead</i>, but he +was always in trouble financially. His Philadelphia extravagances and +the increase of his indebtedness did not escape all censure.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> + +<p>Although Washington mildly rebuked him, he gave him new offers of high +command. It is clear to me that any such statements as are indulged in +by historians are of no weight or consequence.</p> + +<p>I cannot help referring to Colonel Brown's hand-bill of the winter of +1776-77, published and posted in public places, wherein he attacked +Arnold with great severity, concluding with the words, "<i>Money is this +man's God, and to get enough of it he would sacrifice his country</i>." A +prophecy! Unhappily, the same might be said of too many men of to-day. +Another incident painful to recall, but characteristic, was told to my +great-uncle in 1834 by Colonel Morgan Lewis, a friend of Colonel +Brown's, and printed elsewhere. At the camp and in the tent where +Arnold sat with other officers at some time during the Saratoga +campaign, Brown faced the arch-traitor and denounced him as a +scoundrel, and then, apologizing to those present, left the tent. His +reiterated charges were not regarded as worthy of him as a soldier, +although he had resigned from the Continental service because he could +not get justice and because Arnold was not tried for his crimes. +Schuyler deplored Brown's conduct as an accuser though respecting him +as a brave man.</p> + +<p>I am unable to account for the record which accredits him with +thirteen months' and eighteen days' service at German Flats, New York. +From April 1, 1776, to May 18, 1777, he was Lieutenant-colonel of +Elmore's Connecticut Regiment, which was stationed at Albany and later +at Fort Stanwix. I suppose his resignation from the Continental army +was accepted about May 18, 1777, but, whatever his loyal service in +New York may have been, he again marched in September, 1777, in +command of Massachusetts militia under direction of General Lincoln, +from Pawlet, Vt., with a separate detachment to harry the British at +Ticonderoga and Lake George. On the 18th of September, 1777, early in +the day he made sudden and successful attacks on the landing-place +near Ticonderoga, Mount Defiance, and that neighborhood, demanding the +surrender of the fortress; but this time General Powel, of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +British army, made a manly reply. His captures of men and material +were very valuable. Some American prisoners were released, and a +Continental standard of colors was recaptured and sent to General +Lincoln with much delight. All the joy of conquest is expressed in his +report from Pawlet, Vt., October 4, 1777, but in his letter of +September 20, written at eleven o'clock at night to General Lincoln, +he said he was censured by officers and men for not suffering them to +make a rash attempt to carry the fortress at Ticonderoga, although on +mature consideration he thought it impossible to take possession +without too great loss of life. Here as late as 1777 appears the +tendency of the militia to be insubordinate. He withdrew from Lake +Champlain, and planned the capture of Diamond Island in Lake George, a +place where some German troops were guarding a large amount of +supplies. He had manned an armed sloop and boats, but was thwarted by +the escape of a prisoner and a sudden and violent storm on the lake. +The prisoner gave warning to the garrison, and the result of the storm +gave time for the preparation of a defence, so that after two hours' +hot engagement he withdrew after destroying some of his boats. General +Lincoln commended him highly for the success of this expedition. He +wrote to General Lincoln September 19, 1777, telling him he had given +the men all the plunder to encourage them before the attack, although +"going beyond the letter of the law." This action General Lincoln +approved.</p> + +<p>The question of plunder and the martial law governing it must have +been a great source of trouble in this war among Indians and white men +in the invasion of Canada and the Tory invasions hereabouts. [<a href="#Note_4">See Note +4.</a>] It seems probable that, when Arnold falsely charged Easton and +Brown with plundering the baggage of British officers at the Sorel, he +could easily cast a shadow because of the uncertainty about the rules +of war and the orders given by general officers. Plunder was promised +the men by recruiting officers as early in the war as when the plan +was laid by Ethan Allen to capture Ticonderoga in April or May, 1775. +[<a href="#Note_5">See Note 5.</a>]</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> + +<p>In the early part of the summer of 1780 rumors were received tending +to show that Sir John Johnson might again invade the Mohawk Valley, +this time by way of Lake Ontario and Lake Oneida. Therefore, on the +twenty-second day of June, 1780, the General Court of Massachusetts, +at the earnest request of General Washington, directed that 4,726 men +should be raised from the militia by draft, lot or voluntary +enlistment, to serve three months in New York territory after they +arrived at Claverack on the Hudson. These levies, by reason of +apparent danger to the cause in Rhode Island, with the exception of +315 or more men raised in Berkshire County, were sent to General Heath +at Tiverton, R.I. Various meagre statements are in print in reference +to the men who served under Brown at this time. I find in the +Massachusetts Archives the names of officers and privates, in all 381 +men, who served in the Mohawk Valley probably after August 5, 1780. +[<a href="#Note_4">See Note 4.</a>] It may be that some of his men were stationed in +different forts or block-houses in other places than Stone Arabia, and +that only 217 men of the Berkshire Regiment were in the battle of +October 19, 1780. The killed and wounded are all from three of the +five companies. [<a href="#Note_4">See Note 4.</a>] Some writers say that Colonel Brown had +New York men with him, and one statement refers to Captain John +Kasselman, of Tryon County Rangers, as being in conference with Brown +on the day he fell. [<a href="#Note_4">See Note 4.</a>]</p> + +<p>Each soldier was equipped at his own expense with a good fire-arm, +with a steel or iron ramrod and a spring to retain the same, a worm +priming wire and brush, and a bayonet fitted to his gun, a scabbard +and belt therefor, and a cutting sword or a tomahawk or hatchet, a +pouch containing a cartridge-box that will hold fifteen rounds of +cartridges at least, a one-hundred buckshot, a jack-knife and tow for +wadding, six flints, one pound of powder, forty leaden balls fitted to +his gun, a knapsack and blanket, a canteen or wooden bottle sufficient +to hold one quart.</p> + +<p>Long after the Stone Arabia fight, claims were presented to the +General Court of Massachusetts for felt hats, coats, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>vests, linen +overalls, shirts, shoes, blankets, canteens, and handkerchiefs, and of +course for muskets,—all lost on the 19th of October, 1780.</p> + +<p>Brown's major was Oliver Root, his adjutant James Easton, Jr., son of +his old colonel. Dr. Oliver Brewster was surgeon, and Elias Willard +quartermaster. He assumed command July 14, 1780, at Claverack, and +marched probably August 5 to some of the Mohawk settlements or forts. +His mission was to protect various neighborhoods from sudden raids.</p> + +<p>September 5 he was sent with two hundred men from Fort Rensselaer to +Fort Schuyler to guard twelve boats with provisions for the relief of +the garrison. September 11 he is reported as one of the officers of +Van Rensselaer's force at Fort Rensselaer (part of which—a well +preserved stone house—remains at Canajoharie under the care of young +citizens of that town, being the place where the Tryon County +Committee of patriots met). I cannot tell where he was for the month +prior to the 19th of October, when he was in command at Fort Paris, a +palisaded enclosure of stone block-houses fit for a garrison of over +two hundred men, built in 1776-77 by Captain Christian Getman's +Rangers on a most commanding position on the beautiful plateau called +Stone Arabia, north of the Mohawk between Garoga Creek and Johnstown, +where Sir William Johnson's baronial hall was. The fort was more than +a dozen miles from Johnstown, and was named for Isaac Paris, who took +part in the terrible affair at Oriskany. Sir John Johnson and his +career in Tryon County and elsewhere in New York is well known. To me +the whole subject of Indian warfare in all our wars seems to open +every possible avenue to the extremest horrors and brutalities of war. +Philip Schuyler, one of the noblest men who ever lived in New York +State, had from his early youth been friendly to Indians. In fact, +before he reached twenty-one years of age, he was given a chief's name +among the Oneidas for his services to that tribe. His skill and +patience made him all important in making treaties and negotiations +with "<i>The Six Nations</i>" and other Indians. The Patriots very early +realized that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>the Indians were to become a stumbling-block to any +attempt at treating with Canada or maintaining what is called +civilized warfare (can any warfare be civilized?). Schuyler, Hawley, +Oliver Wolcott, and other distinguished men of high character +attempted in vain to hold the Indians to neutrality. Congress at one +time voted that Indians should not be employed in the service +excepting where a whole nation, after full consideration, decided to +act together. At another time Congress asked Schuyler to employ two +thousand Indians for military service. Sir John Johnson's career, his +apparent acquiescence in Schuyler's demands, his conduct when taking +and when breaking his parole, his apology being that the Patriots had +no established authority, and his repeated invasions of this country +showed him to be the growth of the treachery which is bred among men +who use the sordid and brutal nature of savages for evil purposes.</p> + +<p>It is interesting to me that Lieutenant-colonel Mellen led +Massachusetts militia to Fort Schuyler to aid Gansevoort, and that, +when in August, 1777, Arnold set out to the relief of Gansevoort he +led Massachusetts volunteers from Colonel Learned's battalion, and +that again in the summer and fall of 1780 Brown led Massachusetts men +to defend this neighborhood from the murderous invasion of Sir John +Johnson. At Oriskany, Herkimer was hurried into action by his inferior +officers in the manner characteristic of the independent and valorous +spirit of his time, and Oriskany in 1777 was one of the most brutal +conflicts between Tories and Patriots. Sullivan's retaliating +expedition of July, 1778, was as bad in its character and effects as +anything ever done on behalf of any cause, good or bad. The +destruction of many Indian villages by Sullivan and General James +Clinton was no doubt thorough, but of little avail, although it was +thought wise to retaliate for the horrors of Wyoming.</p> + +<p>Early in May, 1780, the information came to this neighborhood that Sir +John Johnson was moving from Lake Champlain towards Johnstown with a +considerable force, that Brant was marching against the Canajoharie +settlements with a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>body of savages and that the Tories would join +them. Johnson landed at Bulwagga Bay, near Crown Point, and, pushing +through the forest and down the valley of the Sacandoga, he appeared +near Johnstown. On the 21st of May, 1780, his forces divided, and +poured into the lower valley of the Mohawk along a line of ten miles. +From Tribes Hill upward they plundered, murdered, and destroyed. Every +man capable of bearing arms was said to have been killed. Johnson +withdrew hastily, as he was pursued by militia. Of course hundreds of +people fled to Albany and Schenectady. Governor Clinton hurried at the +head of troops from Kingston to Fort George, and, ordering others to +meet him at Ticonderoga, he pushed on to Crown Point, but was too late +to capture Sir John.</p> + +<p>Brant delayed his attack until late in July, 1780, and then made a +feigned attack on Fort Schuyler. General Van Rensselaer, then at Stone +Arabia, hastened to the relief of Fort Schuyler, and Brant in early +August fell upon the Canajoharie settlements and destroyed them +mercilessly. Troops were sent from Albany to protect the settlements, +but they were not sufficient.</p> + +<p>September 7 an extra session of the New York legislature sat at +Poughkeepsie, and authorized Governor Clinton to order out such number +of militia as he thought necessary. Brigadier-General James Clinton +was assigned command at Albany and authorized to call for assistance +from the brigades of Generals Ten-Broeck and Van Rensselaer. As I have +already said, Colonel Brown on the 18th of October was in command at +Fort Paris, subject to orders of General Robert Van Rensselaer. Fort +Paris was two or three miles north of the Mohawk. In September and +early October Sir John Johnson led his forces by way of the Oswego +River, Oneida Lake, and across country to the Susquehanna Valley. He +ravaged the Schoharie Valley, laid siege to Middle Fort +unsuccessfully, then, turning north, raided all the country from Fort +Hunter. He let loose his forces for the general purpose of +devastation. He again did his work thoroughly,—brutally, as was +customary <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>in Indian warfare at that time. Major Jelles Fonda, one of +the victims of this ruthless destruction, who had been a confidential +officer under Sir William Johnson, was absent, being a State senator. +Sir John's forces burned his homestead, "The Nose," at Palatine, and +destroyed, it is said, $60,000 worth of his property. On the night of +October 18 Sir John encamped with his forces nearly opposite or rather +above the Nose, and on the 19th he crossed the river to the north at +Keder's Rifts, near Spraker's Basin. A detachment of 150 men proceeded +at once against Fort Paris, but, after marching two miles, the main +body joined them.</p> + +<p>October 18 General Van Rensselaer found Caughnawaga in flames. He was +in camp on a hill near Stanton Place in Florida, perhaps twenty miles +from Fort Paris, when he heard that that fort was to be attacked the +next morning. 'Tis said he sent a messenger with a letter to Colonel +Brown and another to Colonel Dubois at Fort Plain, telling Brown to +march out of the fort at nine o'clock the next morning and hold the +enemy in check, while Dubois and he with his force were to co-operate. +Furthermore, it is said, Brown's officers and men advised him to +disobey the order, as that was not the time to leave the fort. +However, he marched forth at the head of his detachment, but, being +deceived by the false advice of persons pretending to be patriots, he +was led to turn aside from the road upon which he marched out into a +somewhat narrow clearing in the forest near a small work called Fort +Keyser, and was killed nearly two miles from Fort Paris, being +attacked on every side in what amounted to an ambuscade.</p> + +<p>Captain John Ziele, of the Second Regiment of Tryon County militia, +Colonel Klock's Regiment, had charge of Fort Keyser that day; and +after Brown's defeat George Spraker, John Wafel, Joseph and Conrad +Spraker, William Wafel, and Warner (?) Dygert, with two or three other +young men, were ready to defend the place from attack, but the enemy +fled, whereupon William Wafel, Joseph and Conrad Spraker, and W. +Dygert proceeded to where Brown lay and carried his body to Fort +Keyser. His scalp was entirely removed, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>he was stripped of all +his clothing excepting a ruffled shirt. After hard fighting, thirty +men or more being killed, some of his men got back to Fort Paris and +defended themselves successfully, thus saving the refugees therein +from harm. Major Root was in command, and acted skilfully and bravely. +Mr. Grider describes the battle as a running or moving fight extending +from the eastward to the south-west at least across six farms, and you +all know how valuable the evidence is showing that the large boulder +with its inscription was the stone behind which six men found refuge +and shelter until surrounded and killed.</p> + +<p>Washington wrote to the Continental Congress: "It is thought, and +perhaps not without foundation, that this invasion [of the Mohawk +Valley] was made by Sir John Johnson upon the supposition that +Arnold's treachery was successful."</p> + +<p>If Johnson acted upon that supposition, Arnold was in some measure the +cause of Brown's death, but, however that may be, <i>John Brown died +honorably after living honorably at Stone Arabia the 19th of October, +1780,—it is said between nine o'clock and ten o'clock in the +morning</i>.</p> + +<p>I said that poets had not presented him to popular imagination, but +his devoted classmate at Yale, David Humphreys, aide-de-camp to +General Washington in 1780, wrote verses to his memory. Among his +words are these:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"And scarce Columbia's arms the fight sustains,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">While her best blood gushed from a thousand veins.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then thine, O Brown, that purpled wide the ground,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Pursued the knife through many a ghastly wound.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ah! hapless friend, permit the tender tear<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To flow e'en now, for none flowed on thy bier,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where cold and mangled, under northern skies,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To famished wolves a prey, thy body lies,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Which erst so fair and tall in youthful grace,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Strength in thy nerves and beauty in thy face,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Stood like a tower till, struck by the swift ball,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then what availed to ward th' untimely fall,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The force of limbs, the mind so well informed,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The taste refined, the breast with friendship warmed<br /></span> +<span class="i0">(That friendship which our earliest years began),<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When the dark bands from thee expiring tore<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thy long hair, mingled with the spouting gore."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> + +<p>We do not know whether the news of Arnold's flight from West Point +September 25 reached Brown's ears. Perhaps, if it did, he would have +appreciated the patriotic and lofty self-control of Washington when +the next day he wrote to Rochambeau: "General Arnold, who has sullied +his former glory by the blackest treason, has escaped to the enemy." +"This is an event that occasions me equal regret and mortification, +but traitors are the growth of every country in a revolution of the +present nature. It is more to be wondered at that the catalogue is so +small than that there have been found a few."</p> + +<p>Arnold's flight to the enemy was his flight from what all men, +excepting Brown and a few others [<a href="#Note_6">see Note 6</a>], supposed was his soul's +desire; <i>i.e.</i>, to serve the people of America to the death. For +twenty-one years after 1780 he lived, pursuing a checkered career. +John Fiske said he often looked at the sword given him for his valor +at Saratoga, and bemoaned the results of his treason. However that may +be, his name is remembered with harshness and disgust, the result of +an untruthful life.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="heading"><a name="Note_1" id="Note_1"><span class="smcap">Note</span> 1.</a></p> + +<p>"in a state of nature." See "The Struggle for American Independence," +Fisher, vol. i, p. 27 <i>et seq.</i> Burlamaqui's "Principles of <i>Natural +Law</i>."</p> + + +<p class="heading"><a name="Note_2" id="Note_2"><span class="smcap">Note</span> 2.</a></p> + +<p>See "New York in the Revolution," vol. i, p. 61. "<i>The Line, +Additional Corps, Green Mountain Boys, Major Brown's Detachment in +General Arnold's Regiment</i>." 244 men.</p> + +<p><i>I take great pleasure in this record. Some writers have intimated +that Brown was insubordinate at Quebec</i> because Montgomery referred to +one of his friends as going beyond proper bounds in objecting to +Arnold. If so, why does Arnold permit Brown to remain in command? Some +men went home after the defeat of December 31, 1775, others fled. +Fisher says Arnold had only seven hundred men, of which the Brown +detachment is a large part,—no doubt induced to stay <i>because they +trusted him</i>.</p> + + +<p class="heading"><a name="Note_3" id="Note_3"><span class="smcap">Note</span> 3.</a></p> + +<p>Smith's History of Pittsfield, 1734-1800, p. 271:—</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>To the Honorable Horatio Gates, Esq., Major-General in the Army +of the United States of America, commanding at Albany</i>.</p> + +<p>Humbly sheweth, that, in the month of February last, Brig.-Gen. +Arnold transmitted to the honorable Continental Congress, an +unjustifiable, false, wicked, and malicious accusation against +me, and my character as an officer in their service, at the time +when I was under his immediate command; that, had there been the +least ground for such an accusation, the author thereof had it in +his power—indeed, it was his duty—to have me brought to a fair +trial by a general court-martial in the country where the +pretended crime is said to have originated; that I was left to +the necessity of applying to Congress, not only for the charge +against me, but for an order for a court of inquiry on my own +conduct in respect thereto; that, in consequence of my +application, I obtained a positive order of Congress to the then +general commanding the Northern Department for a court of +inquiry, before whom I might justify my injured character; that +the said order was transmitted to your Honor at Ticonderoga, in +the month of August last; and, notwithstanding the most ardent +solicitations on my part, the order of Congress has not yet been +complied with; that, upon my renewing my application to your +Honor for a court of inquiry, you were pleased to refer me to the +Board of War.</p> + +<p>Thus I have been led an expensive dance, from generals to +Congress, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>and from Congress to generals; and I am now referred +to a Board of War, who, I venture to say, have never yet taken +cognisance of any such matter; nor do I think it, with great +submission to your Honor, any part of their duty. I must +therefore conclude, that this information, from the mode of its +origin, as well as from the repeated evasions of a fair hearing, +is now rested upon the author's own shoulders.</p> + +<p>I therefore beg that your Honor will please to order Brig.-Gen. +Arnold in arrest for the following crimes, which I am ready to +verify, viz.:—</p> + +<p>1. For endeavoring to asperse your petitioner's personal +character in the most infamous manner.</p> + +<p>2. For unwarrantably degrading and reducing the rank conferred on +your petitioner by his (Gen. Arnold's) superior officers, and +subjecting your petitioner to serve in an inferior rank to that +to which he had been appointed.</p> + +<p>3. For ungentlemanlike conduct in his letter to Gen. Wooster, of +the 25th of January last, charging your petitioner with a +falsehood, and in a private manner, which is justly chargeable on +himself.</p> + +<p>4. For suffering the small-pox to spread in the camp before +Quebec, and promoting inoculation there in the Continental army.</p> + +<p>5. For depriving a part of the army under his command of their +usual allowance of provisions, ordered by Congress.</p> + +<p>6. For interfering with and countermanding the order of his +superior officer.</p> + +<p>7. For plundering the inhabitants of Montreal, in direct +violation of a solemn capitulation, or agreement, entered into +with them by our late brave and worthy Gen. Montgomery, to the +eternal disgrace of the Continental arms.</p> + +<p>8. For giving unjustifiable, unwarrantable, cruel and bloody +orders, directing whole villages to be destroyed, and the +inhabitants thereof put to death by fire & sword, without any +distinction to friend or foe, age or sex.</p> + +<p>9. For entering into an unwarrantable, unjustifiable & partial +agreement with Capt. Foster for the exchange of prisoners taken +at the Cedars, without the knowledge, advice, or consent of any +officer then there present with him on the spot.</p> + +<p>10. For ordering inoculation of the Continental Army at Sorel, +without the knowledge of, and contrary to the intentions of the +general commanding that Northern Department; by which fatal +consequences ensued.</p> + +<p>11. For great misconduct in his command of the Continental fleet +on Lake Champlain, which occasioned the loss thereof.</p> + +<p>12. For great misconduct during his command from the camp at +Cambridge, in the year 1775, until he was superseded by Gen. +Montgomery, at Point Aux-Tremble, near Quebec.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> + +<p>13. For disobedience of the orders of his superior officers, +while acting by a commission from the Provincial Congress of the +Province of Massachusetts Bay; and for a disobedience of the +orders of a committee of the same Congress, sent from that State +to inspect his conduct, and also for insulting, abusing, and +imprisoning the said committee; as also for a <i>treasonable +attempt</i> to make his escape with the navigation men, at or near +Ticonderoga, to the enemy at St. Johns, which oblidged the then +commanding officer at Ticonderoga and its dependencies to issue a +positive order to the officers commanding our batteries at Crown +Point, to stop or sink the vessels attempting to pass that post, +and by force of arms to make a prisoner of the said Gen. Arnold +(then a colonel), which was accordingly done.</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">John Brown</span>, <i>Lieutenant-Colonel</i>.</p> +<p class="close"><span class="smcap">Albany</span>, 1st Dec., 1776.</p> +</blockquote> + +<br /> + +<blockquote> +<p class="ltr-date"><span class="smcap">Pittsfield</span> 9th June 1779</p> +<p>Sir</p> + +<p>I send you the enclosed hope you will present it to Congress the +first opportunity not doubting their Disposition to do equal +Justice to Persons of every Denomination in these united States, +and that in justice in my instance must be owing rather to +misinformation than anything else, altho in the present Case it +is scarcely supposable.</p> + +<p>The very extraordinary trial alluded to in the Petition is truly +a Matter of Surprize to every Officer and Citizen in this part of +the World and is of such a dangerous tendency that I think it +ought to be attended to, what is more extraordinary it is I am +told the only trial of the kind ever had in Congress.—In the +Year 1776 I petitioned to Congress for a trial who refused me, +giving for reason that Congress was not a proper tribunal and +therefore refered me to the Officer commanding the northern +Department.</p> + +<p>Genl. Arnold on the First application obtained a hearing and +determination on that Principle I am a Stranger</p> + +<p>I am with the greatest Respect</p> + +<p class="ltr-close1">Your hons. most obedt most hmbl Sert.</p> +<p class="author">Jno. Brown.</p> +<p class="close">The honle. <span class="smcap">Jno. Jay Esq</span>.<br /> + Predt. Congress</p> +</blockquote> + +<br /> + +<p class="center">(Continental Congress Papers, no. 42, Petitions, vol. i. 179.)</p> + +<blockquote><p><span class="smcap">The Hon</span><sup>le</sup> <span class="smcap">the Congress</span></p> + +<p>The Memorial and Remonstrance of John Brown of Pittsfield in the +State of the Massachusetts Bay humbly sheweth—</p> + +<p>That in the Month of Nov<sup>r</sup>. 1777 Your Petitioner was passing +through York Town to the Southord when he waited on the hon<sup>ble</sup> +Charles Thompson Esqr Secy to Congress, who favoured your +petitioner with <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>a Copy of the very extraordinary Trial of Genl. +Arnold of which the following is an Extract Viz "In Congress May +20th 1777—</p> + +<p>A Letter this Day from Genl. Arnold with a printed Paper inclosed +signed John Brown was read, order'd that the same be refered to +the Board of War together with such Complaints as have been +lodged agt. Genl. Arnold." By this your Petitioner would suppose +that the Board of War were directed not only to take into +consideration his Complaint, but all others that have been lodged +agt. Genl. Arnold, particularly those lodged by a General Court +Martial composed by thirteen of the principle Officers at +Tycondoroga in the Year 1776 as well as those lodged by Colo. +Hazen & others altho it does not appear that any other Matter of +Complaint was determined on, but that contained in the hand Bill +signed John Brown on which the Board of War Report—</p> + +<p>"That the Genl. laid before them a variety of original Letters +orders and other papers, <i>which together with the General's own +account of his Conduct</i>, confirmed by Mr. Carroll one of the late +Commissioners in Canada now a Member of this Board, have given +intire Satisfaction to this Board concerning the General's +Character and Conduct, so cruelly and groundlessly aspersed in +the Publication."</p> + +<p>Your Petitioner begs leave to affirm that Mr. Carroll whatever he +might wish knew nothing more or less as a Witness concerning the +Charges laid agt. Genl. Arnold owing to an unlucky Alieubi, which +happened with respect to him in regard to all the Charges laid in +the Complaint. Still how far his evidence might go in assisting +Genl. Arnold in proving his negatives your Petitioner does not +pretend to say, as this is an intire new mode of Trial.</p> + +<p>First Because one of the Parties was not notified or present at +the same, consequently the trial ex parte unconstitutional and +illegal on every principle.</p> + +<p>Secondly Because there was not one Witness at the Trial who will +pretend he even had it in his Power to disprove one of the +Charges in the Complaint.</p> + +<p>Thirdly with the greatest Respect to Congress they had not the +least Right to take cognizance of the Crimes enumerated in my +complaint, for the truth of this assertion I beg leave to refer +them to the military Laws by them compiled and instituted for the +Regulation of the Army, which are the only security and +protection of the Officers and Soldiers belonging to the same, +consequently no other Court or Tribunal would have any Right to +take cognizance of the Crimes enumerated but that of a Court +Martial, and therefore the trial of the Genl. above recited was +strictly a nullety to all intents and purposes it being Coram non +Judice. However should Congress be of a Different opinion with +respect to this Matter, and that that the Trial of Genl. Arnold +was legal & constitutional, he then expects that Congress will +give him the same indulgence and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>latitude, and that he may be +heard by congress on the subject of his Impeachment of Genl. +Arnold, in which Case the General's presents & witnesses will not +be necessary. Your Petitioner therefore esteems it as a very +great grieveance that the Honle. Congress by the trial aforesaid +have resolved and published and authorised Genl. Arnold to +publish to the World that he your Petitioner has been guilty of +making and publishing false and groundless aspertions agt. a +general Officer, when at the same time every article in the +Complaint was sacredly true, and would have been proved so had a +proper tribunal been obtained, of which Genl. Arnold was well +apprised. 'Tis possible that Genl. Arnold might have suggested to +Congress that your Petitioner was not an Officer at the time of +trial afd. as to this Matter your Petitioner has not as yet been +informed whether his Resignation has been accepted or not, indeed +he cannot suppose it compatible with the Wisdom Dignity and +Justice of Congress to descharge any of their Officers for the +Reason set forth in your Petitioners Letter accompanying his +Resignation as he then stood impeach'd to Congress by the same +Genl. Arnold of every high Crimes which if true effected the +Reputation of the united States and Genl. Arnold's sacred +Character stood then impeached by your Petitioners of thirteen +capital Charges, which in the opinion of those most knowing would +have effected the life of a more honest Man, in consequence of a +proper trial before a generous Court Martial—on these +considerations your Petitioner presumes his Resignation was not +accepted but on Supposition it was, yet your Petitioner conceives +that to make no material odds, as it can not be presumed that +congress would try a Citizen without a hearing, whatever they may +imagine their authority to be. However let this matter be as it +may Congress are sensible that your Petitioner notwithstanding +the most flagrant abuses received was not out of Service from the +commencement of the War untill the reduction of the british Army +under the Commandg genl. Burgoyne, in which he challenges to +himself some show [?] of merit since no one else (to his +knowledge) has been willing to give it him.</p> + +<p>Your Petitioner is sensible that Congress at the time of Genl. +Arnold's application for a trial were imbarrassed on all +Quarters, and no doubt laboured under high prejudices with +Respect to your Petitioners Character owing perhaps to the +Representations made them by Genl. Gates, who 'tis possible has +been mistaken to his Sorrow with respect to his Friend—which +prejudices your Petitioner hopes time and events have eradicated, +he therefore can assure Congress, that he hopes and wishes for +nothing more than common justice altho the History of the War and +his present infirmities received therein, might entitle him to +something more. But to stand conviction by a Decree of Congress +of publishing cruel and groundless assertions or Libels without a +hearing when actually fighting for Liberty is intolerable in a +free Country and has a direct tendency <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>to check the ambition, +and even disaffect those Men by whose wisdom Valour and +perseverance America is to be made free, not to mention the +dangerous president such trials may afford. Your Petitioner +therefore implores Congress to reconsider their determination on +the impeachment of Genl. Arnold, as there cannot at this Day +remain a possibility of Doubt but that the same was premature, +and furnished Genl. Arnold with a foundation to establish a +Character on the Ruins of a Man who to speak moderately has +rendered his Country as essential [?] Service as that Donquixote +Genl. whose reasons for evading a trial at a proper tribunal are +very obvious and fully set forth in my impeachment & which the +Genl. has had his pretended trial by which impeachment it fully +appears that Genl. Arnold was resqued from Justice by mere dint +of unlawfull authority exercised by Genl. Gates.</p> + +<p>Your Petitioner relying on the Wisdom and Justice of Congress +begs leave to submit [?] himself most Respectfully their very +obedt. Humble Svt.</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jno. Brown.</span></p> +<p>Petition [?]</p> +<p class="ltr-to">9th June 1779 Hon<sup>le</sup> <span class="smcap">Jno. Jay</span> Esq.<br /> +Presidt. Congress</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="heading"><a name="Note_4" id="Note_4"><span class="smcap">Note</span> 4.</a></p> + +<p class="heading"><span class="smcap">§1. Military Record of John Brown.</span></p> + +<p><i>First.</i> Fourteen (14) days in Ticonderoga expedition, engaged in +capture. (See "Connecticut in Revolution," p. 32.)</p> + +<p><i>Second.</i> <i>Major</i>, Colonel Easton's Regiment, service from May 10, +1775, to December 30, 1775, in list of men who marched to Canada. (See +"Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors," vol. ii. p. 642.)</p> + +<p><i>Third.</i> <i>Major of the New York Line, Additional Corps</i>, Green +Mountain Boys. "Major Brown's detachment in Genl. Arnold's Regiment." +Colonels Ethan Allen and Seth Warner, Quebec, 1776. (See "New York in +the Revolution," vol. i. p. 61.) On list sent Provincial Congress of +New York, 4 July, 1775.</p> + +<p><i>Fourth.</i> <i>Lieutenant-colonel.</i> Colonel Samuel Elmore's Regiment, +raised for one year from Connecticut and Massachusetts, appointed by +Congress July 29, 1776, resigned March 15, 1777. Regiment took field +July, 1776, under General Schuyler. August 25, marched from Albany +into Tryon County. Posted remainder of term at Fort Stanwix. Broke up +in spring of 1777. (See "Connecticut in Revolution," p. 113.) The +Massachusetts roll states that John Brown was among the men who went +to German Flats April 1, 1776, and was discharged May 18, 1777. +Service, thirteen months, eighteen days.</p> + +<p><i>Fifth.</i> <i>Colonel Third Berkshire Regiment.</i> Commissioned April 4,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +1777. Services in Northern Department not stated. April 14, 1780, +further appointment as Colonel. Service, three months, five days. +Killed October 19, 1780. (See Massachusetts Rolls.)</p> + +<p>The above memoranda are imperfect, but I print them from printed +records. I have not searched the original sources, believing the +public officials have done all that could be done.</p> + +<p class="heading">§2. <span class="smcap">Colonel John Brown's Command July 14, 1780, to October 19, 1780.</span></p> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table class="normalsize" summary="John Brown's Command"> +<tr><td align='center' colspan="2"><i>Claverack to Stone Arabia, N.Y.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Colonel, John Brown.</td><td align='left'>Adjutant, James Easton, Jr.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Major, Oliver Root.</td><td align='left'>Quartermaster, Elias Willard.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center' colspan="2">Surgeon, Dr. Oliver Brewster.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p class="heading sc lowercase">CAPTAIN WILLIAM FOORD'S COMPANY.</p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table summary="CAPTAIN WILLIAM FOORD'S COMPANY 1."> +<tr><td align='left'>Foord, William, <i>captain</i>.</td><td align='left'>Dean, Joel, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Spencer, Alpheus, <i>lieutenant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Easton, Calvin, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pearson, Abel, <i>lieutenant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Ellison, James, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Benden, Timothy, <i>sergeant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Foot, Asahel, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rothborn, Daniel, <i>sergeant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Gleason, Benoni, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sloson, Eleazer, <i>sergeant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Goodrich, Nathaniel, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wheaton, Samuel, <i>sergeant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Gates, Jonah, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Barber, James, <i>corporal</i>.</td><td align='left'>Hatch, William of Nobletown, N.Y., <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bond, Bartholomew, <i>corporal</i>.</td><td align='left'>Harrison, Asahel, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tobie, Nathaniel, <i>corporal</i>.</td><td align='left'>Hewitt, Zadok, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Goodrich, Gilbert, of Lenox, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Huet, Jeremiah, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Austin, Shubael, <i>drummer</i>.</td><td align='left'>Hull, Warren, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Andrews, Colman, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Handy, Joseph, of Stockbridge or Lee, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Alcock, Stephen, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Hide, Charles, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Adams, Aaron, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Ingraham, Nathan, <i>corporal</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Burt, Thomas, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Juhel, Joseph, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Baker, William, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Knolton, Thomas, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bell, Henry, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Ladd, Joel, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bateman, Jonathan, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Lewis, John, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Blen, Solomon, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>McKnite, Thomas, <i>fifer</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Balding, Oliver, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Meres, John, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bond, Seth, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Milliken, William, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cumington, John, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>McKnight, William, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Case, Ezekiel, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Mack, Warren, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Clarke, David, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Noble, John, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Carlton, Peleg, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>North, John, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Carlton, Reuben, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Newell, Seth, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Carter, Elisha, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cogswell, Levi, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Phelps, John, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Sears, David, <i>private</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Parks, Nathan, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Tailor, David, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Porter, Joseph, Jr., <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Tomblin, Moses, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Porter, Joseph, Sr., <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>West, William, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Robbins, Jason, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Wilson, Shubael, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Reed, Joseph, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Woodroof, Amos, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Reed, James, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Wollison, Shubael, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Smith, Ezekiel, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Thomas (surname undecipherable), <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stearns, Zehiel, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Dunham, Calvin, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stiles, Josiah, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stoddard, Philemon, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="heading sc lowercase">CAPTAIN LEVI ELY'S COMPANY.</p> + +<div class='center'> +<table summary="CAPTAIN LEVI ELY'S COMPANY."> +<tr><td align='left'>Ely, Levi, <i>captain</i>.</td><td align='left'>Day, Asa, <i>private</i>, killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Smith, Martin, <i>lieutenant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Dewey, Heman, of Westfield, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fowler, Bildad, of West Springfield, <i>lieutenant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Dewey, Oliver, of Westfield, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stiles, Gideon, <i>lieutenant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Dimmouth, John, <i>private</i>, killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Smith, Jonathan, <i>quartermaster sergeant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Ely, Edmond, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kendal, William, <i>sergeant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Farmar, Elisha, <i>corporal</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Noble, Jacob, <i>sergeant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Francis, Aaron, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ainsworth, Luther, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Francis, Simeon, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ashley, James, of Westfield, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Gleason, Daniel, <i>private</i>, killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Allen, William, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Hill, Dan, <i>private</i>, killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Anderson, Samuel, Jr., of Blandford, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Hough, Justus, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bruk, Wainwright, <i>private</i>, killed.</td><td align='left'>Herrick, Ebenezer, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bills, William, of Westfield, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Haley, William, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Baird, John, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Hubbard, Jonas, <i>private</i>, killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Blackwood, Albright, of Soudon, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Hill, Primus, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Badcock, Nathan, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Ingowol, Stephen, <i>drummer</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Blair, Alexander, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Jones, Judah, <i>corporal</i>, killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Church, John, of Westfield, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Jones, Ithamar, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Colgrove, Joseph, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Kent, Ezekiel, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Chapin, John, <i>private</i>, killed.</td><td align='left'>Kellegg, Daniel, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Crooks, James, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Leonard, Russel, <i>private</i>, killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Colhiren, Abner, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Loomis, Josiah, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Conners, Abraham, <i>private</i>, killed.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Converse, Isaac, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Crow, John, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Copley, Matthew, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Day, Moses, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Loyhead, Thomas, <i>private</i>, killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td><td align='left'>Smith, David, <i>fifer</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Miller, Abner, <i>corporal</i>.</td><td align='left'>Smith, James, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Morgan, Simeon, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Stewart, Moses, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Moor, William, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Shephard, Elijah ?</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mathew, Nathan I., <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Taylor, Joseph, <i>corporal</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Nott, Selden, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Taylor, Jonathan, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Noble, Paul, of Westfield, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Taylor, Thomas, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Noble, Jared, <i>private</i>, killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td><td align='left'>Vanslow, Justus, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Plumm, Jared, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Worthington, Seth, <i>sergeant</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pepper, William, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Worriner, Lewis, <i>corporal</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pitts, Gideon, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Worthington, Stephen, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rimington, Jonathan, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Whitney, David, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rogers, Isaac, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Williams, Roswell, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Read, Amos, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Walker, John, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stewert, Jesse, <i>corporal</i>.</td><td align='left'>Woodworth, Roswell, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Woolworth, Samuel, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Walton, Elijah, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + + +<p class="heading sc lowercase">CAPTAIN JOHN SPOOR'S COMPANY.</p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table summary="CAPTAIN JOHN SPOOR'S COMPANY."> +<tr><td align='left'>Spoor, John, <i>captain</i>.</td><td align='left'>Bigsbey, Peletiah, <i>private</i>, killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brooks, Jonathan, of Lanesborough <i>lieutenant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Barry, John, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ball, Isaac, of Stockbridge, <i>lieutenant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Moses, Charles, of Stockbridge, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fish, John, <i>sergeant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Comstock, Medad, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Jones, William, <i>sergeant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Curk, John, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Davis, William, <i>corporal</i>.</td><td align='left'>Chapman, Gershom, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Edmun, Andrew, <i>corporal</i>.</td><td align='left'>Calender, Ezekiel, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Edy, Briant, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Charles, Darius, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Foster, Jeremiah, of Williamstown<br />(also given Weston), <i>corporal</i>.</td><td align='left'>Campbel, Sam, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lemmon, Moses, <i>sergeant</i>, killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td><td align='left'>Dickerman, Joel, <i>sergeant</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tylor, Russell, <i>corporal</i>.</td><td align='left'>Davis, Robert, <i>private</i>, killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Jones, Josiah, <i>fifer</i>.</td><td align='left'>Dewey, Lalson, of Stockbridge, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cetcham, Joseph, <i>drummer</i>.</td><td align='left'>Egleston, Elijah, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Adams, Peter, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Fuller, Boswell, <i>private</i>, discharged September 28.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Abbe, John, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Fitch, Nat, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bennett, Jeremiah, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Foster, Jeremiah, Jr., of Williamstown<br />(also given Weston), <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Babcock, Jonathan, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Gaff, Jacob, <i>private</i>, killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bradley, Josiah, of Stockbridge, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Giles, James, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bush, Japhet, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bondish, Asa, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gregory, "Isband," <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Pixley, Jonah, <i>private</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hubbard, Baley, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Pior, Abner, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Heart, Leveret, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Raymond, John, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Horsford, Ambrose, <i>private</i>, killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td><td align='left'>Rool, "Hewek," <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hatch, Solomon, <i>private</i>, killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td><td align='left'>Ransom, Elias, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Holmes, John, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Root, Roswell, of Sheffield, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ingersole, Moses, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Rool, Stephen, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>King, George, of Sheffield, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Standish, Asa, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lorris, Jacob, <i>private</i>, killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td><td align='left'>Starr, Thomas, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Meeken, Oliver, <i>private</i>, killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td><td align='left'>Saxton, Jesse, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mansfield, Josiah, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Sprague, Barnabas, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mash, Abijah, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Shearwood, Jonathan, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Monrsurir, Gabriel, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Tylor, Bezaleel, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Noble, Joseph, <i>private</i>, killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td><td align='left'>Winchel, David, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Orton, James, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Watson, Samuel, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Wright, Miles, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Winchel, Ephraim, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Wood, Amaziah, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Webb, Will, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="heading sc lowercase">CAPTAIN SAMUEL WARNER'S COMPANY.</p> + +<div class='center'> +<table summary="CAPTAIN SAMUEL WARNER'S COMPANY."> +<tr><td align='left'>Warner, Samuel, <i>captain</i>.</td><td align='left'>Brooks, Shadrack, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Norton, Jonathan, <i>lieutenant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Bradle, Isaac, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Chadwick, Ebenezer, of Tyringham, <i>lieutenant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Bond, Joseph, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tracy, David, <i>sergeant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Brown, Reuben, of New Marlboro, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Jackson, Joshua, <i>sergeant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Blackmer, Isaac, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brown, Nathaniel, <i>sergeant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Bird, Amos, of Tyringham, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rand, James, <i>sergeant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Benton, David, Jr., of Sheffield, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Greppen, Alpheus, <i>sergeant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Brookner, Reuben, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bush, Caleb, of Sandisfield, <i>corporal</i>.</td><td align='left'>Beckett, William, <i>private</i>, killed Oct. 20, 1780.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Jewet, Joseph, <i>corporal</i>.</td><td align='left'>Boods, Joel R., <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Down, Stephen, <i>corporal</i>.</td><td align='left'>Bradle, Isaac, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Powel, Joseph, of Sheffield, <i>corporal</i>.</td><td align='left'>Core, Noah, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Belton, Stephen, <i>corporal</i>.</td><td align='left'>Clark, Reuben, of Sheffield, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Griffins, Thomas, <i>drummer</i>.</td><td align='left'>Clark, Wells, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pope, Gideon, <i>fifer</i>.</td><td align='left'>Cooper, Benjamin, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Noble, Saul, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Carter, Elisha, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Allen, Rufus, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Cole, Elisha, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bogworth, Frederick, of Sandisfield, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Conch, William, of Sandisfield, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bogworth, John, of Sandisfield, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Comstock, Rufus, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Marel, Abner, <i>private</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Callender, Daniel, <i>private</i>, received bounty at Sheffield.</td><td align='left'>Marcone, Stephen, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Denely, John, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Mack, Warren, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dunham, Calvin, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Orten, Roger, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>French, Ebenezer, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Owen, William, of Sheffield, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>? French, Elisha, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Remington, Simeon, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Graten, Care, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Rhods, Adam, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gichel, Joseph, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Root, "Rosel," <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gillet, John, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Sage, David, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Glaston, Willard, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Smith, Henry, of Sandisfield, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Guild, Orrange, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Spring, Henry, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hodg, Daniel, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Skinner, Samuel, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Huggins, Joseph, of Sheffield, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Shed, Samuel, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Heath, George, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Shed, Daniel, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hines, Ezekiel, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Todge, Elias, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hoskins, Anthony, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Turner, Uriah, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hyde, Theophilus, of Sheffield, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Tuttle, Benjamin, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Higgins, Zenas, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Underwood, Silas, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hatch, Seth, of Bennington, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Warner, Levi, of Sandisfield, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Jaqua, Seth, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Warker, Thomas, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Keyes, Elias, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Webster, Daniel, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kilbernt, Robert, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Wollen, Moses, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kelegg, Joel, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Whitne, Silas, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kingsbury, Nathaniel, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>White, Solomon, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lummis, Noah, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Bradle, Isaac, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Wording, John M., <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="heading sc lowercase">CAPTAIN WILLIAM WHITE'S COMPANY.</p> + +<div class='center'> +<table summary="CAPTAIN WILLIAM WHITE'S COMPANY."> +<tr><td align='left'>White, William, <i>captain</i>.</td><td align='left'>Bryant, John, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beckit, Silas, <i>lieutenant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Barus, Aaron, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sprague, John, <i>lieutenant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Briggs, Benjamin, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Day, Elkanah, <i>sergeant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Cleaveland, Jedediah, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stearns, Isaac, <i>sergeant</i>.</td><td align='left'>Cook, Amasa, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Barker, Ezra, of Lanesborough, <i>corporal</i>.</td><td align='left'>Coree, Josiah, Jr., <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Allen, Benjamin, <i>corporal</i>.</td><td align='left'>Chafee, John, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brown, Luther, of Windsor, <i>fifer</i>.</td><td align='left'>Coree, Josiah, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Allen, John, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Carpenter, Benjamin, of Hancock, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Arnold, Jonathan, of Hancock, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Cole, Solomon, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bundee, Elisha, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Cowing, Elisha, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Barnes, Asa, Jr., <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Cole, William, Jr., <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Doolan, Patrick, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eddy, Andrew, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Pettabone, Amos, <i>private</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gallop, William, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Pearce, Levi, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hanks, Levi, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Parker, Philip, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Haringdon, William, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Parker, Giles, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Holt, Titus, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Powel, Daniel, of Lanesborough, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Harris, Joseph, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Pettabone, Roger, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hall, Calvin, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Richardson, Nehemiah, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hill, Gardner, of Hancock, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Ross, Willard, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Harringdon, Peter, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Robbins, Jonathan, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>McFarling, William, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Reed, Simeon, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Jarvis, Joseph, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Rice, Daniel, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Keeler, James, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Smith, Jonathan, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lewis, Richard, of Lanesborough, <i>private</i>, killed October, 1780.</td><td align='left'>Stevens, John, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Leanord, Soloman, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Smith, Simeon, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lusk, Asa, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Slater, James, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>McGuire, James, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Tracey, William, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Morehouse, Matthew, of Hancock, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Thrasher, Charles, of New Ashford, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Narramore, Asa, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>White, William, Jr., <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oles, Horace, <i>private</i>.</td><td align='left'>Wollcut, Moses, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Parker, Charles, <i>private</i>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p class="heading sc">Summary.</p> + +<p>Captain William Foord's Company may have been stationed at Middle +Fort, Schoharie Valley, under command of Major Melancton L. Woolsey. +See his report of Sept. 27, 1780. It had</p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table summary="Captain William Foord's Company"> +<tr><td class='indent'>2 Lieutenants,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>4 Sergeants,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>1 Drummer,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>1 Fifer,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>4 Corporals, and 63 men</td><td align='left'>76</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Captain Levi Ely's Company had</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>3 Lieutenants,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>1 Quartermaster Sergeant,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>3 Sergeants,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>6 Corporals,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>1 Drummer,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>1 Fifer and 66 men</td><td align='left'>81</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Captain Ely and 15 men were killed Oct. 19, 1780.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Captain John Spoor's Company.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>2 Lieutenants,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>4 Sergeants,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>4 Corporals,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>1 Drummer,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>1 Fifer, and 59 men</td><td align='left'>72</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='left'>One man taken prisoner, 11 killed Oct. 19, 1780,<br />2 killed Oct. 20, 1780.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Captain Samuel Warner's Company may have been left<br />at Fort Paris or stationed elsewhere.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>2 Lieutenants,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>5 Sergeants,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>5 Corporals,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>1 Drummer,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>1 Fifer, and 73 men</td><td align='left'>88</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Captain William White's Company.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>2 Lieutenants,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>2 Sergeants,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>2 Corporals,</td></tr> +<tr><td class='indent'>1 Fifer, and 56 men</td><td align='left'>64</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>1 private killed, 1 private wounded, 1 taken prisoner.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='left'></td><td align='left'>—-</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Whole force</td><td align='left'>381</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total killed Oct. 19, 1780, 29; wounded, 1; prisoner, 1.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>Besides these Berkshire men, perhaps Captain John Kasselman's Tryon +Company Rangers were at Fort Paris, and Captain John Zelley's Company +at Fort Keyser.</p> + +<p>From "New York in the Revolution":—</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Tryon County Rangers.</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table summary="Tryon County Rangers."> +<tr><td align='left'>Captain, John Kasselman.</td><td align='left'>Lieutenant, John Empie.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center' colspan="2">Ensign, George Gittman.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Badier, John.</td><td align='left'>Kasselman, John.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bickerd, Adolph.</td><td align='left'>Kutzer, Leonard.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dusler, Jacob.</td><td align='left'>Kulman, Henry.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Empie, John.</td><td align='left'>Shnell, John.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ettigh, Conrad.</td><td align='left'>Smith, Henry.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fry, Jacob.</td><td align='left'>Smith, William.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gittman, Peter.</td><td align='left'>Strater, Nicholas.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Harth, Daniel.</td><td align='left'>Tillenbach, Christ</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hayne, George.</td><td align='left'>Vanderwerke, John.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hortigh, Andrew.</td><td align='left'>Walter, Adams.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>House, Peter.</td><td align='left'>Walter, Christian.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p> + +<p>Probably at Fort Paris.</p> + +<p>Captain John Zelley's Company, Second Regiment, Tryon County, Colonel +Jacob Klock.</p> + +<p>Also John Wafel, William Wafel, Conrad Spraker, George Spraker, +William (?) Dygert.</p> + +<p>Probably at Fort Keyser.</p> + + +<p class="heading"><a name="Note_5" id="Note_5"><span class="smcap">Note</span> 5.</a></p> + +<p>See "Rules and Articles for better Government of the Troops of the +Thirteen United English Colonies of North America." Printed by William +and Thomas Bradford, 1775. John Hancock, President. Philadelphia, Nov. +7, 1775. (Massachusetts Historical Society Collections.)</p> + +<p>Plunder or pillage always incident to war, and, whatever rules exist +for restraint, the conflict usually leads to authorized devastation +and plunder, retaliatory to exhaust the enemy. For instances, in Civil +War of 1861-65, Sherman's destruction of property in march through +Southern territory, Sheridan's destroying agents in the Shenandoah +Valley.</p> + +<p>By Hague rule of 1899, July 29, pillage of a town or place even when +taken by assault is prohibited.</p> + +<p>How about Allies in Pekin?</p> + +<p>See Instructions to United States Army in the field. General Orders, +April 24, 1863, War of Rebellion:—</p> + +<p>All wanton violence committed against persons in the invaded country, +all destruction of property not commanded by the authorized officer, +all robbing, all pillage and sacking even after taking a place by main +force, all rape, wounding, maiming or killing of such inhabitants are +prohibited, under penalty of death or such other severe punishment as +may seem adequate to the gravity of the offence.</p> + +<p>A soldier, officer, or private may be killed by superior officer for +such act. See John Bassett Moore's "Digest of International Law."</p> + + +<p class="heading"><a name="Note_6" id="Note_6"><span class="smcap">Note</span> 6.</a></p> + +<p>Brown was more outspoken than General Wayne. See "Major-general +Anthony Wayne, and the Pennsylvania Line," by Charles J. Stillé, +President Historical Society of Pennsylvania. J. B. Lippincott +Company, 1893. (Pages 235 <i>et seq.</i>)</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="heading"><span class="smcap">General Anthony Wayne to H. A. Sheel.</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="ltr-date"> +<span class="smcap">Haverstraw near Stoney Point</span><br /> +2d Oct 1780.</p> +<p><i>Dear Sheel</i></p> + +<p>I am confident that the perfidy of Gen<sup>l</sup>. Arnold will astonish +the multitude—the high rank he bore—the eclat he had obtained +(whether honestly or not) justified the world in giving it him.</p> + +<p>But there were a few Gentlemen who at a very early period of this +war became acquainted with his true character! when you asked my +opinion of that officer I gave it freely & believe you thought it +rather strongly shaded.</p> + +<p>I think I informed you that I had the most despicable Idea of him +both as a Gentleman & a Soldier—& that he had produced a +conviction on me in 1776 that honor & true Virtue were Strangers +to his Soul and however Contradictory it might appear—that he +never possessed either fortitude or personal bravery—he was +naturally a Coward and never went in the way of Danger but when +Stimulated by liquor even to Intoxication, consequently +Incapacitated from Conducting any Command Committed to his +charge.</p> + +<p>I shall not dwell upon his Military Character or the measures he +had adopted for the surrender of West Point—that being already +fully Elucidated but will give you a small specimen of his +<i>peculate</i> talents.</p> + +<p>What think you of his employing Sutlers to retail the publick +Liquors for his private Emolument & furnishing his Quarters with +beds & other furniture by paying for them with Pork, Salt, Flour +&c. drawn from the Magazine—he has not stopped here, he has +descended much lower—& defrauded the old Veteran Soldiers who +have bled for their Country in many a well fought field—for more +than five Campaigns among others an old Sergeant of mine has felt +his rapacity by the Industry of this man's wife they had +accumulated something handsome to support them in their advanced +age—which coming to the knowledge of this cruel Spoiler—he +borrowed 4500 dollars from the poor Credulous Woman & left her in +the lurch.</p> + +<p>The dirty—dirty acts which he has been capable of Committing +beggar all description—and are of such a nature as would cause +the <i>Infernals to blush</i>—were they accused with the Invention or +Execution of them.</p> + +<p>The detached & Debilitated state of the Garrison of West +Point—Insured success to the assailants—the enemy were all in +perfect readiness for the Enterprise—& the discovery of the +treason only prevented an Immediate attempt by open force to +carry those works which <i>perfidy</i> would have effected the fall +of, by a slower & less sanguine mode.—Our army was out of +protecting distance the troops in the possession of the Works a +spiritless Miserabile Vulgus—in whose hands the fate of America +seemed suspended in this Situation his Excellency (in imitation +of Cæsar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> & his tenth legion) called for his Veterans—the +summons arrived at one o'clock in the morning & we took up our +line of March at 2.</p></blockquote> + + +<p class="heading"><span class="smcap">Hugh A. Sheel to General Wayne.</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="ltr-date"><span class="smcap">Phila</span> Oct. 22, 1780</p> +<p><i>My dear General</i></p> + +<p>... the character you gave me in confidence of Arnold <i>several +months</i> ago made a strong impression on my mind it has been +verified fully—his villany & machinations never could have been +carried on but through the medium of his Tory acquaintance in +this place....</p></blockquote> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> + + +<hr /> +<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX.</h2> + + +<p>A very valuable map of the Province of New York, by Claude Joseph +Sauthier, drawn for Major-general William Tryon in 1779, is found in +"The Documentary History of New York," showing the Mohawk Valley +grants, old forts, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Fort Paris</i>, Dec. 19, 1776, Captain Christian Getman's Rangers, Tryon +County militia, were stationed at Stone Arabia, and were ordered, when +not ranging, to cut timber for building a fort, under direction of +Isaac Paris, Esq. (Mr. Paris was in Provincial Congress and later in +State Senate.) It was a palisaded enclosure of stone and block-houses +for a garrison of from two to three hundred (200-300) men. Begun in +December, 1776, it was completed in the spring of 1777. It was +situated on a most beautiful plain three or four miles north-east of +Fort Plain, one-half a mile north of Stone Arabia churches, twelve +(12) rods from the road. North of it water would run into the +Sacondaga, and thence into upper waters of the Hudson; south into +Mohawk waters. It is easily reached from Palatine Bridge, and is +nearly one thousand feet above sea-level. In the fall of 1779, Colonel +Fred. Fisher (Visscher), of Third Regiment, Tryon County militia, was +at Fort Paris.</p> + +<p>May 12, 1780, Colonel Jacob Klock, Second Regiment of Tryon County +men, was there.</p> + +<p>June 24, 1780, General Robert Van Rensselaer, of Second Brigade of +Albany militia, was ordered to Fort Paris.</p> + +<p>July 26, 1780, he left there (perhaps, however, to return), to assist +the Canajoharie men at Fort Schuyler.</p> + +<p>When John Brown took command there I do not know.</p> + +<p>The conclusion of the matter of Oct. 19, 1780 was <i>battle of Klock's +Field</i> or <i>Fox's Mills</i>. On that day and the 18th Sir John Johnson +laid waste the whole of Stone Arabia district after burning +Caughnawaga.</p> + +<p>Brown's defeat in the morning of October 19 did not, however, involve +Fort Paris, which was held by Major Root. Although immediate relief of +the fort and pursuit of Johnson were essential, Van Rensselaer did not +cross the Mohawk until afternoon, crossing at Fort Plain. The enemy +was entrenched on the north side of the river, about St. Johnsville, +near a stockade or block-house at Klock's. Fort House, a small +block-house, was the exact place where just before night a "smart +brush" occurred between the British and the Americans under Colonel +Dubois. Colonel Dubois took a position above Johnson, on the heights +of the north side, to prevent his passage up the river. Colonel +Harper, with the Oneida Indians, was on the south side of the river, +nearly opposite. General Van<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> Rensselaer after all this forward +movement and the slight attack, did not hold his position, but fell +back three miles down the river.</p> + +<p>The enemy camped on land of the late Judge Jacob G. Klock, I suppose, +colonel of Second Regiment, Tryon County militia, and, "soon after the +moon appeared," moved to a fording-place just above a well-known +citizen's (Nathan Christie) residence, and retreated on the south side +of the Mohawk, passing Oneida Castle, and pushing westward for +Canaseraga on Chittenango Creek, near Lake Oneida.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Colonel John Brown, of Pittsfield, +Massachusetts, the Brave Accuser of Benedict Arnold, by Archibald Murray Howe + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLONEL JOHN BROWN *** + +***** This file should be named 24581-h.htm or 24581-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/5/8/24581/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Richard J. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Colonel John Brown, of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, the Brave Accuser of Benedict Arnold + +Author: Archibald Murray Howe + +Release Date: February 11, 2008 [EBook #24581] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLONEL JOHN BROWN *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Richard J. Shiffer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: Every effort has been made to replicate this text +as faithfully as possible, including obsolete and variant spellings +and other inconsistencies.] + + + + + COLONEL JOHN BROWN + + _OF PITTSFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS_ + + + THE BRAVE ACCUSER OF + + BENEDICT ARNOLD + + + An Address + + DELIVERED BEFORE THE FORT RENSSELAER CHAPTER OF THE + D.A.R. AND OTHERS + + + BY ARCHIBALD M. HOWE + + + AT THE + + VILLAGE OF PALATINE BRIDGE, NEW YORK + + SEPTEMBER 29, 1908. + + + + + W. B. CLARKE COMPANY + 26 AND 28 TREMONT STREET + BOSTON + + 1908 + + +GEO. H. ELLIS CO., PRINTERS, 272 CONGRESS ST., BOSTON. + + +This address was delivered for the purpose of calling attention to the +present condition of the marble monument erected at Stone Arabia, +N.Y., to the memory of Colonel Brown in 1836, now insecure because the +cemetery in the rear of Stone Arabia church is not properly +maintained. + +The form of the address is slightly changed, but the writer will never +forget the kindness of the Canajoharie and Palatine friends who +greeted him and the wonderful beauty of Stone Arabia, a plateau north +of the Mohawk at Palatine where our ancestors maintained a strong +outpost against Indians and other adversaries. + + + + +THE BRAVE ACCUSER OF BENEDICT ARNOLD. + + +John Brown, of Pittsfield, Mass., now almost forgotten, was a patriot +in our Revolution of 1775 whose career has been described more than +once by men in New York and in Berkshire County, but, as it is now +time to give more impartial views of the controversy, perhaps another +sketch of the life of this leader may encourage others to search for +clearer views of the ways by which our ancestors established the +institutions which we hope are to endure. + +Daniel Brown, the father of Colonel John Brown, came from Haverhill, +Mass., to the western part of the Commonwealth in 1752, when his son +John was eight years old. He seems to have been first in the beautiful +town of Sandisfield to take part in its local government, both secular +and ecclesiastical. "Deacon Brown" is called prosperous when this new +town on the banks of the Farmington River, east of the hills of the +Housatonic, bade fair to equal Pittsfield as a trading-place. "The +Deacon" was a local magistrate under the king, when laymen served as +judges. John, his youngest son, is described as tall and powerful, an +athlete able to kick a football over the elm-tree on the college green +at New Haven when he entered at twenty-three years of age, older in +years than most college students of the year 1767. + +It is believed that he prepared for college with some citizen of the +neighborhood, and it is known that he married before graduating in +1771. + +While at New Haven, he was fully informed of the peculiarities of +Benedict Arnold, then a storekeeper, already disgraced in the eyes of +respectable citizens because of his desertion from the British army +and his reckless disregard for the rights of his creditors; for then +the debtor was not allowed to retain his respectability, if he failed +dishonestly. Furthermore, his self-assertion was recognized as too +often a display of arrogance and vanity. Brown's sister Elizabeth had +married Oliver Arnold, attorney-general of Rhode Island, a cousin of +Benedict, and it is reasonable to suppose that he was well informed of +Arnold's misdeeds, which thus became known to John Brown. + +In 1771, when he was graduated from Yale, only twenty men were of his +class. Quite a large number of Yale graduates took part with the +patriots, and Humphreys, one of the class of 1771, was aide-de-camp to +Washington. He, I believe, is the only writer in verse who extolled +this John Brown. How often we are indebted to poets for our heroes! If +this John Brown had incited an insurrection and been hanged for +killing his fellow-men contrary to law in time of peace, "his soul +might be marching on." If, when he rode from Ticonderoga on horse at a +high rate of speed to Philadelphia, to inform the Continental Congress +that his friend Ethan Allen had taken possession of the fortress with +its guns and materials for war, some poet had described his ride, as +Longfellow portrayed Paul Revere's, the school children would still +recall Brown of Pittsfield; but, my friends, 'tis of little moment +that we are soon forgotten, if it be certain that, while we live, we +live with moral courage in the life of every day. + +I do not intend to put much emphasis upon military glory. I am trying +to show that Brown's life by reason of its entire sincerity, although +at times unsuccessful, was led, so far as we can know, by "_a man +every inch a man_," holding fast to his ideals, fearless in the +assertion of truth as he saw it, and directed by high principle; that, +having all these noble attributes, his part in public affairs should +now and then be rehearsed to show the value of goodness even amid the +horrors of war. + +On December 10, 1772, a few months after graduation from Yale College, +he was admitted to practise law in New York in the courts of Tryon +County, a part of which is now Montgomery County, bearing the name of +one of our noblest American generals, who led the attack on Quebec in +December, three years later, where Brown served under him as a major +of a Berkshire County regiment. Some writers call Brown king's +attorney at Caughnawaga, whether rightly I know not, nor do I know why +he came to the Mohawk Valley from Berkshire, for Pittsfield was a +growing frontier town. Perhaps Sir William Johnson's influence and his +busy settlement offered some inducement to the young attorney, but it +did not long have weight with him, for we find him in 1773 at +Pittsfield, where another attorney of Loyalist tendencies had left +town under coercion. + +Before I attempt to describe the civil and military career of John +Brown from 1773 to his thirty-sixth birthday, when he was killed at +Stone Arabia, I wish to call your attention to the peculiarities of +the political situation in Berkshire County and its vicinity. On the +north the New Hampshire Grants (now Vermont) had recently been +disputed territory where local partisans, Ethan Allen and others, used +coercion to maintain the claims of settlers against New York men +claiming title. New York Colony on the west, though directed largely +by men of high character like Philip Schuyler, was torn by bitter +political differences, the Loyalist element being strong in social and +political affairs. Then, although the Berkshire towns were active from +the earliest days of 1774 in sharing with other towns the plans for +resistance to royal authority, they were very jealous of any +continuance of unnecessary power in the Provincial Congress. +Pittsfield by the quill of a cousin of Ethan Allen, the Rev. Thomas +Allen, asserted that the town would remain "in a state of nature" [see +Note 1] (i.e., simple democracy without representative government) +unless it obtained new privileges. If the right of nominating to +office is not vested in the people, they said, "_we are indifferent +who assumes it, whether any particular persons on this or the other +side of the water_." They did not want any bosses, but no doubt would +have voted for Governor Hughes. They were of the belief that the +government of the respective committees (County and Town, Committees +of Correspondence and Inspection) was lenient and efficacious, but +they hoped for a new Constitution "on such a broad basis of civil and +religious liberty as no length of time will corrupt as long as the sun +and moon shall endure." They wished to elect judges by votes of the +people of the county, justices of the peace by the voters of the +towns, and of course allow soldiers to elect their company officers. + +Brown was chosen judge of the Common Pleas by the General Court of +Massachusetts for 1779, but never held court, probably because his +fellow-citizens were not submissive to the existing authority of the +General Court as exercised before the adoption of the new Constitution +of Massachusetts. In such a state of affairs Berkshire took her part +largely in her way when she sent men to fight the battles of the +United Colonies. Her officers and men were often too independent to +submit willingly to proper military authority, and in some trying +emergencies the Berkshire men were insubordinate or were disposed to +follow their leaders in attacks not always wisely chosen. It was +Captain Asa Douglas, of Hancock, the man who had done much to promote +the capture of Ticonderoga by skilful recruiting and by pledge of his +estate, who in May, 1776, was Chairman of a convention of Berkshire +towns which, deluded by false rumors and influenced by their own +prejudices against the noble General Schuyler, sent to General +Washington their doubts concerning his loyalty, although expressing +their hope that his name might be handed down to posterity as one of +the great pillars of the American Cause. Their hope is grandly +fulfilled, but the Berkshire men have left us with some doubt as to +their skill in judging of current events. However, on the twenty-sixth +day of May, 1776, Mark Hopkins, as Secretary of this Convention, wrote +to Washington to tell him their fears concerning Philip Schuyler were +groundless. + +John Brown was twenty-nine years of age when he began his active +citizenship at Pittsfield. He had lived in Berkshire more than +one-half his life. His experience on a farm, at college, near the sea, +and for a short time in the Mohawk country among the Indians and white +men of varying views about the king, made him worthy the confidence of +Berkshire men; and he always had their support and their respect. What +his literary attainments were we cannot tell. A few letters to General +Lincoln and letters relating to military affairs which appear in the +archives give little opportunity for judging of his literary and +professional skill. The inventory of his estate, giving in detail the +names of law books, a surveyor's guide, a theological treatise, and a +Bible, with farm implements and military clothing, show something of +the life of his time, when a man was farmer, surveyor, lawyer, and +soldier altogether, and, if as active as John Brown, not much more +able to write well-considered essays and books than if he had never +seen Yale College. Alas! his fate in that regard is not unlike many +graduates of our present time, who, having fine natures, strong traits +of character, and ability enough to express themselves, are driven by +commercial or other present activities to and fro from typewriter to +telephone, often to die without using their minds calmly and without +imparting to others much that they might have given to help the world, +had they been able to have peace in the midst of their busy lives. + +Pittsfield frequently employed Brown. In January, 1774, he was chosen +to instruct the representative to the General Court in reference to +the destruction of the tea at Boston. He was quite discriminating. +While he opposed the useless waste of property by disguised men, he +strongly denounced the British tyrannies. Within six months he was one +of the Committee of Correspondence and a delegate to the County +Congress at Stockbridge. In the fall of 1774 he acted as arbitrator +with others to settle disputes following the common law and the +Province laws when they did not interfere with the democracy of +Berkshire. + +He was chosen Ensign of the Company of Minute Men, and finally +delegate to the First Provincial Congress. This Congress appointed him +to a very important Committee on Correspondence with Canada, and that +winter the committee sent him to Canada with full power to get +information, confer with Canadians, whether English or French, and +report back the condition of affairs and whether they would act with +the Colonies. This mission was peaceful in its aim. He conferred with +men from Montreal and Quebec, assuring all whom he met that the +Colonies desired peace with Great Britain, but, if war came, they +would surely respect the rights of all men to worship God in their own +way and would maintain a democratic form of government. + +Mr. Brown showed himself to be diplomatic and faithful. He endured +much personal hardship and risk during the winter, and his report was +most valuable. The part of it best known is under date of March 29, +1775, wherein he recommended that, if war came, Ticonderoga should be +taken. "The people in the New Hampshire Grants," he wrote, "have +engaged to do the job." Recently it has been stated that in February, +1775, he was at Chesterfield, Mass., and that about that time he led a +party of Berkshire and Hampshire men to Deerfield and arrested a Tory +or some Tories who were suspected of being in direct communication +with General Gage at Boston. April 27, 1775, there appeared in the +Hartford _Courant_ a notice signed "John Brown" by order of the +Committee of Inspection in the towns of Pittsfield, Richmond, and +Lenox, in the following words: "Whereas Major Israel Stoddard and +Woodbridge Little Esq., both of Pittsfield in the County of Berkshire, +have fled from their respective homes and are justly esteemed the +common pests of society and incurable enemies of their country and are +supposed to be somewhere in New York Government moving sedition and +rebellion against their country, it is hereby recommended to all +friends of American liberty and to all who do not delight in the +innocent blood of their countrymen, to exert themselves that they may +be taken into custody and committed to some of his Majesty's jails +till the civil war which has broken out in this Province shall be +ended." Surely, Brown was an active partisan, though not at Lexington +in April, 1775. In May he was at Ticonderoga with Ethan Allen, not +holding any military rank. Allen commended him to the government as +fit for military command. + +The oft-told tale of how Ethan Allen took the fortress, proclaiming +its capture in the name of "Almighty God and the Continental +Congress," need not be rehearsed here. Allen took possession of +Ticonderoga, its garrison, and its valuable military property with the +aid of Connecticut and Berkshire men, and at his request Brown rode +his horse rapidly to Philadelphia to announce to the Continental +Congress the capture which was attained without their authority or +aid. At this point Benedict Arnold must be referred to. In April, +1775, he had broken open an arsenal at New Haven, and with his militia +company hurried to Cambridge. As he rode one day from New Haven +towards Cambridge, he met Captain Parsons, who was going to Hartford +to plan with some Connecticut leaders for the capture of Ticonderoga. +Hearing Parsons's plan, Arnold pushed on to Watertown and got a +commission from the Massachusetts government as colonel as well as an +order for power to recruit men, for horses and ammunition. Meeting +Ethan Allen on his way to Ticonderoga, Arnold produced his +Massachusetts authority, but not his men, on the same day that Allen +was fully prepared for his work. Arnold began his interference with +the concerted plan, hoping for a separate command and the glory of +victory. He promised payments of money to Berkshire men from the +southern towns, which he failed to pay from funds given him for that +purpose. This was the beginning of an angry and long-continued dispute +between Easton, Brown's colonel, and Brown, on the one hand, and +Arnold, on the other. Unhappily for Easton and Brown, as for all men +who possess the truth about the characters of men who are undoubtedly +able to fight battles, though brutal and even wicked in their lives, +the controversy was long and bitter, but, while war exists, the common +law and legal procedure rarely have weight and even martial law +becomes ineffective. + +"War is hell," said the great Sherman. Hell is irrational, as is war. +Reason fails to have even its usual part in man's destiny during all +wars. Chance has sway, and men often get what is called glory when +others, almost unknown to fame, should win the approval of all men. + +Whether Washington had his doubts about Arnold's character may never +be known, but more than once he gave him opportunities to hold high +command because he fought battles through. So Lincoln, when told that +Grant drank whiskey, asked for more such whiskey for other generals. +Sparks, the historian, a Unitarian clergyman, when writing Arnold's +life, detailed his sins, his youthful desertion from the British army, +his financial dishonor at New Haven, his overbearing self-assertion, +and yet he added, when telling of the attitude of the members of +Congress towards Arnold, that "these stern patriots, regarding virtue +as essential to true honor, did not consider great examples of valor, +resource, and energy even of arousing and sustaining the military +ardor of a country as an adequate counterpoise to a dereliction of +principle and a compromising integrity." "How far a judicious policy +and a pure patriotism were combined on this occasion," writes Sparks, +"as to what extent party zeal contributed to warp the judgment, we +need not now inquire." + +And here, my friends, is our solemn warning against war. No inquiry +will ever justify war. War is justified only upon the sad assumption +that, as men are "poor weak mortals" and naturally wicked, they will +go to war, and justice fails where might makes right. Who thinks I can +here and now fully justify John Brown as a soldier, if he was too +aggressive in attack or too ardent in his antagonism of a dastardly +traitor whom he knew through and through, but whom Washington, +Schuyler, and other generals felt obliged to support? Perhaps not +fully justify on the grounds that seem necessary to the success of +war, but I can fully support Brown as a man who fought nobly for his +country and in defence of the unprotected inhabitants of the Mohawk +Valley, who was never false to his aims as an American patriot, who +served with distinction under Allen, Montgomery, Schuyler, Arnold, +Lincoln, and Van Rensselaer, and finally died while attempting to +defend the Canajoharie settlements from the hostile attack of a +murderous foe and acting in obedience to the command of his superior +officer. + +When the Massachusetts government understood the situation at Lake +Champlain, Brown was appointed major of the Berkshire Regiment, and +sent again to Canada with four scouts. This time the business was very +dangerous. The French Canadians often helped him, but he might have +been treated as a spy, and a military police chased him for many miles +with two parties of fifty men each. On his return he reached Crown +Point within a day of the time General Schuyler had expected him, +after five days on the lake in a canoe. Early in August, 1775, he +urged by letter and every other means in his power the immediate +invasion of Canada. Soon he was put in command of a flotilla on Lake +Champlain, and then followed his well-known exploits at St. Johns and +Chamblee, where he co-operated with James Livingston, a brave New +Yorker. His capture of Chamblee on the 19th of October, 1775, just +five years before his death, brought promises of reward from Congress. +Then came the reckless expedition of Ethan Allen which led to his +capture, and which has long been believed to be the result of a +failure on the part of Brown to co-operate with Allen when he could +have supported him. Here the burden of proof rests on the accusers of +Brown, and they never have had other proof than an implication drawn +from the "Allen's narrative" that he did not make his best effort to +help him, although Allen does not make any direct charge. Furthermore, +the narrative is often far from correct; and as Allen was reckless in +act and statement, and as Brown was continued in service under +Montgomery, who was friendly to him, we may infer that Brown's failure +was unavoidable. Allen's plan was not approved by Schuyler or +Montgomery. Washington hoped that Allen's misfortune "would teach a +lesson of prudence and subordination to others who may be anxious to +outshine their general officers." + +It has been intimated that Brown was one of these junior officers who +chafed under the limitations set by his superiors, but he certainly +retained his position as a regimental officer, and achieved such +results in this Canadian invasion during the advance to Quebec that he +was highly commended by his associates, promised promotion by +Montgomery, and finally given his Lieutenant-colonelcy by Congress. He +took part in the attack of December 31, 1775, on Quebec, and on the +death of Montgomery served under Arnold for months, commanding a +detachment of Berkshire and other men who were willing to re-enlist if +he stayed. [See Note 2.] One of his letters written to his wife, March +15, 1776, when commanding an outpost near Quebec, says he expects to +be "another Uriah because he does not agree very well with Mr. General +Arnold." He had been "ordered to attack with his attachment of two +hundred men, one-half of whom were sick in the hospital" (his brave +brother, Captain Jacob Brown, died of small-pox). He himself marched +out with his men, but the enemy retired into their fort too soon for +him to attack them. He "expected another storm from Arnold, or to be +punished for disobedience to orders." Truly, he was not easily +subordinate to Arnold, but he was not again "set in the forefront of +the battle, that others might retire from him and that he might be +smitten and die," as David planned for Uriah, because he was truly +loyal to the cause he so nobly served, and Arnold did not dare to +destroy him. + +To fully describe his conduct in denouncing Arnold and Arnold's +tergiversation and intrigues against him would lead me far afield. No +doubt his accusations interfered with Arnold's promotion by +Congress,--promotion he earned as a great leader in battle,--but as an +officer responsible for property he was repeatedly unsuccessful. Brown +again and again renewed his charges against the arch-traitor, but was +not able to get proper attention from the tribunals that should have +relieved him from Arnold's false charges. [See Note 3.] + +Again and again historians declare that Arnold was led to treason +because he had been unjustly treated by the Continental Congress. What +a false view this is! He is willing enough to throw himself into +battle for glory and for his country's honor at Saratoga without +definite authority, and again he was ready for a fight or an +expedition for the relief of this valley _when he could lead_, but he +was always in trouble financially. His Philadelphia extravagances and +the increase of his indebtedness did not escape all censure. + +Although Washington mildly rebuked him, he gave him new offers of high +command. It is clear to me that any such statements as are indulged in +by historians are of no weight or consequence. + +I cannot help referring to Colonel Brown's hand-bill of the winter of +1776-77, published and posted in public places, wherein he attacked +Arnold with great severity, concluding with the words, "_Money is this +man's God, and to get enough of it he would sacrifice his country_." A +prophecy! Unhappily, the same might be said of too many men of to-day. +Another incident painful to recall, but characteristic, was told to my +great-uncle in 1834 by Colonel Morgan Lewis, a friend of Colonel +Brown's, and printed elsewhere. At the camp and in the tent where +Arnold sat with other officers at some time during the Saratoga +campaign, Brown faced the arch-traitor and denounced him as a +scoundrel, and then, apologizing to those present, left the tent. His +reiterated charges were not regarded as worthy of him as a soldier, +although he had resigned from the Continental service because he could +not get justice and because Arnold was not tried for his crimes. +Schuyler deplored Brown's conduct as an accuser though respecting him +as a brave man. + +I am unable to account for the record which accredits him with +thirteen months' and eighteen days' service at German Flats, New York. +From April 1, 1776, to May 18, 1777, he was Lieutenant-colonel of +Elmore's Connecticut Regiment, which was stationed at Albany and later +at Fort Stanwix. I suppose his resignation from the Continental army +was accepted about May 18, 1777, but, whatever his loyal service in +New York may have been, he again marched in September, 1777, in +command of Massachusetts militia under direction of General Lincoln, +from Pawlet, Vt., with a separate detachment to harry the British at +Ticonderoga and Lake George. On the 18th of September, 1777, early in +the day he made sudden and successful attacks on the landing-place +near Ticonderoga, Mount Defiance, and that neighborhood, demanding the +surrender of the fortress; but this time General Powel, of the +British army, made a manly reply. His captures of men and material +were very valuable. Some American prisoners were released, and a +Continental standard of colors was recaptured and sent to General +Lincoln with much delight. All the joy of conquest is expressed in his +report from Pawlet, Vt., October 4, 1777, but in his letter of +September 20, written at eleven o'clock at night to General Lincoln, +he said he was censured by officers and men for not suffering them to +make a rash attempt to carry the fortress at Ticonderoga, although on +mature consideration he thought it impossible to take possession +without too great loss of life. Here as late as 1777 appears the +tendency of the militia to be insubordinate. He withdrew from Lake +Champlain, and planned the capture of Diamond Island in Lake George, a +place where some German troops were guarding a large amount of +supplies. He had manned an armed sloop and boats, but was thwarted by +the escape of a prisoner and a sudden and violent storm on the lake. +The prisoner gave warning to the garrison, and the result of the storm +gave time for the preparation of a defence, so that after two hours' +hot engagement he withdrew after destroying some of his boats. General +Lincoln commended him highly for the success of this expedition. He +wrote to General Lincoln September 19, 1777, telling him he had given +the men all the plunder to encourage them before the attack, although +"going beyond the letter of the law." This action General Lincoln +approved. + +The question of plunder and the martial law governing it must have +been a great source of trouble in this war among Indians and white men +in the invasion of Canada and the Tory invasions hereabouts. [See Note +4.] It seems probable that, when Arnold falsely charged Easton and +Brown with plundering the baggage of British officers at the Sorel, he +could easily cast a shadow because of the uncertainty about the rules +of war and the orders given by general officers. Plunder was promised +the men by recruiting officers as early in the war as when the plan +was laid by Ethan Allen to capture Ticonderoga in April or May, 1775. +[See Note 5.] + +In the early part of the summer of 1780 rumors were received tending +to show that Sir John Johnson might again invade the Mohawk Valley, +this time by way of Lake Ontario and Lake Oneida. Therefore, on the +twenty-second day of June, 1780, the General Court of Massachusetts, +at the earnest request of General Washington, directed that 4,726 men +should be raised from the militia by draft, lot or voluntary +enlistment, to serve three months in New York territory after they +arrived at Claverack on the Hudson. These levies, by reason of +apparent danger to the cause in Rhode Island, with the exception of +315 or more men raised in Berkshire County, were sent to General Heath +at Tiverton, R.I. Various meagre statements are in print in reference +to the men who served under Brown at this time. I find in the +Massachusetts Archives the names of officers and privates, in all 381 +men, who served in the Mohawk Valley probably after August 5, 1780. +[See Note 4.] It may be that some of his men were stationed in +different forts or block-houses in other places than Stone Arabia, and +that only 217 men of the Berkshire Regiment were in the battle of +October 19, 1780. The killed and wounded are all from three of the +five companies. [See Note 4.] Some writers say that Colonel Brown had +New York men with him, and one statement refers to Captain John +Kasselman, of Tryon County Rangers, as being in conference with Brown +on the day he fell. [See Note 4.] + +Each soldier was equipped at his own expense with a good fire-arm, +with a steel or iron ramrod and a spring to retain the same, a worm +priming wire and brush, and a bayonet fitted to his gun, a scabbard +and belt therefor, and a cutting sword or a tomahawk or hatchet, a +pouch containing a cartridge-box that will hold fifteen rounds of +cartridges at least, a one-hundred buckshot, a jack-knife and tow for +wadding, six flints, one pound of powder, forty leaden balls fitted to +his gun, a knapsack and blanket, a canteen or wooden bottle sufficient +to hold one quart. + +Long after the Stone Arabia fight, claims were presented to the +General Court of Massachusetts for felt hats, coats, vests, linen +overalls, shirts, shoes, blankets, canteens, and handkerchiefs, and of +course for muskets,--all lost on the 19th of October, 1780. + +Brown's major was Oliver Root, his adjutant James Easton, Jr., son of +his old colonel. Dr. Oliver Brewster was surgeon, and Elias Willard +quartermaster. He assumed command July 14, 1780, at Claverack, and +marched probably August 5 to some of the Mohawk settlements or forts. +His mission was to protect various neighborhoods from sudden raids. + +September 5 he was sent with two hundred men from Fort Rensselaer to +Fort Schuyler to guard twelve boats with provisions for the relief of +the garrison. September 11 he is reported as one of the officers of +Van Rensselaer's force at Fort Rensselaer (part of which--a well +preserved stone house--remains at Canajoharie under the care of young +citizens of that town, being the place where the Tryon County +Committee of patriots met). I cannot tell where he was for the month +prior to the 19th of October, when he was in command at Fort Paris, a +palisaded enclosure of stone block-houses fit for a garrison of over +two hundred men, built in 1776-77 by Captain Christian Getman's +Rangers on a most commanding position on the beautiful plateau called +Stone Arabia, north of the Mohawk between Garoga Creek and Johnstown, +where Sir William Johnson's baronial hall was. The fort was more than +a dozen miles from Johnstown, and was named for Isaac Paris, who took +part in the terrible affair at Oriskany. Sir John Johnson and his +career in Tryon County and elsewhere in New York is well known. To me +the whole subject of Indian warfare in all our wars seems to open +every possible avenue to the extremest horrors and brutalities of war. +Philip Schuyler, one of the noblest men who ever lived in New York +State, had from his early youth been friendly to Indians. In fact, +before he reached twenty-one years of age, he was given a chief's name +among the Oneidas for his services to that tribe. His skill and +patience made him all important in making treaties and negotiations +with "_The Six Nations_" and other Indians. The Patriots very early +realized that the Indians were to become a stumbling-block to any +attempt at treating with Canada or maintaining what is called +civilized warfare (can any warfare be civilized?). Schuyler, Hawley, +Oliver Wolcott, and other distinguished men of high character +attempted in vain to hold the Indians to neutrality. Congress at one +time voted that Indians should not be employed in the service +excepting where a whole nation, after full consideration, decided to +act together. At another time Congress asked Schuyler to employ two +thousand Indians for military service. Sir John Johnson's career, his +apparent acquiescence in Schuyler's demands, his conduct when taking +and when breaking his parole, his apology being that the Patriots had +no established authority, and his repeated invasions of this country +showed him to be the growth of the treachery which is bred among men +who use the sordid and brutal nature of savages for evil purposes. + +It is interesting to me that Lieutenant-colonel Mellen led +Massachusetts militia to Fort Schuyler to aid Gansevoort, and that, +when in August, 1777, Arnold set out to the relief of Gansevoort he +led Massachusetts volunteers from Colonel Learned's battalion, and +that again in the summer and fall of 1780 Brown led Massachusetts men +to defend this neighborhood from the murderous invasion of Sir John +Johnson. At Oriskany, Herkimer was hurried into action by his inferior +officers in the manner characteristic of the independent and valorous +spirit of his time, and Oriskany in 1777 was one of the most brutal +conflicts between Tories and Patriots. Sullivan's retaliating +expedition of July, 1778, was as bad in its character and effects as +anything ever done on behalf of any cause, good or bad. The +destruction of many Indian villages by Sullivan and General James +Clinton was no doubt thorough, but of little avail, although it was +thought wise to retaliate for the horrors of Wyoming. + +Early in May, 1780, the information came to this neighborhood that Sir +John Johnson was moving from Lake Champlain towards Johnstown with a +considerable force, that Brant was marching against the Canajoharie +settlements with a body of savages and that the Tories would join +them. Johnson landed at Bulwagga Bay, near Crown Point, and, pushing +through the forest and down the valley of the Sacandoga, he appeared +near Johnstown. On the 21st of May, 1780, his forces divided, and +poured into the lower valley of the Mohawk along a line of ten miles. +From Tribes Hill upward they plundered, murdered, and destroyed. Every +man capable of bearing arms was said to have been killed. Johnson +withdrew hastily, as he was pursued by militia. Of course hundreds of +people fled to Albany and Schenectady. Governor Clinton hurried at the +head of troops from Kingston to Fort George, and, ordering others to +meet him at Ticonderoga, he pushed on to Crown Point, but was too late +to capture Sir John. + +Brant delayed his attack until late in July, 1780, and then made a +feigned attack on Fort Schuyler. General Van Rensselaer, then at Stone +Arabia, hastened to the relief of Fort Schuyler, and Brant in early +August fell upon the Canajoharie settlements and destroyed them +mercilessly. Troops were sent from Albany to protect the settlements, +but they were not sufficient. + +September 7 an extra session of the New York legislature sat at +Poughkeepsie, and authorized Governor Clinton to order out such number +of militia as he thought necessary. Brigadier-General James Clinton +was assigned command at Albany and authorized to call for assistance +from the brigades of Generals Ten-Broeck and Van Rensselaer. As I have +already said, Colonel Brown on the 18th of October was in command at +Fort Paris, subject to orders of General Robert Van Rensselaer. Fort +Paris was two or three miles north of the Mohawk. In September and +early October Sir John Johnson led his forces by way of the Oswego +River, Oneida Lake, and across country to the Susquehanna Valley. He +ravaged the Schoharie Valley, laid siege to Middle Fort +unsuccessfully, then, turning north, raided all the country from Fort +Hunter. He let loose his forces for the general purpose of +devastation. He again did his work thoroughly,--brutally, as was +customary in Indian warfare at that time. Major Jelles Fonda, one of +the victims of this ruthless destruction, who had been a confidential +officer under Sir William Johnson, was absent, being a State senator. +Sir John's forces burned his homestead, "The Nose," at Palatine, and +destroyed, it is said, $60,000 worth of his property. On the night of +October 18 Sir John encamped with his forces nearly opposite or rather +above the Nose, and on the 19th he crossed the river to the north at +Keder's Rifts, near Spraker's Basin. A detachment of 150 men proceeded +at once against Fort Paris, but, after marching two miles, the main +body joined them. + +October 18 General Van Rensselaer found Caughnawaga in flames. He was +in camp on a hill near Stanton Place in Florida, perhaps twenty miles +from Fort Paris, when he heard that that fort was to be attacked the +next morning. 'Tis said he sent a messenger with a letter to Colonel +Brown and another to Colonel Dubois at Fort Plain, telling Brown to +march out of the fort at nine o'clock the next morning and hold the +enemy in check, while Dubois and he with his force were to co-operate. +Furthermore, it is said, Brown's officers and men advised him to +disobey the order, as that was not the time to leave the fort. +However, he marched forth at the head of his detachment, but, being +deceived by the false advice of persons pretending to be patriots, he +was led to turn aside from the road upon which he marched out into a +somewhat narrow clearing in the forest near a small work called Fort +Keyser, and was killed nearly two miles from Fort Paris, being +attacked on every side in what amounted to an ambuscade. + +Captain John Ziele, of the Second Regiment of Tryon County militia, +Colonel Klock's Regiment, had charge of Fort Keyser that day; and +after Brown's defeat George Spraker, John Wafel, Joseph and Conrad +Spraker, William Wafel, and Warner (?) Dygert, with two or three other +young men, were ready to defend the place from attack, but the enemy +fled, whereupon William Wafel, Joseph and Conrad Spraker, and W. +Dygert proceeded to where Brown lay and carried his body to Fort +Keyser. His scalp was entirely removed, and he was stripped of all +his clothing excepting a ruffled shirt. After hard fighting, thirty +men or more being killed, some of his men got back to Fort Paris and +defended themselves successfully, thus saving the refugees therein +from harm. Major Root was in command, and acted skilfully and bravely. +Mr. Grider describes the battle as a running or moving fight extending +from the eastward to the south-west at least across six farms, and you +all know how valuable the evidence is showing that the large boulder +with its inscription was the stone behind which six men found refuge +and shelter until surrounded and killed. + +Washington wrote to the Continental Congress: "It is thought, and +perhaps not without foundation, that this invasion [of the Mohawk +Valley] was made by Sir John Johnson upon the supposition that +Arnold's treachery was successful." + +If Johnson acted upon that supposition, Arnold was in some measure the +cause of Brown's death, but, however that may be, _John Brown died +honorably after living honorably at Stone Arabia the 19th of October, +1780,--it is said between nine o'clock and ten o'clock in the +morning_. + +I said that poets had not presented him to popular imagination, but +his devoted classmate at Yale, David Humphreys, aide-de-camp to +General Washington in 1780, wrote verses to his memory. Among his +words are these:-- + + "And scarce Columbia's arms the fight sustains, + While her best blood gushed from a thousand veins. + Then thine, O Brown, that purpled wide the ground, + Pursued the knife through many a ghastly wound. + Ah! hapless friend, permit the tender tear + To flow e'en now, for none flowed on thy bier, + Where cold and mangled, under northern skies, + To famished wolves a prey, thy body lies, + Which erst so fair and tall in youthful grace, + Strength in thy nerves and beauty in thy face, + Stood like a tower till, struck by the swift ball, + Then what availed to ward th' untimely fall, + The force of limbs, the mind so well informed, + The taste refined, the breast with friendship warmed + (That friendship which our earliest years began), + When the dark bands from thee expiring tore + Thy long hair, mingled with the spouting gore." + +We do not know whether the news of Arnold's flight from West Point +September 25 reached Brown's ears. Perhaps, if it did, he would have +appreciated the patriotic and lofty self-control of Washington when +the next day he wrote to Rochambeau: "General Arnold, who has sullied +his former glory by the blackest treason, has escaped to the enemy." +"This is an event that occasions me equal regret and mortification, +but traitors are the growth of every country in a revolution of the +present nature. It is more to be wondered at that the catalogue is so +small than that there have been found a few." + +Arnold's flight to the enemy was his flight from what all men, +excepting Brown and a few others [see Note 6], supposed was his soul's +desire; _i.e._, to serve the people of America to the death. For +twenty-one years after 1780 he lived, pursuing a checkered career. +John Fiske said he often looked at the sword given him for his valor +at Saratoga, and bemoaned the results of his treason. However that may +be, his name is remembered with harshness and disgust, the result of +an untruthful life. + + +NOTE 1. + +"in a state of nature." See "The Struggle for American Independence," +Fisher, vol. i, p. 27 _et seq._ Burlamaqui's "Principles of _Natural +Law_." + + +NOTE 2. + +See "New York in the Revolution," vol. i, p. 61. "_The Line, +Additional Corps, Green Mountain Boys, Major Brown's Detachment in +General Arnold's Regiment_." 244 men. + +_I take great pleasure in this record. Some writers have intimated +that Brown was insubordinate at Quebec_ because Montgomery referred to +one of his friends as going beyond proper bounds in objecting to +Arnold. If so, why does Arnold permit Brown to remain in command? Some +men went home after the defeat of December 31, 1775, others fled. +Fisher says Arnold had only seven hundred men, of which the Brown +detachment is a large part,--no doubt induced to stay _because they +trusted him_. + + +NOTE 3. + +Smith's History of Pittsfield, 1734-1800, p. 271:-- + + _To the Honorable Horatio Gates, Esq., Major-General in the Army + of the United States of America, commanding at Albany_. + + Humbly sheweth, that, in the month of February last, Brig.-Gen. + Arnold transmitted to the honorable Continental Congress, an + unjustifiable, false, wicked, and malicious accusation against + me, and my character as an officer in their service, at the time + when I was under his immediate command; that, had there been the + least ground for such an accusation, the author thereof had it in + his power--indeed, it was his duty--to have me brought to a fair + trial by a general court-martial in the country where the + pretended crime is said to have originated; that I was left to + the necessity of applying to Congress, not only for the charge + against me, but for an order for a court of inquiry on my own + conduct in respect thereto; that, in consequence of my + application, I obtained a positive order of Congress to the then + general commanding the Northern Department for a court of + inquiry, before whom I might justify my injured character; that + the said order was transmitted to your Honor at Ticonderoga, in + the month of August last; and, notwithstanding the most ardent + solicitations on my part, the order of Congress has not yet been + complied with; that, upon my renewing my application to your + Honor for a court of inquiry, you were pleased to refer me to the + Board of War. + + Thus I have been led an expensive dance, from generals to + Congress, and from Congress to generals; and I am now referred + to a Board of War, who, I venture to say, have never yet taken + cognisance of any such matter; nor do I think it, with great + submission to your Honor, any part of their duty. I must + therefore conclude, that this information, from the mode of its + origin, as well as from the repeated evasions of a fair hearing, + is now rested upon the author's own shoulders. + + I therefore beg that your Honor will please to order Brig.-Gen. + Arnold in arrest for the following crimes, which I am ready to + verify, viz.:-- + + 1. For endeavoring to asperse your petitioner's personal + character in the most infamous manner. + + 2. For unwarrantably degrading and reducing the rank conferred on + your petitioner by his (Gen. Arnold's) superior officers, and + subjecting your petitioner to serve in an inferior rank to that + to which he had been appointed. + + 3. For ungentlemanlike conduct in his letter to Gen. Wooster, of + the 25th of January last, charging your petitioner with a + falsehood, and in a private manner, which is justly chargeable on + himself. + + 4. For suffering the small-pox to spread in the camp before + Quebec, and promoting inoculation there in the Continental army. + + 5. For depriving a part of the army under his command of their + usual allowance of provisions, ordered by Congress. + + 6. For interfering with and countermanding the order of his + superior officer. + + 7. For plundering the inhabitants of Montreal, in direct + violation of a solemn capitulation, or agreement, entered into + with them by our late brave and worthy Gen. Montgomery, to the + eternal disgrace of the Continental arms. + + 8. For giving unjustifiable, unwarrantable, cruel and bloody + orders, directing whole villages to be destroyed, and the + inhabitants thereof put to death by fire & sword, without any + distinction to friend or foe, age or sex. + + 9. For entering into an unwarrantable, unjustifiable & partial + agreement with Capt. Foster for the exchange of prisoners taken + at the Cedars, without the knowledge, advice, or consent of any + officer then there present with him on the spot. + + 10. For ordering inoculation of the Continental Army at Sorel, + without the knowledge of, and contrary to the intentions of the + general commanding that Northern Department; by which fatal + consequences ensued. + + 11. For great misconduct in his command of the Continental fleet + on Lake Champlain, which occasioned the loss thereof. + + 12. For great misconduct during his command from the camp at + Cambridge, in the year 1775, until he was superseded by Gen. + Montgomery, at Point Aux-Tremble, near Quebec. + + 13. For disobedience of the orders of his superior officers, + while acting by a commission from the Provincial Congress of the + Province of Massachusetts Bay; and for a disobedience of the + orders of a committee of the same Congress, sent from that State + to inspect his conduct, and also for insulting, abusing, and + imprisoning the said committee; as also for a _treasonable + attempt_ to make his escape with the navigation men, at or near + Ticonderoga, to the enemy at St. Johns, which oblidged the then + commanding officer at Ticonderoga and its dependencies to issue a + positive order to the officers commanding our batteries at Crown + Point, to stop or sink the vessels attempting to pass that post, + and by force of arms to make a prisoner of the said Gen. Arnold + (then a colonel), which was accordingly done. + + JOHN BROWN, _Lieutenant-Colonel_. + + ALBANY, 1st Dec., 1776. + + + PITTSFIELD 9th June 1779 + + Sir + + I send you the enclosed hope you will present it to Congress the + first opportunity not doubting their Disposition to do equal + Justice to Persons of every Denomination in these united States, + and that in justice in my instance must be owing rather to + misinformation than anything else, altho in the present Case it + is scarcely supposable. + + The very extraordinary trial alluded to in the Petition is truly + a Matter of Surprize to every Officer and Citizen in this part of + the World and is of such a dangerous tendency that I think it + ought to be attended to, what is more extraordinary it is I am + told the only trial of the kind ever had in Congress.--In the + Year 1776 I petitioned to Congress for a trial who refused me, + giving for reason that Congress was not a proper tribunal and + therefore refered me to the Officer commanding the northern + Department. + + Genl. Arnold on the First application obtained a hearing and + determination on that Principle I am a Stranger + + I am with the greatest Respect + + Your hons. most obedt most hmbl Sert. + + JNO. BROWN. + The honle. JNO. JAY ESQ. + Predt. Congress + + + (Continental Congress Papers, no. 42, Petitions, vol. i. 179.) + + THE HONle THE CONGRESS + + The Memorial and Remonstrance of John Brown of Pittsfield in the + State of the Massachusetts Bay humbly sheweth-- + + That in the Month of Novr. 1777 Your Petitioner was passing + through York Town to the Southord when he waited on the honble + Charles Thompson Esqr Secy to Congress, who favoured your + petitioner with a Copy of the very extraordinary Trial of Genl. + Arnold of which the following is an Extract Viz "In Congress May + 20th 1777-- + + A Letter this Day from Genl. Arnold with a printed Paper inclosed + signed John Brown was read, order'd that the same be refered to + the Board of War together with such Complaints as have been + lodged agt. Genl. Arnold." By this your Petitioner would suppose + that the Board of War were directed not only to take into + consideration his Complaint, but all others that have been lodged + agt. Genl. Arnold, particularly those lodged by a General Court + Martial composed by thirteen of the principle Officers at + Tycondoroga in the Year 1776 as well as those lodged by Colo. + Hazen & others altho it does not appear that any other Matter of + Complaint was determined on, but that contained in the hand Bill + signed John Brown on which the Board of War Report-- + + "That the Genl. laid before them a variety of original Letters + orders and other papers, _which together with the General's own + account of his Conduct_, confirmed by Mr. Carroll one of the late + Commissioners in Canada now a Member of this Board, have given + intire Satisfaction to this Board concerning the General's + Character and Conduct, so cruelly and groundlessly aspersed in + the Publication." + + Your Petitioner begs leave to affirm that Mr. Carroll whatever he + might wish knew nothing more or less as a Witness concerning the + Charges laid agt. Genl. Arnold owing to an unlucky Alieubi, which + happened with respect to him in regard to all the Charges laid in + the Complaint. Still how far his evidence might go in assisting + Genl. Arnold in proving his negatives your Petitioner does not + pretend to say, as this is an intire new mode of Trial. + + First Because one of the Parties was not notified or present at + the same, consequently the trial ex parte unconstitutional and + illegal on every principle. + + Secondly Because there was not one Witness at the Trial who will + pretend he even had it in his Power to disprove one of the + Charges in the Complaint. + + Thirdly with the greatest Respect to Congress they had not the + least Right to take cognizance of the Crimes enumerated in my + complaint, for the truth of this assertion I beg leave to refer + them to the military Laws by them compiled and instituted for the + Regulation of the Army, which are the only security and + protection of the Officers and Soldiers belonging to the same, + consequently no other Court or Tribunal would have any Right to + take cognizance of the Crimes enumerated but that of a Court + Martial, and therefore the trial of the Genl. above recited was + strictly a nullety to all intents and purposes it being Coram non + Judice. However should Congress be of a Different opinion with + respect to this Matter, and that that the Trial of Genl. Arnold + was legal & constitutional, he then expects that Congress will + give him the same indulgence and latitude, and that he may be + heard by congress on the subject of his Impeachment of Genl. + Arnold, in which Case the General's presents & witnesses will not + be necessary. Your Petitioner therefore esteems it as a very + great grieveance that the Honle. Congress by the trial aforesaid + have resolved and published and authorised Genl. Arnold to + publish to the World that he your Petitioner has been guilty of + making and publishing false and groundless aspertions agt. a + general Officer, when at the same time every article in the + Complaint was sacredly true, and would have been proved so had a + proper tribunal been obtained, of which Genl. Arnold was well + apprised. 'Tis possible that Genl. Arnold might have suggested to + Congress that your Petitioner was not an Officer at the time of + trial afd. as to this Matter your Petitioner has not as yet been + informed whether his Resignation has been accepted or not, indeed + he cannot suppose it compatible with the Wisdom Dignity and + Justice of Congress to descharge any of their Officers for the + Reason set forth in your Petitioners Letter accompanying his + Resignation as he then stood impeach'd to Congress by the same + Genl. Arnold of every high Crimes which if true effected the + Reputation of the united States and Genl. Arnold's sacred + Character stood then impeached by your Petitioners of thirteen + capital Charges, which in the opinion of those most knowing would + have effected the life of a more honest Man, in consequence of a + proper trial before a generous Court Martial--on these + considerations your Petitioner presumes his Resignation was not + accepted but on Supposition it was, yet your Petitioner conceives + that to make no material odds, as it can not be presumed that + congress would try a Citizen without a hearing, whatever they may + imagine their authority to be. However let this matter be as it + may Congress are sensible that your Petitioner notwithstanding + the most flagrant abuses received was not out of Service from the + commencement of the War untill the reduction of the british Army + under the Commandg genl. Burgoyne, in which he challenges to + himself some show [?] of merit since no one else (to his + knowledge) has been willing to give it him. + + Your Petitioner is sensible that Congress at the time of Genl. + Arnold's application for a trial were imbarrassed on all + Quarters, and no doubt laboured under high prejudices with + Respect to your Petitioners Character owing perhaps to the + Representations made them by Genl. Gates, who 'tis possible has + been mistaken to his Sorrow with respect to his Friend--which + prejudices your Petitioner hopes time and events have eradicated, + he therefore can assure Congress, that he hopes and wishes for + nothing more than common justice altho the History of the War and + his present infirmities received therein, might entitle him to + something more. But to stand conviction by a Decree of Congress + of publishing cruel and groundless assertions or Libels without a + hearing when actually fighting for Liberty is intolerable in a + free Country and has a direct tendency to check the ambition, + and even disaffect those Men by whose wisdom Valour and + perseverance America is to be made free, not to mention the + dangerous president such trials may afford. Your Petitioner + therefore implores Congress to reconsider their determination on + the impeachment of Genl. Arnold, as there cannot at this Day + remain a possibility of Doubt but that the same was premature, + and furnished Genl. Arnold with a foundation to establish a + Character on the Ruins of a Man who to speak moderately has + rendered his Country as essential [?] Service as that Donquixote + Genl. whose reasons for evading a trial at a proper tribunal are + very obvious and fully set forth in my impeachment & which the + Genl. has had his pretended trial by which impeachment it fully + appears that Genl. Arnold was resqued from Justice by mere dint + of unlawfull authority exercised by Genl. Gates. + + Your Petitioner relying on the Wisdom and Justice of Congress + begs leave to submit [?] himself most Respectfully their very + obedt. Humble Svt. + + JNO. BROWN. + Petition [?] + 9th June 1779 Honle JNO. JAY Esq. + Presidt. Congress + + + + +NOTE 4. + +Sec.1. MILITARY RECORD OF JOHN BROWN. + +_First._ Fourteen (14) days in Ticonderoga expedition, engaged in +capture. (See "Connecticut in Revolution," p. 32.) + +_Second._ _Major_, Colonel Easton's Regiment, service from May 10, +1775, to December 30, 1775, in list of men who marched to Canada. (See +"Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors," vol. ii. p. 642.) + +_Third._ _Major of the New York Line, Additional Corps_, Green +Mountain Boys. "Major Brown's detachment in Genl. Arnold's Regiment." +Colonels Ethan Allen and Seth Warner, Quebec, 1776. (See "New York in +the Revolution," vol. i. p. 61.) On list sent Provincial Congress of +New York, 4 July, 1775. + +_Fourth._ _Lieutenant-colonel._ Colonel Samuel Elmore's Regiment, +raised for one year from Connecticut and Massachusetts, appointed by +Congress July 29, 1776, resigned March 15, 1777. Regiment took field +July, 1776, under General Schuyler. August 25, marched from Albany +into Tryon County. Posted remainder of term at Fort Stanwix. Broke up +in spring of 1777. (See "Connecticut in Revolution," p. 113.) The +Massachusetts roll states that John Brown was among the men who went +to German Flats April 1, 1776, and was discharged May 18, 1777. +Service, thirteen months, eighteen days. + +_Fifth._ _Colonel Third Berkshire Regiment._ Commissioned April 4, +1777. Services in Northern Department not stated. April 14, 1780, +further appointment as Colonel. Service, three months, five days. +Killed October 19, 1780. (See Massachusetts Rolls.) + +The above memoranda are imperfect, but I print them from printed +records. I have not searched the original sources, believing the +public officials have done all that could be done. + +Sec.2. COLONEL JOHN BROWN'S COMMAND JULY 14, 1780, TO OCTOBER 19, 1780. + + _Claverack to Stone Arabia, N.Y._ + + Colonel, John Brown. + Major, Oliver Root. + Adjutant, James Easton, Jr. + Quartermaster, Elias Willard. + Surgeon, Dr. Oliver Brewster. + + + CAPTAIN WILLIAM FOORD'S COMPANY. + + Foord, William, _captain_. + Spencer, Alpheus, _lieutenant_. + Pearson, Abel, _lieutenant_. + Benden, Timothy, _sergeant_. + Rothborn, Daniel, _sergeant_. + Sloson, Eleazer, _sergeant_. + Wheaton, Samuel, _sergeant_. + Barber, James, _corporal_. + Bond, Bartholomew, _corporal_. + Tobie, Nathaniel, _corporal_. + Goodrich, Gilbert, of Lenox, _private_. + Austin, Shubael, _drummer_. + Andrews, Colman, _private_. + Alcock, Stephen, _private_. + Adams, Aaron, _private_. + Burt, Thomas, _private_. + Baker, William, _private_. + Bell, Henry, _private_. + Bateman, Jonathan, _private_. + Blen, Solomon, _private_. + Balding, Oliver, _private_. + Bond, Seth, _private_. + Cumington, John, _private_. + Case, Ezekiel, _private_. + Clarke, David, _private_. + Carlton, Peleg, _private_. + Carlton, Reuben, _private_. + Carter, Elisha, _private_. + Cogswell, Levi, _private_. + Dean, Joel, _private_. + Easton, Calvin, _private_. + Ellison, James, _private_. + Foot, Asahel, _private_. + Gleason, Benoni, _private_. + Goodrich, Nathaniel, _private_. + Gates, Jonah, _private_. + Hatch, William of Nobletown, N.Y., _private_. + Harrison, Asahel, _private_. + Hewitt, Zadok, _private_. + Huet, Jeremiah, _private_. + Hull, Warren, _private_. + Handy, Joseph, of Stockbridge or Lee, _private_. + Hide, Charles, _private_. + Ingraham, Nathan, _corporal_. + Juhel, Joseph, _private_. + Knolton, Thomas, _private_. + Ladd, Joel, _private_. + Lewis, John, _private_. + McKnite, Thomas, _fifer_. + Meres, John, _private_. + Milliken, William, _private_. + McKnight, William, _private_. + Mack, Warren, _private_. + Noble, John, _private_. + North, John, _private_. + Newell, Seth, _private_. + Phelps, John, _private_. + Parks, Nathan, _private_. + Porter, Joseph, Jr., _private_. + Porter, Joseph, Sr., _private_. + Robbins, Jason, _private_. + Reed, Joseph, _private_. + Reed, James, _private_. + Smith, Ezekiel, _private_. + Stearns, Zehiel, _private_. + Stiles, Josiah, _private_. + Stoddard, Philemon, _private_. + Sears, David, _private_. + Tailor, David, _private_. + Tomblin, Moses, _private_. + West, William, _private_. + Wilson, Shubael, _private_. + Woodroof, Amos, _private_. + Wollison, Shubael, _private_. + Thomas (surname undecipherable), _private_. + Dunham, Calvin, _private_. + + + CAPTAIN LEVI ELY'S COMPANY. + + Ely, Levi, _captain_. + Smith, Martin, _lieutenant_. + Fowler, Bildad, of West Springfield, _lieutenant_. + Stiles, Gideon, _lieutenant_. + Smith, Jonathan, _quartermaster sergeant_. + Kendal, William, _sergeant_. + Noble, Jacob, _sergeant_. + Ainsworth, Luther, _private_. + Ashley, James, of Westfield, _private_. + Allen, William, _private_. + Anderson, Samuel, Jr., of Blandford, _private_. + Bruk, Wainwright, _private_, killed. + Bills, William, of Westfield, _private_. + Baird, John, _private_. + Blackwood, Albright, of Soudon, _private_. + Badcock, Nathan, _private_. + Blair, Alexander, _private_. + Church, John, of Westfield, _private_. + Colgrove, Joseph, _private_. + Chapin, John, _private_, killed. + Crooks, James, _private_. + Colhiren, Abner, _private_. + Conners, Abraham, _private_, killed. + Converse, Isaac, _private_. + Crow, John, _private_. + Copley, Matthew, _private_. + Day, Moses, _private_. + Day, Asa, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Dewey, Heman, of Westfield, _private_. + Dewey, Oliver, of Westfield, _private_. + Dimmouth, John, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Ely, Edmond, _private_. + Farmar, Elisha, _corporal_. + Francis, Aaron, _private_. + Francis, Simeon, _private_. + Gleason, Daniel, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Hill, Dan, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Hough, Justus, _private_. + Herrick, Ebenezer, _private_. + Haley, William, _private_. + Hubbard, Jonas, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Hill, Primus, _private_. + Ingowol, Stephen, _drummer_. + Jones, Judah, _corporal_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Jones, Ithamar, _private_. + Kent, Ezekiel, _private_. + Kellegg, Daniel, _private_. + Leonard, Russel, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Loomis, Josiah, _private_. + Loyhead, Thomas, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Miller, Abner, _corporal_. + Morgan, Simeon, _private_. + Moor, William, _private_. + Mathew, Nathan I., _private_. + Nott, Selden, _private_. + Noble, Paul, of Westfield, _private_. + Noble, Jared, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Plumm, Jared, _private_. + Pepper, William, _private_. + Pitts, Gideon, _private_. + Rimington, Jonathan, _private_. + Rogers, Isaac, _private_. + Read, Amos, _private_. + Stewert, Jesse, _corporal_. + Smith, David, _fifer_. + Smith, James, _private_. + Stewart, Moses, _private_. + Shephard, Elijah ? + Taylor, Joseph, _corporal_. + Taylor, Jonathan, _private_. + Taylor, Thomas, _private_. + Vanslow, Justus, _private_. + Worthington, Seth, _sergeant_. + Worriner, Lewis, _corporal_. + Worthington, Stephen, _private_. + Whitney, David, _private_. + Williams, Roswell, _private_. + Walker, John, _private_. + Woodworth, Roswell, _private_. + Woolworth, Samuel, _private_. + Walton, Elijah, _private_. + + + CAPTAIN JOHN SPOOR'S COMPANY. + + Spoor, John, _captain_. + Brooks, Jonathan, of Lanesborough _lieutenant_. + Ball, Isaac, of Stockbridge, _lieutenant_. + Fish, John, _sergeant_. + Jones, William, _sergeant_. + Davis, William, _corporal_. + Edmun, Andrew, _corporal_. + Edy, Briant, _private_. + Foster, Jeremiah, of Williamstown (also given Weston), _corporal_. + Lemmon, Moses, _sergeant_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Tylor, Russell, _corporal_. + Jones, Josiah, _fifer_. + Cetcham, Joseph, _drummer_. + Adams, Peter, _private_. + Abbe, John, _private_. + Bennett, Jeremiah, _private_. + Babcock, Jonathan, _private_. + Bradley, Josiah, of Stockbridge, _private_. + Bush, Japhet, _private_. + Bondish, Asa, _private_. + Bigsbey, Peletiah, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Barry, John, _private_. + Moses, Charles, of Stockbridge, _private_. + Comstock, Medad, _private_. + Curk, John, _private_. + Chapman, Gershom, _private_. + Calender, Ezekiel, _private_. + Charles, Darius, _private_. + Campbel, Sam, _private_. + Dickerman, Joel, _sergeant_. + Davis, Robert, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Dewey, Lalson, of Stockbridge, _private_. + Egleston, Elijah, _private_. + Fuller, Boswell, _private_, discharged September 28. + Fitch, Nat, _private_. + Foster, Jeremiah, Jr., of Williamstown (also given Weston), _private_. + Gaff, Jacob, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Giles, James, _private_. + Gregory, "Isband," _private_. + Hubbard, Baley, _private_. + Heart, Leveret, _private_. + Horsford, Ambrose, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Hatch, Solomon, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Holmes, John, _private_. + Ingersole, Moses, _private_. + King, George, of Sheffield, _private_. + Lorris, Jacob, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Meeken, Oliver, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Mansfield, Josiah, _private_. + Mash, Abijah, _private_. + Monrsurir, Gabriel, _private_. + Noble, Joseph, _private_, killed Oct. 19, 1780. + Orton, James, _private_. + Pixley, Jonah, _private_. + Pior, Abner, _private_. + Raymond, John, _private_. + Rool, "Hewek," _private_. + Ransom, Elias, _private_. + Root, Roswell, of Sheffield, _private_. + Rool, Stephen, _private_. + Standish, Asa, _private_. + Starr, Thomas, _private_. + Saxton, Jesse, _private_. + Sprague, Barnabas, _private_. + Shearwood, Jonathan, _private_. + Tylor, Bezaleel, _private_. + Winchel, David, _private_. + Watson, Samuel, _private_. + Wright, Miles, _private_. + Winchel, Ephraim, _private_. + Wood, Amaziah, _private_. + Webb, Will, _private_. + + + CAPTAIN SAMUEL WARNER'S COMPANY. + + Warner, Samuel, _captain_. + Norton, Jonathan, _lieutenant_. + Chadwick, Ebenezer, of Tyringham, _lieutenant_. + Tracy, David, _sergeant_. + Jackson, Joshua, _sergeant_. + Brown, Nathaniel, _sergeant_. + Rand, James, _sergeant_. + Greppen, Alpheus, _sergeant_. + Bush, Caleb, of Sandisfield, _corporal_. + Jewet, Joseph, _corporal_. + Down, Stephen, _corporal_. + Powel, Joseph, of Sheffield, _corporal_. + Belton, Stephen, _corporal_. + Griffins, Thomas, _drummer_. + Pope, Gideon, _fifer_. + Noble, Saul, _private_. + Allen, Rufus, _private_. + Bogworth, Frederick, of Sandisfield, _private_. + Bogworth, John, of Sandisfield, _private_. + Brooks, Shadrack, _private_. + Bradle, Isaac, _private_. + Bond, Joseph, _private_. + Brown, Reuben, of New Marlboro, _private_. + Blackmer, Isaac, _private_. + Bird, Amos, of Tyringham, _private_. + Benton, David, Jr., of Sheffield, _private_. + Brookner, Reuben, _private_. + Beckett, William, _private_, killed Oct. 20, 1780. + Boods, Joel R., _private_. + Bradle, Isaac, _private_. + Core, Noah, _private_. + Clark, Reuben, of Sheffield, _private_. + Clark, Wells, _private_. + Cooper, Benjamin, _private_. + Carter, Elisha, _private_. + Cole, Elisha, _private_. + Conch, William, of Sandisfield, _private_. + Comstock, Rufus, _private_. + Callender, Daniel, _private_, received bounty at Sheffield. + Denely, John, _private_. + Dunham, Calvin, _private_. + French, Ebenezer, _private_. + ? French, Elisha, _private_. + Graten, Care, _private_. + Gichel, Joseph, _private_. + Gillet, John, _private_. + Glaston, Willard, _private_. + Guild, Orrange, _private_. + Hodg, Daniel, _private_. + Huggins, Joseph, of Sheffield, _private_. + Heath, George, _private_. + Hines, Ezekiel, _private_. + Hoskins, Anthony, _private_. + Hyde, Theophilus, of Sheffield, _private_. + Higgins, Zenas, _private_. + Hatch, Seth, of Bennington, _private_. + Jaqua, Seth, _private_. + Keyes, Elias, _private_. + Kilbernt, Robert, _private_. + Kelegg, Joel, _private_. + Kingsbury, Nathaniel, _private_. + Lummis, Noah, _private_. + Marel, Abner, _private_. + Marcone, Stephen, _private_. + Mack, Warren, _private_. + Orten, Roger, _private_. + Owen, William, of Sheffield, _private_. + Remington, Simeon, _private_. + Rhods, Adam, _private_. + Root, "Rosel," _private_. + Sage, David, _private_. + Smith, Henry, of Sandisfield, _private_. + Spring, Henry, _private_. + Skinner, Samuel, _private_. + Shed, Samuel, _private_. + Shed, Daniel, _private_. + Todge, Elias, _private_. + Turner, Uriah, _private_. + Tuttle, Benjamin, _private_. + Underwood, Silas, _private_. + Warner, Levi, of Sandisfield, _private_. + Warker, Thomas, _private_. + Webster, Daniel, _private_. + Wollen, Moses, _private_. + Whitne, Silas, _private_. + White, Solomon, _private_. + Bradle, Isaac, _private_. + Wording, John M., _private_. + + + CAPTAIN WILLIAM WHITE'S COMPANY. + + White, William, _captain_. + Beckit, Silas, _lieutenant_. + Sprague, John, _lieutenant_. + Day, Elkanah, _sergeant_. + Stearns, Isaac, _sergeant_. + Barker, Ezra, of Lanesborough, _corporal_. + Allen, Benjamin, _corporal_. + Brown, Luther, of Windsor, _fifer_. + Allen, John, _private_. + Arnold, Jonathan, of Hancock, _private_. + Bundee, Elisha, _private_. + Barnes, Asa, Jr., _private_. + Bryant, John, _private_. + Barus, Aaron, _private_. + Briggs, Benjamin, _private_. + Cleaveland, Jedediah, _private_. + Cook, Amasa, _private_. + Coree, Josiah, Jr., _private_. + Chafee, John, _private_. + Coree, Josiah, _private_. + Carpenter, Benjamin, of Hancock, _private_. + Cole, Solomon, _private_. + Cowing, Elisha, _private_. + Cole, William, Jr., _private_. + Doolan, Patrick, _private_. + Eddy, Andrew, _private_. + Gallop, William, _private_. + Hanks, Levi, _private_. + Haringdon, William, _private_. + Holt, Titus, _private_. + Harris, Joseph, _private_. + Hall, Calvin, _private_. + Hill, Gardner, of Hancock, _private_. + Harringdon, Peter, _private_. + McFarling, William, _private_. + Jarvis, Joseph, _private_. + Keeler, James, _private_. + Lewis, Richard, of Lanesborough, _private_, killed October, 1780. + Leanord, Soloman, _private_. + Lusk, Asa, _private_. + McGuire, James, _private_. + Morehouse, Matthew, of Hancock, _private_. + Narramore, Asa, _private_. + Oles, Horace, _private_. + Parker, Charles, _private_. + Pettabone, Amos, _private_. + Pearce, Levi, _private_. + Parker, Philip, _private_. + Parker, Giles, _private_. + Powel, Daniel, of Lanesborough, _private_. + Pettabone, Roger, _private_. + Richardson, Nehemiah, _private_. + Ross, Willard, _private_. + Robbins, Jonathan, _private_. + Reed, Simeon, _private_. + Rice, Daniel, _private_. + Smith, Jonathan, _private_. + Stevens, John, _private_. + Smith, Simeon, _private_. + Slater, James, _private_. + Tracey, William, _private_. + Thrasher, Charles, of New Ashford, _private_. + White, William, Jr., _private_. + Wollcut, Moses, _private_. + + +SUMMARY. + +Captain William Foord's Company may have been stationed at Middle +Fort, Schoharie Valley, under command of Major Melancton L. Woolsey. +See his report of Sept. 27, 1780. It had + + 2 Lieutenants, + 4 Sergeants, + 1 Drummer, + 1 Fifer, + 4 Corporals, and 63 men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 + + Captain Levi Ely's Company had + 3 Lieutenants, + 1 Quartermaster Sergeant, + 3 Sergeants, + 6 Corporals, + 1 Drummer, + 1 Fifer and 66 men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 + +Captain Ely and 15 men were killed Oct. 19, 1780. + + Captain John Spoor's Company. + 2 Lieutenants, + 4 Sergeants, + 4 Corporals, + 1 Drummer, + 1 Fifer, and 59 men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 + + One man taken prisoner, 11 killed Oct. 19, 1780, + 2 killed Oct. 20, 1780. + + Captain Samuel Warner's Company may have been left at Fort + Paris or stationed elsewhere. + 2 Lieutenants, + 5 Sergeants, + 5 Corporals, + 1 Drummer, + 1 Fifer, and 73 men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 + + Captain William White's Company. + 2 Lieutenants, + 2 Sergeants, + 2 Corporals, + 1 Fifer, and 56 men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 + + 1 private killed, 1 private wounded, 1 taken prisoner. + --- + Whole force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 + + Total killed Oct. 19, 1780, 29; wounded, 1; prisoner, 1. + + +Besides these Berkshire men, perhaps Captain John Kasselman's Tryon +Company Rangers were at Fort Paris, and Captain John Zelley's Company +at Fort Keyser. + +From "New York in the Revolution":-- + + _Tryon County Rangers._ + + Captain, John Kasselman. Lieutenant, John Empie. + Ensign, George Gittman. + + Badier, John. + Bickerd, Adolph. + Dusler, Jacob. + Empie, John. + Ettigh, Conrad. + Fry, Jacob. + Gittman, Peter. + Harth, Daniel. + Hayne, George. + Hortigh, Andrew. + House, Peter. + Kasselman, John. + Kutzer, Leonard. + Kulman, Henry. + Shnell, John. + Smith, Henry. + Smith, William. + Strater, Nicholas. + Tillenbach, Christian. + Vanderwerke, John. + Walter, Adams. + Walter, Christian. + +Probably at Fort Paris. + +Captain John Zelley's Company, Second Regiment, Tryon County, Colonel +Jacob Klock. + +Also John Wafel, William Wafel, Conrad Spraker, George Spraker, +William (?) Dygert. + +Probably at Fort Keyser. + + +NOTE 5. + +See "Rules and Articles for better Government of the Troops of the +Thirteen United English Colonies of North America." Printed by William +and Thomas Bradford, 1775. John Hancock, President. Philadelphia, Nov. +7, 1775. (Massachusetts Historical Society Collections.) + +Plunder or pillage always incident to war, and, whatever rules exist +for restraint, the conflict usually leads to authorized devastation +and plunder, retaliatory to exhaust the enemy. For instances, in Civil +War of 1861-65, Sherman's destruction of property in march through +Southern territory, Sheridan's destroying agents in the Shenandoah +Valley. + +By Hague rule of 1899, July 29, pillage of a town or place even when +taken by assault is prohibited. + +How about Allies in Pekin? + +See Instructions to United States Army in the field. General Orders, +April 24, 1863, War of Rebellion:-- + +All wanton violence committed against persons in the invaded country, +all destruction of property not commanded by the authorized officer, +all robbing, all pillage and sacking even after taking a place by main +force, all rape, wounding, maiming or killing of such inhabitants are +prohibited, under penalty of death or such other severe punishment as +may seem adequate to the gravity of the offence. + +A soldier, officer, or private may be killed by superior officer for +such act. See John Bassett Moore's "Digest of International Law." + + +NOTE 6. + +Brown was more outspoken than General Wayne. See "Major-general +Anthony Wayne, and the Pennsylvania Line," by Charles J. Stille, +President Historical Society of Pennsylvania. J. B. Lippincott +Company, 1893. (Pages 235 _et seq._) + + + GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE TO H. A. SHEEL. + + HAVERSTRAW NEAR STONEY POINT + 2d Oct 1780. + + _Dear Sheel_ + + I am confident that the perfidy of Genl. Arnold will astonish the + multitude--the high rank he bore--the eclat he had obtained + (whether honestly or not) justified the world in giving it him. + + But there were a few Gentlemen who at a very early period of this + war became acquainted with his true character! when you asked my + opinion of that officer I gave it freely & believe you thought it + rather strongly shaded. + + I think I informed you that I had the most despicable Idea of him + both as a Gentleman & a Soldier--& that he had produced a + conviction on me in 1776 that honor & true Virtue were Strangers + to his Soul and however Contradictory it might appear--that he + never possessed either fortitude or personal bravery--he was + naturally a Coward and never went in the way of Danger but when + Stimulated by liquor even to Intoxication, consequently + Incapacitated from Conducting any Command Committed to his + charge. + + I shall not dwell upon his Military Character or the measures he + had adopted for the surrender of West Point--that being already + fully Elucidated but will give you a small specimen of his + _peculate_ talents. + + What think you of his employing Sutlers to retail the publick + Liquors for his private Emolument & furnishing his Quarters with + beds & other furniture by paying for them with Pork, Salt, Flour + &c. drawn from the Magazine--he has not stopped here, he has + descended much lower--& defrauded the old Veteran Soldiers who + have bled for their Country in many a well fought field--for more + than five Campaigns among others an old Sergeant of mine has felt + his rapacity by the Industry of this man's wife they had + accumulated something handsome to support them in their advanced + age--which coming to the knowledge of this cruel Spoiler--he + borrowed 4500 dollars from the poor Credulous Woman & left her in + the lurch. + + The dirty--dirty acts which he has been capable of Committing + beggar all description--and are of such a nature as would cause + the _Infernals to blush_--were they accused with the Invention or + Execution of them. + + The detached & Debilitated state of the Garrison of West + Point--Insured success to the assailants--the enemy were all in + perfect readiness for the Enterprise--& the discovery of the + treason only prevented an Immediate attempt by open force to + carry those works which _perfidy_ would have effected the fall + of, by a slower & less sanguine mode.--Our army was out of + protecting distance the troops in the possession of the Works a + spiritless Miserabile Vulgus--in whose hands the fate of America + seemed suspended in this Situation his Excellency (in imitation + of Caesar & his tenth legion) called for his Veterans--the + summons arrived at one o'clock in the morning & we took up our + line of March at 2. + + + HUGH A. SHEEL TO GENERAL WAYNE. + + PHILA Oct. 22, 1780 + + _My dear General_ + + ... the character you gave me in confidence of Arnold _several + months_ ago made a strong impression on my mind it has been + verified fully--his villany & machinations never could have been + carried on but through the medium of his Tory acquaintance in + this place.... + + + + +APPENDIX. + + +A very valuable map of the Province of New York, by Claude Joseph +Sauthier, drawn for Major-general William Tryon in 1779, is found in +"The Documentary History of New York," showing the Mohawk Valley +grants, old forts, etc. + +_Fort Paris_, Dec. 19, 1776, Captain Christian Getman's Rangers, Tryon +County militia, were stationed at Stone Arabia, and were ordered, when +not ranging, to cut timber for building a fort, under direction of +Isaac Paris, Esq. (Mr. Paris was in Provincial Congress and later in +State Senate.) It was a palisaded enclosure of stone and block-houses +for a garrison of from two to three hundred (200-300) men. Begun in +December, 1776, it was completed in the spring of 1777. It was +situated on a most beautiful plain three or four miles north-east of +Fort Plain, one-half a mile north of Stone Arabia churches, twelve +(12) rods from the road. North of it water would run into the +Sacondaga, and thence into upper waters of the Hudson; south into +Mohawk waters. It is easily reached from Palatine Bridge, and is +nearly one thousand feet above sea-level. In the fall of 1779, Colonel +Fred. Fisher (Visscher), of Third Regiment, Tryon County militia, was +at Fort Paris. + +May 12, 1780, Colonel Jacob Klock, Second Regiment of Tryon County +men, was there. + +June 24, 1780, General Robert Van Rensselaer, of Second Brigade of +Albany militia, was ordered to Fort Paris. + +July 26, 1780, he left there (perhaps, however, to return), to assist +the Canajoharie men at Fort Schuyler. + +When John Brown took command there I do not know. + +The conclusion of the matter of Oct. 19, 1780 was _battle of Klock's +Field_ or _Fox's Mills_. On that day and the 18th Sir John Johnson +laid waste the whole of Stone Arabia district after burning +Caughnawaga. + +Brown's defeat in the morning of October 19 did not, however, involve +Fort Paris, which was held by Major Root. Although immediate relief of +the fort and pursuit of Johnson were essential, Van Rensselaer did not +cross the Mohawk until afternoon, crossing at Fort Plain. The enemy +was entrenched on the north side of the river, about St. Johnsville, +near a stockade or block-house at Klock's. Fort House, a small +block-house, was the exact place where just before night a "smart +brush" occurred between the British and the Americans under Colonel +Dubois. Colonel Dubois took a position above Johnson, on the heights +of the north side, to prevent his passage up the river. Colonel +Harper, with the Oneida Indians, was on the south side of the river, +nearly opposite. General Van Rensselaer after all this forward +movement and the slight attack, did not hold his position, but fell +back three miles down the river. + +The enemy camped on land of the late Judge Jacob G. Klock, I suppose, +colonel of Second Regiment, Tryon County militia, and, "soon after the +moon appeared," moved to a fording-place just above a well-known +citizen's (Nathan Christie) residence, and retreated on the south side +of the Mohawk, passing Oneida Castle, and pushing westward for +Canaseraga on Chittenango Creek, near Lake Oneida. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Colonel John Brown, of Pittsfield, +Massachusetts, the Brave Accuser of Benedict Arnold, by Archibald Murray Howe + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLONEL JOHN BROWN *** + +***** This file should be named 24581.txt or 24581.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/5/8/24581/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Richard J. 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