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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association, Report of
+the Proceedings at the Third Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association, Report of the Proceedings at the Third Annual Meeting
+       Lancaster, Pennsylvania, December 18 and 19, 1912
+
+Author: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: November 28, 2007 [EBook #23656]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NNGA REPORT, 1912 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Janet Blenkinship
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|DISCLAIMER                                                              |
+|                                                                        |
+|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers|
+|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are |
+|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers       |
+|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is  |
+|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not|
+|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may   |
+|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide|
+|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current     |
+|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion  |
+|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut   |
+|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular   |
+|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.      |
+|                                                                        |
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
+
+REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE THIRD ANNUAL MEETING
+
+LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA DECEMBER 18 and 19, 1912
+
+THE CAYUGA PRESS ITHACA, N. Y.
+
+1913
+
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR JOHN CRAIG
+
+A FOUNDER OF THE ASSOCIATION
+
+_Died 1912_]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+  Officers and Committees of the Association                             3
+
+  Members of the Association                                             4
+
+  Constitution and Rules of the Association                              8
+
+  Proceedings of the Meeting held at Lancaster, Pennsylvania,
+  December 18 and 19, 1912                                               9
+
+  Address of Welcome by the Mayor of Lancaster                           9
+
+  Response by Mr. Littlepage                                            11
+
+  President's Address. The Practical Aspects of Hybridizing Nut Trees.
+  Robert T. Morris, New York                                            12
+
+  Fraudulent and Uninformed Promoters. T. P. Littlepage, Indiana        22
+
+  Recent Work on the Chestnut Blight. Keller E. Rockey, Pennsylvania    37
+
+  Some Problems in the Treatment of Diseased Chestnut Trees. Roy G.
+  Pierce, Pennsylvania                                                  44
+
+  Nut Growing and Tree Breeding and their Relation to Conservation. J.
+  Russell Smith, Pennsylvania                                           59
+
+  Beginning with Nuts. W. C. Deming, New York 64
+
+  The Persian Walnut, Its Disaster and Lessons for 1912. J. G. Rush,
+  Pennsylvania                                                          85
+
+  A 1912 Review of the Nut Situation in the North. C. A. Reed,
+  Washington, D. C                                                      91
+
+  Demonstration in Grafting. J. F. Jones, Pennsylvania                 105
+
+  Some Persian Walnut Observations, Experiments and Results for 1912.
+  E. R. Lake, Washington, D. C                                         110
+
+  The Indiana Pecans. R. L. McCoy, Indiana                             113
+
+
+  Appendix:
+
+  Report of Secretary and Treasurer                                    116
+
+  Report of Committee on Resolutions                                   117
+
+  Report of Committee on the Death of Professor John Craig             119
+
+  Report of Committee on Exhibits                                      120
+
+  The Hickory Bark Borer 122
+
+
+  Miscellaneous Notes:
+
+  Members Present                                                      124
+
+  List of Correspondents and Others Interested in Nut Culture          124
+
+  Extracts from Letters from State Vice-Presidents and Others          138
+
+
+
+
+  OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION
+
+  President  T. P. Littlepage  Indiana
+  Secretary and Treasurer  W. C. Deming  Georgetown, Conn.
+
+
+  COMMITTEES
+
+  _Executive_
+  Robert T. Morris
+  W. N. Roper
+  And the Officers
+
+  _Promising Seedlings_
+  T. P. Littlepage
+  C. A. Reed
+  W. C. Deming
+
+  _Hybrids_
+  R. T. Morris
+  J. R. Smith
+  C. P. Close
+
+  _Membership_
+  W. C. Deming
+  G. H. Corsan
+  W. N. Roper
+
+  _Nomenclature_
+  W. C. Reed
+  R. T. Morris
+  W. C. Deming
+
+  _Press and Publication_
+  W. N. Roper
+  T. P. Littlepage
+  W. C. Deming
+
+
+  STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS
+
+  Canada  Goldwin Smith  Highland Creek
+  Colorado  Dr. Frank L. Dennis  Colorado Springs
+  Connecticut  Charles H. Plump  West Redding
+  Delaware  H. P. Layton  Georgetown
+  Florida  H. Harold Hume  Glen St. Mary
+  Georgia  G. C. Schempp, Jr.  Albany
+  Illinois  Dr. F. S. Crocker  Chicago
+  Indiana  R. L. McCoy  Lake
+  Iowa  Alson Secor  Des Moines
+  Kentucky  A. L. Moseley  Calhoun
+  Louisiana  J. F. Jones  Jeanerette
+  Maryland  C. P. Close  Washington, D. C.
+  Massachusetts  Bernhard Hoffmann  Stockbridge
+  Michigan  Miss Maud M. Jessup  Grand Rapids
+  Minnesota  C. A. Van Duzee  St. Paul
+  New Hampshire  Henry N. Gowing  Dublin
+  New Jersey  Henry Hales  Ridgewood
+  New York  A. C. Pomeroy  Lockport
+  North Carolina  W. N. Hutt  Raleigh
+  Ohio  J. H. Dayton  Painesville
+  Oklahoma  Mrs. E. B. Miller  Enid
+  Oregon  F. A. Wiggins  Toppenish
+  Panama  B. F. Womack  Canal Zone
+  Pennsylvania  J. G. Rush  West Willow
+  Texas  C. T. Hogan  Ennis
+  Vermont  Clarence J. Ferguson  Burlington
+  Virginia  W. N. Roper  Petersburg
+  West Virginia  B. F. Hartzell  Shepherdstown
+
+
+MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
+
+  Abbott, Frederick B., 419 9th St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
+  Armstrong, A. H., General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.
+  Arnott, Dr. H. G., 26 Emerald St., South, Hamilton, Canada.
+  Barron, Leonard, Editor The Garden Magazine, Garden City, L. I.
+  Barry, W. C., Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y.
+  Benner, Charles, 100 Broadway, N. Y. City.
+  **Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont Bldg., Boston, Mass.
+  Button, Herbert, Bonnie Brook Farm, Cazenovia, N. Y.
+  Browne, Louis L., Bodsbeck Farm, New Canaan, Conn.
+  Butler, Henry L., Gwynedd Valley, Pa.
+  Casper, Norman W., Fairlawn, New Burnside, Ill.
+  Chalmers, W. J., Vanport, Pa.
+  Chamberlain, W. O., 300 Nicollet Ave., Minneapolis, Minn.
+  Clendenin, Rev. Dr. F. M., Westchester, N. Y. City.
+  Close, Prof. C. P., Expert in Fruit Identification, U. S. Dept.
+    of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+  Cole, Dr. Chas. K., 32 Rose St., Chelsea-on-Hudson, N. Y.
+  Coleman, H. H., The Northwestern Mutual Life Ins. Co., Newark, N. J.
+  Corsan, G. H., University Gymnasium, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
+  Crocker, Dr. F. S., Columbus Memorial Bldg., Chicago, Ill.
+  Dayton, J. H., Painesville, Ohio. Rep. Storrs & Harrison Co.
+  Decker, Loyd H., Greeley, Col., R. 5, Box 11.
+  Deming, Dr. N. L., Litchfield, Conn.
+  Deming, Dr. W. C. Georgetown, Conn.
+  Deming, Mrs. W. C. Georgetown, Conn.
+  Dennis, Dr. Frank L., The Colchester, Colorado Springs, Col.
+  Ellwanger, W. D., 510 E. Ave., Rochester, N. Y.
+  Ferguson, Clarence J., Rep. Eastern Fruit & Nut Orchard Co.,
+    144 College St., Burlington, Vt.
+  Fischer, J., Rep. Keystone Wood Co., Williamsport, Pa.
+  Fullerton, H. B., Medford, L. I.
+  Gowing, Henry N., Dublin, N. H.
+  Gschwind, Geo. W., 282 Humboldt St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
+  Haberstroh, Arthur L., Sharon, Mass.
+  Hale, Mrs. Geo. H., Glastonbury, Conn.
+  Hall, L. C. Avonia, Pa.
+  *Hales, Henry, Ridgewood, N. J.
+  Hans, Amed�e, Supt. Hodenpyl Est., Locust Valley, L. I., N. Y.
+  Harrison, J. G., Rep. Harrison's Nurseries, Berlin, Md.
+  Hartzell, B. F., Shepherdstown, W. Va.
+  Haywood, Albert, Flushing, N. Y.
+  Hicks, Henry, Westbury Station, L. I., N. Y.
+  Hildebrand, F. B., 5551 Monroe Ave., Chicago, Ill.
+  Hoffman, Bernhard, Stockbridge, Mass.
+  Hogan, C. T., Ennis, Texas.
+  Holden, E. B., Hilton, N. Y.
+  Holmes, J. A., 127 Eddy St., Ithaca, N. Y.
+  Hopper, I. B., Chemical National Bank, N. Y. City.
+  Hume, H. Harold, Glen Saint Mary, Fla.
+  Hungerford, Newman, 45 Prospect St., Hartford, Conn.
+  **Huntington, A. M., 15 W. 81st St., N. Y. City.
+  Hutt, W. N., Raleigh, N. C.
+  James, Dr. W. B., 17 W. 54th St., N. Y. City.
+  Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly St., Jersey City Heights, N. J.
+  **Jones, J. F., Jeanerette, La., & Willow St., Pa.
+  Jessup, Miss Maud M., 440 Thomas St., Grand Rapids, Mich.
+  Keely, Royal R., 1702 Mt. Vernon St., Philadelphia, Pa. Walpole,
+    Mass., Box 485.
+  Koch, Alphonse, 510 E. 77th St., N. Y. City.
+  Lake, Prof. E. R., Asst. Pomologist, Dept. of Agriculture,
+    Washington, D. C.
+  Layton, H. P., Georgetown, Del.
+  Leas, F. C, 400 So. 40th St., Philadelphia, Pa., and Bala, Pa.
+  Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Bldg., Washington, D. C, and
+    Boonville, Ind.
+  Loomis, Charles B., E. Greenbush, N. Y.  R. D. 1.
+  Lovett, Mrs. Joseph L., Emilie, Bucks Co., Pa.
+  Malcomson, A. B., 132 Nassau St., N. Y. City.
+  Mayo, E. S., Rochester, N. Y. Rep. Glen Brothers.
+  McCoy, R. L., Ohio Valley Forest Nursery, Lake, Spencer Co., Ind.
+  Meehan, S. Mendelson, Germantown, Phila., Pa. Rep. Thos. Meehan & Sons.
+  Miller, Mrs. E. B., Enid, Oklahoma, R. Box 47 1-2.
+  Miller, Mrs. Seaman, Care of Mr. Seaman Miller, 2 Rector St., N. Y.
+  McSparren, W. F., Furnice, Pa.
+  Magruder, G. M., Medical Bldg., Portland, Oregon.
+  Morris, Dr. Robert T., 616 Madison Ave., N. Y. City.
+  Moseley, A. L., Bank of Calhoun, Calhoun, Ky.
+  Moses, Theodore W., Harvard Club, 27 W. 44th St., N. Y. City.
+  Niblack, Mason J., Vincennes, Ind.
+  Nichols, Mrs. F. Gillette, 129 E. 76th St., N. Y. City, and
+    E. Haddam, Conn.
+  Patterson & Taylor, 343 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill.
+  Pierson, Miss A. Elizabeth, Cromwell, Conn.
+  Plump, Chas. H., West Redding, Conn.
+  Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport, N. Y.
+  Potter, Hon. W. O., Marion, Ill.
+  Reed, C. A., Div. of Pomology, U. S. Dept, of Agriculture,
+    Washington, D. C.
+  Reed, W. C., Vincennes, Ind.
+  Rice, Mrs. Lilian McKee, Barnes Cottage, Carmel, N. Y.
+  Rich, William P., Sec'y Mass Horticultural Society, 300 Mass. Ave.,
+    Boston.
+  Ridgway, C. S., "Floralia," Lumberton, N. J.
+  Riehl, E. A., Alton, Ill.
+  Roper, Wm. N., Arrowfield Nursery Co., Petersburg, Va.
+  Rose, Wm. J., 413 Market St., Harrisburg, Pa.
+  Rush, J. G., West Willow, Pa.
+  Schempp, G. C., Jr., Albany, Ga. Route 3.
+  Secor, Alson, Editor Successful Farming, Des Moines, Iowa.
+  Sensenig, Wayne, State College, Center Co., Pa.
+  Shellenberger, H. H., 610 Broadhead St., Easton, Pa.
+  Shoemaker, Seth W., Agric. Ed. Int. Corresp. Schools, Scranton, Pa.
+  Smith, E. K., 213 Phoenix Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn.
+  Smith, Goldwin, Highland Creek, Ontario, Canada.
+  Smith, J. Russell, Roundhill, Va.
+  Smith, Percival P., 108 S. LaSalle St., Chicago, Ill.
+  Tuckerman, Bayard, 118 E. 37th St., N. Y. City.
+  Turner, K. M., 1265 Broadway, N. Y. City.
+  Ulman, Dr. Ira, 213 W. 147th St., N. Y. City. Farm, So. Monsey, Rockland
+    Co., P. O., Address, Spring Valley, N. Y.
+  Van Duzee, Col. C. A., St. Paul, Minn, and Viking, Fla.
+  Walter, Dr. Harry, Hotel Chalfonte, Atlantic City, N. J.
+  Wentink, Frank, 75 Grove St., Passaic, N. J.
+  White, H. C., DeWitt, Ga.
+  Wiggins, F. A., Rep. Washington Nursery Co., Toppenish, Wash.
+  Wile, Th. E., 1012 Park Avenue, Rochester, N. Y.
+  Williams, Dr. Charles Mallory, 48 E. 49th St., N. Y. City, and
+    Stonington, Conn.
+  Williams, Harrison, Gen. Land & Tax Agt., Erie R. R. Co., 50 Church St.,
+    N. Y. City.
+  **Wissmann, Mrs. F. DeR., 707 Fifth Ave., N. Y. City.
+  Womack, B. F., Ancon, Canal Zone, Panama.
+  Wyman, Willis L., Park Rapids, Minn.
+
+     * Honorary Member.
+    ** Life Member
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION AND RULES OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION.
+
+
+_Name._ The society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS
+ASSOCIATION.
+
+_Object._ The promotion of interest in nut-producing plants, their
+products and their culture.
+
+_Membership._ Membership in the society shall be open to all persons who
+desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of residence
+or nationality, subject to the approval of the committee on membership.
+
+_Officers._ There shall be a president, a vice-president, and a
+secretary-treasurer; an executive committee of five persons, of which
+the president, vice-president and secretary shall be members; and a
+state vice-president from each state represented in the membership of
+the association.
+
+_Election of Officers._ A committee of five members shall be elected at
+the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the
+subsequent year.
+
+_Meetings._ The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected
+by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made
+at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time
+for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may
+seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee.
+
+_Fees._ The fees shall be of two kinds, annual and life. The former
+shall be two dollars, the latter twenty dollars.
+
+_Discipline._ The committee on membership may make recommendations to
+the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member.
+
+_Committees._ The association shall appoint standing committees of three
+members each to consider and report on the following topics at each
+annual meeting: first, on promising seedlings; second, on nomenclature;
+third, on hybrids; fourth, on membership; fifth, on press and
+publication.
+
+
+
+
+NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
+
+THIRD ANNUAL MEETING
+
+DECEMBER 18 AND 19, 1912
+
+AT LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA
+
+
+The third annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association was
+held in the Court House at Lancaster, Pa., beginning December 18, 1912,
+at 10 A. M.; President Morris presiding.
+
+The Chairman: The meeting will be called to order. We have first an
+address by the Mayor of Lancaster, Mayor McClean. (Applause.)
+
+Mayor McClean: Ladies and gentlemen of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association:
+
+The Mayor of a city of the size of this, in which conventions meet so
+frequently, is so often called upon to make a speech that the prospect
+of having to do so causes him some disturbance of mind, not only on the
+day of the delivery of the speech but for many days preceding; but I
+confess that the invitation to come here today has had no such effect on
+me. I am very glad to meet and mix up with the members of this
+organization. The evolutionists tell us where we came from; the
+theologians, where we are going to; but no matter how much we may differ
+as to the theories of these respective leaders of thought, upon one
+thing we can all agree and that is that we are here. You ladies and
+gentlemen representing the Northern Nut Growers Association are here to
+interchange opinions and discuss questions which have to do with the
+greater success of the very useful industry, the youthful and useful
+industry, in which you are engaged. I am here as the Mayor of this
+goodly town to tell you that you are not looked upon as intruders; that
+we will be blind when you help yourselves to our wine flasks, but that
+we will not be deaf should you ask for more. I am thoroughly in sympathy
+with the purpose of this organization, understanding it to be the
+encouragement of the planting of nut bearing trees in order that an
+addition to our present food supply may be provided; and that much waste
+land, now profitless, may be taken up and converted to practical and
+profitable uses; and further that through the medium of such tree
+planting and tree care as you propose, landscape embellishment in
+greater degree than that which now exists may be provided. We hear very
+much about conservation these days and it seems to me that the
+proposition which you advance is conservation in a very worthy and very
+high degree. The soil and climate of Lancaster County seem to be
+peculiarly adapted to the growing of trees bearing nuts and fruits, and
+I am sure that the result of this convention will be to stimulate
+locally a very great interest in this worthy undertaking. You have
+chosen wisely in selecting Lancaster as the place for this meeting,
+because we feel and we are satisfied that you will agree, after you have
+been here a few days, that this was the town that Kipling had in mind
+when he wrote of the town that was born lucky. (Laughter.) Here you will
+find all the creature comforts, everything that makes for the pleasure
+of existence, good food and good water, and if there be any of you who
+have a liking for beverages other than water, it may be some consolation
+to you to know that in this vicinity the mint beds are not used for
+pasture, the punch bowls are not permanently filled with carnations, the
+cock-tail glasses show no signs of disuse and the corkscrew hangs within
+reach of your shortest member. (Laughter.) We are a great people over
+this way. Perhaps you are not aware of that, but we bear prosperity with
+meekness and adversity with patience. We feel that we can say to you,
+without boasting, if you seek a pleasant country, look about you. You
+may not know it, but it is a fact and the United States census reports
+ever since census reports have been made will prove it, that the annual
+valuation of the agricultural products of the county in which you now
+sit exceeds that of any other county in all this great nation.
+(Applause.) Another bit of local history may surprise you when I tell
+you that the combined deposits of the banks of Lancaster County
+approximate the enormous amount of fifty million dollars, that they are
+larger than the total deposits of any one of seven states in the Union
+that I can name and that they exceed the combined deposits of two of
+those seven states. But I don't want to take up your time with a
+recitation of local history, because I feel that your Lancaster
+colleagues will give you all the information, and I don't want to spoil
+their pleasure in giving it by anticipating them. I congratulate you
+upon the success of this convention. I applaud the purpose for which you
+are united. I felicitate you upon your achievements up to this time, and
+predict for you a greater measure of usefulness and advantage in the
+time to come, which usefulness and advantage, let me suggest, can be
+made yours more promptly, certainly more surely, by your proceeding upon
+the principle that whatever is of benefit to the organization as a whole
+must be of benefit to each of its members, either directly or
+indirectly. I trust that you will go on with this good work and
+stimulate enthusiasm in your purpose in a nation wide way, working
+together with one common object, proceeding under the motto of the Three
+Guardsmen of France, "One For All and All For One." I now extend to you
+the freedom of the city. Roam where you will. Just one bit of advice I
+have to give. Contrary, perhaps, to general report, this is not a slow
+town and therefore you are in more danger of being run down than run in.
+(Laughter.) I will not follow the time honored practice of handing you
+the keys of the city, for the reason that when I heard you were on the
+way, I had the old gates taken off the hinges in order that your
+incoming might be in no way impeded. (Laughter.) And now, in the name of
+the city of Lancaster, its heart filled with the sunny warmth of July, I
+bid you welcome and promise that we will try to extend to you a
+hospitality as generous as golden October. (Applause.)
+
+The Chairman: Will Mr. Littlepage please respond to the Mayor's kindly
+address of welcome?
+
+Hon. T. P. Littlepage: Mr. President: On behalf of the members of the
+Northern Nut Growers Association, I desire to thank the Mayor very
+cordially for his delightful words of welcome to this city. We feel that
+the words haven't any strings to them, such as were indicated in a
+little poem I noticed the other day, which said that a young man took
+his girl to an ice cream parlor and she ate and she ate and she ate
+until at last she gave him her heart to make room for another plate.
+(Laughter.) There apparently isn't anything of that in the cordial
+welcome which we have received here to this great County of Lancaster. I
+know now after hearing the Mayor's discourse upon the great resources of
+this county, why it was that a young fellow who had rambled out into the
+West and happened to drop into an old fashioned protracted meeting, when
+asked to come up to the mourners' bench, objected somewhat, and finally
+when they said, "Well, young man, you've got to be born again;" replied,
+"No, it isn't necessary, I was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania."
+(Laughter and applause.) I understand now why the young man was so
+sanguine, why it wasn't necessary to be born again, even under the
+auspices of the Great Spirit. It is very gratifying indeed to be in the
+midst of a great county of this kind that has made one of the great
+basic industries so successful. It takes three things to make a really
+great nation; it takes great natural resources, it takes great policies
+and it takes great people. We have nations in this world where the
+resources, the possibilities of agriculture and all lines of human
+endeavor are as unlimited, almost, as ours, but they haven't the people
+and in the cases where they have people of the right kind, they haven't
+adopted the policies. It takes those three things for any county, any
+state or any nation to be really great, and it is indeed gratifying to
+those of us who believe in the highest development, the best for
+humanity, to come into a county where the people, through their
+industry, their policies of advancement, have made that county one of
+the best farmed agricultural counties in the United States; and that is
+saying a great deal when you consider the greatness of this nation and
+her immense wealth and resources. It is indeed gratifying to all of us
+who are spending some time and some effort to further somewhat the
+advancement of the country along horticultural lines, to be met with a
+cordial welcome and to come into this community that has so highly
+developed her various resources: so, on behalf of this Association and
+all its members, even the members that are not here, those of them who
+might, if they desired, take advantage of the Mayor's corkscrew and
+carnation bowl, I thank the Mayor and thank the citizens of this County
+and say that we are delighted to be among you. (Applause.)
+
+The Chairman: We will now proceed with the regular order of business. As
+my paper happens to be placed first on the list, through the methods of
+the Secretary, I will ask Mr. Littlepage to kindly take the chair while
+I present notes on the subject of hybridizing nut trees.
+
+
+
+
+THE PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF HYBRIDIZING NUT TREES
+
+DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS, NEW YORK
+
+[Illustration: DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS OF NEW YORK
+
+_First President of the Association, 1911 and 1912_]
+
+
+In the experimental work of hybridizing nut trees, we soon come to learn
+that a number of practical points need to be acquired before successful
+hybridizing can be done. This is a special field in which few have taken
+part as yet, and consequently any notes upon the subject will add to
+the sum total of the knowledge which we wish to acquire as rapidly as
+possible. First, in collecting pollen; it is important to shake our
+pollen into dry paper boxes. If we try to preserve the pollen in glass
+or in metal, it is attacked by various mould fungi and is rapidly
+destroyed. We have to remember that pollen consists of live cells which
+have quite as active a place in the organic world as a red squirrel, and
+the pollen grains need to breathe quite as much as a red squirrel needs
+to breathe. Therefore they must not be placed in glass or metal or
+tightly sealed. Further, the pollen grains need to be kept cool in order
+to avoid attacks from the greatest enemy of all organic life, the
+microbes or the lower fungi. Probably we may keep pollen for a longer
+time than it could ordinarily be kept, if it is placed in cold storage,
+but practically I have tried the experiment on only one occasion. Last
+year I wished to cross the chinkapin with the white oak. The white oak
+blossoms more than a month in advance of the chinkapin in Connecticut,
+and the question was how we could keep the white oak pollen. Some of it
+was placed in paper boxes in cold storage; some in paper boxes in the
+cellar in a dry place. Pollen which had been kept in the cellar and
+pollen which had been kept in cold storage were about equally viable. It
+is quite remarkable to know that pollen can be kept for more than a
+month under any circumstances. Hybridization occurred in my chinkapins
+from this white oak pollen. Sometimes, where the flowering time of such
+trees is far apart, it is important to know how we may secure pollen of
+one kind for the female flowers of the other. Two methods are possible.
+In the first place, we may secure pollen from the northern or southern
+range of a species for application upon pistillate flowers at the other
+end of the range of that species. Another way is to collect branches
+carrying male flowers before the flowers have developed, place them in
+the ice house or in a dark, cold room without light until the proper
+time for forcing the flowers, and if these branches are then placed in
+water, the water changed frequently as when we are keeping flowers
+carefully, the catkins or other male flowers will develop pollen
+satisfactorily a long time after their natural time of furnishing
+pollen, when they are brought out into the light. In protecting
+pistillate flowers from the pollen of their own trees, with the nut tree
+group where pollen is wind-borne rather than insect borne, I find that
+the better way is to cover the pistillate flowers with paper bags, the
+thinner the better, the kind that we get at the grocery store. It is
+best to pull off the undeveloped male flowers if they happen to be on
+the same branch with the female flowers, and then place the bags over
+the female flowers at about the time when they blossom, in advance of
+pollination of the male flowers. It is not safe to depend upon pulling
+off the male flowers of an isolated tree and leaving the female flowers
+without bags to protect them from pollen of the same species or of
+allied species, for the reason that wind may carry pollen to a great
+distance. One of Mr. Burbank's critics--I am sorry he has so many, for
+they are not all honest or serious--one of his critics, in relation to
+the crossing of walnuts, said that it was due to no particular skill on
+the part of Mr. Burbank, for, whenever the wind blew from the east, he
+regretted to say that his entire orchard of Persian walnuts became
+pollinized from the California black walnuts nearly half a mile away.
+This is an exaggeration, because the chances are that most of the
+Persian walnuts were pollenized from their own pollen, but in the case
+of some Persian walnuts blossoming early, and developing female flowers
+in advance of male flowers, pollen might be carried to them from half a
+mile away in a high wind from California black walnut trees. Black
+walnut pollen would then fertilize pistillate flowers of the Persian
+walnut. I have found this a real danger, this danger of wind-pollination
+at a distance, much to my surprise. Last year I pollinized one or two
+lower branches of female flowers of a butternut tree which had no other
+butternut tree within a distance of a good many rods, so far away that I
+had no idea that the pollen would be carried from the tree with male
+flowers to the one which happened to have female flowers only that year;
+consequently I placed pecan pollen on the female flowers of the lower
+branches of this butternut tree without protecting them with bags, and
+left the rest of the tree unguarded. There were no male flowers on that
+butternut tree that year. Much to my surprise, not only my pollinized
+flowers but the whole tree bore a good crop of butternuts. This year, on
+account of the drought, many of the hickory trees bore female flowers
+only. I do not know that it was on account of the drought, but I have
+noted that after seasons of drought, trees are apt to bear flowers of
+one sex or the other, trees which normally bear flowers of both sexes.
+This year a number of hickory trees bore flowers of one sex only, and I
+noted that some shagbark trees which had no male flowers had fairly good
+crops of nuts from pollen blown from a distance from other trees. I had
+one pignut tree (H. Glabra) full of female flowers which contained only
+one male flower, so far as I could discover and which I removed. On one
+side of this tree was a bitternut; on the other side a shagbark. This
+tree bore a full crop of pignuts, (Hicoria glabra) evidently pollinized
+on one side by the bitternut and on the other side by the shagbark These
+points are made for the purpose of showing the necessity of covering the
+female flowers with bags in our nut tree hybridizations. We must
+sprinkle Persian insect powder inside the bags or insects will increase
+under protection. When we have placed bags over female flowers, it is
+necessary to mark the limb; otherwise, other nuts borne on neighboring
+limbs will be mistaken for the hybridized nuts unless we carefully place
+a mark about the limb. Copper wire twisted loosely is, I find, the best.
+Copper wire carrying a copper tag with the names of the trees which are
+crossed is best. If I mark the limb with string or with strong cord I
+find there are many ways for its disappearance. Early in the spring the
+birds like it so well that they will untie square knots in order to put
+it into their nests. Later in the season the squirrels will bite off
+these marks made with cords for no other purpose, so far as I know,
+except satisfying a love of mischief. Now I am not psychologist enough
+to state that this is the reason for the action of the red squirrel, and
+can only remember that when I was a boy I used to do things that the red
+squirrel now does. (Laughter.) Consequently, on that basis, I traced the
+psychology back to plain pure mischief. Red squirrels and white footed
+mice must be looked after with great care in our hybridized trees. If
+the squirrels cannot get at a nut that is surrounded by wire cloth, they
+will cut off the branch and allow it to fall to the ground and then
+manage to get it out. White footed mice will make their way through
+wire, and mice and squirrels will both manage to bite through wire cloth
+unless it is very strong in order to get at the nut. The mere fact of
+nuts being protected by wire cloth or in other ways seems to attract the
+attention of squirrels. One of my men, a Russian, said, in rather broken
+English, "Me try remember which nuts pollinized; no put on wire, no put
+on tag, no put on nothing; squirrel see that, see right straight, bite
+off one where you put sign for him." (Laughter.) The best way for
+keeping squirrels and white footed mice from ascending a tree, I find is
+by tacking common tin, slippery smooth tin, around the trunk of the tree
+and this may be left on only during the time when squirrels are likely
+to ascend the tree. They will begin long before the nuts are ripe. In
+the case of hazel nuts, I have surrounded the bushes with a wire fence
+or wire mesh, leaving a little opening on one side, and have placed
+steel traps in the opening. Now here enters a danger which one does not
+learn about excepting from practical experience. I went out one morning
+shortly after having thought of this bright idea and found two gray
+squirrels in the traps. They had followed their natural instinct of
+climbing when they got into the steel traps, and climbing wildly had
+broken off every single branch from those hazels which carried
+hybridized nuts. There wasn't one left, because the squirrels when
+caught had climbed into the trees and had so violently torn about with
+trap and chain that they had broken off every single branch with a nut
+on it. So many things happen in our experiments that appeal to one's
+sense of the ludicrous, if he has a sense of humor, that I assure you
+nut raising is a source of great delight to those who are fond of the
+drama.
+
+The field of hybridizing nut trees offers enormous prospects. We are
+only just upon the margin of this field, just beginning to look into the
+vista. It has been done only in a limited way, so far, by crossing
+pollen and flowers under quite normal conditions. We may look forward to
+extending the range now of pollinization from knowledge based upon the
+experiments of Loeb and his followers in biology. They have succeeded in
+developing embryos from the eggs of the sea urchin, of the nereis, and
+of mollusks, without spermatozoa. Their work has shown that each egg is
+a single cell with a cell membrane and it is only necessary to destroy
+this cell membrane according to a definite plan to start that egg to
+growing. Life may be started from the egg in certain species without the
+presence of the other sex. This may lead us into a tremendous new field
+in our horticultural work. We may be able to treat germ cells with acids
+or other substances which destroy the cell membrane so as to allow
+crossing between very widely separated species and genera. Loeb, by
+destroying the cell membrane of the sea urchin, was enabled to cross the
+sea urchin with the star fish, and no one knows but we may be able,
+following this line of experimentation, eventually to cross the shagbark
+hickory with a pumpkin and get a shagbark hickory nut half the size of
+the pumpkin. That is all! (Applause.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+(President Morris then took the chair.)
+
+The Chairman: Please let me add that the hickory pumpkin idea is not to
+be taken seriously. That is a highly speculative proposition. I have
+found some times that, in a very scientific audience, men who were
+trained in methods of science, had very little selvage of humor,--little
+margin for any pleasantry, but this highly speculative suggestion,
+curiously enough, is not in fact more speculative than would have been
+the idea twelve years ago that you could hatch an egg, start an egg to
+development--without fertilization.
+
+Mr. Hutt: I would like to ask how widely you have been able to cross
+species?
+
+The Chairman: It has been possible to cross species of hazels freely
+with the four species that I have used, the American hazel, Corylus
+Americana; the beak hazel, Corylus rostrata; the Asiatic, Corylus
+colurna, and Corylus pontica. These apparently cross readily back and
+forth. With the hickories I think rather free hybridization occurs back
+and forth among all, but particularly in relation to groups. The
+open-bud hickories, comprising the pecan, the bitternut, the water
+hickory, and the nutmeg hickory, apparently, from my experiments, cross
+much more readily among each other than they cross with the scale-bud
+hickories. The scale-bud hickories appear to cross much more freely
+among each other than they cross with the open-bud hickories; not only
+species but genera may be crossed, and I find that the walnuts
+apparently cross freely with the open-bud hickories and the open-bud
+hickories cross with the walnuts. I have thirty-two crosses between the
+bitternut hickory and our common butternut, growing. All of the walnuts
+apparently cross rather freely back and forth with each other. I have
+not secured fertile nuts between the oaks and chestnuts, but I believe
+that we may get fertile nuts eventually. The nuts fill well upon these
+two trees fertilized with each others' pollen respectively, but I have
+not as yet secured fertile ones. We shall find some fertile crosses I
+think between oaks and chestnuts, when enough species have been tried.
+
+Mr. Hutt: Do you notice any difference in the shapes of any of those
+hybrids, the nuts, when you get them matured and harvested? Do they look
+any different from the other nuts on the tree?
+
+The Chairman: There isn't very much difference, but I seem to think that
+sometimes the pollen has exercised an influence upon the nuts of the
+year. Theoretically it should not do so, but I noticed one case
+apparently in which I crossed a chinkapin with a Chinese chestnut, and
+the nuts of that year seemed to me to present some of the Chinese
+chestnuts' characteristics.
+
+Mr. Hutt: This year I crossed a number of varieties of pecans and in
+nearly all those crosses there was to me quite an evident difference in
+the nuts. For instance those gathered off certain parts of a pecan tree
+of certain varieties, Schley or Curtis or Frotscher, would be typical
+nuts, but those hybrids or crosses that I produced were distorted, more
+or less misshapen and seemed to have peculiarities; so that when we came
+to look over the colony we were in doubt whether they were hand
+pollinated hybrids or had been pollinated before we got the blossoms
+covered. Many of them evidenced a great number of distortions, and one
+of them I remember particularly whose shell was so thin it was just like
+a piece of brown paper; and there were several peculiarities that were
+quite noticeable in those hand pollinated nuts.
+
+The Chairman: That is a very interesting point. When we come to consider
+deformities of nuts we shall find very many cases due to the character
+of the pollinization. I crossed the Persian walnut with the shagbark
+hickory and had nuts that year of just the sort of which Mr. Hunt
+speaks, with shells as thin as paper. One could crush them with the very
+slightest pressure of the finger. The shells were not well developed.
+Unfortunately the mice happened to get at all of those nuts. I don't
+know if they were fertile or not. The kernels were only about half
+developed. I should look for deformity in these nuts rather than a
+taking on of the type of one parent over the other, the idea being based
+on theoretical biological considerations. We had last year a photograph
+of a tree in California which apparently was a cross, a very odd
+cross--does any one remember about that California tree?
+
+Mr. Wilcox: It was a cross between Juglans Californica and the live oak.
+
+The Chairman: Both the foliage and the nuts were very remarkable and
+pertained to characters of these two trees. Such a cross to my mind
+would be wholly unexplainable excepting on the ground recently brought
+out by Loeb and his followers in crossing the lower forms of animal life
+and finding that the cell membrane of the egg, if destroyed, will allow
+of very wide fertilization subsequently with other species. It occurs to
+me now--I had no explanation last year, but it occurs to me now,
+knowing of Loeb's experiments--that it is possible that one of the
+parents, the parent California oak tree carrying the female flowers,
+might have had its sex cells subjected to some peculiar influence like
+acid, sulphurous acid, for instance, from some nearby chimney.
+Sulphurous acid perhaps from someone merely lighting a match to light a
+cigar under the tree; he might have so sensitized a few female flowers,
+may have so injured the cell membrane of a few female germ cells that
+cross pollinization then took place from a walnut tree. It is only on
+some such ground as the findings of Loeb that we can explain such a very
+unusual hybridization as that, which appeared to me a valid one, of a
+cross between an oak and a walnut.
+
+(Secretary Deming then called attention to hybrids in the various
+exhibits.)
+
+Professor Smith: I should like to ask why, if this free hybridization
+takes place in nature among the hickories, you do not have a perfect
+complex of trees showing all possible variations in the forest.
+
+The Chairman: In answer to Professor Smith's question I will start from
+his premises and remark that we do have such complexities. The hickories
+are so crossed at the present time, like our apples, that even crossing
+the pollen of various hickory trees of any one species does not promise
+interesting results unless we cross an enormous number. They are already
+so widely crossed that it is very difficult sometimes to determine if a
+certain tree is shagbark or pignut or shellbark or mockernut. For the
+most part the various species and varieties of hickories retain their
+identity because their own pollen is handiest, and different species do
+not all flower at the same time. Their own pollen from the male flowers
+is apt to fall at the time when their own female flowers are ripe and
+under these circumstances the chances are very much in favor of the tree
+pollinizing its female flowers with its own pollen. On the other hand,
+there is hardly one chance in many hundred thousand for any crossed nut
+to grow, for the reason that most nuts are destroyed by mice, squirrels,
+rats and boys. If you have a hickory nut tree growing in a lot, and
+which has produced a bushel of hickory nuts year after year, do you know
+of one single nut from that tree which has grown? In this plan of
+Nature, this plan of enormous waste of Nature in order to get one seed
+to grow, the chance for a hybridized hickory nut to grow under normal
+conditions, is so small that we should have relatively few crossed
+trees growing wild in Nature, though we do find quite a good many of
+them.
+
+Professor Smith: If I am not taking up too much time, I would like to
+put some more questions to you.
+
+The Chairman: That's what we are here for.
+
+Professor Smith: Have you ever tried the plan of serving collations to
+squirrels? Why wouldn't it pay to give them portions of wheat and corn?
+Second, what percentage of the oak pollen kept in cold storage a month
+was alive? Third, what is the range of time that the hybridizer has to
+make the pollinization? Must we go on the dot or have we two days or
+four days or a week, in the case of hickories and walnuts?
+
+The Chairman: I think possibly as these are three direct questions, I
+might answer them now. No, I think it would be better to have all
+questions bearing on this subject brought out and then I will answer all
+together. So if you will kindly ask all the questions, I will then
+endeavor to answer them.
+
+Mr. Corsan: The squirrels bothered me last year. I've got forty acres of
+land for experimental purposes only and I started planting and the
+little beggars would dig down exactly where I planted the nuts, so I
+went into town and got a rat trap with a double section so I could catch
+them alive; and I caught so many by feeding them cheap pignuts, the
+sweet pignuts from Michigan, that I brought them in and my boys sold
+them for twenty-five cents apiece. Since then we have never been
+bothered with red squirrels. For the white footed mice I laid down large
+doors over some hay or long grass and they gathered underneath and then
+I lifted the doors up every day and with a stick I smashed hundreds of
+them. I have posted a notice to leave the skunk and mink alone; I don't
+want anybody on the place shooting them.
+
+The Chairman: I will first answer Professor Smith's questions. This
+matter of serving collations for squirrels had best be done as
+collations are served at political meetings--with a trap attached. You
+don't know how many squirrels there are in the vicinity or how many
+white footed mice. You will be surprised at the numbers of the little
+rascals, and not only that, but the field mice, the common field mouse
+and pine mouse run in mole holes under the ground and can smell a nut a
+long way off. They are extremely destructive. What percentage of pollen
+grains of the white oak were alive? I do not know. Enough to fertilize
+a number of flowers. The sooner pollen is used the better. I cannot
+answer the question exactly because I did not make an experiment in the
+laboratory to know what part of the pollen was viable. I put on a good
+deal of it and there were at least some viable grains in the lot. That,
+however, is a matter which can be subjected to exact laboratory tests
+without any difficulty. I am so busy with so many things that I can only
+follow the plan of the guinea hen that lays forty eggs and sits in the
+middle of the nest and hatches out all she can. Now the range of time
+for pollinizing is a thing of very great importance and we have to learn
+about it. We must all furnish notes on this question. With some species
+I presume the duration of life of pollen, even under the best
+conditions, might be only a few days. Under other conditions it may be
+several weeks; but we have to remember that, in dealing with pollen, we
+are dealing with a living, breathing organism.
+
+The Secretary: I believe the experiment has been carried to completion
+of fruiting a thousand trees from nuts grown on one pecan tree without
+two of the resulting nuts being like one another or like the parent nut.
+Is that true, Mr. Reed.
+
+Mr. Reed: Yes, you might say ten thousand.
+
+The Secretary: We have an illustration of the variability of the progeny
+of a nut in this collection of chestnuts by Mr. Riehl out in Illinois.
+This is a parent nut, the Rochester, and these others are seedlings from
+the Rochester, except where marked otherwise, some showing a tendency to
+revert to the parent, and some promising to be improvements on the
+parents.
+
+The Chairman: Mr. Secretary, I think we'd better confine ourselves to
+the hybrid question at the present time.
+
+The Secretary: Are not those all hybrids?
+
+The Chairman: I don't believe any man can tell, unless you get the
+flowers, because you have the American and European types merging
+together so perfectly. Some of them show distinctly the European type;
+others show distinctly the American type. That is what I would expect,
+however. The practical point is the question of quality. Which one keeps
+the American quality and which one retains the coarseness of the
+European type?
+
+Mr. Harris: Speaking of variations of nuts I think it is well known that
+there is quite a variation in the nuts of the oak. I noticed in one
+species, michauxii, which is an oak in the South, that its nuts varied
+a great deal. It is something of the type of the chestnut, the white oak
+or the rock oaks and it varies a great deal.
+
+I found one on my father's range in New Jersey and also one on the
+Potomac. The variations extend to the trees as well as the nuts.
+
+The Chairman: The oak tree properly belongs in another tree group and
+some of the acorns are not only edible, but first-rate. In China there
+are at least three species found in the markets to be eaten out of hand
+or roasted. Our white oaks here, some of them, bear very good fruit,
+from the standpoint of the boy and the pig, anyway, and it seems to me
+that we may properly include the oaks in our discussion. There would be
+great range in variation of type from hybridization between oak trees
+and I have seen a number of oak trees that were evidently hybrids, where
+the parentage could be traced on both sides, that were held at very high
+prices by the nurserymen. I asked one nurseryman, who wanted an enormous
+price for one hybrid oak, why he didn't make ten thousand of those for
+himself next year? It hadn't occurred to him.
+
+If there is no further discussion in connection with my paper we will
+have Mr. Littlepage's paper on Nut Promotions.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: Dr. Deming said that he thought it might be time that we
+have something just a little lighter--that either he should read a paper
+or I. (Laughter.) Inasmuch as he included himself, I took no offense
+whatever. The subject I have written on, roughly and hurriedly, is
+Fraudulent and Uninformed Promoters.
+
+
+
+
+FRAUDULENT AND UNINFORMED PROMOTERS
+
+T. P. LITTLEPAGE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
+
+[Illustration: MR. T. P. LITTLEPAGE
+
+OF INDIANA
+
+_President of the Association_]
+
+In the beginning, let me assert my confidence and interest in
+agriculture in general. This is one of the basic industries, upon the
+proper understanding and growth of which depends the food supply of the
+nation. It is admitted by scientists that, other conditions being equal,
+an adequacy or inadequacy in the supply of proper food makes the
+difference between great people and undesirable people. This being true,
+the various operations of agriculture must always be of the greatest
+concern to those who are interested in the nation's welfare.
+
+The "back-to-the-farm" movement is being discussed today in various
+periodicals, but back of the "back-to-the-farm" movement is a philosophy
+that has not been generally understood. It is not proper here to take
+time to discuss the reasons why the man in the "steenth" story of some
+magnificent office building, with telephones, electric lights,
+elevators, and all modern conveniences, longs for the time when he can
+roam again amidst the green fields in the sunshine and fresh air, but
+suffice it to say that in my judgment a majority of the professional
+men, and men in other walks of life, would, if they could, abandon their
+various employments and turn again to the soil. The boy on the farm
+dreams of the days when he can be the president of a bank, have a home
+in the city, own an automobile, smoke good cigars and go to the show
+every night. The bank president dreams of the day when he can turn again
+to the farm and walk in the green fields, where he can shun the various
+artificial activities of life, drink buttermilk and retire with the
+chickens.
+
+It may be asked what connection these statements have with the subject,
+and the answer is this--that in the minds of many thousands of people
+there is this supreme desire to some day own a portion of God's
+footstool to which they can retire from artificial and vainglorious
+environments to those under which they can be their real selves and
+follow pursuits to their liking. It is this that makes it possible for
+the promoter of various horticultural enterprises to succeed in
+interesting in his schemes the clerk, the merchant, the doctor, the
+lawyer, the school teacher, the preacher, and all others whose
+occupations confine them within the limits of the great cities.
+
+In the beginning, let us distinguish between the fraudulent promoter and
+the uninformed promoter. The fraudulent promoter is he who recognizes
+this great and worthy ambition of many people to buy a spot to which
+they can some day retire and work and rest and dream and enjoy the
+coming and going of the seasons, and the sunshine and the shadows, and
+who capitalizes this ambition, with that industry as his stock in trade
+which, at the particular moment, happens to offer the most attractive
+inducements. Those familiar with the industry he is exploiting, can tell
+him by his actions, by his words, by his nods and winks. It is hard for
+the crook to disguise himself to the informed.
+
+Distinguished from the fraudulent promoter is the uninformed promoter,
+but, so far as results are concerned, there is not much difference
+between them for the innocent investor. They both lead him to failure.
+They are unlike only in this, that the pathway of the one is lined with
+deception, crookedness and chicanery; of the other, with blasted hopes
+based upon good intentions but bad information. Both lead to the
+self-same sepulcher which in the distance looks white and beautiful but
+when reached is filled with the bones of dead men.
+
+There is not much difference after all, when one comes right down to the
+facts, between the crook who starts out deliberately to get one's money
+and the fellow who starts out in ignorance and makes great promises of
+returns that he knows nothing about. Both succeed in getting one's money
+and both succeed in misleading those who have a desire to lay aside
+something for their old days. We naturally feel more charity for him who
+has good intentions, but who fails, than for him who starts out with bad
+intentions. But, after all, only results count.
+
+Did you ever receive the literature of one of these various concerns
+that has pecan or apple orchards to sell? How beautiful their schemes
+look on paper! With what exquisite care they have worked out the
+pictures and the language and the columns of figures showing the
+profits! While writing this article I have before me a prospectus of a
+certain pecan company that prints columns of attractive figures.
+Fearful, however, that the figures would not convince, it has resorted
+to all the various schemes of the printers' art in its portrayal of the
+prospective profits from a grove set to pecans and Satsuma oranges, and
+it tells you in conclusion that it guarantees by a bond, underwritten by
+a responsible trust company, the fulfillment of all its representations.
+Yet what are the facts? Their lands are located in a section where the
+thermometer falls to a point that makes highly improbable the profitable
+growing of Satsuma oranges. And all their figures are merely estimates
+of the wildest character, printed in attractive columns, based upon
+nothing.
+
+As a member of the National Nut Growers Association I was this year
+chairman of the committee on orchard records. I sent out blanks, with
+lists of questions, to many prominent nut growers to see if I could
+secure data upon which to base a report to the association. The replies
+I received showed the existence of some very promising young orchards of
+small size, well cared for, but they also showed that there was no such
+thing as an intelligent report upon which reliable data as to the
+bearing records of orchards could be based for any future calculations.
+There are two reasons for this. First, most of the figures we have are
+based upon the records of a few pet trees around the dooryard or garden,
+grown under favorable conditions. Second, the young groves are not yet
+old enough for anyone to say, with any degree of accuracy, what the
+results will be. Therefore, the alluring figures printed in these
+pamphlets are only guesses.
+
+Furthermore, what of the contract of these concerns? What does it
+specify? You would be surprised to know the legal construction of one of
+these contracts, together with their guaranty bond. In most cases they
+advertise to plant, and properly cultivate for a period of five to seven
+years, orchards of the finest varieties of budded or grafted pecan
+trees, with Satsuma oranges or figs set between. But the guaranty
+company is usually wise enough to have lawyers who are able to advise
+them of their liabilities, and about all they actually guarantee is
+that, after a period of five years, provided all payments have been
+promptly met, there will be turned over to the purchaser five acres of
+ground with trees upon it. Five years old? No, they may not be one year
+old. Budded or grafted? No, they may be mere seedlings. Oranges set
+between them? No, the orange has passed out of the proposition before
+the bond stage. The companies generally print a copy of the bond, but
+usually in such small type that the victim does not read it, though the
+heading is always prominent. It thunders in the index and fizzles in the
+context.
+
+Moreover, suppose suit is brought on one of these contracts and bonds?
+What is the measure of damages? What basis has any court or jury for
+fixing damages? And be it remembered that courts do not exist for the
+protection of fools against their folly. The principle "caveat emptor"
+is as old as the common law itself, and it means that the buyer must
+beware, or in other words, that he should inform himself, and that he
+cannot expect the courts to protect him where he has failed to exercise
+due caution and diligence. Therefore, as a lawyer, I should very much
+hesitate to take on a contingent fee the suit of one of these various
+victims against a promoting orchard corporation.
+
+However, in any jurisdiction where there is a criminal statute against
+fraudulent representation and obtaining money under false pretenses, I
+should not hesitate, if I were the prosecuting attorney, to indict every
+member of such a corporation, and, to sustain the case, I would simply
+present to a jury of honest men the representations in their advertising
+literature, and then have the court instruct the same jury as to the
+validity and limitations of their contract. Their advertising is
+brilliant enough to dazzle the sun. Their contract is as dull as a mud
+pie.
+
+In addition to all of this comes the question of orcharding by proxy,
+and the success of the unit or acreage system, and many other similar
+questions; and let me say that I doubt if there is today in the United
+States one large development scheme, either in pecan or apple orchards,
+that will prove of ultimate financial profit and success to the
+purchaser. The promoter may get rich--he has nothing at stake. In most
+instances he has the price of the land in his pocket before there is a
+lick of work done on it, and the payments come in regularly and promptly
+to take care of his salary and the meager and unscientific development.
+
+Of course I would not be understood as saying that pecan or apple
+orchards cannot be made profitable. I am of the opinion that reasonable
+sized orchards in proper locations and proper soil, of proper varieties,
+with proper care in handling, are good investments, and, as proof of my
+confidence, I am planting orchards both in the north and south. The
+adjective "proper" which I have used here may seem insignificant at the
+start but, believe me, before you have begun to clip the coupons off
+your orchard bonds this adjective will loom up as important as Webster's
+Unabridged Dictionary. In fact you will wonder how it has been possible
+for anyone to forecast in one word such comprehensive knowledge. Think
+of a man a thousand miles away putting money into the hands of some
+unknown concern, for five acres of unknown land, to be set in unknown
+varieties of trees, to be cared for by unknown individuals. Can he not
+see that, in keeping with all the other unknown factors, his profits
+must also be unknown?
+
+We look at a great industrial enterprise, such as the steel trust, and
+marvel at its success. But it must be remembered that this industry
+started many years ago, and step by step built furnace after furnace and
+mill after mill, after the owners had tried out and become familiar with
+all the factors of that industry, and after great corps of trained
+experts had been developed, and after science had given to this industry
+many of the most marvelous mechanical inventions of the age. These facts
+are overlooked, however, when some fellow steps up and proposes to put a
+steel-trust-orchard on the market in twelve months. In most industrial
+enterprises there are well-known and established factors to be
+considered. In horticultural enterprises, however, no man knows what
+twelve months hence will bring. I read the other day with great
+interest the prospectus of a great pecan orchard started several years
+ago by a very honorable and high-minded man, and the promises of success
+were most alluring. What are the facts? The boll weevil came along and
+wiped out his intermediate cotton crops. The floods came later and
+destroyed acres of his orchards, and, if he were to write a prospectus
+today, it would no doubt be a statement of hope rather than a statement
+of facts. He would no doubt turn from the Book of Revelations, where at
+that time he saw "a new heaven and a new earth," and write from the Book
+of Genesis, where "the earth was without form and void."
+
+How many people have been defrauded by these various schemes, no one
+knows. How many clerks, barbers, bookkeepers, stenographers, students,
+preachers, doctors, lawyers, have contributed funds for farms and future
+homes in sections where they would not live if they owned half of the
+county. How many people have been separated from their cash by
+literature advertising rich, fertile lands in sections where the
+alligator will bask unmolested in miasma for the next fifty years, and
+where projects should be sold by the gallon instead of by the acre.
+
+Some time ago it was reported that inquiries in reference to the
+feasibility and profits of various orchard schemes had come in to the
+Bureau of Plant Industry of the Agricultural Department, at Washington,
+in such numbers that the officials of that Bureau had considered the
+advisability of printing a general circular, which they could send to
+the inquirers, advising them to make due investigation, and giving a few
+general suggestions about proxy farming and orchard schemes. I was
+advised by a friend in the middle west that the contemplated issuance of
+this circular by the Bureau of Plant Industry had aroused a number of
+protests throughout the country, and that various Senators and Members
+of the House of Representatives had entered strong protests with the
+Secretary of Agriculture against it. A number of these protests have
+come to my notice, and they take various forms of opposition, but are
+all unanimous against the Department of Agriculture offering to the
+prospective purchaser any information. Various reasons for their stand
+were given by the protestants, but how flimsy and ridiculous they are
+when analyzed. Congress for a number of years has been appropriating
+money and authorizing certain work by the Department of Agriculture. It
+is the people's money, and the people's Department, and the information
+gathered by the experts in this Department ought to be the people's
+information, and it ought to be possible for any citizen to write the
+Department a letter about any proposition that he has received from any
+of these various promoters, and have the advice of those who know most
+about it.
+
+I suppose the Department of Agriculture has entirely too many duties to
+perform to undertake a work of this kind, but what an inconsistent
+position it is for a Member of Congress, who has been voting for
+appropriations to carry on this work, to appeal to the Secretary of
+Agriculture to suppress such information in order that some exploiter
+may get somebody's money under false representations. I think if it were
+possible today to know the list of concerns and companies who
+registered, directly or through agents, their opposition to this
+proposed warning circular, you would have a correct index of the
+concerns good to let alone. For no honest, reputable individual or
+company need be afraid of the work or suggestions of that great
+Department. I have the pleasure of knowing many of the officials in the
+Bureau of Plant Industry, and never anywhere have I seen a body of men
+so conscientiously engaged in the work of promoting legitimate
+horticultural and agricultural knowledge. It is the very life of that
+great Department, and its officers and employees above everyone else are
+most interested in seeing the land produce the most and best that it can
+be made to produce, and they are best qualified to pass upon these
+matters.
+
+Most of the questions in these various schemes are questions of soil and
+horticulture. One letter in opposition to the Agricultural Department's
+attitude, that was brought to my attention, stated that crops varied
+under different conditions, and that no one was able to tell what a
+certain soil would or would not produce throughout a period of years,
+and intimated that the Department of Agriculture might mislead the
+public; and yet the concern that sent it printed columns of figures
+guaranteeing returns from pecans and Satsuma oranges in a section where
+orange growing is of very doubtful possibility. Boiling down these
+objections by the promoters, they come to simply this: That the
+Agricultural Department, with no motive but to tell the truth, and with
+its corps of trained experts, might mislead the public, but they (the
+promoters) could not possibly be mistaken in their fabulous figures
+compiled for the purpose of getting money from some misinformed victim.
+
+Proxy farming never was a success and I do not think it ever will be.
+One of my friends told me a short time ago of a very successful young
+pecan orchard on the gulf coast. Upon inquiry I found that it was of
+reasonable size, nine years old, and that the owner had lived in it nine
+years. It was not 500 acres in extent, or 1,000 acres, or 2,000 acres,
+but about 20 acres. Last summer I went into a beautiful apple orchard in
+Southern Indiana and saw about forty acres of trees bending to the
+ground with delicious Grimes Golden apples. On that particular day there
+were great crowds of people walking among the trees and admiring the
+fruit. I too walked among the trees a short time, but of greater
+interest to me than the trees was the old, gray-haired man who had made
+the orchard. The trees could not talk, but he could, and he told the
+story of the years of care, and diligence, and work, and thought, and
+patience, that showed why it is not possible to cover the mountains of a
+state with orchards bringing almost immediate and fabulous incomes.
+
+Some time ago I stood talking to the old superintendent of the Botanical
+Garden in Washington--William R. Smith, now deceased--and while
+discussing with him the requisites for tree culture, he said "Young man,
+you have left out the most important one of them all," When I asked him
+what I had left out, he said "above all things it takes the eye of the
+master." So it does, and the master is he whose vigilance is continual,
+who watches each tree as if it were a growing child--as indeed it is, a
+child of the forests--who has the care and the patience, and who is not
+dazzled by the glitter of the dollar, but who loves trees because they
+are trees.
+
+Theoretically, one can figure great successes in big horticultural
+development propositions, but these figures rest upon theory and not
+fact. It would be difficult to state all the reasons why I have a firm
+conviction that such big schemes of every kind will fall, but I believe
+this conviction is shared by the foremost thinkers in the horticultural
+world. A four-year-old boy was once taken to see the animals in a
+circus. He was very much interested, but, when shown the tremendous
+elephant, shook his head and said "he is too big."
+
+A small grove properly handled ought to be an excellent investment. The
+various uncertainties and vicissitudes involved can, in a degree, be
+compensated for by great care; and I suppose it would be possible even
+with some of these big schemes--by placing enough money behind them--to
+insure a fair degree of success. It must be borne in mind, however, that
+these promoters, of whom we have been speaking, are not so much
+concerned in the successful orchard as they are in big salaries and
+profits, and, if one has money enough to pay big salaries and profits,
+and still pay for the proper care of the orchard, then he does not need
+an orchard. Most of these promoters charge too much for a proper and
+honest development alone, and too little for the proper development plus
+the profits and salaries of the promoters. I wish it were not so. I wish
+the old earth could be made to smile bountiful crops without such
+expensive tickling, but this is one of the checks and balances that
+nature places upon her great storehouse of wealth.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Chairman: This is a matter of very great importance and I hope we
+shall have a good discussion, from a practical point of view, by men who
+know about fraudulent promotions and their effect. We ought to go on
+record in this matter right now. I know of numbers of teachers, doctors
+and other poor people who have put money into nut promotion schemes
+without knowing anything about the ultimate prospect of profit.
+
+Mr. Hutt: One noticeable thing about the promoter's literature is that
+he never knows anything about crop failure, and in the agricultural and
+horticultural world that is a thing that is painfully evident to a man
+who has been in business a great length of time. In the promoter's
+literature it is just a matter of multiplication; if one tree will
+produce so much in a year, a hundred trees will produce a hundred times
+as much. I got a letter the other day from Mr. S. H. James, of Beaumont,
+Louisiana, and he said, "I have been very fortunate, I have actually had
+two good crops in succession," and when you come to compare that with
+the promoter's literature--why he knows no such thing as crop failure.
+Anybody who knows anything about agricultural or horticultural work
+knows that we have winter and floods and everything else to contend
+with.
+
+The Chairman: Someone might tell us about failures they happen to know
+of in promotion schemes.
+
+Mr. Smith: I would like to ask if Mr. Littlepage isn't going to open up
+that barrel of actual facts that he has about yields?
+
+Mr. Littlepage: Mr. President, I didn't know that I had a whole barrel
+of actual facts. When I started in several years ago a barrel wouldn't
+have held all of them, but I think that now I could put the actual facts
+in a thimble. I've got several barrels of good pecans, however, I'd like
+to open up and let Mr. Smith sample if he wants to.
+
+The Chairman: Let's hear about frauds from someone who knows how the
+land was managed and how the trees were managed and how it actually
+occurred.
+
+Mr. Van Duzee: Mr. President, I feel that I ought to say something,
+first in commendation of the paper itself. It is a question how far we,
+as an Association, are responsible for the care of our fellowmen, but at
+this period when the industry is new, I feel that it is a very
+legitimate thing for us to do a little work to try and prevent these
+people from preying upon our fellowmen. The president remarked this
+morning that something was an evidence of the tremendous waste in
+Nature. It is true, Nature, in building a forest, wastes a vast amount
+of time and energy. These people who are preying upon the nut industry
+today find as their victims the weaklings which Nature buries in the
+forest. Those things are incidental and we must expect them, but I feel
+that a paper of this kind, at this time, is a very valuable thing and I
+hope it will receive wide publication. We cannot say too much to
+discourage this sort of thing. Now, to respond, in a measure, to the
+President's request for actual facts, I am confronted with this
+proposition, that some of the men who have made the greatest failures
+are men who have done so through ignorance. They are honest men, they
+are personal friends of mine. I don't care to go too much into details,
+because they are just as sorry today as I am, but I have seen this done.
+I have seen hundreds of acres of nut orchards in the South planted with
+the culls from nurseries bought at a very low figure. I have seen these
+trees neglected absolutely, not in one case but in many cases. I have
+seen the weeds as high as the trees at the time when a telegram was
+received by the the local agent that a carload of the purchasers of
+these tracts was about to leave to look over their property. I have seen
+the local manager hustle out, when he got that telegram, and hire every
+mule in the community to come in and, with a plow, throw a furrow or two
+to the rows of trees so that they could be distinguished from the weeds
+they were growing among. As Mr. Littlepage has said, there can be no
+success in such operations; and I feel, looking at it in a very broad
+way, that this is a very good time to emphasize the point that those of
+us who have the greatest experience in the growing of nut trees do not
+feel that these enterprises are legitimate, or that they promise very
+much success. (Applause.)
+
+Mr. Pomeroy: I live just a short distance from Buffalo. A few months
+ago--I got it on the very best authority--there was some salesman in
+Buffalo who didn't have time to call on all those who wanted to give him
+money for pecan propositions. He didn't have time, Doctor, he just had
+to skip hundreds of them, he said; he was just going from one place to
+another, making his collections. Buffalo is a city of only about 450,000
+people and there must be some money being collected and sent in to
+somebody.
+
+The Chairman: Very glad to hear of that instance; let's hear of others.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: I would like, if possible, to answer Mr. Smith's
+question. I didn't know that he referred to facts about these
+promotions, I thought perhaps he meant facts about nut growing.
+
+Mr. Smith: You said you had made inquiries as to nuts, harvest yields,
+orchard yields; it was those, particularly, that I had in mind.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: Oh well, I could give those to you readily. There are
+some very promising orchards, making a good showing under investigation,
+handled under proper conditions and of proper size. I would not want to
+say that those things are not possible. Talking specifically of these
+overgrown schemes, one of them is recalled to my mind, a development
+company in southern Georgia, that advertises very alluringly. It set out
+one year a lot of culls; they all died. I am told that they went out the
+second year and, without any further preparation, dug holes and set out
+another lot of culls. They too died; and then they went out the third
+year and planted nuts, and those trees, at the end of a year's growth,
+were perhaps six or seven inches high, and the salesman from that
+company, I understood, took one of the prospective purchasers over into
+a fine grove owned by another man on the opposite side of the road, and
+let him pick out his five acres from the orchard across the road. That's
+one type I could multiply indefinitely.
+
+Mr. W. C. Reed: I think this is a very important matter. As a nursery
+man who has sold a great many trees to promoting companies, I want to
+say that I have never, with one exception, seen an orchard that has been
+a success, but I have seen hundreds of failures, some of them where they
+have set out orchards of 150,000 trees and sold them off in one and ten
+acre tracts, and in only one case have I seen a success. I think these
+promotions should be avoided by the nut growers of the North.
+
+The Chairman: This is very valuable information, coming from a dealer.
+
+Mr. Van Duzee: I have found this in the yields of my orchards. Six or
+seven or eight years ago, I discounted every source of information that
+I could have access to, as to yields, brought them to a conservative
+point, submitted them to the best informed men in the United States, and
+then divided those figures by five as my estimate of what I might hope
+to accomplish as my orchards came into bearing. I have since been
+obliged to find some excuses for failing to even approximate those
+conservative figures. I had this year in our orchard, a 35 acre plot of
+Frotscher trees which is one of the most promising varieties, six years
+of age, and there were not five pounds of nuts in the whole plot. I have
+had an orchard of 36 acres, mostly Frotscher and Stewart, go through its
+sixth year with less than 200 pounds of nuts to the entire orchard. I
+have another orchard of 30 acres which in its sixth year has produced
+less than 100 pounds of nuts. Now many of these promoters guarantee to
+take care of these orchards, which they are selling, for 10 per cent or
+20 per cent, or even half the proceeds of those orchards, from the fifth
+year. You can see readily that the entire crop of such orchards as I
+have been able to produce, would not begin to pay their running expenses
+the sixth and seventh year.
+
+The Chairman: You took good care of yours?
+
+Mr. Van Duzee: I think so. I think there are many gentlemen in the
+audience who have been through them, and it is conceded that my orchards
+are at least fairly good representatives of what can be done under
+normal conditions.
+
+Mr. Corsan: Are yours southern orchards?
+
+Mr. Van Duzee: These pecan orchards are in south-western Georgia.
+
+Mr. Corsan: The Northern Nut Growers Association, as I understand, is a
+collection of men who are interested in finding out what we can do in
+the way of growing nuts for the North. We go to the markets and see
+baskets of cocoanuts, Brazil nuts, California walnuts, but no nuts
+growing for the market around our neighborhood. In my own city, Toronto,
+I can see some nut trees because I look very closely at everything, but
+the average person cannot see them because they are very few. I have a
+number of experiments on hand. If I succeed in even one of these
+experiments, I am satisfied to spend my whole life at it. I am not
+nervous, I can watch a hickory tree grow. (Laughter.) I want to grow
+some nuts for the next generation. I haven't the slightest thought of
+making a copper of money out of it but I am going to enjoy the thing,
+and that's the idea of the Northern Nut Growers Association, or else I
+have made a mistake.
+
+The Chairman: Is there any further discussion on the matter of frauds?
+Does anyone else wish to speak on this subject?
+
+Mr. Littlepage: It is indeed very gratifying to hear the President of
+the National Nut Growers' Association, Col. Van Duzee, speak on this
+subject and to have the honor of having him with us as a member of our
+Association. It is gratifying to have him come out in such strong terms
+on this question. It has always been his policy and his reputation, so
+far as I have heard, to stand for what is best and squarest in nut
+culture.
+
+The Chairman: The paper of Mr. Littlepage is one of very great
+importance, because the number of frauds associated with an enterprise
+is an indication of the fundamental value of the cause. These fraudulent
+nut promoters capitalize the enthusiasm of people who want to get back
+to the land, just as porters at the hotels capitalize the joy of a newly
+married couple. (Laughter.) We have in this "back-to-the-land" movement,
+a bit of philosophy of fundamental character which includes the idea of
+preservation of the race. Preservation of the race!--why so? Nature made
+man a gregarious species and, being gregarious, he has a tendency to
+develop the urban habit. Developing the urban habit, he fails to oxidize
+his proteins and toxins. Failing to oxidize his proteins and toxins, he
+degenerates. Recognizing the degenerating influence of urban life, by
+means of his intelligence he has placed within his consciousness that
+automatic arrangement, as good as the automatic arrangement which turns
+water on to a boiler, which says to him, "go out and oxidize your
+proteins and toxins." That is what "back-to-the-land" means. You've got
+to begin from this fundamental point. Now then, if this represents a
+fundamental trait in the character of our species and we are acting in
+response to a natural law, then must we be doubly careful about having
+our good intentions, our good methods, halted by unwisdom. That brings
+to mind the point made about our present Secretary of Agriculture. I am
+very glad this has been made a matter of record here, for I am sorry to
+say that in connection with another subject--(health matters)--wherever
+there has been opportunity for the Secretary to act, he has decided as a
+matter of policy on the side of capital and against the side of public
+interest. Almost every time, so far as we have a record of the action of
+the present Secretary of Agriculture and of Dunlap and McCabe, his
+assistants. We ought to state here, in connection with fraudulent nut
+promotions, that he has acted in favor of capital and against the public
+interest if it is true. It ought to go as a matter of record from this
+Association. We may be bold in this matter, but we should be righteously
+bold because we are speaking for the public interest ourselves. We have
+nothing to gain; there is nothing selfish about this organization. We
+may be kindly and say that the Secretary is at the mercy of shrewder
+men.
+
+Mr. Corsan says that we are interested in scientific work only. That is
+true at the present time, because all progress must be from a scientific
+basis. If our care in managing experiments is such that we cannot avoid
+getting rich, we will accept the result. (Laughter.) I am glad that in
+connection with this discussion Mr. Corsan made one epigrammatic
+remark,--that he was not nervous and could watch a hickory tree grow. I
+tell you there's a lot of wit in that.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: He has good eyesight, Mr. President.
+
+The Chairman: The reason why we have so many fraudulent promotions is
+largely because of our American temperament; we are so nervous that we
+can't watch a hickory tree grow. In matters of public health, our
+Secretary of Agriculture has prevented actual criminals from being
+brought to justice--he made that his policy.
+
+I think those are the points that I wish to make in commenting upon Mr.
+Littlepage's paper and if he will make any concluding remarks we will be
+very glad to hear them. In regard to Mr. Hutt's suggestion that we
+cannot count on crop success or crop failure mathematically--now, there
+are fortunes to be made from the proper management of good nut orchards.
+We know of orchards where very large incomes are at present being made,
+and I am very glad that the sense and sentiment of this meeting is
+against quotation of that feature. I have not heard here one word in
+quotation of orchards which bring incomes of $10,000 a year or more from
+various kinds of nuts, and we know there are many such orchards. It is
+the failures upon which we should concentrate our attentions right now,
+and the reason for failure is not that nut growing is not going to make
+progress but that we cannot count on our nuts from a mathematical basis.
+One of my friends, an old Frenchman, became very enthusiastic about
+raising poultry. He sent out requests for circulars to every poultry
+fancier who published circulars, and I will wager that he got 50 per
+cent of answers to his requests for circulars about fancy poultry. He
+began to raise chickens, and my father-in-law met him on the street one
+day and asked how he was getting on with his pullets that were going to
+lay so many eggs. "Oh," he said, "Ze trouble is with ze pullet; she no
+understand mathematique like ze fancier. If I have one pullet, she lay
+one egg every day; if I have two pullet, _perhaps_ she lay two egg every
+day, and if I have three pullet, she _nevaire_ lay three egg every day."
+(Laughter.) Now I think that the remaining time this morning we had
+better devote to the executive session, then we had better meet at two
+o'clock for the election of our committee. The meeting then is at
+present adjourned, with the exception of those who will take part in the
+executive session, and we will meet again at two P. M. There is one
+point I wanted to make in connection with Col. Van Duzee's remarks that
+a certain number of really honest men have allowed their names to be
+used in connection with promotion propositions. Men who are quite
+skillful at learning the use of names, have gotten men of good
+intentions and kindly interest, I know, to lend their names as even
+officials of nut promotion companies. Besides that, a good deal of
+garbled literature of recommendation has gone out in their circulars. I
+have had a number of circulars sent to me quoting abstract remarks that
+I had made relative to nut culture in general, and this has been applied
+concretely in circulars; the context did not go with it. I asked a
+lawyer what I could do about it, and after going over the question he
+said that I probably was powerless.
+
+After announcements by the Secretary, the convention took a recess until
+2 P. M., at which time it was called to order by President Morris and
+the regular program was resumed as follows:
+
+The Chairman: The executive session will be held after the meeting, as
+many are here to hear the paper on the chestnut blight, so we will
+proceed at once to the order of business and listen to the first paper
+by Mr. Rockey.
+
+Mr. Rockey: This paper deals more particularly with the work that has
+been done in Pennsylvania. But what has been done here may be considered
+to be typical of what has been done elsewhere.
+
+
+
+
+RECENT WORK ON THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT
+
+KELLER E. ROCKEY
+
+Forester in charge of Demonstration Work, Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree
+Blight Commission
+
+
+The history of the blight, briefly outlined, is as follows:
+
+In 1904 the diseased condition of the chestnut trees around New York
+City was noted and an examination of them showed that they were being
+attacked by a disease at that time unknown. Investigations since then
+have shown that the blight had been at work there and elsewhere for a
+number of years before that time, but it has been impossible to
+determine just when it first appeared or where. The disease was studied
+and described at that time.
+
+On display here are specimens and photographs showing the appearance of
+the blight so that I will not go into that part of the subject in
+detail. I hope that you will notice, however, the symptoms by which the
+disease is recognized: 1st. The small red pustules which produce the
+spores and, on rough barked trees, appear only in the crevices. 2nd. The
+peculiar mottled appearance of the inner bark of the canker. 3rd. The
+discoloration of the outer bark. 4th. The danger signals, such as
+withered leaves in summer or persistent leaves or burrs in winter,
+suckers which develop at the base of cankers, and the yellowish cracks
+which soon appear in the bark over the cankers.
+
+Workers in the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C., have been
+studying the blight since 1908. In the Spring of 1911, a bill creating
+the commission for the investigation and control of the blight in
+Pennsylvania was passed, and the active work began in August 1911. The
+method upon which the Commission is working is outlined in Farmers'
+Bulletin No. 467, of the Department of Agriculture, and consists briefly
+of determining the area of blight infection and in removing diseased
+trees west of a certain line, with the purpose of preventing the western
+spread of the blight.
+
+This Commission has ascertained as accurately as possible the amount of
+infection in the various parts of the state and the results are given in
+a map on display here. The state is divided into two districts by a line
+drawn along the western edge of Susquehanna, Wyoming, Columbia, Union,
+Snyder, Juniata and Franklin Counties, which is approximately the
+western line of serious blight infection. West of this line a large
+portion of the state has been scouted, and the remainder will be
+finished early in 1913. We have learned by experience that in the
+winter, after the fall of the leaves, the best scouting work can be
+done. Persistent leaves and cankers along the trunk are readily seen,
+and more and better work can be accomplished than in the summer, except
+when the snow is very deep.
+
+Blight infections have been found in counties adjacent to this line:
+also in Fayette County, near Connellsville, in Warren County, near
+Warren, and in Elk County, near St. Mary's. These three infections were
+directly traceable to infected nursery stock, and in one case the blight
+had spread to adjacent trees. A large area of diseased chestnut in
+Somerset County illustrates the harm done by shipping infected nursery
+stock. The centre of this infection is a chestnut orchard where about
+100 scions from an infected eastern orchard were grafted to native
+sprouts in 1908. The percentage of infected trees in the orchard from
+which the scions were obtained, according to a count made this Fall,
+averages 80 per cent. Evidently these scions brought the disease into
+this region, for the grafts have all been killed by the blight and every
+tree in the orchard is killed or infected by disease. On adjoining
+tracts over 5,400 infected trees have been cut, and there are a number
+of others in process of removal, radiating in all directions from the
+orchard as a center to a distance of three miles. Another infection of
+143 trees was found in Elk County. It is thought that three trees at the
+centre of infection were diseased in 1909, although it is possible that
+one of these trees was already infected in 1908. In 1910, 27 additional
+trees were infected; in 1911, 50 additional trees, and in 1912, 228
+additional trees. The disease spread in all directions from the center
+of infection to a distance of 700 feet.
+
+These infections are interesting in showing the rate at which the blight
+may travel in healthy timber.
+
+These infections have all been removed and it is the expectation that by
+the end of January 1913 all scattered spot infections will be removed
+from the territory west of the line previously mentioned, and that, to
+the best of our knowledge, these western counties will be free from
+blight. In 1913 the field force will be concentrated on the advance line
+and the work will be carried eastward. The Commission has the power to
+compel the removal of infected trees. In the western part of the state
+this power has been exercised in the few cases where it was necessary.
+As a rule, however, the owners are not only willing but anxious to get
+rid of the infected trees, and our field men are given hearty support by
+individuals, granges and other organizations. The timber owners of Elk
+County had printed and posted an announcement that the chestnut blight
+had been found in the locality and warned the people to be on the
+look-out for it. In addition the Commission has had a man, for a short
+time at least, in each of the eastern counties of the state, and their
+time has been taken up principally by those who requested inspections of
+timber with the view of determining the percentage of blight infection
+and the best method to be pursued in combating it and realizing on their
+timber. Our men are all deputy wardens, with the authority which is
+attached to this office, and are instructed to do their utmost to
+prevent fire damage.
+
+An exhibit which consists of specimens showing the blight in various
+stages together with photographs, literature, etc., was placed in about
+30 of the county fairs throughout the state. The appreciation of the
+public has been so clearly shown that next year it is the intention of
+the Commission to continue and perhaps increase this phase of the work,
+and to place large permanent displays at the Commercial Museum,
+Philadelphia, the State Capitol, Harrisburg, and other places.
+
+Many of the Annual Teachers' Institutes have been reached with a display
+and lecture. We have arranged also to have a speaker at fully one
+hundred of the Farmers' Institutes this winter. We are also arranging to
+have a permanent display at many of the public schools, normal schools
+and colleges, where instruction on the blight is given. An effort was
+made last winter to enlist the service of the boy scouts and we are
+indebted to them for considerable work, chiefly in an educational way.
+The successful outcome of all our work will depend in a large measure
+upon the owners themselves, and it is our purpose to give them all the
+information possible upon the whole subject.
+
+The Commission established a Department of Utilization which is
+collecting information on the various industries which use or might use
+chestnut wood, listing the buyers and owners of chestnut wood, thus
+assisting owners of blighted chestnut trees in marketing their timber to
+the best advantage. The Department is trying to increase the use of
+chestnut wood by calling attention to its many good qualities, and thus
+utilize the large quantity which must necessarily be thrown upon the
+market. There has been more or less discrimination against blighted
+chestnut timber. This has been in many cases unjust, since the blight
+does not injure the value of the wood for most purposes for which it is
+used. However, the owners sometimes fail to realize that the blight
+cankers are the most favorable places for the entrance of the borers,
+and that where a large number of trees are being considered, a
+percentage of them will be materially injured by insects which follow
+blight infection. Where telegraph poles are barked, it is often seen
+that borers have attacked the wood under blight cankers, and have not
+touched any other part of the tree. All blighted timber should be cut
+before death to realize its best value, since insects and
+wood-destroying fungi cause the very rapid deterioration of dead,
+standing timber. There has been a good market in almost every locality
+for poles, ties and the better grades of lumber. Cordwood presents the
+difficult problem of disposal. The best market for this is in the
+central part of the state, at the extract plants. The Commission has
+secured from the Pennsylvania R. R. a special tariff on blighted
+chestnut cordwood so that this product may be profitably shipped from
+greater distances than before.
+
+The Commission has inspected all chestnut nursery stock shipped from
+nurseries within the state and has also provided for inspection of all
+chestnut stock entering the state. This should prevent a repetition of
+infections in the western part of the state which might destroy millions
+of dollars worth of timber.
+
+From time to time publications have been and will be issued by the
+Commission, which are obtained free of charge upon request, or they may
+be consulted in the leading libraries throughout the state.
+
+An appropriation for $80,000 was given by the last Congress for
+scientific research work upon the blight disease and work is being
+carried out in cooperation with the various states. Several of the
+Government investigators are now at work upon our force. Some of the
+most important unsolved scientific problems of the blight, as given by
+Secretary Wilson, in his message, to Congress, are as follows:--
+
+First, the relation of the disease to climate.
+
+Second, the relation of the parasite to the varying tannin content of
+the tree.
+
+Third, the origin of the disease.
+
+Fourth, relation of birds and insects to the dissemination of the
+disease.
+
+Fifth, the nature and degree of resistance of the Asiatic species.
+Another problem in relation to tree treatment may be added, that is, the
+relation of spores and mycelium to toxic agents.
+
+The Pennsylvania Commission maintained laboratories during the summer at
+Charter Oak, Centre County, and at Mt. Gretna, Lebanon County. The
+latter has been moved to Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, for
+the winter. We have also had a laboratory at the University of
+Pennsylvania, which has been greatly enlarged this fall.
+
+The number of people who informed us that they had discovered a sure
+"cure" for the blight made it necessary to obtain an orchard near
+Philadelphia where all such discoverers were given an opportunity to
+demonstrate the efficacy of their remedies. It might be noted that in
+every case the blight is thriving as usual. These cures consisted
+largely of an injection of a toxic principle by some means into the
+circulation of the tree. In some cases this was accompanied by a
+fertilizer of some kind, and this fertilizer may account for the
+apparently improved condition of the tree in some cases, after such
+remedies were used, since the growth was increased and the leaves and
+branches had a healthier appearance. This increased growth has not had
+any appreciable effect upon the rapidity of spread of the blight
+mycelium. As the experiments are not officially finished and recorded it
+is too early to give any further data. Our pathologists have also
+conducted experiments in this same line but no medicinal remedy or
+fertilizer has yet been found.
+
+The varying chemical constituents of chestnut trees, principally tannic
+acid, have often been suggested in regard to the origin and spread of
+the blight. Investigators are now working along this line and we hope,
+for valuable results before long.
+
+The origin of the disease, as already stated, is something of a mystery,
+and there is as yet no generally accepted theory, although many people
+have very pronounced views on the subject. Many puzzling facts have been
+noted since investigating the disease in Pennsylvania, among them being
+the large percentage of infection in eastern York and southern Lancaster
+counties, the relative small percentage in certain localities around
+which the blight is generally prevalent, and recent infections found in
+Warren and other western counties, a great distance from what is known
+as the western advance line of the disease.
+
+Our pathologists have reported some very interesting facts in regard to
+the dissemination of the blight. In the preliminary report of the
+summer's work at our field laboratories the results tend to show:
+
+First, the prolific ascospore stage is very important in causing the
+spread of the blight, the spores at this stage being forcibly ejected
+from the pustules and borne through the air for some distance. This
+ejection of spores takes place under natural field conditions only when
+the bark has been soaked by rain, but the expulsion of spores is also
+dependent upon temperature conditions and ceases entirely at
+temperatures from 42 to 46 degrees F. and below.
+
+Second, the wind plays a large part in local ascospore dissemination.
+
+Third, birds and insects (except ants) are apparently of very little
+importance in the dissemination of the blight except in providing
+wounds. Further investigations of the importance of ants is being made
+during the present winter.
+
+Several kinds of beetles have been observed eating the pustules and are
+in this way beneficial, since tests show that they digest and destroy
+the spores. It has also been suggested by workers in the Bureau of
+Entomology that such beetles, which are of several kinds, may be of
+value in the attempt to control the disease. These are perhaps the only
+natural enemies discovered to date.
+
+The proper classification of the chestnut blight fungus has also been
+the subject of much discussion. Last winter specimens of what in
+external characteristics appeared to be Diaporthe parasitica were found
+in western Pennsylvania, Virginia and elsewhere, growing upon chestnut,
+oak and other species. This condition was puzzling and the subject of
+some controversy. It has been found, however, that this fungus, called
+the "Connellsville fungus," is a distinct species closely related to the
+true blight fungus, being, however, entirely saprophytic. Cultural
+distinctions are apparent and the ascospores differ in size and shape so
+that no further confusion need occur.
+
+Upon the question of immunity of certain kinds of Asiatic stock, there
+is very little to report beyond what was known one year ago. In the
+investigations made the work has been hampered by the fact that much of
+the so-called Japanese stock is in reality a hybrid of European or
+American species. In 1909, 45 Japanese seedling trees were set out at
+Gap, Lancaster Co., for experimentation along this line. A recent
+examination showed that 90 per cent are infected. Concerning the variety
+or purity of this stock, I have not been informed. Our force as well as
+others are at work upon the problem which will require many years'
+study.
+
+Previous investigations seem to show that certain pure strains of
+Japanese and Korean chestnut are resistant to the blight. Blight cankers
+may be found upon them but they are less easily infected and suffer less
+than the more susceptible varieties. With this as a working basis,
+considering the results that have been attained in other fruit by
+selection and hybridization, the situation is hopeful. Prof. Collins
+said at the Harrisburg Conference in February that "There is no reason
+to doubt that we may eventually see an immune hybrid chestnut that will
+rival the American chestnut in flavor and the Paragon in size".
+
+In southern Europe chestnut orcharding is a well established and
+profitable industry. In the United States chestnuts have been considered
+a marketable commodity ever since the Indians carried them to the
+settlements and traded them for knives and trinkets. The demand has
+always exceeded the supply and at the present time about $2,000,000
+worth of nuts are imported from Europe annually. With the development of
+the better varieties of the American nut has come an increased activity
+in the United States and the chestnut orchard industry promises to
+become one of very large importance. It has an added advantage that the
+trees can be grown upon the poorer types of soil which are not adaptable
+for farming or the raising of other fruit.
+
+At the present time there are in what is known as the blight area of
+Pennsylvania, or eastern half of the State, about 100 orchards ranging
+from 12 trees up to 400 acres in extent. These orchards are in varying
+stages of blight infection, some of them being almost entirely free, due
+to the attention which has been given them. In order to protect such
+orchards the Commission is compelling the removal of infected trees
+within a certain radius of them.
+
+As you know the blight has been a very serious factor in this industry.
+Some of the orchards have been completely annihilated and the income
+reduced from several thousand or more dollars per year to nothing.
+Whether or not the blight will completely wipe out the orcharding
+industry is a subject of large importance. Personally I believe that
+chestnuts will be raised commercially in Pennsylvania in increased
+abundance, and as the various phases of the blight subject are brought
+to light, keeping the disease under control can be more easily
+accomplished. At the present time this is being done in certain orchards
+by the present methods of examining the trees often, treating each
+infection, or removing the tree. If this policy is successfully pursued
+for several more years it will demonstrate conclusively that chestnuts
+can be grown in spite of the blight and this will mean an opportunity to
+use vast areas of waste land in Pennsylvania and in the other states, in
+a highly profitable manner.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Chairman: The subject of the next paper is Some Problems in the
+Treatment of the Chestnut. It will be presented by Mr. Pierce, after
+which we will have a general discussion of the entire subject.
+
+Mr. Pierce: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen: I see that, as we wrote
+our papers separately, some of the things I had in mind will be similar
+to those Mr. Rockey had.
+
+
+
+
+SOME PROBLEMS IN THE TREATMENT OF DISEASED CHESTNUT TREES
+
+BY ROY G. PIERCE
+
+Tree Surgeon, Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission
+
+
+The problems that present themselves to the growers of chestnut trees
+concerning the present disease may be summed up under three heads:
+first, what the disease is, how it is caused, and how it may be
+recognized; second, what is to be done with diseased trees to bring them
+to health or to prevent them from infecting other healthy trees nearby;
+third, what means in the future can be undertaken to keep a tree
+healthy, that is, to prevent reinfection.
+
+First, what the disease is, how it is caused, and how it may be
+recognized. The disease known as the chestnut tree blight is caused by
+the fungus, _Diaporthe parasitica_, which usually finds entrance to the
+tree through wounds in the bark. The mycelium or mass of fungous
+filaments gradually spreads through the bark in much the same manner as
+mold spreads over and through a piece of bread, even penetrating the
+wood to a depth of sometimes five annual rings. The spread of the
+fungus, resulting in the cutting off of the sap flow, is the immediate
+cause of the wilting and dying of the leaves and branch above the point
+of girdling. This wilting of the leaves, followed later by the death of
+one branch after another as the fungus spreads, has given rise to the
+term "blight" of the chestnut trees.
+
+The danger signals which the chestnut tree displays when diseased are
+not a few. In summer, when the tree is first affected, the leaves turn
+yellow-green and wilt, later turning brown. Small burs and withered
+leaves retained in winter are some signs of the diseased condition of
+the tree. At the base of the blighted part a lesion, or reddish brown
+canker, is usually found. This lesion may be a sunken area or, as is
+frequently the case, a greatly enlarged swelling, known as a
+hypertrophy. After a branch has become completely girdled sprouts or
+suckers are very apt to be found below the point of girdling. In old
+furrowed bark on the main trunk of the tree the presence of the disease
+is seen in the reddish brown spore-bearing pustules in the fissures. In
+determining the presence of the fungus in the furrowed bark of old
+trees, one must learn to recognize the difference between the light
+brown color characteristic of fissures in healthy growing bark, and the
+reddish brown color of the fungus. When the disease has been present
+several years the bark completely rots and shrinks away from the wood,
+and when the bark is struck with an axe a hollow sound is produced.
+
+Many of the owners of chestnut trees throughout Pennsylvania do not
+acknowledge that a fungus is causing the death of the trees. They state
+that since they have found white grubs or the larvae of beetles in
+nearly every tree that dies, that it has been the larvae that killed the
+tree. It is acknowledged that generally white grubs are found in dying
+chestnut trees, and that in nearly all of the large cankers or lesions
+these grubs are present. However, if one will take the pains to examine
+the small twigs and branches or the new shoots rising from the stumps,
+that are diseased, he will not find the grubs present.
+
+Second, what is to be done with diseased trees to bring them back to
+health or to prevent them from infecting other healthy trees nearby. To
+bring the trees back to health implies that the disease can be cured.
+This is not always true for the tree may be already nearly girdled, when
+the disease is first noticed. A tree taken in time, however, may have
+its life prolonged indefinitely though it may have the blight in some
+portion of it every year. More particularly does this apply to valuable
+ornamental and orchard trees.
+
+Prof. J. Franklin Collins, Forest Pathologist in the Department of
+Agriculture in Farmer's Bulletin No. 467 on "The Control of the Chestnut
+Bark Disease" gives the following: "The essentials for the work are a
+gouge, a mallet, a pruning knife, a pot of coal tar, and a paint brush.
+In the case of a tall tree a ladder or rope, or both may be necessary
+but under no circumstances should tree climbers be used, as they cause
+wounds which are very favorable places for infection. Sometimes an axe,
+a saw, and a long-handled tree pruner are convenient auxiliary
+instruments, though practically all the cutting recommended can be done
+with a gouge with a cutting edge of 1 or 1-1/2 inches. All cutting
+instruments should be kept very sharp, so that a clean smooth cut may be
+made at all times."
+
+All of the discolored diseased areas in the tree should be removed.
+Small branches or twigs nearly girdled are best cut off. Cankers in the
+main trunk or on limbs should be gouged out. Carefulness is the prime
+requisite in this work. If the disease has completely killed the
+cambium, the bark should be entirely removed as well as several layers
+of wood beneath the canker. By frequent examination, however, diseased
+spots may be found on the tree where the mycelium of the fungus is still
+in the upper layers of the bark. It is not necessary then to cut clear
+to the wood, but the discolored outer bark may be removed and a layer of
+healthy inner bark left beneath the cut. The sap may still flow through
+this layer. The border of the diseased area is quite distinct, but
+cutting should not stop here but should be continued beyond the
+discolored portion into healthy bark, at least an inch. The tools should
+be thoroughly sterilized by immersion in a solution of 1.1000 bichloride
+of mercury, or 5 per cent solution of formaldehyde, before cutting into
+the bark outside of the diseased area. Experiments have shown that a
+gouge or knife may carry the spores into healthy bark and new infection
+take place. Experiments are being carried on in the laboratory to
+determine the length of time which spores will live in solutions of
+different strengths of fungicides.
+
+It has been shown that a cut made pointed at the top and bottom heals
+much faster than one rounded. The edges of the cut should be made with
+care so as not to injure the cambium. The chips of diseased bark and
+wood should not be allowed to fall on the ground then to be forgotten. A
+bag fastened just below the canker will collect most of this material as
+it is gouged out and prevent possible reinfection, which might take
+place if the material were allowed to scatter down the bark. Canvas or
+burlap spread around under a small orchard tree might be sufficient to
+catch all of the diseased chips of bark and wood cut out of the lower
+infections. This diseased material should be burned together with
+blighted branches. After completely cutting out all of the diseased
+parts the cut surfaces should be either sterilized or covered with a
+waterproofing which combines a fungicide with a covering. Among these
+might be mentioned coal tar and creosote, or a mixture of pine tar,
+linseed oil, lamp black and creosote.
+
+The trees which have been killed by blight, or nearly girdled, have been
+overlooked. These should be cut off close to the ground, the stump
+peeled and the bark and unused portions of the tree burned over the
+stump. The merchantable parts of the trees should be removed from the
+woods promptly, as all dead unbarked wood furnishes an excellent
+breeding place for the blight fungus.
+
+Third, what means in the future can be undertaken to keep a tree
+healthy, that is, to prevent reinfection. The spores may be carried by
+so many agents that it is difficult to prevent reinfection. However it
+is clear that the farther infected products or trees are removed from
+healthy trees the less liable they are to have spores carried to them.
+Cooperation with nearby owners of diseased trees will help solve this
+problem.
+
+Spraying on a large scale has only been carried on, so far as I know, on
+the estate of Pierre DuPont, Jr., at Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. At
+this place there are many large chestnut trees ranging from sixty to
+ninety feet in height, many of which were planted some sixty-five years
+ago. Mr. R. E. Wheeler started the work of cutting out diseased limbs
+and cankers in October 1911, and began spraying with Bordeaux mixture in
+April 1912. The formula 5-5-50, five pounds of copper sulphate and five
+pounds of lime in 50 gallons of water was found to be injurious to the
+foliage in the Spring. This was changed therefore, to 4-5-50, which had
+one pound less of copper sulphate. This did not seem to injure the
+foliage.
+
+About 70 trees were sprayed twenty times during the season. Nearly all
+of these were gone over four times to remove diseased branches and
+cankers, once in October 1911, then in early summer and again in
+September and November 1912. As an example take tree No. 6 which was
+studied, December 14, 1912. It is 39 inches in diameter at breast
+height, and approximately 70 feet in height. On this one tree six
+diseased limbs were removed, and sixteen cankers were cut out. Of these
+sixteen, two infections continued, that is, were not completely cut out,
+and had spread; three had infections below old limbs which had been
+removed, and eleven were healing over. This tree was about 1000 feet
+away from other badly infected trees, though but 25 feet away from other
+chestnut trees in the same row. The experiment of Mr. DuPont in spraying
+shows what can be done on valuable lawn trees. On the whole, these trees
+look well and healthy. Trees which were not sprayed over three times and
+were within 50-100 feet from badly blighted trees, became infected in so
+many different places that it will be necessary to remove them.
+
+One of the problems to be solved next year will be that of the least
+number of sprayings which will be effective in preventing new infection.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Chairman: The question of the chestnut blight is now open for
+discussion.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: I should like to ask these gentlemen how far west they
+have heard of chestnut blight--that is, heard of it with any degree of
+authenticity, and also whether or not they care to express an opinion as
+to what the prospects are in the middle west, say out in Indiana,
+Illinois and Ohio?
+
+Mr. Pierce: In answer to that question, I will say that in Pennsylvania
+we have found infections in Wayne County and also in Fayette County,
+both near the western extreme of the state, but those have been attended
+to, very largely, and the boundaries closely determined. In Ohio there
+have been several reports of the blight being found, but I don't think
+either of the reports have been proven. There has been a fungus that I
+have spoken of as the Connellsville fungus, that has been all around in
+that neighborhood, south-western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio.
+
+The Chairman: Is the Connellsville fungus also _diaporthe parasitica_?
+
+Mr. Pierce: Yes, sir. It was placed by Mr. Anderson, who did the work
+on that, in the same genus as diaporthe, but he preferred the name
+_endothia parasitica_.
+
+The Chairman: The question is of changing the generic name, from
+_diaporthe_, on the basis of the previously established species?
+
+Mr. Pierce: Yes, sir, previously established species of _endothia_. It
+is only a suggestion of Mr. Anderson; it was made by him. This was very
+similar to the true blight fungus and when our men first went out into
+the western part of the State, they reported these various cases that
+came up there as chestnut blight, and none of the pathologists of our
+force then were competent to determine the difference, except that the
+fact was noted even then that it was not growing as a parasite in the
+sense that the true blight fungus has been growing in the east.
+
+The Chairman: That may be due to varietal differences, though, rather
+than specific?
+
+Mr. Pierce: Yes, although Mr. Anderson seemed to think it was specific.
+
+The Chairman: Is there any further discussion? The subject is worthy of
+a good deal of comment.
+
+Mr. Pomeroy: I want to ask the speaker what the approximate cost would
+be for one spraying of a tree about that size, 70 feet in height?
+
+Mr. Pierce: We have photographs on the table there showing our eight
+hundred dollar spraying machine, the same kind used in Massachusetts in
+gypsy moth work. With this two men can spray about ten such trees in a
+day. I haven't got it down in black and white but I figured that, on
+those chestnuts at DuPont's, they sprayed about 600 gallons a day. Ten
+trees a day would make it, say, with a $2.50 man, not very high for a
+tree. I think it costs in all something like four dollars a tree during
+the whole season, but that is a very rough estimate and the materials
+are not included.
+
+The Chairman: The cost will have to be calculated on a sentimental basis
+for the ornamental trees, and on a commercial basis for the commercial
+trees. The actual value of the spraying has not yet been determined.
+This spraying cannot reach the mycelium in the cambium layer; if the
+disease has been carried in by a beetle or woodpecker your spraying
+would be ineffective.
+
+Mr. Pierce: Yes indeed, that was just the thought Mr. Galena had,
+notwithstanding the fact that they cut out all visible infections and
+the trees were so blue with spray that you could see them for half a
+mile.
+
+The Chairman: But, later on, cracks and squirrel scratches and all sorts
+of injuries would allow new spores to be carried in?
+
+Mr. Pierce: Yes, sir.
+
+Mr. Reed: The future of the chestnut depends so largely on the
+conquering of this disease that no other horticultural problem of this
+nut is, just at present, imperative. So far as we know, all of the
+European and American varieties are highly subject to this disease, so
+much so that there is no inducement to plant them, and we are waiting
+for Dr. Morris and a few other hybridizers to find some hybrids, or
+straight Japanese varieties, that are of sufficient merit, and of
+sufficient degree of resistance to this disease, for us to have a basis
+for building up the future industry. On the tables there are quite a
+number of exhibits from Mr. Riehl and Mr. Endicott of Illinois. Most of
+them are hybrids between the American and the Japanese species, but, so
+far as we know, they have not been tried in communities where the
+disease prevails. We don't know whether they are resistant or not, as
+they are being grown in a section entirely outside of the area where the
+blight exists. I think I am right in that, am I not, Mr. Pierce? Is
+there any chestnut blight in southern Illinois?
+
+Mr. Pierce: There has been none reported.
+
+Mr. Reed: I think that the varieties that these men in Indiana have
+originated are the most promising we know of. I think that in examining
+these specimens you will agree that they are of fairly high quality and
+good size, and if they prove to be resistant to the disease much may be
+expected from them.
+
+Mr. Hutt: I have not seen the chestnut blight at all. I hope that it
+isn't in our section. I have heard it was brought in from some point but
+I do not know whether it was identified exactly as the chestnut blight.
+
+Mr. Pierce: I saw a specimen sent from North Carolina and it proved to
+be the Collinsville fungus.
+
+Mr. Corsan: If you remember reading Fuller's book on nuts, he reported
+that the chestnut blight extended through the Carolinas but said that
+chestnuts were still coming from that direction in great abundance. Up
+in Canada we haven't the chestnut blight. The chestnut tree runs from
+the Ohio River to the Niagara River but it doesn't cross into Michigan,
+except along the Michigan Southern and Lake Shore Railroad where some
+enterprising gentlemen have planted the chestnut with the tamarack
+alternately all the way from Cleveland to Chicago. I examined the state
+of Indiana across and from top to bottom several times in the summer and
+I never saw any chestnuts there, but I have seen some newly planted
+places in Michigan; near Battle Creek I saw a farm of about fifty acres.
+We are having up in Ontario, beyond Toronto, a blight that has attacked
+the Lombardy poplar and that looks similar to the chestnut blight. I
+have been watching it for the last ten years and the tree seems to have
+at last outlived it. It dies down and then a little sprout comes out
+from the carcass.
+
+The Chairman: Isn't that the poplar tree borer that always attacks the
+Lombardy?
+
+Mr. Corsan: Oh no, it's very similar to the chestnut tree blight. We can
+grow chestnut trees all we like but no one has brains enough to grow
+them. The farmers grow pigs and things but don't bother with chestnut
+trees; consequently the chestnut blight does not exist there.
+
+Mr. Pierce: I didn't answer a portion of Mr. Littlepage's question. Mr.
+Littlepage asked whether or not the blight might be expected in the
+Middle West. That depends, more or less, upon the results of the work
+Pennsylvania is now carrying on. If we can keep the disease from
+extending through the territory in which we are working, there is a very
+good chance to keep it out of the West. If we are not successful, it may
+be expected to develop, in time, over the whole chestnut range.
+
+There seems to be a very good opportunity for growing the chestnut
+commercially beyond its present range; that is, where it is so
+infrequent as not to be in danger from infected growths nearby.
+
+In the eastern part of the state different people have reported that the
+blight seemed to them to be dying out and, a number of these reports
+coming from a certain locality, the Commission decided to investigate
+one which seemed to be better reported than the others. It was found,
+after a very extensive investigation, that this dying out was true only
+in the sense that it was not spreading, perhaps, as fast as it had been
+spreading before. The mycelium and the spores were healthy and were
+affecting the new trees in quite the same manner as the year before and
+as in other parts of the state.
+
+The Chairman: The question of controlling blight after it has appeared
+is of very great consequence. Concerning any commercial proposition
+with chestnuts the people are wide awake to the seriousness of the
+blight. They are afraid to go into growing chestnut orchards; they have
+had so many fake propositions in the past in pecan promotions that they
+are afraid of chestnuts and everything else. Any proposition for
+bringing forward chestnuts commercially must be a plain, simple,
+straightforward statement of the truth, the whole truth and nothing but
+the truth. We are ready, all through the North and East, to raise
+hundreds of acres of chestnuts, such as Mr. Reed has spoken about, ones
+which resist the blight, or ones which resist the blight comparatively
+well.
+
+Let us consider comparative immunity for a moment. We know how expensive
+it is to manage an apple orchard, and yet, with the present high prices,
+the profits on apple orchards, well managed, are great. May we not have
+chestnut orchards managed with the same degree of relative expense and
+the same degree of relative profit? I would like very much to hear from
+some of the men who have actually raised chestnuts in orchards
+concerning the relative care of the chestnut compared with the apple,
+and the relative profit. I see Col. Sober here; can't you tell us about
+your experience in managing the blight? Can it be managed successfully
+in proportion as apple tree parasites are managed?
+
+Col. Sober: My experience has been this; I have four hundred acres of
+chestnuts in bearing. They range from five years to fifteen years old. I
+find that I can control the blight easier than I can control the scale
+on apple trees. If anyone doesn't believe this I invite him and all to
+come to my place and see for themselves. I think I have nearly one
+million seedling and grafted paragon trees. I don't think you will find
+fifty affected trees on the whole place today. I have men going in every
+grove at the present time who have inspected thousands of trees and
+found seven that had blight on the limbs, so I know what I am speaking
+about.
+
+The Chairman: What is your method?
+
+Col. Sober: Cutting out, cutting off anything I see; if it is really
+necessary, cut the tree down; but we don't often find that necessary
+because just as quick as we see any affected, or any limb dying or dead,
+we cut it off. I had my groves laid out in sections of a hundred feet
+wide and numbered; and I had charts made so that they can be inspected
+section by section. In that manner, every tree is inspected. One
+individual will inspect the trunk and another one the top. In each
+section I can show you as far as we have gone. I can show you how many
+trees are in each section and how many affected trees there are in that
+section, or whether there are any or not. I say I can control it easier
+than I can control scale and with less expense and I want that to go on
+record. There is no question about it. It can be seen at my place. I go
+over my groves about four times a year and have been doing it all the
+time, and I don't doubt but that I discovered this disease the first of
+anybody in the state, perhaps, in 1902. I was looking around to cut
+scions and I saw one tree whose center was dead and around it were the
+finest shoots almost that I had ever seen for grafting purposes. I went
+to it and saw the center was dead. I cut some scions and today that is
+one of the finest trees I've got on my place. From what I know now that
+was a blighted tree.
+
+A member: Did you paint over the scars?
+
+Col. Sober: No sir, but we are doing it now, using white lead.
+
+A member: How much blight is there around you?
+
+Col. Sober: I am surrounded with it on all sides. Right up against my
+groves about 17 per cent of the trees are affected. That is the report
+coming from the parties inspecting now for the Blight Commission. I
+shipped Mr. Mayo about four or five thousand trees this fall. I don't
+suppose there were a dozen that were thrown out, thinking they were
+blighted or diseased. We have records of all that up at my place. There
+are some trees right here now that came from my nursery. I wish you
+gentlemen could just see for yourselves; come out and see.
+
+The Chairman: In advancing this chestnut on a commercial basis it had
+better be stated that it does not blight as badly as the American
+chestnut and that when blighted it can be cared for with less cost than
+the apple tree. I would suggest that some such notice be sent out with
+commercial stock. That would put it on the right basis so that the
+chestnut would find its position, which it is not finding now because
+the people are full of the blight; and if a frank, full statement of
+this sort were made I believe it would be extremely important.
+
+Mr. Rockey: I went through practically the whole extent of Mr. Sober's
+orchard recently and found one infected tree. I can vouch for the
+statement that he has made that he is almost surrounded by blight.
+
+The Chairman: I have given attention to only a few of my own trees that
+were blighted because I have too much else to do and too large a place,
+a couple of hundred acres engaged in a small and large way,--a variety
+of ways--with nut trees; and the few I have cared to save after blight
+has begun I have saved by cutting it out very thoroughly and using
+either white paint or grafting wax. I used also pine tar and some gas
+tar. I killed some good trees that I wanted particularly to save by
+putting on gas tar.
+
+The matter of compelling the removal of infected trees is a very
+important one, but it must rest with the authorities. In the vicinity of
+New York we have so much hard wood that you cannot sell it unless you
+are in some sort of a trade combination. Fine oak, fine hickory, fine
+chestnut, you can't dispose of in New York City, because we have such a
+lot of it. We have wild deer within fifteen miles of New York City on
+three sides of us on account of the forests. You have got to find some
+special way for disposing of this blighted chestnut timber. Telephone
+and telegraph poles and ties all go for nothing, unless you happen to be
+so situated that you can manage the matter commercially, and a way
+should be found by the state so that people can dispose of their
+blighted timber, which is just as good as any other.
+
+It is very important to note that the boy scouts are interested, and we
+ought to encourage their interest. It is a splendid thing, getting the
+interest of boys engaged. You know how active a boy is in getting a
+snake from under a rock and he will do the same thing with the chestnut
+blight. It is his natural tendency to hustle when he gets after
+anything. This chestnut blight belongs to the microbe group and the
+microbe is the great enemy of mankind. In wars the microbe kills about
+eight men for every one killed by missiles. If we can encourage the
+interest of boy scouts in fighting the greatest of all human enemies,
+the microbe, including this little fungus, we shall have a splendid
+working force.
+
+In regard to the injection of poisons and medicines into trees, it seems
+to me that a very firm stand ought to be taken by all responsible men
+who know anything about plant pathology. We know that a poison injected
+into a tree must either act injuriously right there upon the cells of
+the tree, or else must undergo metabolic changes. A tree cannot use
+anything that is thrown into it, poison or food or anything else, until
+it has undergone a metabolic change; you must have a distinct, definite
+chemical process taking place and we ought to state that most of the
+substances which are alleged to be of value, when injected into a tree,
+are either absolutely worthless or injurious. One man tried to persuade
+me that his medication if applied to the cambium layer would be
+absorbed, and said that if I would only use it on a few of my trees I
+could see for myself. He said it would drive off even the aphides. I
+tried it on four trees affected with aphides and found that he told me
+the truth. It drove them off, because the trees died and the aphides
+left. One tree lived a year before being killed; it was a most insidious
+sort of death, but the aphides left that tree. (Laughter.)
+
+Some of the Asiatic chestnuts resist the blight very well. Curiously
+enough when grafted upon some of the American chestnuts they then become
+vulnerable. Two years ago, from a lot of about one thousand Corean
+chestnuts in which there had been up to that time no blight, I grafted
+scions on American stump sprouts and about 50 per cent of those grafts
+blighted in the next year, showing that the American chestnut sap offers
+a pabulum attractive to the Diaporthe, and that is a fact of collateral
+value in getting our negative testimony upon the point.
+
+Concerning the question of carrying blight fifty miles, there's no
+telling how far birds will fly carrying the spores of Diaporthe upon
+their feet. The spores are viscid and adhere to the feet of beetles, or
+migratory birds which sometimes make long lateral flights following
+food, rather than direct flights north and south. It is quite easy to
+imagine birds carrying this Diaporthe over an interval of possibly fifty
+miles, making that distance in one night perhaps. Someone may have
+carried chestnuts in his pocket to give to his granddaughter fifty miles
+away, and in that way carried the blight. If any grafted trees have been
+carried fifty miles, or any railroad ties, with a little bark on,
+carried fifty miles and then thrown off, it might blight the chestnuts
+in that vicinity. One can have as much range of imagination as he
+pleases as Longfellow says, There is no limit to the imagination in
+connection with questions of spreading the blight of Diaporthe.
+
+Some of the Japanese and Corean chestnuts and some of the Chinese
+chestnuts resist blight fairly well. Among my chinkapins, I have the
+common _pumila_ and the Missouri variety of _pumila_, which grows in
+tree form forty or fifty feet high. I have the alder-leaf chestnut,
+which keeps green leaves till Christmas, sometimes till March when the
+snow buries them, and those comparatively young trees have shown no
+blight; but one hybrid, between the chinkapin and the American chestnut,
+about twelve years of age, has blighted several times. I have cut off
+the branches and kept it going, but this year I shall cut it down. It
+will start at the root and sprout up again. I thought I'd give up that
+hybrid, but having heard Col. Sober's report I will begin at the root
+and look after some of the sprouts. That hybrid is the only one of my
+chinkapin group that has blighted at all.
+
+In regard to the use of bichloride of mercury or formaldehyde, it seems
+to me that formaldehyde will be a better germicide than bichloride of
+mercury, because bichloride of mercury coagulates the albuminous part of
+the plasm and may destroy the cell structure, whereas the formaldehyde
+will be more penetrating and less injurious. One would need to know how
+strong a formaldehyde solution can be used safely. I presume the most
+vulnerable part of the tree would be at the bud axils. Spraying must
+require considerable experience at the present time and is of doubtful
+efficiency for timber chestnuts I am sure. We would like very much to
+hear any further comment upon this subject.
+
+Prof. Smith: Mr. Sober's orchard is so unusually large that evidently it
+does not apply to average cases. The average man is buying chestnut
+trees for the garden or yard or lane. Prof. Collins has an acre on the
+top of a hill at Atlantic Forge and there he has fought diligently with
+the skill of a highly trained man, and the blight is gradually driving
+him back. I think that in a short time the trees on Prof. Collins' acre
+will be gone. I believe we need much more information before we can
+offer any hope that chestnut trees from a nursery will be safe against
+blight. I should like to ask the Blight Commission if they are at the
+present time planning to breed immune strains of chestnuts, and if not,
+I wish to suggest that it is a piece of work well worthy of their
+consideration. They might try grafting on American stocks, or on their
+own seedlings, some of the Korean chestnuts, on any variety that
+promises resistance, and also hybridizing, with the hope of getting a
+good nut that will resist the blight.
+
+The Chairman: That is a very important matter, no doubt. In regard to
+the few chestnuts bought for lanes and gardens, I know a good many men
+who have bought a few grafted chestnuts with the idea of setting out a
+number of acres if those few did well, being men of a conservative sort.
+Men of that sort are the ones we want to have in our Association. We
+want to have men who will buy four trees, and if they do well, set out
+four hundred acres. That is what a great many men have had in mind in
+buying two, four or six trees of any one kind; they want to try them
+out. That is the wise way, the conservative way, the truly progressive
+way. If we are going to have very large numbers of any one kind of
+chestnut set out, we must make a statement of the dangers, so that men
+may be forewarned. If they set them out without warning and are
+disappointed, they drop the entire subject and go to raising corn and
+hogs; and then, to save trouble, turn these hogs into the corn and get
+to doing things in the easiest way, rather than carry on the complicated
+methods of agriculture that belong to the spirit of the present time. I
+would like to know if many efforts are being made toward breeding immune
+kinds. I am at work on that myself.
+
+Mr. Pierce: Our Commission has recently gotten, I think, about fifty
+pounds of Chinese chestnuts of several kinds, which they expect to plant
+for experiment. Besides that they have made some other arrangements of
+which I know very little. This investigation will take years. The
+Commission has been compelled to devote itself to so many lines of work
+that I am afraid this question has not been given the attention it might
+have had. I think in the future there will be a good deal done along
+that line.
+
+Two of us have been given the title of tree surgeons, and we work, or
+make arrangements to have someone else work, sometimes the scout, in the
+orchards throughout the state. I have a list of two hundred owners of
+cultivated chestnut trees that I got in the last month from various
+sources. Anyone in Pennsylvania who has a cultivated chestnut tree, can
+send a postal card, get one of us out to examine the tree and see
+whether it is blighted, and we will demonstrate what can be done in the
+way of treating it. I have done that right along in the last two months.
+If it is only a single tree I cut out all I can myself.
+
+The Chairman: There are two distinct questions; first, the chestnut as a
+food tree, and second, as a timber tree. Your work has been chiefly with
+the chestnut as a timber tree?
+
+Mr. Pierce: No, mine has been mostly on the lawn, so that it is for
+nuts.
+
+Experiments made on one or two species of Japanese chestnuts show about
+9 per cent of tannin; the tannin in the American chestnut runs only 6
+per cent and in the small American, runs less. We know that the Japanese
+is somewhat more immune than the American. We have already found that it
+has 50 per cent more tannin. I believe one of us wrote you about
+experiments to find out the percentage of tannin in Corean, North
+Japanese, South Japanese and Chinese chestnuts. The investigation will
+be carried on for the next two or three months.
+
+Mr. Corsan: May I ask if there is any soil food that would increase the
+amount of tannin? Trees protect themselves. We have watched the black
+walnut and seen him fight all sorts of enemies. The tree has poisons
+everywhere and the nut a thick shell to boot and doesn't coax enemies to
+get at him or to eat him until he is ripe.
+
+A Member: Have you found that fertilizing a tree increased the
+percentage of tannin?
+
+Mr. Rockey: That hasn't been determined yet but it will be studied.
+
+The Chairman: It is a question if the tendency would not be for tannin
+to go over to sugar and cellulose under cultivation. I don't remember
+the chemistry on that. Aren't there any expert chemists here who can
+tell us? The natural tendency of the tree under high cultivation would
+be to change tannin over into sugar and starch.
+
+Mr. Corsan: This talk of the chestnut blight reminds me of a remark made
+by a gentleman at a peach growing convention. He said the best thing
+that ever happened to this country was to get that San Jose scale
+because it stopped lazy men from growing peaches. He said, "I don't mind
+it a bit and can make more money than when peaches were nothing a
+basket." Probably nature will help us some way.
+
+The Chairman: We have to consider what nature wants to do.
+
+Mr. Mayo: If I am in order, I would like to know whether this fungus
+trouble is likely in the future to attack or has at any time attacked,
+the apple, pear or quince?
+
+The Chairman: I think it has been pretty well decided that they are not
+in danger. I will, however, ask Mr. Rockey and Mr. Pierce to answer that
+question.
+
+Mr. Rockey: Up to the present time there has been no indication that the
+blight will get into them. This might be a good occasion for me to
+mention the Connellsville fungus again. It was found on some of the oaks
+and other trees in this section of the country, and for a time it
+looked as though the blight was getting into other species, but since
+that fungus has been identified there has been no indication that the
+blight will extend beyond the chestnut group as a parasite, although you
+can inoculate oaks and other trees with the fungus and it will live in
+them, but only on the dead portion of the tree and not as the parasite
+lives on the chestnut.
+
+Prof. Smith: I should like to ask Mr. Sober if he has found any evidence
+that the paragon chestnut differs from the native chestnut in resistance
+to the blight, and if his paragons are different from other paragons?
+
+Col. Sober: I cannot say whether my chestnuts are different from the
+other paragon chestnuts or not, or whether they are as resistant to the
+blight. I know it is a very sweet chestnut. In regard to keeping my
+groves clean--from 1901 to 1910, we had three broods of locusts and two
+hailstorms that opened the bark in almost every tree and branch. The
+limbs were stung by the locusts thousands of times, so that I didn't
+have a crop of chestnuts. Professor Davis was cutting off limbs for a
+couple of months so you see my trees were open, if any ever were, to
+receive the blight. The hailstorms destroyed the leaves and I didn't
+have any chestnuts that year in one part of my grove and with all
+that--you people come and see how clean it is, that's all there is to
+it. I know what I've done and what I can do.
+
+The Chairman: The next paper in order is that of Professor Smith.
+
+
+
+
+NUT GROWING AND TREE BREEDING AND THEIR RELATION TO CONSERVATION
+
+PROFESSOR J. RUSSELL SMITH, PENNSYLVANIA
+
+
+Prof. Smith: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen; I am going to ask your
+indulgence for including in my subject a matter that perhaps goes a
+little beyond the scope of this organization, for I wish to speak of
+fruit as well as nut-bearing trees. Conservation, whose object is the
+preservation of our resources for future generations, as well as for
+ourselves, finds its greatest problem in the preservation of the soil.
+The forests can come again if the soil be left. It is probable that we
+can find substitutes for coal, and for nearly everything else, but once
+the soil is gone, all is gone; and the greatest danger to the soil is
+not robbery by ill cropping, because no matter how man may abuse the
+soil, scientific agriculture can bring it back with astonishing speed.
+But the greatest enemy of conservation is erosion, the best checks for
+erosion are roots.
+
+Thus far, the only man who has been telling us anything about planting
+roots upon the hillsides is the forester. But he usually sets nothing
+but wood trees, which at the end of fifty or a hundred or a hundred and
+fifty years, we can cut down, and which, during the intervening time,
+have done nothing but cast shade, drop leaves and retain the soil. My
+doctrine is that the potentially greatest crop-producing plants are not
+those on which we now depend for our food, but are the trees,; that the
+greatest engines for production are not the grasses, but the trees. Our
+agriculture is an inheritance from the savage, and the savage found that
+he could do better with annual grains than he could with nut trees,
+because he didn't know how to improve the nut crop by selection of the
+trees, while there came involuntarily an improvement in the other crops.
+No man today knows the parentage of some of the cultivated plants and
+grains on which we now depend. Thus we came down to the present day of
+science, with the purely chance discoveries of savages as the main
+dependence of mankind for the basis of agriculture.
+
+We have within a decade discovered the laws of plant breeding. We know a
+good deal more about it now than ever before and are in a position to
+start about it very deliberately and with a reasonable certainty that we
+are going to get certain combinations of qualities if we keep at it long
+enough. Thus the hickory and walnut offer perfect marvels of
+possibilities. Look around on these tables and see the size of some of
+these things. There are hickory nuts 1-1/4 inch long and there are
+shagbarks as full of meat as pecans and probably quite as good. There
+are in Kentucky, I am told, hickory nuts that you can take in your
+fingers and crush. Here we have the pecan, this great big shellbark from
+Indiana, the shagbark from the North, and the thin shell nuts from
+Kentucky. Now hybridize these and I think, if you work at it long
+enough, you will get a tree that will have all those good qualities.
+
+The wonderful black walnut is a tree of hardiness, and the delicious
+Persian or English walnut is a nut of acceptable form. The pair offers
+splendid possibilities in their hybrid progeny.
+
+We have fruits thus far recognized as of little value which offer great
+possibilities as forage producers. The mulberry bears from June to
+September and the persimmon from September till March and the pig
+harvests them himself.
+
+We have the possibility of a brand-new agriculture, depending not upon
+grains, but upon tree crops, provided someone will breed the
+crop-yielding trees which we can use. This will permit us to use
+entirely different kinds of land from that now considered best for
+agriculture. The natural necessities for plant growth, I believe, are
+heat, moisture, sunlight and fertility. Now they are not all the
+limiting factors with man, because man adds the fifth, the arbitrary
+fact of arability, and that right away bars out about half of the
+fertile earth, because when we insist on heat, light, moisture,
+fertility _and arability_, we leave out that rough half of the earth
+equally fertile, idle, subject only to the work of the forester, who
+will give us a forest about 1999. It might just as well be planted with
+a host of crop-yielding trees, the walnuts, hickory nuts, pecans,
+persimmons, mulberries--and the list is very long. There are at the
+present time in use in Mediterranean countries twenty-five crop-yielding
+trees other than the ordinary orchard fruits. I am told that they have
+oak trees there which yield an acorn that is better than the chestnut. A
+pig will fill himself with acorns on the one hillside and with figs on
+the next hillside and then lie down and get fat. We are too industrious,
+we wait on the pig; I want the pig to wait on himself.
+
+But who is going to breed these things? These crop yielding trees? A
+gentleman told us this morning that he was not nervous, that he could
+watch a hickory tree grow, and stated that he had forty acres of land
+and was breeding trees for fun. Here is Dr. Morris, who is having a
+delicious time doing the same thing. We should not have to depend on
+enthusiasts who are working for fun; we must not depend on such sources
+for the greatest gifts in the line of food production that man can
+imagine. This work should be done by every state in the Union. I believe
+that it is capable of proof that we can get just as much yield from a
+hillside in untilled fruit and nut-yielding trees, as we can from
+putting that same hillside under the plough and getting wheat, corn,
+barley, rye and oats and a little grass once in a while. It will make
+just as much pig or just as many calories of man food from the tree
+crops as it will make under the plough. And under the plough that
+hillside is going down the stream to choke it and reduce the hillside to
+nothing.
+
+We have three classes of land. The first class is the level land, which
+belongs to the plough now and for all time. The third class, which is
+the unploughable steep mountain and hill land, is probably as great in
+area as the level land, and between the two is the hilly land that we
+are now cultivating to its great detriment, visibly reducing the earth's
+resources by bringing about rapidly that condition which has led to the
+saying in the Old World: "After man, the desert." The Roman Empire,
+where men have had possession for two thousand years, proves, "After
+man, the desert." It is equally proven in much of China, but it can be
+prevented if these hill lands are put to trees. But we cannot afford to
+put those lands into trees unless the trees yield.
+
+I move that this Association memorialize those persons who are in
+position to promote the breeding of fruit and nut-yielding trees, that
+we may bring nearer the day of tree-crop agriculture. I want a letter to
+go from this Association with the authority of the Association and its
+sanction, to the Secretary of Agriculture at Washington and to all the
+men in authority in the Bureau of Plant Industry at Washington, to the
+Presidents of the State Agricultural Colleges, the Directors of
+Experiment Stations and professors who are interested in plant breeding.
+That will make a list of three or four hundred persons and involve an
+expenditure of a few dollars but I believe it will be productive of
+good. I hope that the Association will see fit to lend its name and a
+little cash to that proposition, because if we can get the authority of
+the state and the money of the state, the results will come much more
+rapidly than if there are just a few of us doing it independently.
+(Applause.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Chairman: Will someone put Prof. Smith's suggestion in the form of a
+motion?
+
+A Member: I move that it be referred to the Committee on Resolutions.
+
+(Motion carried.)
+
+Mr. Corsan: Undoubtedly we all agree with Prof. Smith. He spoke of the
+persimmon. When I speak of the persimmon in my country nobody knows what
+I am talking about. I found two trees in Battle Creek, Michigan, in a
+front yard. The person who owned them was an old lady. I said, "Will you
+give me these persimmons?" She said, "Yes, take them all; the neighbors
+come here and while they are getting the persimmons they bother me a
+lot. Everybody seems to like them." They were delicious persimmons that
+were quite edible before frost, they are probably the two furthest north
+persimmon trees in the world. I went a little way around Devil Lake, and
+found pawpaws. They are a very good fruit when cultivated. The idea of
+preserving the soil and not sending it all into the Lakes and down into
+the Gulf of Mexico--that is a good idea of Prof. Smith's.
+
+Mr. Gardner: I submit that that Battle Creek woman should start a new
+breakfast food. (Laughter.)
+
+Mr. Corsan: Every second year there is an immense crop on one of the
+persimmon trees; they are a male and female, I think. You can't see the
+branches for the fruit, and the thermometer there falls to 22 degrees
+below zero.
+
+The Chairman: You can graft the male trees with pistillate grafts if you
+want to, or you can transfer grafts both ways. The persimmon and pawpaw
+will undoubtedly both grow at Toronto. They are not indigenous there
+because of natural checks to development in their sprouting stage, but
+if you buy Indiana stock for Toronto, such transplanted trees will both
+grow there, I am sure. This is not quite relevant to Prof. Smith's
+paper. It seems to me that Prof. Smith gave us a very comprehensive
+resum� of facts bearing upon the situation, perhaps not particularly
+calling for discussion. We are very glad to have his arraignment of
+facts.
+
+The next paper on the program will be that of Dr. Deming. While Dr.
+Deming is getting ready, I would like to have the trees shown. Mr. Jones
+will speak about his pecans, these specimens of young trees here.
+
+Mr. Jones: These are pecans that Mr. Roper brought up from the
+Arrowfield Nurseries. (Here Mr. Jones described the trees.)
+
+The Chairman: Would those trees grow after they have been dried as much
+as that?
+
+Mr. Jones: I don't think so; pecans don't stand much drying.
+
+The Chairman: No, unless you cut off all the roots.
+
+Prof. Smith: If we should dig up a tree like this and cut it off a foot
+and a half down, would it be all right to transplant it?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes, if your season should not be too dry.
+
+The Chairman: What has been your experience with the Stringfellow method
+of cutting off every single root?
+
+Mr. Jones: We cut the tap-roots off, but leave an inch of the lateral
+roots.
+
+The Chairman: I think you can do better by following the Stringfellow
+method and cutting off all the laterals.
+
+Prof. Smith: If you were going to transplant those for your own use
+where would you cut them off?
+
+Mr. Jones: About here, a foot and a half down.
+
+The Secretary: And the top?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes, sir, I'd reduce the top about that much; I think we will
+have to work for a better root for the North.
+
+
+
+
+BEGINNING WITH NUTS
+
+DR. W. C. DEMING, WESTCHESTER, NEW YORK CITY
+
+
+In his official capacity as secretary of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association the writer is frequently asked, by persons wishing to grow
+nuts, about climate, soils, varieties and methods.
+
+The following observations are intended to apply only to the
+northeastern United States, the country lying east of the Rockies and
+north of the range of the southern pecan. They are intended more for the
+person who already has his land, or is restricted in his range, than for
+the one who can range wide for larger operations and will study deeper
+before deciding.
+
+It is probable that most nuts will grow wherever the peach will. Outside
+the peach area there is probably not much use in trying to grow the
+pecan or Persian walnut. Yet it must always be remembered that nut
+growing in the North is, at present, almost entirely experimental and
+that anybody may be able to disprove the authorities. We are all
+experimenting now. By and by it will be different.
+
+In severer climates the chestnut, shagbark, black walnut, butternut,
+hazel, beech, pine, Japanese cordiformis and hardy Chinese walnuts can
+be grown or, at least, offer possibilities. In such climates the
+development of the native nuts by selection and crossing, and the
+adaptation of alien nuts, deserves, and will repay, experiment.
+
+It is to be supposed, as before said, that the hopeful beginner already
+has his land. Let him choose the best part of it that he can spare. By
+"best part" is meant the most fertile, not too wet nor too dry nor, if
+possible, too hilly to cultivate. Hard pan near the surface, and too
+thick to be easily broken up by dynamite, is not desirable.
+
+A nut orchard ought to have much the same preparation as an apple
+orchard. A practical way would be to plow deeply and harrow well in
+summer and sow a cover crop like rye and vetch or clover. The more
+stable manure, or other fertilizer, applied the better.
+
+Let the field now be staked off thirty feet apart in squares, or in
+triangles if preferred. Late in the fall dig the holes and plant nuts,
+three or four in each hole, two to four inches deep, according to size,
+and six inches apart. Put a good handful of ground bone in each hill.
+Unless the soil and subsoil are mellow, so that the long tap roots may
+penetrate deeply, it would be best to dynamite the holes, using a half
+pound of 20 per cent or 25 per cent dynamite at a depth of two and a
+half feet. This is a simple matter and the dynamite companies will
+furnish materials and instructions. It is also some fun.
+
+There is some danger that nuts planted in fall may be destroyed by
+rodents, that some will "lie over" and not sprout the first year, or
+that all the nuts in a hill may make inferior plants, so that some
+authorities advise putting them in a galvanized wire cage, the nuts only
+half buried, then covered with a few leaves during the winter and
+otherwise left exposed to the elements. In the spring they must be taken
+from the cage and planted in the hills before the sprouts are long
+enough to be easily broken.
+
+The different kinds of nuts should be planted in "blocks" rather than
+mingled, to facilitate handling.
+
+These nuts are to furnish trees that are later to be grafted or budded.
+After they have grown a while the weaker ones are to be removed, as
+necessary, until only the strongest remains in each hill. When grafted
+and grown to great size the brave man will thin them out to sixty feet
+apart. Interplanting with fruits or vegetables may be practised.
+
+As to the kinds of nuts to be planted that depends on what you want to
+grow. If chestnuts it must be remembered that the bark disease is very
+likely to attack them, in the East at any rate. Experiments with
+chestnuts outside the range of the blight are very desirable. The
+American (_Castanea dentata_) and European (_C. sativa_) chestnuts are
+specially susceptible. The Asiatic chestnuts (_C. Japonica_, etc.) seem
+to have a partial immunity, especially the Korean, and it is possible
+that the native chestnut grafted on these may be rendered more or less
+immune. It is being tried and is an interesting experiment.
+
+The Asiatic chestnut trees are dwarfish in habit, come into bearing
+early, the nuts are generally large and some of them of pretty good
+quality. They may be planted as fillers between the trees of larger
+growth. The nuts may be bought of importers. (See circular on "Seedsmen
+and Nurserymen".) The small Korean chestnut has been especially
+recommended.
+
+If you wish to grow the shagbark hickory (_Hicoria ovata_) plant the
+best specimens of this nut you can get, or the bitternut (_H. minima_)
+which is said to be a superior stock for grafting.
+
+High hopes are held that that other favorite hickory, the pecan (_H.
+pecan_) may be grown far outside its native range, and the Indiana pecan
+is the nut on which these hopes are founded. Seed nuts may be obtained
+from reliable Indiana dealers, but it is said that some of them are not
+reliable.
+
+The hickories may be budded and grafted on one another so that one kind
+of stock may serve for both shagbark and pecan.
+
+If you want to grow the Persian walnut (_Juglans regia_), often called
+the "English" walnut, the black walnut (_J. nigra_), seems to afford the
+most promising stock, though _J. rupestris_, native in Texas and
+Arizona, has been recommended and _J. cordiformis_, the Japanese heart
+nut, is also promising. This nut can be recommended for planting for its
+own sake as the tree is hardy, a rapid grower, comes into bearing early
+and bears a fairly good nut. There are no grafted trees, however, so the
+variable seedlings will have to be depended upon.
+
+On any of these walnut stocks the black walnut and the butternut (_J.
+cinerea_) may also be propagated if worthy varieties can be found. There
+are none now on the market.
+
+The nuts mentioned are enough for the beginner and the three stocks,
+chestnut, hickory and walnut, will give him all he wants to work on and
+furnish plenty of fascinating occupation.
+
+The hazel, the almond and others, though offering possibilities, had
+better be left to those further advanced in the art of nut growing.
+
+Now the nut orchard is started and the owner must push the growth of the
+trees by the ordinary methods, cultivation, cover crops and fertilizers.
+See any authority on growing fruit trees.
+
+In from two to five years the trees will be ready for budding and
+grafting, they will have made a good growth above ground, and a bigger
+one below, they are permanently placed and haven't got to be set back a
+year or two, or perhaps killed, by transplanting, with loss to the tap
+roots and laterals. In the writer's opinion that natural tap root of the
+nut tree growing down, down to water is not to be treated as of no
+importance.
+
+So let your seedlings grow up and down happily while you get ready the
+stuff with which to build their future character, for seedling trees are
+very slow in coming into bearing, and uncertain in type and quality of
+nut. Grafted trees bear early and true to type.
+
+Take your choicest bit of ground and put it in the best shape you know
+how. Then order the finest grafted trees you can find on the market.
+(See circular on "Seedsmen and Nurserymen".) Your choice will be limited
+for there are as yet only a few grafted varieties of the Persian walnut
+and the Indiana pecan, and but one of the shagbark hickory to be had. Of
+chestnuts there are more and, in the South of course, plenty of pecans.
+But pecan growing in the South is another story. If you order chestnuts
+be sure that they do not come from a nursery infected with blight. Get
+young trees because they are more easily established.
+
+Order from two to four of each variety. Fewer than two gives too small
+an allowance for mortality and more than four, besides the not
+inconsiderable strain on the pocket, will divide your attention too
+much; for you have got to give these trees the care of a bottle baby.
+
+Set them sixty feet apart if you have the room. If not set them closer.
+Better closer if that means better care. They may be set in the fall but
+probably spring is better, as early as you can get them in. Follow the
+instructions of the nurserymen closely. Digging holes with dynamite is
+probably good practice. Put some bone meal in the soil around the roots
+but no strong fertilizer. Some soils need lime. Tamp the soil about the
+roots with all your might. It cannot be made too firm.
+
+Then water them all summer, or until August if they have made a good
+growth. Give them all they can drink once a week. Sink a large bar about
+a foot from the tree and pour the water into the hole, as much as the
+soil will take.
+
+Keep up cultivation and a dust mulch or, if you cannot do this, mulch
+with something else. Mulching doesn't mean a wisp of hay but something
+thick or impervious. Six inches of strawy manure, grass, vines or weeds;
+an old carpet, burlap, feed or fertilizer bags or even newspapers, held
+down with stones or weeds or earth, all make good mulches.
+
+These trees ought to grow and, whether you ever succeed in grafting your
+seedlings or not, you should have at least a small orchard of fine nut
+trees.
+
+The second summer with the trees will be something like the baby's.
+Worms may bother them. Look out for bud worms and leaf-eating
+caterpillars. Give them all the water they can drink in the dry dog
+days. Nurse them, feed them and watch them and they will grow up to
+bless you. Some of them may bear as early as apple trees.
+
+These trees, and such scions as, from time to time, you may obtain
+elsewhere, are to furnish your propagating material.
+
+The plan just described may be modified in various ways, but the general
+principles are the same. Instead of planting the nuts in their permanent
+positions they may be put in nursery rows where they may have the
+advantage of intensive cultivation. The best of the resulting trees may
+be grafted or budded in the rows, or after they have been transplanted
+and have become well established. This method is an excellent one and
+has distinct advantages and many advocates.
+
+Yearling seedlings may be bought and set either in permanent positions
+or in nursery rows.
+
+Of course the man who is in a hurry, who can disregard expense and who
+does not care for the experience and gratification of grafting his own
+trees, may set his whole plantation with expensive grafted trees and
+replant where they fail.
+
+The technique of budding and grafting you must work out yourself with
+the help of the instructions obtainable from several authorities, or, by
+far the surer way, study the art with a master. The essentials are good
+stocks and good scions, the right moment--and practice.
+
+Excellent publications giving instructions in methods of propagation
+are: "The Persian Walnut Industry in the United States," by E. R. Lake;
+Bulletin 254, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
+1913: "The Pecan," by C. A. Reed; Bulletin 251 of the same department,
+1912: "Walnut Growing in Oregon," published by the Passenger Department
+Southern Pacific Company Lines in Oregon, Portland, Oregon, revised
+edition, 1912; and "Nut Growing in Maryland," by C. P. Close; Bulletin
+125 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park,
+Maryland. Any of these may be had free on application.
+
+The files and current issues of the nut journals are full of
+information. Join the nut growers associations, subscribe to the nut
+journals, get all the literature (see Circular No. 3) and you will soon
+be happily out of the fledgeling stage of nut growing and begin to do as
+you please.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Chairman: Comment upon this paper is now in order.
+
+Mr. Lake: You say you are going to issue that?
+
+The Secretary: On my own responsibility, but subject to modification.
+
+Mr. Lake: If that is going out as a circular of the association, I would
+like to suggest two slight changes. For instance, you wouldn't expect
+the ordinary nut tree to begin to bear as early as the ordinary
+transplanted apple tree.
+
+The Chairman: Some would.
+
+Mr. Lake: A summer apple would begin to bear much earlier than the
+ordinary nut tree.
+
+The Secretary: Well, chestnuts begin to bear very early after grafting.
+I refer only to grafted trees here.
+
+Mr. Lake: I thought that the paper had to do with trees that were
+planted as nuts.
+
+The Secretary: No, I think I made that perfectly clear.
+
+Mr. Lake: What is that new statement about roots, that it is desirable
+to leave them?
+
+The Secretary: That it is better that a tree should go undisturbed than
+that it should be transplanted.
+
+Mr. Lake: Isn't there a question about that?
+
+The Secretary: A question would arise in the hands of an expert,
+perhaps, but I think for an amateur, that a tree growing where the nut
+was planted is more likely to live and do well than a transplanted tree.
+
+Mr. Lake: I am not so certain about that, but what I had in mind was
+that the planter would get the idea that the tap-root was not to be cut
+off and that it is very desirable to the tree.
+
+The Secretary: That's a good point.
+
+The Chairman: About cutting the tap-root I have said yes and no so fast
+that I don't know which I've said last, and it seems to me that we ought
+to have discussion on this very point.
+
+The Secretary: I have said that in buying these grafted trees you should
+set them out following the instructions of the nurseryman closely.
+
+Mr. Lake: But that statement about the tap-root would lead the average
+planter to think that it was very desirable to have the tap-root.
+
+The Secretary: Has it been settled that it is not desirable?
+
+Mr. Lake: Well, I think it has been generally accepted that it is of no
+special value.
+
+The Secretary: That trees will grow as well transplanted as if they have
+never been transplanted?
+
+Mr. Lake: Well, I shouldn't want to put it that way, but this is the
+point: I would like to have the tree planter understand that a walnut
+tree doesn't need the tap-root and if he cuts off the tap-root in
+planting, there is no great loss. I wouldn't want to say that his trees
+wouldn't begin to bear earlier or bear larger if left in the original
+place. I prefer to transplant my own tree after it is grown, rather than
+run the risk of getting scrub trees in the post hole or on the hill. I
+prefer to select the grafted trees even without the tap-roots, which
+would be removed in digging, and planting them all uniform, rather than
+to plant the seeds. Speaking for the amateur, I think the latter is good
+practice. The point I had in mind was that many people will not take the
+time to plant nuts but will want to set grafted trees, and the question
+is, should they have considerable tap-root--the grafted trees?
+
+The Secretary: Following my plan, a man would buy a small number of fine
+trees and set them out at once; that would probably be all he would
+undertake and all he could probably manage. He would also plant a small
+number of nuts on which to experiment in propagation. My experience up
+in Connecticut has been that all my southern transplanted trees, almost
+without exception, have died. I have planted pecans and Persian walnuts
+from a number of different nurseries. I have done it personally and done
+it as carefully as I could, but they have either made a very feeble
+growth indeed or have all died. On the other hand, the seeds I have
+planted have grown into very vigorous trees.
+
+Mr. Rush: I have had a little experience with the tap-root theory. You
+can't dig a walnut tree without cutting the tap-root, and that tap-root,
+I find, is practically of no benefit at all after you have your upper
+laterals, and an abundance of them; by cutting the tap-root growth is
+stimulated and a new tap-root is made. It is very largely in the mode of
+pruning the tap-root. You can readily stimulate the tap-root system.
+
+The Chairman: You try to keep an equilibrium by cutting down the top in
+proportion?
+
+Mr. Rush: Yes, sir.
+
+Mr. Pomeroy: In examining transplanted trees I found ten times as many
+roots where the tap-root had been cut; and there were two tap-roots. I
+like a tree with a good tap-root system and I am positive that if you
+transplant a tree you get a better root system, get a great many more
+roots.
+
+The Chairman: The tree development, it seems to me, depends not upon the
+number of roots which are carried with it when it is transplanted, but
+upon the feeding roots which develop. Now, if we cut back the tap-root,
+cut back the laterals, cut back the top, we have a tree carrying in its
+cambium layer, food, just as a turnip or beet would carry it--and I look
+upon a transplanted tree much as a carrot or beet, with stored food
+ready to make a new root.
+
+Mr. Harris: I planted last fall a year ago a lot of English walnuts.
+Would the gentleman advise taking those up, cutting the tap-roots and
+planting them again?
+
+Mr. Rush: I don't think that would be advisable.
+
+Mr. Harris: They were grown from the nuts sown in a row last fall a year
+ago and grew very well.
+
+Mr. Rush: In propagating the English walnut we have had them do the best
+by transplanting when the tree is about two years old, but it will more
+or less disturb the vigor of a tree to transplant it. That is
+self-evident; it needs some time to heal those wounds that are made both
+in the root and the branch.
+
+Mr. Harris: What time of year do you bud them?
+
+Mr. Rush: In August.
+
+Mr. Hutt: I notice some trees here that are evidently two-year old
+pecans that have been cut back, and you notice that in every case
+several tap-roots have taken the place of the one. Here are some others
+that have not been cut. These have gone straight down. They are strong
+roots with few fibers on them. On these other trees that have been cut
+the formation of tap-roots continues. They will go down till they strike
+a permanent water-table and then the tap-root will stop. In Hyde County,
+North Carolina, near the ocean, the water-table is close to the surface
+and there is a deep black alluvial soil with a great deal of water in
+it. In order to grow anything there they have to put in ditches to get
+the water out. The pecan trees growing there have absolutely no
+tap-roots at all, it rots off as soon as it strikes the permanent
+water-table; and I think that's the reason they produce such enormous
+quantities of pecans in that county. In bottomless, sandy land where
+there is no clay the root keeps on going down till it finds the
+permanent water-table, even if that is six or eight or ten feet down.
+These roots, as you see, were going right down to China to look at that
+king on the other side if they got a chance. It's the same with the long
+leaf pine. It has a tap-root below ground thicker than the trunk above
+ground. The reason is that it grows naturally on those bottomless
+places; the root goes down till it strikes water, then runs off
+laterally. If you cut the roots they are bound to make new tap-roots.
+You can see the place where they have been cut and in place of one
+tap-root you have two, going right down into that sandy soil till they
+find a water-table. I believe that a nurseryman who will cut off the
+root of the pecan tree when it is transplanted, will cause it to form
+more lateral roots and make a better tree. There's a great number of
+vigorous roots in this tree than in this, and this tree whose root has
+been cut off will make a tree much easier to transplant and will be a
+better tree than those with great thick roots without the fibers that
+have the root hairs upon them.
+
+A member: You wouldn't recommend cutting back that tap-root too
+severely, would you?
+
+Mr. Hutt: In planting a tree of this kind, I'd cut off a foot or 18
+inches. If you get about 24 inches in a specially good soil, or about 30
+inches of root ordinarily that's all you want.
+
+A member: I should think that would depend quite a little on the height
+of the water-table. If you were planting on land where the water-table
+is low, you would leave more tap-root?
+
+Mr. Hutt: Yes.
+
+A member: That was the reason I brought up the point, because I think
+cutting so short would be too severe.
+
+Mr. Hutt: The cambium is the only part of the tree that maintains
+growth. Every wound kills the cambium to a certain extent, so I always
+cut off roots of any size with sharp shears as smoothly as possible. I
+cut far enough back to find good, fresh, living tissue. In moist soil
+that will callous over. In the South the soil is moist and we have
+growing conditions in the winter time, so it will callous over during
+the winter. In the North, I understand, you make a practice of planting
+in the spring, because of the weather conditions.
+
+Mr. Harris: In Western Maryland we have in the mountains a deep, sandy
+soil; there doesn't appear to be any water bottom to it; what would the
+tap-root do in that case?
+
+Mr. Hutt: It will go down until it finds what it wants, finds sufficient
+moisture.
+
+Mr. Harris: Gravelly bottom?
+
+Mr. Hutt: If you have ever seen the roots of a long leaf pine, you've
+seen where the roots go to when they get a chance.
+
+Prof. Smith: I should like to ask Dr. Deming if he would give us his
+experience in propagating the walnut and hickory?
+
+Dr. Deming: A very important thing indeed for us nut growers in the
+North is to learn how to propagate. Dr. Morris has had some success; I
+haven't had any. I have tried it summer and spring, year after year. I
+believe there are a few pieces of bark, without buds, still growing.
+Chestnuts I haven't found very difficult, but with the walnut and
+hickory I have had no success whatever, although I have practiced the
+best technique I could master. I think one reason why I have had no
+success is that I haven't had good material. I have had good stocks, but
+I haven't had good scions, not the sort of scion that the successful
+southern nurserymen use. Still, Dr. Morris has had success with the same
+kind of material that I have failed with.
+
+The Chairman: Not very much success.
+
+Mr. Lake: Dr. Deming said that the land ought not to be too dry nor too
+wet. Would you feel like saying that a water-table at 24 inches was
+neither too low nor too high?
+
+Mr. Hutt: It depends a great deal on the nature of the soil, the
+water-pulling capacity of the soil. Take a soil like that I mentioned,
+in Hyde County, near the ocean; you can see it quake all around you.
+
+Mr. Lake: But would you say that the northern nut grower might safely
+put his orchard on soil that had a water-table within two or three feet
+of the surface?
+
+Mr. Hutt: I could tell if I saw that soil. If it is craw-fishy, or soil
+that is ill-drained or won't carry ordinary crops, I'd say keep off of
+it, but if it will bear ordinary crops it's all right; in some cases
+where the soil is very rich the plant does not need to go down into that
+soil anything like the depth it would in a poor soil. The poorer the
+soil the further the roots have to go to find nourishment.
+
+Mr. Lake: I think that is an extremely exceptional case in relation to
+northern nuts. There is very little such North Carolina land in this
+section of the country, if I judge right. We don't plant nut-growing
+orchards up here in peaty soils, so Dr. Deming's recommendation was
+rather for very good agricultural soil. A water-table here must be eight
+or ten feet deep; in that event, it would not make any difference
+whether you left three feet of tap-root or 15 inches.
+
+Mr. Hutt: No.
+
+The Chairman: In the soils of some parts of New England, a tree would
+have to have a root three or four hundred feet deep to get to flowing
+water, but nevertheless trees flourish there.
+
+Mr. Lake: But the capillarity of the soil provides water for the tree
+above the water-table.
+
+Mr. Corsan: It all depends on the kind of nut. At St. Geneva I came
+across a butternut that was growing in a soil that would kill a chestnut
+very quickly. The soil was very springy and wet and the butternut just
+loves that soil. I found that while other butternut trees bore nuts in
+clusters of one to three, this butternut tree was bearing them in
+clusters of ten and eleven. At Lake George, right in front of the
+Post-Office, there was one tree twenty-four years old, two feet through,
+that grew butternuts in clusters of ten and you could get a barrel of
+nuts from it. It bore again this last summer heavily, not in clusters of
+ten but in clusters of seven or eight. When we have damp soil we can't
+grow the chestnut but the hickory nut will grow in a swamp, and so will
+the butternut.
+
+The Chairman: And the beech.
+
+Mr. Corsan: The beech wants clay; it won't grow unless there is clay.
+
+The Chairman: Our beech will grow where it has to swim.
+
+Mr. Reed: Before we get away from this discussion I think that we ought
+to commend Dr. Deming in the selection of this subject and in the
+handling of his paper. In my position in the Government, we have a good
+many inquiries about nut matters, and they are usually from people who
+want to know how to start. The great call for information at the present
+time is from the beginners, not from the advanced people, and I am glad
+that Dr. Deming took that subject and handled it as he did, and I am
+glad that he proposes to issue it as a circular from this Association.
+It will be a great relief to others who are called on for information.
+
+I should like to have a word, too, about this tap-root question. From
+what has been said it is pretty clear that there is quite a difference
+of opinion. We sometimes think we can improve on nature in her ways by
+harsh methods and, while I know it is customary in the nurseries of the
+South to cut the tap-roots back pretty severely, I wonder, sometimes,
+whether that is always the best thing.
+
+I haven't had any personal experience, but I have observed quite a good
+deal, and the tendency, it seems to me, is to try to develop as much as
+possible the fibrous root. Sometimes that is brought about by cutting
+the tap-root, or putting a wire mesh below where the seed is planted, so
+as to form an obstruction to the tap-root, so that it necessarily forms
+a fibrous root. Where the tap-root is the only root I doubt very much
+the advisability of cutting back too severely.
+
+Col. Van Duzee: I have heard this subject discussed all over this
+country, in meetings of this kind, and a great deal of energy has been
+wasted. I do not think any of us know anything about it, but I do wish
+to say this, that when you come to transplant a tree from the nursery to
+the orchard, there are things of infinitely more moment than how you
+shall hold your knife between your fingers when you cut the roots. The
+exposure of the roots to the air, the depth to which the tree is to be
+put in the ground, the manner in which it shall be handled--those things
+are of infinitely more importance, because we know we can transplant
+trees successfully and get good results when the tap-root has been
+injured or almost entirely removed. I do not consider that the question
+of cutting the tap-root is of very serious importance, but I do think we
+should insert a word of caution as to the exposure of the roots of trees
+to the atmosphere, and make it just as strong as we are capable of
+writing it.
+
+The Chairman: That is a very interesting point, that we have fixed our
+eye on the tap-root and talked too much about it. Not long ago one of
+the agricultural journals decided finally to settle the question about
+the time for pruning grapes, whether it should be done in the fall,
+spring, winter or summer, and after summing up all the testimony from
+enthusiastic advocates for each one of the seasons, the editor decided
+that the best time is when your knife is sharp; and that is very much
+the way with the tap-root. Be very particular in getting the root in and
+caring for it.
+
+Mr. Pomeroy: Prof. Close, in a bulletin issued two years ago, spoke as
+does Col. VanDuzee about protecting the roots of the trees; he said
+"when the trees are taken from the box that you receive them in, don't
+expose them to the sun or air, puddle every tree, and plant as soon as
+possible." I think that is pretty good advice. It doesn't cost any
+money, and takes very few minutes, to puddle the trees and it saves many
+of them.
+
+The Chairman: I have tried the Stringfellow Method of cutting back top
+and root until my men asked me if I didn't want to transplant another
+tree instead, and they have grown just as well as trees on which I took
+great pains to preserve fine branching roots.
+
+The Secretary: The last thing in my thought was to start a discussion of
+this perennial subject of the tap-root, but I should like criticism of
+this little circular, no matter how severe, because I am not finally
+committed to it and want to make it as useful as possible.
+
+Prof. Smith: Every man likes to ride his own hobby horse. Would it not
+be wise to suggest that some of these seedlings be put in odd corners?
+Certainly the hickory and walnut are adept in making themselves a home
+in the roughest kind of land.
+
+The Secretary: I have tried that, but I don't think, as a rule, the
+trees do well when stuck around in fence corners and odd places. To be
+sure the trees I put behind the barn or pig pen have grown beautifully,
+so that at one time I thought of building barns and pig pens all over
+the farm to put trees behind, but where they were set in fence corners
+and out of the way places they have not done very well. I think the
+experience of others is about to the same effect.
+
+Prof. Smith: My experience has been different from yours. I have some
+chestnut and walnut trees, on an unploughable hillside in the corner of
+my father's farm in Virginia which I stuck there ten or a dozen years
+ago and have done very little to them. Of course they are native. They
+have thriven. Nature does it exactly that way.
+
+The Secretary: It seems to me there is no question that they will do
+better under cultivation. Of course they may do fairly well in odd
+places if they can dominate the other growth.
+
+Prof. Smith: A man could take a pocketful of the various kinds of nuts
+and go around his fence corners and plant a few. In an hour he can plant
+fifty, and if he gets one to grow it is good return for that hour's
+work.
+
+The Secretary: I have advised people to take a handful of nuts and a
+cane when they go out walking and occasionally stick one in.
+
+The Chairman: In our locality, people would ask, "Why is that string of
+squirrels following that man?"
+
+Mr. Corsan: I have been planting nuts in that way for years.
+
+The Chairman: If a man planted trees which belonged in his neighborhood,
+nuts that were already in the dominant ruling group, then his chances
+for success would be very good, but if he introduced in fence corners
+trees that had to adjust themselves to a new environment, he would find
+very few growing and the squirrels, other trees and various obstacles to
+development in the midst of established species, would wipe out most of
+them. Nevertheless, as it isn't much trouble, I would advise anybody to
+take a pocketful of hickory nuts out with him when he goes for a walk
+and plant one every little way.
+
+A Member: The idea is good; let us follow it up.
+
+Mr. Rush: I don't think it is feasible at all to plant trees around
+fence corners.
+
+The Chairman: In our locality it would not do at all.
+
+A Member: It won't do in any locality. The sods and grass around the
+tree will dwarf it and cause a very slow growth. Our time is valuable
+and we can't wait on that kind of a tree to bring results. Cultivation
+is the main need. Sometimes trees will do well where the soil is rich
+and competition absent. In Burlington, N. J. we found a walnut tree
+bearing enormous crops in a back yard. I have seen the same thing in
+this county, and also in Carlisle, and the Nebo tree, famous for its
+wonderful productiveness, has a similar environment. But it is high
+cultivation that usually is necessary for the best results in all trees,
+and walnut trees particularly.
+
+The Secretary: Here is a note relating to this subject:
+
+"The women of Sapulpa, Okla., who recently organized for city and county
+improvement and advancement, have determined to plant pecan, walnut and
+hickory trees on both sides of a road now being constructed through
+Creek County, basing their action on the theory that two pecan trees
+placed in the back yard of a homestead will pay the taxes on the
+property. They believe that when the trees begin to bear they will
+provide a fund large enough for the maintenance of the road."
+
+The Chairman: That's all right if you can look after them.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: It is very interesting to listen to these discussions of
+roadside trees and I have until recently been a strong advocate of them,
+but I have changed my opinion. I don't think there is anything in the
+planting of trees in fence corners or along the roadside, for several
+reasons. The first reason is that nobody knows how long it is going to
+take that tree to amount to anything. I wouldn't give two cents a piece
+for trees stuck out where you cannot cultivate them and get to them to
+fertilize them. Another thing, we are right up against the problem of
+the insect pests of these trees and who is going to take care of them
+along the roadside? The insect pests will get on them and come into the
+fields of the man who is cultivating and raising trees legitimately.
+Down in southern Indiana, now, we find along the roadside hundreds of
+walnut trees that are every year eaten up with caterpillars. They love
+those trees and come over on to my trees. I keep my trees cleaned off
+pretty well. There's that problem. Up to a short time ago I was an
+advocate of roadside trees. It would be all right if there was some
+means of cultivating them. If there is land somewhere that is of no use,
+so that it doesn't make a bit of difference whether the trees on it have
+insect pests or not, you can go out there and scatter nuts and let it
+alone and wait the length of time you've got to wait. I don't think it's
+of much value, however, even then. I don't think there is a thing in it.
+I used to pride myself on the fact that I had set out more trees than
+anybody else in the State of Indiana. I haven't bragged about that for a
+long time, though I have set out, perhaps, in the last eight or ten
+years, or had set out under my direction, about 750,000 trees; I am not
+particularly proud of that any more, but I am proud to meet the fellow
+who has set out twenty or thirty acres of trees on good land, the best
+he's got, and cultivated them and kept the insects off of them and
+burned them up instead of letting them prey on the neighborhood. I think
+there should be a law passed that these trees along the roadside must be
+cut down or that somebody will have to take care of them.
+
+The Chairman: The original idea of roadside trees was constructive in
+its nature but failed to include the idea that, with the increase of
+orchard trees, or trees of any one species, we increase the insect pests
+because we disturb the balance of nature; and by disturbing the balance
+of nature we give advantage to insects which then remain on neglected
+trees to prove a menace to our own orchards. It we have various towns
+setting out roadside trees and detailing the children to look after
+them, asking the children to report on them, I believe the thing can be
+made a success and that the taxes of many a small town can be paid from
+the nut trees along the roadside, provided you have one boy or one girl
+for each tree, their services to be given free and the profit from the
+tree to be given to the town.
+
+Mr. Corsan: How about the cattle? Let them keep grazing around?
+
+The Chairman: Oh, my, yes.
+
+Prof. Smith: I think we sometimes let our feelings make us say things
+that our brains would scarcely approve. I believe Mr. Littlepage's
+charge against the tree on the roadside is not necessarily
+substantiated. I don't know just how he is going to take care of his
+trees, but if it requires a vehicle carrying spray, I submit that a
+roadside tree is about as well fixed as one in his field. If it requires
+a man with a stick or a hoe or a ladder, the tree on the roadside is in
+about as eligible a location as one in the field. If care implies the
+idea of turning over the soil, the roadside is handicapped, but nature
+has got along without having the soil upturned. My point is this; there
+is on nearly every farm in the East a little patch of land somewhere, a
+little row between a road and stream where a few trees can grow, and if
+fertilization is required, a few barrels of manure can go there as well
+as anywhere else. The fact that a tree is put in a place that is not
+ploughed doesn't mean that it is beyond all care. My point is that with
+care we can get trees in fence rows without tillage and that, in
+addition to Dr. Deming's formal and carefully cultivated plot, there is
+about every farm a place where a man can stick a few trees and give them
+such care as can be given without tillage.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: I agree heartily with Prof. Smith's theory, but having
+had some experience, I find those things that he describes are not done;
+there is just that difference, always, between theory and fact. I read a
+beautiful book once, written by a woman, entitled, "There is No Death,"
+and I found on inquiry that she had already buried four husbands.
+(Laughter.) I was much interested in reading, once upon a time,
+Rousseau's beautiful story of domestic life and I found that while he
+was writing it, his children were in an orphan asylum. A fellow teaching
+in the high school in Terre Haute, Indiana, married one of the beautiful
+attractive young ladies of that town. Shortly after they were married he
+was busy writing and turned and told her that he didn't love her any
+more and he wished she'd go home. She was heartbroken and left and it
+turned out later that he was writing a book on how to get to Heaven.
+(Laughter.) There's just the difference between theory and fact. This
+is a beautiful theory. I used to be the strongest advocate of it, but
+all you've got to do is to go on a farm and try it. The trees won't get
+big enough to amount to anything in our lifetime, because these things
+you say you will do to them you don't do; at least, that has been my
+experience, and I would like to ask anyone to point to any section in
+the United States today, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific, where
+this theory is carried out successfully; and yet I know it has been
+advocated for fifty years.
+
+The Chairman: How about school children reporting on trees under their
+care?
+
+Mr. Littlepage: Whenever you give the proper care to them you solve the
+problem--whenever anyone will convince me that that will be done. There
+is no reason, of course, why the tree won't grow in these places, but my
+experience is that they don't thrive.
+
+The Chairman: I've put out thousands of them for public-spirited
+citizens, but it would be difficult to find one of them today.
+
+Mr. Rush: In France and in Germany the land is very valuable and they
+take a great deal of pride in their nut trees. The nuts we have here in
+the Lancaster market, Persian walnuts, are largely brought from France,
+Spain, Italy and Germany. The land being so valuable there, they devote
+much of their waste land to nuts, like Mr. Smith's idea of planting
+along the wayside, and they plant and cultivate them in their yards and
+in all corners. They would not, under any consideration, plant a maple
+tree just for the shade; the tree must serve for both fruit and shade,
+and those are some of the sources of foreign wealth.
+
+Mr. Harris: I don't think the question is so much one of planting in
+fence corners as that we have a great deal of waste land on which the
+soil is very well adapted to growing nut trees. I know that sometimes in
+growing peach trees it is almost impossible to cultivate them. I know
+places in western Maryland where the rocks are lying so that you can
+hardly plough, and yet the soil is fertile and particularly adapted in
+some places for peach trees, and would be for chestnut trees. They have
+there a system of cultivation much as if you used the plough, and yet
+they are on steep hillsides. There is no reason, I think, why nut trees
+shouldn't grow there as well as on the level field where you can
+cultivate every inch of soil.
+
+The Chairman: They are looked after, that's the whole thing.
+
+Mr. Gowing: I come from New Hampshire and we have what used to be an old
+farm, but it is now a pasture and the soil is quite a potash soil, I
+think, amongst the rocks, and there's some apple trees planted there by
+the original man that worked this place. It was too rough to plough, but
+they have borne us as good apples some years as we have had on the
+place; and on this same piece of twenty acres or so, there's some
+chestnut trees more than two feet through that were cut off when the
+land was cleared, and they must have done well, for they grew to be such
+enormous trees.
+
+The Chairman: The trees are planted on this same old stump land?
+
+Mr. Gowing: Yes, sir.
+
+The Chairman: A great deal of stump land can be planted in this way.
+
+Mr. Corsan: That wouldn't be planting them along roadsides and in fence
+corners.
+
+The Chairman: No, they would be looked after; the whole thing is looking
+after them.
+
+A Member: My idea is that there would be very few nut trees planted if
+every one was to start his own trees. They put off planting the trees
+even when they can get them at the nurseries, and if they had to start
+their own nurseries there wouldn't be one planted to where there's
+10,000 now; and I think that in the end the nurserymen are going to
+attend to the planting of trees and the other people are going to attend
+to growing them. Maybe I'm mistaken but did this Government ever produce
+any trees? Prof. Smith spoke of appropriating money and letting the
+Government get us some new variety. Hasn't it always been private
+individuals who get the new varieties? I have been trying to think of
+some fruit tree, apple or something, that a state or the Government has
+propagated.
+
+The Chairman: In this country I believe the Government has never done
+it, but in some parts of Europe, especially Switzerland, the taxes of
+some towns are paid by the trees along the roadside; but there every man
+has to report on his own trees and the proceeds go to support the town,
+and the taxes of certain small towns are actually paid today by roadside
+trees; but this is in a country where land is valuable, and every tree
+is under the direct supervision of a citizen who must report on it, and
+the product of that tree goes to the Government, he giving his labor
+instead of paying taxes.
+
+Prof. Smith: I was merely pleading for the continuation and spread of
+that work, both geographically and in increasing the varieties of trees.
+
+Mr. Lake: I am heartily in favor of that, but I think it ought to be
+referred to a committee. I want Prof. Smith to write it out in the form
+of a letter.
+
+Prof. Smith: I am glad you called my attention to that.
+
+Mr. Lake: The Government and the states are now engaged in such work and
+this ought to give it impetus. I think that the time and labor of the
+Nut Growers Association, since its organization, will have been well
+spent if we succeed in bringing to fructification this one resolution. I
+want also to suggest that Prof. Smith include among the nuts, the
+beechnut, because there's more meat in beechnuts for the amount of shell
+than any other nut we grow.
+
+The Chairman: If there is no further discussion, we will have now to
+spend a short time in Executive Committee work. I think we will ask to
+have a Nominating Committee appointed first. Mr. Rush, will you kindly
+read the list of the names of the men you proposed to act as a
+Nominating Committee?
+
+Mr. Rush then moved that the Nominating Committee consist of Messrs.
+Lake, Hutt, C. A. Reed, Smith and Deming, and the motion was adopted,
+after which the Nominating Committee reported as follows: For President,
+Mr. Littlepage; for Vice-President, Mr. C. A. Reed; for Secretary and
+Treasurer, Dr. Deming. On Executive Committee: Dr. Robert T. Morris, in
+place of Mr. C. A. Reed. On Hybrids, Prof. J. R. Smith, in place of Mr.
+Henry Hicks. On Membership Committee, Mr. G. H. Corsan, in place of
+Prof. E. R. Lake. On Committee on Nomenclature, Dr. W. C. Deming in
+place of Prof. John Craig; the other committees to stand as heretofore.
+
+Mr. Lake: I move that the secretary be instructed to cast the ballot of
+the association for these nominations.
+
+The motion was seconded and adopted and the ballot cast in accordance
+therewith.
+
+The Chairman: Now I will appoint as a Committee on Resolutions relating
+to Prof. Craig, Dr. Deming and the Chairman; Committee on Exhibits, Col.
+VanDuzee, Mr. Roper and C. A. Reed, and they will be here this evening
+to report on exhibits. Committee on Resolutions, Prof. J. Russell Smith
+and Mr. T. P. Littlepage. There is no Committee on Incorporation. Will
+someone propose that we have such a committee?
+
+The Secretary: Isn't it a desirable thing that the society should be
+incorporated? It was mentioned to me by a wealthy man that if anyone
+wished to leave, or give, some money to this association, they would be
+much more likely to do it if the society were incorporated.
+
+The Chairman: I think it would be better for someone to make a motion.
+
+Mr. Lake: I move that a Committee on Incorporation be appointed by the
+chairman; a committee of three.
+
+(Motion seconded and adopted.)
+
+The Chairman: The Committee on Incorporation will consist of Mr.
+Littlepage and Prof. Close. This evening we will meet informally here at
+about eight and tomorrow at ten we have the meeting at the Scenic to
+hear the papers of Mr. Rush and Prof. Lake and Prof. Reed, and see the
+lantern slides. We will first meet here at nine o'clock for an executive
+meeting and to look over the exhibits. The Committees will report at
+that time.
+
+(After discussion, on motion of Prof. Smith, seconded by Mr. Littlepage,
+the selection of the place of the next meeting was left to the Executive
+Committee.)
+
+The report of the Secretary and Treasurer was then read.
+
+(SEE APPENDIX)
+
+The Chairman: You have heard the Secretary's report. We had better take
+up, first, the question of deficit. What are we going to do about the
+$66.00? What prospects have we for the balancing of that account?
+
+The Secretary: That account will be easily balanced, and more than
+balanced, by the dues coming in and then I will proceed to run up a
+deficit for next year.
+
+The Chairman: You have heard the Secretary's report. If there is no
+discussion, a motion to adjourn will be in order.
+
+(Adjourned till December 19th.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Convention met, pursuant to adjournment, December 19th, 1912, at
+9:30 A. M., President Morris in the Chair, and went into Executive
+Session.
+
+It was moved and carried that the President be empowered to appoint a
+committee to attend the conference at Albany, called for the
+consideration of the hickory bark borer, by the Commissioner of
+Agriculture of the State of New York.
+
+The question of the publication of reports of the Convention proceedings
+in the American Fruit and Nut Journal, was next taken up and it was
+moved by Mr. Lake and carried that the papers and discussions of this
+Society shall be used for its own publications exclusively, except as
+the Executive Committee deems it to the best interests of the industry
+to furnish them for separate publication.
+
+The Secretary: On November 8th, I received a letter from Calvin J.
+Huson, the Commissioner of Agriculture of New York, to this effect.
+
+Dear Sir:
+
+At the coming land show in New York this department proposes to have, as
+a part of its exhibit, a collection of native and introduced New York
+grown nuts.
+
+Can you give us the names of growers of the better strains of nuts who
+might be able to furnish material for such an exhibit. Perhaps your
+association would be able to assist in the matter. The Department will
+be able to stand a reasonable expense for cost of nuts, expressage, etc.
+Perhaps a few seedling trees would add interest.... By the exhibit as a
+whole we wish to show the variety and quality of nuts that may be grown
+in this state....
+
+                        Very truly yours,
+                               CALVIN J. HUSON,
+                                  Commissioner.
+
+He wished me to assist in getting up an exhibit, but as he only gave us
+a week I was unable to do anything. I do not know that there is any
+action to be taken on that, but I read the letter simply to show that
+the interest in nut growing is increasing and that this is an
+opportunity for us to make an exhibit another year.
+
+Mr. Lake: Would the secretary take the trouble to make a collection of
+nuts covering the territory of the association and submit it for exhibit
+at a meeting of this character, this land show, giving credit to the
+donors for material, somewhat as Mr. Reed has done in pecans for the
+National Nut Growers Association?
+
+The Secretary: I think I'd have a few minutes to spare to do that.
+
+Mr. Lake: I think it would be an admirable thing.
+
+The Chairman: Yes, it would advertise the organization extensively and
+be a constructive step in agriculture.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Littlepage, have you any report from the Committee on Incorporation?
+
+Mr. Littlepage: That is a matter that will require considerable thought
+and attention. It will require attention from several standpoints, as
+for example under what laws we might wish to incorporate, so I think the
+committee will reserve its report to make to the Executive Committee at
+some later meeting.
+
+The Chairman: We have no other business, I believe, and will now retire
+to the hall where we will have the lantern slide exhibition. The morning
+session closes the meeting and we are to meet at two o'clock at the
+Monument and from there go out to see certain trees in the vicinity. Mr.
+Rush and Mr. Jones are to show us these and their two nurseries.
+
+Mr. Lake: I would like to offer as a resolution, that the secretary be
+instructed to make arrangements with the publishers of the American
+Fruit and Nut Journal for the distribution of one copy to each member as
+a part of his membership fee. The secretary will then be able to reach
+the members in his published notices without special printers' troubles
+of his own, and the members will be able to get some live matter right
+along.
+
+The motion was seconded and adopted, after which the executive session
+closed and the members adjourned in a body to the Scenic Theatre, where
+the regular program was resumed as follows:
+
+The Chairman: We will have Mr. Rush's paper first.
+
+
+
+
+THE PERSIAN WALNUT, ITS DISASTER AND LESSONS FOR 1912
+
+J. G. RUSH, PENNSYLVANIA
+
+
+The year just closing has been full of disasters both on land and sea,
+though I do not wish it to be understood that I am inclined to be a
+pessimist on account of these occurrences.
+
+I wish to speak of a disaster which overtook the walnut industry in the
+northern states. Early in the year we had an arctic cold wave which put
+the thermometer from 23 to 33 degrees below zero. This cold wave
+apparently did no injury to the walnut trees at the time but late in the
+spring it was discovered that the wood cells were ruptured though the
+buds and bark were uninjured. In cutting the scions in early April the
+bark and buds seemed in good condition for grafting; but as the time
+approached to do the work it was readily seen, by its changed color,
+that the wood was injured, some scions of course more than others. Those
+that were only slightly discolored were used in grafting. But as time
+passed the unhappy result came to light that out of about 2,000 nursery
+trees grafted only one graft grew. After climbing an 80 foot walnut tree
+to get our scions, and paying a good price for them besides, this was
+rather discouraging.
+
+This cold wave, which was unprecedented for the time, had wrought other
+injuries to the nut industry. That was especially to the young trees
+that were transplanted the fall previous and last spring. The
+transplanting with a frost injury already was too great a strain on the
+feeble life of the trees. The consequence was that some of them died
+outright, and others made only a feeble growth. But where low and severe
+pruning was practised good results followed and such trees as were
+established on the original root system escaped the frost injury
+entirely. The young nursery trees with dormant buds were not affected in
+the least but made a strong growth of from three to seven feet this last
+summer.
+
+The intense cold wave was such that some old and young seedling Persian
+walnut trees were killed outright, and not only the Persian walnut but
+in a few instances the American black was very much injured; likewise
+the Norway maple, magnolia, California privet and roses. Also the peach
+both in tree and fruit.
+
+Now in conclusion let me say, what is the lesson to be learned? First,
+as to the propagation of the Persian walnut, great care should be taken
+that only trees that are hardy should be propagated from, as well as
+having good bearing qualities with a first class nut. Second, after a
+freeze such as we had last winter, a special effort should be made to
+save the newly planted tree by close and severe pruning. As, for
+example, I had a very fine two year old Hall Persian walnut which was
+referred to me as dead. I cut the tree off about 4 inches above where it
+was budded on the black walnut stock. It was not long after that signs
+of new life appeared and eventually it made a very fine, handsome tree.
+Nature does indeed some wonderful tricks in this respect by which we can
+learn valuable lessons; and chief of these is close pruning.
+
+Such a cold wave may visit us only once in a lifetime and should not
+discourage us from carrying nut culture to its highest development. We
+must not think for a moment that other walnut sections are exempt from
+similar visitations. They have them in the Pacific Northwest, and in
+France and Germany.
+
+As regards the walnut industry for Lancaster county or Pennsylvania in
+general, I am safe in saying that a fair percentage of the farmers are
+taking hold of it. This is because of the fact that the San Jose scale
+has practically destroyed all the old apple trees around the farm
+buildings, and, not wishing to have the building denuded of the
+customary shade and fruit, nut trees are planted instead. This is in
+reality the practice prevalent in France and Germany where they utilize
+every foot of ground to profitable account.
+
+The life of an apple tree is from fifty to sixty years whereas a walnut
+tree is just in its prime at that age and destined to live for hundreds
+of years afterwards. Then again the ravages of the chestnut tree blight
+are destroying the cultivated paragons just as freely as the chestnuts
+in the forests, which in a few years will be things of the past, thus
+giving still more room for walnut and other nut trees.
+
+The Northern Nut Growers Association was organized for a grand and noble
+purpose, that is to stand together shoulder to shoulder to devise ways
+and means to bring nut culture to a grand and glorious success.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Corsan: The temperature Mr. Rush spoke of rather surprises me. Last
+year at Toronto it did not fall lower than 9 degrees below zero. We had
+summer almost until New Year's and then a very severe winter until
+April. I didn't notice any evergreen trees killed, but at Detroit, the
+Bronx and various other places, I never saw a winter so disastrous for
+killing evergreens.
+
+The Chairman: Not only that but nurserymen all over eastern New England
+said they suffered greater losses last winter than ever before.
+
+Prof. Smith: I would like to ask Mr. Rush if it would be possible to cut
+scions by December 1st, so as to escape danger from such great freezes.
+
+Mr. Rush: I really have little experience in keeping scions. This fall I
+put some in the moist cold earth in the cellar. I think the experiment
+will be successful because I have known chestnut scions cut in the fall,
+to be kept under leaves in the grove till spring.
+
+Prof. Smith: I should like to suggest that you try the following
+experiment; bury them, wrapped up in a gunny-sack or something, entirely
+underground where they will have absolute moisture and be shut away from
+the air. I have found that very successful.
+
+Mr. Rush: Sometimes the trouble is they get too moist.
+
+The Chairman: There is a principle here, and we had better keep down to
+principles as much as we can. That principle is that if the cells of the
+scions are distended with water a certain chemical process is going on
+all the while, because a scion is just as much alive as the red
+squirrel; it is a living organism. Now then, if the cells are a very
+little below normal dryness the chemical processes mostly cease, and
+that is better. We have to use nice judgment in avoiding having a scion
+so dry that its cells perish or so moist that its cells are undergoing
+chemical processes too rapidly. Our scions are cut, say, the last of
+November, then covered with leaves enough to prevent freezing and
+thawing. That will carry scions pretty well through the winter and
+perhaps is the best way, but we must never forget that in dealing with
+scions we are dealing with living red squirrels just as when we are
+dealing with pollen.
+
+A Member: Are the leaves moist or dry?
+
+The Chairman: The driest leaves in the woods contain more water than you
+think they do. They carry enough to maintain the life of the cells, if
+they are packed pretty firmly about your scions, and at the same time
+the scions are still allowed to breathe. I keep them above ground. I put
+a layer of shingles on the cellar floor, if I've got a bare ground
+cellar floor, and then a layer of very fine leaves like locust leaves,
+then a single layer of scions and then a good big heap of leaves over
+those, packed tight, a good big heap of apple leaves or anything you
+have at hand. Try it on the basis of principles. It is a complex
+question. You can't settle any of these questions off-hand. Every man
+who has had much experience has learned that he needs a whole lot more.
+
+Prof. Smith: Have you had any experience in fixing up a bed of scions
+like that and putting it in cold storage?
+
+The Chairman: Yes, but you must tell the cold storage people not to let
+them get too dry. Tell them you want them in moist cold storage, and to
+keep the temperature about 40.
+
+A Member: We have found with walnuts that if you have the scions too
+damp they won't keep very long. If you have them just moist enough to
+hold them you can keep them all winter, maybe indefinitely.
+
+The Chairman: If your cell is full of water the scion will work as hard
+as an Irishman.
+
+A Member: I find that we have to graft them above ground, in the North,
+and if they are too moist when grafted they will dry up, but if kept dry
+they will grow, because they will remain in good condition until the sap
+comes up in the stock.
+
+The Chairman: Yes, you must choose a position midway between too dry and
+too moist.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: That is very important; they won't stand dampness.
+
+Mr. Pomeroy: Wouldn't it be well to dip the cut end of the walnut scion
+in wax to hold the sap?
+
+The Chairman: I am afraid that would stop its breathing. You are dealing
+with a red squirrel all the while, remember that.
+
+Col. Sober: My method is this: I have a little room about six feet wide
+with ice packs on both sides and double doors. In that I pack my scions
+in this way: I take carbide cans made of iron and put damp sawdust,
+about an inch or so, on the bottom and then I pack my scions in the
+cans, cut end down, then I put the top on loosely. I have carried them
+over the second year in that way.
+
+The Chairman: But you let them breathe all the while?
+
+Col. Sober: Certainly, and they have but very little moisture. They are
+kept in a temperature of about 40 degrees.
+
+Prof. Smith: How often do you wet that sawdust?
+
+Col. Sober: Not once.
+
+The Chairman: Well, that's in keeping with our theoretical basis.
+
+Col. Sober: I cut scions any time between now and March. I don't take
+them out of storage until we use them. We graft up to the middle of
+June.
+
+The Chairman: I found some hickory scions that had been accidentally
+overlooked, kept under leaves, and the buds in the cambium were
+perfectly good after two years. In regard to winter injury--in the
+vicinity of Stamford, Conn., the nurserymen reported greater losses of
+all kinds in nursery stock than they had had before in their experience.
+I noticed that some small branches of the Persian walnuts had been
+injured, and particularly where grafts had started a little late and had
+not lignified quite thoroughly I lost whatever grafts had not had time
+to lignify. Last winter the injuries in our vicinity consisted chiefly
+of two kinds; occasional killing of the small branches--this does little
+harm because, where the branch is killed and dies back for a certain
+distance, we have three or four more branches starting up, so that
+perhaps it is not sophistical to say that it does the tree good. We get
+a larger bearing area than if it were not for this occasional freezing
+of small branches. Another form of injury occurs in the spring. The sap
+will start to ascend when we have warm days in February and March; then
+a few cold days come and, if we have absolutely freezing temperature at
+night, this sap freezes and when it freezes it expands, as water does
+everywhere, and the result is a bursting of the bark. That is an
+occasional happening with all trees but particularly with exotics. One
+kind of winter injury has been overlooked in connection with the walnut.
+The very last thing which the tree does in the autumn is to complete its
+buds for female flowers. That is the very last job the tree has on hand
+and if the tree cannot complete the buds for female flowers perfectly,
+then a very little wood killing will make that a barren tree, although
+it appears to be a good strong tree. That covers the kinds of winter
+injury I have seen in the vicinity of Stamford, Conn.
+
+(Here Col. C. K. Sober of Pennsylvania showed lantern slide views of his
+orchards of paragon chestnuts and his methods.)
+
+The Chairman: We will have now Mr. Reed's address with lantern views.
+
+
+
+
+A 1912 REVIEW OF THE NUT SITUATION IN THE NORTH
+
+C. A. REED, WASHINGTON, D. C.
+
+
+In taking up the question of the present status of the nut industry of
+the Northern States, we have to do more with what has not been
+accomplished than with what has been. Very little has been done toward
+developing the northern chestnut. What has been done has been mostly
+with the European species and so far that has not been very
+satisfactory. The European species is quite subject to the blight. The
+Japanese nut is not ordinarily of a quality equal to that of the
+American. It is thought, too, that with the Japanese chestnut the
+chestnut blight has been introduced, which has been so serious to our
+native species. The walnut has not become well established in the
+eastern states. So far, most of the European nuts that have been
+imported have been too tender to adapt themselves to our climatic
+conditions, and the filbert, when brought from Europe, proves quite
+subject to a blight that prevails everywhere with our native species,
+but with them is not so serious. In running over these slides, I will
+begin first with the chestnut. That is perhaps the best known species in
+this locality. That shows one of our native chestnut trees as it is
+familiar to you all in a great part of this territory under discussion,
+that is, the part of the United States east of the Mississippi River and
+north of the Potomac. That photograph was taken some time last June or
+July when the tree was in full bloom. The chestnut is one of the most
+beautiful of our native nut trees. This tree has the blight in one of
+the earlier stages and it is shown here merely to call attention to the
+disease, because no discussion of the chestnut industry at the present
+time can be complete without at least calling attention to the
+seriousness of that blight. That tree, perhaps, has not been affected
+more than two years, possibly one. Is that right, Mr. Pierce?
+
+Mr. Pierce: About two. That's an 18 or 20 inch tree, isn't it?
+
+Mr. Reed: Yes, sir.
+
+Mr. Pierce: It must be an 18 or 20 inch tree to be so badly blighted at
+the top.
+
+Mr. Reed: Two years, but you see it's pretty well gone. We come now to
+the Paragon, one of the first trees of that variety ever propagated. It
+was planted where it stands, by the introducer, Mr. Henry M. Engel, at
+Marietta, where they had quite an orchard at one time, but the blight is
+so serious that there are only a few specimens of the trees left. That
+tree is probably in the neighborhood of twenty-five years old. The next
+slide shows two trees of the same variety that we may possibly see this
+afternoon. They are on the farm belonging to Mr. Rush and they are about
+twenty years old.
+
+Prof. Smith: What have those trees yielded?
+
+Mr. Rush: They yield four, five, six and seven to eight bushels. You can
+see that they are not far from the barn and the roots run under that
+barnyard manure pile.
+
+Mr. Reed: What would you consider an average crop?
+
+Mr. Rush: They grow five or six bushels per tree.
+
+Mr. Reed: The greatest attention that has been paid to developing the
+paragon chestnut in orchard farming has been on the plan Mr. Sober has
+just shown, by clearing away the mountain side and cutting down
+everything but the chestnut sprouts. This photograph was taken in a
+thicket where the underbrush had not been cleared away. Those are a good
+age now or perhaps a little bit older than we usually graft, aren't
+they, Mr. Sober?
+
+Mr. Sober: Yes, sir; one or two years old. When they get to be three
+years old they are past grafting, according to my method.
+
+Mr. Reed: This photograph was taken at Mr. Sober's a little over a year
+ago, taken in the rain and is not very clear, but it shows the distance
+between the trees at the time when these trees were four or five years
+old--is that right?
+
+Mr. Sober: They are eleven year old trees.
+
+Mr. Reed: Do you thin them out after they get that size?
+
+Mr. Sober: Yes, sir, they should be thinned out more, but I hesitated on
+account of the blight; I have thousands that I could spare, but for fear
+the blight will take them out.
+
+A Member: Do you cultivate the ground?
+
+Mr. Sober: I don't cultivate it, I just pasture it. The land is
+fertilized, but not cultivated.
+
+Mr. Reed: That is a photograph of a large chestnut orchard in this
+county. It is not many miles from here. I understand that owing to the
+blight and to the weevil, that orchard has not been satisfactory, and I
+was told two or three days ago that it was being cleared away.
+
+The Chairman: What varieties?
+
+Mr. Reed: Paragon and native stock.
+
+A Member: Was that the old Furness Grove?
+
+Mr. Reed: Yes, sir. That slide shows the congeniality, ordinarily,
+between the stock of the native chestnut and the paragon. The next slide
+shows a typical instance of malformation between the Japanese and native
+chestnut. I understand that this is not unusual at all. The Japanese,
+ordinarily, does not make a good union with the American sweet chestnut.
+That slide was taken in Indiana. It is a twenty-five acre paragon
+orchard owned by Mr. Littlepage and Senator Bourne of Oregon, planted in
+the spring of 1910. The next slide shows one of the trees in the orchard
+during its first season. Mr. Littlepage had to have them all gone over
+and the burs removed. They were so inclined to fruit during the first
+season that they would have exhausted themselves if the burs had not
+been removed. They made a very promising start, but I understand from
+Mr. Littlepage that a number of the trees have since died. Is there
+anything you'd like to add to that, Mr. Littlepage?
+
+Mr. Littlepage: I haven't yet quite determined the cause of the trouble.
+Last winter I lost perhaps one-third of the trees with a peculiar
+condition. The wood under the bark was darkened. I sent some of them to
+Washington the year before to see if there was any blight or fungus and
+they reported there was none on any of the trees, but this winter
+perhaps one-third of the trees died down to the graft. A few, however,
+would sprout from the scion, giving me, of course, the grafted top
+again. It seemed to indicate, perhaps, a winter killing and yet I would
+not undertake to assert that that was the cause, but it was very
+serious.
+
+Prof. Smith: Was the land low or high?
+
+Mr. Littlepage: High land along a hillside, very excellent land for
+chestnuts.
+
+Mr. Reed: Sandy loam?
+
+Mr. Littlepage: No, it's a hilly clay with a considerable humus and set
+in clover.
+
+The Chairman: Which way does it face?
+
+Mr. Littlepage: South.
+
+The Chairman: That is rather bad.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: I don't know. I have some over on the other side of the
+hill and I don't know whether the killing was greater on the other side
+or not.
+
+Mr. Reed: We have before us a view of the original Rochester and its
+originator, Mr. E. A. Reihl, of Alton, Ill. Over in the Court House we
+have on exhibition nuts of that variety which most of you have seen. You
+are aware, probably, that it is a native chestnut. It is one of the
+largest and best of the native chestnuts and originated in southern
+Illinois, where so far the blight has not spread. It gives considerable
+promise for the future. We come back now to Lancaster county to a
+chinkapin tree, a hybrid chinkapin. The original tree stands in a forest
+in this county, and as you notice there, it is a very good sized tree.
+You might think from the looks of the photograph that that is a
+chestnut, but the nuts are small and borne in racemes, so they are
+typical chinkapins.
+
+Mr. Lake: One parent was a chestnut?
+
+Mr. Rush: We don't know; it's a native tree; it's a hybrid.
+
+Mr. Lake: It's a supposed hybrid.
+
+Mr. Reed: Yes, the chestnut and chinkapin grow close together.
+
+The Chairman: What is the form of the nuts?
+
+Mr. Rush: Round like a chinkapin. I think it was a chestnut on a
+chinkapin.
+
+Mr. Lake: If it is a chinkapin, what is there to indicate that there is
+any chestnut blood in it?
+
+Mr. Rush: The size of the tree and the fact that the nut matures with
+the chestnut. The chinkapin is about three weeks earlier than this
+variety of chinkapin.
+
+Mr. Reed: That photograph is typical of the Rush hybrid chinkapin. We
+take up the butternut now. So far as we know, there are no named
+varieties of the butternut; there cannot be until some good individual
+tree is found which is of sufficient merit to entitle it to propagation
+by budding and grafting. It is one of the best known nuts in our field,
+especially in New England; it is more common there than it is further
+south.
+
+This slide shows the native butternut in the forests of southern Indiana
+near the Ohio River. Of course, those trees in forests like that don't
+mature many nuts. It is not in the forests, ordinarily, that you will
+find individual trees of sufficient merit to entitle them to
+propagation. It is the tree in the open that has had greater
+opportunities than are afforded in the forest.
+
+Mr. Lake: Are there any coniferous trees in that forest?
+
+Mr. Littlepage: No, that's an alluvial bottom, Mr. Lake. There is quite
+a long bottom by the creek where the butternut grows profusely. We have
+the same tree on the farm that Senator Bourne and I own. Hundreds of
+those trees grow in the woods there. It's rich alluvial soil.
+
+Mr. Lake: The fact that it is rich alluvial soil does not usually bar
+coniferous trees; it may in your section.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: There are none there.
+
+Mr. Reed: The slide before us shows typical black walnuts that are
+almost as common, perhaps more so, in many parts of the area under
+discussion, than the butternut. This photograph was taken in Michigan
+where the trees are growing along fence rows without cultivation or
+special attention. No one knows whether the nuts of those trees are of
+special value or not. It merely shows the starting point for improvement
+in the walnut. We come now to the Persian walnut, which Mr. Lake will
+discuss more fully in a few minutes. This is one of the trees we will
+probably have an opportunity to see this afternoon. It is between Mr.
+Rush's nursery and the station, on the right hand side as you are going
+out. Just above the top of the fence you will notice a dark line which
+indicates the point of union. The Persian walnut was grafted on the
+black stock. The Persian is of slightly greater diameter. Now we have
+Mr. Rush in his walnut nursery. These are seedling walnuts in their
+third year.
+
+Mr. Rush: Second year.
+
+Mr. Reed: Second year from the time of planting. You will notice the
+luxuriant growth. The next slide shows the methods of propagation. This
+is the first step in the operation. The knife is similar to those on the
+tables in the Court House. The next slide shows the second stage in the
+operation where the bark has been lifted and Mr. Rush holds the bud of
+the Persian walnut in the fingers of his left hand, and the next slide
+shows the bud in position and being held firmly by a finger of the left
+hand. As soon as it is in position like that, Mr. Rush lifts the
+pencil--the instrument that he holds in the right hand and folds the
+bark back over the new bud and then cuts it on the outside, so that he
+makes a perfect fit. If anything, the bark of the black walnut overlaps
+slightly the bark of the bud, and the third step in the operation is the
+wrapping. Below, right at this point, is a completed operation. That was
+done in August, using buds of the present season's growth, and in about
+how many days is it that you take off the wrapping?
+
+Mr. Rush: About two weeks.
+
+Mr. Reed: In about two weeks take off the wrapping; and about how much
+longer is it before you get a growth like that?
+
+Mr. Rush: About two weeks more, three weeks more.
+
+Mr. Reed: In about four or five weeks from the time of the operation a
+growth like that is not uncommon.
+
+Prof. Smith: When is the top cut off?
+
+Mr. Rush: When I see that growth is taking place I cut the top off in
+order to encourage the growth to get strong enough for the winter. Of
+course our object is to keep the bud dormant until the following season,
+perfectly dormant, but sometimes they do make a growth and, if they do,
+cut them off at the top and force them. You will not get that bud to
+grow next summer, but another bud starts out below that branch and gives
+you your tree.
+
+Mr. Reed: That one dies then?
+
+Mr. Rush: Yes, sir, invariably dies.
+
+Mr. Reed: There is one of Mr. Rush's own growing of the Rush walnut, a
+little tree which, in its second season, matured two nuts. That
+photograph was taken just about the time the nuts were ready to be
+gathered.
+
+Mr. Corsan: I noticed in the nurseries at the Michigan Agricultural
+College, a lot of black walnuts that were sun-scalded. They were too far
+apart. Can anyone tell us anything about this danger of sun-scald to the
+trunk?
+
+Mr. Reed: Well, in this particular instance, the tree stands right next
+to a fence, so it is protected from the hot sun during a large part of
+the season. Perhaps Mr. Rush could tell us whether he has had any
+trouble with sun-scald.
+
+Mr. Rush: Not at all, none whatever, never.
+
+The Chairman: There is, in some localities, a great deal of danger from
+sun-scald. In the vicinity of Stamford, Conn., most of the English
+walnuts will sun-scald more or less unless we look out for that and give
+them shade; mostly in the trunk below the branches.
+
+Mr. Lake: How about the nuts?
+
+The Chairman: I haven't seen any scalding there.
+
+Mr. Reed: These are all interesting points and I am glad to have them
+thrown in. Mr. Rush can tell us about this slide. It is one of the
+cut-leafed varieties of walnut from California that he is propagating.
+It is more of an ornament than it is a commercial nut, isn't it?
+
+Mr. Rush: It is both combined. It is very productive and very hardy. The
+nut is not quite as large as the Nebo. It is the cut-leafed weeping
+walnut. The first tree that came from California cost twenty dollars. It
+is very ornamental.
+
+Mr. Reed: This is a view of a seedling Persian walnut orchard in Bucks
+county, this state, some twenty or thirty miles north of Philadelphia.
+It is now about ten years of age and is owned by Mrs. J. L. Lovett, of
+Emilie. Some of the nuts of this orchard are on exhibition over in the
+Court House. The orchard was not given any special cultivation at the
+time this photograph was taken. The nuts from the trees, of course, are
+very ununiform, being seedlings, and the bearing of the trees is not
+especially large, but the apparent thrift and vigor of these trees gives
+a good deal of ground for looking forward to a walnut industry in the
+eastern states.
+
+Prof. Smith: Do you know the origin of the seed?
+
+Mr. Reed: No, sir, we do not. The nuts from which those trees were
+planted were obtained and planted by Mr. Lovett who is now deceased.
+
+The Chairman: One of the most important features, it seems to me, of
+grafting, is the idea that we can graft from prolific trees. The
+majority of trees, of walnuts, hickories, anything you please, are not
+remarkably prolific, but in grafting you select a tree that is prolific
+as one of the most desirable of its qualities.
+
+A Member: You say that this grove was given no particular cultivation;
+are they careful to allow all the foliage to remain on the ground where
+it drops?
+
+Mr. Reed: I couldn't answer as to that.
+
+A Member: Mr. Sober, do you do that?
+
+Col. Sober: Yes, sir.
+
+A Member: The point I wanted to make is that that is probably very much
+better than any cultivation that could be given.
+
+The Chairman: The matter of cultivation is one we have got to settle in
+this country. I have been over the walnut orchards on the Pacific coast,
+in the East and in Europe, and I find three entirely separate and
+distinct methods of treatment. On the Pacific coast, the rule is to
+cultivate every year and irrigate where they can, but to cultivate, at
+any rate, whether they irrigate or not. In the East, where people are
+supposed to be very industrious, we have adopted the lazier way of
+letting the trees grow in sod; but that is not so bad if we follow the
+principle brought forward by Stringfellow of letting the leaves all
+decompose, and adding more fertilizer and more leaves and taking away
+nothing. In France and Germany and England, where the trees are
+cultivated, particularly in France, where they are best cultivated, we
+find two methods; first, keeping up clean cultivation and adding a
+little lime every year and, second, add lime without the cultivation.
+One great feature of the treatment of the tree in France, where the best
+walnuts come from, is the addition of a little lime every year, even if
+it's a limestone ground, and that may possibly account for the delicate
+character of the French walnuts and the reason why they have the first
+call in the market. I don't know that that is true, but it seems to me,
+at least, a collateral fact, and collateral facts often mean something.
+
+Mr. Pomeroy: Judging from my own experience I think that that orchard
+would be producing now two or two and a half bushels per tree each year
+if put under cultivation and given the care of an ordinary peach
+orchard.
+
+Mr. Reed: These are seedling trees, you understand, in that orchard we
+showed. This is a Persian walnut tree in Mr. Rush's front yard. I've
+forgotten the variety.
+
+Mr. Rush: That is the Kaghazi.
+
+Mr. Reed: Now we come to the original hickories. This is one of the
+earliest hickory nuts propagated, in fact, it's about the only one so
+far. That tree is owned by Mr. Henry Hales of Ridgewood, N. J.
+
+Prof. Smith: Have they fertilized it?
+
+Mr. Reed: No, not especially. It stands on good, fertile soil but I
+think no attention has ever been paid to it in the way of cultivation.
+
+Prof. Smith: Have you its yielding record?
+
+Mr. Reed: It never made large records; as I recall it now, it has never
+borne more than a few bushels at any one time, perhaps two bushels.
+
+The Chairman: One reason is because it has been cut back regularly every
+year for scions?
+
+Mr. Reed: Yes, that's true.
+
+Prof. Smith: Over two hundred years old, then?
+
+The Chairman: I doubt if that tree is over fifty or sixty.
+
+Mr. Reed: That's what I should say,--somewhere in the neighborhood of
+fifty or sixty years old.
+
+Mr. Reed: That slide shows a typical grafted tree in Mr. Hales' garden.
+It's a nice shapely, thrifty tree about seven years old and only
+recently came into bearing to any extent. The nurserymen have had great
+difficulty in propagating it until recently. Now that Mr. Jones has come
+up from the South and he and Mr. Rush are getting down together
+earnestly in the propagation of these northern trees, we will probably
+have more of them, but in all the years that Mr. Hales has been working
+with that particular variety, he has never been able to get more than a
+few trees grown in the nursery, so it is not disseminated to any extent.
+
+The Chairman: Do you think that this will be like the pecan and hickory,
+that some varieties will bear fifteen years after grafting and other
+varieties two years after grafting, for instance, as extremes?
+
+Mr. Reed: Probably so, the same as it is with other fruits.
+
+The Chairman: It seems to me that that is what we may fairly anticipate.
+
+Mr. Corsan: Like Northern Spy apples and other apples.
+
+Mr. Reed: This slide is a little bit out of order. It's a native Persian
+walnut tree that stands in this county. It is owned by Mr. Harness. Mr.
+Rush has propagated it under the name of Geit. That photograph was taken
+in the fall of 1911. Last year it suffered greatly during the extreme
+weather, but it came out again and made a very good growth. This is the
+original Rush tree that we may be able to see this afternoon. And this
+is the original Nebo that we had hoped to be able to see but will
+probably not succeed. It is some seven or eight miles from Mr. Rush's
+home and we will hardly be able to make it this afternoon. The slide
+before us shows some European filberts that were planted by Mr. Hales
+and up to the present time they are doing nicely although they have
+never fruited especially heavily; but there is no blight.
+
+The Chairman: How many years?
+
+Mr. Reed: I think those are ten to twelve years old. Perhaps you have
+seen them.
+
+The Chairman: Yes. There are two features connected with the filbert
+that we ought to discuss right here. One is the tendency to its being
+destroyed by the blight of our American hazel, which extends to Indiana,
+and another is the fact that it blossoms so early that the female
+flowers or the male flowers are both apt to be killed by the frost. All
+the members of this Association ought to get to work to bring out a
+variety which will have the blight-resisting features and the later
+blooming of the American hazel.
+
+Mr. Reed: This slide shows a filbert we will probably be able to see
+this afternoon. It is in Mr. Rush's door yard and is still pretty young.
+I believe it has not borne of any account.
+
+Mr. Rush: It has borne a little.
+
+The Chairman: How old is it?
+
+Mr. Rush: I think it's about five years old. It is a Barcelona.
+
+Mr. Reed: The next slide is taken in the orchard of Mr. Kerr at Denton,
+Md. At one time he had a very nice orchard of these filberts, but the
+blight has gotten in and has about wiped out everything. In a letter
+from him this fall he said he had very few nuts of any variety, although
+he did have a few. A letter that came this week from J. W. Killen, of
+Felton, Md., said he had found filberts to be about as unprofitable a
+nut, as any he could have grown.
+
+We will spend a few minutes now running over the pecan situation. We can
+hardly omit it altogether because there are so many people in the
+northern states who are interested in the pecan in a financial way. The
+chart before us shows first the native area. This part here is the
+portion of the United States in which the pecan is a native. You notice
+how far upward it extends, almost to Terre Haute, Indiana, and across
+southern Indiana along the Ohio River, and it is right in here, about
+where the pencil indicates that some of our best northern varieties have
+originated. Mr. Littlepage and W. C. Reed and others have shown us nuts
+over in the Court House that originated there. The Busseron and the
+Indiana are the two most northern. They are a little way north of
+Vincennes. No varieties so far of any merit have originated in Illinois.
+While we have the map of Illinois before us, I would like to point out
+the place where Mr. Riehl originated the variety of chestnut we referred
+to some time ago. Down in more southern Illinois is where we find Mr.
+Endicott. This darkened area along the southeastern part of the United
+States, and extending away up into Virginia, shows the area to which the
+pecan has been planted with more or less success. This area extending
+down over the Piedmont and up into Virginia and West Virginia, is the
+mountain area to which the pecan is not adapted. You never find pecans
+on the uplands. This thick, heavy area shows the territory within which
+the pecan has been most extensively planted. It is not common down in
+southern Florida. You notice, too, that over here in Texas there have
+been very few orchards planted to pecans. North of these shaded areas,
+anywhere up in Ohio or Pennsylvania or New York, the pecan has not shown
+any adaptability or has not shown sufficient adaptability to justify
+commercial planting. Whatever planting of pecans is done in the area
+north of the shaded portions there must be considered as experimental.
+
+The Chairman: The southern part of Texas is actually in the tropical
+zone. It would be interesting to know if we have the pecan actually
+growing in the tropics.
+
+Mr. Reed: We have more or less vague reports that it is growing down
+near Brownsville. I think Mr. Littlepage told us the other day of a
+friend of his who is planting pecans.
+
+The Chairman: Brownsville is very close to the tropics.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: Mr. Yoacum told me he had a grove down there that had
+not been a success so far. I know that quite a number of people have
+discussed the question of planting pecans in that section.
+
+Mr. Reed: This is one of the largest of pecan trees; it is the largest
+that it has ever been my personal privilege to see. It has a
+circumference of between 18 and 19 feet and a spread of about 125 feet.
+We estimated that it was about the same height. It stands on the west
+side of the Mississippi River, some distance south of Baton Rouge.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: What is the approximate water level below the ground?
+
+Mr. Reed: It is quite near the surface.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: I thought so. There are conditions you will observe that
+are unusual. In lands where the water level is near the surface, there
+is a tendency in the tree to shove out a lot of surface roots. You can
+travel all over the pecan belt of Indiana and will never see a pecan
+tree that does not look as if it had been driven in the ground with a
+pile-driver, but I have noticed that you find those spreading roots
+where the water level is near the surface of the ground.
+
+Mr. Reed: It is interesting to know that right near this tree were other
+large trees, nearly as large, that were blown over, and they showed no
+tap-roots, but merely the surface roots, This slide shows a pecan bloom.
+The pistillate bloom is clear up on the terminate growth; the staminate,
+like other nut trees, is on the growth of last season and comes out
+somewhat in advance of the pistillate, necessarily.
+
+We come now to the wild pecans of Texas. The recent census figures show
+that fully three-fifths of all the pecans produced in the United States
+come from Texas. This photograph shows the native wild pecans along the
+Colorado River. Here is the pecan as a park tree. This picture was taken
+in Llana Park, New Braunfels, in west Texas. One of the nuisances in
+pecan trees is illustrated in the upper part of this photograph; you
+will notice the Spanish moss that grows so densely on the pecan trees if
+neglected. Unless the moss is kept out it gets so dense that it smothers
+the fruiting and leafing surface, so trees that are densely covered with
+that are able to make leaves only on the terminals. You notice in the
+rear the leaves of bananas that grow there throughout the entire year.
+
+The Chairman: I have noticed that the mistletoe was a bad parasite on
+the pecans in some regions. Have you found that?
+
+Mr. Reed: Yes, that is true; that is one of the pests of the pecan. This
+slide shows a typical Texas scene. The wild pecans have been gathered
+and are brought into town and are waiting the buyers. You will notice
+right here is a bag that has been stood up and opened, waiting for a
+buyer, the same as we see grain in the streets of northern towns, and
+here are pecans on their way from the warehouse to the car. The next
+slide shows another step; they are on their way now from Texas to the
+crackery or the wholesalers. The crop of pecans in Texas alone usually
+runs from 200 cars to 600 or 700 cars. This year the crop is small and
+probably not over 200 cars, so the prices are going up. This is the
+pecan crackery in San Antonio, having a capacity of 20,000 pounds a day.
+The pecans are cracked by machinery and the kernels are picked out by
+hand. This slide shows a native pecan tree. The one in the foreground
+was from across the river near Vincennes. It is one of the first
+northern varieties that was introduced, but it is now superseded. The
+next is the original tree of the Busseron. The nuts from that tree are
+on exhibition over at the Court House brought here by Mr. Reed. The tree
+was cut back quite severely several years ago to get budwood and has not
+made sufficient top yet to bear normal crops again. This is the original
+tree of Indiana. Beside the tree is the introducer, Mr. Mason J.
+Niblack, the gentleman with his hand by the tree. Now we come to the
+original Green River, one of the northern Kentucky pecans. It is in a
+forest more than twelve miles from Evansville across the Ohio River in
+Kentucky. The trunk of that tree is typical of others in the forest.
+There is a pecan forest of perhaps 200 acres, from which everything but
+pecan timber was removed several years ago.
+
+The slide before us shows the trunk of a supposed chance hybrid between
+hickory and pecan. The next slide shows a grafted tree of that variety.
+It is interesting to note the vigor of this hybrid. It is quite the
+usual thing to get added vigor with hybrids. This is one of the most
+beautiful, dense, dark green trees that I have ever seen in the hickory
+family. This tree is in northern Georgia, but it is not so prolific as
+the parent tree.
+
+The Chairman: Does the shell fill down there?
+
+Mr. Reed: No, it does not.
+
+The Chairman: It grows very vigorously in Connecticut. It is a perfectly
+hardy hybrid, but I am afraid I shall only be able to use the crop for
+spectacle cases.
+
+Mr. Reed: This shows one of the most common methods of propagating the
+pecan, the annular system. It is a slight modification of the system Mr.
+Rush applies to the propagation of the walnut. This shows one of the
+tools designed especially for annular budding, the Galbraith knife. The
+rest of the operation you already understand. It is merely placing the
+bud in position and wrapping the same as Mr. Rush does.
+
+The Chairman: I would like to ask, does it make a great deal of
+difference whether the bud ring is half an inch long or an inch and a
+quarter long?
+
+Mr. Rush: It does not make any difference. The union takes place on the
+cambium layer. It is not made on the cut.
+
+The Chairman: Then the length of the bud is not of great importance?
+
+Mr. Rush: No, it is of no importance at all.
+
+Mr. Reed: This slide may be a little bit misleading. Two nuts matured in
+the nursery on a scion that was inserted in February. The scion was
+taken from a mature tree and the fruit buds had already set and had
+enough nourishment to carry them through the season so that they
+matured. That is no indication of what may be expected in the way of
+bearing. It is one of the freaks. This is merely a view of a
+fourteen-year old pecan orchard in south-western Georgia, a 700-acre
+orchard owned largely by one person. That is the orchard belonging to
+Mr. G. M. Bacon, a name probably familiar to some of you. Those trees
+are set 46 feet, 8 inches apart, each way. There are twenty trees to the
+acre, just beginning to bear now. That photograph was taken some two
+years ago showing the first step in topworking. The top has been
+removed, as you notice, and the next slide shows the subsequent
+water-sprouts which are later budded. The lower branches were left in
+the first place to take up the sap while the new head was in formation.
+They have now been removed. Our next point might be brought out in
+connection with this slide. One of the typical, sub-tropical storms, not
+unusual in the Gulf States, swept over this area in September, just as
+the nuts were beginning to mature and defoliated the trees and whipped
+off the nuts. The sap was still in circulation, and the varieties that
+respond most readily to warm weather, that start earliest in the spring,
+sent out new leaves, so that foliage was foliage that ought to have come
+on the next year, that is, it was exhausting next year's buds. The same
+year the tree sent out its blossom buds, so it had no fruit the
+following season. This slide shows one of the pests in the pecan
+orchard, the twig girdler, at work. The insect deposits its egg under
+the bark up at about that point, then goes down below girdles the twig,
+and it breaks off, goes to the ground, and the insect comes out, goes
+into the ground and comes out the next season. There are a good many
+drawbacks that are occurring and more are to be expected the same as
+with other fruit. There are probably no more setbacks to pecan growing
+than there are to the growing of other fruit, but this is one of the
+things. This orchard was set in land bordering the Flint River and at
+the time this picture was taken the water stood at the depth of three
+feet. It probably did no harm, because it didn't stay more than a week
+or ten days. Sometimes it stays longer and in such cases it is a serious
+matter. In Texas, floods come up like that into the branches of the
+trees, so high in some seasons after the nuts are formed, that the nuts
+deteriorate and fall to the ground. In such cases it is a pretty serious
+thing. (Applause.)
+
+The time for which the "scenic" was engaged having expired, the
+delegates returned to the Court House and the regular program was
+resumed.
+
+The Chairman: We will next hear from Mr. Lake.
+
+Mr. Lake: My topic, aside from the slides, was concerning the result of
+the work at Arlington this year. It is all written out but I don't
+propose to read the paper at this stage. I have not been a teacher and
+lecturer for 25 years for nothing, and I don't propose to kill the few
+friends I have among nut growers by talking them to death when they are
+hungry and want to see something interesting. I will send this paper in
+due time to the secretary, and give way now to Mr. Jones. I did want to
+show you on the slides a few illustrations of cross fertilization
+between the Japanese and the American walnut, but we will put those in
+engravings and put them in the Northern Nut Growers' Journal, so that
+you will see them there with better satisfaction. Now one or two words
+about these Persian walnuts. These are eastern grown seedlings, the best
+that I have been able to pick out. Here is an Oregon grown nut. That is
+the ideal type for dessert walnuts. This is the Meylan. There is only
+one better, and that is the real Mayette, of which we grow very few in
+the United States, but we are growing considerable of the Meylan.
+Whether we can grow this successfully here or not, I am not certain, but
+it is well worth trying. The better type of our nut seedlings in the
+east are from the Parisienne. We must get a nut something like this that
+you can crack between your fingers, not one that is sealed so hard that
+it requires a hammer, and must get one with a very good quality of meat.
+One great advantage to the walnut grower in the East will be that he can
+get his crop on to the Thanksgiving market, which is the cream of the
+market--something the Western or European nut grower cannot do. So if we
+can grow a nut reasonably fair in quality we can expect excellent
+results.
+
+The Chairman: Mr. Jones, will you give us your points now?
+
+Mr. Jones: Dr. Deming yesterday asked me to give a little demonstration
+of grafting and I have brought along a sort of transplanted nursery on a
+board, so that I might do so.
+
+(Here Mr. Jones demonstrated methods of grafting the pecan.)
+
+The Chairman: Tell us about the wax cloth, Mr. Jones.
+
+Mr. Jones: We use that over the cut.
+
+The Chairman: How do you make your wax cloth?
+
+Mr. Jones: We take a roll of this, possibly three or four yards long,
+very thin muslin, roll it up and drop it in the melted wax.
+
+The Chairman: How do you make that wax?
+
+Mr. Jones: We don't measure the ingredients, but I think it varies from
+four to six pound of rosin, to one pound of beeswax and a tea cup full
+of boiled linseed oil and about a tablespoon of lamp black.
+
+Prof. Smith: What do you use the lamp black for, Mr. Jones?
+
+Mr. Jones: To toughen the wax so that it will not crack and so that it
+will adhere better.
+
+A Member: How do you get your excess of wax off the cloth?
+
+Mr. Jones: We just throw the rolls on a board and press them.
+
+Mr. Reed: I believe you would find it easier to tear it up into strips
+than to put it in rolls. We have been using that method. We ran short of
+cloth and I went to town and got some and tore off a piece about 8 or 9
+yards long and folded it up into strips that wide and dipped it in the
+pure beeswax and pressed it on a board and it was ready for work.
+
+Col. Sober: I take just a common corn cob and wind it on as you would on
+a spool, then, while the wax is warm, I dip it in; you can have the
+cloth half an inch wide or an inch wide just as you please. My way of
+making wax is, I take two pounds of rosin, one pound of beeswax and half
+a pound of tallow. I find that stands all kinds of weather.
+
+Mr. Jones: You prefer the tallow?
+
+Col. Sober: Yes sir, I do.
+
+The Chairman: Beef tallow or mutton tallow?
+
+Col. Sober: I prefer mutton tallow; two pounds of rosin, one of beeswax
+and half a pound of tallow. Then you want to boil it very slowly and
+thoroughly, and pour it in cold water.
+
+A Member: Do you unroll this roll of cloth?
+
+Col. Sober: I have a machine to turn it on just the same as you would on
+a spool.
+
+Mr. Jones: The strip goes through the wax?
+
+Col. Sober: No, you wind that, then when your wax is warm, you drop this
+in but secure the ends, then take it out and lay it by till it's all
+saturated; then I tear it off as I use it. I find that is the most
+convenient thing, and I generally get calico, that is pretty closely
+woven, but is rotten so that it tears easily.
+
+Mr. Jones: Did you ever use raffia for tying your grafts?
+
+Col. Sober: No sir, I have not.
+
+Mr. Jones: We have used it on pecans and walnuts for the reason that it
+doesn't have to be untied as it bursts off with the growth of the tree.
+
+Col. Sober: This wax I have tried on thousands and thousands of grafts
+and it stands all kinds of weather. You can get wax that's been there 8
+or 10 years and you can take it off now and use it.
+
+Mr. Jones: That is one advantage of using the tallow; linseed oil will
+dry out.
+
+Col. Sober: Tallow is the best; that's been my experience.
+
+A Member: If linseed oil is not used immediately or very soon, it gets
+hard.
+
+Mr. Jones: It's all right in wax and all right in cloth, too, if you
+keep it in a damp place till ready to use.
+
+Mr. Hutt: Can you use parafine in place of beeswax?
+
+The Chairman: Have you tried this method on the other hickories besides
+the pecans?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir.
+
+The Chairman: You've got shagbark to catch fairly well, have you by this
+method?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir.
+
+The Secretary: How did your pecans and hickories do last summer?
+
+Mr. Jones: I've forgotten the exact percentage that grew. Some died
+after they had made a growth of several inches. I think I left too many
+limbs growing on the hickories. Some of them made quite good growth.
+
+A Member: When is this kind of grafting done?
+
+Mr. Jones: We wait until the sap is up.
+
+The Chairman: What do you cover the top with?
+
+Mr. Jones: With wax. We leave this open at the bottom, for the reason
+that the sap can get out and not ferment. If it holds the sap, it will
+sour you know.
+
+The Chairman: How far down does your wax go, Mr. Jones?
+
+Mr. Jones: Far enough to cover up the wrapping.
+
+A Member: Does that work on pecans as well as hickories?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir. To show the value of this patch, we have grafted
+rows side by side and got 80 per cent where we used this patch and 34
+per cent where we waxed it over solid and left no ventilation or exit
+for the sap.
+
+A Member: Isn't that to keep the wax out of the cambium layer?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir, it does that too.
+
+Prof. Smith: Are there any fine points about this trimming, other than
+mere wedge?
+
+Mr. Jones: No sir, only it's thick on one side, as you will see so that
+it wedges tightly.
+
+A Member: Isn't it a fact that you can use three and four year pecan
+wood just as well?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir, two year wood or three will give you better results
+than one year.
+
+Col. Sober: What time in the season do you graft?
+
+Mr. Jones: The 20th of April to the 20th of May here.
+
+Prof. Smith: What stage of stock do you prefer?
+
+Mr. Jones: Well it doesn't matter, you can graft these after they have
+made a foot of new growth, if you've got a good dormant scion; you could
+put in a graft any time in the summer, perhaps.
+
+A Member: How long do you leave on the paper bags?
+
+Mr. Jones: Until the scion begins to grow. Sometimes I have made a
+mistake and left them on until they grew up and curled down.
+
+Prof. Smith: What is the superiority of that over plain cleft grafting?
+
+Mr. Jones: You can do better work and do it quicker. I have put in 1200
+grafts in a day.
+
+The Chairman: You don't mind this arch being left up?
+
+Mr. Jones: That ought to go a little deeper, maybe, but it don't make
+much difference, so long as it is well waxed.
+
+Prof. Smith: The paper bag protects the scion?
+
+Mr Jones: Yes sir. The object is not to protect the scion so much as to
+keep it dry. You want to keep the scion dry until it gets sap from the
+stock to start it into growth.
+
+Prof. Smith: Is it necessary that this should be waxed cloth?
+
+Mr. Jones: No sir, we use paper ordinarily, of course we run wax over
+the paper in waxing the scion and then the paper is as good as cloth.
+
+Col. Sober: Do you find it apt to curl up in windy days--the paper? I
+tried that and had all kinds of trouble until I got on to the tape.
+
+Mr. Jones: We don't try to tie with the paper; the paper is only to let
+the surplus moisture or sap out.
+
+A Member: Does this tend to hold that in or is it all held in by the
+patch there?
+
+Mr. Jones: This doesn't really need any tying, as it is large.
+
+The Chairman: Would you carry the patch around to the other side?
+
+Mr. Jones: No sir, just fill it up with wax.
+
+The Chairman: And the juice runs out of there and will escape anyway.
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir.
+
+A Member: Do you wax in addition to the paper you put on?
+
+Mr. Jones: We don't wax the scion all over. We used to take hot wax and
+run a thin layer over the whole scion, but we quit that and used the
+bag, because if you wax over a scion tight and it happens to have
+sufficient moisture, it will start growth with that moisture before it
+makes the union.
+
+Prof. Smith: Do you wax the tip end?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir.
+
+Prof. Smith: Do you wax this in here?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir; we fill that over with liquid wax. It is possible to
+have your wax too hot, and burn the scion.
+
+Prof. Smith: Have you found that all the species of hickory take grafts
+with equal ease?
+
+Mr. Jones: We grafted some here last spring that started very nicely and
+then died. I don't know whether it was in the hickory stock or whether
+they were robbed by the sprouts; we didn't pull off any sprouts. There's
+a whole lot of things we don't know about grafting yet, but will know
+more in time.
+
+The Chairman: How about using scion wood more than one year old?
+
+Mr. Jones: We prefer two or three year old wood for the scion. We have
+coming now, 3,000 walnut scions from California and they are all to be
+two and three years old. I have put in rows of 100 with large two year
+scions and you could count 100 and not find one dead among them and some
+of the scions were almost as big as my wrist. It's a job to cut them.
+You see that scion, being large, has enough vitality to hold it until it
+can make a union.
+
+A Member: You want one bud on this?
+
+Mr. Jones: We generally have two buds.
+
+A Member: Do you use the same method on the Persian walnut?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir; we got a little stingy one year and cut these all to
+one bud and hardly got any out of them. You've got to have wood enough
+to hold the scions dormant; of course there may be one or more buds on
+the scion.
+
+The Chairman: And got to have food enough in them.
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir. Col. Sober grafts chestnuts that way, but I have
+never been able to graft pecans and walnuts with very short scions.
+
+The Chairman: I have caught chestnuts with one bud, but most of the nut
+trees want more food and you've got to have a lot in the scion.
+
+Prof. Smith: Have you used that with pecans in the North?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir, this will be our method of propagation.
+
+After Mr. Jones had given further illustrations of the process of
+grafting, the convention adjourned.
+
+
+
+
+SOME PERSIAN WALNUT OBSERVATIONS, EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS FOR 1912
+
+E. R. LAKE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
+
+
+The Arlington work for 1912 in the propagation of the Persian walnut
+consisted in top-grafting three and four year old nursery stock by
+several methods, as ordinary cleft, side cleft, bark cleft, prong, whip
+and modified forms of these. For wrapping we tried bicycle tape, waxed
+cord and cloth, with wax and plasticine for covering.
+
+The work was done during the latter part of April and first part of May.
+The stocks averaged from 3/4 to 1-1/4 inches diameter, and were cut off
+from 16 to 30 inches above the surface of the ground. In a few cases
+bark grafting by modified whip form was performed upon the branches at a
+height of about 4 feet.
+
+Later in the season from June 12th to August 25th buds were placed by
+varying methods. In the earlier instances the buds were taken from
+left-over grafting stock. Of the scion wood received last year all the
+wood from Eastern growers was frost bitten and wholly failed to take
+with one or two exceptions.
+
+The Pacific Coast wood was received in excellent condition and
+operations with it were gratifying, especially with the ordinary cleft
+graft, and patch bud.
+
+Next year's work in grafting will be confined to the cleft, and the
+bark-whip processes. This latter is very simple and under careful
+treatment promises to be a convenient and successful process.
+
+In the budding operations we resorted to a number of methods largely for
+the benefit of the information obtained from the practice, and not so
+much for the returns in propagated trees.
+
+However, for 1913 in the work of propagating for stock results we shall
+confine our practice to the patch method, though we may find from later
+tests that the hinge method so favorably looked upon by Oregon is better
+suited to the work.
+
+Various experiments with tying material were tried. Raffia, cotton cord,
+waxed cloth and bicycle tape were used. The raffia and cord gave best
+results. A tight tie is needed.
+
+June-budding from the left-over graft-wood gave a very low percentage of
+"takes." Most of the buds appeared to be drowned. Buds from the current
+year's growth inserted from early to middle of August are at present
+apparently in good dormant condition.
+
+Some July buds from the left-over graft-wood placed in the younger
+branches of a twelve year old American black took well and made from
+three to six inches growth. The branches were cut back as soon as the
+buds appeared to be set, a course that would not be advocated if one
+were doing the work for re-topping. The young wood from these buds is
+delicate and soft and in order to insure their living through the
+winter, so far as our efforts may avail, they have been enclosed in
+strong paper bags. In our budding and grafting operations we had no
+success with the Japanese or Chinese stocks. We expect to try them
+further as their rapid growth makes them much to be desired if a
+permanent union can be effected. So far as we have been able to learn
+from the southern propagators who have worked along this line, no
+difficulty has been encountered in effecting a short-life union,--four
+to six years on an average, though a few have kept alive for twelve
+years.
+
+The growth of the successful grafts has been very variable. In several
+instances in which both scions upon a stock grew, the growth was from
+two to three feet. In other cases the young wood was scarcely a foot
+long.
+
+The fact that the stocks and scion-wood varied widely in size and vigor
+and the further fact that the scions were from several varieties of
+western stock are quite sufficient causes for no uniform results in this
+respect.
+
+The wood of all successful grafts appears to be in excellent condition
+for the winter season and we are looking forward to an interesting
+further growth of these next year, though the trees have just been
+transplanted. In order to doubly insure ourselves against loss of the
+varieties now growing one half, or even more in a few instances, of the
+young wood has been removed and placed in a cold room so that further
+grafting or budding of these varieties may be made next year.
+
+Nursery trees of the Franquette, Pomeroy, Parisienne and unidentified
+others, on their own roots are making a pitiable effort at successful
+growth, while all wood on the black stock is making excellent growth.
+
+In one instance the wood of Mayquette a cross between Mayette and
+Franquette formed two nutlets. Lack of pollen was all that prevented the
+fruiting of one-year-old grafted trees. A splendid point for the unit
+orchard booster, but a point of no value to the real walnut grower.
+
+
+CROSS FERTILIZATION
+
+Owing to the very vigorous weather of the past winter the catkins on the
+older Persians at Arlington Farm were killed. In order to study the
+conduct and product of these trees we sought pollen elsewhere to
+fertilize their liberal display of pistils. We were successful in
+obtaining some from the trees of Messrs. Killen and Rosa, and Miss Lea,
+but though this and some pollen of black, butternut and the Japanese was
+used no pollenation was successful.
+
+In the case of sieboldiana, however, we succeeded in securing what
+appears to be fruit of certain definite cross-fertilization, as
+sieboldiana x nigra; sieboldiana x cinerea and possibly sieboldiana x
+regia.
+
+Only in one instance did the nuts appear to have other than the usual
+characters of sieboldiana.
+
+The nuts of the cinerea cross were longer, more tubular and somewhat
+deeper furrowed and darker.
+
+Unfortunately some conflicting results in the fruiting of the
+sieboldiana places the possible cross-fruits under a cloud.
+
+A peculiarity of the blossoming of the sieboldiana at Arlington this
+year was that the stamens and pistils of an individual tree opened at
+dates of six to ten days apart, and with the tree used for crossing the
+catkins were all off before the pistils opened. As no two trees are near
+together, perhaps two to three hundred feet being the closest,
+natural cross-pollenating was not expected. However, after the
+cross-pollenations by hand were made and fruits set, and even matured,
+it was found that some clusters had from one to three more nuts than
+were hand treated. Many of the clusters had less nuts than the number of
+pistils treated, which was to be expected.
+
+But how to account for the extra sets is a problem not clear for it is
+possible that pollenation might have occurred in one of two ways--by
+stray pollen grains from the hand operations by wind-carried grains from
+the trees. In any event only the fruiting of the trees from the nuts
+under consideration will settle it, and as these have been planted we
+are on the way to the solution.
+
+
+
+
+THE INDIANA PECANS
+
+R. L. MCCOY, INDIANA
+
+
+The pecan is probably the best nut that grows. It belongs to the hickory
+family which is indigenous to North America. Since water is its natural
+distributing agent it is most generally found growing intermixed with
+the large hickory nut or shagbark in creek and river bottoms. While the
+hickory is hardy enough to thrive even into the Canadian provinces the
+pecan is not so hardy and is seldom found in the northern tier of
+states. It thrives well as far north as the northern boundary of
+Illinois. The writer has seen a transplanted tree in bearing in Branch
+County, Michigan, and native trees along the Mississippi River near the
+mouth of the Wisconsin.
+
+The nuts in the extreme northern limit are not much larger than a hazel
+nut. But the nuts that grow in Indiana and Illinois from the Ohio River
+on the south to Rock Island on the northwest and Lafayette on the
+northeast are much larger. Here are found many superior nuts worthy of
+propagation. In fact, the writer has before him a great many nuts of
+named and un-named varieties which he and Mr. Littlepage and others have
+discovered in their search for worthy nuts in the native pecan woods.
+There are many thousand acres of these groves on the Ohio, Green, Wabash
+and Illinois rivers where many trees are found which bear nuts as large
+as some of the varieties which are being propagated in the Gulf Coast
+country.
+
+The nuts of the Evansville group are especially noted for their fine
+flavor. The people of this section will not eat southern pecans if they
+can get native nuts. This year several carloads of these native wild
+nuts will be shipped to the Cleveland, Boston, and New York markets.
+While the finer nuts seldom get into the markets at all but are bought
+by wealthy men in the locality where they grow. Many men buy from a
+special tree year after year--its flavor suiting their taste.
+
+The yield from some of these larger trees (and there are many of them
+four feet in diameter and some as large as nineteen feet four inches in
+circumference at shoulder height) is very good. The writer has seen a
+number in the last few days which were estimated to have from four to
+six hundred pounds, the most of the crop having not yet been gathered.
+He knows of one tree which bore (17) seventeen bushels and Mr. Louis
+Huber of Shawneetown gathered 718 pounds from another tree. Two hundred
+and eighty-five pounds of nuts were gathered and weighted from the Luce
+tree. These nuts were gathered green for fear of their being stolen and
+it was estimated that fifteen pounds were left on the tree. Also that
+the hail storm in early September destroyed fifty (50) pounds more.
+Hence the Luce bore approximately eight bushels. The Kentucky tree had
+four and one-half bushels by measurement. The Warrick tree had, the best
+we can estimate, about 150 pounds. The Grayville, or Posey as Mr.
+Littlepage wishes to call it, bore at least two hundred pounds by
+weight. One hundred and sixty pounds were gathered from the Major and
+two hundred and fifty pounds from the Green River tree. We do not think
+the Hinton bore to exceed two pounds of nuts. We do not know the amount
+of nuts gathered from the Indiana and the Busseron trees. The Buttrick
+tree had some three or four bushels of nuts this year but as a dredge
+ditch was recently constructed by it, destroying half of its root
+system, it did not mature its crop. This tree has been in bearing since
+1817 and it has not been known to miss a crop previous to this year.
+
+In our search for nuts worthy of being propagated we have found several
+nuts as yet un-named that are in our opinion much superior to any
+northern nut that has been brought to public notice. But as we know
+little of their bearing record and do not wish to burden the nurserymen
+with too many varieties we will keep these trees under observation for a
+year or two before naming them.
+
+We have been trying to propagate some of the best varieties at our
+nursery for about three years. Our first attempt was root-grafting in
+which our success varied from 15 per cent to 75 per cent under the best
+conditions. We found after some experience that it was not difficult to
+root-graft. But last winter, 1911-12, was the coldest winter for some
+years, the thermometer registering as low as 20 degrees below. Most of
+our root-grafts were killed back to the ground but few if any of them
+were killed outright. When spring came they started new growth and are
+now about four feet high. The fall of 1911 was very warm and wet and
+they were in vigorous growth until the first week in November when we
+had a hard freeze which killed the wheat, causing the worst failure in
+that crop ever known in this section. The winter then following being
+very cold we had two conditions against spring root-grafted pecans. But
+we failed to see any budded ones that were injured. However, we only had
+pecans budded to hickory which was done by Mr. Paul White in May, 1911
+and, so far as we know, this was the first hickory top-worked to pecan
+in Indiana. However, he now has quite a number top-worked last spring
+that have made a growth of three or four feet. We also have both budded
+and root-grafted pecans from last spring and summer so that in the
+spring we will have a better opportunity to see what effect the winter
+will have on them.
+
+So far as we are able to determine from our observation of a few
+orchards all pecan trees bought from southern nurserymen and planted in
+this section have either died out or made very feeble growth. Although
+some large Texas nuts have been planted here and grown, yet they have
+either not fruited at all or the nuts have proved no better than our
+native nuts.
+
+The northern pecan timber is not brash like the southern pecan but is
+very elastic and tough. An axe-handle made from northern pecan sells for
+ten cents more than one made from hickory and pecan timber is much
+sought after by axe-handle makers.
+
+The people in this section have in the last few years awakened to the
+fact that their swamps studded with pecan trees are about the most
+valuable lands they possess and many are the inquiries: "Where can we
+get good budded or grafted pecans?"
+
+The idea of propagating the northern pecan is of very recent origin and
+while the few attempts at propagation have not as yet met with any very
+great success, yet we are hoping that the time will be when many acres
+of our lands shall be set in valuable pecan orchards and our highways
+lined with long rows of fine pecans, chestnuts, and English walnuts
+which shall serve the three-fold purpose of beautifying Mother Earth,
+yielding delicious food, and furnishing a place of rest for the weary
+traveler.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND TREASURER
+
+  Bal. on hand, date of last report                 $ 48.73
+  Annual dues and life membership                    178.00
+  Advertisements in Annual Report                     25.00
+  Sale of report                                      18.00
+  Dr. Crocker, paid for list of names                  2.00
+  Prof. Collins, paid for reprints                     8.00
+                                                   ________
+
+  Total receipts                                    $279.73
+
+  Expenses:
+
+  Expenses of Prof. Collins               $ 20.85
+  Printing report and reprints             195.16
+  Other printing                            38.00
+  Postage                                   35.75
+  Typewriting                               16.24
+  Stationery                                 4.50
+  Miscellaneous                             14.30
+                                          _______
+
+  Total expenses                          $324.80
+
+  Bill receivable                                      1.00
+  Bill payable                              22.00
+                                          _______   _______
+                                          $346.80   $280.73
+  Deficit                                                    $66.07
+
+     Our first annual report, embodying the transactions at the first
+     and second annual meetings, was issued in May, and copies were sent
+     to all members, to the principal libraries of the country, to
+     officials of the Agricultural Department at Washington, and to some
+     state agricultural officials, to several agricultural and other
+     periodicals for notice and review, and to various persons
+     especially interested. Eighteen copies have been sold.
+
+     About 1,000 copies of each of the two circulars, "Why Nut Culture
+     is Important" and "The Northern Nut Growers Association and Why You
+     Should Join It", have been sent to members and correspondents, and
+     also revised circulars on the literature of nut growing and on
+     seedsmen and nurserymen.
+
+     An illustrated article about nut growing and the association
+     appeared in the Literary Digest and many agricultural and other
+     periodicals have had notices of our association and our meeting.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Besides the regular notices sent to members and papers, different
+     notices and brief statements about nut growing, were sent weekly
+     for five weeks before the meeting to 80 different newspapers
+     published in the country about Lancaster in the hope of getting a
+     good local attendance. The Pennsylvania Chestnut Blight Commission
+     assisted in this publicity campaign by sending postal card notices
+     to about a hundred persons in the eastern part of Pennsylvania who
+     were known to have from a few to thousands of cultivated chestnut
+     trees.
+
+     The secretary's correspondence has increased so as to become, if it
+     were not for enthusiasm, burdensome. Often several inquiries a day
+     are received and they come from all parts of the United States and
+     Canada.
+
+     The following figures are brought up to date of going to press.
+
+     Our membership has nearly doubled since the last report was issued,
+     increasing from 60 to 113. We have lost 1 member by death and 2 by
+     resignation. Our present membership standing at 110.
+
+     We have members in 27 states, the District of Columbia, Panama, and
+     Canada. New York heads the list with 37 members and Pennsylvania
+     comes next with 12.
+
+
+
+
+REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS
+
+READ BY PROFESSOR SMITH
+
+
+RESOLVED:
+
+1. That we extend our thanks to the Mayor and citizens of Lancaster for
+the welcome and entertainment they have afforded us while here and for
+the excellent auditorium they have placed at our disposal.
+
+2. That we extend our thanks to Messrs. Rush and Jones and their
+entertainment committee.
+
+3. That we extend our thanks to the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight
+Commission for the attendance of their representatives. We note with
+keen interest their expressions of hope for the control of this
+cyclopean menace.
+
+4. That we express our deep appreciation of the great interest and
+valuable services of Dr. Morris, the retiring President, and Dr. Deming,
+the Secretary and Treasurer, two officers to whose untiring efforts this
+Association is largely due.
+
+5. That we express the thanks of the Association to those members and
+others who have enriched this meeting by their interesting exhibits.
+
+6. That the following letter be sent from this Association to the,--
+
+  Secretary of Agriculture,
+  Persons in authority in the United States Bureau of Plant Industry,
+  The Presidents of Agricultural Colleges,
+  The Directors of Agricultural Experiment Stations,
+  And leading Teachers in Agriculture Colleges.
+
+The Northern Nut Growers' Association, by resolution passed at its third
+annual meeting, held at Lancaster, Pa., in December 1912, calls your
+attention to the importance of, and need for, the breeding of new types
+of crop yielding trees. We now have the possibility of a new, but as yet
+little developed, agriculture which may (A) nearly double our food
+supply and also (B) serve as the greatest factor in the conservation of
+our resources.
+
+(A) Our agriculture at the present time depends chiefly upon the grains
+which were improved by selection in pre-historic times, because they
+were annuals and quick yielders. The heavy yielding plants, the engines
+of nature, are the trees, which have in most cases remained unimproved
+and largely unused until the present time because of the slowness of
+their generations and the absence of knowledge concerning plant
+breeding.
+
+We now know something about plant breeding, and its possibilities as
+applied to the crop yielding trees seem to be enormous. They certainly
+warrant immediate and widespread effort at plant breeding. A member of
+this Association has shown that the chinquapin can be crossed with the
+oak; that all the walnuts freely hybridize with each other and with the
+open bud hickories, a class which includes the toothsome and profitable
+pecan. There is in California a tree which is considered to be a cross
+between the native walnut and the live oak. The Mendelian Law in
+connection with past achievements in plant breeding, and the experiments
+of Loeb in crossing the sea urchin and the star fish are profoundly
+suggestive.
+
+The possibilities of plant breeding as applied to crop yielding trees
+seem to be enormous. They certainly warrant immediate and widespread
+effort toward the creation of useful strains which may become the basis
+of a new agriculture yielding food for both man and the domestic
+animals.
+
+(B) The time for constructive conservation has come. Our most vital
+resource is the soil. It is possibly the only resource for which there
+is no substitute. Its destruction is the most irreparable waste. So long
+as the earth remains in place the burnt forest may return and the
+exhausted field may be restored by scientific agriculture. But once the
+gully removes this soil, it is the end so far as our civilization is
+concerned--forest, field and food are impossible and even water power is
+greatly impaired. Our present system of agriculture, depending upon the
+grains, demands the plowing of hillsides and the hillsides wash away.
+This present dependence upon the plow means that one-third of our soil
+resources is used only for forest, one-third is being injured by
+hillside erosion, and only one-third, the levelest, is being properly
+used for plow crops.
+
+The present alternative of Forestry for hillsides is often impossible
+because the yields are too meagre. Almost any land that can produce a
+forest, and much that has been considered too dry for forest, can
+produce an annual harvest of value to man or his animals when we have
+devoted sufficient attention to the breeding of walnuts, chestnuts,
+pecans, shellbarks, acorn yielding oaks, beech nuts, pine nuts, hazel
+nuts, almonds, honey locust, mesquite, screw bean, carob, mulberry,
+persimmon, pawpaw, and many other fruit and nut trees of this and other
+lands.
+
+The slowness and expense of the process of plant introduction and tree
+breeding limits this work to a few individuals with patience and
+scientific tastes and to governmental and other institutions of a
+permanent nature. The United States Government and each state experiment
+station should push this work vigorously and we appeal to you to use
+your influence in that direction. You may find material of interest in
+our published proceedings and in the Fruit and Nut Journal, the organ of
+the industry, published at Petersburg, Virginia.
+
+
+
+
+REPORT OF COMMITTEE
+
+ON THE DEATH OF PROFESSOR JOHN CRAIG
+
+Read by Dr. Morris
+
+
+"The Northern Nut Growers' Association suffered very great loss in the
+death of Professor John Craig, at Siasconset, Massachusetts, on August
+10, 1912.
+
+"Professor Craig, from his many responsible positions in the
+horticultural world, had acquired a wealth of information which was
+always at the disposal of his friends and students. His training as a
+teacher gave such facility in expression of view, that his part in our
+discussions inspired the audience and called forth the best that others
+had to offer.
+
+"His type of mind was essentially scientific, and combined with this
+type of mind there was a rare quality of critical faculty in relation to
+the relative practical values of horticultural ideas and methods. His
+interest in the Northern Nut Growers Association belonged to a natural
+fondness for everything that promised new development, and he
+established at Cornell University the first course in nuciculture,--so
+far as we are aware,--that has ever been formulated at an educational
+institution.
+
+"The personality of Professor Craig, characteristic of that of the
+scientist, was marked by simplicity and directness of manner, impatience
+with error due to carelessness or intent, but unlimited benign tolerance
+of all men who honestly expressed views opposing his own or who made
+conscientious mistakes. Professor Craig possessed that broad humanity
+which found quite as large interest in his fellow man as it found in his
+special study of plants, and his charming personality, strong manly
+bearing, scholarship, and active interest in whatever engaged his
+attention at all, will be ever remembered by those of us who had the
+pleasure and the profit of his acquaintance."
+
+Mr. Littlepage: I would just like to say, in connection with the very
+appropriate and excellent words which the President used in reference to
+Prof. Craig, that it certainly meets the most hearty approval of all of
+us who knew Prof. Craig, that this association go on record in this
+manner. At the first meeting that was held, by the few of us who met in
+Bronx Park Museum at New York, to start this organization, you will
+remember the enthusiasm and the words of encouragement that Prof. Craig
+gave us at that time. He was there among the first and there was always
+intermingled with the scientific phase of the subjects that he
+discussed, the practical, genial good fellowship that made everyone like
+him; and after all, it is but proper that we stop for a moment and
+express our deep appreciation. In this life of turmoil and business
+hustle, I think that we sometimes do not quite realize the shortness of
+life, the shortness of the time that we have to accomplish any of those
+things in which we are interested; and it is the men who are giving
+their time to these scientific subjects, the results of which will inure
+to all humanity, who are certainly entitled to consideration and a
+kindly remembrance. That is why it was that I heard with such
+gratification the words of the President about Prof. Craig.
+
+
+
+
+REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON EXHIBITS
+
+Read by Professor Hutt
+
+By J. G. Rush, West Willow, Pa.
+
+     Persian walnuts, four varieties: Hall, Burlington, Nebo, Rush;
+     plate of mixed, imported varieties; Seedling walnuts, Paradox
+     walnut, black walnuts and rupestris, (Texas); two plates
+     Chinquapins; chestnuts, Giant Japanese; shellbarks: LaFeuore, very
+     good, large, Weiker, fair; two seedlings: Paradise nut; two plates
+     filberts; Lancaster Co. pecans; budding knives.
+
+By Wilmer P. Hooper, Forest Hill, Md.
+
+     Seedling Persian Walnut; Sir Clair; tree probably fifty years old,
+     vigorous, hardy, annual bearer. On farms of L. J. Onion,
+     Cooperstown, Md. P. O. Sharon, Md. 1911 crop one bushel; 1912 crop
+     one and one half bushels.
+
+     Alexis; tree twenty-eight years old; vigorous, hardy, annual
+     bearer, flavor good. Farm of Alexis Smith, Churchville, Md. Crop
+     1911 one bushel; crop 1912 one bushel.
+
+     Sheffield; tree six years old; bought of Hoopes Brothers & Thomas;
+     hardy, vigorous; 6 to 18 feet high; on farm of Mrs. S. T. Poleet,
+     Cooperton, Md., P. O. Sharon, Md.
+
+     Smith; tree forty to forty-five years old; large, hardy; on farm of
+     J. T. Smith, Berkeley, Md.
+
+     Beder; fifty to fifty-five years old; large, annual bearer; grown
+     from nut on farm of David Hildt, Janettsville, Md.
+
+     Hooker; tree twenty-two years old; origin Franklin Davis; vigorous,
+     hardy, annual bearer, hard shell, fine butternut flavor; from farm
+     of Mrs. Kate Hooker, Vale, Md.
+
+By Mr. Knaub.
+
+     Shellbarks, five varieties: three black walnuts, two butternuts;
+     one chestnut.
+
+By Mrs. J. L. Lovett, Emilie, Pa.
+
+     Six varieties of Persian walnuts.
+
+By E. B. Holden, Hilton, N. Y.
+
+     Holden walnut.
+
+Stock Seed Nuts from J. M. Thorborn & Co., 33 Barclay St., New York
+City.
+
+     Juglans Californica, Juglans cordiformis, Juglans Sieboldi, Juglans
+     nigra, Juglans cinerea, Juglans sinensis, Carya alba (shellbark),
+     Carya porcina (pignut), Carya tomentosa (mockernut), Carya sulcata,
+     Corylus rostrata, Corylus amara, Castanea Americana.
+
+By E. A. Riehl, Alton, Ill.
+
+     A plate of Rochester nuts and thirty seedlings of it, showing
+     tendency to reversion; eight varieties of shagbark; eight varieties
+     of shellbark; eight plates of Sieboldi; eight plates black walnuts
+     (Thomas); Rush Chinquapin.
+
+Collection of walnuts by Professor Lake, of Washington, D. C.
+
+     Royal Hybrid, California x nigra; Paradox, California x regia;
+     Meylan, Glady, Sypherd, Stabler, Milbank, St. Clair.
+
+By A. C. Pomeroy, Lockport, N. Y.
+
+     Pomeroy walnuts and seedlings of the original tree.
+
+By T. P. Littlepage, Washington, D. C.
+
+     Indiana pecans, six varieties: Warwick, Posey, Major, Kentucky,
+     Indiana, Hodge; Hinton, McCallister hican, Barnes walnut from
+     Washington, D. C., four varieties shagbark.
+
+By W. C. Reed, Vincennes, Ind.
+
+     Indiana pecans, thirteen varieties: Luce, Beard, Busseron, Porter,
+     Squires, Kentucky, Hall, Sullivan (2), Warwick, Indiana, Wilson.
+
+By Col. C. K. Sober, Lewisburg, Pa.
+
+     Photograph of his chestnut orchard and nursery.
+
+By C. A. Reed, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+
+     Exhibition jars of Holden walnut, Warwick pecan, Kentucky pecan,
+     Luce pecan, Hales shagbark, Kirtland shagbark, Weiker shagbark.
+     Exhibition of Squirrel, Perfection and Great Grip nut crackers;
+     White, Jones and Galbreath budding tools.
+
+By Arrowfield Nurseries, Petersburg, Va.
+
+     Seedling pecan trees.
+
+
+THE HICKORY BARK BORER
+
+That our correspondence with the New York State Commissioner of
+Agriculture, as published in the annual report, has borne fruit is shown
+by the calling of a conference at the office of the Commissioner at
+Albany on February 24th, "to consider methods of control of the hickory
+bark borer".
+
+Among those present were the following:
+
+  Frederick Allien, representing Riverdale Park Association.
+
+  H. W. Merkel, Forester, New York Zoological Park; representing Bronx,
+    Valley Parkway Commission.
+
+  Dr. W. A. Murrill, Acting Director, New York Botanical Garden.
+
+  J. J. Levison, Forester, Department of Parks, Brooklyn.
+
+  Wesley B. Leach, Consulting Arboriculturist, Boro of Queens.
+
+  Clifford R. Pettis, Superintendent of State Forests, Albany.
+
+  Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist, Albany.
+
+  Dr. W. C. Deming, Sec., Northern Nut Growers' Ass'n, Westchester.
+
+  George G. Atwood, Chief, Bureau of Horticulture, State Dept. of
+    Agriculture, Albany.
+
+  B. D. Van Buren, Assistant Chief.
+
+  Dr. W. H. Jordan, Director, State Experiment Station, Geneva.
+
+  George L. Barrus, Conservation Commission, Albany.
+
+  S. H. Burnham, Assistant State Botanist, Albany.
+
+  Dr. Donald Reddick, Professor of Plant Pathology, College of
+    Agriculture, Ithaca.
+
+  Glenn W. Herrick, Professor of Entomology, College of
+    Agriculture, Ithaca.
+
+  W. H. Rankin, Conservation Commission, Albany.
+
+  P. J. Parrott, Entomologist, State Experiment Station, Geneva.
+
+  F. C. Stewart, Botanist, State Experiment Station, Geneva.
+
+After a prolonged discussion the following resolution was unanimously
+adopted:
+
+WHEREAS, the hickory bark borer is at present extremely injurious and
+destructive to hickory trees in and around New York City, and has
+already destroyed and is threatening the destruction of thousands of
+valuable trees; and
+
+WHEREAS, it has been demonstrated in several instances, on a large
+scale, that the hickory bark borer can be practically controlled;
+therefore, be it RESOLVED, that we hereby respectfully request the
+commissioner of agriculture to take such steps as may be necessary to
+bring about the enforcement of the provisions of the agricultural law
+relative to insect pests and diseases with particular reference to
+control of the hickory bark borer; and be it further
+
+RESOLVED, that the thanks of the conference are hereby tendered to
+Commissioner of Agriculture Huson for his courtesies and the calling of
+the conference.
+
+The following "News Items" of no date, but received in the early part of
+June, shows what action has so far been taken:
+
+
+STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
+
+News Items
+
+Commissioner Huson of the State Department of Agriculture is receiving
+considerable information relative to a serious outbreak of the hickory
+bark borer in the vicinity of New York and on Long Island. This borer is
+the principal cause of the death of thousands of hickory trees. The
+greatest infested area is in the northern part of New York City, in
+Westchester County, in Queens and Nassau Counties, though much injury
+has been observed throughout Suffolk County, particularly along the
+northern shore of the island. The area of infested hickories is about
+the same as the territory where the chestnut trees have succumbed to the
+attacks of the chestnut bark disease. Now that the chestnuts have so
+nearly disappeared and the fact that the hickory trees are also
+threatened with entire extermination because of the hickory borer,
+requests have been made by many citizens, that the Commissioner of
+Agriculture should exercise such authority as the law gives him in the
+control of this pest. That the hickory trees that have not been attacked
+may be saved, or in a very large measure protected has been proven in
+the Zoological Park and in the parks of Brooklyn. The able
+superintendents of these two parks have for the last two or three years,
+been cutting out every infested hickory tree and in that way the other
+trees are found at this time to be free from insects and they have been
+saved from certain destruction.
+
+The hickory borer eats its way into the bark of the hickory trees in
+mid-summer. Eggs are laid which hatch and the grubs feed in peculiar
+galleries in the bark and between the wood and the bark is such a way as
+to cut off the flow of the sap, thus causing the death of the trees.
+These grubs are in these galleries at this time of the year and will
+remain so until about the middle of June. It is, therefore, necessary
+that the infested trees be cut and destroyed before that time in order
+to prevent further widespread of the insects. The Commissioner has been
+promised the hearty cooperation of many influential and interested
+citizens in this movement and agents of this Department are on the
+ground with authority to inspect trees to ascertain the limit of
+infestation and they have been directed to mark such trees as should be
+removed and destroyed at once.
+
+All persons are requested to inform the Department of the location of
+infested hickory trees and to extend to the inspectors such assistance
+as may be desired.
+
+Department Circular Number 64 on "Dying Hickory Trees" will be sent to
+all applicants.
+
+                                                     CALVIN J. HUSON,
+                                          Commissioner of Agriculture
+
+                                                        Albany, N. Y.
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
+
+Members present:
+
+  Dr. R. T. Morris
+  Mr. T. P. Littlepage
+  Dr. W. C. Deming
+  Mr. C. A. Reed
+  Mr. W. N. Roper
+  Prof. E. R. Lake
+  Mr. E. S. Mayo
+  Mr. A. C. Pomeroy
+  Mr. J. F. Jones
+  Mr. J. G. Rush
+  Col. C. A. Van Duzee
+  Prof. J. Russell Smith
+  Prof. W. N. Hutt
+  Mr. G. H. Corsan
+  Mr. C. S. Ridgway
+  Mr. H. N. Gowing
+  Mr. W. C. Reed
+  Mr. W. F. McSparren.
+
+Others present:
+
+  Mrs. C. A. Reed
+  Mrs. A. C. Pomeroy
+  Mrs. J. F. Jones
+  Mrs. C. S. Ridgway
+  Prof. F. N. Fagan, Dept. of Horticulture, State College of Pennsylvania
+  Mrs. Fagan
+  Mr. Roy G. Pierce, Tree Surgeon, Penn. Chestnut Blight Commission
+  Mr. Keller E. Rockey, Forester in Charge of Demonstration Work, Penn.
+    Chestnut Blight Commission
+  Col. C. K. Sober, Lewisburg, Pa.
+  Mr. S. V. Wilcox, Rep. Thos. Meehan & Sons, Germantown
+  Mr. H. Brown, Rep. Thos. Meehan & Sons, Germantown
+  Mr. Wilmer P. Hoopes, Forest Hill, Md.
+  Dr. A. H. Metzger, Millersville, Pa.
+  Mr. Amos M. Landis, Lancaster, Pa.
+  Mr. Blair Funk, Pequea Creek, Pa.
+  Mr. David S. Herr, Lancaster, Pa.
+  Mr. Edward Harris, Sr., Cumberland, Md.
+  Mr. Edgar A. Weimer, Lebanon, Pa.
+  Mr. Benj. H. Gochnauer, Lancaster, Pa.
+  Mr. C. G. Reese, Elizabethtown, Pa.
+  And others.
+
+
+CORRESPONDENTS AND OTHERS INTERESTED IN NUT CULTURE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+
+  Williams, P. F., Prof. of Horticulture, Ala. Polytechnic Institute,
+    Auburn
+  Alabama Farm Journal, Montgomery, Ala.
+
+ARIZONA
+
+  Biederman, C. R., Garces, Cochise Co.
+  Huntzinger, H. G., Teviston
+  Rodgers, Robt. A., Forest Service, U. S. Dept, of Agric, Canille
+
+ARKANSAS
+
+  Wilson, B. N., Prof. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Ark.,
+    Fayetteville
+  Powers, R. C, 414 So. Trust Bldg., Little Rock, Ark.
+
+CALIFORNIA
+
+  McNeil, Anna, 2154 Center St., Berkeley
+  Baker, W. A., Greenfield
+  Leonard Coates Nursery Co., Morgan Hill
+  Smith, R. E., Agric Exp. Sta., Whittier
+  Burbank, Luther, Santa Rosa
+
+CANADA
+
+  Cleugh, H. H., Castlegar, British Columbia
+  Secord, Harper, St. Catherin's, Ontario
+  Porter, W. T., 1520 St. Clair Ave., Toronto
+  Sager, D. S., Dr., Brantford
+  Moyle, Henry, 84 Bedford Road, Toronto
+  Ross, Malcolm N., Dept. Public Works, Regina, Saskatchewan
+  Saunders & Co., W. E., London, Ontario
+  Hubbell, W. S., Spanish River Lumber Co., Little Current, Ontario
+  Peters, E. W., 742 Somerset Bldg., Winnepeg
+  Graham, Wm., Hagensburg, British Columbia
+
+COLORADO
+
+  Bell, Bessie, Miss, 156 S. Sherman, Denver
+  Morgan, J. W., Dr., 85 S. Penn. Ave., Denver
+
+CONNECTICUT
+
+  Cleveland, E. S., Hampton
+  Buttner, J. L., Dr., 763 Orange Street, New Haven
+  Jewell, Harvey, Cromwell
+  Gorham, Frederick S., 48 Holmes Ave., Waterbury
+  Jenkins, E. H., Agric. Exp. Sta., New Haven
+  Spring, Sam. N., State Forester, New Haven
+  Pratt, C. M., Newtown
+  Hale, Geo. H., Mrs., Glastonbury
+  Miles, H. S., Dr., 417 State St., Bridgeport
+  Ives, E. M., Sterling Orchards, Meriden
+  Cook, Harry B., Orange, Ct.
+  Allen, G. Wilford, M.D., Boardman, Ct.
+  Smith, Geo. W., Elm Fruit Farm, Hartford
+  Lane, W. S., Norfolk
+  Werle, Jos. A., Merwin's Beach, Milford
+  Williamson, Robert, Greenwich
+  Stauffer, W. F., No. 81 S. Burritt St., New Britain
+  Boyd, Wm. A. Dr., Westport
+  Lewis, Elmer H., Central Village
+  Frothingham, Channing, New Canaan
+  Fletcher, Albert E., Box 67, Farmington
+  Morre, R. D., Colchester
+  Wolcott, C. B., P. O. Box 39, Plantsville
+
+DELAWARE
+
+  Killen, J. W., Felton
+  McCue, C. A., Prof., Newark
+  Cowgill, L. P., Dover
+  Cannon, Miss Lida, Dover
+  Kosa, J. J., Milford
+  Sypherd, C. D., Dover
+  Whitehead, F. Houston, Lincoln
+  Studte, M. H., Houston
+  Knipe, T. E., Delaware City
+  Dunn, Thos. F., Dover
+  Webb, Wesley, Dover
+
+FLORIDA
+
+  Simpson Bros. Nurseries, Monticello
+  Curtis, J. B., Orange Heights
+  Floyd, W. L., Prof. of Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville
+  Baldwin, Ed. S., DeLand
+
+GEORGIA
+
+  Wight, J. B., Cairo
+  Wilson, J. F., Dr., Waycross
+  McHatton, T. H., Prof. of Horticulture, Athens
+  Edwards, B. H., Macon, Ga.
+  Southern Ruralist, Atlanta
+
+IDAHO
+
+  Vincent, C. C., Prof., College of Agriculture, Moscow
+  Ackerman, W. B., P. O. Box 184, Twin Falls
+  Hays, L. H., Mace
+
+ILLINOIS
+
+  Lindholm, E., 9139 Commercial Ave., Chicago
+  Stoll, Wm. Paul, 1264 Glenlake Ave., Chicago
+  Schafer, J. F., Mt. Pulaski
+  Koonce, Geo. W., Greenville
+  Watson, Bloomington
+  Banning, Thos. A., Mrs., Chicago
+  Graham, R. O., Bloomington
+  Karstens, Peter J., Chicago
+  Leslie, A. M., 201 Main Street, Evanston
+  Fisher, Mr., "Cairo Citizen", Cairo
+  Endicott, H. W., Villa Ridge
+  Hektoen, H., Memo. Inst. for Infectious Diseases, Chicago
+  McVeigh, Scott, 1208 Wrightwood Ave., Chicago
+  Evans, Homer W., R. F. D. 6, Plainfield
+  Buckman, Benjamin, Farmingdale
+  Horner, H. Clay, Chester
+  Burt, Frank A., 115 1-2 So. Race St., Urbana
+  Somer, George W., No. 106 N. La Salle St., Chicago
+  Spalding, C. W., No. 1851 Byron St., Chicago
+  Strawbridge, A. N., No. 533 E. 33rd St., Chicago
+  Remley, Mrs. Grace, Franklin Grove
+  Prochnow, I. W., No. 1127 Second Ave., Rock Island
+  McFarlane, H. W., Chicago
+  Graham, W. H., Fort Gage
+  Fink, Wm. H., No. 4030 N. Pauline St., Chicago
+  Crandall, C. S., Urbana
+  Campbell, T. W., Elgin
+  Badgley, B. H., No. 2241 Greenleaf Ave., Chicago
+  Millroy, W. L., Quincy
+  Sweeney, Jno. M., No. 1636 Manadnock Block, Chicago
+  Krossell, C. F. P., Dr., No. 5502 Indiana Ave., Chicago
+  Weeks, E. F., No. 143 N. Dearborn St., Chicago
+  Heald, Prescott, No. 107 So. Glen Oak Ave., Peoria
+  Riddle, F. A., Mrs., No. 1441 Jackson Boulevard, Chicago
+  Kennish, F. H., No. 124 East Oak St., Kewanee
+  Finley, J. B., Care of Moline Polo and Shaft Co., Moline
+  Braden, E. S., No. 10 S. LaSalle St., Chicago
+  Kemp, E. F., No. 108 S. LaSalle St., Chicago
+  Peterson, Albert J., No. 3448 Hayes St., Chicago
+  Hewitt, R., No. 149 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago
+  Hopkins, A. M., R. 710, 167 W. Washington St., Chicago
+  Hemingway, Geo. R., Oak Park
+  Rut, Z. D., Park Ridge
+  Dietrich, J. J., Arlington Heights
+  Hansell, E. F., No. 5654 W. Lake St., Chicago
+
+INDIANA
+
+  Leiber, Richard, Indianapolis
+  Garden, Daniel A., Elnora
+  Cathcart, Alva Y., Bristol
+  Strassell, J. W., Supt. of Schools, Rockport
+  Howard, W. T., R. F. D. 19, Indianapolis
+  Boos, E. M., R. F. D. 2, Milan
+  Boss Co., John C, Elkhart
+  Green, Frank, No. 811 So. St., Newcastle
+  House, M. M., 1664 College Ave., Indianapolis
+  Simpson & Sons, H. M., Vincennes
+  Woodbury, C. G., Lafayette
+  Ray, Elgin H., Winamac, R. F. D. 1
+  Fellwock, P. B., 3 Up. Fourth St., Evansville
+  Hooke, Ora G., Albany, Delaware Co.
+  Smith, Oren E., Dr., Traction Terminal Bldg., Indianapolis
+  Whetsell, Edward, 107 Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington
+  Swain, W. H., South Bend
+  Knapp, Dr., Evansville
+  Yoder, A. C., Dr., Goshen
+  Knaub, Ben., R. 1, Box 99, North Vernon
+  Lukens, B., Mrs., Anderson
+
+IOWA
+
+  Dennis, A. B., Dr., Cedar Rapids
+  Ruppersberg, E. A., Miss, Charles City College, Charles City
+  Patten, C. G., Charles City
+  Sawyer, L. H., Des Moines
+  Thompson, Harry French, Forrest City
+  "Successful Farming" Des Moines
+  "Kimball's Dairy Farmer" Waterloo
+
+KANSAS
+
+  Godfrey, F. M., Holton
+  Skinner & Co., J. H., Topeka
+
+KENTUCKY
+
+  Matthews, Clarence W., State University, Lexington
+  Horine, E. F., M.D., 1036 Bardstown Rd., Louisville
+  "Inland Farming", Louisville
+  Brislin, John A., Cash. Farmers' Bank of Ky., Frankfort
+  Kiefer, Louis W., 901 N. Elm St., Henderson
+
+LOUISIANA
+
+  Hinton, E. G., Weeks
+
+MAINE
+
+  Soule, Sidney S., Mrs., South Freeport
+  Hitchings, Edson F., College of Agriculture, Orono
+  Peardon, J. H., Matinicus
+  Stryker, D. J., Rockland
+  Chase, Dr. Walter G., Wiscasset
+
+MARYLAND
+
+  Michael, Jesse J., Frederick
+  Little, William E., Westminister
+  Bunting, J. T., Box 137, Marion Station
+  Benkert, George, Baltimore
+  Heron, Benj. F. L., Box 58, Mt. Ranier
+  Coad, J. Edwin, Drayden, St. Mary's Co.
+  Munter, D. M., No. 22 Virginia Ave., Cumberland
+  Daingerfield, P. B. K., Maryland Club, Baltimore
+  Bachrach, Walter K., No. 16 W. Lexington St., Baltimore
+  Hewell, John, No. 2028 W. Lexington St., Baltimore
+  Hays, Amos H., Parkton
+  Stem, C. W., Sabillasville
+  Tyler, John Paul, No. 344 W. Preston St., Baltimore
+  Munter, D. W., No. 1642 Runton Ave., Baltimore
+  Kerr, J. W., Denton
+  Overton, W. S., R. F. D. 2, Silver Spring
+  Harris, Edward, Sr., 31 S. Liberty St., Cumberland
+  Strite, S. M., 52 Broadway, Hagerstown
+  Harrison's Nurseries, Berlin
+  Hoopes, Wilmer P., Forest Hill
+  Irwin, Arthur J., 226 E. Main St., Frostburg
+  McDaniel, Alex H., North East P. O., Cecil Co.
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+
+  Blood, W. H., Mrs., Jr., 147 Grove Street, Wellesley
+  Reed, Orville, Rev., Granville, Centre
+  Deroo, Frank B., Box 363, Needham
+  Fox, Jabez, 99 Irving Street, Cambridge
+  Hall, James L., Kingston, Box 31
+  Adams, Norris W., Box 323, Worcester
+  Mass. Agric. Coll., Amherst
+  Crosby, Fred, Bolton
+  Bailey, Thos. W., Kingston
+  Griffin, W. E., Cor. Central St. & B. & M. R. R., Worcester
+  Dawson, Jackson, Mr., Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain
+  Dowse, Granton H., Wrentham
+  Ellsworth, J. Lewis, Sec'y Mass. State Bd. of Agric., Boston
+  Fleming, Charles B., Norwood
+  Brounell, Lewis, 1030 High Street, Fall River
+  Portmore, J. M., 7 Denison Av., So. Framingham
+  Humphrey, F. A., Worcester
+  Waugh, F. A., Prof., Amherst
+  Beebe, E. Pierson, Boston
+  Mead, H. O., Lunenburg
+  Torrey, John P., Dr., Andover
+  Affleck, G. B., 287 Hickory St., Springfield
+  Deming, Grove W., Mt. Hermon School
+  Elder, David, Harwich, Mass.
+  James, Gorton, 492 So. Station, Boston
+  Sturtevant, E. L., Brookline
+  Brown, J. Frank, The Corey Hill Hospital, Brookline
+  Willwerth, A. H., No. 21 Greenwich Park, Boston
+  Day, W. Taylor, No. 313 Main St., Great Barrington
+  Coney, Harriet M., Miss, No. 106 Church St., Ware
+
+MICHIGAN
+
+  Brauer, H. A., 810 W. Huron St., Ann Arbor
+  Cobb, Myron A., Central State Normal School, Mt. Pleasant
+  Ilgenfritz's Sons Co., T. E., Nursery, Monroe
+  Haines, Peter S., Detroit
+  Kidder, Samuel, Ann Arbor
+  Paul, Irwin, Muskegon, R. F. D. 7
+  Garfield, Chas. W., Hon., Grand Rapids
+  Wermuth, Burt, Assoc. Ed. "Michigan Farmer", Detroit
+  Eustace, H. J., Prof., State Horticulturist, E. Lansing
+  Carmichael, Milton, 281 Yard Bldg., Detroit
+  Richardson, A. H., Dr., The Martha Washington, Mt. Clemens
+  Baker, N. I., Dr.,
+  Himebaugh, Clayton D., Sheffield Mfg. Co., Burr Oak
+  Spring, O. L., 728 Wabash Ave., Detroit
+  Reshore, L. T., Dowagiac
+  Adams, Rollo K., Middleville
+  Montgomery, R. H., 46 Jefferson Ave., Detroit
+  "The Gleaner", Detroit
+  Davis, R. J., Lock Box 753, Buchanan
+  Simpson, Wallace N., No. 379 W. Main St., Battle Creek
+  Palmer, A. C., Ellsworth
+  Faurote, Fay L., Lord Bldg., Detroit
+  Andrus, F. P., Almont, Lapeer Co.
+  Gamble, M. D., E. F., Coldwater
+  Horner, E. E., Eaton Rapids Woolen Mills, Eaton Rapids
+  Stryker, F. A., Buchanan
+  Lake, Geo., Northville
+  Hanes, P. S., No. 730 Sheridan Ave., Detroit
+  Handy, J. W., M.D., No. 105 West 1st St., Flint
+
+MINNESOTA
+
+  Fairchild, D. H., St. Paul
+  Husser, Henry, Minneiska
+  Wedge, Clarence, Albert Lea
+  Cutting, Fred, Byron
+  Underwood, Roy, Lake City
+  Alford, E. F., 2390 Woodland Ave., Duluth
+  Latham, A. W., Sec'y State Hortic. Soc'y, 207 Kasota Bldg., Minneapolis
+  Woodbridge, Dwight E., U. S. Bureau of Mines, Duluth
+  Tillinghast, E. G., Leetonia Mining Co., Hibbing
+  Lake Sarah Specialty Farm, Rockford
+  Farm Stock & Home, Minneapolis
+
+MISSOURI
+
+  Bostwick, Arthur E., 70 Vandeventer St., St. Louis
+  Stark Bros.' Nurseries and Orchards Co., Louisiana
+  Williams, F. V., D.D.S., 3720 Virginia, Kansas City
+  Born, H. H. Dr., Park & Compton Sts., St. Louis
+  Bailey, B. A., Versailles
+  Wallace, E. S., Office of City Chemist, Kansas City
+  Cummings, C. C., Dr., Joplin
+  Wilcox, Walter H., 433 Forth Ave., Webster Groves
+  Mosher, H. G., Schell City
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+
+  Dillingham, Thos. M., Dr., Marlboro
+  Clement, Ruth E., Miss, E. Deering
+
+NEBRASKA
+
+  Rolder, C. A., Dr., Hedde Bldg., Grand Rapids
+
+NEVADA
+
+  Swingle, C. G., Hazen
+  Gregory, E. R., Dr., Reno
+
+NEW JERSEY
+
+  Lovett, J. T., Little Silver
+  Pomona Nurseries, Palmyra
+  Bobbink & Atkins, Rutherford
+  Speer, Lester W., 401 Passaic Ave., Nutley
+  Black, Son & Co., Jos. H., Hightstown
+  Chevrier, Chas. S., P. O. Box 579, Trenton
+  Rice, John J., Almonnesson
+  Parry, John R., Parry
+  Totten, A. B., Middlebush
+  Hartt, Wm. S., Box 366 Toms River
+  Dantun, A. P., Walsted Farm, Freehold
+  Shoemaker, Wm. E., Bridgeton
+  Miller, Jessie E., Miss, 204 W. Passaic Ave., Rutherford
+  Hall & Robert Tubbs, Willowwood Farm, Pottersville P.O.
+  Mount, T. S., Hamilton Sq.
+  Schulze, Edward H., Elizabeth
+  Spindler, M., No. 316 Halsey St., Newark
+  Sonders, Geo. B., P. O. Box 204, Mays Landing
+  Palmer, H. C. H., Main Road, Vineland
+  Putnam, G. H., Vineland
+  Parkin, J. W., No. 576 E. 23rd St., Paterson
+  Martin, Geo. W. R., No. 47 Chestnut St., Newark
+  Lintner, Geo A., Summit, New Jersey
+  Kirkpatrick, F. L., No. 35 E. Chestnut St., Merchantville
+  Gilmore, Jr., Thos. J., No. 219 Montgonery St., Jersey City
+  Haddon, Chas. K., Camden
+  Black, Walter C, Hightstown
+  Parkin, John M., No. 576 E. 23rd St., Paterson
+  Bailey, G. W., Kenilworth
+  Eyferth, Adolph, No. 554 Tenth St., N.E., West New York, N. Y.
+  Matlack, C. L., No. 47 Potter St., Haddenfield
+  Wellborn, C. E., Weston
+  Somers, A. F., No. 187 Warren St., Jersey City
+  Turner, H. J., Box 356, Montclair
+  Woodruff, Leon, No. 27 Jefferson St., Bridgeton
+  Davis, H. H., No. 113 Chestnut St., East Orange
+  Butler, F. W., Mrs., Plainfield
+  Kevitt, T. C, Anthonia
+  Maurer, E. H., No. 309 S. Broad St., Elizabeth
+
+NEW MEXICO
+
+  Thompson, W. M., Dr. Logan
+
+NEW YORK
+
+  Hedrick, U. P., Prof., Experiment Station, Geneva
+  Murrill, W. H., Botanical Museum, Bronx Park, New York City
+  Bailey, Liberty H., Cornell Agric. Coll., Ithaca
+  The Rochester Nurseries, Rochester
+  L'Amoreaux Nursery Co., Schoharie
+  Green's Nursery Co., Rochester
+  Lewis, Roesch & Son, Nurserymen, Fredonia
+  Burnette, F. H., Phelps
+  Wheatcroft, S. F., Brooklyn
+  Irwin, Chas., 116 Rosedale St., Rochester
+  Garrison, H. F., Westfield
+  Benney, Wm. H., 30 Church St., N. Y. City
+  Harris, C. F., 211 Blandina St., Utica
+  Thew, Gilmore E., 2006 Fifth Ave., N. Y. City
+  Yoakum, B. F., 71 Broadway, N. Y. City
+  Trimble, J. H., 1255 St. Paul St., Rochester
+  McNair, E. O., Erie Co., Bank Bldg., Buffalo
+  Baruch, H. B., 55 New Street
+  Studley, Frank P., Matteawan
+  Bostwick, Henry J., Clifton Springs Sanitarium, Clifton Springs
+  Wyckoff, C. H., Aurora
+  Slocum, J. F., 29 Park Street, Buffalo
+  Sunnyfield Nursery Co., Poughkeepsie
+  Morgan, H. E., Pittsford
+  Williams & Co., Rose, Miss, Newark
+  Hechler, C. H., Harbor Hill, Roslyn
+  Piccard, L. M., 705 Fulton St., Brooklyn
+  Bardin, A. G., Mr., 29 Brevoort Pl., Brooklyn
+  Townsend, 257 Broadway, N. Y. City, Room 703
+  Hunter, Wm. T., Jr., 32 Rose St., N. Y. City
+  Gage, Stanley A., 72 Mahlstedt Place, New Rochelle
+  Robertson, C. G., 39 Ormond Pl., Brooklyn
+  Sackman, Karl Bever, 92 Williams Street
+  Younkheere, D., 3320 Bailey Ave., Kingsbridge, N. Y. City
+  Foster, E. W., Central Park, L. I.
+  Hemming, H., Mrs., 59 Walworth St., Brooklyn
+  Powell, E. P., Clinton, Otsego Co.
+  Merkel, Herman W., Forester, Bronx Zoological Park
+  Powell, Geo. T., Pres. Agric. Experts Assoc, 5 E. 42 St., N. Y. City
+  Britton, N. L., Dr., Director Botanical Gardens, Bronx Park, N. Y. City
+  Walker, Roberts, 115 Broadway, N. Y. City
+  Sullivan, W. F., 154 E. 74th St., N. Y. City
+  Rosenberg, Max, Pleasantville, Box 91
+  Bridgman, A. C., The Standard Union, Brooklyn
+  Voorhis, Ernest, Rev., 1047 Amsterdam Ave., N. Y. City
+  Buckbie, Annie, Miss, Wisner, Orange Co.
+  Knight, Geo. W., Mrs., 28 Cambridge Pl., Brooklyn
+  Hickox, Ralph, Williamsbridge, N. Y. City
+  Armstrong, M. E., Miss, 10 St. Francis Place, Brooklyn
+  Perry, C. J., 18 Fulton St., Auburn
+  Holden, E. R., Jr., 34 W. 33 Street, N. Y. City
+  Charlton Nursery Co., Rochester
+  Jones, L. V., Miss, St. Luke's Hospital, Newburgh
+  Hichcock, F. H., 105 W. 40th St., N. Y. City
+  Vickers, H. W., Dr., Little Falls
+  Shepard, W. E., New Paltz, Ulster Co.
+  Mendelson, D., 1825 Pilkin Ave., Brooklyn
+  Hopkins, W., 15 Dey St., City
+  Smith, H. P., Center Moricrifs, Suffolk, Co.
+  West, Dr., 51 E. 25th St., N. Y. City
+  Grimmer, John W., Armour Villa Park, Bronxville
+  Leipziger, H. A., Dr., Hotel Empire, Broadway & 63rd St., N. Y. City
+  Engesser, Jas., 513 N. Washington St., Tarrytown
+  Kepke, John, Dr., 488 Nostrand Ave., Brooklyn
+  Manning-Spoerl, J. O. O., Dr., 151 Lafayette Ave., Brooklyn
+  Langdon, H. P., Maple Ridge, Farm, Constable
+  Wainwright, John W., Dr., 80 Wash. Sq., E., N. Y. City
+  Teele, A. W., 30 Broad St., N. Y. City
+  Grot, Henry, 201 E. 116th St., N. Y. City
+  Graham, S. H., Ithaca
+  Teter, Walter C., 10 Wall St., N. Y. City
+  Jewett, Asabel, Berkshire
+  Thompson, Adelbert, East Avon
+  Wiggin, Thos. H., Scarsdale
+  "Ridgewood Times", Myrtle & Cypress Aves., Brooklyn
+  Schubel, Geo., Lit. Ed., Myrtle & Cypress Aves., Brooklyn
+  Kelly, Julia Z., Miss, College of Agriculture, Ithaca
+  Caldwell, R. J., 374 Broadway, N. Y. City
+  Lincoln, Egbert P., 429 Lincoln Pl., Brooklyn
+  Reynolds, Walter S., Dr., 66 W. 71st St., N. Y. City
+  Davidson, Charles Stewart, 60 Wall St., N. Y. City
+  Slosson, Richard S., 140 Carolina St., Buffalo
+  Leutsch, Nina, Clinton Corners
+  Armstrong, Rob. P., N. Y. State School of Agric., Canton
+  Manning, J. M., 1002 Third Ave., N. Y. City
+  Righter, J. Walter, 156 Fifth Ave., N. Y. City
+  Reynolds, H. L., 50 Palace Arcade, Buffalo
+  Spencer, W. F., No. 106 Bond St., Brooklyn
+  Sauer, Arthur W., Broadway & Driggs Ave., Brooklyn
+  Mezger, L. K., M.D., No. 186 Clinton Ave., North Rochester
+  Williams, Olive G., Miss, No. 341 Garfield Ave., Troy
+  Austin, Nichols & Co., New York
+  Bearns, J. H., Jr., No. 198 Broadway
+  Dupree, Wm., No. 83 Halsey St., Brooklyn
+  Thomas, A. E., No. 105 Windsor Place, Brooklyn
+  Holt, Frank L., No. 220 Broadway
+  Greffe, Joseph A., Box 105, Boonton
+  Holden, E. R., Jr., No. 34 W. 33rd St
+  Hendrickson, B. W., Care of J. K. Armsby Co., No. 87 Hudson St.
+  Hoyle, Louis C., Middletown
+  Hall, John, Sec'y, Rochester
+  Miller, Francher, L., No. 605 Kirk Block, Syracuse
+  Mitchell, F. J., No. 44 W. 98th St.
+  Leggett & Co., Francis H., Franklin, Hudson & Leonard Sts.
+  Krizan, Jos., No. 521 E. 72nd Street
+  Jaburg Bros., No. 10-12 Leonard St.
+  Mathans, J. A., White Plains
+  Nicholson, J. E., Care of Messrs. Wassermass, No. 42 Broadway
+  Nicholson, J. E., No. 83rd St. & 24th Ave., Bensonhurst
+  Mills, W. M., No. 397 Goundry St., N. Towanda
+  Sullivan, Warren, No. 44 Morningside Drive
+  Sweizer, Karl, No. 40 Exchange Place
+  Shook, F. M., Dept. of Tropical Medicine
+  Randolph, Lewis C., No. 357 Delaware Ave.
+  Riley, R. M., Garden City
+  Rogers, G. M., Apt. 44. No. 605 144th St.
+  Williams & Co., R. C., Fulton & South Sts.
+  Turner, Fred. C., R.F.D. No. 7, Box 115, Schenectady
+  Tuthill, W. C., No. 245 Water St.
+  Sanford, A. E., No. 18 Bowman St., Rochester
+  Smith, Howard K., No. 323 Webster Ave., Brooklyn
+  Hewitt, R., Ardsley on Hudson
+  Evans, J. C., Lockport
+  Hessinger, M. A., No. 102 West 102d St.
+  Wetbeck, J. B., Care of Worcester Salt Co., No. 71 & No. 73 Murray St.
+  Scott, Thomas C., No. 372 Chenango St., Binghamton
+  Dye, Walter A., Garden City
+  Ellison, E. T., No. 1272 Jefferson Ave., Brooklyn
+  Brown, Carl W., Ripley, Chautauqua Co.
+  Teran, T. Mrs., Hotel Calvert, New York City
+  Power, Alice B., Miss, No. 203 St. Paul St., Rochester
+  Banks, E. M., No. 342 West 45th St., New York City
+  Anderson, Bryon Wall, No. 79 Franklin Ave., New Rochelle
+  Mesner, E. D., No. 34 Carlton St., Buffalo
+  Gawey, Gerald, No. 347 W. 19th St.
+  Maynard, A. R., Waterloo
+  Johnson, M., No. 540 W. 146th St.
+  Strawn, T. C., No. 355 W. 55th St.
+  Bruce, W. Robert, Brick Church Institute, Rochester
+  Broughton, L. D., No. 304 Lewis Ave., Brooklyn
+  Ouilshan, H. W., N. E. Cor. 125th St. and 8th Ave., Bishop Building,
+    Rooms 207-210, New York City
+  Wadsworth, M. A., No. 423 E. 4th St., Brooklyn
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+  Blair, Wm. A., V. P. People's Nat. Bank, Winston-Salem
+
+OHIO
+
+  Wise, P., Maumee
+  Schuh, L. H., Columbus
+  Rich, E. L., No. 3063 Edgehill Road, Cleveland Heights, Cleveland
+  Neff, W. N., Martel
+  McEwen, Will J., No. 755 Wilson Ave., Columbus
+  Miller, Wm., Gypsum
+  Marshall, Robert, No. 23 Hollister St., Cincinnati
+  Longsworth, I. R., Lima
+  Kiser, Frank A., Fremont
+  Goetz, C. H., Columbus
+  Draine, F. J., 2411 Detroit Ave., Toledo
+  Cochran, J. H., Napoleon
+  Bundy, C. C., No. 1356 Mt. Vernon Ave., Columbus
+  Penrod, A. M., Camp Chase
+  Poston, E. M., President, New York Coal Co., Columbus
+  Rodgers, A. S., Springfield Gas Engine Co., Springfield
+  Jeffers, F. A., Monroe Bank Building, Woodsfield
+  Kennedy, C. S., No. 412 Monroe St., East Liverpool
+  Crawford Co., M., Cuyahoga Falls
+  Hoyt, C. H., Cleveland
+  Ashbrook, Wm. A., Hon., Johnstown
+  Johnston, I. B., Station K., Cincinnati
+  Stasel, A. A., No. 25-1/2 S. Third St., Newark
+  Book, G. M., Bloomdale
+  Smith, E. R., No. 132 S. Collett St., Lima
+  Rader, Hal, No. 125 Chestnut St., Nilec
+  Watt, Frank E., No. 116 Show Ave., Dayton
+  Anderson, A. J., "Ohio Farmer", Cleveland
+  Scarff, W. U., New Carlisle
+  Durant, A. T., German-American Ins. Co., Akron
+  Daugherty, U. G., R. D. 13, Dayton
+  Miller, Chas. D., 60 N. Garfield Ave., Columbus
+  Doren, Jane M., Bexley, Columbus
+  Prickett, J. D., 727 Plymouth St., Toledo
+  Zerkey, M. Allen, Justus, R. D. 1
+  Lohman, E., Greenville
+  Ewart, Mortimer, Mogadore
+  Schumacher, Arlin, Pandora
+  Yunck, Ed. G., 710 Central Ave., Sandusky
+  Nellis, A. S. Byrne, Dr., Cor. Third & Webb Sts., Dayton
+  Rogers, W. B., St. Stanislaus' House of Retreat, Cleveland
+  Parrott, Frances, Miss, R. D. 12, Dayton
+  Rector, J. M., Dr., Columbus
+  Lauder, Ed., Dr., 1012 Prospect Ave., S. E., Cleveland
+
+OREGON
+
+  Robinson, C. A., R.F.D. 1, Carlton, Yamhill Co.
+  Oregon R. R. & Navigation Co., Portland
+  Power, Frank W., Sec'y State Horticultural Society, Orenco
+  Gardener, V. R., Associate Prof, of Horticulture, Corvallis
+  McDonald, M., Oregon Nursery Co., Orenco
+  Magruder, G. M., Medical Building, Portland
+  Fishback, P. L., Monmouth
+
+PANAMA
+
+  Deer, G. N., Ancon, C. Z.
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+
+  Le Fevre, B. W., 251 Elm St., Lancaster
+  Harris, D. S., Williamsburg, P.O. Box 416
+  Wright, M. H., Penn. Shafting Co., Spring City
+  Hutchinson, Mahlon, 138 South 15th Street, Philadelphia
+  Taylor, C. B., Philadelphia
+  Townsend, C. W., Pittsburg
+  Allen, Carl G., Williamsport
+  Hall, L. C., Avonia
+  Sober, C. K., Lewisburg
+  Foley, John, Forester Penn. R. R. Co., Broad St. Sta., Philadelphia
+  Mann, Chas. S., Hatboro, Montgomery Co., R. D. 1
+  Springer, Willard, Jr., Forest Asst. Pa. R. R. Broad St. Sta.
+    Philadelphia
+  Peck, Wm. H., Care of Third Nat. Bank, Scranton
+  Riehl, H. F., Manheim
+  Hildebrand, F. B., Duquesne
+  Wolford, C. H., Prin. Duquesne Public Schools, Duquesne
+  Motts, Sarah E., 533 S. Hanover St., Carlisle
+  Watts, R. L., Prof. of Horticulture, State College
+  Hebbin, T. T., McKeesport
+  Ballou, C. S., Potter Co.
+  Marsden, Biddle R., Dr., Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia
+  Fenstermacher, P. S., Care of Harry C. Tripler, Young Bldg., Allentown
+  Keeler, Asa S., Tunckhannock
+  Hess, Frank P., Jr., 31 N. Walnut St., Mt. Carmel
+  George, W. H., Edgewood, Bucks Co.
+  Scott & Hill, Erie
+  St. Francis, J., 21 Scott Block, Erie
+  Wilt, Edwin M., No. 816 Brooklyn St., Philadelphia
+  Wright, W. J., State College
+  Scott, W. M., No. 824 Centennial Ave., Sewickley
+  Small, Norbert, Edgegrove
+  Schotte, T. B., Kittanning
+  Kirkpatrick, F. L., No. 273 Eleventh St., Philadelphia
+  Gochnauer, Benj. H., Lancaster, R. F. D. No. 7
+  Engle, E. B., Marietta
+  Cook, Dr., George R., Johnston
+  Chalmers, W. J., Vanport, Beaver Co.
+  Cahalan, Jno. A., No. 1524 Chestnut St., Philadelphia
+  DeWeese, D. M., No. 51 Logan Ave., Sharon
+  Doan, J. L., School of Horticulture, Ambler.
+  Keystone Wood Co., Williamsport
+  Fleming, H. N., No. 410 Downing Bldg., Erie
+  Hassell, H. W., Dr., Medical Department, Eastern State Penitentiary,
+    Philadelphia
+  Pease, H. E., No. 1111 Lamont St., Pittsburgh
+  Palmer, C. L., Dr., P. O. Box, Mt. Lebanon
+  Spear, James, Jr., Wallingford
+  Hoerner, William S., Chambersburg
+  Hazel, Boyd E., Box No. 57, Madisonburg
+  Stover, C. J., Ambler
+  Davis, Thos. D., No. 267 Shady Ave., Pittsburgh
+  Hill, V. J., No. 4215 Chestnut St., Philadelphia
+  Richards, A. C., Schellsburg
+  Stocks, George, No. 1128 Heberton, Pittsburgh
+  Rhoads, Dr., J. N., No. 1635 S. Broad St., Philadelphia
+  Quimby, C. S., R. F. D. 3, Phoenixville
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+
+  Peckham, F. H., Dr., 6 Thomas St., Providence
+  Collins, Franklin J., Prof., 468 Hope St., Providence
+  Heaton, H. W., M.D., No. 2 Iron's Block, Providence
+  Winslow, Ernest L., Providence
+  Bronsdon, M. H., Chief Engineer, The Rhode Island Co., Providence
+  Pleger, John J., Box 686, Manila
+
+TEXAS
+
+  Blair, R. E., U. S. Exper. Farm, San Antonio
+  Edward, Chas. L., Dallas
+  Kyle, E. J., Prof, of Horticulture, College Station
+  Anderson, J. H., Brighton
+  Canada, J. W., Houston
+
+UTAH
+
+  Hansen, O. K., Dr., Provo
+  Hughes, M. A., Dr., Judge Bldg., Salt Lake City
+
+VERMONT
+
+  Woodman, J. S., So. Royalton
+  Cummings, M. B., Sec'y State Horticultural Society, Burlington
+  Parrish, John S., Eastham, Albermarle Co.
+  Blue, C. E., Ridgeway, Charlottsville
+  Haynes, I. J., Manakin
+
+VIRGINIA
+
+  Emerson, J. S., Dr., Red Hill
+  Catlett, Carter, Gloucester
+
+WASHINGTON
+
+  Washington Nursery Co., Toppenish
+  Shomaker, Joel, Nellita
+  Moody, Robert, Everett
+  Stuart, John A., Christopher Nurseries, Christopher
+  Davis, Pauline, Miss, Box 415, Pullman
+  May, Walter, 456 Empire Bldg., Okanogan
+  Western Farmer, Spokane
+  March, G. L., Kennewick
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+
+  Bennett, Louis, Mrs., 148 Court Ave., Weston
+
+WISCONSIN
+
+  Kirr, A. R., Box C, R. D. 6, Fond du Lac
+  Harold, Geo. E., Maiden Rock, R. D. 3
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+
+  Van Deman, H. E., Washington
+  Swingle, Walter, Prof., Bur. Plant Industry, Washington
+  Coville, Fred. V., Prof., Bur. Plant Industry, Washington
+  Clinton, L. A., Prof., Dept, of Agric., Washington
+  Stabler, Albert, Ins. Agt., Washington
+  Bick, Wm. H., 1403 H. St., Washington
+  Hendrick, A. J., 609, 3rd St., Washington
+  Life & Health, Takoma Park Sta., Washington
+
+
+
+EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS FROM STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS AND OTHERS
+
+
+A well-known nut grower in Delaware writes: "We have given the filberts
+a thorough test and found them one of the most unprofitable nuts ever
+tested. At one time we had under test about 15 distinct varieties. After
+several years tests they all succumbed to the blight; a blight that
+attacked the old wood and killed it. Some of our bushes or trees got as
+much as six inches in diameter before they were entirely killed back.
+Possibly by thorough spraying from the setting of trees a success might
+be made. Some varieties tested were very prolific and of fine quality.
+We succeeded in getting a fine lot of walnuts from the tree southeast of
+the potato house by applying pollen. They are as fine and as well filled
+and as large as any I have ever seen. Several of our crosses had a few
+nuts this year, most of them are rather thick shelled. The trees though
+seem to be perfectly hardy. We have several Japan walnut trees bearing
+this year some of which I consider first class, equal to the best
+shellbarks or pecans in cracking quality; besides they are so very
+prolific, producing as many as a dozen in a cluster. We can show
+specimens from several distinct varieties or types. The Cordiformis
+seems to be one of the best. We also have some very fine black walnuts.
+One of our seedlings from the select nuts produces the largest walnuts
+that I have ever seen. The tree did not have very many on it this year.
+Several of the other seedlings from the same planting produced fine nuts
+with good cracking qualities. We also had several pecan trees to bear a
+few nuts this year; most of the nuts were rather small but of fine
+quality, very thin shells and well filled. Our Japan chestnuts bore
+quite full.
+
+I think it possible to produce Persian walnuts successfully in our
+locality. I also think the Japan walnut offers a good field for
+investigation."
+
+
+FROM THE STATE VICE-PRESIDENT FOR COLORADO
+
+Dec. 11, 1912.
+
+So far as I can learn only two attempts have been made in this state to
+grow nuts. The first one consists in the setting out of about one
+hundred Japanese walnuts by the Antlers Orchard Co. Their place is on
+the western slope in the fruit district and I am informed that the first
+winter the tops were killed but new shoots put out from the roots and
+the trees did well this year.
+
+The other attempt is one I made last spring. I set out a few pecan trees
+as an experiment near Colorado Springs. Six of the seven trees lived and
+put out some leaves but did not make much growth. If they survive the
+winter I purpose planting more pecans and some other nuts,--chestnuts,
+black walnuts and possibly Persian walnuts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                                         Hilton, N. Y.
+                                                        Nov. 29, 1912.
+
+Dear Sir:
+
+In reply to your inquiry I am inclosing notes on walnut culture in this
+locality. This noble fruit is not generally known here. I do not know of
+more than twelve or fifteen bearing trees in my county. Of these all are
+without doubt seedlings, and are located in places where the peach will
+thrive. The soil in which they grow is varied: Dunkirk fine sand,
+Dunkirk silt loam, Ontario fine sand loam, and Ontario loam. (See soil
+survey of _Monroe county_, N. Y. U. S. Dept. Agriculture.) The altitude
+is comparatively low. The highest point in the county is only 682 ft.
+above lake Ontario, and the average elevation is not more than 300 ft.
+The "Holden" walnuts are growing at a still lower level. This tree,
+considering its surroundings and location, had a good crop this year.
+Standing on the lawn uncultivated and unfertilized, hemmed in on three
+sides by other trees, it gave us at least three bushels of fine nuts.
+
+The wood showed no injury after last winter's intense cold. Growth
+started in the spring just as the apple blossoms came out. The catkins
+are very large, at least much larger than those on the other trees we
+have, and hang on longer. One of our trees loses its male blossoms
+before the female bloom appears, but the "Holden" is the last to lose
+them. About half of the clusters of fruit have two or three nuts in
+them. We began harvesting the nuts Sept. 15th, just four months from the
+blossom. The dropping continued for a month, prolonged on account of
+lack of frost.
+
+Last week the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle reported the appearance
+of the first load of English walnuts ever brought on the local market.
+They were grown on fifteen year old seedlings, at East Avon, N. Y., by
+Adelbert Thompson. His orchard is said to contain 200 trees. It seems
+very probable that the next twenty-five years will see the development
+of Persian walnut growing, to commercial proportions, in those
+localities in the state where the peach will grow.
+
+I had a little experience last spring with southern grown walnut trees.
+Last spring I received from Louisiana eleven trees of the "Holden"
+variety grafted on black walnut stocks. They were fine trees, the
+largest at least eight feet tall. Six of these I set out in my own
+orchards and gave them intensive care and cultivation, but alas, growth
+was weak and at last they died. If I were to deduce any conclusions it
+would be that there is too great a difference between Louisiana and New
+York conditions.
+
+
+FROM THE SECRETARY OF THE MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
+
+Dear Sir:--
+
+I am addressing you as secretary of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association in hopes that you can refer me to some one, perhaps a member
+of your society, in this part of the country to whom we can appeal to
+take part at the coming annual meeting of this society as champion of
+nut growing. While in our state we cannot successfully grow pecans, nor
+perhaps the sweet chestnut and some other nuts, yet some varieties do
+well with us and a larger interest in their growing should be
+stimulated.
+
+                          Yours very truly,
+
+                                 A. W. Latham, Sec'y.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association,
+Report of the Proceedings at the Third Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NNGA REPORT, 1912 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 23656-8.txt or 23656-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
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+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Northern Nut Growers Association,
+           Report of the Proceedings at the Third Annual Meeting 1912
+    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association, Report of
+the Proceedings at the Third Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association, Report of the Proceedings at the Third Annual Meeting
+       Lancaster, Pennsylvania, December 18 and 19, 1912
+
+Author: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: November 28, 2007 [EBook #23656]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NNGA REPORT, 1912 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Janet Blenkinship
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<p class='center'>DISCLAIMER</p>
+
+<p>The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are
+not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is
+intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not
+mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may
+have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide
+applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current
+label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion
+of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut
+trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular
+time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.</p>
+
+<h1> NORTHERN</h1>
+  <h1>NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION</h1>
+
+
+  <h2>REPORT</h2>
+  <h2>OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE</h2>
+  <h2>THIRD ANNUAL MEETING</h2>
+
+
+  <h3>LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA</h3>
+  <h3>DECEMBER 18 AND 19,</h3>
+  <h3>1912</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE CAYUGA PRESS ITHACA, N. Y.<br />
+1913</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 351px;">
+<img src="images/illus_004.jpg" width="351" height="500" alt="" title="PROFESSOR JOHN CRAIG" />
+</div>
+
+<h4>PROFESSOR JOHN CRAIG<br />
+
+A FOUNDER OF THE ASSOCIATION<br />
+
+<i>Died 1912</i></h4>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS"></a>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="90%" cellspacing="0" summary="CONTENTS">
+<tr><td align='left'>Officers and Committees of the Association</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_3'><b>3</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Members of the Association</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Constitution and Rules of the Association</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Proceedings of the Meeting held at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, December 18 and 19, 1912</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Address of Welcome by the Mayor of Lancaster</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Response by Mr. Littlepage</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>President's Address. The Practical Aspects of Hybridizing Nut Trees. Robert T. Morris, New York</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fraudulent and Uninformed Promoters. T. P. Littlepage, Indiana</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Recent Work on the Chestnut Blight. Keller E. Rockey, Pennsylvania</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Some Problems in the Treatment of Diseased Chestnut Trees. Roy G. Pierce, Pennsylvania</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nut Growing and Tree Breeding and their Relation to Conservation. J. Russell Smith, Pennsylvania</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Beginning with Nuts. W. C. Deming, New York</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Persian Walnut, Its Disaster and Lessons for 1912. J. G. Rush, Pennsylvania</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A 1912 Review of the Nut Situation in the North. C. A. Reed, Washington, D. C</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Demonstration in Grafting. J. F. Jones, Pennsylvania</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Some Persian Walnut Observations, Experiments and Results for 1912. E. R. Lake, Washington, D. C</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Indiana Pecans. R. L. McCoy, Indiana</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Appendix:</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Report of Secretary and Treasurer</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Report of Committee on Resolutions</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Report of Committee on the Death of Professor John Craig</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Report of Committee on Exhibits</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Hickory Bark Borer</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Miscellaneous Notes:</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Members Present</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">List of Correspondents and Others Interested in Nut Culture</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Extracts from Letters from State Vice-Presidents and Others</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+  <h2>OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION</h2>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION">
+<tr><td align='left'>President</td><td align='left'>T. P. Littlepage</td><td align='left'>Indiana</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Secretary and Treasurer</td><td align='left'>W. C. Deming</td><td align='left'>Georgetown, Conn.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3>COMMITTEES</h3>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary="COMMITTEES">
+<tr>
+<td><i>Executive</i></td>
+<td><i>Membership</i></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Robert T. Morris<br />W. N. Roper<br />And the Officers</td>
+<td>W. C. Deming<br />G. H. Corsan<br />W. N. Roper</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td><i>Promising Seedlings</i></td>
+<td><i>Nomenclature</i></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>T. P. Littlepage<br />C. A. Reed<br />W. C. Deming</td>
+<td>W. C. Reed<br />R. T. Morris<br />W. C. Deming</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td><i>Hybrids</i></td>
+<td><i>Press and Publication</i></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>R. T. Morris<br />J. R. Smith<br />C. P. Close</td>
+<td>W. N. Roper<br />T. P. Littlepage<br />W. C. Deming</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h3>STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS</h3>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="60%" cellspacing="0" summary="STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Canada</td><td align='left'>Goldwin Smith</td><td align='left'>Highland Creek</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Colorado</td><td align='left'>Dr. Frank L. Dennis</td><td align='left'>Colorado Springs</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Connecticut</td><td align='left'>Charles H. Plump</td><td align='left'>West Redding</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Delaware</td><td align='left'>H. P. Layton</td><td align='left'>Georgetown</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Florida</td><td align='left'>H. Harold Hume</td><td align='left'>Glen St. Mary</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Georgia</td><td align='left'>G. C. Schempp, Jr.</td><td align='left'>Albany</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Illinois</td><td align='left'>Dr. F. S. Crocker</td><td align='left'>Chicago</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Indiana</td><td align='left'>R. L. McCoy</td><td align='left'>Lake</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Iowa</td><td align='left'>Alson Secor</td><td align='left'>Des Moines</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Kentucky</td><td align='left'>A. L. Moseley</td><td align='left'>Calhoun</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Louisiana</td><td align='left'>J. F. Jones</td><td align='left'>Jeanerette</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Maryland</td><td align='left'>C. P. Close</td><td align='left'>Washington, D. C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Massachusetts</td><td align='left'>Bernhard Hoffmann</td><td align='left'>Stockbridge</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Michigan</td><td align='left'>Miss Maud M. Jessup</td><td align='left'>Grand Rapids</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Minnesota</td><td align='left'>C. A. Van Duzee</td><td align='left'>St. Paul</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>New Hampshire</td><td align='left'>Henry N. Gowing</td><td align='left'>Dublin</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>New Jersey</td><td align='left'>Henry Hales</td><td align='left'>Ridgewood</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>New York</td><td align='left'>A. C. Pomeroy</td><td align='left'>Lockport</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>North Carolina</td><td align='left'>W. N. Hutt</td><td align='left'>Raleigh</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Ohio</td><td align='left'>J. H. Dayton</td><td align='left'>Painesville</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Oklahoma</td><td align='left'>Mrs. E. B. Miller</td><td align='left'>Enid</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Oregon</td><td align='left'>F. A. Wiggins</td><td align='left'>Toppenish</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Panama</td><td align='left'>B. F. Womack</td><td align='left'>Canal Zone</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Pennsylvania</td><td align='left'>J. G. Rush</td><td align='left'>West Willow</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Texas</td><td align='left'>C. T. Hogan</td><td align='left'>Ennis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Vermont</td><td align='left'>Clarence J. Ferguson</td><td align='left'>Burlington</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Virginia</td><td align='left'>W. N. Roper</td><td align='left'>Petersburg</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>West Virginia</td><td align='left'>B. F. Hartzell</td><td align='left'>Shepherdstown</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION</h3>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abbott, Frederick B., 419 9th St., Brooklyn, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Armstrong, A. H., General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arnott, Dr. H. G., 26 Emerald St., South, Hamilton, Canada.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barron, Leonard, Editor The Garden Magazine, Garden City, L. I.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barry, W. C., Ellwanger &amp; Barry, Rochester, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benner, Charles, 100 Broadway, N. Y. City.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">**Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont Bldg., Boston, Mass.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Button, Herbert, Bonnie Brook Farm, Cazenovia, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Browne, Louis L., Bodsbeck Farm, New Canaan, Conn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Butler, Henry L., Gwynedd Valley, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Casper, Norman W., Fairlawn, New Burnside, Ill.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chalmers, W. J., Vanport, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chamberlain, W. O., 300 Nicollet Ave., Minneapolis, Minn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clendenin, Rev. Dr. F. M., Westchester, N. Y. City.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Close, Prof. C. P., Expert in Fruit Identification, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cole, Dr. Chas. K., 32 Rose St., Chelsea-on-Hudson, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coleman, H. H., The Northwestern Mutual Life Ins. Co., Newark, N. J.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Corsan, G. H., University Gymnasium, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crocker, Dr. F. S., Columbus Memorial Bldg., Chicago, Ill.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dayton, J. H., Painesville, Ohio. Rep. Storrs &amp; Harrison Co.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Decker, Loyd H., Greeley, Col., R. 5, Box 11.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Deming, Dr. N. L., Litchfield, Conn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Deming, Dr. W. C. Georgetown, Conn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Deming, Mrs. W. C. Georgetown, Conn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dennis, Dr. Frank L., The Colchester, Colorado Springs, Col.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ellwanger, W. D., 510 E. Ave., Rochester, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferguson, Clarence J., Rep. Eastern Fruit &amp; Nut Orchard Co., 144 College St., Burlington, Vt.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fischer, J., Rep. Keystone Wood Co., Williamsport, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fullerton, H. B., Medford, L. I.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gowing, Henry N., Dublin, N. H.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gschwind, Geo. W., 282 Humboldt St., Brooklyn, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Haberstroh, Arthur L., Sharon, Mass.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hale, Mrs. Geo. H., Glastonbury, Conn.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hall, L. C. Avonia, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">*Hales, Henry, Ridgewood, N. J.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hans, Amed&eacute;e, Supt. Hodenpyl Est., Locust Valley, L. I., N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harrison, J. G., Rep. Harrison's Nurseries, Berlin, Md.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hartzell, B. F., Shepherdstown, W. Va.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Haywood, Albert, Flushing, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hicks, Henry, Westbury Station, L. I., N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hildebrand, F. B., 5551 Monroe Ave., Chicago, Ill.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hoffman, Bernhard, Stockbridge, Mass.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hogan, C. T., Ennis, Texas.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holden, E. B., Hilton, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holmes, J. A., 127 Eddy St., Ithaca, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hopper, I. B., Chemical National Bank, N. Y. City.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hume, H. Harold, Glen Saint Mary, Fla.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hungerford, Newman, 45 Prospect St., Hartford, Conn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">**Huntington, A. M., 15 W. 81st St., N. Y. City.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hutt, W. N., Raleigh, N. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, Dr. W. B., 17 W. 54th St., N. Y. City.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly St., Jersey City Heights, N. J.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">**Jones, J. F., Jeanerette, La., &amp; Willow St., Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jessup, Miss Maud M., 440 Thomas St., Grand Rapids, Mich.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Keely, Royal R., 1702 Mt. Vernon St., Philadelphia, Pa. Walpole, Mass., Box 485.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Koch, Alphonse, 510 E. 77th St., N. Y. City.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lake, Prof. E. R., Asst. Pomologist, Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Layton, H. P., Georgetown, Del.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leas, F. C, 400 So. 40th St., Philadelphia, Pa., and Bala, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Bldg., Washington, D. C, and Boonville, Ind.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Loomis, Charles B., E. Greenbush, N. Y.&nbsp; R. D. 1.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lovett, Mrs. Joseph L., Emilie, Bucks Co., Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Malcomson, A. B., 132 Nassau St., N. Y. City.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mayo, E. S., Rochester, N. Y. Rep. Glen Brothers.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McCoy, R. L., Ohio Valley Forest Nursery, Lake, Spencer Co., Ind.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Meehan, S. Mendelson, Germantown, Phila., Pa. Rep. Thos. Meehan &amp; Sons.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miller, Mrs. E. B., Enid, Oklahoma, R. Box 47 1-2.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miller, Mrs. Seaman, Care of Mr. Seaman Miller, 2 Rector St., N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McSparren, W. F., Furnice, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Magruder, G. M., Medical Bldg., Portland, Oregon.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morris, Dr. Robert T., 616 Madison Ave., N. Y. City.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moseley, A. L., Bank of Calhoun, Calhoun, Ky.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moses, Theodore W., Harvard Club, 27 W. 44th St., N. Y. City.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Niblack, Mason J., Vincennes, Ind.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nichols, Mrs. F. Gillette, 129 E. 76th St., N. Y. City, and E. Haddam, Conn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Patterson &amp; Taylor, 343 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierson, Miss A. Elizabeth, Cromwell, Conn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plump, Chas. H., West Redding, Conn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Potter, Hon. W. O., Marion, Ill.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reed, C. A., Div. of Pomology, U. S. Dept, of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reed, W. C., Vincennes, Ind.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rice, Mrs. Lilian McKee, Barnes Cottage, Carmel, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rich, William P., Sec'y Mass Horticultural Society, 300 Mass. Ave., Boston.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ridgway, C. S., "Floralia," Lumberton, N. J.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riehl, E. A., Alton, Ill.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roper, Wm. N., Arrowfield Nursery Co., Petersburg, Va.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rose, Wm. J., 413 Market St., Harrisburg, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rush, J. G., West Willow, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schempp, G. C., Jr., Albany, Ga. Route 3.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Secor, Alson, Editor Successful Farming, Des Moines, Iowa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sensenig, Wayne, State College, Center Co., Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shellenberger, H. H., 610 Broadhead St., Easton, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shoemaker, Seth W., Agric. Ed. Int. Corresp. Schools, Scranton, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith, E. K., 213 Phoenix Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith, Goldwin, Highland Creek, Ontario, Canada.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith, J. Russell, Roundhill, Va.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith, Percival P., 108 S. LaSalle St., Chicago, Ill.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tuckerman, Bayard, 118 E. 37th St., N. Y. City.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Turner, K. M., 1265 Broadway, N. Y. City.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ulman, Dr. Ira, 213 W. 147th St., N. Y. City. Farm, So. Monsey, Rockland Co., P. O., Address, Spring Valley, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Van Duzee, Col. C. A., St. Paul, Minn, and Viking, Fla.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walter, Dr. Harry, Hotel Chalfonte, Atlantic City, N. J.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wentink, Frank, 75 Grove St., Passaic, N. J.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">White, H. C., DeWitt, Ga.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wiggins, F. A., Rep. Washington Nursery Co., Toppenish, Wash.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wile, Th. E., 1012 Park Avenue, Rochester, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williams, Dr. Charles Mallory, 48 E. 49th St., N. Y. City, and Stonington, Conn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williams, Harrison, Gen. Land &amp; Tax Agt., Erie R. R. Co., 50 Church St., N. Y. City.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">**Wissmann, Mrs. F. DeR., 707 Fifth Ave., N. Y. City.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Womack, B. F., Ancon, Canal Zone, Panama.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wyman, Willis L., Park Rapids, Minn.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">* Honorary Member.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">** Life Member</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Constitution_and_Rules_of_the_Northern_nut_Growers_Association" id="Constitution_and_Rules_of_the_Northern_nut_Growers_Association"></a><span class="smcap">Constitution and Rules of the Northern nut Growers Association.</span></h2>
+
+
+<blockquote><p style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><i>Name.</i> The society shall be known as the <span class="smcap">Northern nut Growers
+Association.</span></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><i>Object.</i> The promotion of interest in nut-producing plants, their
+products and their culture.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><i>Membership.</i> Membership in the society shall be open to all persons who
+desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of residence
+or nationality, subject to the approval of the committee on membership.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><i>Officers.</i> There shall be a president, a vice-president, and a
+secretary-treasurer; an executive committee of five persons, of which
+the president, vice-president and secretary shall be members; and a
+state vice-president from each state represented in the membership of
+the association.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><i>Election of Officers.</i> A committee of five members shall be elected at
+the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the
+subsequent year.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><i>Meetings.</i> The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected
+by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made
+at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time
+for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may
+seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><i>Fees.</i> The fees shall be of two kinds, annual and life. The former
+shall be two dollars, the latter twenty dollars.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><i>Discipline.</i> The committee on membership may make recommendations to
+the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><i>Committees.</i> The association shall appoint standing committees of three
+members each to consider and report on the following topics at each
+annual meeting: first, on promising seedlings; second, on nomenclature;
+third, on hybrids; fourth, on membership; fifth, on press and
+publication.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><span class="smcap">Northern Nut Growers Association</span></h1>
+
+<h2>THIRD ANNUAL MEETING</h2>
+
+<h3>DECEMBER 18 AND 19, 1912</h3>
+
+<h3>AT LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA</h3>
+
+
+<p>The third annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association was
+held in the Court House at Lancaster, Pa., beginning December 18, 1912,
+at 10 A. M.; President Morris presiding.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: The meeting will be called to order. We have first an
+address by the Mayor of Lancaster, Mayor McClean. (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>Mayor McClean: Ladies and gentlemen of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association:</p>
+
+<p>The Mayor of a city of the size of this, in which conventions meet so
+frequently, is so often called upon to make a speech that the prospect
+of having to do so causes him some disturbance of mind, not only on the
+day of the delivery of the speech but for many days preceding; but I
+confess that the invitation to come here today has had no such effect on
+me. I am very glad to meet and mix up with the members of this
+organization. The evolutionists tell us where we came from; the
+theologians, where we are going to; but no matter how much we may differ
+as to the theories of these respective leaders of thought, upon one
+thing we can all agree and that is that we are here. You ladies and
+gentlemen representing the Northern Nut Growers Association are here to
+interchange opinions and discuss questions which have to do with the
+greater success of the very useful industry, the youthful and useful
+industry, in which you are engaged. I am here as the Mayor of this
+goodly town to tell you that you are not looked upon as intruders; that
+we will be blind when you help yourselves to our wine flasks, but that
+we will not be deaf should you ask for more. I am thoroughly in sympathy
+with the purpose of this organization, understanding it to be the
+encouragement of the planting of nut bearing trees in order that an
+addition to our present food supply may be provided; and that much waste
+land, now profitless, may be taken up and converted to practical and
+profitable uses; and further that through the medium of such tree
+planting and tree care as you propose, landscape embellishment in
+greater<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> degree than that which now exists may be provided. We hear very
+much about conservation these days and it seems to me that the
+proposition which you advance is conservation in a very worthy and very
+high degree. The soil and climate of Lancaster County seem to be
+peculiarly adapted to the growing of trees bearing nuts and fruits, and
+I am sure that the result of this convention will be to stimulate
+locally a very great interest in this worthy undertaking. You have
+chosen wisely in selecting Lancaster as the place for this meeting,
+because we feel and we are satisfied that you will agree, after you have
+been here a few days, that this was the town that Kipling had in mind
+when he wrote of the town that was born lucky. (Laughter.) Here you will
+find all the creature comforts, everything that makes for the pleasure
+of existence, good food and good water, and if there be any of you who
+have a liking for beverages other than water, it may be some consolation
+to you to know that in this vicinity the mint beds are not used for
+pasture, the punch bowls are not permanently filled with carnations, the
+cock-tail glasses show no signs of disuse and the corkscrew hangs within
+reach of your shortest member. (Laughter.) We are a great people over
+this way. Perhaps you are not aware of that, but we bear prosperity with
+meekness and adversity with patience. We feel that we can say to you,
+without boasting, if you seek a pleasant country, look about you. You
+may not know it, but it is a fact and the United States census reports
+ever since census reports have been made will prove it, that the annual
+valuation of the agricultural products of the county in which you now
+sit exceeds that of any other county in all this great nation.
+(Applause.) Another bit of local history may surprise you when I tell
+you that the combined deposits of the banks of Lancaster County
+approximate the enormous amount of fifty million dollars, that they are
+larger than the total deposits of any one of seven states in the Union
+that I can name and that they exceed the combined deposits of two of
+those seven states. But I don't want to take up your time with a
+recitation of local history, because I feel that your Lancaster
+colleagues will give you all the information, and I don't want to spoil
+their pleasure in giving it by anticipating them. I congratulate you
+upon the success of this convention. I applaud the purpose for which you
+are united. I felicitate you upon your achievements up to this time, and
+predict for you a greater measure of usefulness and advantage in the
+time to come, which usefulness and advantage, let me suggest, can<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> be
+made yours more promptly, certainly more surely, by your proceeding upon
+the principle that whatever is of benefit to the organization as a whole
+must be of benefit to each of its members, either directly or
+indirectly. I trust that you will go on with this good work and
+stimulate enthusiasm in your purpose in a nation wide way, working
+together with one common object, proceeding under the motto of the Three
+Guardsmen of France, "One For All and All For One." I now extend to you
+the freedom of the city. Roam where you will. Just one bit of advice I
+have to give. Contrary, perhaps, to general report, this is not a slow
+town and therefore you are in more danger of being run down than run in.
+(Laughter.) I will not follow the time honored practice of handing you
+the keys of the city, for the reason that when I heard you were on the
+way, I had the old gates taken off the hinges in order that your
+incoming might be in no way impeded. (Laughter.) And now, in the name of
+the city of Lancaster, its heart filled with the sunny warmth of July, I
+bid you welcome and promise that we will try to extend to you a
+hospitality as generous as golden October. (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Will Mr. Littlepage please respond to the Mayor's kindly
+address of welcome?</p>
+
+<p>Hon. T. P. Littlepage: Mr. President: On behalf of the members of the
+Northern Nut Growers Association, I desire to thank the Mayor very
+cordially for his delightful words of welcome to this city. We feel that
+the words haven't any strings to them, such as were indicated in a
+little poem I noticed the other day, which said that a young man took
+his girl to an ice cream parlor and she ate and she ate and she ate
+until at last she gave him her heart to make room for another plate.
+(Laughter.) There apparently isn't anything of that in the cordial
+welcome which we have received here to this great County of Lancaster. I
+know now after hearing the Mayor's discourse upon the great resources of
+this county, why it was that a young fellow who had rambled out into the
+West and happened to drop into an old fashioned protracted meeting, when
+asked to come up to the mourners' bench, objected somewhat, and finally
+when they said, "Well, young man, you've got to be born again;" replied,
+"No, it isn't necessary, I was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania."
+(Laughter and applause.) I understand now why the young man was so
+sanguine, why it wasn't necessary to be born again, even under the
+auspices of the Great Spirit. It is very gratifying indeed to be in the
+midst of a great county<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> of this kind that has made one of the great
+basic industries so successful. It takes three things to make a really
+great nation; it takes great natural resources, it takes great policies
+and it takes great people. We have nations in this world where the
+resources, the possibilities of agriculture and all lines of human
+endeavor are as unlimited, almost, as ours, but they haven't the people
+and in the cases where they have people of the right kind, they haven't
+adopted the policies. It takes those three things for any county, any
+state or any nation to be really great, and it is indeed gratifying to
+those of us who believe in the highest development, the best for
+humanity, to come into a county where the people, through their
+industry, their policies of advancement, have made that county one of
+the best farmed agricultural counties in the United States; and that is
+saying a great deal when you consider the greatness of this nation and
+her immense wealth and resources. It is indeed gratifying to all of us
+who are spending some time and some effort to further somewhat the
+advancement of the country along horticultural lines, to be met with a
+cordial welcome and to come into this community that has so highly
+developed her various resources: so, on behalf of this Association and
+all its members, even the members that are not here, those of them who
+might, if they desired, take advantage of the Mayor's corkscrew and
+carnation bowl, I thank the Mayor and thank the citizens of this County
+and say that we are delighted to be among you. (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: We will now proceed with the regular order of business. As
+my paper happens to be placed first on the list, through the methods of
+the Secretary, I will ask Mr. Littlepage to kindly take the chair while
+I present notes on the subject of hybridizing nut trees.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_PRACTICAL_ASPECTS_OF_HYBRIDIZING_NUT_TREES" id="THE_PRACTICAL_ASPECTS_OF_HYBRIDIZING_NUT_TREES"></a>THE PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF HYBRIDIZING NUT TREES</h2>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Dr. Robert T. Morris, New York</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 348px;">
+<img src="images/illus_017.jpg" width="348" height="500" alt="" title="DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS" />
+</div>
+<h4>DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS OF NEW YORK<br />
+
+<i>First President of the Association, 1911 and 1912</i></h4>
+
+
+<p>In the experimental work of hybridizing nut trees, we soon come to learn
+that a number of practical points need to be acquired before successful
+hybridizing can be done. This is a special field in which few have taken
+part as yet, and consequently any notes upon the subject will add to
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> sum total of the knowledge which we wish to acquire as rapidly as
+possible. First, in collecting pollen; it is important to shake our
+pollen into dry paper boxes. If we try to preserve the pollen in glass
+or in metal, it is attacked by various mould fungi and is rapidly
+destroyed. We have to remember that pollen consists of live cells which
+have quite as active a place in the organic world as a red squirrel, and
+the pollen grains need to breathe quite as much as a red squirrel needs
+to breathe. Therefore they must not be placed in glass or metal or
+tightly sealed. Further, the pollen grains need to be kept cool in order
+to avoid attacks from the greatest enemy of all organic life, the
+microbes or the lower fungi. Probably we may keep pollen for a longer
+time than it could ordinarily be kept, if it is placed in cold storage,
+but practically I have tried the experiment on only one occasion. Last
+year I wished to cross the chinkapin with the white oak. The white oak
+blossoms more than a month in advance of the chinkapin in Connecticut,
+and the question was how we could keep the white oak pollen. Some of it
+was placed in paper boxes in cold storage; some in paper boxes in the
+cellar in a dry place. Pollen which had been kept in the cellar and
+pollen which had been kept in cold storage were about equally viable. It
+is quite remarkable to know that pollen can be kept for more than a
+month under any circumstances. Hybridization occurred in my chinkapins
+from this white oak pollen. Sometimes, where the flowering time of such
+trees is far apart, it is important to know how we may secure pollen of
+one kind for the female flowers of the other. Two methods are possible.
+In the first place, we may secure pollen from the northern or southern
+range of a species for application upon pistillate flowers at the other
+end of the range of that species. Another way is to collect branches
+carrying male flowers before the flowers have developed, place them in
+the ice house or in a dark, cold room without light until the proper
+time for forcing the flowers, and if these branches are then placed in
+water, the water changed frequently as when we are keeping flowers
+carefully, the catkins or other male flowers will develop pollen
+satisfactorily a long time after their natural time of furnishing
+pollen, when they are brought out into the light. In protecting
+pistillate flowers from the pollen of their own trees, with the nut tree
+group where pollen is wind-borne rather than insect borne, I find that
+the better way is to cover the pistillate flowers with paper bags, the
+thinner the better, the kind that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> we get at the grocery store. It is
+best to pull off the undeveloped male flowers if they happen to be on
+the same branch with the female flowers, and then place the bags over
+the female flowers at about the time when they blossom, in advance of
+pollination of the male flowers. It is not safe to depend upon pulling
+off the male flowers of an isolated tree and leaving the female flowers
+without bags to protect them from pollen of the same species or of
+allied species, for the reason that wind may carry pollen to a great
+distance. One of Mr. Burbank's critics&mdash;I am sorry he has so many, for
+they are not all honest or serious&mdash;one of his critics, in relation to
+the crossing of walnuts, said that it was due to no particular skill on
+the part of Mr. Burbank, for, whenever the wind blew from the east, he
+regretted to say that his entire orchard of Persian walnuts became
+pollinized from the California black walnuts nearly half a mile away.
+This is an exaggeration, because the chances are that most of the
+Persian walnuts were pollenized from their own pollen, but in the case
+of some Persian walnuts blossoming early, and developing female flowers
+in advance of male flowers, pollen might be carried to them from half a
+mile away in a high wind from California black walnut trees. Black
+walnut pollen would then fertilize pistillate flowers of the Persian
+walnut. I have found this a real danger, this danger of wind-pollination
+at a distance, much to my surprise. Last year I pollinized one or two
+lower branches of female flowers of a butternut tree which had no other
+butternut tree within a distance of a good many rods, so far away that I
+had no idea that the pollen would be carried from the tree with male
+flowers to the one which happened to have female flowers only that year;
+consequently I placed pecan pollen on the female flowers of the lower
+branches of this butternut tree without protecting them with bags, and
+left the rest of the tree unguarded. There were no male flowers on that
+butternut tree that year. Much to my surprise, not only my pollinized
+flowers but the whole tree bore a good crop of butternuts. This year, on
+account of the drought, many of the hickory trees bore female flowers
+only. I do not know that it was on account of the drought, but I have
+noted that after seasons of drought, trees are apt to bear flowers of
+one sex or the other, trees which normally bear flowers of both sexes.
+This year a number of hickory trees bore flowers of one sex only, and I
+noted that some shagbark trees which had no male flowers had fairly good
+crops of nuts from pollen blown from a distance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> from other trees. I had
+one pignut tree (H. Glabra) full of female flowers which contained only
+one male flower, so far as I could discover and which I removed. On one
+side of this tree was a bitternut; on the other side a shagbark. This
+tree bore a full crop of pignuts, (Hicoria glabra) evidently pollinized
+on one side by the bitternut and on the other side by the shagbark These
+points are made for the purpose of showing the necessity of covering the
+female flowers with bags in our nut tree hybridizations. We must
+sprinkle Persian insect powder inside the bags or insects will increase
+under protection. When we have placed bags over female flowers, it is
+necessary to mark the limb; otherwise, other nuts borne on neighboring
+limbs will be mistaken for the hybridized nuts unless we carefully place
+a mark about the limb. Copper wire twisted loosely is, I find, the best.
+Copper wire carrying a copper tag with the names of the trees which are
+crossed is best. If I mark the limb with string or with strong cord I
+find there are many ways for its disappearance. Early in the spring the
+birds like it so well that they will untie square knots in order to put
+it into their nests. Later in the season the squirrels will bite off
+these marks made with cords for no other purpose, so far as I know,
+except satisfying a love of mischief. Now I am not psychologist enough
+to state that this is the reason for the action of the red squirrel, and
+can only remember that when I was a boy I used to do things that the red
+squirrel now does. (Laughter.) Consequently, on that basis, I traced the
+psychology back to plain pure mischief. Red squirrels and white footed
+mice must be looked after with great care in our hybridized trees. If
+the squirrels cannot get at a nut that is surrounded by wire cloth, they
+will cut off the branch and allow it to fall to the ground and then
+manage to get it out. White footed mice will make their way through
+wire, and mice and squirrels will both manage to bite through wire cloth
+unless it is very strong in order to get at the nut. The mere fact of
+nuts being protected by wire cloth or in other ways seems to attract the
+attention of squirrels. One of my men, a Russian, said, in rather broken
+English, "Me try remember which nuts pollinized; no put on wire, no put
+on tag, no put on nothing; squirrel see that, see right straight, bite
+off one where you put sign for him." (Laughter.) The best way for
+keeping squirrels and white footed mice from ascending a tree, I find is
+by tacking common tin, slippery smooth tin, around the trunk of the tree
+and this may be left on only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> during the time when squirrels are likely
+to ascend the tree. They will begin long before the nuts are ripe. In
+the case of hazel nuts, I have surrounded the bushes with a wire fence
+or wire mesh, leaving a little opening on one side, and have placed
+steel traps in the opening. Now here enters a danger which one does not
+learn about excepting from practical experience. I went out one morning
+shortly after having thought of this bright idea and found two gray
+squirrels in the traps. They had followed their natural instinct of
+climbing when they got into the steel traps, and climbing wildly had
+broken off every single branch from those hazels which carried
+hybridized nuts. There wasn't one left, because the squirrels when
+caught had climbed into the trees and had so violently torn about with
+trap and chain that they had broken off every single branch with a nut
+on it. So many things happen in our experiments that appeal to one's
+sense of the ludicrous, if he has a sense of humor, that I assure you
+nut raising is a source of great delight to those who are fond of the
+drama.</p>
+
+<p>The field of hybridizing nut trees offers enormous prospects. We are
+only just upon the margin of this field, just beginning to look into the
+vista. It has been done only in a limited way, so far, by crossing
+pollen and flowers under quite normal conditions. We may look forward to
+extending the range now of pollinization from knowledge based upon the
+experiments of Loeb and his followers in biology. They have succeeded in
+developing embryos from the eggs of the sea urchin, of the nereis, and
+of mollusks, without spermatozoa. Their work has shown that each egg is
+a single cell with a cell membrane and it is only necessary to destroy
+this cell membrane according to a definite plan to start that egg to
+growing. Life may be started from the egg in certain species without the
+presence of the other sex. This may lead us into a tremendous new field
+in our horticultural work. We may be able to treat germ cells with acids
+or other substances which destroy the cell membrane so as to allow
+crossing between very widely separated species and genera. Loeb, by
+destroying the cell membrane of the sea urchin, was enabled to cross the
+sea urchin with the star fish, and no one knows but we may be able,
+following this line of experimentation, eventually to cross the shagbark
+hickory with a pumpkin and get a shagbark hickory nut half the size of
+the pumpkin. That is all! (Applause.)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>(President Morris then took the chair.)</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Please let me add that the hickory pumpkin idea is not to
+be taken seriously. That is a highly speculative proposition. I have
+found some times that, in a very scientific audience, men who were
+trained in methods of science, had very little selvage of humor,&mdash;little
+margin for any pleasantry, but this highly speculative suggestion,
+curiously enough, is not in fact more speculative than would have been
+the idea twelve years ago that you could hatch an egg, start an egg to
+development&mdash;without fertilization.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hutt: I would like to ask how widely you have been able to cross
+species?</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: It has been possible to cross species of hazels freely
+with the four species that I have used, the American hazel, Corylus
+Americana; the beak hazel, Corylus rostrata; the Asiatic, Corylus
+colurna, and Corylus pontica. These apparently cross readily back and
+forth. With the hickories I think rather free hybridization occurs back
+and forth among all, but particularly in relation to groups. The
+open-bud hickories, comprising the pecan, the bitternut, the water
+hickory, and the nutmeg hickory, apparently, from my experiments, cross
+much more readily among each other than they cross with the scale-bud
+hickories. The scale-bud hickories appear to cross much more freely
+among each other than they cross with the open-bud hickories; not only
+species but genera may be crossed, and I find that the walnuts
+apparently cross freely with the open-bud hickories and the open-bud
+hickories cross with the walnuts. I have thirty-two crosses between the
+bitternut hickory and our common butternut, growing. All of the walnuts
+apparently cross rather freely back and forth with each other. I have
+not secured fertile nuts between the oaks and chestnuts, but I believe
+that we may get fertile nuts eventually. The nuts fill well upon these
+two trees fertilized with each others' pollen respectively, but I have
+not as yet secured fertile ones. We shall find some fertile crosses I
+think between oaks and chestnuts, when enough species have been tried.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hutt: Do you notice any difference in the shapes of any of those
+hybrids, the nuts, when you get them matured and harvested? Do they look
+any different from the other nuts on the tree?</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: There isn't very much difference, but I seem to think that
+sometimes the pollen has exercised an influ<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>ence upon the nuts of the
+year. Theoretically it should not do so, but I noticed one case
+apparently in which I crossed a chinkapin with a Chinese chestnut, and
+the nuts of that year seemed to me to present some of the Chinese
+chestnuts' characteristics.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hutt: This year I crossed a number of varieties of pecans and in
+nearly all those crosses there was to me quite an evident difference in
+the nuts. For instance those gathered off certain parts of a pecan tree
+of certain varieties, Schley or Curtis or Frotscher, would be typical
+nuts, but those hybrids or crosses that I produced were distorted, more
+or less misshapen and seemed to have peculiarities; so that when we came
+to look over the colony we were in doubt whether they were hand
+pollinated hybrids or had been pollinated before we got the blossoms
+covered. Many of them evidenced a great number of distortions, and one
+of them I remember particularly whose shell was so thin it was just like
+a piece of brown paper; and there were several peculiarities that were
+quite noticeable in those hand pollinated nuts.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: That is a very interesting point. When we come to consider
+deformities of nuts we shall find very many cases due to the character
+of the pollinization. I crossed the Persian walnut with the shagbark
+hickory and had nuts that year of just the sort of which Mr. Hunt
+speaks, with shells as thin as paper. One could crush them with the very
+slightest pressure of the finger. The shells were not well developed.
+Unfortunately the mice happened to get at all of those nuts. I don't
+know if they were fertile or not. The kernels were only about half
+developed. I should look for deformity in these nuts rather than a
+taking on of the type of one parent over the other, the idea being based
+on theoretical biological considerations. We had last year a photograph
+of a tree in California which apparently was a cross, a very odd
+cross&mdash;does any one remember about that California tree?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Wilcox: It was a cross between Juglans Californica and the live oak.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Both the foliage and the nuts were very remarkable and
+pertained to characters of these two trees. Such a cross to my mind
+would be wholly unexplainable excepting on the ground recently brought
+out by Loeb and his followers in crossing the lower forms of animal life
+and finding that the cell membrane of the egg, if destroyed, will allow
+of very wide fertilization subsequently with other species. It occurs to
+me<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> now&mdash;I had no explanation last year, but it occurs to me now,
+knowing of Loeb's experiments&mdash;that it is possible that one of the
+parents, the parent California oak tree carrying the female flowers,
+might have had its sex cells subjected to some peculiar influence like
+acid, sulphurous acid, for instance, from some nearby chimney.
+Sulphurous acid perhaps from someone merely lighting a match to light a
+cigar under the tree; he might have so sensitized a few female flowers,
+may have so injured the cell membrane of a few female germ cells that
+cross pollinization then took place from a walnut tree. It is only on
+some such ground as the findings of Loeb that we can explain such a very
+unusual hybridization as that, which appeared to me a valid one, of a
+cross between an oak and a walnut.</p>
+
+<p>(Secretary Deming then called attention to hybrids in the various
+exhibits.)</p>
+
+<p>Professor Smith: I should like to ask why, if this free hybridization
+takes place in nature among the hickories, you do not have a perfect
+complex of trees showing all possible variations in the forest.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: In answer to Professor Smith's question I will start from
+his premises and remark that we do have such complexities. The hickories
+are so crossed at the present time, like our apples, that even crossing
+the pollen of various hickory trees of any one species does not promise
+interesting results unless we cross an enormous number. They are already
+so widely crossed that it is very difficult sometimes to determine if a
+certain tree is shagbark or pignut or shellbark or mockernut. For the
+most part the various species and varieties of hickories retain their
+identity because their own pollen is handiest, and different species do
+not all flower at the same time. Their own pollen from the male flowers
+is apt to fall at the time when their own female flowers are ripe and
+under these circumstances the chances are very much in favor of the tree
+pollinizing its female flowers with its own pollen. On the other hand,
+there is hardly one chance in many hundred thousand for any crossed nut
+to grow, for the reason that most nuts are destroyed by mice, squirrels,
+rats and boys. If you have a hickory nut tree growing in a lot, and
+which has produced a bushel of hickory nuts year after year, do you know
+of one single nut from that tree which has grown? In this plan of
+Nature, this plan of enormous waste of Nature in order to get one seed
+to grow, the chance for a hybridized hickory nut to grow under normal
+con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>ditions, is so small that we should have relatively few crossed
+trees growing wild in Nature, though we do find quite a good many of
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Smith: If I am not taking up too much time, I would like to
+put some more questions to you.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: That's what we are here for.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Smith: Have you ever tried the plan of serving collations to
+squirrels? Why wouldn't it pay to give them portions of wheat and corn?
+Second, what percentage of the oak pollen kept in cold storage a month
+was alive? Third, what is the range of time that the hybridizer has to
+make the pollinization? Must we go on the dot or have we two days or
+four days or a week, in the case of hickories and walnuts?</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: I think possibly as these are three direct questions, I
+might answer them now. No, I think it would be better to have all
+questions bearing on this subject brought out and then I will answer all
+together. So if you will kindly ask all the questions, I will then
+endeavor to answer them.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: The squirrels bothered me last year. I've got forty acres of
+land for experimental purposes only and I started planting and the
+little beggars would dig down exactly where I planted the nuts, so I
+went into town and got a rat trap with a double section so I could catch
+them alive; and I caught so many by feeding them cheap pignuts, the
+sweet pignuts from Michigan, that I brought them in and my boys sold
+them for twenty-five cents apiece. Since then we have never been
+bothered with red squirrels. For the white footed mice I laid down large
+doors over some hay or long grass and they gathered underneath and then
+I lifted the doors up every day and with a stick I smashed hundreds of
+them. I have posted a notice to leave the skunk and mink alone; I don't
+want anybody on the place shooting them.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: I will first answer Professor Smith's questions. This
+matter of serving collations for squirrels had best be done as
+collations are served at political meetings&mdash;with a trap attached. You
+don't know how many squirrels there are in the vicinity or how many
+white footed mice. You will be surprised at the numbers of the little
+rascals, and not only that, but the field mice, the common field mouse
+and pine mouse run in mole holes under the ground and can smell a nut a
+long way off. They are extremely destructive. What percentage of pollen
+grains of the white oak were alive? I do not know. Enough<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> to fertilize
+a number of flowers. The sooner pollen is used the better. I cannot
+answer the question exactly because I did not make an experiment in the
+laboratory to know what part of the pollen was viable. I put on a good
+deal of it and there were at least some viable grains in the lot. That,
+however, is a matter which can be subjected to exact laboratory tests
+without any difficulty. I am so busy with so many things that I can only
+follow the plan of the guinea hen that lays forty eggs and sits in the
+middle of the nest and hatches out all she can. Now the range of time
+for pollinizing is a thing of very great importance and we have to learn
+about it. We must all furnish notes on this question. With some species
+I presume the duration of life of pollen, even under the best
+conditions, might be only a few days. Under other conditions it may be
+several weeks; but we have to remember that, in dealing with pollen, we
+are dealing with a living, breathing organism.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: I believe the experiment has been carried to completion
+of fruiting a thousand trees from nuts grown on one pecan tree without
+two of the resulting nuts being like one another or like the parent nut.
+Is that true, Mr. Reed.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: Yes, you might say ten thousand.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: We have an illustration of the variability of the progeny
+of a nut in this collection of chestnuts by Mr. Riehl out in Illinois.
+This is a parent nut, the Rochester, and these others are seedlings from
+the Rochester, except where marked otherwise, some showing a tendency to
+revert to the parent, and some promising to be improvements on the
+parents.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Mr. Secretary, I think we'd better confine ourselves to
+the hybrid question at the present time.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: Are not those all hybrids?</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: I don't believe any man can tell, unless you get the
+flowers, because you have the American and European types merging
+together so perfectly. Some of them show distinctly the European type;
+others show distinctly the American type. That is what I would expect,
+however. The practical point is the question of quality. Which one keeps
+the American quality and which one retains the coarseness of the
+European type?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Harris: Speaking of variations of nuts I think it is well known that
+there is quite a variation in the nuts of the oak. I noticed in one
+species, michauxii, which is an oak in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> South, that its nuts varied
+a great deal. It is something of the type of the chestnut, the white oak
+or the rock oaks and it varies a great deal.</p>
+
+<p>I found one on my father's range in New Jersey and also one on the
+Potomac. The variations extend to the trees as well as the nuts.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: The oak tree properly belongs in another tree group and
+some of the acorns are not only edible, but first-rate. In China there
+are at least three species found in the markets to be eaten out of hand
+or roasted. Our white oaks here, some of them, bear very good fruit,
+from the standpoint of the boy and the pig, anyway, and it seems to me
+that we may properly include the oaks in our discussion. There would be
+great range in variation of type from hybridization between oak trees
+and I have seen a number of oak trees that were evidently hybrids, where
+the parentage could be traced on both sides, that were held at very high
+prices by the nurserymen. I asked one nurseryman, who wanted an enormous
+price for one hybrid oak, why he didn't make ten thousand of those for
+himself next year? It hadn't occurred to him.</p>
+
+<p>If there is no further discussion in connection with my paper we will
+have Mr. Littlepage's paper on Nut Promotions.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: Dr. Deming said that he thought it might be time that we
+have something just a little lighter&mdash;that either he should read a paper
+or I. (Laughter.) Inasmuch as he included himself, I took no offense
+whatever. The subject I have written on, roughly and hurriedly, is
+Fraudulent and Uninformed Promoters.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="FRAUDULENT_AND_UNINFORMED_PROMOTERS" id="FRAUDULENT_AND_UNINFORMED_PROMOTERS"></a>FRAUDULENT AND UNINFORMED PROMOTERS</h2>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">T. P. Littlepage, Washington, D. C.</span></h4>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 362px;">
+<img src="images/illus_029.jpg" width="362" height="500" alt="" title="MR. T. P. LITTLEPAGE" />
+</div>
+<h4>MR. T. P. LITTLEPAGE OF INDIANA<br />
+
+<i>President of the Association</i></h4>
+
+<p>In the beginning, let me assert my confidence and interest in
+agriculture in general. This is one of the basic industries, upon the
+proper understanding and growth of which depends the food supply of the
+nation. It is admitted by scientists that, other conditions being equal,
+an adequacy or inadequacy in the supply of proper food makes the
+difference between great people and undesirable people. This being true,
+the various operations of agriculture must always be of the greatest
+concern to those who are interested in the nation's welfare.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The "back-to-the-farm" movement is being discussed today in various
+periodicals, but back of the "back-to-the-farm" movement is a philosophy
+that has not been generally understood. It is not proper here to take
+time to discuss the reasons why the man in the "steenth" story of some
+magnificent office building, with telephones, electric lights,
+elevators, and all modern conveniences, longs for the time when he can
+roam again amidst the green fields in the sunshine and fresh air, but
+suffice it to say that in my judgment a majority of the professional
+men, and men in other walks of life, would, if they could, abandon their
+various employments and turn again to the soil. The boy on the farm
+dreams of the days when he can be the president of a bank, have a home
+in the city, own an automobile, smoke good cigars and go to the show
+every night. The bank president dreams of the day when he can turn again
+to the farm and walk in the green fields, where he can shun the various
+artificial activities of life, drink buttermilk and retire with the
+chickens.</p>
+
+<p>It may be asked what connection these statements have with the subject,
+and the answer is this&mdash;that in the minds of many thousands of people
+there is this supreme desire to some day own a portion of God's
+footstool to which they can retire from artificial and vainglorious
+environments to those under which they can be their real selves and
+follow pursuits to their liking. It is this that makes it possible for
+the promoter of various horticultural enterprises to succeed in
+interesting in his schemes the clerk, the merchant, the doctor, the
+lawyer, the school teacher, the preacher, and all others whose
+occupations confine them within the limits of the great cities.</p>
+
+<p>In the beginning, let us distinguish between the fraudulent promoter and
+the uninformed promoter. The fraudulent promoter is he who recognizes
+this great and worthy ambition of many people to buy a spot to which
+they can some day retire and work and rest and dream and enjoy the
+coming and going of the seasons, and the sunshine and the shadows, and
+who capitalizes this ambition, with that industry as his stock in trade
+which, at the particular moment, happens to offer the most attractive
+inducements. Those familiar with the industry he is exploiting, can tell
+him by his actions, by his words, by his nods and winks. It is hard for
+the crook to disguise himself to the informed.</p>
+
+<p>Distinguished from the fraudulent promoter is the uninformed promoter,
+but, so far as results are concerned, there is not much difference
+between them for the innocent investor.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> They both lead him to failure.
+They are unlike only in this, that the pathway of the one is lined with
+deception, crookedness and chicanery; of the other, with blasted hopes
+based upon good intentions but bad information. Both lead to the
+self-same sepulcher which in the distance looks white and beautiful but
+when reached is filled with the bones of dead men.</p>
+
+<p>There is not much difference after all, when one comes right down to the
+facts, between the crook who starts out deliberately to get one's money
+and the fellow who starts out in ignorance and makes great promises of
+returns that he knows nothing about. Both succeed in getting one's money
+and both succeed in misleading those who have a desire to lay aside
+something for their old days. We naturally feel more charity for him who
+has good intentions, but who fails, than for him who starts out with bad
+intentions. But, after all, only results count.</p>
+
+<p>Did you ever receive the literature of one of these various concerns
+that has pecan or apple orchards to sell? How beautiful their schemes
+look on paper! With what exquisite care they have worked out the
+pictures and the language and the columns of figures showing the
+profits! While writing this article I have before me a prospectus of a
+certain pecan company that prints columns of attractive figures.
+Fearful, however, that the figures would not convince, it has resorted
+to all the various schemes of the printers' art in its portrayal of the
+prospective profits from a grove set to pecans and Satsuma oranges, and
+it tells you in conclusion that it guarantees by a bond, underwritten by
+a responsible trust company, the fulfillment of all its representations.
+Yet what are the facts? Their lands are located in a section where the
+thermometer falls to a point that makes highly improbable the profitable
+growing of Satsuma oranges. And all their figures are merely estimates
+of the wildest character, printed in attractive columns, based upon
+nothing.</p>
+
+<p>As a member of the National Nut Growers Association I was this year
+chairman of the committee on orchard records. I sent out blanks, with
+lists of questions, to many prominent nut growers to see if I could
+secure data upon which to base a report to the association. The replies
+I received showed the existence of some very promising young orchards of
+small size, well cared for, but they also showed that there was no such
+thing as an intelligent report upon which reliable data as to the
+bearing records of orchards could be based for any future calculations.
+There are two reasons for this. First, most of the figures we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> have are
+based upon the records of a few pet trees around the dooryard or garden,
+grown under favorable conditions. Second, the young groves are not yet
+old enough for anyone to say, with any degree of accuracy, what the
+results will be. Therefore, the alluring figures printed in these
+pamphlets are only guesses.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, what of the contract of these concerns? What does it
+specify? You would be surprised to know the legal construction of one of
+these contracts, together with their guaranty bond. In most cases they
+advertise to plant, and properly cultivate for a period of five to seven
+years, orchards of the finest varieties of budded or grafted pecan
+trees, with Satsuma oranges or figs set between. But the guaranty
+company is usually wise enough to have lawyers who are able to advise
+them of their liabilities, and about all they actually guarantee is
+that, after a period of five years, provided all payments have been
+promptly met, there will be turned over to the purchaser five acres of
+ground with trees upon it. Five years old? No, they may not be one year
+old. Budded or grafted? No, they may be mere seedlings. Oranges set
+between them? No, the orange has passed out of the proposition before
+the bond stage. The companies generally print a copy of the bond, but
+usually in such small type that the victim does not read it, though the
+heading is always prominent. It thunders in the index and fizzles in the
+context.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, suppose suit is brought on one of these contracts and bonds?
+What is the measure of damages? What basis has any court or jury for
+fixing damages? And be it remembered that courts do not exist for the
+protection of fools against their folly. The principle "caveat emptor"
+is as old as the common law itself, and it means that the buyer must
+beware, or in other words, that he should inform himself, and that he
+cannot expect the courts to protect him where he has failed to exercise
+due caution and diligence. Therefore, as a lawyer, I should very much
+hesitate to take on a contingent fee the suit of one of these various
+victims against a promoting orchard corporation.</p>
+
+<p>However, in any jurisdiction where there is a criminal statute against
+fraudulent representation and obtaining money under false pretenses, I
+should not hesitate, if I were the prosecuting attorney, to indict every
+member of such a corporation, and, to sustain the case, I would simply
+present to a jury of honest men the representations in their advertising
+literature, and then have the court instruct the same jury as to the
+validity and limitations of their contract. Their advertising is
+brilliant enough to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> dazzle the sun. Their contract is as dull as a mud
+pie.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to all of this comes the question of orcharding by proxy,
+and the success of the unit or acreage system, and many other similar
+questions; and let me say that I doubt if there is today in the United
+States one large development scheme, either in pecan or apple orchards,
+that will prove of ultimate financial profit and success to the
+purchaser. The promoter may get rich&mdash;he has nothing at stake. In most
+instances he has the price of the land in his pocket before there is a
+lick of work done on it, and the payments come in regularly and promptly
+to take care of his salary and the meager and unscientific development.</p>
+
+<p>Of course I would not be understood as saying that pecan or apple
+orchards cannot be made profitable. I am of the opinion that reasonable
+sized orchards in proper locations and proper soil, of proper varieties,
+with proper care in handling, are good investments, and, as proof of my
+confidence, I am planting orchards both in the north and south. The
+adjective "proper" which I have used here may seem insignificant at the
+start but, believe me, before you have begun to clip the coupons off
+your orchard bonds this adjective will loom up as important as Webster's
+Unabridged Dictionary. In fact you will wonder how it has been possible
+for anyone to forecast in one word such comprehensive knowledge. Think
+of a man a thousand miles away putting money into the hands of some
+unknown concern, for five acres of unknown land, to be set in unknown
+varieties of trees, to be cared for by unknown individuals. Can he not
+see that, in keeping with all the other unknown factors, his profits
+must also be unknown?</p>
+
+<p>We look at a great industrial enterprise, such as the steel trust, and
+marvel at its success. But it must be remembered that this industry
+started many years ago, and step by step built furnace after furnace and
+mill after mill, after the owners had tried out and become familiar with
+all the factors of that industry, and after great corps of trained
+experts had been developed, and after science had given to this industry
+many of the most marvelous mechanical inventions of the age. These facts
+are overlooked, however, when some fellow steps up and proposes to put a
+steel-trust-orchard on the market in twelve months. In most industrial
+enterprises there are well-known and established factors to be
+considered. In horticultural enterprises, however, no man knows what
+twelve months hence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> will bring. I read the other day with great
+interest the prospectus of a great pecan orchard started several years
+ago by a very honorable and high-minded man, and the promises of success
+were most alluring. What are the facts? The boll weevil came along and
+wiped out his intermediate cotton crops. The floods came later and
+destroyed acres of his orchards, and, if he were to write a prospectus
+today, it would no doubt be a statement of hope rather than a statement
+of facts. He would no doubt turn from the Book of Revelations, where at
+that time he saw "a new heaven and a new earth," and write from the Book
+of Genesis, where "the earth was without form and void."</p>
+
+<p>How many people have been defrauded by these various schemes, no one
+knows. How many clerks, barbers, bookkeepers, stenographers, students,
+preachers, doctors, lawyers, have contributed funds for farms and future
+homes in sections where they would not live if they owned half of the
+county. How many people have been separated from their cash by
+literature advertising rich, fertile lands in sections where the
+alligator will bask unmolested in miasma for the next fifty years, and
+where projects should be sold by the gallon instead of by the acre.</p>
+
+<p>Some time ago it was reported that inquiries in reference to the
+feasibility and profits of various orchard schemes had come in to the
+Bureau of Plant Industry of the Agricultural Department, at Washington,
+in such numbers that the officials of that Bureau had considered the
+advisability of printing a general circular, which they could send to
+the inquirers, advising them to make due investigation, and giving a few
+general suggestions about proxy farming and orchard schemes. I was
+advised by a friend in the middle west that the contemplated issuance of
+this circular by the Bureau of Plant Industry had aroused a number of
+protests throughout the country, and that various Senators and Members
+of the House of Representatives had entered strong protests with the
+Secretary of Agriculture against it. A number of these protests have
+come to my notice, and they take various forms of opposition, but are
+all unanimous against the Department of Agriculture offering to the
+prospective purchaser any information. Various reasons for their stand
+were given by the protestants, but how flimsy and ridiculous they are
+when analyzed. Congress for a number of years has been appropriating
+money and authorizing certain work by the Department of Agriculture. It
+is the people's money, and the people's Department, and the information
+gathered by the ex<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>perts in this Department ought to be the people's
+information, and it ought to be possible for any citizen to write the
+Department a letter about any proposition that he has received from any
+of these various promoters, and have the advice of those who know most
+about it.</p>
+
+<p>I suppose the Department of Agriculture has entirely too many duties to
+perform to undertake a work of this kind, but what an inconsistent
+position it is for a Member of Congress, who has been voting for
+appropriations to carry on this work, to appeal to the Secretary of
+Agriculture to suppress such information in order that some exploiter
+may get somebody's money under false representations. I think if it were
+possible today to know the list of concerns and companies who
+registered, directly or through agents, their opposition to this
+proposed warning circular, you would have a correct index of the
+concerns good to let alone. For no honest, reputable individual or
+company need be afraid of the work or suggestions of that great
+Department. I have the pleasure of knowing many of the officials in the
+Bureau of Plant Industry, and never anywhere have I seen a body of men
+so conscientiously engaged in the work of promoting legitimate
+horticultural and agricultural knowledge. It is the very life of that
+great Department, and its officers and employees above everyone else are
+most interested in seeing the land produce the most and best that it can
+be made to produce, and they are best qualified to pass upon these
+matters.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the questions in these various schemes are questions of soil and
+horticulture. One letter in opposition to the Agricultural Department's
+attitude, that was brought to my attention, stated that crops varied
+under different conditions, and that no one was able to tell what a
+certain soil would or would not produce throughout a period of years,
+and intimated that the Department of Agriculture might mislead the
+public; and yet the concern that sent it printed columns of figures
+guaranteeing returns from pecans and Satsuma oranges in a section where
+orange growing is of very doubtful possibility. Boiling down these
+objections by the promoters, they come to simply this: That the
+Agricultural Department, with no motive but to tell the truth, and with
+its corps of trained experts, might mislead the public, but they (the
+promoters) could not possibly be mistaken in their fabulous figures
+compiled for the purpose of getting money from some misinformed victim.</p>
+
+<p>Proxy farming never was a success and I do not think it ever<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> will be.
+One of my friends told me a short time ago of a very successful young
+pecan orchard on the gulf coast. Upon inquiry I found that it was of
+reasonable size, nine years old, and that the owner had lived in it nine
+years. It was not 500 acres in extent, or 1,000 acres, or 2,000 acres,
+but about 20 acres. Last summer I went into a beautiful apple orchard in
+Southern Indiana and saw about forty acres of trees bending to the
+ground with delicious Grimes Golden apples. On that particular day there
+were great crowds of people walking among the trees and admiring the
+fruit. I too walked among the trees a short time, but of greater
+interest to me than the trees was the old, gray-haired man who had made
+the orchard. The trees could not talk, but he could, and he told the
+story of the years of care, and diligence, and work, and thought, and
+patience, that showed why it is not possible to cover the mountains of a
+state with orchards bringing almost immediate and fabulous incomes.</p>
+
+<p>Some time ago I stood talking to the old superintendent of the Botanical
+Garden in Washington&mdash;William R. Smith, now deceased&mdash;and while
+discussing with him the requisites for tree culture, he said "Young man,
+you have left out the most important one of them all," When I asked him
+what I had left out, he said "above all things it takes the eye of the
+master." So it does, and the master is he whose vigilance is continual,
+who watches each tree as if it were a growing child&mdash;as indeed it is, a
+child of the forests&mdash;who has the care and the patience, and who is not
+dazzled by the glitter of the dollar, but who loves trees because they
+are trees.</p>
+
+<p>Theoretically, one can figure great successes in big horticultural
+development propositions, but these figures rest upon theory and not
+fact. It would be difficult to state all the reasons why I have a firm
+conviction that such big schemes of every kind will fall, but I believe
+this conviction is shared by the foremost thinkers in the horticultural
+world. A four-year-old boy was once taken to see the animals in a
+circus. He was very much interested, but, when shown the tremendous
+elephant, shook his head and said "he is too big."</p>
+
+<p>A small grove properly handled ought to be an excellent investment. The
+various uncertainties and vicissitudes involved can, in a degree, be
+compensated for by great care; and I suppose it would be possible even
+with some of these big schemes&mdash;by placing enough money behind them&mdash;to
+insure a fair degree of success. It must be borne in mind, however, that
+these pro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>moters, of whom we have been speaking, are not so much
+concerned in the successful orchard as they are in big salaries and
+profits, and, if one has money enough to pay big salaries and profits,
+and still pay for the proper care of the orchard, then he does not need
+an orchard. Most of these promoters charge too much for a proper and
+honest development alone, and too little for the proper development plus
+the profits and salaries of the promoters. I wish it were not so. I wish
+the old earth could be made to smile bountiful crops without such
+expensive tickling, but this is one of the checks and balances that
+nature places upon her great storehouse of wealth.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Chairman: This is a matter of very great importance and I hope we
+shall have a good discussion, from a practical point of view, by men who
+know about fraudulent promotions and their effect. We ought to go on
+record in this matter right now. I know of numbers of teachers, doctors
+and other poor people who have put money into nut promotion schemes
+without knowing anything about the ultimate prospect of profit.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hutt: One noticeable thing about the promoter's literature is that
+he never knows anything about crop failure, and in the agricultural and
+horticultural world that is a thing that is painfully evident to a man
+who has been in business a great length of time. In the promoter's
+literature it is just a matter of multiplication; if one tree will
+produce so much in a year, a hundred trees will produce a hundred times
+as much. I got a letter the other day from Mr. S. H. James, of Beaumont,
+Louisiana, and he said, "I have been very fortunate, I have actually had
+two good crops in succession," and when you come to compare that with
+the promoter's literature&mdash;why he knows no such thing as crop failure.
+Anybody who knows anything about agricultural or horticultural work
+knows that we have winter and floods and everything else to contend
+with.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Someone might tell us about failures they happen to know
+of in promotion schemes.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Smith: I would like to ask if Mr. Littlepage isn't going to open up
+that barrel of actual facts that he has about yields?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: Mr. President, I didn't know that I had a whole barrel
+of actual facts. When I started in several years ago a barrel wouldn't
+have held all of them, but I think that now I could put the actual facts
+in a thimble. I've got several barrels of good pecans, however, I'd like
+to open up and let Mr. Smith sample if he wants to.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Let's hear about frauds from someone who knows how the
+land was managed and how the trees were managed and how it actually
+occurred.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Van Duzee: Mr. President, I feel that I ought to say something,
+first in commendation of the paper itself. It is a question how far we,
+as an Association, are responsible for the care of our fellowmen, but at
+this period when the industry is new, I feel that it is a very
+legitimate thing for us to do a little work to try and prevent these
+people from preying upon our fellowmen. The president remarked this
+morning that something was an evidence of the tremendous waste in
+Nature. It is true, Nature, in building a forest, wastes a vast amount
+of time and energy. These people who are preying upon the nut industry
+today find as their victims the weaklings which Nature buries in the
+forest. Those things are incidental and we must expect them, but I feel
+that a paper of this kind, at this time, is a very valuable thing and I
+hope it will receive wide publication. We cannot say too much to
+discourage this sort of thing. Now, to respond, in a measure, to the
+President's request for actual facts, I am confronted with this
+proposition, that some of the men who have made the greatest failures
+are men who have done so through ignorance. They are honest men, they
+are personal friends of mine. I don't care to go too much into details,
+because they are just as sorry today as I am, but I have seen this done.
+I have seen hundreds of acres of nut orchards in the South planted with
+the culls from nurseries bought at a very low figure. I have seen these
+trees neglected absolutely, not in one case but in many cases. I have
+seen the weeds as high as the trees at the time when a telegram was
+received by the the local agent that a carload of the purchasers of
+these tracts was about to leave to look over their property. I have seen
+the local manager hustle out, when he got that telegram, and hire every
+mule in the community to come in and, with a plow, throw a furrow or two
+to the rows of trees so that they could be distinguished from the weeds
+they were growing among. As Mr. Littlepage has said, there can be no
+success in such operations; and I feel, looking at it in a very broad
+way, that this is a very good time to emphasize the point that those of
+us who have the greatest experience in the growing of nut trees do not
+feel that these enterprises are legitimate, or that they promise very
+much success. (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pomeroy: I live just a short distance from Buffalo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> A few months
+ago&mdash;I got it on the very best authority&mdash;there was some salesman in
+Buffalo who didn't have time to call on all those who wanted to give him
+money for pecan propositions. He didn't have time, Doctor, he just had
+to skip hundreds of them, he said; he was just going from one place to
+another, making his collections. Buffalo is a city of only about 450,000
+people and there must be some money being collected and sent in to
+somebody.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Very glad to hear of that instance; let's hear of others.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: I would like, if possible, to answer Mr. Smith's
+question. I didn't know that he referred to facts about these
+promotions, I thought perhaps he meant facts about nut growing.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Smith: You said you had made inquiries as to nuts, harvest yields,
+orchard yields; it was those, particularly, that I had in mind.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: Oh well, I could give those to you readily. There are
+some very promising orchards, making a good showing under investigation,
+handled under proper conditions and of proper size. I would not want to
+say that those things are not possible. Talking specifically of these
+overgrown schemes, one of them is recalled to my mind, a development
+company in southern Georgia, that advertises very alluringly. It set out
+one year a lot of culls; they all died. I am told that they went out the
+second year and, without any further preparation, dug holes and set out
+another lot of culls. They too died; and then they went out the third
+year and planted nuts, and those trees, at the end of a year's growth,
+were perhaps six or seven inches high, and the salesman from that
+company, I understood, took one of the prospective purchasers over into
+a fine grove owned by another man on the opposite side of the road, and
+let him pick out his five acres from the orchard across the road. That's
+one type I could multiply indefinitely.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. W. C. Reed: I think this is a very important matter. As a nursery
+man who has sold a great many trees to promoting companies, I want to
+say that I have never, with one exception, seen an orchard that has been
+a success, but I have seen hundreds of failures, some of them where they
+have set out orchards of 150,000 trees and sold them off in one and ten
+acre tracts, and in only one case have I seen a success. I think these
+promotions should be avoided by the nut growers of the North.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: This is very valuable information, coming from a dealer.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Van Duzee: I have found this in the yields of my orchards. Six or
+seven or eight years ago, I discounted every source of information that
+I could have access to, as to yields, brought them to a conservative
+point, submitted them to the best informed men in the United States, and
+then divided those figures by five as my estimate of what I might hope
+to accomplish as my orchards came into bearing. I have since been
+obliged to find some excuses for failing to even approximate those
+conservative figures. I had this year in our orchard, a 35 acre plot of
+Frotscher trees which is one of the most promising varieties, six years
+of age, and there were not five pounds of nuts in the whole plot. I have
+had an orchard of 36 acres, mostly Frotscher and Stewart, go through its
+sixth year with less than 200 pounds of nuts to the entire orchard. I
+have another orchard of 30 acres which in its sixth year has produced
+less than 100 pounds of nuts. Now many of these promoters guarantee to
+take care of these orchards, which they are selling, for 10 per cent or
+20 per cent, or even half the proceeds of those orchards, from the fifth
+year. You can see readily that the entire crop of such orchards as I
+have been able to produce, would not begin to pay their running expenses
+the sixth and seventh year.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: You took good care of yours?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Van Duzee: I think so. I think there are many gentlemen in the
+audience who have been through them, and it is conceded that my orchards
+are at least fairly good representatives of what can be done under
+normal conditions.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: Are yours southern orchards?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Van Duzee: These pecan orchards are in south-western Georgia.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: The Northern Nut Growers Association, as I understand, is a
+collection of men who are interested in finding out what we can do in
+the way of growing nuts for the North. We go to the markets and see
+baskets of cocoanuts, Brazil nuts, California walnuts, but no nuts
+growing for the market around our neighborhood. In my own city, Toronto,
+I can see some nut trees because I look very closely at everything, but
+the average person cannot see them because they are very few. I have a
+number of experiments on hand. If I succeed in even one of these
+experiments, I am satisfied to spend my whole life at it. I am not
+nervous, I can watch a hickory tree grow. (Laugh<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>ter.) I want to grow
+some nuts for the next generation. I haven't the slightest thought of
+making a copper of money out of it but I am going to enjoy the thing,
+and that's the idea of the Northern Nut Growers Association, or else I
+have made a mistake.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Is there any further discussion on the matter of frauds?
+Does anyone else wish to speak on this subject?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: It is indeed very gratifying to hear the President of
+the National Nut Growers' Association, Col. Van Duzee, speak on this
+subject and to have the honor of having him with us as a member of our
+Association. It is gratifying to have him come out in such strong terms
+on this question. It has always been his policy and his reputation, so
+far as I have heard, to stand for what is best and squarest in nut
+culture.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: The paper of Mr. Littlepage is one of very great
+importance, because the number of frauds associated with an enterprise
+is an indication of the fundamental value of the cause. These fraudulent
+nut promoters capitalize the enthusiasm of people who want to get back
+to the land, just as porters at the hotels capitalize the joy of a newly
+married couple. (Laughter.) We have in this "back-to-the-land" movement,
+a bit of philosophy of fundamental character which includes the idea of
+preservation of the race. Preservation of the race!&mdash;why so? Nature made
+man a gregarious species and, being gregarious, he has a tendency to
+develop the urban habit. Developing the urban habit, he fails to oxidize
+his proteins and toxins. Failing to oxidize his proteins and toxins, he
+degenerates. Recognizing the degenerating influence of urban life, by
+means of his intelligence he has placed within his consciousness that
+automatic arrangement, as good as the automatic arrangement which turns
+water on to a boiler, which says to him, "go out and oxidize your
+proteins and toxins." That is what "back-to-the-land" means. You've got
+to begin from this fundamental point. Now then, if this represents a
+fundamental trait in the character of our species and we are acting in
+response to a natural law, then must we be doubly careful about having
+our good intentions, our good methods, halted by unwisdom. That brings
+to mind the point made about our present Secretary of Agriculture. I am
+very glad this has been made a matter of record here, for I am sorry to
+say that in connection with another subject&mdash;(health matters)&mdash;wherever
+there has been opportunity for the Secretary to act, he has decided as a
+matter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> of policy on the side of capital and against the side of public
+interest. Almost every time, so far as we have a record of the action of
+the present Secretary of Agriculture and of Dunlap and McCabe, his
+assistants. We ought to state here, in connection with fraudulent nut
+promotions, that he has acted in favor of capital and against the public
+interest if it is true. It ought to go as a matter of record from this
+Association. We may be bold in this matter, but we should be righteously
+bold because we are speaking for the public interest ourselves. We have
+nothing to gain; there is nothing selfish about this organization. We
+may be kindly and say that the Secretary is at the mercy of shrewder
+men.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan says that we are interested in scientific work only. That is
+true at the present time, because all progress must be from a scientific
+basis. If our care in managing experiments is such that we cannot avoid
+getting rich, we will accept the result. (Laughter.) I am glad that in
+connection with this discussion Mr. Corsan made one epigrammatic
+remark,&mdash;that he was not nervous and could watch a hickory tree grow. I
+tell you there's a lot of wit in that.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: He has good eyesight, Mr. President.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: The reason why we have so many fraudulent promotions is
+largely because of our American temperament; we are so nervous that we
+can't watch a hickory tree grow. In matters of public health, our
+Secretary of Agriculture has prevented actual criminals from being
+brought to justice&mdash;he made that his policy.</p>
+
+<p>I think those are the points that I wish to make in commenting upon Mr.
+Littlepage's paper and if he will make any concluding remarks we will be
+very glad to hear them. In regard to Mr. Hutt's suggestion that we
+cannot count on crop success or crop failure mathematically&mdash;now, there
+are fortunes to be made from the proper management of good nut orchards.
+We know of orchards where very large incomes are at present being made,
+and I am very glad that the sense and sentiment of this meeting is
+against quotation of that feature. I have not heard here one word in
+quotation of orchards which bring incomes of $10,000 a year or more from
+various kinds of nuts, and we know there are many such orchards. It is
+the failures upon which we should concentrate our attentions right now,
+and the reason for failure is not that nut growing is not going to make
+progress but that we cannot count on our nuts from a mathematical basis.
+One<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> of my friends, an old Frenchman, became very enthusiastic about
+raising poultry. He sent out requests for circulars to every poultry
+fancier who published circulars, and I will wager that he got 50 per
+cent of answers to his requests for circulars about fancy poultry. He
+began to raise chickens, and my father-in-law met him on the street one
+day and asked how he was getting on with his pullets that were going to
+lay so many eggs. "Oh," he said, "Ze trouble is with ze pullet; she no
+understand mathematique like ze fancier. If I have one pullet, she lay
+one egg every day; if I have two pullet, <i>perhaps</i> she lay two egg every
+day, and if I have three pullet, she <i>nevaire</i> lay three egg every day."
+(Laughter.) Now I think that the remaining time this morning we had
+better devote to the executive session, then we had better meet at two
+o'clock for the election of our committee. The meeting then is at
+present adjourned, with the exception of those who will take part in the
+executive session, and we will meet again at two P. M. There is one
+point I wanted to make in connection with Col. Van Duzee's remarks that
+a certain number of really honest men have allowed their names to be
+used in connection with promotion propositions. Men who are quite
+skillful at learning the use of names, have gotten men of good
+intentions and kindly interest, I know, to lend their names as even
+officials of nut promotion companies. Besides that, a good deal of
+garbled literature of recommendation has gone out in their circulars. I
+have had a number of circulars sent to me quoting abstract remarks that
+I had made relative to nut culture in general, and this has been applied
+concretely in circulars; the context did not go with it. I asked a
+lawyer what I could do about it, and after going over the question he
+said that I probably was powerless.</p>
+
+<p>After announcements by the Secretary, the convention took a recess until
+2 <span class="smcap">P. M.</span>, at which time it was called to order by President Morris and
+the regular program was resumed as follows:</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: The executive session will be held after the meeting, as
+many are here to hear the paper on the chestnut blight, so we will
+proceed at once to the order of business and listen to the first paper
+by Mr. Rockey.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rockey: This paper deals more particularly with the work that has
+been done in Pennsylvania. But what has been done here may be considered
+to be typical of what has been done elsewhere.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="RECENT_WORK_ON_THE_CHESTNUT_BLIGHT" id="RECENT_WORK_ON_THE_CHESTNUT_BLIGHT"></a>RECENT WORK ON THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT</h2>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Keller E. Rockey</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center">Forester in charge of Demonstration Work, Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree
+Blight Commission</p>
+
+
+<p>The history of the blight, briefly outlined, is as follows:</p>
+
+<p>In 1904 the diseased condition of the chestnut trees around New York
+City was noted and an examination of them showed that they were being
+attacked by a disease at that time unknown. Investigations since then
+have shown that the blight had been at work there and elsewhere for a
+number of years before that time, but it has been impossible to
+determine just when it first appeared or where. The disease was studied
+and described at that time.</p>
+
+<p>On display here are specimens and photographs showing the appearance of
+the blight so that I will not go into that part of the subject in
+detail. I hope that you will notice, however, the symptoms by which the
+disease is recognized: 1st. The small red pustules which produce the
+spores and, on rough barked trees, appear only in the crevices. 2nd. The
+peculiar mottled appearance of the inner bark of the canker. 3rd. The
+discoloration of the outer bark. 4th. The danger signals, such as
+withered leaves in summer or persistent leaves or burrs in winter,
+suckers which develop at the base of cankers, and the yellowish cracks
+which soon appear in the bark over the cankers.</p>
+
+<p>Workers in the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C., have been
+studying the blight since 1908. In the Spring of 1911, a bill creating
+the commission for the investigation and control of the blight in
+Pennsylvania was passed, and the active work began in August 1911. The
+method upon which the Commission is working is outlined in Farmers'
+Bulletin No. 467, of the Department of Agriculture, and consists briefly
+of determining the area of blight infection and in removing diseased
+trees west of a certain line, with the purpose of preventing the western
+spread of the blight.</p>
+
+<p>This Commission has ascertained as accurately as possible the amount of
+infection in the various parts of the state and the results are given in
+a map on display here. The state is divided into two districts by a line
+drawn along the western edge of Susquehanna, Wyoming, Columbia, Union,
+Snyder, Juniata and Franklin Counties, which is approximately the
+western line<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> of serious blight infection. West of this line a large
+portion of the state has been scouted, and the remainder will be
+finished early in 1913. We have learned by experience that in the
+winter, after the fall of the leaves, the best scouting work can be
+done. Persistent leaves and cankers along the trunk are readily seen,
+and more and better work can be accomplished than in the summer, except
+when the snow is very deep.</p>
+
+<p>Blight infections have been found in counties adjacent to this line:
+also in Fayette County, near Connellsville, in Warren County, near
+Warren, and in Elk County, near St. Mary's. These three infections were
+directly traceable to infected nursery stock, and in one case the blight
+had spread to adjacent trees. A large area of diseased chestnut in
+Somerset County illustrates the harm done by shipping infected nursery
+stock. The centre of this infection is a chestnut orchard where about
+100 scions from an infected eastern orchard were grafted to native
+sprouts in 1908. The percentage of infected trees in the orchard from
+which the scions were obtained, according to a count made this Fall,
+averages 80 per cent. Evidently these scions brought the disease into
+this region, for the grafts have all been killed by the blight and every
+tree in the orchard is killed or infected by disease. On adjoining
+tracts over 5,400 infected trees have been cut, and there are a number
+of others in process of removal, radiating in all directions from the
+orchard as a center to a distance of three miles. Another infection of
+143 trees was found in Elk County. It is thought that three trees at the
+centre of infection were diseased in 1909, although it is possible that
+one of these trees was already infected in 1908. In 1910, 27 additional
+trees were infected; in 1911, 50 additional trees, and in 1912, 228
+additional trees. The disease spread in all directions from the center
+of infection to a distance of 700 feet.</p>
+
+<p>These infections are interesting in showing the rate at which the blight
+may travel in healthy timber.</p>
+
+<p>These infections have all been removed and it is the expectation that by
+the end of January 1913 all scattered spot infections will be removed
+from the territory west of the line previously mentioned, and that, to
+the best of our knowledge, these western counties will be free from
+blight. In 1913 the field force will be concentrated on the advance line
+and the work will be carried eastward. The Commission has the power to
+compel the removal of infected trees. In the western part<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> of the state
+this power has been exercised in the few cases where it was necessary.
+As a rule, however, the owners are not only willing but anxious to get
+rid of the infected trees, and our field men are given hearty support by
+individuals, granges and other organizations. The timber owners of Elk
+County had printed and posted an announcement that the chestnut blight
+had been found in the locality and warned the people to be on the
+look-out for it. In addition the Commission has had a man, for a short
+time at least, in each of the eastern counties of the state, and their
+time has been taken up principally by those who requested inspections of
+timber with the view of determining the percentage of blight infection
+and the best method to be pursued in combating it and realizing on their
+timber. Our men are all deputy wardens, with the authority which is
+attached to this office, and are instructed to do their utmost to
+prevent fire damage.</p>
+
+<p>An exhibit which consists of specimens showing the blight in various
+stages together with photographs, literature, etc., was placed in about
+30 of the county fairs throughout the state. The appreciation of the
+public has been so clearly shown that next year it is the intention of
+the Commission to continue and perhaps increase this phase of the work,
+and to place large permanent displays at the Commercial Museum,
+Philadelphia, the State Capitol, Harrisburg, and other places.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the Annual Teachers' Institutes have been reached with a display
+and lecture. We have arranged also to have a speaker at fully one
+hundred of the Farmers' Institutes this winter. We are also arranging to
+have a permanent display at many of the public schools, normal schools
+and colleges, where instruction on the blight is given. An effort was
+made last winter to enlist the service of the boy scouts and we are
+indebted to them for considerable work, chiefly in an educational way.
+The successful outcome of all our work will depend in a large measure
+upon the owners themselves, and it is our purpose to give them all the
+information possible upon the whole subject.</p>
+
+<p>The Commission established a Department of Utilization which is
+collecting information on the various industries which use or might use
+chestnut wood, listing the buyers and owners of chestnut wood, thus
+assisting owners of blighted chestnut trees in marketing their timber to
+the best advantage. The Department is trying to increase the use of
+chestnut wood by calling attention to its many good qualities, and thus
+utilize<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> the large quantity which must necessarily be thrown upon the
+market. There has been more or less discrimination against blighted
+chestnut timber. This has been in many cases unjust, since the blight
+does not injure the value of the wood for most purposes for which it is
+used. However, the owners sometimes fail to realize that the blight
+cankers are the most favorable places for the entrance of the borers,
+and that where a large number of trees are being considered, a
+percentage of them will be materially injured by insects which follow
+blight infection. Where telegraph poles are barked, it is often seen
+that borers have attacked the wood under blight cankers, and have not
+touched any other part of the tree. All blighted timber should be cut
+before death to realize its best value, since insects and
+wood-destroying fungi cause the very rapid deterioration of dead,
+standing timber. There has been a good market in almost every locality
+for poles, ties and the better grades of lumber. Cordwood presents the
+difficult problem of disposal. The best market for this is in the
+central part of the state, at the extract plants. The Commission has
+secured from the Pennsylvania R. R. a special tariff on blighted
+chestnut cordwood so that this product may be profitably shipped from
+greater distances than before.</p>
+
+<p>The Commission has inspected all chestnut nursery stock shipped from
+nurseries within the state and has also provided for inspection of all
+chestnut stock entering the state. This should prevent a repetition of
+infections in the western part of the state which might destroy millions
+of dollars worth of timber.</p>
+
+<p>From time to time publications have been and will be issued by the
+Commission, which are obtained free of charge upon request, or they may
+be consulted in the leading libraries throughout the state.</p>
+
+<p>An appropriation for $80,000 was given by the last Congress for
+scientific research work upon the blight disease and work is being
+carried out in cooperation with the various states. Several of the
+Government investigators are now at work upon our force. Some of the
+most important unsolved scientific problems of the blight, as given by
+Secretary Wilson, in his message, to Congress, are as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>First, the relation of the disease to climate.</p>
+
+<p>Second, the relation of the parasite to the varying tannin content of
+the tree.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Third, the origin of the disease.</p>
+
+<p>Fourth, relation of birds and insects to the dissemination of the
+disease.</p>
+
+<p>Fifth, the nature and degree of resistance of the Asiatic species.
+Another problem in relation to tree treatment may be added, that is, the
+relation of spores and mycelium to toxic agents.</p>
+
+<p>The Pennsylvania Commission maintained laboratories during the summer at
+Charter Oak, Centre County, and at Mt. Gretna, Lebanon County. The
+latter has been moved to Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, for
+the winter. We have also had a laboratory at the University of
+Pennsylvania, which has been greatly enlarged this fall.</p>
+
+<p>The number of people who informed us that they had discovered a sure
+"cure" for the blight made it necessary to obtain an orchard near
+Philadelphia where all such discoverers were given an opportunity to
+demonstrate the efficacy of their remedies. It might be noted that in
+every case the blight is thriving as usual. These cures consisted
+largely of an injection of a toxic principle by some means into the
+circulation of the tree. In some cases this was accompanied by a
+fertilizer of some kind, and this fertilizer may account for the
+apparently improved condition of the tree in some cases, after such
+remedies were used, since the growth was increased and the leaves and
+branches had a healthier appearance. This increased growth has not had
+any appreciable effect upon the rapidity of spread of the blight
+mycelium. As the experiments are not officially finished and recorded it
+is too early to give any further data. Our pathologists have also
+conducted experiments in this same line but no medicinal remedy or
+fertilizer has yet been found.</p>
+
+<p>The varying chemical constituents of chestnut trees, principally tannic
+acid, have often been suggested in regard to the origin and spread of
+the blight. Investigators are now working along this line and we hope,
+for valuable results before long.</p>
+
+<p>The origin of the disease, as already stated, is something of a mystery,
+and there is as yet no generally accepted theory, although many people
+have very pronounced views on the subject. Many puzzling facts have been
+noted since investigating the disease in Pennsylvania, among them being
+the large percentage of infection in eastern York and southern Lancaster
+counties, the relative small percentage in certain localities around
+which the blight is generally prevalent, and recent infections found in
+Warren and other western counties, a great distance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> from what is known
+as the western advance line of the disease.</p>
+
+<p>Our pathologists have reported some very interesting facts in regard to
+the dissemination of the blight. In the preliminary report of the
+summer's work at our field laboratories the results tend to show:</p>
+
+<p>First, the prolific ascospore stage is very important in causing the
+spread of the blight, the spores at this stage being forcibly ejected
+from the pustules and borne through the air for some distance. This
+ejection of spores takes place under natural field conditions only when
+the bark has been soaked by rain, but the expulsion of spores is also
+dependent upon temperature conditions and ceases entirely at
+temperatures from 42 to 46 degrees F. and below.</p>
+
+<p>Second, the wind plays a large part in local ascospore dissemination.</p>
+
+<p>Third, birds and insects (except ants) are apparently of very little
+importance in the dissemination of the blight except in providing
+wounds. Further investigations of the importance of ants is being made
+during the present winter.</p>
+
+<p>Several kinds of beetles have been observed eating the pustules and are
+in this way beneficial, since tests show that they digest and destroy
+the spores. It has also been suggested by workers in the Bureau of
+Entomology that such beetles, which are of several kinds, may be of
+value in the attempt to control the disease. These are perhaps the only
+natural enemies discovered to date.</p>
+
+<p>The proper classification of the chestnut blight fungus has also been
+the subject of much discussion. Last winter specimens of what in
+external characteristics appeared to be Diaporthe parasitica were found
+in western Pennsylvania, Virginia and elsewhere, growing upon chestnut,
+oak and other species. This condition was puzzling and the subject of
+some controversy. It has been found, however, that this fungus, called
+the "Connellsville fungus," is a distinct species closely related to the
+true blight fungus, being, however, entirely saprophytic. Cultural
+distinctions are apparent and the ascospores differ in size and shape so
+that no further confusion need occur.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the question of immunity of certain kinds of Asiatic stock, there
+is very little to report beyond what was known one year ago. In the
+investigations made the work has been hampered by the fact that much of
+the so-called Japanese stock is in reality a hybrid of European or
+American species. In<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> 1909, 45 Japanese seedling trees were set out at
+Gap, Lancaster Co., for experimentation along this line. A recent
+examination showed that 90 per cent are infected. Concerning the variety
+or purity of this stock, I have not been informed. Our force as well as
+others are at work upon the problem which will require many years'
+study.</p>
+
+<p>Previous investigations seem to show that certain pure strains of
+Japanese and Korean chestnut are resistant to the blight. Blight cankers
+may be found upon them but they are less easily infected and suffer less
+than the more susceptible varieties. With this as a working basis,
+considering the results that have been attained in other fruit by
+selection and hybridization, the situation is hopeful. Prof. Collins
+said at the Harrisburg Conference in February that "There is no reason
+to doubt that we may eventually see an immune hybrid chestnut that will
+rival the American chestnut in flavor and the Paragon in size".</p>
+
+<p>In southern Europe chestnut orcharding is a well established and
+profitable industry. In the United States chestnuts have been considered
+a marketable commodity ever since the Indians carried them to the
+settlements and traded them for knives and trinkets. The demand has
+always exceeded the supply and at the present time about $2,000,000
+worth of nuts are imported from Europe annually. With the development of
+the better varieties of the American nut has come an increased activity
+in the United States and the chestnut orchard industry promises to
+become one of very large importance. It has an added advantage that the
+trees can be grown upon the poorer types of soil which are not adaptable
+for farming or the raising of other fruit.</p>
+
+<p>At the present time there are in what is known as the blight area of
+Pennsylvania, or eastern half of the State, about 100 orchards ranging
+from 12 trees up to 400 acres in extent. These orchards are in varying
+stages of blight infection, some of them being almost entirely free, due
+to the attention which has been given them. In order to protect such
+orchards the Commission is compelling the removal of infected trees
+within a certain radius of them.</p>
+
+<p>As you know the blight has been a very serious factor in this industry.
+Some of the orchards have been completely annihilated and the income
+reduced from several thousand or more dollars per year to nothing.
+Whether or not the blight will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> completely wipe out the orcharding
+industry is a subject of large importance. Personally I believe that
+chestnuts will be raised commercially in Pennsylvania in increased
+abundance, and as the various phases of the blight subject are brought
+to light, keeping the disease under control can be more easily
+accomplished. At the present time this is being done in certain orchards
+by the present methods of examining the trees often, treating each
+infection, or removing the tree. If this policy is successfully pursued
+for several more years it will demonstrate conclusively that chestnuts
+can be grown in spite of the blight and this will mean an opportunity to
+use vast areas of waste land in Pennsylvania and in the other states, in
+a highly profitable manner.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Chairman: The subject of the next paper is Some Problems in the
+Treatment of the Chestnut. It will be presented by Mr. Pierce, after
+which we will have a general discussion of the entire subject.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pierce: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen: I see that, as we wrote
+our papers separately, some of the things I had in mind will be similar
+to those Mr. Rockey had.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="SOME_PROBLEMS_IN_THE_TREATMENT_OF_DISEASED_CHESTNUT_TREES" id="SOME_PROBLEMS_IN_THE_TREATMENT_OF_DISEASED_CHESTNUT_TREES"></a>SOME PROBLEMS IN THE TREATMENT OF DISEASED CHESTNUT TREES</h2>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">By Roy G. Pierce</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center">Tree Surgeon, Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission</p>
+
+
+<p>The problems that present themselves to the growers of chestnut trees
+concerning the present disease may be summed up under three heads:
+first, what the disease is, how it is caused, and how it may be
+recognized; second, what is to be done with diseased trees to bring them
+to health or to prevent them from infecting other healthy trees nearby;
+third, what means in the future can be undertaken to keep a tree
+healthy, that is, to prevent reinfection.</p>
+
+<p>First, what the disease is, how it is caused, and how it may be
+recognized. The disease known as the chestnut tree blight is caused by
+the fungus, <i>Diaporthe parasitica</i>, which usually finds entrance to the
+tree through wounds in the bark. The mycelium or mass of fungous
+filaments gradually spreads through the bark<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> in much the same manner as
+mold spreads over and through a piece of bread, even penetrating the
+wood to a depth of sometimes five annual rings. The spread of the
+fungus, resulting in the cutting off of the sap flow, is the immediate
+cause of the wilting and dying of the leaves and branch above the point
+of girdling. This wilting of the leaves, followed later by the death of
+one branch after another as the fungus spreads, has given rise to the
+term "blight" of the chestnut trees.</p>
+
+<p>The danger signals which the chestnut tree displays when diseased are
+not a few. In summer, when the tree is first affected, the leaves turn
+yellow-green and wilt, later turning brown. Small burs and withered
+leaves retained in winter are some signs of the diseased condition of
+the tree. At the base of the blighted part a lesion, or reddish brown
+canker, is usually found. This lesion may be a sunken area or, as is
+frequently the case, a greatly enlarged swelling, known as a
+hypertrophy. After a branch has become completely girdled sprouts or
+suckers are very apt to be found below the point of girdling. In old
+furrowed bark on the main trunk of the tree the presence of the disease
+is seen in the reddish brown spore-bearing pustules in the fissures. In
+determining the presence of the fungus in the furrowed bark of old
+trees, one must learn to recognize the difference between the light
+brown color characteristic of fissures in healthy growing bark, and the
+reddish brown color of the fungus. When the disease has been present
+several years the bark completely rots and shrinks away from the wood,
+and when the bark is struck with an axe a hollow sound is produced.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the owners of chestnut trees throughout Pennsylvania do not
+acknowledge that a fungus is causing the death of the trees. They state
+that since they have found white grubs or the larvae of beetles in
+nearly every tree that dies, that it has been the larvae that killed the
+tree. It is acknowledged that generally white grubs are found in dying
+chestnut trees, and that in nearly all of the large cankers or lesions
+these grubs are present. However, if one will take the pains to examine
+the small twigs and branches or the new shoots rising from the stumps,
+that are diseased, he will not find the grubs present.</p>
+
+<p>Second, what is to be done with diseased trees to bring them back to
+health or to prevent them from infecting other healthy trees nearby. To
+bring the trees back to health implies that the disease can be cured.
+This is not always true for the tree may be already nearly girdled, when
+the disease is first noticed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> A tree taken in time, however, may have
+its life prolonged indefinitely though it may have the blight in some
+portion of it every year. More particularly does this apply to valuable
+ornamental and orchard trees.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. J. Franklin Collins, Forest Pathologist in the Department of
+Agriculture in Farmer's Bulletin No. 467 on "The Control of the Chestnut
+Bark Disease" gives the following: "The essentials for the work are a
+gouge, a mallet, a pruning knife, a pot of coal tar, and a paint brush.
+In the case of a tall tree a ladder or rope, or both may be necessary
+but under no circumstances should tree climbers be used, as they cause
+wounds which are very favorable places for infection. Sometimes an axe,
+a saw, and a long-handled tree pruner are convenient auxiliary
+instruments, though practically all the cutting recommended can be done
+with a gouge with a cutting edge of 1 or 1&frac12; inches. All cutting
+instruments should be kept very sharp, so that a clean smooth cut may be
+made at all times."</p>
+
+<p>All of the discolored diseased areas in the tree should be removed.
+Small branches or twigs nearly girdled are best cut off. Cankers in the
+main trunk or on limbs should be gouged out. Carefulness is the prime
+requisite in this work. If the disease has completely killed the
+cambium, the bark should be entirely removed as well as several layers
+of wood beneath the canker. By frequent examination, however, diseased
+spots may be found on the tree where the mycelium of the fungus is still
+in the upper layers of the bark. It is not necessary then to cut clear
+to the wood, but the discolored outer bark may be removed and a layer of
+healthy inner bark left beneath the cut. The sap may still flow through
+this layer. The border of the diseased area is quite distinct, but
+cutting should not stop here but should be continued beyond the
+discolored portion into healthy bark, at least an inch. The tools should
+be thoroughly sterilized by immersion in a solution of 1.1000 bichloride
+of mercury, or 5 per cent solution of formaldehyde, before cutting into
+the bark outside of the diseased area. Experiments have shown that a
+gouge or knife may carry the spores into healthy bark and new infection
+take place. Experiments are being carried on in the laboratory to
+determine the length of time which spores will live in solutions of
+different strengths of fungicides.</p>
+
+<p>It has been shown that a cut made pointed at the top and bottom heals
+much faster than one rounded. The edges of the cut should be made with
+care so as not to injure the cambium. The chips<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> of diseased bark and
+wood should not be allowed to fall on the ground then to be forgotten. A
+bag fastened just below the canker will collect most of this material as
+it is gouged out and prevent possible reinfection, which might take
+place if the material were allowed to scatter down the bark. Canvas or
+burlap spread around under a small orchard tree might be sufficient to
+catch all of the diseased chips of bark and wood cut out of the lower
+infections. This diseased material should be burned together with
+blighted branches. After completely cutting out all of the diseased
+parts the cut surfaces should be either sterilized or covered with a
+waterproofing which combines a fungicide with a covering. Among these
+might be mentioned coal tar and creosote, or a mixture of pine tar,
+linseed oil, lamp black and creosote.</p>
+
+<p>The trees which have been killed by blight, or nearly girdled, have been
+overlooked. These should be cut off close to the ground, the stump
+peeled and the bark and unused portions of the tree burned over the
+stump. The merchantable parts of the trees should be removed from the
+woods promptly, as all dead unbarked wood furnishes an excellent
+breeding place for the blight fungus.</p>
+
+<p>Third, what means in the future can be undertaken to keep a tree
+healthy, that is, to prevent reinfection. The spores may be carried by
+so many agents that it is difficult to prevent reinfection. However it
+is clear that the farther infected products or trees are removed from
+healthy trees the less liable they are to have spores carried to them.
+Cooperation with nearby owners of diseased trees will help solve this
+problem.</p>
+
+<p>Spraying on a large scale has only been carried on, so far as I know, on
+the estate of Pierre DuPont, Jr., at Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. At
+this place there are many large chestnut trees ranging from sixty to
+ninety feet in height, many of which were planted some sixty-five years
+ago. Mr. R. E. Wheeler started the work of cutting out diseased limbs
+and cankers in October 1911, and began spraying with Bordeaux mixture in
+April 1912. The formula 5-5-50, five pounds of copper sulphate and five
+pounds of lime in 50 gallons of water was found to be injurious to the
+foliage in the Spring. This was changed therefore, to 4-5-50, which had
+one pound less of copper sulphate. This did not seem to injure the
+foliage.</p>
+
+<p>About 70 trees were sprayed twenty times during the season. Nearly all
+of these were gone over four times to remove diseased<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> branches and
+cankers, once in October 1911, then in early summer and again in
+September and November 1912. As an example take tree No. 6 which was
+studied, December 14, 1912. It is 39 inches in diameter at breast
+height, and approximately 70 feet in height. On this one tree six
+diseased limbs were removed, and sixteen cankers were cut out. Of these
+sixteen, two infections continued, that is, were not completely cut out,
+and had spread; three had infections below old limbs which had been
+removed, and eleven were healing over. This tree was about 1000 feet
+away from other badly infected trees, though but 25 feet away from other
+chestnut trees in the same row. The experiment of Mr. DuPont in spraying
+shows what can be done on valuable lawn trees. On the whole, these trees
+look well and healthy. Trees which were not sprayed over three times and
+were within 50-100 feet from badly blighted trees, became infected in so
+many different places that it will be necessary to remove them.</p>
+
+<p>One of the problems to be solved next year will be that of the least
+number of sprayings which will be effective in preventing new infection.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Chairman: The question of the chestnut blight is now open for
+discussion.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: I should like to ask these gentlemen how far west they
+have heard of chestnut blight&mdash;that is, heard of it with any degree of
+authenticity, and also whether or not they care to express an opinion as
+to what the prospects are in the middle west, say out in Indiana,
+Illinois and Ohio?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pierce: In answer to that question, I will say that in Pennsylvania
+we have found infections in Wayne County and also in Fayette County,
+both near the western extreme of the state, but those have been attended
+to, very largely, and the boundaries closely determined. In Ohio there
+have been several reports of the blight being found, but I don't think
+either of the reports have been proven. There has been a fungus that I
+have spoken of as the Connellsville fungus, that has been all around in
+that neighborhood, south-western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Is the Connellsville fungus also <i>diaporthe parasitica</i>?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pierce: Yes, sir. It was placed by Mr. Anderson, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> did the work
+on that, in the same genus as diaporthe, but he preferred the name
+<i>endothia parasitica</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: The question is of changing the generic name, from
+<i>diaporthe</i>, on the basis of the previously established species?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pierce: Yes, sir, previously established species of <i>endothia</i>. It
+is only a suggestion of Mr. Anderson; it was made by him. This was very
+similar to the true blight fungus and when our men first went out into
+the western part of the State, they reported these various cases that
+came up there as chestnut blight, and none of the pathologists of our
+force then were competent to determine the difference, except that the
+fact was noted even then that it was not growing as a parasite in the
+sense that the true blight fungus has been growing in the east.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: That may be due to varietal differences, though, rather
+than specific?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pierce: Yes, although Mr. Anderson seemed to think it was specific.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Is there any further discussion? The subject is worthy of
+a good deal of comment.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pomeroy: I want to ask the speaker what the approximate cost would
+be for one spraying of a tree about that size, 70 feet in height?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pierce: We have photographs on the table there showing our eight
+hundred dollar spraying machine, the same kind used in Massachusetts in
+gypsy moth work. With this two men can spray about ten such trees in a
+day. I haven't got it down in black and white but I figured that, on
+those chestnuts at DuPont's, they sprayed about 600 gallons a day. Ten
+trees a day would make it, say, with a $2.50 man, not very high for a
+tree. I think it costs in all something like four dollars a tree during
+the whole season, but that is a very rough estimate and the materials
+are not included.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: The cost will have to be calculated on a sentimental basis
+for the ornamental trees, and on a commercial basis for the commercial
+trees. The actual value of the spraying has not yet been determined.
+This spraying cannot reach the mycelium in the cambium layer; if the
+disease has been carried in by a beetle or woodpecker your spraying
+would be ineffective.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pierce: Yes indeed, that was just the thought Mr. Galena had,
+notwithstanding the fact that they cut out all visi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>ble infections and
+the trees were so blue with spray that you could see them for half a
+mile.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: But, later on, cracks and squirrel scratches and all sorts
+of injuries would allow new spores to be carried in?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pierce: Yes, sir.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: The future of the chestnut depends so largely on the
+conquering of this disease that no other horticultural problem of this
+nut is, just at present, imperative. So far as we know, all of the
+European and American varieties are highly subject to this disease, so
+much so that there is no inducement to plant them, and we are waiting
+for Dr. Morris and a few other hybridizers to find some hybrids, or
+straight Japanese varieties, that are of sufficient merit, and of
+sufficient degree of resistance to this disease, for us to have a basis
+for building up the future industry. On the tables there are quite a
+number of exhibits from Mr. Riehl and Mr. Endicott of Illinois. Most of
+them are hybrids between the American and the Japanese species, but, so
+far as we know, they have not been tried in communities where the
+disease prevails. We don't know whether they are resistant or not, as
+they are being grown in a section entirely outside of the area where the
+blight exists. I think I am right in that, am I not, Mr. Pierce? Is
+there any chestnut blight in southern Illinois?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pierce: There has been none reported.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: I think that the varieties that these men in Indiana have
+originated are the most promising we know of. I think that in examining
+these specimens you will agree that they are of fairly high quality and
+good size, and if they prove to be resistant to the disease much may be
+expected from them.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hutt: I have not seen the chestnut blight at all. I hope that it
+isn't in our section. I have heard it was brought in from some point but
+I do not know whether it was identified exactly as the chestnut blight.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pierce: I saw a specimen sent from North Carolina and it proved to
+be the Collinsville fungus.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: If you remember reading Fuller's book on nuts, he reported
+that the chestnut blight extended through the Carolinas but said that
+chestnuts were still coming from that direction in great abundance. Up
+in Canada we haven't the chestnut blight. The chestnut tree runs from
+the Ohio River to the Niagara River but it doesn't cross into Michigan,
+except along the Michigan Southern and Lake Shore Railroad where<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> some
+enterprising gentlemen have planted the chestnut with the tamarack
+alternately all the way from Cleveland to Chicago. I examined the state
+of Indiana across and from top to bottom several times in the summer and
+I never saw any chestnuts there, but I have seen some newly planted
+places in Michigan; near Battle Creek I saw a farm of about fifty acres.
+We are having up in Ontario, beyond Toronto, a blight that has attacked
+the Lombardy poplar and that looks similar to the chestnut blight. I
+have been watching it for the last ten years and the tree seems to have
+at last outlived it. It dies down and then a little sprout comes out
+from the carcass.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Isn't that the poplar tree borer that always attacks the
+Lombardy?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: Oh no, it's very similar to the chestnut tree blight. We can
+grow chestnut trees all we like but no one has brains enough to grow
+them. The farmers grow pigs and things but don't bother with chestnut
+trees; consequently the chestnut blight does not exist there.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pierce: I didn't answer a portion of Mr. Littlepage's question. Mr.
+Littlepage asked whether or not the blight might be expected in the
+Middle West. That depends, more or less, upon the results of the work
+Pennsylvania is now carrying on. If we can keep the disease from
+extending through the territory in which we are working, there is a very
+good chance to keep it out of the West. If we are not successful, it may
+be expected to develop, in time, over the whole chestnut range.</p>
+
+<p>There seems to be a very good opportunity for growing the chestnut
+commercially beyond its present range; that is, where it is so
+infrequent as not to be in danger from infected growths nearby.</p>
+
+<p>In the eastern part of the state different people have reported that the
+blight seemed to them to be dying out and, a number of these reports
+coming from a certain locality, the Commission decided to investigate
+one which seemed to be better reported than the others. It was found,
+after a very extensive investigation, that this dying out was true only
+in the sense that it was not spreading, perhaps, as fast as it had been
+spreading before. The mycelium and the spores were healthy and were
+affecting the new trees in quite the same manner as the year before and
+as in other parts of the state.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: The question of controlling blight after it has appeared
+is of very great consequence. Concerning any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> commercial proposition
+with chestnuts the people are wide awake to the seriousness of the
+blight. They are afraid to go into growing chestnut orchards; they have
+had so many fake propositions in the past in pecan promotions that they
+are afraid of chestnuts and everything else. Any proposition for
+bringing forward chestnuts commercially must be a plain, simple,
+straightforward statement of the truth, the whole truth and nothing but
+the truth. We are ready, all through the North and East, to raise
+hundreds of acres of chestnuts, such as Mr. Reed has spoken about, ones
+which resist the blight, or ones which resist the blight comparatively
+well.</p>
+
+<p>Let us consider comparative immunity for a moment. We know how expensive
+it is to manage an apple orchard, and yet, with the present high prices,
+the profits on apple orchards, well managed, are great. May we not have
+chestnut orchards managed with the same degree of relative expense and
+the same degree of relative profit? I would like very much to hear from
+some of the men who have actually raised chestnuts in orchards
+concerning the relative care of the chestnut compared with the apple,
+and the relative profit. I see Col. Sober here; can't you tell us about
+your experience in managing the blight? Can it be managed successfully
+in proportion as apple tree parasites are managed?</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: My experience has been this; I have four hundred acres of
+chestnuts in bearing. They range from five years to fifteen years old. I
+find that I can control the blight easier than I can control the scale
+on apple trees. If anyone doesn't believe this I invite him and all to
+come to my place and see for themselves. I think I have nearly one
+million seedling and grafted paragon trees. I don't think you will find
+fifty affected trees on the whole place today. I have men going in every
+grove at the present time who have inspected thousands of trees and
+found seven that had blight on the limbs, so I know what I am speaking
+about.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: What is your method?</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: Cutting out, cutting off anything I see; if it is really
+necessary, cut the tree down; but we don't often find that necessary
+because just as quick as we see any affected, or any limb dying or dead,
+we cut it off. I had my groves laid out in sections of a hundred feet
+wide and numbered; and I had charts made so that they can be inspected
+section by section. In that manner, every tree is inspected. One
+individual<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> will inspect the trunk and another one the top. In each
+section I can show you as far as we have gone. I can show you how many
+trees are in each section and how many affected trees there are in that
+section, or whether there are any or not. I say I can control it easier
+than I can control scale and with less expense and I want that to go on
+record. There is no question about it. It can be seen at my place. I go
+over my groves about four times a year and have been doing it all the
+time, and I don't doubt but that I discovered this disease the first of
+anybody in the state, perhaps, in 1902. I was looking around to cut
+scions and I saw one tree whose center was dead and around it were the
+finest shoots almost that I had ever seen for grafting purposes. I went
+to it and saw the center was dead. I cut some scions and today that is
+one of the finest trees I've got on my place. From what I know now that
+was a blighted tree.</p>
+
+<p>A member: Did you paint over the scars?</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: No sir, but we are doing it now, using white lead.</p>
+
+<p>A member: How much blight is there around you?</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: I am surrounded with it on all sides. Right up against my
+groves about 17 per cent of the trees are affected. That is the report
+coming from the parties inspecting now for the Blight Commission. I
+shipped Mr. Mayo about four or five thousand trees this fall. I don't
+suppose there were a dozen that were thrown out, thinking they were
+blighted or diseased. We have records of all that up at my place. There
+are some trees right here now that came from my nursery. I wish you
+gentlemen could just see for yourselves; come out and see.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: In advancing this chestnut on a commercial basis it had
+better be stated that it does not blight as badly as the American
+chestnut and that when blighted it can be cared for with less cost than
+the apple tree. I would suggest that some such notice be sent out with
+commercial stock. That would put it on the right basis so that the
+chestnut would find its position, which it is not finding now because
+the people are full of the blight; and if a frank, full statement of
+this sort were made I believe it would be extremely important.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rockey: I went through practically the whole extent of Mr. Sober's
+orchard recently and found one infected tree. I can vouch for the
+statement that he has made that he is almost surrounded by blight.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: I have given attention to only a few of my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> own trees that
+were blighted because I have too much else to do and too large a place,
+a couple of hundred acres engaged in a small and large way,&mdash;a variety
+of ways&mdash;with nut trees; and the few I have cared to save after blight
+has begun I have saved by cutting it out very thoroughly and using
+either white paint or grafting wax. I used also pine tar and some gas
+tar. I killed some good trees that I wanted particularly to save by
+putting on gas tar.</p>
+
+<p>The matter of compelling the removal of infected trees is a very
+important one, but it must rest with the authorities. In the vicinity of
+New York we have so much hard wood that you cannot sell it unless you
+are in some sort of a trade combination. Fine oak, fine hickory, fine
+chestnut, you can't dispose of in New York City, because we have such a
+lot of it. We have wild deer within fifteen miles of New York City on
+three sides of us on account of the forests. You have got to find some
+special way for disposing of this blighted chestnut timber. Telephone
+and telegraph poles and ties all go for nothing, unless you happen to be
+so situated that you can manage the matter commercially, and a way
+should be found by the state so that people can dispose of their
+blighted timber, which is just as good as any other.</p>
+
+<p>It is very important to note that the boy scouts are interested, and we
+ought to encourage their interest. It is a splendid thing, getting the
+interest of boys engaged. You know how active a boy is in getting a
+snake from under a rock and he will do the same thing with the chestnut
+blight. It is his natural tendency to hustle when he gets after
+anything. This chestnut blight belongs to the microbe group and the
+microbe is the great enemy of mankind. In wars the microbe kills about
+eight men for every one killed by missiles. If we can encourage the
+interest of boy scouts in fighting the greatest of all human enemies,
+the microbe, including this little fungus, we shall have a splendid
+working force.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to the injection of poisons and medicines into trees, it seems
+to me that a very firm stand ought to be taken by all responsible men
+who know anything about plant pathology. We know that a poison injected
+into a tree must either act injuriously right there upon the cells of
+the tree, or else must undergo metabolic changes. A tree cannot use
+anything that is thrown into it, poison or food or anything else, until
+it has undergone a metabolic change; you must have a distinct, definite
+chemical process taking place and we ought to state that most of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
+substances which are alleged to be of value, when injected into a tree,
+are either absolutely worthless or injurious. One man tried to persuade
+me that his medication if applied to the cambium layer would be
+absorbed, and said that if I would only use it on a few of my trees I
+could see for myself. He said it would drive off even the aphides. I
+tried it on four trees affected with aphides and found that he told me
+the truth. It drove them off, because the trees died and the aphides
+left. One tree lived a year before being killed; it was a most insidious
+sort of death, but the aphides left that tree. (Laughter.)</p>
+
+<p>Some of the Asiatic chestnuts resist the blight very well. Curiously
+enough when grafted upon some of the American chestnuts they then become
+vulnerable. Two years ago, from a lot of about one thousand Corean
+chestnuts in which there had been up to that time no blight, I grafted
+scions on American stump sprouts and about 50 per cent of those grafts
+blighted in the next year, showing that the American chestnut sap offers
+a pabulum attractive to the Diaporthe, and that is a fact of collateral
+value in getting our negative testimony upon the point.</p>
+
+<p>Concerning the question of carrying blight fifty miles, there's no
+telling how far birds will fly carrying the spores of Diaporthe upon
+their feet. The spores are viscid and adhere to the feet of beetles, or
+migratory birds which sometimes make long lateral flights following
+food, rather than direct flights north and south. It is quite easy to
+imagine birds carrying this Diaporthe over an interval of possibly fifty
+miles, making that distance in one night perhaps. Someone may have
+carried chestnuts in his pocket to give to his granddaughter fifty miles
+away, and in that way carried the blight. If any grafted trees have been
+carried fifty miles, or any railroad ties, with a little bark on,
+carried fifty miles and then thrown off, it might blight the chestnuts
+in that vicinity. One can have as much range of imagination as he
+pleases as Longfellow says, There is no limit to the imagination in
+connection with questions of spreading the blight of Diaporthe.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the Japanese and Corean chestnuts and some of the Chinese
+chestnuts resist blight fairly well. Among my chinkapins, I have the
+common <i>pumila</i> and the Missouri variety of <i>pumila</i>, which grows in
+tree form forty or fifty feet high. I have the alder-leaf chestnut,
+which keeps green leaves till Christmas, sometimes till March when the
+snow buries them, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> those comparatively young trees have shown no
+blight; but one hybrid, between the chinkapin and the American chestnut,
+about twelve years of age, has blighted several times. I have cut off
+the branches and kept it going, but this year I shall cut it down. It
+will start at the root and sprout up again. I thought I'd give up that
+hybrid, but having heard Col. Sober's report I will begin at the root
+and look after some of the sprouts. That hybrid is the only one of my
+chinkapin group that has blighted at all.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to the use of bichloride of mercury or formaldehyde, it seems
+to me that formaldehyde will be a better germicide than bichloride of
+mercury, because bichloride of mercury coagulates the albuminous part of
+the plasm and may destroy the cell structure, whereas the formaldehyde
+will be more penetrating and less injurious. One would need to know how
+strong a formaldehyde solution can be used safely. I presume the most
+vulnerable part of the tree would be at the bud axils. Spraying must
+require considerable experience at the present time and is of doubtful
+efficiency for timber chestnuts I am sure. We would like very much to
+hear any further comment upon this subject.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: Mr. Sober's orchard is so unusually large that evidently it
+does not apply to average cases. The average man is buying chestnut
+trees for the garden or yard or lane. Prof. Collins has an acre on the
+top of a hill at Atlantic Forge and there he has fought diligently with
+the skill of a highly trained man, and the blight is gradually driving
+him back. I think that in a short time the trees on Prof. Collins' acre
+will be gone. I believe we need much more information before we can
+offer any hope that chestnut trees from a nursery will be safe against
+blight. I should like to ask the Blight Commission if they are at the
+present time planning to breed immune strains of chestnuts, and if not,
+I wish to suggest that it is a piece of work well worthy of their
+consideration. They might try grafting on American stocks, or on their
+own seedlings, some of the Korean chestnuts, on any variety that
+promises resistance, and also hybridizing, with the hope of getting a
+good nut that will resist the blight.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: That is a very important matter, no doubt. In regard to
+the few chestnuts bought for lanes and gardens, I know a good many men
+who have bought a few grafted chestnuts with the idea of setting out a
+number of acres if those few did well, being men of a conservative sort.
+Men of that sort are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> the ones we want to have in our Association. We
+want to have men who will buy four trees, and if they do well, set out
+four hundred acres. That is what a great many men have had in mind in
+buying two, four or six trees of any one kind; they want to try them
+out. That is the wise way, the conservative way, the truly progressive
+way. If we are going to have very large numbers of any one kind of
+chestnut set out, we must make a statement of the dangers, so that men
+may be forewarned. If they set them out without warning and are
+disappointed, they drop the entire subject and go to raising corn and
+hogs; and then, to save trouble, turn these hogs into the corn and get
+to doing things in the easiest way, rather than carry on the complicated
+methods of agriculture that belong to the spirit of the present time. I
+would like to know if many efforts are being made toward breeding immune
+kinds. I am at work on that myself.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pierce: Our Commission has recently gotten, I think, about fifty
+pounds of Chinese chestnuts of several kinds, which they expect to plant
+for experiment. Besides that they have made some other arrangements of
+which I know very little. This investigation will take years. The
+Commission has been compelled to devote itself to so many lines of work
+that I am afraid this question has not been given the attention it might
+have had. I think in the future there will be a good deal done along
+that line.</p>
+
+<p>Two of us have been given the title of tree surgeons, and we work, or
+make arrangements to have someone else work, sometimes the scout, in the
+orchards throughout the state. I have a list of two hundred owners of
+cultivated chestnut trees that I got in the last month from various
+sources. Anyone in Pennsylvania who has a cultivated chestnut tree, can
+send a postal card, get one of us out to examine the tree and see
+whether it is blighted, and we will demonstrate what can be done in the
+way of treating it. I have done that right along in the last two months.
+If it is only a single tree I cut out all I can myself.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: There are two distinct questions; first, the chestnut as a
+food tree, and second, as a timber tree. Your work has been chiefly with
+the chestnut as a timber tree?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pierce: No, mine has been mostly on the lawn, so that it is for
+nuts.</p>
+
+<p>Experiments made on one or two species of Japanese chestnuts show about
+9 per cent of tannin; the tannin in the Ameri<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>can chestnut runs only 6
+per cent and in the small American, runs less. We know that the Japanese
+is somewhat more immune than the American. We have already found that it
+has 50 per cent more tannin. I believe one of us wrote you about
+experiments to find out the percentage of tannin in Corean, North
+Japanese, South Japanese and Chinese chestnuts. The investigation will
+be carried on for the next two or three months.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: May I ask if there is any soil food that would increase the
+amount of tannin? Trees protect themselves. We have watched the black
+walnut and seen him fight all sorts of enemies. The tree has poisons
+everywhere and the nut a thick shell to boot and doesn't coax enemies to
+get at him or to eat him until he is ripe.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: Have you found that fertilizing a tree increased the
+percentage of tannin?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rockey: That hasn't been determined yet but it will be studied.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: It is a question if the tendency would not be for tannin
+to go over to sugar and cellulose under cultivation. I don't remember
+the chemistry on that. Aren't there any expert chemists here who can
+tell us? The natural tendency of the tree under high cultivation would
+be to change tannin over into sugar and starch.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: This talk of the chestnut blight reminds me of a remark made
+by a gentleman at a peach growing convention. He said the best thing
+that ever happened to this country was to get that San Jose scale
+because it stopped lazy men from growing peaches. He said, "I don't mind
+it a bit and can make more money than when peaches were nothing a
+basket." Probably nature will help us some way.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: We have to consider what nature wants to do.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Mayo: If I am in order, I would like to know whether this fungus
+trouble is likely in the future to attack or has at any time attacked,
+the apple, pear or quince?</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: I think it has been pretty well decided that they are not
+in danger. I will, however, ask Mr. Rockey and Mr. Pierce to answer that
+question.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rockey: Up to the present time there has been no indication that the
+blight will get into them. This might be a good occasion for me to
+mention the Connellsville fungus again. It was found on some of the oaks
+and other trees in this section<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> of the country, and for a time it
+looked as though the blight was getting into other species, but since
+that fungus has been identified there has been no indication that the
+blight will extend beyond the chestnut group as a parasite, although you
+can inoculate oaks and other trees with the fungus and it will live in
+them, but only on the dead portion of the tree and not as the parasite
+lives on the chestnut.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: I should like to ask Mr. Sober if he has found any evidence
+that the paragon chestnut differs from the native chestnut in resistance
+to the blight, and if his paragons are different from other paragons?</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: I cannot say whether my chestnuts are different from the
+other paragon chestnuts or not, or whether they are as resistant to the
+blight. I know it is a very sweet chestnut. In regard to keeping my
+groves clean&mdash;from 1901 to 1910, we had three broods of locusts and two
+hailstorms that opened the bark in almost every tree and branch. The
+limbs were stung by the locusts thousands of times, so that I didn't
+have a crop of chestnuts. Professor Davis was cutting off limbs for a
+couple of months so you see my trees were open, if any ever were, to
+receive the blight. The hailstorms destroyed the leaves and I didn't
+have any chestnuts that year in one part of my grove and with all
+that&mdash;you people come and see how clean it is, that's all there is to
+it. I know what I've done and what I can do.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: The next paper in order is that of Professor Smith.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="NUT_GROWING_AND_TREE_BREEDING_AND_THEIR_RELATION_TO_CONSERVATION" id="NUT_GROWING_AND_TREE_BREEDING_AND_THEIR_RELATION_TO_CONSERVATION"></a>NUT GROWING AND TREE BREEDING AND THEIR RELATION TO CONSERVATION</h2>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Professor J. Russell Smith, Pennsylvania</span></h4>
+
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen; I am going to ask your
+indulgence for including in my subject a matter that perhaps goes a
+little beyond the scope of this organization, for I wish to speak of
+fruit as well as nut-bearing trees. Conservation, whose object is the
+preservation of our resources for future generations, as well as for
+ourselves, finds its greatest problem in the preservation of the soil.
+The forests can come again if the soil be left. It is probable that we
+can find substitutes for coal, and for nearly everything else, but once
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> soil is gone, all is gone; and the greatest danger to the soil is
+not robbery by ill cropping, because no matter how man may abuse the
+soil, scientific agriculture can bring it back with astonishing speed.
+But the greatest enemy of conservation is erosion, the best checks for
+erosion are roots.</p>
+
+<p>Thus far, the only man who has been telling us anything about planting
+roots upon the hillsides is the forester. But he usually sets nothing
+but wood trees, which at the end of fifty or a hundred or a hundred and
+fifty years, we can cut down, and which, during the intervening time,
+have done nothing but cast shade, drop leaves and retain the soil. My
+doctrine is that the potentially greatest crop-producing plants are not
+those on which we now depend for our food, but are the trees,; that the
+greatest engines for production are not the grasses, but the trees. Our
+agriculture is an inheritance from the savage, and the savage found that
+he could do better with annual grains than he could with nut trees,
+because he didn't know how to improve the nut crop by selection of the
+trees, while there came involuntarily an improvement in the other crops.
+No man today knows the parentage of some of the cultivated plants and
+grains on which we now depend. Thus we came down to the present day of
+science, with the purely chance discoveries of savages as the main
+dependence of mankind for the basis of agriculture.</p>
+
+<p>We have within a decade discovered the laws of plant breeding. We know a
+good deal more about it now than ever before and are in a position to
+start about it very deliberately and with a reasonable certainty that we
+are going to get certain combinations of qualities if we keep at it long
+enough. Thus the hickory and walnut offer perfect marvels of
+possibilities. Look around on these tables and see the size of some of
+these things. There are hickory nuts 1&frac14; inch long and there are
+shagbarks as full of meat as pecans and probably quite as good. There
+are in Kentucky, I am told, hickory nuts that you can take in your
+fingers and crush. Here we have the pecan, this great big shellbark from
+Indiana, the shagbark from the North, and the thin shell nuts from
+Kentucky. Now hybridize these and I think, if you work at it long
+enough, you will get a tree that will have all those good qualities.</p>
+
+<p>The wonderful black walnut is a tree of hardiness, and the delicious
+Persian or English walnut is a nut of acceptable form. The pair offers
+splendid possibilities in their hybrid progeny.</p>
+
+<p>We have fruits thus far recognized as of little value which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> offer great
+possibilities as forage producers. The mulberry bears from June to
+September and the persimmon from September till March and the pig
+harvests them himself.</p>
+
+<p>We have the possibility of a brand-new agriculture, depending not upon
+grains, but upon tree crops, provided someone will breed the
+crop-yielding trees which we can use. This will permit us to use
+entirely different kinds of land from that now considered best for
+agriculture. The natural necessities for plant growth, I believe, are
+heat, moisture, sunlight and fertility. Now they are not all the
+limiting factors with man, because man adds the fifth, the arbitrary
+fact of arability, and that right away bars out about half of the
+fertile earth, because when we insist on heat, light, moisture,
+fertility <i>and arability</i>, we leave out that rough half of the earth
+equally fertile, idle, subject only to the work of the forester, who
+will give us a forest about 1999. It might just as well be planted with
+a host of crop-yielding trees, the walnuts, hickory nuts, pecans,
+persimmons, mulberries&mdash;and the list is very long. There are at the
+present time in use in Mediterranean countries twenty-five crop-yielding
+trees other than the ordinary orchard fruits. I am told that they have
+oak trees there which yield an acorn that is better than the chestnut. A
+pig will fill himself with acorns on the one hillside and with figs on
+the next hillside and then lie down and get fat. We are too industrious,
+we wait on the pig; I want the pig to wait on himself.</p>
+
+<p>But who is going to breed these things? These crop yielding trees? A
+gentleman told us this morning that he was not nervous, that he could
+watch a hickory tree grow, and stated that he had forty acres of land
+and was breeding trees for fun. Here is Dr. Morris, who is having a
+delicious time doing the same thing. We should not have to depend on
+enthusiasts who are working for fun; we must not depend on such sources
+for the greatest gifts in the line of food production that man can
+imagine. This work should be done by every state in the Union. I believe
+that it is capable of proof that we can get just as much yield from a
+hillside in untilled fruit and nut-yielding trees, as we can from
+putting that same hillside under the plough and getting wheat, corn,
+barley, rye and oats and a little grass once in a while. It will make
+just as much pig or just as many calories of man food from the tree
+crops as it will make under the plough. And under the plough that
+hillside is going down the stream to choke it and reduce the hillside to
+nothing.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We have three classes of land. The first class is the level land, which
+belongs to the plough now and for all time. The third class, which is
+the unploughable steep mountain and hill land, is probably as great in
+area as the level land, and between the two is the hilly land that we
+are now cultivating to its great detriment, visibly reducing the earth's
+resources by bringing about rapidly that condition which has led to the
+saying in the Old World: "After man, the desert." The Roman Empire,
+where men have had possession for two thousand years, proves, "After
+man, the desert." It is equally proven in much of China, but it can be
+prevented if these hill lands are put to trees. But we cannot afford to
+put those lands into trees unless the trees yield.</p>
+
+<p>I move that this Association memorialize those persons who are in
+position to promote the breeding of fruit and nut-yielding trees, that
+we may bring nearer the day of tree-crop agriculture. I want a letter to
+go from this Association with the authority of the Association and its
+sanction, to the Secretary of Agriculture at Washington and to all the
+men in authority in the Bureau of Plant Industry at Washington, to the
+Presidents of the State Agricultural Colleges, the Directors of
+Experiment Stations and professors who are interested in plant breeding.
+That will make a list of three or four hundred persons and involve an
+expenditure of a few dollars but I believe it will be productive of
+good. I hope that the Association will see fit to lend its name and a
+little cash to that proposition, because if we can get the authority of
+the state and the money of the state, the results will come much more
+rapidly than if there are just a few of us doing it independently.
+(Applause.)</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Chairman: Will someone put Prof. Smith's suggestion in the form of a
+motion?</p>
+
+<p>A Member: I move that it be referred to the Committee on Resolutions.</p>
+
+<p>(Motion carried.)</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: Undoubtedly we all agree with Prof. Smith. He spoke of the
+persimmon. When I speak of the persimmon in my country nobody knows what
+I am talking about. I found two trees in Battle Creek, Michigan, in a
+front yard. The person who owned them was an old lady. I said, "Will you
+give me these persimmons?" She said, "Yes, take them all; the neighbors
+come here and while they are getting the persimmons they bother me a
+lot. Everybody seems to like them." They<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> were delicious persimmons that
+were quite edible before frost, they are probably the two furthest north
+persimmon trees in the world. I went a little way around Devil Lake, and
+found pawpaws. They are a very good fruit when cultivated. The idea of
+preserving the soil and not sending it all into the Lakes and down into
+the Gulf of Mexico&mdash;that is a good idea of Prof. Smith's.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gardner: I submit that that Battle Creek woman should start a new
+breakfast food. (Laughter.)</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: Every second year there is an immense crop on one of the
+persimmon trees; they are a male and female, I think. You can't see the
+branches for the fruit, and the thermometer there falls to 22 degrees
+below zero.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: You can graft the male trees with pistillate grafts if you
+want to, or you can transfer grafts both ways. The persimmon and pawpaw
+will undoubtedly both grow at Toronto. They are not indigenous there
+because of natural checks to development in their sprouting stage, but
+if you buy Indiana stock for Toronto, such transplanted trees will both
+grow there, I am sure. This is not quite relevant to Prof. Smith's
+paper. It seems to me that Prof. Smith gave us a very comprehensive
+resum&eacute; of facts bearing upon the situation, perhaps not particularly
+calling for discussion. We are very glad to have his arraignment of
+facts.</p>
+
+<p>The next paper on the program will be that of Dr. Deming. While Dr.
+Deming is getting ready, I would like to have the trees shown. Mr. Jones
+will speak about his pecans, these specimens of young trees here.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: These are pecans that Mr. Roper brought up from the
+Arrowfield Nurseries. (Here Mr. Jones described the trees.)</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Would those trees grow after they have been dried as much
+as that?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: I don't think so; pecans don't stand much drying.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: No, unless you cut off all the roots.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: If we should dig up a tree like this and cut it off a foot
+and a half down, would it be all right to transplant it?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: Yes, if your season should not be too dry.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: What has been your experience with the Stringfellow method
+of cutting off every single root?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: We cut the tap-roots off, but leave an inch of the lateral
+roots.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: I think you can do better by following the Stringfellow
+method and cutting off all the laterals.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: If you were going to transplant those for your own use
+where would you cut them off?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: About here, a foot and a half down.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: And the top?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: Yes, sir, I'd reduce the top about that much; I think we will
+have to work for a better root for the North.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="BEGINNING_WITH_NUTS" id="BEGINNING_WITH_NUTS"></a>BEGINNING WITH NUTS</h2>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Dr. W. C. Deming, Westchester, New York City</span></h4>
+
+
+<p>In his official capacity as secretary of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association the writer is frequently asked, by persons wishing to grow
+nuts, about climate, soils, varieties and methods.</p>
+
+<p>The following observations are intended to apply only to the
+northeastern United States, the country lying east of the Rockies and
+north of the range of the southern pecan. They are intended more for the
+person who already has his land, or is restricted in his range, than for
+the one who can range wide for larger operations and will study deeper
+before deciding.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable that most nuts will grow wherever the peach will. Outside
+the peach area there is probably not much use in trying to grow the
+pecan or Persian walnut. Yet it must always be remembered that nut
+growing in the North is, at present, almost entirely experimental and
+that anybody may be able to disprove the authorities. We are all
+experimenting now. By and by it will be different.</p>
+
+<p>In severer climates the chestnut, shagbark, black walnut, butternut,
+hazel, beech, pine, Japanese cordiformis and hardy Chinese walnuts can
+be grown or, at least, offer possibilities. In such climates the
+development of the native nuts by selection and crossing, and the
+adaptation of alien nuts, deserves, and will repay, experiment.</p>
+
+<p>It is to be supposed, as before said, that the hopeful beginner already
+has his land. Let him choose the best part of it that he can spare. By
+"best part" is meant the most fertile, not too wet nor too dry nor, if
+possible, too hilly to cultivate. Hard pan near the surface, and too
+thick to be easily broken up by dynamite, is not desirable.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A nut orchard ought to have much the same preparation as an apple
+orchard. A practical way would be to plow deeply and harrow well in
+summer and sow a cover crop like rye and vetch or clover. The more
+stable manure, or other fertilizer, applied the better.</p>
+
+<p>Let the field now be staked off thirty feet apart in squares, or in
+triangles if preferred. Late in the fall dig the holes and plant nuts,
+three or four in each hole, two to four inches deep, according to size,
+and six inches apart. Put a good handful of ground bone in each hill.
+Unless the soil and subsoil are mellow, so that the long tap roots may
+penetrate deeply, it would be best to dynamite the holes, using a half
+pound of 20 per cent or 25 per cent dynamite at a depth of two and a
+half feet. This is a simple matter and the dynamite companies will
+furnish materials and instructions. It is also some fun.</p>
+
+<p>There is some danger that nuts planted in fall may be destroyed by
+rodents, that some will "lie over" and not sprout the first year, or
+that all the nuts in a hill may make inferior plants, so that some
+authorities advise putting them in a galvanized wire cage, the nuts only
+half buried, then covered with a few leaves during the winter and
+otherwise left exposed to the elements. In the spring they must be taken
+from the cage and planted in the hills before the sprouts are long
+enough to be easily broken.</p>
+
+<p>The different kinds of nuts should be planted in "blocks" rather than
+mingled, to facilitate handling.</p>
+
+<p>These nuts are to furnish trees that are later to be grafted or budded.
+After they have grown a while the weaker ones are to be removed, as
+necessary, until only the strongest remains in each hill. When grafted
+and grown to great size the brave man will thin them out to sixty feet
+apart. Interplanting with fruits or vegetables may be practised.</p>
+
+<p>As to the kinds of nuts to be planted that depends on what you want to
+grow. If chestnuts it must be remembered that the bark disease is very
+likely to attack them, in the East at any rate. Experiments with
+chestnuts outside the range of the blight are very desirable. The
+American (<i>Castanea dentata</i>) and European (<i>C. sativa</i>) chestnuts are
+specially susceptible. The Asiatic chestnuts (<i>C. Japonica</i>, etc.) seem
+to have a partial immunity, especially the Korean, and it is possible
+that the native chestnut grafted on these may be rendered more or less
+immune. It is being tried and is an interesting experiment.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Asiatic chestnut trees are dwarfish in habit, come into bearing
+early, the nuts are generally large and some of them of pretty good
+quality. They may be planted as fillers between the trees of larger
+growth. The nuts may be bought of importers. (See circular on "Seedsmen
+and Nurserymen".) The small Korean chestnut has been especially
+recommended.</p>
+
+<p>If you wish to grow the shagbark hickory (<i>Hicoria ovata</i>) plant the
+best specimens of this nut you can get, or the bitternut (<i>H. minima</i>)
+which is said to be a superior stock for grafting.</p>
+
+<p>High hopes are held that that other favorite hickory, the pecan (<i>H.
+pecan</i>) may be grown far outside its native range, and the Indiana pecan
+is the nut on which these hopes are founded. Seed nuts may be obtained
+from reliable Indiana dealers, but it is said that some of them are not
+reliable.</p>
+
+<p>The hickories may be budded and grafted on one another so that one kind
+of stock may serve for both shagbark and pecan.</p>
+
+<p>If you want to grow the Persian walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i>), often called
+the "English" walnut, the black walnut (<i>J. nigra</i>), seems to afford the
+most promising stock, though <i>J. rupestris</i>, native in Texas and
+Arizona, has been recommended and <i>J. cordiformis</i>, the Japanese heart
+nut, is also promising. This nut can be recommended for planting for its
+own sake as the tree is hardy, a rapid grower, comes into bearing early
+and bears a fairly good nut. There are no grafted trees, however, so the
+variable seedlings will have to be depended upon.</p>
+
+<p>On any of these walnut stocks the black walnut and the butternut (<i>J.
+cinerea</i>) may also be propagated if worthy varieties can be found. There
+are none now on the market.</p>
+
+<p>The nuts mentioned are enough for the beginner and the three stocks,
+chestnut, hickory and walnut, will give him all he wants to work on and
+furnish plenty of fascinating occupation.</p>
+
+<p>The hazel, the almond and others, though offering possibilities, had
+better be left to those further advanced in the art of nut growing.</p>
+
+<p>Now the nut orchard is started and the owner must push the growth of the
+trees by the ordinary methods, cultivation, cover crops and fertilizers.
+See any authority on growing fruit trees.</p>
+
+<p>In from two to five years the trees will be ready for budding and
+grafting, they will have made a good growth above ground, and a bigger
+one below, they are permanently placed and haven't got to be set back a
+year or two, or perhaps killed,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> by transplanting, with loss to the tap
+roots and laterals. In the writer's opinion that natural tap root of the
+nut tree growing down, down to water is not to be treated as of no
+importance.</p>
+
+<p>So let your seedlings grow up and down happily while you get ready the
+stuff with which to build their future character, for seedling trees are
+very slow in coming into bearing, and uncertain in type and quality of
+nut. Grafted trees bear early and true to type.</p>
+
+<p>Take your choicest bit of ground and put it in the best shape you know
+how. Then order the finest grafted trees you can find on the market.
+(See circular on "Seedsmen and Nurserymen".) Your choice will be limited
+for there are as yet only a few grafted varieties of the Persian walnut
+and the Indiana pecan, and but one of the shagbark hickory to be had. Of
+chestnuts there are more and, in the South of course, plenty of pecans.
+But pecan growing in the South is another story. If you order chestnuts
+be sure that they do not come from a nursery infected with blight. Get
+young trees because they are more easily established.</p>
+
+<p>Order from two to four of each variety. Fewer than two gives too small
+an allowance for mortality and more than four, besides the not
+inconsiderable strain on the pocket, will divide your attention too
+much; for you have got to give these trees the care of a bottle baby.</p>
+
+<p>Set them sixty feet apart if you have the room. If not set them closer.
+Better closer if that means better care. They may be set in the fall but
+probably spring is better, as early as you can get them in. Follow the
+instructions of the nurserymen closely. Digging holes with dynamite is
+probably good practice. Put some bone meal in the soil around the roots
+but no strong fertilizer. Some soils need lime. Tamp the soil about the
+roots with all your might. It cannot be made too firm.</p>
+
+<p>Then water them all summer, or until August if they have made a good
+growth. Give them all they can drink once a week. Sink a large bar about
+a foot from the tree and pour the water into the hole, as much as the
+soil will take.</p>
+
+<p>Keep up cultivation and a dust mulch or, if you cannot do this, mulch
+with something else. Mulching doesn't mean a wisp of hay but something
+thick or impervious. Six inches of strawy manure, grass, vines or weeds;
+an old carpet, burlap, feed or fertilizer bags or even newspapers, held
+down with stones or weeds or earth, all make good mulches.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>These trees ought to grow and, whether you ever succeed in grafting your
+seedlings or not, you should have at least a small orchard of fine nut
+trees.</p>
+
+<p>The second summer with the trees will be something like the baby's.
+Worms may bother them. Look out for bud worms and leaf-eating
+caterpillars. Give them all the water they can drink in the dry dog
+days. Nurse them, feed them and watch them and they will grow up to
+bless you. Some of them may bear as early as apple trees.</p>
+
+<p>These trees, and such scions as, from time to time, you may obtain
+elsewhere, are to furnish your propagating material.</p>
+
+<p>The plan just described may be modified in various ways, but the general
+principles are the same. Instead of planting the nuts in their permanent
+positions they may be put in nursery rows where they may have the
+advantage of intensive cultivation. The best of the resulting trees may
+be grafted or budded in the rows, or after they have been transplanted
+and have become well established. This method is an excellent one and
+has distinct advantages and many advocates.</p>
+
+<p>Yearling seedlings may be bought and set either in permanent positions
+or in nursery rows.</p>
+
+<p>Of course the man who is in a hurry, who can disregard expense and who
+does not care for the experience and gratification of grafting his own
+trees, may set his whole plantation with expensive grafted trees and
+replant where they fail.</p>
+
+<p>The technique of budding and grafting you must work out yourself with
+the help of the instructions obtainable from several authorities, or, by
+far the surer way, study the art with a master. The essentials are good
+stocks and good scions, the right moment&mdash;and practice.</p>
+
+<p>Excellent publications giving instructions in methods of propagation
+are: "The Persian Walnut Industry in the United States," by E. R. Lake;
+Bulletin 254, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
+1913: "The Pecan," by C. A. Reed; Bulletin 251 of the same department,
+1912: "Walnut Growing in Oregon," published by the Passenger Department
+Southern Pacific Company Lines in Oregon, Portland, Oregon, revised
+edition, 1912; and "Nut Growing in Maryland," by C. P. Close; Bulletin
+125 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park,
+Maryland. Any of these may be had free on application.</p>
+
+<p>The files and current issues of the nut journals are full of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+information. Join the nut growers associations, subscribe to the nut
+journals, get all the literature (see Circular No. 3) and you will soon
+be happily out of the fledgeling stage of nut growing and begin to do as
+you please.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Chairman: Comment upon this paper is now in order.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: You say you are going to issue that?</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: On my own responsibility, but subject to modification.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: If that is going out as a circular of the association, I would
+like to suggest two slight changes. For instance, you wouldn't expect
+the ordinary nut tree to begin to bear as early as the ordinary
+transplanted apple tree.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Some would.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: A summer apple would begin to bear much earlier than the
+ordinary nut tree.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: Well, chestnuts begin to bear very early after grafting.
+I refer only to grafted trees here.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: I thought that the paper had to do with trees that were
+planted as nuts.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: No, I think I made that perfectly clear.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: What is that new statement about roots, that it is desirable
+to leave them?</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: That it is better that a tree should go undisturbed than
+that it should be transplanted.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: Isn't there a question about that?</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: A question would arise in the hands of an expert,
+perhaps, but I think for an amateur, that a tree growing where the nut
+was planted is more likely to live and do well than a transplanted tree.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: I am not so certain about that, but what I had in mind was
+that the planter would get the idea that the tap-root was not to be cut
+off and that it is very desirable to the tree.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: That's a good point.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: About cutting the tap-root I have said yes and no so fast
+that I don't know which I've said last, and it seems to me that we ought
+to have discussion on this very point.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: I have said that in buying these grafted trees you should
+set them out following the instructions of the nurseryman closely.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: But that statement about the tap-root would lead the average
+planter to think that it was very desirable to have the tap-root.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: Has it been settled that it is not desirable?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: Well, I think it has been generally accepted that it is of no
+special value.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: That trees will grow as well transplanted as if they have
+never been transplanted?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: Well, I shouldn't want to put it that way, but this is the
+point: I would like to have the tree planter understand that a walnut
+tree doesn't need the tap-root and if he cuts off the tap-root in
+planting, there is no great loss. I wouldn't want to say that his trees
+wouldn't begin to bear earlier or bear larger if left in the original
+place. I prefer to transplant my own tree after it is grown, rather than
+run the risk of getting scrub trees in the post hole or on the hill. I
+prefer to select the grafted trees even without the tap-roots, which
+would be removed in digging, and planting them all uniform, rather than
+to plant the seeds. Speaking for the amateur, I think the latter is good
+practice. The point I had in mind was that many people will not take the
+time to plant nuts but will want to set grafted trees, and the question
+is, should they have considerable tap-root&mdash;the grafted trees?</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: Following my plan, a man would buy a small number of fine
+trees and set them out at once; that would probably be all he would
+undertake and all he could probably manage. He would also plant a small
+number of nuts on which to experiment in propagation. My experience up
+in Connecticut has been that all my southern transplanted trees, almost
+without exception, have died. I have planted pecans and Persian walnuts
+from a number of different nurseries. I have done it personally and done
+it as carefully as I could, but they have either made a very feeble
+growth indeed or have all died. On the other hand, the seeds I have
+planted have grown into very vigorous trees.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: I have had a little experience with the tap-root theory. You
+can't dig a walnut tree without cutting the tap-root, and that tap-root,
+I find, is practically of no benefit at all after you have your upper
+laterals, and an abundance of them; by cutting the tap-root growth is
+stimulated and a new tap-root is made. It is very largely in the mode of
+pruning the tap-root. You can readily stimulate the tap-root system.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: You try to keep an equilibrium by cutting down the top in
+proportion?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: Yes, sir.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pomeroy: In examining transplanted trees I found ten times as many
+roots where the tap-root had been cut; and there were two tap-roots. I
+like a tree with a good tap-root system and I am positive that if you
+transplant a tree you get a better root system, get a great many more
+roots.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: The tree development, it seems to me, depends not upon the
+number of roots which are carried with it when it is transplanted, but
+upon the feeding roots which develop. Now, if we cut back the tap-root,
+cut back the laterals, cut back the top, we have a tree carrying in its
+cambium layer, food, just as a turnip or beet would carry it&mdash;and I look
+upon a transplanted tree much as a carrot or beet, with stored food
+ready to make a new root.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Harris: I planted last fall a year ago a lot of English walnuts.
+Would the gentleman advise taking those up, cutting the tap-roots and
+planting them again?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: I don't think that would be advisable.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Harris: They were grown from the nuts sown in a row last fall a year
+ago and grew very well.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: In propagating the English walnut we have had them do the best
+by transplanting when the tree is about two years old, but it will more
+or less disturb the vigor of a tree to transplant it. That is
+self-evident; it needs some time to heal those wounds that are made both
+in the root and the branch.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Harris: What time of year do you bud them?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: In August.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hutt: I notice some trees here that are evidently two-year old
+pecans that have been cut back, and you notice that in every case
+several tap-roots have taken the place of the one. Here are some others
+that have not been cut. These have gone straight down. They are strong
+roots with few fibers on them. On these other trees that have been cut
+the formation of tap-roots continues. They will go down till they strike
+a permanent water-table and then the tap-root will stop. In Hyde County,
+North Carolina, near the ocean, the water-table is close to the surface
+and there is a deep black alluvial soil with a great deal of water in
+it. In order to grow anything there they have to put in ditches to get
+the water out. The pecan trees growing there have absolutely no
+tap-roots at all, it rots off as soon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> as it strikes the permanent
+water-table; and I think that's the reason they produce such enormous
+quantities of pecans in that county. In bottomless, sandy land where
+there is no clay the root keeps on going down till it finds the
+permanent water-table, even if that is six or eight or ten feet down.
+These roots, as you see, were going right down to China to look at that
+king on the other side if they got a chance. It's the same with the long
+leaf pine. It has a tap-root below ground thicker than the trunk above
+ground. The reason is that it grows naturally on those bottomless
+places; the root goes down till it strikes water, then runs off
+laterally. If you cut the roots they are bound to make new tap-roots.
+You can see the place where they have been cut and in place of one
+tap-root you have two, going right down into that sandy soil till they
+find a water-table. I believe that a nurseryman who will cut off the
+root of the pecan tree when it is transplanted, will cause it to form
+more lateral roots and make a better tree. There's a great number of
+vigorous roots in this tree than in this, and this tree whose root has
+been cut off will make a tree much easier to transplant and will be a
+better tree than those with great thick roots without the fibers that
+have the root hairs upon them.</p>
+
+<p>A member: You wouldn't recommend cutting back that tap-root too
+severely, would you?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hutt: In planting a tree of this kind, I'd cut off a foot or 18
+inches. If you get about 24 inches in a specially good soil, or about 30
+inches of root ordinarily that's all you want.</p>
+
+<p>A member: I should think that would depend quite a little on the height
+of the water-table. If you were planting on land where the water-table
+is low, you would leave more tap-root?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hutt: Yes.</p>
+
+<p>A member: That was the reason I brought up the point, because I think
+cutting so short would be too severe.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hutt: The cambium is the only part of the tree that maintains
+growth. Every wound kills the cambium to a certain extent, so I always
+cut off roots of any size with sharp shears as smoothly as possible. I
+cut far enough back to find good, fresh, living tissue. In moist soil
+that will callous over. In the South the soil is moist and we have
+growing conditions in the winter time, so it will callous over during
+the winter. In the North, I understand, you make a practice of planting
+in the spring, because of the weather conditions.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Harris: In Western Maryland we have in the moun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>tains a deep, sandy
+soil; there doesn't appear to be any water bottom to it; what would the
+tap-root do in that case?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hutt: It will go down until it finds what it wants, finds sufficient
+moisture.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Harris: Gravelly bottom?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hutt: If you have ever seen the roots of a long leaf pine, you've
+seen where the roots go to when they get a chance.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: I should like to ask Dr. Deming if he would give us his
+experience in propagating the walnut and hickory?</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Deming: A very important thing indeed for us nut growers in the
+North is to learn how to propagate. Dr. Morris has had some success; I
+haven't had any. I have tried it summer and spring, year after year. I
+believe there are a few pieces of bark, without buds, still growing.
+Chestnuts I haven't found very difficult, but with the walnut and
+hickory I have had no success whatever, although I have practiced the
+best technique I could master. I think one reason why I have had no
+success is that I haven't had good material. I have had good stocks, but
+I haven't had good scions, not the sort of scion that the successful
+southern nurserymen use. Still, Dr. Morris has had success with the same
+kind of material that I have failed with.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Not very much success.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: Dr. Deming said that the land ought not to be too dry nor too
+wet. Would you feel like saying that a water-table at 24 inches was
+neither too low nor too high?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hutt: It depends a great deal on the nature of the soil, the
+water-pulling capacity of the soil. Take a soil like that I mentioned,
+in Hyde County, near the ocean; you can see it quake all around you.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: But would you say that the northern nut grower might safely
+put his orchard on soil that had a water-table within two or three feet
+of the surface?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hutt: I could tell if I saw that soil. If it is craw-fishy, or soil
+that is ill-drained or won't carry ordinary crops, I'd say keep off of
+it, but if it will bear ordinary crops it's all right; in some cases
+where the soil is very rich the plant does not need to go down into that
+soil anything like the depth it would in a poor soil. The poorer the
+soil the further the roots have to go to find nourishment.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: I think that is an extremely exceptional case in relation to
+northern nuts. There is very little such North Carolina land in this
+section of the country, if I judge right.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> We don't plant nut-growing
+orchards up here in peaty soils, so Dr. Deming's recommendation was
+rather for very good agricultural soil. A water-table here must be eight
+or ten feet deep; in that event, it would not make any difference
+whether you left three feet of tap-root or 15 inches.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hutt: No.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: In the soils of some parts of New England, a tree would
+have to have a root three or four hundred feet deep to get to flowing
+water, but nevertheless trees flourish there.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: But the capillarity of the soil provides water for the tree
+above the water-table.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: It all depends on the kind of nut. At St. Geneva I came
+across a butternut that was growing in a soil that would kill a chestnut
+very quickly. The soil was very springy and wet and the butternut just
+loves that soil. I found that while other butternut trees bore nuts in
+clusters of one to three, this butternut tree was bearing them in
+clusters of ten and eleven. At Lake George, right in front of the
+Post-Office, there was one tree twenty-four years old, two feet through,
+that grew butternuts in clusters of ten and you could get a barrel of
+nuts from it. It bore again this last summer heavily, not in clusters of
+ten but in clusters of seven or eight. When we have damp soil we can't
+grow the chestnut but the hickory nut will grow in a swamp, and so will
+the butternut.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: And the beech.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: The beech wants clay; it won't grow unless there is clay.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Our beech will grow where it has to swim.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: Before we get away from this discussion I think that we ought
+to commend Dr. Deming in the selection of this subject and in the
+handling of his paper. In my position in the Government, we have a good
+many inquiries about nut matters, and they are usually from people who
+want to know how to start. The great call for information at the present
+time is from the beginners, not from the advanced people, and I am glad
+that Dr. Deming took that subject and handled it as he did, and I am
+glad that he proposes to issue it as a circular from this Association.
+It will be a great relief to others who are called on for information.</p>
+
+<p>I should like to have a word, too, about this tap-root question. From
+what has been said it is pretty clear that there is quite a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> difference
+of opinion. We sometimes think we can improve on nature in her ways by
+harsh methods and, while I know it is customary in the nurseries of the
+South to cut the tap-roots back pretty severely, I wonder, sometimes,
+whether that is always the best thing.</p>
+
+<p>I haven't had any personal experience, but I have observed quite a good
+deal, and the tendency, it seems to me, is to try to develop as much as
+possible the fibrous root. Sometimes that is brought about by cutting
+the tap-root, or putting a wire mesh below where the seed is planted, so
+as to form an obstruction to the tap-root, so that it necessarily forms
+a fibrous root. Where the tap-root is the only root I doubt very much
+the advisability of cutting back too severely.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Van Duzee: I have heard this subject discussed all over this
+country, in meetings of this kind, and a great deal of energy has been
+wasted. I do not think any of us know anything about it, but I do wish
+to say this, that when you come to transplant a tree from the nursery to
+the orchard, there are things of infinitely more moment than how you
+shall hold your knife between your fingers when you cut the roots. The
+exposure of the roots to the air, the depth to which the tree is to be
+put in the ground, the manner in which it shall be handled&mdash;those things
+are of infinitely more importance, because we know we can transplant
+trees successfully and get good results when the tap-root has been
+injured or almost entirely removed. I do not consider that the question
+of cutting the tap-root is of very serious importance, but I do think we
+should insert a word of caution as to the exposure of the roots of trees
+to the atmosphere, and make it just as strong as we are capable of
+writing it.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: That is a very interesting point, that we have fixed our
+eye on the tap-root and talked too much about it. Not long ago one of
+the agricultural journals decided finally to settle the question about
+the time for pruning grapes, whether it should be done in the fall,
+spring, winter or summer, and after summing up all the testimony from
+enthusiastic advocates for each one of the seasons, the editor decided
+that the best time is when your knife is sharp; and that is very much
+the way with the tap-root. Be very particular in getting the root in and
+caring for it.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pomeroy: Prof. Close, in a bulletin issued two years ago, spoke as
+does Col. VanDuzee about protecting the roots of the trees; he said
+"when the trees are taken from the box<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> that you receive them in, don't
+expose them to the sun or air, puddle every tree, and plant as soon as
+possible." I think that is pretty good advice. It doesn't cost any
+money, and takes very few minutes, to puddle the trees and it saves many
+of them.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: I have tried the Stringfellow Method of cutting back top
+and root until my men asked me if I didn't want to transplant another
+tree instead, and they have grown just as well as trees on which I took
+great pains to preserve fine branching roots.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: The last thing in my thought was to start a discussion of
+this perennial subject of the tap-root, but I should like criticism of
+this little circular, no matter how severe, because I am not finally
+committed to it and want to make it as useful as possible.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: Every man likes to ride his own hobby horse. Would it not
+be wise to suggest that some of these seedlings be put in odd corners?
+Certainly the hickory and walnut are adept in making themselves a home
+in the roughest kind of land.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: I have tried that, but I don't think, as a rule, the
+trees do well when stuck around in fence corners and odd places. To be
+sure the trees I put behind the barn or pig pen have grown beautifully,
+so that at one time I thought of building barns and pig pens all over
+the farm to put trees behind, but where they were set in fence corners
+and out of the way places they have not done very well. I think the
+experience of others is about to the same effect.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: My experience has been different from yours. I have some
+chestnut and walnut trees, on an unploughable hillside in the corner of
+my father's farm in Virginia which I stuck there ten or a dozen years
+ago and have done very little to them. Of course they are native. They
+have thriven. Nature does it exactly that way.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: It seems to me there is no question that they will do
+better under cultivation. Of course they may do fairly well in odd
+places if they can dominate the other growth.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: A man could take a pocketful of the various kinds of nuts
+and go around his fence corners and plant a few. In an hour he can plant
+fifty, and if he gets one to grow it is good return for that hour's
+work.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: I have advised people to take a handful of nuts and a
+cane when they go out walking and occasionally stick one in.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: In our locality, people would ask, "Why is that string of
+squirrels following that man?"</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: I have been planting nuts in that way for years.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: If a man planted trees which belonged in his neighborhood,
+nuts that were already in the dominant ruling group, then his chances
+for success would be very good, but if he introduced in fence corners
+trees that had to adjust themselves to a new environment, he would find
+very few growing and the squirrels, other trees and various obstacles to
+development in the midst of established species, would wipe out most of
+them. Nevertheless, as it isn't much trouble, I would advise anybody to
+take a pocketful of hickory nuts out with him when he goes for a walk
+and plant one every little way.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: The idea is good; let us follow it up.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: I don't think it is feasible at all to plant trees around
+fence corners.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: In our locality it would not do at all.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: It won't do in any locality. The sods and grass around the
+tree will dwarf it and cause a very slow growth. Our time is valuable
+and we can't wait on that kind of a tree to bring results. Cultivation
+is the main need. Sometimes trees will do well where the soil is rich
+and competition absent. In Burlington, N. J. we found a walnut tree
+bearing enormous crops in a back yard. I have seen the same thing in
+this county, and also in Carlisle, and the Nebo tree, famous for its
+wonderful productiveness, has a similar environment. But it is high
+cultivation that usually is necessary for the best results in all trees,
+and walnut trees particularly.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: Here is a note relating to this subject:</p>
+
+<p>"The women of Sapulpa, Okla., who recently organized for city and county
+improvement and advancement, have determined to plant pecan, walnut and
+hickory trees on both sides of a road now being constructed through
+Creek County, basing their action on the theory that two pecan trees
+placed in the back yard of a homestead will pay the taxes on the
+property. They believe that when the trees begin to bear they will
+provide a fund large enough for the maintenance of the road."</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: That's all right if you can look after them.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: It is very interesting to listen to these discussions of
+roadside trees and I have until recently been a strong advocate of them,
+but I have changed my opinion. I don't<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> think there is anything in the
+planting of trees in fence corners or along the roadside, for several
+reasons. The first reason is that nobody knows how long it is going to
+take that tree to amount to anything. I wouldn't give two cents a piece
+for trees stuck out where you cannot cultivate them and get to them to
+fertilize them. Another thing, we are right up against the problem of
+the insect pests of these trees and who is going to take care of them
+along the roadside? The insect pests will get on them and come into the
+fields of the man who is cultivating and raising trees legitimately.
+Down in southern Indiana, now, we find along the roadside hundreds of
+walnut trees that are every year eaten up with caterpillars. They love
+those trees and come over on to my trees. I keep my trees cleaned off
+pretty well. There's that problem. Up to a short time ago I was an
+advocate of roadside trees. It would be all right if there was some
+means of cultivating them. If there is land somewhere that is of no use,
+so that it doesn't make a bit of difference whether the trees on it have
+insect pests or not, you can go out there and scatter nuts and let it
+alone and wait the length of time you've got to wait. I don't think it's
+of much value, however, even then. I don't think there is a thing in it.
+I used to pride myself on the fact that I had set out more trees than
+anybody else in the State of Indiana. I haven't bragged about that for a
+long time, though I have set out, perhaps, in the last eight or ten
+years, or had set out under my direction, about 750,000 trees; I am not
+particularly proud of that any more, but I am proud to meet the fellow
+who has set out twenty or thirty acres of trees on good land, the best
+he's got, and cultivated them and kept the insects off of them and
+burned them up instead of letting them prey on the neighborhood. I think
+there should be a law passed that these trees along the roadside must be
+cut down or that somebody will have to take care of them.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: The original idea of roadside trees was constructive in
+its nature but failed to include the idea that, with the increase of
+orchard trees, or trees of any one species, we increase the insect pests
+because we disturb the balance of nature; and by disturbing the balance
+of nature we give advantage to insects which then remain on neglected
+trees to prove a menace to our own orchards. It we have various towns
+setting out roadside trees and detailing the children to look after
+them, asking the children to report on them, I believe the thing can be
+made a success and that the taxes of many a small town can be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> paid from
+the nut trees along the roadside, provided you have one boy or one girl
+for each tree, their services to be given free and the profit from the
+tree to be given to the town.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: How about the cattle? Let them keep grazing around?</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Oh, my, yes.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: I think we sometimes let our feelings make us say things
+that our brains would scarcely approve. I believe Mr. Littlepage's
+charge against the tree on the roadside is not necessarily
+substantiated. I don't know just how he is going to take care of his
+trees, but if it requires a vehicle carrying spray, I submit that a
+roadside tree is about as well fixed as one in his field. If it requires
+a man with a stick or a hoe or a ladder, the tree on the roadside is in
+about as eligible a location as one in the field. If care implies the
+idea of turning over the soil, the roadside is handicapped, but nature
+has got along without having the soil upturned. My point is this; there
+is on nearly every farm in the East a little patch of land somewhere, a
+little row between a road and stream where a few trees can grow, and if
+fertilization is required, a few barrels of manure can go there as well
+as anywhere else. The fact that a tree is put in a place that is not
+ploughed doesn't mean that it is beyond all care. My point is that with
+care we can get trees in fence rows without tillage and that, in
+addition to Dr. Deming's formal and carefully cultivated plot, there is
+about every farm a place where a man can stick a few trees and give them
+such care as can be given without tillage.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: I agree heartily with Prof. Smith's theory, but having
+had some experience, I find those things that he describes are not done;
+there is just that difference, always, between theory and fact. I read a
+beautiful book once, written by a woman, entitled, "There is No Death,"
+and I found on inquiry that she had already buried four husbands.
+(Laughter.) I was much interested in reading, once upon a time,
+Rousseau's beautiful story of domestic life and I found that while he
+was writing it, his children were in an orphan asylum. A fellow teaching
+in the high school in Terre Haute, Indiana, married one of the beautiful
+attractive young ladies of that town. Shortly after they were married he
+was busy writing and turned and told her that he didn't love her any
+more and he wished she'd go home. She was heartbroken and left and it
+turned out later that he was writing a book on how to get to Heaven.
+(Laughter.)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> There's just the difference between theory and fact. This
+is a beautiful theory. I used to be the strongest advocate of it, but
+all you've got to do is to go on a farm and try it. The trees won't get
+big enough to amount to anything in our lifetime, because these things
+you say you will do to them you don't do; at least, that has been my
+experience, and I would like to ask anyone to point to any section in
+the United States today, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific, where
+this theory is carried out successfully; and yet I know it has been
+advocated for fifty years.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: How about school children reporting on trees under their
+care?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: Whenever you give the proper care to them you solve the
+problem&mdash;whenever anyone will convince me that that will be done. There
+is no reason, of course, why the tree won't grow in these places, but my
+experience is that they don't thrive.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: I've put out thousands of them for public-spirited
+citizens, but it would be difficult to find one of them today.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: In France and in Germany the land is very valuable and they
+take a great deal of pride in their nut trees. The nuts we have here in
+the Lancaster market, Persian walnuts, are largely brought from France,
+Spain, Italy and Germany. The land being so valuable there, they devote
+much of their waste land to nuts, like Mr. Smith's idea of planting
+along the wayside, and they plant and cultivate them in their yards and
+in all corners. They would not, under any consideration, plant a maple
+tree just for the shade; the tree must serve for both fruit and shade,
+and those are some of the sources of foreign wealth.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Harris: I don't think the question is so much one of planting in
+fence corners as that we have a great deal of waste land on which the
+soil is very well adapted to growing nut trees. I know that sometimes in
+growing peach trees it is almost impossible to cultivate them. I know
+places in western Maryland where the rocks are lying so that you can
+hardly plough, and yet the soil is fertile and particularly adapted in
+some places for peach trees, and would be for chestnut trees. They have
+there a system of cultivation much as if you used the plough, and yet
+they are on steep hillsides. There is no reason, I think, why nut trees
+shouldn't grow there as well as on the level field where you can
+cultivate every inch of soil.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: They are looked after, that's the whole thing.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gowing: I come from New Hampshire and we have what used to be an old
+farm, but it is now a pasture and the soil is quite a potash soil, I
+think, amongst the rocks, and there's some apple trees planted there by
+the original man that worked this place. It was too rough to plough, but
+they have borne us as good apples some years as we have had on the
+place; and on this same piece of twenty acres or so, there's some
+chestnut trees more than two feet through that were cut off when the
+land was cleared, and they must have done well, for they grew to be such
+enormous trees.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: The trees are planted on this same old stump land?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gowing: Yes, sir.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: A great deal of stump land can be planted in this way.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: That wouldn't be planting them along roadsides and in fence
+corners.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: No, they would be looked after; the whole thing is looking
+after them.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: My idea is that there would be very few nut trees planted if
+every one was to start his own trees. They put off planting the trees
+even when they can get them at the nurseries, and if they had to start
+their own nurseries there wouldn't be one planted to where there's
+10,000 now; and I think that in the end the nurserymen are going to
+attend to the planting of trees and the other people are going to attend
+to growing them. Maybe I'm mistaken but did this Government ever produce
+any trees? Prof. Smith spoke of appropriating money and letting the
+Government get us some new variety. Hasn't it always been private
+individuals who get the new varieties? I have been trying to think of
+some fruit tree, apple or something, that a state or the Government has
+propagated.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: In this country I believe the Government has never done
+it, but in some parts of Europe, especially Switzerland, the taxes of
+some towns are paid by the trees along the roadside; but there every man
+has to report on his own trees and the proceeds go to support the town,
+and the taxes of certain small towns are actually paid today by roadside
+trees; but this is in a country where land is valuable, and every tree
+is under the direct supervision of a citizen who must report on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> it, and
+the product of that tree goes to the Government, he giving his labor
+instead of paying taxes.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: I was merely pleading for the continuation and spread of
+that work, both geographically and in increasing the varieties of trees.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: I am heartily in favor of that, but I think it ought to be
+referred to a committee. I want Prof. Smith to write it out in the form
+of a letter.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: I am glad you called my attention to that.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: The Government and the states are now engaged in such work and
+this ought to give it impetus. I think that the time and labor of the
+Nut Growers Association, since its organization, will have been well
+spent if we succeed in bringing to fructification this one resolution. I
+want also to suggest that Prof. Smith include among the nuts, the
+beechnut, because there's more meat in beechnuts for the amount of shell
+than any other nut we grow.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: If there is no further discussion, we will have now to
+spend a short time in Executive Committee work. I think we will ask to
+have a Nominating Committee appointed first. Mr. Rush, will you kindly
+read the list of the names of the men you proposed to act as a
+Nominating Committee?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush then moved that the Nominating Committee consist of Messrs.
+Lake, Hutt, C. A. Reed, Smith and Deming, and the motion was adopted,
+after which the Nominating Committee reported as follows: For President,
+Mr. Littlepage; for Vice-President, Mr. C. A. Reed; for Secretary and
+Treasurer, Dr. Deming. On Executive Committee: Dr. Robert T. Morris, in
+place of Mr. C. A. Reed. On Hybrids, Prof. J. R. Smith, in place of Mr.
+Henry Hicks. On Membership Committee, Mr. G. H. Corsan, in place of
+Prof. E. R. Lake. On Committee on Nomenclature, Dr. W. C. Deming in
+place of Prof. John Craig; the other committees to stand as heretofore.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: I move that the secretary be instructed to cast the ballot of
+the association for these nominations.</p>
+
+<p>The motion was seconded and adopted and the ballot cast in accordance
+therewith.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Now I will appoint as a Committee on Resolutions relating
+to Prof. Craig, Dr. Deming and the Chairman; Committee on Exhibits, Col.
+VanDuzee, Mr. Roper and C. A. Reed, and they will be here this evening
+to report on exhibits. Committee on Resolutions, Prof. J. Russell Smith<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
+and Mr. T. P. Littlepage. There is no Committee on Incorporation. Will
+someone propose that we have such a committee?</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: Isn't it a desirable thing that the society should be
+incorporated? It was mentioned to me by a wealthy man that if anyone
+wished to leave, or give, some money to this association, they would be
+much more likely to do it if the society were incorporated.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: I think it would be better for someone to make a motion.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: I move that a Committee on Incorporation be appointed by the
+chairman; a committee of three.</p>
+
+<p>(Motion seconded and adopted.)</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: The Committee on Incorporation will consist of Mr.
+Littlepage and Prof. Close. This evening we will meet informally here at
+about eight and tomorrow at ten we have the meeting at the Scenic to
+hear the papers of Mr. Rush and Prof. Lake and Prof. Reed, and see the
+lantern slides. We will first meet here at nine o'clock for an executive
+meeting and to look over the exhibits. The Committees will report at
+that time.</p>
+
+<p>(After discussion, on motion of Prof. Smith, seconded by Mr. Littlepage,
+the selection of the place of the next meeting was left to the Executive
+Committee.)</p>
+
+<p>The report of the Secretary and Treasurer was then read.</p>
+
+<h4>(SEE APPENDIX)</h4>
+
+<p>The Chairman: You have heard the Secretary's report. We had better take
+up, first, the question of deficit. What are we going to do about the
+$66.00? What prospects have we for the balancing of that account?</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: That account will be easily balanced, and more than
+balanced, by the dues coming in and then I will proceed to run up a
+deficit for next year.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: You have heard the Secretary's report. If there is no
+discussion, a motion to adjourn will be in order.</p>
+
+<p>(Adjourned till December 19th.)</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Convention met, pursuant to adjournment, December 19th, 1912, at
+9:30 <span class="smcap">A. M.</span>, President Morris in the Chair, and went into Executive
+Session.</p>
+
+<p>It was moved and carried that the President be empowered to appoint a
+committee to attend the conference at Albany,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> called for the
+consideration of the hickory bark borer, by the Commissioner of
+Agriculture of the State of New York.</p>
+
+<p>The question of the publication of reports of the Convention proceedings
+in the American Fruit and Nut Journal, was next taken up and it was
+moved by Mr. Lake and carried that the papers and discussions of this
+Society shall be used for its own publications exclusively, except as
+the Executive Committee deems it to the best interests of the industry
+to furnish them for separate publication.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: On November 8th, I received a letter from Calvin J.
+Huson, the Commissioner of Agriculture of New York, to this effect.</p>
+
+<p>Dear Sir:</p>
+
+<p>At the coming land show in New York this department proposes to have, as
+a part of its exhibit, a collection of native and introduced New York
+grown nuts.</p>
+
+<p>Can you give us the names of growers of the better strains of nuts who
+might be able to furnish material for such an exhibit. Perhaps your
+association would be able to assist in the matter. The Department will
+be able to stand a reasonable expense for cost of nuts, expressage, etc.
+Perhaps a few seedling trees would add interest.... By the exhibit as a
+whole we wish to show the variety and quality of nuts that may be grown
+in this state....</p>
+
+<p class="center">Very truly yours,</p>
+<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Calvin J. Huson</span>,<br />
+Commissioner.
+</p>
+
+<p>He wished me to assist in getting up an exhibit, but as he only gave us
+a week I was unable to do anything. I do not know that there is any
+action to be taken on that, but I read the letter simply to show that
+the interest in nut growing is increasing and that this is an
+opportunity for us to make an exhibit another year.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: Would the secretary take the trouble to make a collection of
+nuts covering the territory of the association and submit it for exhibit
+at a meeting of this character, this land show, giving credit to the
+donors for material, somewhat as Mr. Reed has done in pecans for the
+National Nut Growers Association?</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: I think I'd have a few minutes to spare to do that.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: I think it would be an admirable thing.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Yes, it would advertise the organization extensively and
+be a constructive step in agriculture.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage, have you any report from the Committee on Incorporation?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: That is a matter that will require considerable thought
+and attention. It will require attention from several standpoints, as
+for example under what laws we might wish to incorporate, so I think the
+committee will reserve its report to make to the Executive Committee at
+some later meeting.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: We have no other business, I believe, and will now retire
+to the hall where we will have the lantern slide exhibition. The morning
+session closes the meeting and we are to meet at two o'clock at the
+Monument and from there go out to see certain trees in the vicinity. Mr.
+Rush and Mr. Jones are to show us these and their two nurseries.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: I would like to offer as a resolution, that the secretary be
+instructed to make arrangements with the publishers of the American
+Fruit and Nut Journal for the distribution of one copy to each member as
+a part of his membership fee. The secretary will then be able to reach
+the members in his published notices without special printers' troubles
+of his own, and the members will be able to get some live matter right
+along.</p>
+
+<p>The motion was seconded and adopted, after which the executive session
+closed and the members adjourned in a body to the Scenic Theatre, where
+the regular program was resumed as follows:</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: We will have Mr. Rush's paper first.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_PERSIAN_WALNUT_ITS_DISASTER_AND_LESSONS_FOR_1912" id="THE_PERSIAN_WALNUT_ITS_DISASTER_AND_LESSONS_FOR_1912"></a>THE PERSIAN WALNUT, ITS DISASTER AND LESSONS FOR 1912</h2>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">J. G. Rush, Pennsylvania</span></h4>
+
+
+<p>The year just closing has been full of disasters both on land and sea,
+though I do not wish it to be understood that I am inclined to be a
+pessimist on account of these occurrences.</p>
+
+<p>I wish to speak of a disaster which overtook the walnut industry in the
+northern states. Early in the year we had an arctic cold wave which put
+the thermometer from 23 to 33<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> degrees below zero. This cold wave
+apparently did no injury to the walnut trees at the time but late in the
+spring it was discovered that the wood cells were ruptured though the
+buds and bark were uninjured. In cutting the scions in early April the
+bark and buds seemed in good condition for grafting; but as the time
+approached to do the work it was readily seen, by its changed color,
+that the wood was injured, some scions of course more than others. Those
+that were only slightly discolored were used in grafting. But as time
+passed the unhappy result came to light that out of about 2,000 nursery
+trees grafted only one graft grew. After climbing an 80 foot walnut tree
+to get our scions, and paying a good price for them besides, this was
+rather discouraging.</p>
+
+<p>This cold wave, which was unprecedented for the time, had wrought other
+injuries to the nut industry. That was especially to the young trees
+that were transplanted the fall previous and last spring. The
+transplanting with a frost injury already was too great a strain on the
+feeble life of the trees. The consequence was that some of them died
+outright, and others made only a feeble growth. But where low and severe
+pruning was practised good results followed and such trees as were
+established on the original root system escaped the frost injury
+entirely. The young nursery trees with dormant buds were not affected in
+the least but made a strong growth of from three to seven feet this last
+summer.</p>
+
+<p>The intense cold wave was such that some old and young seedling Persian
+walnut trees were killed outright, and not only the Persian walnut but
+in a few instances the American black was very much injured; likewise
+the Norway maple, magnolia, California privet and roses. Also the peach
+both in tree and fruit.</p>
+
+<p>Now in conclusion let me say, what is the lesson to be learned? First,
+as to the propagation of the Persian walnut, great care should be taken
+that only trees that are hardy should be propagated from, as well as
+having good bearing qualities with a first class nut. Second, after a
+freeze such as we had last winter, a special effort should be made to
+save the newly planted tree by close and severe pruning. As, for
+example, I had a very fine two year old Hall Persian walnut which was
+referred to me as dead. I cut the tree off about 4 inches above where it
+was budded on the black walnut stock. It was not long after that signs
+of new life appeared and eventually it made a very fine, handsome tree.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>
+Nature does indeed some wonderful tricks in this respect by which we can
+learn valuable lessons; and chief of these is close pruning.</p>
+
+<p>Such a cold wave may visit us only once in a lifetime and should not
+discourage us from carrying nut culture to its highest development. We
+must not think for a moment that other walnut sections are exempt from
+similar visitations. They have them in the Pacific Northwest, and in
+France and Germany.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the walnut industry for Lancaster county or Pennsylvania in
+general, I am safe in saying that a fair percentage of the farmers are
+taking hold of it. This is because of the fact that the San Jose scale
+has practically destroyed all the old apple trees around the farm
+buildings, and, not wishing to have the building denuded of the
+customary shade and fruit, nut trees are planted instead. This is in
+reality the practice prevalent in France and Germany where they utilize
+every foot of ground to profitable account.</p>
+
+<p>The life of an apple tree is from fifty to sixty years whereas a walnut
+tree is just in its prime at that age and destined to live for hundreds
+of years afterwards. Then again the ravages of the chestnut tree blight
+are destroying the cultivated paragons just as freely as the chestnuts
+in the forests, which in a few years will be things of the past, thus
+giving still more room for walnut and other nut trees.</p>
+
+<p>The Northern Nut Growers Association was organized for a grand and noble
+purpose, that is to stand together shoulder to shoulder to devise ways
+and means to bring nut culture to a grand and glorious success.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: The temperature Mr. Rush spoke of rather surprises me. Last
+year at Toronto it did not fall lower than 9 degrees below zero. We had
+summer almost until New Year's and then a very severe winter until
+April. I didn't notice any evergreen trees killed, but at Detroit, the
+Bronx and various other places, I never saw a winter so disastrous for
+killing evergreens.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Not only that but nurserymen all over eastern New England
+said they suffered greater losses last winter than ever before.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: I would like to ask Mr. Rush if it would be possible to cut
+scions by December 1st, so as to escape danger from such great freezes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: I really have little experience in keeping scions. This fall I
+put some in the moist cold earth in the cellar. I think the experiment
+will be successful because I have known chestnut scions cut in the fall,
+to be kept under leaves in the grove till spring.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: I should like to suggest that you try the following
+experiment; bury them, wrapped up in a gunny-sack or something, entirely
+underground where they will have absolute moisture and be shut away from
+the air. I have found that very successful.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: Sometimes the trouble is they get too moist.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: There is a principle here, and we had better keep down to
+principles as much as we can. That principle is that if the cells of the
+scions are distended with water a certain chemical process is going on
+all the while, because a scion is just as much alive as the red
+squirrel; it is a living organism. Now then, if the cells are a very
+little below normal dryness the chemical processes mostly cease, and
+that is better. We have to use nice judgment in avoiding having a scion
+so dry that its cells perish or so moist that its cells are undergoing
+chemical processes too rapidly. Our scions are cut, say, the last of
+November, then covered with leaves enough to prevent freezing and
+thawing. That will carry scions pretty well through the winter and
+perhaps is the best way, but we must never forget that in dealing with
+scions we are dealing with living red squirrels just as when we are
+dealing with pollen.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: Are the leaves moist or dry?</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: The driest leaves in the woods contain more water than you
+think they do. They carry enough to maintain the life of the cells, if
+they are packed pretty firmly about your scions, and at the same time
+the scions are still allowed to breathe. I keep them above ground. I put
+a layer of shingles on the cellar floor, if I've got a bare ground
+cellar floor, and then a layer of very fine leaves like locust leaves,
+then a single layer of scions and then a good big heap of leaves over
+those, packed tight, a good big heap of apple leaves or anything you
+have at hand. Try it on the basis of principles. It is a complex
+question. You can't settle any of these questions off-hand. Every man
+who has had much experience has learned that he needs a whole lot more.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: Have you had any experience in fixing up a bed of scions
+like that and putting it in cold storage?</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Yes, but you must tell the cold storage people not to let
+them get too dry. Tell them you want them in moist cold storage, and to
+keep the temperature about 40.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: We have found with walnuts that if you have the scions too
+damp they won't keep very long. If you have them just moist enough to
+hold them you can keep them all winter, maybe indefinitely.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: If your cell is full of water the scion will work as hard
+as an Irishman.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: I find that we have to graft them above ground, in the North,
+and if they are too moist when grafted they will dry up, but if kept dry
+they will grow, because they will remain in good condition until the sap
+comes up in the stock.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Yes, you must choose a position midway between too dry and
+too moist.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: That is very important; they won't stand dampness.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pomeroy: Wouldn't it be well to dip the cut end of the walnut scion
+in wax to hold the sap?</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: I am afraid that would stop its breathing. You are dealing
+with a red squirrel all the while, remember that.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: My method is this: I have a little room about six feet wide
+with ice packs on both sides and double doors. In that I pack my scions
+in this way: I take carbide cans made of iron and put damp sawdust,
+about an inch or so, on the bottom and then I pack my scions in the
+cans, cut end down, then I put the top on loosely. I have carried them
+over the second year in that way.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: But you let them breathe all the while?</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: Certainly, and they have but very little moisture. They are
+kept in a temperature of about 40 degrees.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: How often do you wet that sawdust?</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: Not once.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Well, that's in keeping with our theoretical basis.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: I cut scions any time between now and March. I don't take
+them out of storage until we use them. We graft up to the middle of
+June.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: I found some hickory scions that had been accidentally
+overlooked, kept under leaves, and the buds in the cambium were
+perfectly good after two years. In regard to winter injury&mdash;in the
+vicinity of Stamford, Conn., the nurserymen reported greater losses of
+all kinds in nursery stock than they had had before in their experience.
+I noticed that some small branches of the Persian walnuts had been
+injured, and particularly where grafts had started a little late and had
+not lignified quite thoroughly I lost whatever grafts had not had time
+to lignify. Last winter the injuries in our vicinity consisted chiefly
+of two kinds; occasional killing of the small branches&mdash;this does little
+harm because, where the branch is killed and dies back for a certain
+distance, we have three or four more branches starting up, so that
+perhaps it is not sophistical to say that it does the tree good. We get
+a larger bearing area than if it were not for this occasional freezing
+of small branches. Another form of injury occurs in the spring. The sap
+will start to ascend when we have warm days in February and March; then
+a few cold days come and, if we have absolutely freezing temperature at
+night, this sap freezes and when it freezes it expands, as water does
+everywhere, and the result is a bursting of the bark. That is an
+occasional happening with all trees but particularly with exotics. One
+kind of winter injury has been overlooked in connection with the walnut.
+The very last thing which the tree does in the autumn is to complete its
+buds for female flowers. That is the very last job the tree has on hand
+and if the tree cannot complete the buds for female flowers perfectly,
+then a very little wood killing will make that a barren tree, although
+it appears to be a good strong tree. That covers the kinds of winter
+injury I have seen in the vicinity of Stamford, Conn.</p>
+
+<p>(Here Col. C. K. Sober of Pennsylvania showed lantern slide views of his
+orchards of paragon chestnuts and his methods.)</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: We will have now Mr. Reed's address with lantern views.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="A_1912_REVIEW_OF_THE_NUT_SITUATION_IN_THE_NORTH" id="A_1912_REVIEW_OF_THE_NUT_SITUATION_IN_THE_NORTH"></a>A 1912 REVIEW OF THE NUT SITUATION IN THE NORTH</h2>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">C. A. Reed, Washington, D. C.</span></h4>
+
+
+<p>In taking up the question of the present status of the nut industry of
+the Northern States, we have to do more with what has not been
+accomplished than with what has been. Very little has been done toward
+developing the northern chestnut. What has been done has been mostly
+with the European species and so far that has not been very
+satisfactory. The European species is quite subject to the blight. The
+Japanese nut is not ordinarily of a quality equal to that of the
+American. It is thought, too, that with the Japanese chestnut the
+chestnut blight has been introduced, which has been so serious to our
+native species. The walnut has not become well established in the
+eastern states. So far, most of the European nuts that have been
+imported have been too tender to adapt themselves to our climatic
+conditions, and the filbert, when brought from Europe, proves quite
+subject to a blight that prevails everywhere with our native species,
+but with them is not so serious. In running over these slides, I will
+begin first with the chestnut. That is perhaps the best known species in
+this locality. That shows one of our native chestnut trees as it is
+familiar to you all in a great part of this territory under discussion,
+that is, the part of the United States east of the Mississippi River and
+north of the Potomac. That photograph was taken some time last June or
+July when the tree was in full bloom. The chestnut is one of the most
+beautiful of our native nut trees. This tree has the blight in one of
+the earlier stages and it is shown here merely to call attention to the
+disease, because no discussion of the chestnut industry at the present
+time can be complete without at least calling attention to the
+seriousness of that blight. That tree, perhaps, has not been affected
+more than two years, possibly one. Is that right, Mr. Pierce?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pierce: About two. That's an 18 or 20 inch tree, isn't it?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: Yes, sir.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pierce: It must be an 18 or 20 inch tree to be so badly blighted at
+the top.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: Two years, but you see it's pretty well gone. We come now to
+the Paragon, one of the first trees of that variety ever propagated. It
+was planted where it stands, by the intro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>ducer, Mr. Henry M. Engel, at
+Marietta, where they had quite an orchard at one time, but the blight is
+so serious that there are only a few specimens of the trees left. That
+tree is probably in the neighborhood of twenty-five years old. The next
+slide shows two trees of the same variety that we may possibly see this
+afternoon. They are on the farm belonging to Mr. Rush and they are about
+twenty years old.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: What have those trees yielded?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: They yield four, five, six and seven to eight bushels. You can
+see that they are not far from the barn and the roots run under that
+barnyard manure pile.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: What would you consider an average crop?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: They grow five or six bushels per tree.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: The greatest attention that has been paid to developing the
+paragon chestnut in orchard farming has been on the plan Mr. Sober has
+just shown, by clearing away the mountain side and cutting down
+everything but the chestnut sprouts. This photograph was taken in a
+thicket where the underbrush had not been cleared away. Those are a good
+age now or perhaps a little bit older than we usually graft, aren't
+they, Mr. Sober?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sober: Yes, sir; one or two years old. When they get to be three
+years old they are past grafting, according to my method.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: This photograph was taken at Mr. Sober's a little over a year
+ago, taken in the rain and is not very clear, but it shows the distance
+between the trees at the time when these trees were four or five years
+old&mdash;is that right?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sober: They are eleven year old trees.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: Do you thin them out after they get that size?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sober: Yes, sir, they should be thinned out more, but I hesitated on
+account of the blight; I have thousands that I could spare, but for fear
+the blight will take them out.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: Do you cultivate the ground?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sober: I don't cultivate it, I just pasture it. The land is
+fertilized, but not cultivated.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: That is a photograph of a large chestnut orchard in this
+county. It is not many miles from here. I understand that owing to the
+blight and to the weevil, that orchard has not been satisfactory, and I
+was told two or three days ago that it was being cleared away.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: What varieties?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: Paragon and native stock.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: Was that the old Furness Grove?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: Yes, sir. That slide shows the congeniality, ordinarily,
+between the stock of the native chestnut and the paragon. The next slide
+shows a typical instance of malformation between the Japanese and native
+chestnut. I understand that this is not unusual at all. The Japanese,
+ordinarily, does not make a good union with the American sweet chestnut.
+That slide was taken in Indiana. It is a twenty-five acre paragon
+orchard owned by Mr. Littlepage and Senator Bourne of Oregon, planted in
+the spring of 1910. The next slide shows one of the trees in the orchard
+during its first season. Mr. Littlepage had to have them all gone over
+and the burs removed. They were so inclined to fruit during the first
+season that they would have exhausted themselves if the burs had not
+been removed. They made a very promising start, but I understand from
+Mr. Littlepage that a number of the trees have since died. Is there
+anything you'd like to add to that, Mr. Littlepage?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: I haven't yet quite determined the cause of the trouble.
+Last winter I lost perhaps one-third of the trees with a peculiar
+condition. The wood under the bark was darkened. I sent some of them to
+Washington the year before to see if there was any blight or fungus and
+they reported there was none on any of the trees, but this winter
+perhaps one-third of the trees died down to the graft. A few, however,
+would sprout from the scion, giving me, of course, the grafted top
+again. It seemed to indicate, perhaps, a winter killing and yet I would
+not undertake to assert that that was the cause, but it was very
+serious.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: Was the land low or high?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: High land along a hillside, very excellent land for
+chestnuts.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: Sandy loam?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: No, it's a hilly clay with a considerable humus and set
+in clover.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Which way does it face?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: South.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: That is rather bad.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: I don't know. I have some over on the other side of the
+hill and I don't know whether the killing was greater on the other side
+or not.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: We have before us a view of the original Rochester and its
+originator, Mr. E. A. Reihl, of Alton, Ill. Over in the Court House we
+have on exhibition nuts of that variety which most of you have seen. You
+are aware, probably, that it is a native chestnut. It is one of the
+largest and best of the native chestnuts and originated in southern
+Illinois, where so far the blight has not spread. It gives considerable
+promise for the future. We come back now to Lancaster county to a
+chinkapin tree, a hybrid chinkapin. The original tree stands in a forest
+in this county, and as you notice there, it is a very good sized tree.
+You might think from the looks of the photograph that that is a
+chestnut, but the nuts are small and borne in racemes, so they are
+typical chinkapins.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: One parent was a chestnut?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: We don't know; it's a native tree; it's a hybrid.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: It's a supposed hybrid.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: Yes, the chestnut and chinkapin grow close together.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: What is the form of the nuts?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: Round like a chinkapin. I think it was a chestnut on a
+chinkapin.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: If it is a chinkapin, what is there to indicate that there is
+any chestnut blood in it?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: The size of the tree and the fact that the nut matures with
+the chestnut. The chinkapin is about three weeks earlier than this
+variety of chinkapin.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: That photograph is typical of the Rush hybrid chinkapin. We
+take up the butternut now. So far as we know, there are no named
+varieties of the butternut; there cannot be until some good individual
+tree is found which is of sufficient merit to entitle it to propagation
+by budding and grafting. It is one of the best known nuts in our field,
+especially in New England; it is more common there than it is further
+south.</p>
+
+<p>This slide shows the native butternut in the forests of southern Indiana
+near the Ohio River. Of course, those trees in forests like that don't
+mature many nuts. It is not in the forests, ordinarily, that you will
+find individual trees of sufficient merit to entitle them to
+propagation. It is the tree in the open that has had greater
+opportunities than are afforded in the forest.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: Are there any coniferous trees in that forest?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: No, that's an alluvial bottom, Mr. Lake. There is quite
+a long bottom by the creek where the butternut grows profusely. We have
+the same tree on the farm that Sena<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>tor Bourne and I own. Hundreds of
+those trees grow in the woods there. It's rich alluvial soil.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: The fact that it is rich alluvial soil does not usually bar
+coniferous trees; it may in your section.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: There are none there.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: The slide before us shows typical black walnuts that are
+almost as common, perhaps more so, in many parts of the area under
+discussion, than the butternut. This photograph was taken in Michigan
+where the trees are growing along fence rows without cultivation or
+special attention. No one knows whether the nuts of those trees are of
+special value or not. It merely shows the starting point for improvement
+in the walnut. We come now to the Persian walnut, which Mr. Lake will
+discuss more fully in a few minutes. This is one of the trees we will
+probably have an opportunity to see this afternoon. It is between Mr.
+Rush's nursery and the station, on the right hand side as you are going
+out. Just above the top of the fence you will notice a dark line which
+indicates the point of union. The Persian walnut was grafted on the
+black stock. The Persian is of slightly greater diameter. Now we have
+Mr. Rush in his walnut nursery. These are seedling walnuts in their
+third year.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: Second year.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: Second year from the time of planting. You will notice the
+luxuriant growth. The next slide shows the methods of propagation. This
+is the first step in the operation. The knife is similar to those on the
+tables in the Court House. The next slide shows the second stage in the
+operation where the bark has been lifted and Mr. Rush holds the bud of
+the Persian walnut in the fingers of his left hand, and the next slide
+shows the bud in position and being held firmly by a finger of the left
+hand. As soon as it is in position like that, Mr. Rush lifts the
+pencil&mdash;the instrument that he holds in the right hand and folds the
+bark back over the new bud and then cuts it on the outside, so that he
+makes a perfect fit. If anything, the bark of the black walnut overlaps
+slightly the bark of the bud, and the third step in the operation is the
+wrapping. Below, right at this point, is a completed operation. That was
+done in August, using buds of the present season's growth, and in about
+how many days is it that you take off the wrapping?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: About two weeks.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: In about two weeks take off the wrapping; and about how much
+longer is it before you get a growth like that?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: About two weeks more, three weeks more.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: In about four or five weeks from the time of the operation a
+growth like that is not uncommon.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: When is the top cut off?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: When I see that growth is taking place I cut the top off in
+order to encourage the growth to get strong enough for the winter. Of
+course our object is to keep the bud dormant until the following season,
+perfectly dormant, but sometimes they do make a growth and, if they do,
+cut them off at the top and force them. You will not get that bud to
+grow next summer, but another bud starts out below that branch and gives
+you your tree.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: That one dies then?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: Yes, sir, invariably dies.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: There is one of Mr. Rush's own growing of the Rush walnut, a
+little tree which, in its second season, matured two nuts. That
+photograph was taken just about the time the nuts were ready to be
+gathered.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: I noticed in the nurseries at the Michigan Agricultural
+College, a lot of black walnuts that were sun-scalded. They were too far
+apart. Can anyone tell us anything about this danger of sun-scald to the
+trunk?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: Well, in this particular instance, the tree stands right next
+to a fence, so it is protected from the hot sun during a large part of
+the season. Perhaps Mr. Rush could tell us whether he has had any
+trouble with sun-scald.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: Not at all, none whatever, never.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: There is, in some localities, a great deal of danger from
+sun-scald. In the vicinity of Stamford, Conn., most of the English
+walnuts will sun-scald more or less unless we look out for that and give
+them shade; mostly in the trunk below the branches.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: How about the nuts?</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: I haven't seen any scalding there.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: These are all interesting points and I am glad to have them
+thrown in. Mr. Rush can tell us about this slide. It is one of the
+cut-leafed varieties of walnut from California that he is propagating.
+It is more of an ornament than it is a commercial nut, isn't it?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: It is both combined. It is very productive and very hardy. The
+nut is not quite as large as the Nebo. It is the cut-leafed weeping
+walnut. The first tree that came from California cost twenty dollars. It
+is very ornamental.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: This is a view of a seedling Persian walnut orchard in Bucks
+county, this state, some twenty or thirty miles north of Philadelphia.
+It is now about ten years of age and is owned by Mrs. J. L. Lovett, of
+Emilie. Some of the nuts of this orchard are on exhibition over in the
+Court House. The orchard was not given any special cultivation at the
+time this photograph was taken. The nuts from the trees, of course, are
+very ununiform, being seedlings, and the bearing of the trees is not
+especially large, but the apparent thrift and vigor of these trees gives
+a good deal of ground for looking forward to a walnut industry in the
+eastern states.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: Do you know the origin of the seed?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: No, sir, we do not. The nuts from which those trees were
+planted were obtained and planted by Mr. Lovett who is now deceased.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: One of the most important features, it seems to me, of
+grafting, is the idea that we can graft from prolific trees. The
+majority of trees, of walnuts, hickories, anything you please, are not
+remarkably prolific, but in grafting you select a tree that is prolific
+as one of the most desirable of its qualities.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: You say that this grove was given no particular cultivation;
+are they careful to allow all the foliage to remain on the ground where
+it drops?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: I couldn't answer as to that.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: Mr. Sober, do you do that?</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: Yes, sir.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: The point I wanted to make is that that is probably very much
+better than any cultivation that could be given.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: The matter of cultivation is one we have got to settle in
+this country. I have been over the walnut orchards on the Pacific coast,
+in the East and in Europe, and I find three entirely separate and
+distinct methods of treatment. On the Pacific coast, the rule is to
+cultivate every year and irrigate where they can, but to cultivate, at
+any rate, whether they irrigate or not. In the East, where people are
+supposed to be very industrious, we have adopted the lazier way of
+letting the trees<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> grow in sod; but that is not so bad if we follow the
+principle brought forward by Stringfellow of letting the leaves all
+decompose, and adding more fertilizer and more leaves and taking away
+nothing. In France and Germany and England, where the trees are
+cultivated, particularly in France, where they are best cultivated, we
+find two methods; first, keeping up clean cultivation and adding a
+little lime every year and, second, add lime without the cultivation.
+One great feature of the treatment of the tree in France, where the best
+walnuts come from, is the addition of a little lime every year, even if
+it's a limestone ground, and that may possibly account for the delicate
+character of the French walnuts and the reason why they have the first
+call in the market. I don't know that that is true, but it seems to me,
+at least, a collateral fact, and collateral facts often mean something.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pomeroy: Judging from my own experience I think that that orchard
+would be producing now two or two and a half bushels per tree each year
+if put under cultivation and given the care of an ordinary peach
+orchard.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: These are seedling trees, you understand, in that orchard we
+showed. This is a Persian walnut tree in Mr. Rush's front yard. I've
+forgotten the variety.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: That is the Kaghazi.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: Now we come to the original hickories. This is one of the
+earliest hickory nuts propagated, in fact, it's about the only one so
+far. That tree is owned by Mr. Henry Hales of Ridgewood, N. J.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: Have they fertilized it?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: No, not especially. It stands on good, fertile soil but I
+think no attention has ever been paid to it in the way of cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: Have you its yielding record?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: It never made large records; as I recall it now, it has never
+borne more than a few bushels at any one time, perhaps two bushels.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: One reason is because it has been cut back regularly every
+year for scions?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: Yes, that's true.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: Over two hundred years old, then?</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: I doubt if that tree is over fifty or sixty.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: That's what I should say,&mdash;somewhere in the neighborhood of
+fifty or sixty years old.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: That slide shows a typical grafted tree in Mr. Hales' garden.
+It's a nice shapely, thrifty tree about seven years old and only
+recently came into bearing to any extent. The nurserymen have had great
+difficulty in propagating it until recently. Now that Mr. Jones has come
+up from the South and he and Mr. Rush are getting down together
+earnestly in the propagation of these northern trees, we will probably
+have more of them, but in all the years that Mr. Hales has been working
+with that particular variety, he has never been able to get more than a
+few trees grown in the nursery, so it is not disseminated to any extent.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Do you think that this will be like the pecan and hickory,
+that some varieties will bear fifteen years after grafting and other
+varieties two years after grafting, for instance, as extremes?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: Probably so, the same as it is with other fruits.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: It seems to me that that is what we may fairly anticipate.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: Like Northern Spy apples and other apples.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: This slide is a little bit out of order. It's a native Persian
+walnut tree that stands in this county. It is owned by Mr. Harness. Mr.
+Rush has propagated it under the name of Geit. That photograph was taken
+in the fall of 1911. Last year it suffered greatly during the extreme
+weather, but it came out again and made a very good growth. This is the
+original Rush tree that we may be able to see this afternoon. And this
+is the original Nebo that we had hoped to be able to see but will
+probably not succeed. It is some seven or eight miles from Mr. Rush's
+home and we will hardly be able to make it this afternoon. The slide
+before us shows some European filberts that were planted by Mr. Hales
+and up to the present time they are doing nicely although they have
+never fruited especially heavily; but there is no blight.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: How many years?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: I think those are ten to twelve years old. Perhaps you have
+seen them.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Yes. There are two features connected with the filbert
+that we ought to discuss right here. One is the tendency to its being
+destroyed by the blight of our American hazel, which extends to Indiana,
+and another is the fact that it blossoms so early that the female
+flowers or the male flowers are both apt to be killed by the frost. All
+the members of this Asso<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>ciation ought to get to work to bring out a
+variety which will have the blight-resisting features and the later
+blooming of the American hazel.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: This slide shows a filbert we will probably be able to see
+this afternoon. It is in Mr. Rush's door yard and is still pretty young.
+I believe it has not borne of any account.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: It has borne a little.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: How old is it?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: I think it's about five years old. It is a Barcelona.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: The next slide is taken in the orchard of Mr. Kerr at Denton,
+Md. At one time he had a very nice orchard of these filberts, but the
+blight has gotten in and has about wiped out everything. In a letter
+from him this fall he said he had very few nuts of any variety, although
+he did have a few. A letter that came this week from J. W. Killen, of
+Felton, Md., said he had found filberts to be about as unprofitable a
+nut, as any he could have grown.</p>
+
+<p>We will spend a few minutes now running over the pecan situation. We can
+hardly omit it altogether because there are so many people in the
+northern states who are interested in the pecan in a financial way. The
+chart before us shows first the native area. This part here is the
+portion of the United States in which the pecan is a native. You notice
+how far upward it extends, almost to Terre Haute, Indiana, and across
+southern Indiana along the Ohio River, and it is right in here, about
+where the pencil indicates that some of our best northern varieties have
+originated. Mr. Littlepage and W. C. Reed and others have shown us nuts
+over in the Court House that originated there. The Busseron and the
+Indiana are the two most northern. They are a little way north of
+Vincennes. No varieties so far of any merit have originated in Illinois.
+While we have the map of Illinois before us, I would like to point out
+the place where Mr. Riehl originated the variety of chestnut we referred
+to some time ago. Down in more southern Illinois is where we find Mr.
+Endicott. This darkened area along the southeastern part of the United
+States, and extending away up into Virginia, shows the area to which the
+pecan has been planted with more or less success. This area extending
+down over the Piedmont and up into Virginia and West Virginia, is the
+mountain area to which the pecan is not adapted. You never find pecans
+on the uplands. This thick, heavy area shows the territory within which
+the pecan has been most extensively planted.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> It is not common down in
+southern Florida. You notice, too, that over here in Texas there have
+been very few orchards planted to pecans. North of these shaded areas,
+anywhere up in Ohio or Pennsylvania or New York, the pecan has not shown
+any adaptability or has not shown sufficient adaptability to justify
+commercial planting. Whatever planting of pecans is done in the area
+north of the shaded portions there must be considered as experimental.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: The southern part of Texas is actually in the tropical
+zone. It would be interesting to know if we have the pecan actually
+growing in the tropics.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: We have more or less vague reports that it is growing down
+near Brownsville. I think Mr. Littlepage told us the other day of a
+friend of his who is planting pecans.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Brownsville is very close to the tropics.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: Mr. Yoacum told me he had a grove down there that had
+not been a success so far. I know that quite a number of people have
+discussed the question of planting pecans in that section.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: This is one of the largest of pecan trees; it is the largest
+that it has ever been my personal privilege to see. It has a
+circumference of between 18 and 19 feet and a spread of about 125 feet.
+We estimated that it was about the same height. It stands on the west
+side of the Mississippi River, some distance south of Baton Rouge.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: What is the approximate water level below the ground?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: It is quite near the surface.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: I thought so. There are conditions you will observe that
+are unusual. In lands where the water level is near the surface, there
+is a tendency in the tree to shove out a lot of surface roots. You can
+travel all over the pecan belt of Indiana and will never see a pecan
+tree that does not look as if it had been driven in the ground with a
+pile-driver, but I have noticed that you find those spreading roots
+where the water level is near the surface of the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: It is interesting to know that right near this tree were other
+large trees, nearly as large, that were blown over, and they showed no
+tap-roots, but merely the surface roots, This slide shows a pecan bloom.
+The pistillate bloom is clear up on the terminate growth; the staminate,
+like other nut trees,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> is on the growth of last season and comes out
+somewhat in advance of the pistillate, necessarily.</p>
+
+<p>We come now to the wild pecans of Texas. The recent census figures show
+that fully three-fifths of all the pecans produced in the United States
+come from Texas. This photograph shows the native wild pecans along the
+Colorado River. Here is the pecan as a park tree. This picture was taken
+in Llana Park, New Braunfels, in west Texas. One of the nuisances in
+pecan trees is illustrated in the upper part of this photograph; you
+will notice the Spanish moss that grows so densely on the pecan trees if
+neglected. Unless the moss is kept out it gets so dense that it smothers
+the fruiting and leafing surface, so trees that are densely covered with
+that are able to make leaves only on the terminals. You notice in the
+rear the leaves of bananas that grow there throughout the entire year.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: I have noticed that the mistletoe was a bad parasite on
+the pecans in some regions. Have you found that?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: Yes, that is true; that is one of the pests of the pecan. This
+slide shows a typical Texas scene. The wild pecans have been gathered
+and are brought into town and are waiting the buyers. You will notice
+right here is a bag that has been stood up and opened, waiting for a
+buyer, the same as we see grain in the streets of northern towns, and
+here are pecans on their way from the warehouse to the car. The next
+slide shows another step; they are on their way now from Texas to the
+crackery or the wholesalers. The crop of pecans in Texas alone usually
+runs from 200 cars to 600 or 700 cars. This year the crop is small and
+probably not over 200 cars, so the prices are going up. This is the
+pecan crackery in San Antonio, having a capacity of 20,000 pounds a day.
+The pecans are cracked by machinery and the kernels are picked out by
+hand. This slide shows a native pecan tree. The one in the foreground
+was from across the river near Vincennes. It is one of the first
+northern varieties that was introduced, but it is now superseded. The
+next is the original tree of the Busseron. The nuts from that tree are
+on exhibition over at the Court House brought here by Mr. Reed. The tree
+was cut back quite severely several years ago to get budwood and has not
+made sufficient top yet to bear normal crops again. This is the original
+tree of Indiana. Beside the tree is the introducer, Mr. Mason J.
+Niblack, the gentleman with his hand by the tree. Now we come to the
+original<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> Green River, one of the northern Kentucky pecans. It is in a
+forest more than twelve miles from Evansville across the Ohio River in
+Kentucky. The trunk of that tree is typical of others in the forest.
+There is a pecan forest of perhaps 200 acres, from which everything but
+pecan timber was removed several years ago.</p>
+
+<p>The slide before us shows the trunk of a supposed chance hybrid between
+hickory and pecan. The next slide shows a grafted tree of that variety.
+It is interesting to note the vigor of this hybrid. It is quite the
+usual thing to get added vigor with hybrids. This is one of the most
+beautiful, dense, dark green trees that I have ever seen in the hickory
+family. This tree is in northern Georgia, but it is not so prolific as
+the parent tree.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Does the shell fill down there?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: No, it does not.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: It grows very vigorously in Connecticut. It is a perfectly
+hardy hybrid, but I am afraid I shall only be able to use the crop for
+spectacle cases.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: This shows one of the most common methods of propagating the
+pecan, the annular system. It is a slight modification of the system Mr.
+Rush applies to the propagation of the walnut. This shows one of the
+tools designed especially for annular budding, the Galbraith knife. The
+rest of the operation you already understand. It is merely placing the
+bud in position and wrapping the same as Mr. Rush does.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: I would like to ask, does it make a great deal of
+difference whether the bud ring is half an inch long or an inch and a
+quarter long?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: It does not make any difference. The union takes place on the
+cambium layer. It is not made on the cut.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Then the length of the bud is not of great importance?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rush: No, it is of no importance at all.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: This slide may be a little bit misleading. Two nuts matured in
+the nursery on a scion that was inserted in February. The scion was
+taken from a mature tree and the fruit buds had already set and had
+enough nourishment to carry them through the season so that they
+matured. That is no indication of what may be expected in the way of
+bearing. It is one of the freaks. This is merely a view of a
+fourteen-year old pecan orchard in south-western Georgia, a 700-acre
+orchard owned largely by one person. That is the orchard belonging<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> to
+Mr. G. M. Bacon, a name probably familiar to some of you. Those trees
+are set 46 feet, 8 inches apart, each way. There are twenty trees to the
+acre, just beginning to bear now. That photograph was taken some two
+years ago showing the first step in topworking. The top has been
+removed, as you notice, and the next slide shows the subsequent
+water-sprouts which are later budded. The lower branches were left in
+the first place to take up the sap while the new head was in formation.
+They have now been removed. Our next point might be brought out in
+connection with this slide. One of the typical, sub-tropical storms, not
+unusual in the Gulf States, swept over this area in September, just as
+the nuts were beginning to mature and defoliated the trees and whipped
+off the nuts. The sap was still in circulation, and the varieties that
+respond most readily to warm weather, that start earliest in the spring,
+sent out new leaves, so that foliage was foliage that ought to have come
+on the next year, that is, it was exhausting next year's buds. The same
+year the tree sent out its blossom buds, so it had no fruit the
+following season. This slide shows one of the pests in the pecan
+orchard, the twig girdler, at work. The insect deposits its egg under
+the bark up at about that point, then goes down below girdles the twig,
+and it breaks off, goes to the ground, and the insect comes out, goes
+into the ground and comes out the next season. There are a good many
+drawbacks that are occurring and more are to be expected the same as
+with other fruit. There are probably no more setbacks to pecan growing
+than there are to the growing of other fruit, but this is one of the
+things. This orchard was set in land bordering the Flint River and at
+the time this picture was taken the water stood at the depth of three
+feet. It probably did no harm, because it didn't stay more than a week
+or ten days. Sometimes it stays longer and in such cases it is a serious
+matter. In Texas, floods come up like that into the branches of the
+trees, so high in some seasons after the nuts are formed, that the nuts
+deteriorate and fall to the ground. In such cases it is a pretty serious
+thing. (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>The time for which the "scenic" was engaged having expired, the
+delegates returned to the Court House and the regular program was
+resumed.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: We will next hear from Mr. Lake.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lake: My topic, aside from the slides, was concerning the result of
+the work at Arlington this year. It is all written out but I don't
+propose to read the paper at this stage. I have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> not been a teacher and
+lecturer for 25 years for nothing, and I don't propose to kill the few
+friends I have among nut growers by talking them to death when they are
+hungry and want to see something interesting. I will send this paper in
+due time to the secretary, and give way now to Mr. Jones. I did want to
+show you on the slides a few illustrations of cross fertilization
+between the Japanese and the American walnut, but we will put those in
+engravings and put them in the Northern Nut Growers' Journal, so that
+you will see them there with better satisfaction. Now one or two words
+about these Persian walnuts. These are eastern grown seedlings, the best
+that I have been able to pick out. Here is an Oregon grown nut. That is
+the ideal type for dessert walnuts. This is the Meylan. There is only
+one better, and that is the real Mayette, of which we grow very few in
+the United States, but we are growing considerable of the Meylan.
+Whether we can grow this successfully here or not, I am not certain, but
+it is well worth trying. The better type of our nut seedlings in the
+east are from the Parisienne. We must get a nut something like this that
+you can crack between your fingers, not one that is sealed so hard that
+it requires a hammer, and must get one with a very good quality of meat.
+One great advantage to the walnut grower in the East will be that he can
+get his crop on to the Thanksgiving market, which is the cream of the
+market&mdash;something the Western or European nut grower cannot do. So if we
+can grow a nut reasonably fair in quality we can expect excellent
+results.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Mr. Jones, will you give us your points now?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: Dr. Deming yesterday asked me to give a little demonstration
+of grafting and I have brought along a sort of transplanted nursery on a
+board, so that I might do so.</p>
+
+<p>(Here Mr. Jones demonstrated methods of grafting the pecan.)</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Tell us about the wax cloth, Mr. Jones.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: We use that over the cut.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: How do you make your wax cloth?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: We take a roll of this, possibly three or four yards long,
+very thin muslin, roll it up and drop it in the melted wax.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: How do you make that wax?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: We don't measure the ingredients, but I think it varies from
+four to six pound of rosin, to one pound of beeswax and a tea cup full
+of boiled linseed oil and about a tablespoon of lamp black.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: What do you use the lamp black for, Mr. Jones?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: To toughen the wax so that it will not crack and so that it
+will adhere better.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: How do you get your excess of wax off the cloth?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: We just throw the rolls on a board and press them.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: I believe you would find it easier to tear it up into strips
+than to put it in rolls. We have been using that method. We ran short of
+cloth and I went to town and got some and tore off a piece about 8 or 9
+yards long and folded it up into strips that wide and dipped it in the
+pure beeswax and pressed it on a board and it was ready for work.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: I take just a common corn cob and wind it on as you would on
+a spool, then, while the wax is warm, I dip it in; you can have the
+cloth half an inch wide or an inch wide just as you please. My way of
+making wax is, I take two pounds of rosin, one pound of beeswax and half
+a pound of tallow. I find that stands all kinds of weather.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: You prefer the tallow?</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: Yes sir, I do.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Beef tallow or mutton tallow?</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: I prefer mutton tallow; two pounds of rosin, one of beeswax
+and half a pound of tallow. Then you want to boil it very slowly and
+thoroughly, and pour it in cold water.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: Do you unroll this roll of cloth?</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: I have a machine to turn it on just the same as you would on
+a spool.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: The strip goes through the wax?</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: No, you wind that, then when your wax is warm, you drop this
+in but secure the ends, then take it out and lay it by till it's all
+saturated; then I tear it off as I use it. I find that is the most
+convenient thing, and I generally get calico, that is pretty closely
+woven, but is rotten so that it tears easily.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: Did you ever use raffia for tying your grafts?</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: No sir, I have not.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: We have used it on pecans and walnuts for the reason that it
+doesn't have to be untied as it bursts off with the growth of the tree.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: This wax I have tried on thousands and thousands of grafts
+and it stands all kinds of weather. You can<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> get wax that's been there 8
+or 10 years and you can take it off now and use it.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: That is one advantage of using the tallow; linseed oil will
+dry out.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: Tallow is the best; that's been my experience.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: If linseed oil is not used immediately or very soon, it gets
+hard.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: It's all right in wax and all right in cloth, too, if you
+keep it in a damp place till ready to use.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hutt: Can you use parafine in place of beeswax?</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Have you tried this method on the other hickories besides
+the pecans?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: Yes sir.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: You've got shagbark to catch fairly well, have you by this
+method?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: Yes sir.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary: How did your pecans and hickories do last summer?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: I've forgotten the exact percentage that grew. Some died
+after they had made a growth of several inches. I think I left too many
+limbs growing on the hickories. Some of them made quite good growth.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: When is this kind of grafting done?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: We wait until the sap is up.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: What do you cover the top with?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: With wax. We leave this open at the bottom, for the reason
+that the sap can get out and not ferment. If it holds the sap, it will
+sour you know.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: How far down does your wax go, Mr. Jones?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: Far enough to cover up the wrapping.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: Does that work on pecans as well as hickories?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: Yes sir. To show the value of this patch, we have grafted
+rows side by side and got 80 per cent where we used this patch and 34
+per cent where we waxed it over solid and left no ventilation or exit
+for the sap.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: Isn't that to keep the wax out of the cambium layer?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: Yes sir, it does that too.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: Are there any fine points about this trimming, other than
+mere wedge?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: No sir, only it's thick on one side, as you will see so that
+it wedges tightly.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A Member: Isn't it a fact that you can use three and four year pecan
+wood just as well?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: Yes sir, two year wood or three will give you better results
+than one year.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: What time in the season do you graft?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: The 20th of April to the 20th of May here.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: What stage of stock do you prefer?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: Well it doesn't matter, you can graft these after they have
+made a foot of new growth, if you've got a good dormant scion; you could
+put in a graft any time in the summer, perhaps.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: How long do you leave on the paper bags?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: Until the scion begins to grow. Sometimes I have made a
+mistake and left them on until they grew up and curled down.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: What is the superiority of that over plain cleft grafting?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: You can do better work and do it quicker. I have put in 1200
+grafts in a day.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: You don't mind this arch being left up?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: That ought to go a little deeper, maybe, but it don't make
+much difference, so long as it is well waxed.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: The paper bag protects the scion?</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jones: Yes sir. The object is not to protect the scion so much as to
+keep it dry. You want to keep the scion dry until it gets sap from the
+stock to start it into growth.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: Is it necessary that this should be waxed cloth?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: No sir, we use paper ordinarily, of course we run wax over
+the paper in waxing the scion and then the paper is as good as cloth.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Sober: Do you find it apt to curl up in windy days&mdash;the paper? I
+tried that and had all kinds of trouble until I got on to the tape.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: We don't try to tie with the paper; the paper is only to let
+the surplus moisture or sap out.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: Does this tend to hold that in or is it all held in by the
+patch there?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: This doesn't really need any tying, as it is large.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: Would you carry the patch around to the other side?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: No sir, just fill it up with wax.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: And the juice runs out of there and will escape anyway.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: Yes sir.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: Do you wax in addition to the paper you put on?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: We don't wax the scion all over. We used to take hot wax and
+run a thin layer over the whole scion, but we quit that and used the
+bag, because if you wax over a scion tight and it happens to have
+sufficient moisture, it will start growth with that moisture before it
+makes the union.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: Do you wax the tip end?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: Yes sir.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: Do you wax this in here?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: Yes sir; we fill that over with liquid wax. It is possible to
+have your wax too hot, and burn the scion.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: Have you found that all the species of hickory take grafts
+with equal ease?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: We grafted some here last spring that started very nicely and
+then died. I don't know whether it was in the hickory stock or whether
+they were robbed by the sprouts; we didn't pull off any sprouts. There's
+a whole lot of things we don't know about grafting yet, but will know
+more in time.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: How about using scion wood more than one year old?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: We prefer two or three year old wood for the scion. We have
+coming now, 3,000 walnut scions from California and they are all to be
+two and three years old. I have put in rows of 100 with large two year
+scions and you could count 100 and not find one dead among them and some
+of the scions were almost as big as my wrist. It's a job to cut them.
+You see that scion, being large, has enough vitality to hold it until it
+can make a union.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: You want one bud on this?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: We generally have two buds.</p>
+
+<p>A Member: Do you use the same method on the Persian walnut?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: Yes sir; we got a little stingy one year and cut these all to
+one bud and hardly got any out of them. You've got to have wood enough
+to hold the scions dormant; of course there may be one or more buds on
+the scion.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: And got to have food enough in them.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: Yes sir. Col. Sober grafts chestnuts that way,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> but I have
+never been able to graft pecans and walnuts with very short scions.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairman: I have caught chestnuts with one bud, but most of the nut
+trees want more food and you've got to have a lot in the scion.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Smith: Have you used that with pecans in the North?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones: Yes sir, this will be our method of propagation.</p>
+
+<p>After Mr. Jones had given further illustrations of the process of
+grafting, the convention adjourned.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="SOME_PERSIAN_WALNUT_OBSERVATIONS_EXPERIMENTS_AND_RESULTS_FOR_1912" id="SOME_PERSIAN_WALNUT_OBSERVATIONS_EXPERIMENTS_AND_RESULTS_FOR_1912"></a>SOME PERSIAN WALNUT OBSERVATIONS, EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS FOR 1912</h2>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">E. R. Lake, Washington, D. C.</span></h4>
+
+
+<p>The Arlington work for 1912 in the propagation of the Persian walnut
+consisted in top-grafting three and four year old nursery stock by
+several methods, as ordinary cleft, side cleft, bark cleft, prong, whip
+and modified forms of these. For wrapping we tried bicycle tape, waxed
+cord and cloth, with wax and plasticine for covering.</p>
+
+<p>The work was done during the latter part of April and first part of May.
+The stocks averaged from &frac34; to 1&frac14; inches diameter, and were cut off
+from 16 to 30 inches above the surface of the ground. In a few cases
+bark grafting by modified whip form was performed upon the branches at a
+height of about 4 feet.</p>
+
+<p>Later in the season from June 12th to August 25th buds were placed by
+varying methods. In the earlier instances the buds were taken from
+left-over grafting stock. Of the scion wood received last year all the
+wood from Eastern growers was frost bitten and wholly failed to take
+with one or two exceptions.</p>
+
+<p>The Pacific Coast wood was received in excellent condition and
+operations with it were gratifying, especially with the ordinary cleft
+graft, and patch bud.</p>
+
+<p>Next year's work in grafting will be confined to the cleft, and the
+bark-whip processes. This latter is very simple and under careful
+treatment promises to be a convenient and successful process.</p>
+
+<p>In the budding operations we resorted to a number of methods largely for
+the benefit of the information obtained from the practice, and not so
+much for the returns in propagated trees.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>However, for 1913 in the work of propagating for stock results we shall
+confine our practice to the patch method, though we may find from later
+tests that the hinge method so favorably looked upon by Oregon is better
+suited to the work.</p>
+
+<p>Various experiments with tying material were tried. Raffia, cotton cord,
+waxed cloth and bicycle tape were used. The raffia and cord gave best
+results. A tight tie is needed.</p>
+
+<p>June-budding from the left-over graft-wood gave a very low percentage of
+"takes." Most of the buds appeared to be drowned. Buds from the current
+year's growth inserted from early to middle of August are at present
+apparently in good dormant condition.</p>
+
+<p>Some July buds from the left-over graft-wood placed in the younger
+branches of a twelve year old American black took well and made from
+three to six inches growth. The branches were cut back as soon as the
+buds appeared to be set, a course that would not be advocated if one
+were doing the work for re-topping. The young wood from these buds is
+delicate and soft and in order to insure their living through the
+winter, so far as our efforts may avail, they have been enclosed in
+strong paper bags. In our budding and grafting operations we had no
+success with the Japanese or Chinese stocks. We expect to try them
+further as their rapid growth makes them much to be desired if a
+permanent union can be effected. So far as we have been able to learn
+from the southern propagators who have worked along this line, no
+difficulty has been encountered in effecting a short-life union,&mdash;four
+to six years on an average, though a few have kept alive for twelve
+years.</p>
+
+<p>The growth of the successful grafts has been very variable. In several
+instances in which both scions upon a stock grew, the growth was from
+two to three feet. In other cases the young wood was scarcely a foot
+long.</p>
+
+<p>The fact that the stocks and scion-wood varied widely in size and vigor
+and the further fact that the scions were from several varieties of
+western stock are quite sufficient causes for no uniform results in this
+respect.</p>
+
+<p>The wood of all successful grafts appears to be in excellent condition
+for the winter season and we are looking forward to an interesting
+further growth of these next year, though the trees have just been
+transplanted. In order to doubly insure ourselves against loss of the
+varieties now growing one half, or even more in a few instances, of the
+young wood has been removed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> and placed in a cold room so that further
+grafting or budding of these varieties may be made next year.</p>
+
+<p>Nursery trees of the Franquette, Pomeroy, Parisienne and unidentified
+others, on their own roots are making a pitiable effort at successful
+growth, while all wood on the black stock is making excellent growth.</p>
+
+<p>In one instance the wood of Mayquette a cross between Mayette and
+Franquette formed two nutlets. Lack of pollen was all that prevented the
+fruiting of one-year-old grafted trees. A splendid point for the unit
+orchard booster, but a point of no value to the real walnut grower.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CROSS FERTILIZATION</h4>
+
+<p>Owing to the very vigorous weather of the past winter the catkins on the
+older Persians at Arlington Farm were killed. In order to study the
+conduct and product of these trees we sought pollen elsewhere to
+fertilize their liberal display of pistils. We were successful in
+obtaining some from the trees of Messrs. Killen and Rosa, and Miss Lea,
+but though this and some pollen of black, butternut and the Japanese was
+used no pollenation was successful.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of sieboldiana, however, we succeeded in securing what
+appears to be fruit of certain definite cross-fertilization, as
+sieboldiana x nigra; sieboldiana x cinerea and possibly sieboldiana x
+regia.</p>
+
+<p>Only in one instance did the nuts appear to have other than the usual
+characters of sieboldiana.</p>
+
+<p>The nuts of the cinerea cross were longer, more tubular and somewhat
+deeper furrowed and darker.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately some conflicting results in the fruiting of the
+sieboldiana places the possible cross-fruits under a cloud.</p>
+
+<p>A peculiarity of the blossoming of the sieboldiana at Arlington this
+year was that the stamens and pistils of an individual tree opened at
+dates of six to ten days apart, and with the tree used for crossing the
+catkins were all off before the pistils opened. As no two trees are near
+together, perhaps two to three hundred feet being the closest, natural
+cross-pollenating was not expected. However, after the
+cross-pollenations by hand were made and fruits set, and even matured,
+it was found that some clusters had from one to three more nuts than
+were hand treated. Many of the clusters had less nuts than the number of
+pistils treated, which was to be expected.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But how to account for the extra sets is a problem not clear for it is
+possible that pollenation might have occurred in one of two ways&mdash;by
+stray pollen grains from the hand operations by wind-carried grains from
+the trees. In any event only the fruiting of the trees from the nuts
+under consideration will settle it, and as these have been planted we
+are on the way to the solution.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_INDIANA_PECANS" id="THE_INDIANA_PECANS"></a>THE INDIANA PECANS</h2>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">R. L. McCoy, Indiana</span></h4>
+
+
+<p>The pecan is probably the best nut that grows. It belongs to the hickory
+family which is indigenous to North America. Since water is its natural
+distributing agent it is most generally found growing intermixed with
+the large hickory nut or shagbark in creek and river bottoms. While the
+hickory is hardy enough to thrive even into the Canadian provinces the
+pecan is not so hardy and is seldom found in the northern tier of
+states. It thrives well as far north as the northern boundary of
+Illinois. The writer has seen a transplanted tree in bearing in Branch
+County, Michigan, and native trees along the Mississippi River near the
+mouth of the Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p>The nuts in the extreme northern limit are not much larger than a hazel
+nut. But the nuts that grow in Indiana and Illinois from the Ohio River
+on the south to Rock Island on the northwest and Lafayette on the
+northeast are much larger. Here are found many superior nuts worthy of
+propagation. In fact, the writer has before him a great many nuts of
+named and un-named varieties which he and Mr. Littlepage and others have
+discovered in their search for worthy nuts in the native pecan woods.
+There are many thousand acres of these groves on the Ohio, Green, Wabash
+and Illinois rivers where many trees are found which bear nuts as large
+as some of the varieties which are being propagated in the Gulf Coast
+country.</p>
+
+<p>The nuts of the Evansville group are especially noted for their fine
+flavor. The people of this section will not eat southern pecans if they
+can get native nuts. This year several carloads of these native wild
+nuts will be shipped to the Cleveland, Boston, and New York markets.
+While the finer nuts seldom get into the markets at all but are bought
+by wealthy men in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> locality where they grow. Many men buy from a
+special tree year after year&mdash;its flavor suiting their taste.</p>
+
+<p>The yield from some of these larger trees (and there are many of them
+four feet in diameter and some as large as nineteen feet four inches in
+circumference at shoulder height) is very good. The writer has seen a
+number in the last few days which were estimated to have from four to
+six hundred pounds, the most of the crop having not yet been gathered.
+He knows of one tree which bore (17) seventeen bushels and Mr. Louis
+Huber of Shawneetown gathered 718 pounds from another tree. Two hundred
+and eighty-five pounds of nuts were gathered and weighted from the Luce
+tree. These nuts were gathered green for fear of their being stolen and
+it was estimated that fifteen pounds were left on the tree. Also that
+the hail storm in early September destroyed fifty (50) pounds more.
+Hence the Luce bore approximately eight bushels. The Kentucky tree had
+four and one-half bushels by measurement. The Warrick tree had, the best
+we can estimate, about 150 pounds. The Grayville, or Posey as Mr.
+Littlepage wishes to call it, bore at least two hundred pounds by
+weight. One hundred and sixty pounds were gathered from the Major and
+two hundred and fifty pounds from the Green River tree. We do not think
+the Hinton bore to exceed two pounds of nuts. We do not know the amount
+of nuts gathered from the Indiana and the Busseron trees. The Buttrick
+tree had some three or four bushels of nuts this year but as a dredge
+ditch was recently constructed by it, destroying half of its root
+system, it did not mature its crop. This tree has been in bearing since
+1817 and it has not been known to miss a crop previous to this year.</p>
+
+<p>In our search for nuts worthy of being propagated we have found several
+nuts as yet un-named that are in our opinion much superior to any
+northern nut that has been brought to public notice. But as we know
+little of their bearing record and do not wish to burden the nurserymen
+with too many varieties we will keep these trees under observation for a
+year or two before naming them.</p>
+
+<p>We have been trying to propagate some of the best varieties at our
+nursery for about three years. Our first attempt was root-grafting in
+which our success varied from 15 per cent to 75 per cent under the best
+conditions. We found after some experience that it was not difficult to
+root-graft. But last winter, 1911-12, was the coldest winter for some
+years, the thermometer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> registering as low as 20 degrees below. Most of
+our root-grafts were killed back to the ground but few if any of them
+were killed outright. When spring came they started new growth and are
+now about four feet high. The fall of 1911 was very warm and wet and
+they were in vigorous growth until the first week in November when we
+had a hard freeze which killed the wheat, causing the worst failure in
+that crop ever known in this section. The winter then following being
+very cold we had two conditions against spring root-grafted pecans. But
+we failed to see any budded ones that were injured. However, we only had
+pecans budded to hickory which was done by Mr. Paul White in May, 1911
+and, so far as we know, this was the first hickory top-worked to pecan
+in Indiana. However, he now has quite a number top-worked last spring
+that have made a growth of three or four feet. We also have both budded
+and root-grafted pecans from last spring and summer so that in the
+spring we will have a better opportunity to see what effect the winter
+will have on them.</p>
+
+<p>So far as we are able to determine from our observation of a few
+orchards all pecan trees bought from southern nurserymen and planted in
+this section have either died out or made very feeble growth. Although
+some large Texas nuts have been planted here and grown, yet they have
+either not fruited at all or the nuts have proved no better than our
+native nuts.</p>
+
+<p>The northern pecan timber is not brash like the southern pecan but is
+very elastic and tough. An axe-handle made from northern pecan sells for
+ten cents more than one made from hickory and pecan timber is much
+sought after by axe-handle makers.</p>
+
+<p>The people in this section have in the last few years awakened to the
+fact that their swamps studded with pecan trees are about the most
+valuable lands they possess and many are the inquiries: "Where can we
+get good budded or grafted pecans?"</p>
+
+<p>The idea of propagating the northern pecan is of very recent origin and
+while the few attempts at propagation have not as yet met with any very
+great success, yet we are hoping that the time will be when many acres
+of our lands shall be set in valuable pecan orchards and our highways
+lined with long rows of fine pecans, chestnuts, and English walnuts
+which shall serve the three-fold purpose of beautifying Mother Earth,
+yielding delicious food, and furnishing a place of rest for the weary
+traveler.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX</h2>
+
+<h3>REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND TREASURER</h3>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="2" width="60%" cellspacing="0" summary="REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND TREASURER">
+<tr>
+<td>Bal. on hand, date of last report</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">$ 48.73</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Annual dues and life membership</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">178.00</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Advertisements in Annual Report</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">25.00</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Sale of report</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">18.00</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Dr. Crocker, paid for list of names</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">2.00</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Prof. Collins, paid for reprints</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">8.00</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+
+<tr>
+<td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total receipts</span></td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">$279.73</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<th>Expenses:</th>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Expenses of Prof. Collins</td>
+<td align="right">$ 20.85</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Printing report and reprints</td>
+<td align="right">195.16</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Other printing</td>
+<td align="right">38.00</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Postage</td>
+<td align="right">35.75</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Typewriting</td>
+<td align="right">16.24</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Stationery</td>
+<td align="right">4.50</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Miscellaneous</td>
+<td align="right">14.30</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+
+
+<tr>
+<th><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total expenses</span></th>
+<td align="right">$324.80</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Bill receivable</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;;</td>
+<td align="right">1.00</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Bill payable</td>
+<td align="right">22.00</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+
+
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">$346.80</td>
+<td align="right">$280.73</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<th><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Deficit</span></th>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">$66.07</td>
+</tr>
+
+
+
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Our first annual report, embodying the transactions at the first
+and second annual meetings, was issued in May, and copies were sent
+to all members, to the principal libraries of the country, to
+officials of the Agricultural Department at Washington, and to some
+state agricultural officials, to several agricultural and other
+periodicals for notice and review, and to various persons
+especially interested. Eighteen copies have been sold.</p>
+
+<p>About 1,000 copies of each of the two circulars, "Why Nut Culture
+is Important" and "The Northern Nut Growers Association and Why You
+Should Join It", have been sent to members and correspondents, and
+also revised circulars on the literature of nut growing and on
+seedsmen and nurserymen.</p>
+
+<p>An illustrated article about nut growing and the association
+appeared in the Literary Digest and many agricultural and other
+periodicals have had notices of our association and our meeting.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Besides the regular notices sent to members and papers, different
+notices and brief statements about nut growing, were sent weekly
+for five weeks before the meeting to 80 different newspapers
+published in the country about Lancaster in the hope of getting a
+good local attendance. The Pennsylvania Chestnut Blight Commission
+assisted in this publicity campaign by sending postal card notices
+to about a hundred persons in the eastern part of Pennsylvania who
+were known to have from a few to thousands of cultivated chestnut
+trees.</p>
+
+<p>The secretary's correspondence has increased so as to become, if it
+were not for enthusiasm, burdensome. Often several inquiries a day
+are received and they come from all parts of the United States and
+Canada.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The following figures are brought up to date of going to press.</p>
+
+<p>Our membership has nearly doubled since the last report was issued,
+increasing from 60 to 113. We have lost 1 member by death and 2 by
+resignation. Our present membership standing at 110.</p>
+
+<p>We have members in 27 states, the District of Columbia, Panama, and
+Canada. New York heads the list with 37 members and Pennsylvania
+comes next with 12.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="REPORT_OF_COMMITTEE_ON_RESOLUTIONS" id="REPORT_OF_COMMITTEE_ON_RESOLUTIONS"></a>REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS</h2>
+
+<p class="center">Read by Professor Smith</p>
+
+
+<p>RESOLVED:</p>
+
+<p>1. That we extend our thanks to the Mayor and citizens of Lancaster for
+the welcome and entertainment they have afforded us while here and for
+the excellent auditorium they have placed at our disposal.</p>
+
+<p>2. That we extend our thanks to Messrs. Rush and Jones and their
+entertainment committee.</p>
+
+<p>3. That we extend our thanks to the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight
+Commission for the attendance of their representatives. We note with
+keen interest their expressions of hope for the control of this
+cyclopean menace.</p>
+
+<p>4. That we express our deep appreciation of the great interest and
+valuable services of Dr. Morris, the retiring President, and Dr. Deming,
+the Secretary and Treasurer, two officers to whose untiring efforts this
+Association is largely due.</p>
+
+<p>5. That we express the thanks of the Association to those members and
+others who have enriched this meeting by their interesting exhibits.</p>
+
+<p>6. That the following letter be sent from this Association to the,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Secretary of Agriculture,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Persons in authority in the United States Bureau of Plant Industry,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Presidents of Agricultural Colleges,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Directors of Agricultural Experiment Stations,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And leading Teachers in Agriculture Colleges.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The Northern Nut Growers' Association, by resolution passed at its third
+annual meeting, held at Lancaster, Pa., in December 1912, calls your
+attention to the importance of, and need for, the breeding of new types
+of crop yielding trees. We now have the possibility of a new, but as yet
+little developed, agriculture which may (A) nearly double our food
+supply and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> also (B) serve as the greatest factor in the conservation of
+our resources.</p>
+
+<p>(A) Our agriculture at the present time depends chiefly upon the grains
+which were improved by selection in pre-historic times, because they
+were annuals and quick yielders. The heavy yielding plants, the engines
+of nature, are the trees, which have in most cases remained unimproved
+and largely unused until the present time because of the slowness of
+their generations and the absence of knowledge concerning plant
+breeding.</p>
+
+<p>We now know something about plant breeding, and its possibilities as
+applied to the crop yielding trees seem to be enormous. They certainly
+warrant immediate and widespread effort at plant breeding. A member of
+this Association has shown that the chinquapin can be crossed with the
+oak; that all the walnuts freely hybridize with each other and with the
+open bud hickories, a class which includes the toothsome and profitable
+pecan. There is in California a tree which is considered to be a cross
+between the native walnut and the live oak. The Mendelian Law in
+connection with past achievements in plant breeding, and the experiments
+of Loeb in crossing the sea urchin and the star fish are profoundly
+suggestive.</p>
+
+<p>The possibilities of plant breeding as applied to crop yielding trees
+seem to be enormous. They certainly warrant immediate and widespread
+effort toward the creation of useful strains which may become the basis
+of a new agriculture yielding food for both man and the domestic
+animals.</p>
+
+<p>(B) The time for constructive conservation has come. Our most vital
+resource is the soil. It is possibly the only resource for which there
+is no substitute. Its destruction is the most irreparable waste. So long
+as the earth remains in place the burnt forest may return and the
+exhausted field may be restored by scientific agriculture. But once the
+gully removes this soil, it is the end so far as our civilization is
+concerned&mdash;forest, field and food are impossible and even water power is
+greatly impaired. Our present system of agriculture, depending upon the
+grains, demands the plowing of hillsides and the hillsides wash away.
+This present dependence upon the plow means that one-third of our soil
+resources is used only for forest, one-third is being injured by
+hillside erosion, and only one-third, the levelest, is being properly
+used for plow crops.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The present alternative of Forestry for hillsides is often impossible
+because the yields are too meagre. Almost any land that can produce a
+forest, and much that has been considered too dry for forest, can
+produce an annual harvest of value to man or his animals when we have
+devoted sufficient attention to the breeding of walnuts, chestnuts,
+pecans, shellbarks, acorn yielding oaks, beech nuts, pine nuts, hazel
+nuts, almonds, honey locust, mesquite, screw bean, carob, mulberry,
+persimmon, pawpaw, and many other fruit and nut trees of this and other
+lands.</p>
+
+<p>The slowness and expense of the process of plant introduction and tree
+breeding limits this work to a few individuals with patience and
+scientific tastes and to governmental and other institutions of a
+permanent nature. The United States Government and each state experiment
+station should push this work vigorously and we appeal to you to use
+your influence in that direction. You may find material of interest in
+our published proceedings and in the Fruit and Nut Journal, the organ of
+the industry, published at Petersburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="REPORT_OF_COMMITTEE" id="REPORT_OF_COMMITTEE"></a>REPORT OF COMMITTEE</h2>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">On the Death of Professor John Craig</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center">Read by Dr. Morris</p>
+
+
+<p>"The Northern Nut Growers' Association suffered very great loss in the
+death of Professor John Craig, at Siasconset, Massachusetts, on August
+10, 1912.</p>
+
+<p>"Professor Craig, from his many responsible positions in the
+horticultural world, had acquired a wealth of information which was
+always at the disposal of his friends and students. His training as a
+teacher gave such facility in expression of view, that his part in our
+discussions inspired the audience and called forth the best that others
+had to offer.</p>
+
+<p>"His type of mind was essentially scientific, and combined with this
+type of mind there was a rare quality of critical faculty in relation to
+the relative practical values of horticultural ideas and methods. His
+interest in the Northern Nut Growers Association belonged to a natural
+fondness for everything that promised new development, and he
+established at Cornell University the first course in nuciculture,&mdash;so
+far as we are aware,&mdash;that has ever been formulated at an educational
+institution.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"The personality of Professor Craig, characteristic of that of the
+scientist, was marked by simplicity and directness of manner, impatience
+with error due to carelessness or intent, but unlimited benign tolerance
+of all men who honestly expressed views opposing his own or who made
+conscientious mistakes. Professor Craig possessed that broad humanity
+which found quite as large interest in his fellow man as it found in his
+special study of plants, and his charming personality, strong manly
+bearing, scholarship, and active interest in whatever engaged his
+attention at all, will be ever remembered by those of us who had the
+pleasure and the profit of his acquaintance."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Littlepage: I would just like to say, in connection with the very
+appropriate and excellent words which the President used in reference to
+Prof. Craig, that it certainly meets the most hearty approval of all of
+us who knew Prof. Craig, that this association go on record in this
+manner. At the first meeting that was held, by the few of us who met in
+Bronx Park Museum at New York, to start this organization, you will
+remember the enthusiasm and the words of encouragement that Prof. Craig
+gave us at that time. He was there among the first and there was always
+intermingled with the scientific phase of the subjects that he
+discussed, the practical, genial good fellowship that made everyone like
+him; and after all, it is but proper that we stop for a moment and
+express our deep appreciation. In this life of turmoil and business
+hustle, I think that we sometimes do not quite realize the shortness of
+life, the shortness of the time that we have to accomplish any of those
+things in which we are interested; and it is the men who are giving
+their time to these scientific subjects, the results of which will inure
+to all humanity, who are certainly entitled to consideration and a
+kindly remembrance. That is why it was that I heard with such
+gratification the words of the President about Prof. Craig.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="REPORT_OF_COMMITTEE_ON_EXHIBITS" id="REPORT_OF_COMMITTEE_ON_EXHIBITS"></a>REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON EXHIBITS</h2>
+
+<p class="center">Read by Professor Hutt</p>
+
+<h4>By J. G. Rush, West Willow, Pa.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Persian walnuts, four varieties: Hall, Burlington, Nebo, Rush;
+plate of mixed, imported varieties; Seedling walnuts, Paradox
+walnut, black walnuts and rupestris, (Texas); two plates
+Chinquapins; chestnuts, Giant Japanese; shellbarks: LaFeuore, very
+good, large, Weiker, fair; two seedlings: Paradise nut; two plates
+filberts; Lancaster Co. pecans; budding knives.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4>By Wilmer P. Hooper, Forest Hill, Md.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Seedling Persian Walnut; Sir Clair; tree probably fifty years old,
+vigorous, hardy, annual bearer. On farms of L. J. Onion,
+Cooperstown, Md. P. O. Sharon, Md. 1911 crop one bushel; 1912 crop
+one and one half bushels.</p>
+
+<p>Alexis; tree twenty-eight years old; vigorous, hardy, annual
+bearer, flavor good. Farm of Alexis Smith, Churchville, Md. Crop
+1911 one bushel; crop 1912 one bushel.</p>
+
+<p>Sheffield; tree six years old; bought of Hoopes Brothers &amp; Thomas;
+hardy, vigorous; 6 to 18 feet high; on farm of Mrs. S. T. Poleet,
+Cooperton, Md., P. O. Sharon, Md.</p>
+
+<p>Smith; tree forty to forty-five years old; large, hardy; on farm of
+J. T. Smith, Berkeley, Md.</p>
+
+<p>Beder; fifty to fifty-five years old; large, annual bearer; grown
+from nut on farm of David Hildt, Janettsville, Md.</p>
+
+<p>Hooker; tree twenty-two years old; origin Franklin Davis; vigorous,
+hardy, annual bearer, hard shell, fine butternut flavor; from farm
+of Mrs. Kate Hooker, Vale, Md.</p></div>
+
+<h4>By Mr. Knaub.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Shellbarks, five varieties: three black walnuts, two butternuts;
+one chestnut.</p></div>
+
+<h4>By Mrs. J. L. Lovett, Emilie, Pa.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Six varieties of Persian walnuts.</p></div>
+
+<h4>By E. B. Holden, Hilton, N. Y.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Holden walnut.</p></div>
+
+<p>Stock Seed Nuts from J. M. Thorborn &amp; Co., 33 Barclay St., New York
+City.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Juglans Californica, Juglans cordiformis, Juglans Sieboldi, Juglans
+nigra, Juglans cinerea, Juglans sinensis, Carya alba (shellbark),
+Carya porcina (pignut), Carya tomentosa (mockernut), Carya sulcata,
+Corylus rostrata, Corylus amara, Castanea Americana.</p></div>
+
+<h4>By E. A. Riehl, Alton, Ill.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>A plate of Rochester nuts and thirty seedlings of it, showing
+tendency to reversion; eight varieties of shagbark; eight varieties
+of shellbark; eight plates of Sieboldi; eight plates black walnuts
+(Thomas); Rush Chinquapin.</p></div>
+
+<p>Collection of walnuts by Professor Lake, of Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Royal Hybrid, California x nigra; Paradox, California x regia;
+Meylan, Glady, Sypherd, Stabler, Milbank, St. Clair.</p></div>
+
+<h4>By A. C. Pomeroy, Lockport, N. Y.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Pomeroy walnuts and seedlings of the original tree.</p></div>
+
+<h4>By T. P. Littlepage, Washington, D. C.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Indiana pecans, six varieties: Warwick, Posey, Major, Kentucky,
+Indiana, Hodge; Hinton, McCallister hican, Barnes walnut from
+Washington, D. C., four varieties shagbark.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4>By W. C. Reed, Vincennes, Ind.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Indiana pecans, thirteen varieties: Luce, Beard, Busseron, Porter,
+Squires, Kentucky, Hall, Sullivan (2), Warwick, Indiana, Wilson.</p></div>
+
+<h4>By Col. C. K. Sober, Lewisburg, Pa.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Photograph of his chestnut orchard and nursery.</p></div>
+
+<h4>By C. A. Reed, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Exhibition jars of Holden walnut, Warwick pecan, Kentucky pecan,
+Luce pecan, Hales shagbark, Kirtland shagbark, Weiker shagbark.
+Exhibition of Squirrel, Perfection and Great Grip nut crackers;
+White, Jones and Galbreath budding tools.</p></div>
+
+<h4>By Arrowfield Nurseries, Petersburg, Va.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Seedling pecan trees.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE HICKORY BARK BORER</h3>
+
+<p>That our correspondence with the New York State Commissioner of
+Agriculture, as published in the annual report, has borne fruit is shown
+by the calling of a conference at the office of the Commissioner at
+Albany on February 24th, "to consider methods of control of the hickory
+bark borer".</p>
+
+<p>Among those present were the following:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederick Allien, representing Riverdale Park Association.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. W. Merkel, Forester, New York Zoological Park; representing Bronx, Valley Parkway Commission.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. W. A. Murrill, Acting Director, New York Botanical Garden.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. J. Levison, Forester, Department of Parks, Brooklyn.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wesley B. Leach, Consulting Arboriculturist, Boro of Queens.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clifford R. Pettis, Superintendent of State Forests, Albany.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist, Albany.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. W. C. Deming, Sec., Northern Nut Growers' Ass'n, Westchester.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George G. Atwood, Chief, Bureau of Horticulture, State Dept. of Agriculture, Albany.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">B. D. Van Buren, Assistant Chief.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. W. H. Jordan, Director, State Experiment Station, Geneva.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George L. Barrus, Conservation Commission, Albany.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S. H. Burnham, Assistant State Botanist, Albany.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Donald Reddick, Professor of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Ithaca.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Glenn W. Herrick, Professor of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Ithaca.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. H. Rankin, Conservation Commission, Albany.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">P. J. Parrott, Entomologist, State Experiment Station, Geneva.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">F. C. Stewart, Botanist, State Experiment Station, Geneva.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>After a prolonged discussion the following resolution was unanimously
+adopted:</p>
+
+<p>WHEREAS, the hickory bark borer is at present extremely injurious and
+destructive to hickory trees in and around New York City, and has
+already destroyed and is threatening the destruction of thousands of
+valuable trees; and</p>
+
+<p>WHEREAS, it has been demonstrated in several instances, on a large
+scale, that the hickory bark borer can be practically controlled;
+therefore, be it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> RESOLVED, that we hereby respectfully request the
+commissioner of agriculture to take such steps as may be necessary to
+bring about the enforcement of the provisions of the agricultural law
+relative to insect pests and diseases with particular reference to
+control of the hickory bark borer; and be it further</p>
+
+<p>RESOLVED, that the thanks of the conference are hereby tendered to
+Commissioner of Agriculture Huson for his courtesies and the calling of
+the conference.</p>
+
+<p>The following "News Items" of no date, but received in the early part of
+June, shows what action has so far been taken:</p>
+
+
+<h3>STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE</h3>
+
+<p class="center">News Items</p>
+
+<p>Commissioner Huson of the State Department of Agriculture is receiving
+considerable information relative to a serious outbreak of the hickory
+bark borer in the vicinity of New York and on Long Island. This borer is
+the principal cause of the death of thousands of hickory trees. The
+greatest infested area is in the northern part of New York City, in
+Westchester County, in Queens and Nassau Counties, though much injury
+has been observed throughout Suffolk County, particularly along the
+northern shore of the island. The area of infested hickories is about
+the same as the territory where the chestnut trees have succumbed to the
+attacks of the chestnut bark disease. Now that the chestnuts have so
+nearly disappeared and the fact that the hickory trees are also
+threatened with entire extermination because of the hickory borer,
+requests have been made by many citizens, that the Commissioner of
+Agriculture should exercise such authority as the law gives him in the
+control of this pest. That the hickory trees that have not been attacked
+may be saved, or in a very large measure protected has been proven in
+the Zoological Park and in the parks of Brooklyn. The able
+superintendents of these two parks have for the last two or three years,
+been cutting out every infested hickory tree and in that way the other
+trees are found at this time to be free from insects and they have been
+saved from certain destruction.</p>
+
+<p>The hickory borer eats its way into the bark of the hickory trees in
+mid-summer. Eggs are laid which hatch and the grubs feed in peculiar
+galleries in the bark and between the wood and the bark is such a way as
+to cut off the flow of the sap, thus causing the death of the trees.
+These grubs are in these galleries at this time of the year and will
+remain so until about the middle of June. It is, therefore, necessary
+that the infested trees be cut and destroyed before that time in order
+to prevent further widespread of the insects. The Commissioner has been
+promised the hearty cooperation of many influential and interested
+citizens in this movement and agents of this Department are on the
+ground with authority to inspect trees to ascertain the limit of
+infestation and they have been directed to mark such trees as should be
+removed and destroyed at once.</p>
+
+<p>All persons are requested to inform the Department of the location of
+infested hickory trees and to extend to the inspectors such assistance
+as may be desired.</p>
+
+<p>Department Circular Number 64 on "Dying Hickory Trees" will be sent to
+all applicants.</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+CALVIN J. HUSON,<br />
+Commissioner of Agriculture
+</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Albany, N. Y.</span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>MISCELLANEOUS NOTES</h3>
+
+<p>Members present:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. R. T. Morris</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. T. P. Littlepage</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. W. C. Deming</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. C. A. Reed</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. W. N. Roper</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prof. E. R. Lake</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. E. S. Mayo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. A. C. Pomeroy</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. J. F. Jones</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. J. G. Rush</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Col. C. A. Van Duzee</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prof. J. Russell Smith</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prof. W. N. Hutt</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. G. H. Corsan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. C. S. Ridgway</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. H. N. Gowing</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. W. C. Reed</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. W. F. McSparren.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Others present:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. C. A. Reed</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. A. C. Pomeroy</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. J. F. Jones</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. C. S. Ridgway</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prof. F. N. Fagan, Dept. of Horticulture, State College of Pennsylvania</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Fagan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Roy G. Pierce, Tree Surgeon, Penn. Chestnut Blight Commission</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Keller E. Rockey, Forester in Charge of Demonstration Work, Penn. Chestnut Blight Commission</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Col. C. K. Sober, Lewisburg, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. S. V. Wilcox, Rep. Thos. Meehan &amp; Sons, Germantown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. H. Brown, Rep. Thos. Meehan &amp; Sons, Germantown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Wilmer P. Hoopes, Forest Hill, Md.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. A. H. Metzger, Millersville, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Amos M. Landis, Lancaster, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Blair Funk, Pequea Creek, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. David S. Herr, Lancaster, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Edward Harris, Sr., Cumberland, Md.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Edgar A. Weimer, Lebanon, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Benj. H. Gochnauer, Lancaster, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. C. G. Reese, Elizabethtown, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And others.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>CORRESPONDENTS AND OTHERS INTERESTED IN NUT CULTURE</h3>
+
+
+<h4>ALABAMA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williams, P. F., Prof. of Horticulture, Ala. Polytechnic Institute, Auburn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alabama Farm Journal, Montgomery, Ala.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4>ARIZONA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Biederman, C. R., Garces, Cochise Co.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Huntzinger, H. G., Teviston</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rodgers, Robt. A., Forest Service, U. S. Dept, of Agric, Canille</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>ARKANSAS</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wilson, B. N., Prof. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Ark., Fayetteville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Powers, R. C, 414 So. Trust Bldg., Little Rock, Ark.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>CALIFORNIA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McNeil, Anna, 2154 Center St., Berkeley</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baker, W. A., Greenfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leonard Coates Nursery Co., Morgan Hill</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith, R. E., Agric Exp. Sta., Whittier</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burbank, Luther, Santa Rosa</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>CANADA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cleugh, H. H., Castlegar, British Columbia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Secord, Harper, St. Catherin's, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Porter, W. T., 1520 St. Clair Ave., Toronto</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sager, D. S., Dr., Brantford</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moyle, Henry, 84 Bedford Road, Toronto</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ross, Malcolm N., Dept. Public Works, Regina, Saskatchewan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saunders &amp; Co., W. E., London, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hubbell, W. S., Spanish River Lumber Co., Little Current, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peters, E. W., 742 Somerset Bldg., Winnepeg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Graham, Wm., Hagensburg, British Columbia</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>COLORADO</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bell, Bessie, Miss, 156 S. Sherman, Denver</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morgan, J. W., Dr., 85 S. Penn. Ave., Denver</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>CONNECTICUT</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cleveland, E. S., Hampton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buttner, J. L., Dr., 763 Orange Street, New Haven</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jewell, Harvey, Cromwell</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gorham, Frederick S., 48 Holmes Ave., Waterbury</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jenkins, E. H., Agric. Exp. Sta., New Haven</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spring, Sam. N., State Forester, New Haven</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pratt, C. M., Newtown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hale, Geo. H., Mrs., Glastonbury</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miles, H. S., Dr., 417 State St., Bridgeport</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ives, E. M., Sterling Orchards, Meriden</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cook, Harry B., Orange, Ct.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Allen, G. Wilford, M.D., Boardman, Ct.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith, Geo. W., Elm Fruit Farm, Hartford</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lane, W. S., Norfolk</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Werle, Jos. A., Merwin's Beach, Milford</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williamson, Robert, Greenwich</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stauffer, W. F., No. 81 S. Burritt St., New Britain</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boyd, Wm. A. Dr., Westport</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lewis, Elmer H., Central Village</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frothingham, Channing, New Canaan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fletcher, Albert E., Box 67, Farmington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morre, R. D., Colchester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wolcott, C. B., P. O. Box 39, Plantsville</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>DELAWARE</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Killen, J. W., Felton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McCue, C. A., Prof., Newark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cowgill, L. P., Dover</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cannon, Miss Lida, Dover</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kosa, J. J., Milford</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sypherd, C. D., Dover</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whitehead, F. Houston, Lincoln</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Studte, M. H., Houston</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knipe, T. E., Delaware City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dunn, Thos. F., Dover</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Webb, Wesley, Dover</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>FLORIDA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Simpson Bros. Nurseries, Monticello</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Curtis, J. B., Orange Heights</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Floyd, W. L., Prof. of Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baldwin, Ed. S., DeLand</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>GEORGIA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wight, J. B., Cairo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wilson, J. F., Dr., Waycross</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McHatton, T. H., Prof. of Horticulture, Athens</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edwards, B. H., Macon, Ga.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Southern Ruralist, Atlanta</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>IDAHO</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vincent, C. C., Prof., College of Agriculture, Moscow</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ackerman, W. B., P. O. Box 184, Twin Falls</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hays, L. H., Mace</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>ILLINOIS</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lindholm, E., 9139 Commercial Ave., Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stoll, Wm. Paul, 1264 Glenlake Ave., Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schafer, J. F., Mt. Pulaski</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Koonce, Geo. W., Greenville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Watson, Bloomington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Banning, Thos. A., Mrs., Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Graham, R. O., Bloomington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Karstens, Peter J., Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leslie, A. M., 201 Main Street, Evanston</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fisher, Mr., "Cairo Citizen", Cairo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Endicott, H. W., Villa Ridge</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hektoen, H., Memo. Inst. for Infectious Diseases, Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McVeigh, Scott, 1208 Wrightwood Ave., Chicago</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Evans, Homer W., R. F. D. 6, Plainfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buckman, Benjamin, Farmingdale</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Horner, H. Clay, Chester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burt, Frank A., 115 1-2 So. Race St., Urbana</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Somer, George W., No. 106 N. La Salle St., Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spalding, C. W., No. 1851 Byron St., Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Strawbridge, A. N., No. 533 E. 33rd St., Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Remley, Mrs. Grace, Franklin Grove</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prochnow, I. W., No. 1127 Second Ave., Rock Island</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McFarlane, H. W., Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Graham, W. H., Fort Gage</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fink, Wm. H., No. 4030 N. Pauline St., Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crandall, C. S., Urbana</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Campbell, T. W., Elgin</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Badgley, B. H., No. 2241 Greenleaf Ave., Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Millroy, W. L., Quincy</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sweeney, Jno. M., No. 1636 Manadnock Block, Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Krossell, C. F. P., Dr., No. 5502 Indiana Ave., Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Weeks, E. F., No. 143 N. Dearborn St., Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heald, Prescott, No. 107 So. Glen Oak Ave., Peoria</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riddle, F. A., Mrs., No. 1441 Jackson Boulevard, Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kennish, F. H., No. 124 East Oak St., Kewanee</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Finley, J. B., Care of Moline Polo and Shaft Co., Moline</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Braden, E. S., No. 10 S. LaSalle St., Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kemp, E. F., No. 108 S. LaSalle St., Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peterson, Albert J., No. 3448 Hayes St., Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hewitt, R., No. 149 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hopkins, A. M., R. 710, 167 W. Washington St., Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hemingway, Geo. R., Oak Park</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rut, Z. D., Park Ridge</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dietrich, J. J., Arlington Heights</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hansell, E. F., No. 5654 W. Lake St., Chicago</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>INDIANA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leiber, Richard, Indianapolis</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Garden, Daniel A., Elnora</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cathcart, Alva Y., Bristol</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Strassell, J. W., Supt. of Schools, Rockport</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Howard, W. T., R. F. D. 19, Indianapolis</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boos, E. M., R. F. D. 2, Milan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boss Co., John C, Elkhart</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Green, Frank, No. 811 So. St., Newcastle</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">House, M. M., 1664 College Ave., Indianapolis</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Simpson &amp; Sons, H. M., Vincennes</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Woodbury, C. G., Lafayette</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ray, Elgin H., Winamac, R. F. D. 1</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fellwock, P. B., 3 Up. Fourth St., Evansville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hooke, Ora G., Albany, Delaware Co.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith, Oren E., Dr., Traction Terminal Bldg., Indianapolis</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whetsell, Edward, 107 Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Swain, W. H., South Bend</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knapp, Dr., Evansville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yoder, A. C., Dr., Goshen</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knaub, Ben., R. 1, Box 99, North Vernon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lukens, B., Mrs., Anderson</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>IOWA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dennis, A. B., Dr., Cedar Rapids</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ruppersberg, E. A., Miss, Charles City College, Charles City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Patten, C. G., Charles City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sawyer, L. H., Des Moines</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thompson, Harry French, Forrest City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Successful Farming" Des Moines</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Kimball's Dairy Farmer" Waterloo</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>KANSAS</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Godfrey, F. M., Holton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Skinner &amp; Co., J. H., Topeka</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>KENTUCKY</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Matthews, Clarence W., State University, Lexington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Horine, E. F., M.D., 1036 Bardstown Rd., Louisville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Inland Farming", Louisville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brislin, John A., Cash. Farmers' Bank of Ky., Frankfort</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kiefer, Louis W., 901 N. Elm St., Henderson</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>LOUISIANA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hinton, E. G., Weeks</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>MAINE</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Soule, Sidney S., Mrs., South Freeport</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hitchings, Edson F., College of Agriculture, Orono</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peardon, J. H., Matinicus</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stryker, D. J., Rockland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chase, Dr. Walter G., Wiscasset</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>MARYLAND</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michael, Jesse J., Frederick</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Little, William E., Westminister</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bunting, J. T., Box 137, Marion Station</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benkert, George, Baltimore</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heron, Benj. F. L., Box 58, Mt. Ranier</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coad, J. Edwin, Drayden, St. Mary's Co.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Munter, D. M., No. 22 Virginia Ave., Cumberland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daingerfield, P. B. K., Maryland Club, Baltimore</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bachrach, Walter K., No. 16 W. Lexington St., Baltimore</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hewell, John, No. 2028 W. Lexington St., Baltimore</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hays, Amos H., Parkton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stem, C. W., Sabillasville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tyler, John Paul, No. 344 W. Preston St., Baltimore</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Munter, D. W., No. 1642 Runton Ave., Baltimore</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kerr, J. W., Denton</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Overton, W. S., R. F. D. 2, Silver Spring</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harris, Edward, Sr., 31 S. Liberty St., Cumberland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Strite, S. M., 52 Broadway, Hagerstown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harrison's Nurseries, Berlin</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hoopes, Wilmer P., Forest Hill</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Irwin, Arthur J., 226 E. Main St., Frostburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McDaniel, Alex H., North East P. O., Cecil Co.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>MASSACHUSETTS</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blood, W. H., Mrs., Jr., 147 Grove Street, Wellesley</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reed, Orville, Rev., Granville, Centre</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Deroo, Frank B., Box 363, Needham</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fox, Jabez, 99 Irving Street, Cambridge</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hall, James L., Kingston, Box 31</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adams, Norris W., Box 323, Worcester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mass. Agric. Coll., Amherst</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crosby, Fred, Bolton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bailey, Thos. W., Kingston</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Griffin, W. E., Cor. Central St. &amp; B. &amp; M. R. R., Worcester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dawson, Jackson, Mr., Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dowse, Granton H., Wrentham</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ellsworth, J. Lewis, Sec'y Mass. State Bd. of Agric., Boston</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fleming, Charles B., Norwood</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brounell, Lewis, 1030 High Street, Fall River</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Portmore, J. M., 7 Denison Av., So. Framingham</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Humphrey, F. A., Worcester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Waugh, F. A., Prof., Amherst</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beebe, E. Pierson, Boston</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mead, H. O., Lunenburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Torrey, John P., Dr., Andover</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Affleck, G. B., 287 Hickory St., Springfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Deming, Grove W., Mt. Hermon School</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elder, David, Harwich, Mass.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, Gorton, 492 So. Station, Boston</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sturtevant, E. L., Brookline</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brown, J. Frank, The Corey Hill Hospital, Brookline</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willwerth, A. H., No. 21 Greenwich Park, Boston</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Day, W. Taylor, No. 313 Main St., Great Barrington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coney, Harriet M., Miss, No. 106 Church St., Ware</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>MICHIGAN</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brauer, H. A., 810 W. Huron St., Ann Arbor</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cobb, Myron A., Central State Normal School, Mt. Pleasant</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ilgenfritz's Sons Co., T. E., Nursery, Monroe</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Haines, Peter S., Detroit</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kidder, Samuel, Ann Arbor</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul, Irwin, Muskegon, R. F. D. 7</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Garfield, Chas. W., Hon., Grand Rapids</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wermuth, Burt, Assoc. Ed. "Michigan Farmer", Detroit</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eustace, H. J., Prof., State Horticulturist, E. Lansing</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carmichael, Milton, 281 Yard Bldg., Detroit</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richardson, A. H., Dr., The Martha Washington, Mt. Clemens</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baker, N. I., Dr.,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Himebaugh, Clayton D., Sheffield Mfg. Co., Burr Oak</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spring, O. L., 728 Wabash Ave., Detroit</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reshore, L. T., Dowagiac</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adams, Rollo K., Middleville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montgomery, R. H., 46 Jefferson Ave., Detroit</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"The Gleaner", Detroit</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Davis, R. J., Lock Box 753, Buchanan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Simpson, Wallace N., No. 379 W. Main St., Battle Creek</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Palmer, A. C., Ellsworth</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Faurote, Fay L., Lord Bldg., Detroit</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrus, F. P., Almont, Lapeer Co.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gamble, M. D., E. F., Coldwater</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Horner, E. E., Eaton Rapids Woolen Mills, Eaton Rapids</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stryker, F. A., Buchanan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lake, Geo., Northville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hanes, P. S., No. 730 Sheridan Ave., Detroit</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Handy, J. W., M.D., No. 105 West 1st St., Flint</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>MINNESOTA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fairchild, D. H., St. Paul</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Husser, Henry, Minneiska</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wedge, Clarence, Albert Lea</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cutting, Fred, Byron</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Underwood, Roy, Lake City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alford, E. F., 2390 Woodland Ave., Duluth</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Latham, A. W., Sec'y State Hortic. Soc'y, 207 Kasota Bldg., Minneapolis</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Woodbridge, Dwight E., U. S. Bureau of Mines, Duluth</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tillinghast, E. G., Leetonia Mining Co., Hibbing</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lake Sarah Specialty Farm, Rockford</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Farm Stock &amp; Home, Minneapolis</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>MISSOURI</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bostwick, Arthur E., 70 Vandeventer St., St. Louis</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stark Bros.' Nurseries and Orchards Co., Louisiana</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williams, F. V., D.D.S., 3720 Virginia, Kansas City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Born, H. H. Dr., Park &amp; Compton Sts., St. Louis</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bailey, B. A., Versailles</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wallace, E. S., Office of City Chemist, Kansas City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cummings, C. C., Dr., Joplin</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wilcox, Walter H., 433 Forth Ave., Webster Groves</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mosher, H. G., Schell City</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>NEW HAMPSHIRE</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dillingham, Thos. M., Dr., Marlboro</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clement, Ruth E., Miss, E. Deering</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4>NEBRASKA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rolder, C. A., Dr., Hedde Bldg., Grand Rapids</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>NEVADA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Swingle, C. G., Hazen</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gregory, E. R., Dr., Reno</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>NEW JERSEY</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lovett, J. T., Little Silver</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pomona Nurseries, Palmyra</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bobbink &amp; Atkins, Rutherford</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Speer, Lester W., 401 Passaic Ave., Nutley</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Black, Son &amp; Co., Jos. H., Hightstown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chevrier, Chas. S., P. O. Box 579, Trenton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rice, John J., Almonnesson</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Parry, John R., Parry</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Totten, A. B., Middlebush</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hartt, Wm. S., Box 366 Toms River</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dantun, A. P., Walsted Farm, Freehold</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shoemaker, Wm. E., Bridgeton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miller, Jessie E., Miss, 204 W. Passaic Ave., Rutherford</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hall &amp; Robert Tubbs, Willowwood Farm, Pottersville P.O.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mount, T. S., Hamilton Sq.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schulze, Edward H., Elizabeth</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spindler, M., No. 316 Halsey St., Newark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sonders, Geo. B., P. O. Box 204, Mays Landing</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Palmer, H. C. H., Main Road, Vineland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Putnam, G. H., Vineland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Parkin, J. W., No. 576 E. 23rd St., Paterson</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martin, Geo. W. R., No. 47 Chestnut St., Newark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lintner, Geo A., Summit, New Jersey</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kirkpatrick, F. L., No. 35 E. Chestnut St., Merchantville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gilmore, Jr., Thos. J., No. 219 Montgonery St., Jersey City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Haddon, Chas. K., Camden</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Black, Walter C, Hightstown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Parkin, John M., No. 576 E. 23rd St., Paterson</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bailey, G. W., Kenilworth</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eyferth, Adolph, No. 554 Tenth St., N.E., West New York, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Matlack, C. L., No. 47 Potter St., Haddenfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wellborn, C. E., Weston</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Somers, A. F., No. 187 Warren St., Jersey City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Turner, H. J., Box 356, Montclair</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Woodruff, Leon, No. 27 Jefferson St., Bridgeton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Davis, H. H., No. 113 Chestnut St., East Orange</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Butler, F. W., Mrs., Plainfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kevitt, T. C, Anthonia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maurer, E. H., No. 309 S. Broad St., Elizabeth</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>NEW MEXICO</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thompson, W. M., Dr. Logan</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4>NEW YORK</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hedrick, U. P., Prof., Experiment Station, Geneva</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Murrill, W. H., Botanical Museum, Bronx Park, New York City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bailey, Liberty H., Cornell Agric. Coll., Ithaca</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Rochester Nurseries, Rochester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">L'Amoreaux Nursery Co., Schoharie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Green's Nursery Co., Rochester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lewis, Roesch &amp; Son, Nurserymen, Fredonia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burnette, F. H., Phelps</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wheatcroft, S. F., Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Irwin, Chas., 116 Rosedale St., Rochester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Garrison, H. F., Westfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benney, Wm. H., 30 Church St., N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harris, C. F., 211 Blandina St., Utica</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thew, Gilmore E., 2006 Fifth Ave., N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yoakum, B. F., 71 Broadway, N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trimble, J. H., 1255 St. Paul St., Rochester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McNair, E. O., Erie Co., Bank Bldg., Buffalo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baruch, H. B., 55 New Street</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Studley, Frank P., Matteawan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bostwick, Henry J., Clifton Springs Sanitarium, Clifton Springs</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wyckoff, C. H., Aurora</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Slocum, J. F., 29 Park Street, Buffalo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sunnyfield Nursery Co., Poughkeepsie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morgan, H. E., Pittsford</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williams &amp; Co., Rose, Miss, Newark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hechler, C. H., Harbor Hill, Roslyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Piccard, L. M., 705 Fulton St., Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bardin, A. G., Mr., 29 Brevoort Pl., Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Townsend, 257 Broadway, N. Y. City, Room 703</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hunter, Wm. T., Jr., 32 Rose St., N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gage, Stanley A., 72 Mahlstedt Place, New Rochelle</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robertson, C. G., 39 Ormond Pl., Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sackman, Karl Bever, 92 Williams Street</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Younkheere, D., 3320 Bailey Ave., Kingsbridge, N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Foster, E. W., Central Park, L. I.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hemming, H., Mrs., 59 Walworth St., Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Powell, E. P., Clinton, Otsego Co.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Merkel, Herman W., Forester, Bronx Zoological Park</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Powell, Geo. T., Pres. Agric. Experts Assoc, 5 E. 42 St., N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Britton, N. L., Dr., Director Botanical Gardens, Bronx Park, N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walker, Roberts, 115 Broadway, N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sullivan, W. F., 154 E. 74th St., N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rosenberg, Max, Pleasantville, Box 91</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bridgman, A. C., The Standard Union, Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Voorhis, Ernest, Rev., 1047 Amsterdam Ave., N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buckbie, Annie, Miss, Wisner, Orange Co.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knight, Geo. W., Mrs., 28 Cambridge Pl., Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hickox, Ralph, Williamsbridge, N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Armstrong, M. E., Miss, 10 St. Francis Place, Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Perry, C. J., 18 Fulton St., Auburn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holden, E. R., Jr., 34 W. 33 Street, N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlton Nursery Co., Rochester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jones, L. V., Miss, St. Luke's Hospital, Newburgh</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hichcock, F. H., 105 W. 40th St., N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vickers, H. W., Dr., Little Falls</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shepard, W. E., New Paltz, Ulster Co.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mendelson, D., 1825 Pilkin Ave., Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hopkins, W., 15 Dey St., City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith, H. P., Center Moricrifs, Suffolk, Co.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">West, Dr., 51 E. 25th St., N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grimmer, John W., Armour Villa Park, Bronxville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leipziger, H. A., Dr., Hotel Empire, Broadway &amp; 63rd St., N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Engesser, Jas., 513 N. Washington St., Tarrytown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kepke, John, Dr., 488 Nostrand Ave., Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Manning-Spoerl, J. O. O., Dr., 151 Lafayette Ave., Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Langdon, H. P., Maple Ridge, Farm, Constable</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wainwright, John W., Dr., 80 Wash. Sq., E., N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Teele, A. W., 30 Broad St., N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grot, Henry, 201 E. 116th St., N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Graham, S. H., Ithaca</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Teter, Walter C., 10 Wall St., N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jewett, Asabel, Berkshire</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thompson, Adelbert, East Avon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wiggin, Thos. H., Scarsdale</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Ridgewood Times", Myrtle &amp; Cypress Aves., Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schubel, Geo., Lit. Ed., Myrtle &amp; Cypress Aves., Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kelly, Julia Z., Miss, College of Agriculture, Ithaca</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caldwell, R. J., 374 Broadway, N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lincoln, Egbert P., 429 Lincoln Pl., Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reynolds, Walter S., Dr., 66 W. 71st St., N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Davidson, Charles Stewart, 60 Wall St., N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Slosson, Richard S., 140 Carolina St., Buffalo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leutsch, Nina, Clinton Corners</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Armstrong, Rob. P., N. Y. State School of Agric., Canton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Manning, J. M., 1002 Third Ave., N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Righter, J. Walter, 156 Fifth Ave., N. Y. City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reynolds, H. L., 50 Palace Arcade, Buffalo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spencer, W. F., No. 106 Bond St., Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sauer, Arthur W., Broadway &amp; Driggs Ave., Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mezger, L. K., M.D., No. 186 Clinton Ave., North Rochester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williams, Olive G., Miss, No. 341 Garfield Ave., Troy</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Austin, Nichols &amp; Co., New York</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bearns, J. H., Jr., No. 198 Broadway</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dupree, Wm., No. 83 Halsey St., Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, A. E., No. 105 Windsor Place, Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holt, Frank L., No. 220 Broadway</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greffe, Joseph A., Box 105, Boonton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holden, E. R., Jr., No. 34 W. 33rd St</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hendrickson, B. W., Care of J. K. Armsby Co., No. 87 Hudson St.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hoyle, Louis C., Middletown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hall, John, Sec'y, Rochester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miller, Francher, L., No. 605 Kirk Block, Syracuse</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mitchell, F. J., No. 44 W. 98th St.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leggett &amp; Co., Francis H., Franklin, Hudson &amp; Leonard Sts.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Krizan, Jos., No. 521 E. 72nd Street</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jaburg Bros., No. 10-12 Leonard St.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mathans, J. A., White Plains</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nicholson, J. E., Care of Messrs. Wassermass, No. 42 Broadway</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nicholson, J. E., No. 83rd St. &amp; 24th Ave., Bensonhurst</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mills, W. M., No. 397 Goundry St., N. Towanda</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sullivan, Warren, No. 44 Morningside Drive</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sweizer, Karl, No. 40 Exchange Place</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shook, F. M., Dept. of Tropical Medicine</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Randolph, Lewis C., No. 357 Delaware Ave.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riley, R. M., Garden City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rogers, G. M., Apt. 44. No. 605 144th St.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williams &amp; Co., R. C., Fulton &amp; South Sts.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Turner, Fred. C., R.F.D. No. 7, Box 115, Schenectady</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tuthill, W. C., No. 245 Water St.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sanford, A. E., No. 18 Bowman St., Rochester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith, Howard K., No. 323 Webster Ave., Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hewitt, R., Ardsley on Hudson</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Evans, J. C., Lockport</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hessinger, M. A., No. 102 West 102d St.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wetbeck, J. B., Care of Worcester Salt Co., No. 71 &amp; No. 73 Murray St.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scott, Thomas C., No. 372 Chenango St., Binghamton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dye, Walter A., Garden City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ellison, E. T., No. 1272 Jefferson Ave., Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brown, Carl W., Ripley, Chautauqua Co.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Teran, T. Mrs., Hotel Calvert, New York City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Power, Alice B., Miss, No. 203 St. Paul St., Rochester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Banks, E. M., No. 342 West 45th St., New York City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anderson, Bryon Wall, No. 79 Franklin Ave., New Rochelle</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mesner, E. D., No. 34 Carlton St., Buffalo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gawey, Gerald, No. 347 W. 19th St.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maynard, A. R., Waterloo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johnson, M., No. 540 W. 146th St.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Strawn, T. C., No. 355 W. 55th St.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bruce, W. Robert, Brick Church Institute, Rochester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Broughton, L. D., No. 304 Lewis Ave., Brooklyn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ouilshan, H. W., N. E. Cor. 125th St. and 8th Ave., Bishop Building, Rooms 207-210, New York City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wadsworth, M. A., No. 423 E. 4th St., Brooklyn</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>NORTH CAROLINA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blair, Wm. A., V. P. People's Nat. Bank, Winston-Salem</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>OHIO</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wise, P., Maumee</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schuh, L. H., Columbus</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rich, E. L., No. 3063 Edgehill Road, Cleveland Heights, Cleveland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Neff, W. N., Martel</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McEwen, Will J., No. 755 Wilson Ave., Columbus</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miller, Wm., Gypsum</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marshall, Robert, No. 23 Hollister St., Cincinnati</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Longsworth, I. R., Lima</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kiser, Frank A., Fremont</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Goetz, C. H., Columbus</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Draine, F. J., 2411 Detroit Ave., Toledo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cochran, J. H., Napoleon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bundy, C. C., No. 1356 Mt. Vernon Ave., Columbus</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Penrod, A. M., Camp Chase</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poston, E. M., President, New York Coal Co., Columbus</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rodgers, A. S., Springfield Gas Engine Co., Springfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeffers, F. A., Monroe Bank Building, Woodsfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kennedy, C. S., No. 412 Monroe St., East Liverpool</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crawford Co., M., Cuyahoga Falls</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hoyt, C. H., Cleveland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ashbrook, Wm. A., Hon., Johnstown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johnston, I. B., Station K., Cincinnati</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stasel, A. A., No. 25&frac12; S. Third St., Newark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Book, G. M., Bloomdale</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith, E. R., No. 132 S. Collett St., Lima</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rader, Hal, No. 125 Chestnut St., Nilec</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Watt, Frank E., No. 116 Show Ave., Dayton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anderson, A. J., "Ohio Farmer", Cleveland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scarff, W. U., New Carlisle</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Durant, A. T., German-American Ins. Co., Akron</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daugherty, U. G., R. D. 13, Dayton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miller, Chas. D., 60 N. Garfield Ave., Columbus</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Doren, Jane M., Bexley, Columbus</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prickett, J. D., 727 Plymouth St., Toledo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Zerkey, M. Allen, Justus, R. D. 1</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lohman, E., Greenville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ewart, Mortimer, Mogadore</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schumacher, Arlin, Pandora</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yunck, Ed. G., 710 Central Ave., Sandusky</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nellis, A. S. Byrne, Dr., Cor. Third &amp; Webb Sts., Dayton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rogers, W. B., St. Stanislaus' House of Retreat, Cleveland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Parrott, Frances, Miss, R. D. 12, Dayton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rector, J. M., Dr., Columbus</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lauder, Ed., Dr., 1012 Prospect Ave., S. E., Cleveland</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>OREGON</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robinson, C. A., R.F.D. 1, Carlton, Yamhill Co.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oregon R. R. &amp; Navigation Co., Portland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Power, Frank W., Sec'y State Horticultural Society, Orenco</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gardener, V. R., Associate Prof, of Horticulture, Corvallis</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McDonald, M., Oregon Nursery Co., Orenco</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Magruder, G. M., Medical Building, Portland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fishback, P. L., Monmouth</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4>PANAMA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Deer, G. N., Ancon, C. Z.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>PENNSYLVANIA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Le Fevre, B. W., 251 Elm St., Lancaster</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harris, D. S., Williamsburg, P.O. Box 416</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wright, M. H., Penn. Shafting Co., Spring City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hutchinson, Mahlon, 138 South 15th Street, Philadelphia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Taylor, C. B., Philadelphia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Townsend, C. W., Pittsburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Allen, Carl G., Williamsport</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hall, L. C., Avonia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sober, C. K., Lewisburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Foley, John, Forester Penn. R. R. Co., Broad St. Sta., Philadelphia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mann, Chas. S., Hatboro, Montgomery Co., R. D. 1</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Springer, Willard, Jr., Forest Asst. Pa. R. R. Broad St. Sta. Philadelphia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peck, Wm. H., Care of Third Nat. Bank, Scranton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riehl, H. F., Manheim</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hildebrand, F. B., Duquesne</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wolford, C. H., Prin. Duquesne Public Schools, Duquesne</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Motts, Sarah E., 533 S. Hanover St., Carlisle</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Watts, R. L., Prof. of Horticulture, State College</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hebbin, T. T., McKeesport</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ballou, C. S., Potter Co.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marsden, Biddle R., Dr., Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fenstermacher, P. S., Care of Harry C. Tripler, Young Bldg., Allentown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Keeler, Asa S., Tunckhannock</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hess, Frank P., Jr., 31 N. Walnut St., Mt. Carmel</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, W. H., Edgewood, Bucks Co.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scott &amp; Hill, Erie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Francis, J., 21 Scott Block, Erie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wilt, Edwin M., No. 816 Brooklyn St., Philadelphia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wright, W. J., State College</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scott, W. M., No. 824 Centennial Ave., Sewickley</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Small, Norbert, Edgegrove</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schotte, T. B., Kittanning</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kirkpatrick, F. L., No. 273 Eleventh St., Philadelphia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gochnauer, Benj. H., Lancaster, R. F. D. No. 7</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Engle, E. B., Marietta</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cook, Dr., George R., Johnston</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chalmers, W. J., Vanport, Beaver Co.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cahalan, Jno. A., No. 1524 Chestnut St., Philadelphia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">DeWeese, D. M., No. 51 Logan Ave., Sharon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Doan, J. L., School of Horticulture, Ambler.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Keystone Wood Co., Williamsport</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fleming, H. N., No. 410 Downing Bldg., Erie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hassell, H. W., Dr., Medical Department, Eastern State Penitentiary, Philadelphia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pease, H. E., No. 1111 Lamont St., Pittsburgh</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Palmer, C. L., Dr., P. O. Box, Mt. Lebanon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spear, James, Jr., Wallingford</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hoerner, William S., Chambersburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hazel, Boyd E., Box No. 57, Madisonburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stover, C. J., Ambler</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Davis, Thos. D., No. 267 Shady Ave., Pittsburgh</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hill, V. J., No. 4215 Chestnut St., Philadelphia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richards, A. C., Schellsburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stocks, George, No. 1128 Heberton, Pittsburgh</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rhoads, Dr., J. N., No. 1635 S. Broad St., Philadelphia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quimby, C. S., R. F. D. 3, Phoenixville</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>RHODE ISLAND</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peckham, F. H., Dr., 6 Thomas St., Providence</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Collins, Franklin J., Prof., 468 Hope St., Providence</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heaton, H. W., M.D., No. 2 Iron's Block, Providence</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winslow, Ernest L., Providence</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bronsdon, M. H., Chief Engineer, The Rhode Island Co., Providence</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pleger, John J., Box 686, Manila</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>TEXAS</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blair, R. E., U. S. Exper. Farm, San Antonio</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward, Chas. L., Dallas</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kyle, E. J., Prof, of Horticulture, College Station</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anderson, J. H., Brighton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Canada, J. W., Houston</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>UTAH</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hansen, O. K., Dr., Provo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hughes, M. A., Dr., Judge Bldg., Salt Lake City</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>VERMONT</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Woodman, J. S., So. Royalton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cummings, M. B., Sec'y State Horticultural Society, Burlington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Parrish, John S., Eastham, Albermarle Co.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blue, C. E., Ridgeway, Charlottsville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Haynes, I. J., Manakin</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>VIRGINIA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emerson, J. S., Dr., Red Hill</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catlett, Carter, Gloucester</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>WASHINGTON</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington Nursery Co., Toppenish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shomaker, Joel, Nellita</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moody, Robert, Everett</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stuart, John A., Christopher Nurseries, Christopher</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Davis, Pauline, Miss, Box 415, Pullman</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">May, Walter, 456 Empire Bldg., Okanogan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Western Farmer, Spokane</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">March, G. L., Kennewick</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4>WEST VIRGINIA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bennett, Louis, Mrs., 148 Court Ave., Weston</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>WISCONSIN</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kirr, A. R., Box C, R. D. 6, Fond du Lac</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harold, Geo. E., Maiden Rock, R. D. 3</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Van Deman, H. E., Washington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Swingle, Walter, Prof., Bur. Plant Industry, Washington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coville, Fred. V., Prof., Bur. Plant Industry, Washington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clinton, L. A., Prof., Dept, of Agric., Washington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stabler, Albert, Ins. Agt., Washington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bick, Wm. H., 1403 H. St., Washington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hendrick, A. J., 609, 3rd St., Washington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Life &amp; Health, Takoma Park Sta., Washington</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS FROM STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS AND OTHERS</h3>
+
+
+<p>A well-known nut grower in Delaware writes: "We have given the filberts
+a thorough test and found them one of the most unprofitable nuts ever
+tested. At one time we had under test about 15 distinct varieties. After
+several years tests they all succumbed to the blight; a blight that
+attacked the old wood and killed it. Some of our bushes or trees got as
+much as six inches in diameter before they were entirely killed back.
+Possibly by thorough spraying from the setting of trees a success might
+be made. Some varieties tested were very prolific and of fine quality.
+We succeeded in getting a fine lot of walnuts from the tree southeast of
+the potato house by applying pollen. They are as fine and as well filled
+and as large as any I have ever seen. Several of our crosses had a few
+nuts this year, most of them are rather thick shelled. The trees though
+seem to be perfectly hardy. We have several Japan walnut trees bearing
+this year some of which I consider first class, equal to the best
+shellbarks or pecans in cracking quality; besides they are so very
+prolific, producing as many as a dozen in a cluster. We can show
+specimens from several distinct varieties or types. The Cordiformis
+seems to be one of the best. We also have some very fine black walnuts.
+One of our seedlings from the select nuts produces the largest walnuts
+that I have ever seen. The tree did not have very many on it this year.
+Several of the other seedlings from the same planting produced fine nuts
+with good cracking qualities. We also had several pecan trees to bear a
+few nuts this year; most of the nuts were rather small but of fine
+quality, very thin shells and well filled. Our Japan chestnuts bore
+quite full.</p>
+
+<p>I think it possible to produce Persian walnuts successfully in our
+locality. I also think the Japan walnut offers a good field for
+investigation."</p>
+
+
+<h3>FROM THE STATE VICE-PRESIDENT FOR COLORADO</h3>
+
+<p class="author">Dec. 11, 1912.</p>
+
+<p>So far as I can learn only two attempts have been made in this state to
+grow nuts. The first one consists in the setting out of about one
+hundred Jap<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>anese walnuts by the Antlers Orchard Co. Their place is on
+the western slope in the fruit district and I am informed that the first
+winter the tops were killed but new shoots put out from the roots and
+the trees did well this year.</p>
+
+<p>The other attempt is one I made last spring. I set out a few pecan trees
+as an experiment near Colorado Springs. Six of the seven trees lived and
+put out some leaves but did not make much growth. If they survive the
+winter I purpose planting more pecans and some other nuts,&mdash;chestnuts,
+black walnuts and possibly Persian walnuts.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p class="author">
+Hilton, N. Y.<br />
+Nov. 29, 1912.
+</p>
+
+<p>Dear Sir:</p>
+
+<p>In reply to your inquiry I am inclosing notes on walnut culture in this
+locality. This noble fruit is not generally known here. I do not know of
+more than twelve or fifteen bearing trees in my county. Of these all are
+without doubt seedlings, and are located in places where the peach will
+thrive. The soil in which they grow is varied: Dunkirk fine sand,
+Dunkirk silt loam, Ontario fine sand loam, and Ontario loam. (See soil
+survey of <i>Monroe county</i>, N. Y. U. S. Dept. Agriculture.) The altitude
+is comparatively low. The highest point in the county is only 682 ft.
+above lake Ontario, and the average elevation is not more than 300 ft.
+The "Holden" walnuts are growing at a still lower level. This tree,
+considering its surroundings and location, had a good crop this year.
+Standing on the lawn uncultivated and unfertilized, hemmed in on three
+sides by other trees, it gave us at least three bushels of fine nuts.</p>
+
+<p>The wood showed no injury after last winter's intense cold. Growth
+started in the spring just as the apple blossoms came out. The catkins
+are very large, at least much larger than those on the other trees we
+have, and hang on longer. One of our trees loses its male blossoms
+before the female bloom appears, but the "Holden" is the last to lose
+them. About half of the clusters of fruit have two or three nuts in
+them. We began harvesting the nuts Sept. 15th, just four months from the
+blossom. The dropping continued for a month, prolonged on account of
+lack of frost.</p>
+
+<p>Last week the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle reported the appearance
+of the first load of English walnuts ever brought on the local market.
+They were grown on fifteen year old seedlings, at East Avon, N. Y., by
+Adelbert Thompson. His orchard is said to contain 200 trees. It seems
+very probable that the next twenty-five years will see the development
+of Persian walnut growing, to commercial proportions, in those
+localities in the state where the peach will grow.</p>
+
+<p>I had a little experience last spring with southern grown walnut trees.
+Last spring I received from Louisiana eleven trees of the "Holden"
+variety grafted on black walnut stocks. They were fine trees, the
+largest at least eight feet tall. Six of these I set out in my own
+orchards and gave them intensive care and cultivation, but alas, growth
+was weak and at last they died. If I were to deduce any conclusions it
+would be that there is too great a difference between Louisiana and New
+York conditions.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>FROM THE SECRETARY OF THE MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY</h3>
+
+<p>Dear Sir:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>I am addressing you as secretary of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association in hopes that you can refer me to some one, perhaps a member
+of your society, in this part of the country to whom we can appeal to
+take part at the coming annual meeting of this society as champion of
+nut growing. While in our state we cannot successfully grow pecans, nor
+perhaps the sweet chestnut and some other nuts, yet some varieties do
+well with us and a larger interest in their growing should be
+stimulated.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p class="author">A. W. Latham, Sec'y.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association,
+Report of the Proceedings at the Third Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NNGA REPORT, 1912 ***
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,6874 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association, Report of
+the Proceedings at the Third Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association, Report of the Proceedings at the Third Annual Meeting
+       Lancaster, Pennsylvania, December 18 and 19, 1912
+
+Author: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: November 28, 2007 [EBook #23656]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NNGA REPORT, 1912 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Janet Blenkinship
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|DISCLAIMER                                                              |
+|                                                                        |
+|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers|
+|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are |
+|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers       |
+|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is  |
+|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not|
+|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may   |
+|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide|
+|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current     |
+|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion  |
+|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut   |
+|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular   |
+|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.      |
+|                                                                        |
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
+
+REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE THIRD ANNUAL MEETING
+
+LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA DECEMBER 18 and 19, 1912
+
+THE CAYUGA PRESS ITHACA, N. Y.
+
+1913
+
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR JOHN CRAIG
+
+A FOUNDER OF THE ASSOCIATION
+
+_Died 1912_]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+  Officers and Committees of the Association                             3
+
+  Members of the Association                                             4
+
+  Constitution and Rules of the Association                              8
+
+  Proceedings of the Meeting held at Lancaster, Pennsylvania,
+  December 18 and 19, 1912                                               9
+
+  Address of Welcome by the Mayor of Lancaster                           9
+
+  Response by Mr. Littlepage                                            11
+
+  President's Address. The Practical Aspects of Hybridizing Nut Trees.
+  Robert T. Morris, New York                                            12
+
+  Fraudulent and Uninformed Promoters. T. P. Littlepage, Indiana        22
+
+  Recent Work on the Chestnut Blight. Keller E. Rockey, Pennsylvania    37
+
+  Some Problems in the Treatment of Diseased Chestnut Trees. Roy G.
+  Pierce, Pennsylvania                                                  44
+
+  Nut Growing and Tree Breeding and their Relation to Conservation. J.
+  Russell Smith, Pennsylvania                                           59
+
+  Beginning with Nuts. W. C. Deming, New York 64
+
+  The Persian Walnut, Its Disaster and Lessons for 1912. J. G. Rush,
+  Pennsylvania                                                          85
+
+  A 1912 Review of the Nut Situation in the North. C. A. Reed,
+  Washington, D. C                                                      91
+
+  Demonstration in Grafting. J. F. Jones, Pennsylvania                 105
+
+  Some Persian Walnut Observations, Experiments and Results for 1912.
+  E. R. Lake, Washington, D. C                                         110
+
+  The Indiana Pecans. R. L. McCoy, Indiana                             113
+
+
+  Appendix:
+
+  Report of Secretary and Treasurer                                    116
+
+  Report of Committee on Resolutions                                   117
+
+  Report of Committee on the Death of Professor John Craig             119
+
+  Report of Committee on Exhibits                                      120
+
+  The Hickory Bark Borer 122
+
+
+  Miscellaneous Notes:
+
+  Members Present                                                      124
+
+  List of Correspondents and Others Interested in Nut Culture          124
+
+  Extracts from Letters from State Vice-Presidents and Others          138
+
+
+
+
+  OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION
+
+  President  T. P. Littlepage  Indiana
+  Secretary and Treasurer  W. C. Deming  Georgetown, Conn.
+
+
+  COMMITTEES
+
+  _Executive_
+  Robert T. Morris
+  W. N. Roper
+  And the Officers
+
+  _Promising Seedlings_
+  T. P. Littlepage
+  C. A. Reed
+  W. C. Deming
+
+  _Hybrids_
+  R. T. Morris
+  J. R. Smith
+  C. P. Close
+
+  _Membership_
+  W. C. Deming
+  G. H. Corsan
+  W. N. Roper
+
+  _Nomenclature_
+  W. C. Reed
+  R. T. Morris
+  W. C. Deming
+
+  _Press and Publication_
+  W. N. Roper
+  T. P. Littlepage
+  W. C. Deming
+
+
+  STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS
+
+  Canada  Goldwin Smith  Highland Creek
+  Colorado  Dr. Frank L. Dennis  Colorado Springs
+  Connecticut  Charles H. Plump  West Redding
+  Delaware  H. P. Layton  Georgetown
+  Florida  H. Harold Hume  Glen St. Mary
+  Georgia  G. C. Schempp, Jr.  Albany
+  Illinois  Dr. F. S. Crocker  Chicago
+  Indiana  R. L. McCoy  Lake
+  Iowa  Alson Secor  Des Moines
+  Kentucky  A. L. Moseley  Calhoun
+  Louisiana  J. F. Jones  Jeanerette
+  Maryland  C. P. Close  Washington, D. C.
+  Massachusetts  Bernhard Hoffmann  Stockbridge
+  Michigan  Miss Maud M. Jessup  Grand Rapids
+  Minnesota  C. A. Van Duzee  St. Paul
+  New Hampshire  Henry N. Gowing  Dublin
+  New Jersey  Henry Hales  Ridgewood
+  New York  A. C. Pomeroy  Lockport
+  North Carolina  W. N. Hutt  Raleigh
+  Ohio  J. H. Dayton  Painesville
+  Oklahoma  Mrs. E. B. Miller  Enid
+  Oregon  F. A. Wiggins  Toppenish
+  Panama  B. F. Womack  Canal Zone
+  Pennsylvania  J. G. Rush  West Willow
+  Texas  C. T. Hogan  Ennis
+  Vermont  Clarence J. Ferguson  Burlington
+  Virginia  W. N. Roper  Petersburg
+  West Virginia  B. F. Hartzell  Shepherdstown
+
+
+MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
+
+  Abbott, Frederick B., 419 9th St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
+  Armstrong, A. H., General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.
+  Arnott, Dr. H. G., 26 Emerald St., South, Hamilton, Canada.
+  Barron, Leonard, Editor The Garden Magazine, Garden City, L. I.
+  Barry, W. C., Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y.
+  Benner, Charles, 100 Broadway, N. Y. City.
+  **Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont Bldg., Boston, Mass.
+  Button, Herbert, Bonnie Brook Farm, Cazenovia, N. Y.
+  Browne, Louis L., Bodsbeck Farm, New Canaan, Conn.
+  Butler, Henry L., Gwynedd Valley, Pa.
+  Casper, Norman W., Fairlawn, New Burnside, Ill.
+  Chalmers, W. J., Vanport, Pa.
+  Chamberlain, W. O., 300 Nicollet Ave., Minneapolis, Minn.
+  Clendenin, Rev. Dr. F. M., Westchester, N. Y. City.
+  Close, Prof. C. P., Expert in Fruit Identification, U. S. Dept.
+    of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+  Cole, Dr. Chas. K., 32 Rose St., Chelsea-on-Hudson, N. Y.
+  Coleman, H. H., The Northwestern Mutual Life Ins. Co., Newark, N. J.
+  Corsan, G. H., University Gymnasium, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
+  Crocker, Dr. F. S., Columbus Memorial Bldg., Chicago, Ill.
+  Dayton, J. H., Painesville, Ohio. Rep. Storrs & Harrison Co.
+  Decker, Loyd H., Greeley, Col., R. 5, Box 11.
+  Deming, Dr. N. L., Litchfield, Conn.
+  Deming, Dr. W. C. Georgetown, Conn.
+  Deming, Mrs. W. C. Georgetown, Conn.
+  Dennis, Dr. Frank L., The Colchester, Colorado Springs, Col.
+  Ellwanger, W. D., 510 E. Ave., Rochester, N. Y.
+  Ferguson, Clarence J., Rep. Eastern Fruit & Nut Orchard Co.,
+    144 College St., Burlington, Vt.
+  Fischer, J., Rep. Keystone Wood Co., Williamsport, Pa.
+  Fullerton, H. B., Medford, L. I.
+  Gowing, Henry N., Dublin, N. H.
+  Gschwind, Geo. W., 282 Humboldt St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
+  Haberstroh, Arthur L., Sharon, Mass.
+  Hale, Mrs. Geo. H., Glastonbury, Conn.
+  Hall, L. C. Avonia, Pa.
+  *Hales, Henry, Ridgewood, N. J.
+  Hans, Amedee, Supt. Hodenpyl Est., Locust Valley, L. I., N. Y.
+  Harrison, J. G., Rep. Harrison's Nurseries, Berlin, Md.
+  Hartzell, B. F., Shepherdstown, W. Va.
+  Haywood, Albert, Flushing, N. Y.
+  Hicks, Henry, Westbury Station, L. I., N. Y.
+  Hildebrand, F. B., 5551 Monroe Ave., Chicago, Ill.
+  Hoffman, Bernhard, Stockbridge, Mass.
+  Hogan, C. T., Ennis, Texas.
+  Holden, E. B., Hilton, N. Y.
+  Holmes, J. A., 127 Eddy St., Ithaca, N. Y.
+  Hopper, I. B., Chemical National Bank, N. Y. City.
+  Hume, H. Harold, Glen Saint Mary, Fla.
+  Hungerford, Newman, 45 Prospect St., Hartford, Conn.
+  **Huntington, A. M., 15 W. 81st St., N. Y. City.
+  Hutt, W. N., Raleigh, N. C.
+  James, Dr. W. B., 17 W. 54th St., N. Y. City.
+  Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly St., Jersey City Heights, N. J.
+  **Jones, J. F., Jeanerette, La., & Willow St., Pa.
+  Jessup, Miss Maud M., 440 Thomas St., Grand Rapids, Mich.
+  Keely, Royal R., 1702 Mt. Vernon St., Philadelphia, Pa. Walpole,
+    Mass., Box 485.
+  Koch, Alphonse, 510 E. 77th St., N. Y. City.
+  Lake, Prof. E. R., Asst. Pomologist, Dept. of Agriculture,
+    Washington, D. C.
+  Layton, H. P., Georgetown, Del.
+  Leas, F. C, 400 So. 40th St., Philadelphia, Pa., and Bala, Pa.
+  Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Bldg., Washington, D. C, and
+    Boonville, Ind.
+  Loomis, Charles B., E. Greenbush, N. Y.  R. D. 1.
+  Lovett, Mrs. Joseph L., Emilie, Bucks Co., Pa.
+  Malcomson, A. B., 132 Nassau St., N. Y. City.
+  Mayo, E. S., Rochester, N. Y. Rep. Glen Brothers.
+  McCoy, R. L., Ohio Valley Forest Nursery, Lake, Spencer Co., Ind.
+  Meehan, S. Mendelson, Germantown, Phila., Pa. Rep. Thos. Meehan & Sons.
+  Miller, Mrs. E. B., Enid, Oklahoma, R. Box 47 1-2.
+  Miller, Mrs. Seaman, Care of Mr. Seaman Miller, 2 Rector St., N. Y.
+  McSparren, W. F., Furnice, Pa.
+  Magruder, G. M., Medical Bldg., Portland, Oregon.
+  Morris, Dr. Robert T., 616 Madison Ave., N. Y. City.
+  Moseley, A. L., Bank of Calhoun, Calhoun, Ky.
+  Moses, Theodore W., Harvard Club, 27 W. 44th St., N. Y. City.
+  Niblack, Mason J., Vincennes, Ind.
+  Nichols, Mrs. F. Gillette, 129 E. 76th St., N. Y. City, and
+    E. Haddam, Conn.
+  Patterson & Taylor, 343 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill.
+  Pierson, Miss A. Elizabeth, Cromwell, Conn.
+  Plump, Chas. H., West Redding, Conn.
+  Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport, N. Y.
+  Potter, Hon. W. O., Marion, Ill.
+  Reed, C. A., Div. of Pomology, U. S. Dept, of Agriculture,
+    Washington, D. C.
+  Reed, W. C., Vincennes, Ind.
+  Rice, Mrs. Lilian McKee, Barnes Cottage, Carmel, N. Y.
+  Rich, William P., Sec'y Mass Horticultural Society, 300 Mass. Ave.,
+    Boston.
+  Ridgway, C. S., "Floralia," Lumberton, N. J.
+  Riehl, E. A., Alton, Ill.
+  Roper, Wm. N., Arrowfield Nursery Co., Petersburg, Va.
+  Rose, Wm. J., 413 Market St., Harrisburg, Pa.
+  Rush, J. G., West Willow, Pa.
+  Schempp, G. C., Jr., Albany, Ga. Route 3.
+  Secor, Alson, Editor Successful Farming, Des Moines, Iowa.
+  Sensenig, Wayne, State College, Center Co., Pa.
+  Shellenberger, H. H., 610 Broadhead St., Easton, Pa.
+  Shoemaker, Seth W., Agric. Ed. Int. Corresp. Schools, Scranton, Pa.
+  Smith, E. K., 213 Phoenix Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn.
+  Smith, Goldwin, Highland Creek, Ontario, Canada.
+  Smith, J. Russell, Roundhill, Va.
+  Smith, Percival P., 108 S. LaSalle St., Chicago, Ill.
+  Tuckerman, Bayard, 118 E. 37th St., N. Y. City.
+  Turner, K. M., 1265 Broadway, N. Y. City.
+  Ulman, Dr. Ira, 213 W. 147th St., N. Y. City. Farm, So. Monsey, Rockland
+    Co., P. O., Address, Spring Valley, N. Y.
+  Van Duzee, Col. C. A., St. Paul, Minn, and Viking, Fla.
+  Walter, Dr. Harry, Hotel Chalfonte, Atlantic City, N. J.
+  Wentink, Frank, 75 Grove St., Passaic, N. J.
+  White, H. C., DeWitt, Ga.
+  Wiggins, F. A., Rep. Washington Nursery Co., Toppenish, Wash.
+  Wile, Th. E., 1012 Park Avenue, Rochester, N. Y.
+  Williams, Dr. Charles Mallory, 48 E. 49th St., N. Y. City, and
+    Stonington, Conn.
+  Williams, Harrison, Gen. Land & Tax Agt., Erie R. R. Co., 50 Church St.,
+    N. Y. City.
+  **Wissmann, Mrs. F. DeR., 707 Fifth Ave., N. Y. City.
+  Womack, B. F., Ancon, Canal Zone, Panama.
+  Wyman, Willis L., Park Rapids, Minn.
+
+     * Honorary Member.
+    ** Life Member
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION AND RULES OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION.
+
+
+_Name._ The society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS
+ASSOCIATION.
+
+_Object._ The promotion of interest in nut-producing plants, their
+products and their culture.
+
+_Membership._ Membership in the society shall be open to all persons who
+desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of residence
+or nationality, subject to the approval of the committee on membership.
+
+_Officers._ There shall be a president, a vice-president, and a
+secretary-treasurer; an executive committee of five persons, of which
+the president, vice-president and secretary shall be members; and a
+state vice-president from each state represented in the membership of
+the association.
+
+_Election of Officers._ A committee of five members shall be elected at
+the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the
+subsequent year.
+
+_Meetings._ The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected
+by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made
+at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time
+for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may
+seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee.
+
+_Fees._ The fees shall be of two kinds, annual and life. The former
+shall be two dollars, the latter twenty dollars.
+
+_Discipline._ The committee on membership may make recommendations to
+the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member.
+
+_Committees._ The association shall appoint standing committees of three
+members each to consider and report on the following topics at each
+annual meeting: first, on promising seedlings; second, on nomenclature;
+third, on hybrids; fourth, on membership; fifth, on press and
+publication.
+
+
+
+
+NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
+
+THIRD ANNUAL MEETING
+
+DECEMBER 18 AND 19, 1912
+
+AT LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA
+
+
+The third annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association was
+held in the Court House at Lancaster, Pa., beginning December 18, 1912,
+at 10 A. M.; President Morris presiding.
+
+The Chairman: The meeting will be called to order. We have first an
+address by the Mayor of Lancaster, Mayor McClean. (Applause.)
+
+Mayor McClean: Ladies and gentlemen of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association:
+
+The Mayor of a city of the size of this, in which conventions meet so
+frequently, is so often called upon to make a speech that the prospect
+of having to do so causes him some disturbance of mind, not only on the
+day of the delivery of the speech but for many days preceding; but I
+confess that the invitation to come here today has had no such effect on
+me. I am very glad to meet and mix up with the members of this
+organization. The evolutionists tell us where we came from; the
+theologians, where we are going to; but no matter how much we may differ
+as to the theories of these respective leaders of thought, upon one
+thing we can all agree and that is that we are here. You ladies and
+gentlemen representing the Northern Nut Growers Association are here to
+interchange opinions and discuss questions which have to do with the
+greater success of the very useful industry, the youthful and useful
+industry, in which you are engaged. I am here as the Mayor of this
+goodly town to tell you that you are not looked upon as intruders; that
+we will be blind when you help yourselves to our wine flasks, but that
+we will not be deaf should you ask for more. I am thoroughly in sympathy
+with the purpose of this organization, understanding it to be the
+encouragement of the planting of nut bearing trees in order that an
+addition to our present food supply may be provided; and that much waste
+land, now profitless, may be taken up and converted to practical and
+profitable uses; and further that through the medium of such tree
+planting and tree care as you propose, landscape embellishment in
+greater degree than that which now exists may be provided. We hear very
+much about conservation these days and it seems to me that the
+proposition which you advance is conservation in a very worthy and very
+high degree. The soil and climate of Lancaster County seem to be
+peculiarly adapted to the growing of trees bearing nuts and fruits, and
+I am sure that the result of this convention will be to stimulate
+locally a very great interest in this worthy undertaking. You have
+chosen wisely in selecting Lancaster as the place for this meeting,
+because we feel and we are satisfied that you will agree, after you have
+been here a few days, that this was the town that Kipling had in mind
+when he wrote of the town that was born lucky. (Laughter.) Here you will
+find all the creature comforts, everything that makes for the pleasure
+of existence, good food and good water, and if there be any of you who
+have a liking for beverages other than water, it may be some consolation
+to you to know that in this vicinity the mint beds are not used for
+pasture, the punch bowls are not permanently filled with carnations, the
+cock-tail glasses show no signs of disuse and the corkscrew hangs within
+reach of your shortest member. (Laughter.) We are a great people over
+this way. Perhaps you are not aware of that, but we bear prosperity with
+meekness and adversity with patience. We feel that we can say to you,
+without boasting, if you seek a pleasant country, look about you. You
+may not know it, but it is a fact and the United States census reports
+ever since census reports have been made will prove it, that the annual
+valuation of the agricultural products of the county in which you now
+sit exceeds that of any other county in all this great nation.
+(Applause.) Another bit of local history may surprise you when I tell
+you that the combined deposits of the banks of Lancaster County
+approximate the enormous amount of fifty million dollars, that they are
+larger than the total deposits of any one of seven states in the Union
+that I can name and that they exceed the combined deposits of two of
+those seven states. But I don't want to take up your time with a
+recitation of local history, because I feel that your Lancaster
+colleagues will give you all the information, and I don't want to spoil
+their pleasure in giving it by anticipating them. I congratulate you
+upon the success of this convention. I applaud the purpose for which you
+are united. I felicitate you upon your achievements up to this time, and
+predict for you a greater measure of usefulness and advantage in the
+time to come, which usefulness and advantage, let me suggest, can be
+made yours more promptly, certainly more surely, by your proceeding upon
+the principle that whatever is of benefit to the organization as a whole
+must be of benefit to each of its members, either directly or
+indirectly. I trust that you will go on with this good work and
+stimulate enthusiasm in your purpose in a nation wide way, working
+together with one common object, proceeding under the motto of the Three
+Guardsmen of France, "One For All and All For One." I now extend to you
+the freedom of the city. Roam where you will. Just one bit of advice I
+have to give. Contrary, perhaps, to general report, this is not a slow
+town and therefore you are in more danger of being run down than run in.
+(Laughter.) I will not follow the time honored practice of handing you
+the keys of the city, for the reason that when I heard you were on the
+way, I had the old gates taken off the hinges in order that your
+incoming might be in no way impeded. (Laughter.) And now, in the name of
+the city of Lancaster, its heart filled with the sunny warmth of July, I
+bid you welcome and promise that we will try to extend to you a
+hospitality as generous as golden October. (Applause.)
+
+The Chairman: Will Mr. Littlepage please respond to the Mayor's kindly
+address of welcome?
+
+Hon. T. P. Littlepage: Mr. President: On behalf of the members of the
+Northern Nut Growers Association, I desire to thank the Mayor very
+cordially for his delightful words of welcome to this city. We feel that
+the words haven't any strings to them, such as were indicated in a
+little poem I noticed the other day, which said that a young man took
+his girl to an ice cream parlor and she ate and she ate and she ate
+until at last she gave him her heart to make room for another plate.
+(Laughter.) There apparently isn't anything of that in the cordial
+welcome which we have received here to this great County of Lancaster. I
+know now after hearing the Mayor's discourse upon the great resources of
+this county, why it was that a young fellow who had rambled out into the
+West and happened to drop into an old fashioned protracted meeting, when
+asked to come up to the mourners' bench, objected somewhat, and finally
+when they said, "Well, young man, you've got to be born again;" replied,
+"No, it isn't necessary, I was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania."
+(Laughter and applause.) I understand now why the young man was so
+sanguine, why it wasn't necessary to be born again, even under the
+auspices of the Great Spirit. It is very gratifying indeed to be in the
+midst of a great county of this kind that has made one of the great
+basic industries so successful. It takes three things to make a really
+great nation; it takes great natural resources, it takes great policies
+and it takes great people. We have nations in this world where the
+resources, the possibilities of agriculture and all lines of human
+endeavor are as unlimited, almost, as ours, but they haven't the people
+and in the cases where they have people of the right kind, they haven't
+adopted the policies. It takes those three things for any county, any
+state or any nation to be really great, and it is indeed gratifying to
+those of us who believe in the highest development, the best for
+humanity, to come into a county where the people, through their
+industry, their policies of advancement, have made that county one of
+the best farmed agricultural counties in the United States; and that is
+saying a great deal when you consider the greatness of this nation and
+her immense wealth and resources. It is indeed gratifying to all of us
+who are spending some time and some effort to further somewhat the
+advancement of the country along horticultural lines, to be met with a
+cordial welcome and to come into this community that has so highly
+developed her various resources: so, on behalf of this Association and
+all its members, even the members that are not here, those of them who
+might, if they desired, take advantage of the Mayor's corkscrew and
+carnation bowl, I thank the Mayor and thank the citizens of this County
+and say that we are delighted to be among you. (Applause.)
+
+The Chairman: We will now proceed with the regular order of business. As
+my paper happens to be placed first on the list, through the methods of
+the Secretary, I will ask Mr. Littlepage to kindly take the chair while
+I present notes on the subject of hybridizing nut trees.
+
+
+
+
+THE PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF HYBRIDIZING NUT TREES
+
+DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS, NEW YORK
+
+[Illustration: DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS OF NEW YORK
+
+_First President of the Association, 1911 and 1912_]
+
+
+In the experimental work of hybridizing nut trees, we soon come to learn
+that a number of practical points need to be acquired before successful
+hybridizing can be done. This is a special field in which few have taken
+part as yet, and consequently any notes upon the subject will add to
+the sum total of the knowledge which we wish to acquire as rapidly as
+possible. First, in collecting pollen; it is important to shake our
+pollen into dry paper boxes. If we try to preserve the pollen in glass
+or in metal, it is attacked by various mould fungi and is rapidly
+destroyed. We have to remember that pollen consists of live cells which
+have quite as active a place in the organic world as a red squirrel, and
+the pollen grains need to breathe quite as much as a red squirrel needs
+to breathe. Therefore they must not be placed in glass or metal or
+tightly sealed. Further, the pollen grains need to be kept cool in order
+to avoid attacks from the greatest enemy of all organic life, the
+microbes or the lower fungi. Probably we may keep pollen for a longer
+time than it could ordinarily be kept, if it is placed in cold storage,
+but practically I have tried the experiment on only one occasion. Last
+year I wished to cross the chinkapin with the white oak. The white oak
+blossoms more than a month in advance of the chinkapin in Connecticut,
+and the question was how we could keep the white oak pollen. Some of it
+was placed in paper boxes in cold storage; some in paper boxes in the
+cellar in a dry place. Pollen which had been kept in the cellar and
+pollen which had been kept in cold storage were about equally viable. It
+is quite remarkable to know that pollen can be kept for more than a
+month under any circumstances. Hybridization occurred in my chinkapins
+from this white oak pollen. Sometimes, where the flowering time of such
+trees is far apart, it is important to know how we may secure pollen of
+one kind for the female flowers of the other. Two methods are possible.
+In the first place, we may secure pollen from the northern or southern
+range of a species for application upon pistillate flowers at the other
+end of the range of that species. Another way is to collect branches
+carrying male flowers before the flowers have developed, place them in
+the ice house or in a dark, cold room without light until the proper
+time for forcing the flowers, and if these branches are then placed in
+water, the water changed frequently as when we are keeping flowers
+carefully, the catkins or other male flowers will develop pollen
+satisfactorily a long time after their natural time of furnishing
+pollen, when they are brought out into the light. In protecting
+pistillate flowers from the pollen of their own trees, with the nut tree
+group where pollen is wind-borne rather than insect borne, I find that
+the better way is to cover the pistillate flowers with paper bags, the
+thinner the better, the kind that we get at the grocery store. It is
+best to pull off the undeveloped male flowers if they happen to be on
+the same branch with the female flowers, and then place the bags over
+the female flowers at about the time when they blossom, in advance of
+pollination of the male flowers. It is not safe to depend upon pulling
+off the male flowers of an isolated tree and leaving the female flowers
+without bags to protect them from pollen of the same species or of
+allied species, for the reason that wind may carry pollen to a great
+distance. One of Mr. Burbank's critics--I am sorry he has so many, for
+they are not all honest or serious--one of his critics, in relation to
+the crossing of walnuts, said that it was due to no particular skill on
+the part of Mr. Burbank, for, whenever the wind blew from the east, he
+regretted to say that his entire orchard of Persian walnuts became
+pollinized from the California black walnuts nearly half a mile away.
+This is an exaggeration, because the chances are that most of the
+Persian walnuts were pollenized from their own pollen, but in the case
+of some Persian walnuts blossoming early, and developing female flowers
+in advance of male flowers, pollen might be carried to them from half a
+mile away in a high wind from California black walnut trees. Black
+walnut pollen would then fertilize pistillate flowers of the Persian
+walnut. I have found this a real danger, this danger of wind-pollination
+at a distance, much to my surprise. Last year I pollinized one or two
+lower branches of female flowers of a butternut tree which had no other
+butternut tree within a distance of a good many rods, so far away that I
+had no idea that the pollen would be carried from the tree with male
+flowers to the one which happened to have female flowers only that year;
+consequently I placed pecan pollen on the female flowers of the lower
+branches of this butternut tree without protecting them with bags, and
+left the rest of the tree unguarded. There were no male flowers on that
+butternut tree that year. Much to my surprise, not only my pollinized
+flowers but the whole tree bore a good crop of butternuts. This year, on
+account of the drought, many of the hickory trees bore female flowers
+only. I do not know that it was on account of the drought, but I have
+noted that after seasons of drought, trees are apt to bear flowers of
+one sex or the other, trees which normally bear flowers of both sexes.
+This year a number of hickory trees bore flowers of one sex only, and I
+noted that some shagbark trees which had no male flowers had fairly good
+crops of nuts from pollen blown from a distance from other trees. I had
+one pignut tree (H. Glabra) full of female flowers which contained only
+one male flower, so far as I could discover and which I removed. On one
+side of this tree was a bitternut; on the other side a shagbark. This
+tree bore a full crop of pignuts, (Hicoria glabra) evidently pollinized
+on one side by the bitternut and on the other side by the shagbark These
+points are made for the purpose of showing the necessity of covering the
+female flowers with bags in our nut tree hybridizations. We must
+sprinkle Persian insect powder inside the bags or insects will increase
+under protection. When we have placed bags over female flowers, it is
+necessary to mark the limb; otherwise, other nuts borne on neighboring
+limbs will be mistaken for the hybridized nuts unless we carefully place
+a mark about the limb. Copper wire twisted loosely is, I find, the best.
+Copper wire carrying a copper tag with the names of the trees which are
+crossed is best. If I mark the limb with string or with strong cord I
+find there are many ways for its disappearance. Early in the spring the
+birds like it so well that they will untie square knots in order to put
+it into their nests. Later in the season the squirrels will bite off
+these marks made with cords for no other purpose, so far as I know,
+except satisfying a love of mischief. Now I am not psychologist enough
+to state that this is the reason for the action of the red squirrel, and
+can only remember that when I was a boy I used to do things that the red
+squirrel now does. (Laughter.) Consequently, on that basis, I traced the
+psychology back to plain pure mischief. Red squirrels and white footed
+mice must be looked after with great care in our hybridized trees. If
+the squirrels cannot get at a nut that is surrounded by wire cloth, they
+will cut off the branch and allow it to fall to the ground and then
+manage to get it out. White footed mice will make their way through
+wire, and mice and squirrels will both manage to bite through wire cloth
+unless it is very strong in order to get at the nut. The mere fact of
+nuts being protected by wire cloth or in other ways seems to attract the
+attention of squirrels. One of my men, a Russian, said, in rather broken
+English, "Me try remember which nuts pollinized; no put on wire, no put
+on tag, no put on nothing; squirrel see that, see right straight, bite
+off one where you put sign for him." (Laughter.) The best way for
+keeping squirrels and white footed mice from ascending a tree, I find is
+by tacking common tin, slippery smooth tin, around the trunk of the tree
+and this may be left on only during the time when squirrels are likely
+to ascend the tree. They will begin long before the nuts are ripe. In
+the case of hazel nuts, I have surrounded the bushes with a wire fence
+or wire mesh, leaving a little opening on one side, and have placed
+steel traps in the opening. Now here enters a danger which one does not
+learn about excepting from practical experience. I went out one morning
+shortly after having thought of this bright idea and found two gray
+squirrels in the traps. They had followed their natural instinct of
+climbing when they got into the steel traps, and climbing wildly had
+broken off every single branch from those hazels which carried
+hybridized nuts. There wasn't one left, because the squirrels when
+caught had climbed into the trees and had so violently torn about with
+trap and chain that they had broken off every single branch with a nut
+on it. So many things happen in our experiments that appeal to one's
+sense of the ludicrous, if he has a sense of humor, that I assure you
+nut raising is a source of great delight to those who are fond of the
+drama.
+
+The field of hybridizing nut trees offers enormous prospects. We are
+only just upon the margin of this field, just beginning to look into the
+vista. It has been done only in a limited way, so far, by crossing
+pollen and flowers under quite normal conditions. We may look forward to
+extending the range now of pollinization from knowledge based upon the
+experiments of Loeb and his followers in biology. They have succeeded in
+developing embryos from the eggs of the sea urchin, of the nereis, and
+of mollusks, without spermatozoa. Their work has shown that each egg is
+a single cell with a cell membrane and it is only necessary to destroy
+this cell membrane according to a definite plan to start that egg to
+growing. Life may be started from the egg in certain species without the
+presence of the other sex. This may lead us into a tremendous new field
+in our horticultural work. We may be able to treat germ cells with acids
+or other substances which destroy the cell membrane so as to allow
+crossing between very widely separated species and genera. Loeb, by
+destroying the cell membrane of the sea urchin, was enabled to cross the
+sea urchin with the star fish, and no one knows but we may be able,
+following this line of experimentation, eventually to cross the shagbark
+hickory with a pumpkin and get a shagbark hickory nut half the size of
+the pumpkin. That is all! (Applause.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+(President Morris then took the chair.)
+
+The Chairman: Please let me add that the hickory pumpkin idea is not to
+be taken seriously. That is a highly speculative proposition. I have
+found some times that, in a very scientific audience, men who were
+trained in methods of science, had very little selvage of humor,--little
+margin for any pleasantry, but this highly speculative suggestion,
+curiously enough, is not in fact more speculative than would have been
+the idea twelve years ago that you could hatch an egg, start an egg to
+development--without fertilization.
+
+Mr. Hutt: I would like to ask how widely you have been able to cross
+species?
+
+The Chairman: It has been possible to cross species of hazels freely
+with the four species that I have used, the American hazel, Corylus
+Americana; the beak hazel, Corylus rostrata; the Asiatic, Corylus
+colurna, and Corylus pontica. These apparently cross readily back and
+forth. With the hickories I think rather free hybridization occurs back
+and forth among all, but particularly in relation to groups. The
+open-bud hickories, comprising the pecan, the bitternut, the water
+hickory, and the nutmeg hickory, apparently, from my experiments, cross
+much more readily among each other than they cross with the scale-bud
+hickories. The scale-bud hickories appear to cross much more freely
+among each other than they cross with the open-bud hickories; not only
+species but genera may be crossed, and I find that the walnuts
+apparently cross freely with the open-bud hickories and the open-bud
+hickories cross with the walnuts. I have thirty-two crosses between the
+bitternut hickory and our common butternut, growing. All of the walnuts
+apparently cross rather freely back and forth with each other. I have
+not secured fertile nuts between the oaks and chestnuts, but I believe
+that we may get fertile nuts eventually. The nuts fill well upon these
+two trees fertilized with each others' pollen respectively, but I have
+not as yet secured fertile ones. We shall find some fertile crosses I
+think between oaks and chestnuts, when enough species have been tried.
+
+Mr. Hutt: Do you notice any difference in the shapes of any of those
+hybrids, the nuts, when you get them matured and harvested? Do they look
+any different from the other nuts on the tree?
+
+The Chairman: There isn't very much difference, but I seem to think that
+sometimes the pollen has exercised an influence upon the nuts of the
+year. Theoretically it should not do so, but I noticed one case
+apparently in which I crossed a chinkapin with a Chinese chestnut, and
+the nuts of that year seemed to me to present some of the Chinese
+chestnuts' characteristics.
+
+Mr. Hutt: This year I crossed a number of varieties of pecans and in
+nearly all those crosses there was to me quite an evident difference in
+the nuts. For instance those gathered off certain parts of a pecan tree
+of certain varieties, Schley or Curtis or Frotscher, would be typical
+nuts, but those hybrids or crosses that I produced were distorted, more
+or less misshapen and seemed to have peculiarities; so that when we came
+to look over the colony we were in doubt whether they were hand
+pollinated hybrids or had been pollinated before we got the blossoms
+covered. Many of them evidenced a great number of distortions, and one
+of them I remember particularly whose shell was so thin it was just like
+a piece of brown paper; and there were several peculiarities that were
+quite noticeable in those hand pollinated nuts.
+
+The Chairman: That is a very interesting point. When we come to consider
+deformities of nuts we shall find very many cases due to the character
+of the pollinization. I crossed the Persian walnut with the shagbark
+hickory and had nuts that year of just the sort of which Mr. Hunt
+speaks, with shells as thin as paper. One could crush them with the very
+slightest pressure of the finger. The shells were not well developed.
+Unfortunately the mice happened to get at all of those nuts. I don't
+know if they were fertile or not. The kernels were only about half
+developed. I should look for deformity in these nuts rather than a
+taking on of the type of one parent over the other, the idea being based
+on theoretical biological considerations. We had last year a photograph
+of a tree in California which apparently was a cross, a very odd
+cross--does any one remember about that California tree?
+
+Mr. Wilcox: It was a cross between Juglans Californica and the live oak.
+
+The Chairman: Both the foliage and the nuts were very remarkable and
+pertained to characters of these two trees. Such a cross to my mind
+would be wholly unexplainable excepting on the ground recently brought
+out by Loeb and his followers in crossing the lower forms of animal life
+and finding that the cell membrane of the egg, if destroyed, will allow
+of very wide fertilization subsequently with other species. It occurs to
+me now--I had no explanation last year, but it occurs to me now,
+knowing of Loeb's experiments--that it is possible that one of the
+parents, the parent California oak tree carrying the female flowers,
+might have had its sex cells subjected to some peculiar influence like
+acid, sulphurous acid, for instance, from some nearby chimney.
+Sulphurous acid perhaps from someone merely lighting a match to light a
+cigar under the tree; he might have so sensitized a few female flowers,
+may have so injured the cell membrane of a few female germ cells that
+cross pollinization then took place from a walnut tree. It is only on
+some such ground as the findings of Loeb that we can explain such a very
+unusual hybridization as that, which appeared to me a valid one, of a
+cross between an oak and a walnut.
+
+(Secretary Deming then called attention to hybrids in the various
+exhibits.)
+
+Professor Smith: I should like to ask why, if this free hybridization
+takes place in nature among the hickories, you do not have a perfect
+complex of trees showing all possible variations in the forest.
+
+The Chairman: In answer to Professor Smith's question I will start from
+his premises and remark that we do have such complexities. The hickories
+are so crossed at the present time, like our apples, that even crossing
+the pollen of various hickory trees of any one species does not promise
+interesting results unless we cross an enormous number. They are already
+so widely crossed that it is very difficult sometimes to determine if a
+certain tree is shagbark or pignut or shellbark or mockernut. For the
+most part the various species and varieties of hickories retain their
+identity because their own pollen is handiest, and different species do
+not all flower at the same time. Their own pollen from the male flowers
+is apt to fall at the time when their own female flowers are ripe and
+under these circumstances the chances are very much in favor of the tree
+pollinizing its female flowers with its own pollen. On the other hand,
+there is hardly one chance in many hundred thousand for any crossed nut
+to grow, for the reason that most nuts are destroyed by mice, squirrels,
+rats and boys. If you have a hickory nut tree growing in a lot, and
+which has produced a bushel of hickory nuts year after year, do you know
+of one single nut from that tree which has grown? In this plan of
+Nature, this plan of enormous waste of Nature in order to get one seed
+to grow, the chance for a hybridized hickory nut to grow under normal
+conditions, is so small that we should have relatively few crossed
+trees growing wild in Nature, though we do find quite a good many of
+them.
+
+Professor Smith: If I am not taking up too much time, I would like to
+put some more questions to you.
+
+The Chairman: That's what we are here for.
+
+Professor Smith: Have you ever tried the plan of serving collations to
+squirrels? Why wouldn't it pay to give them portions of wheat and corn?
+Second, what percentage of the oak pollen kept in cold storage a month
+was alive? Third, what is the range of time that the hybridizer has to
+make the pollinization? Must we go on the dot or have we two days or
+four days or a week, in the case of hickories and walnuts?
+
+The Chairman: I think possibly as these are three direct questions, I
+might answer them now. No, I think it would be better to have all
+questions bearing on this subject brought out and then I will answer all
+together. So if you will kindly ask all the questions, I will then
+endeavor to answer them.
+
+Mr. Corsan: The squirrels bothered me last year. I've got forty acres of
+land for experimental purposes only and I started planting and the
+little beggars would dig down exactly where I planted the nuts, so I
+went into town and got a rat trap with a double section so I could catch
+them alive; and I caught so many by feeding them cheap pignuts, the
+sweet pignuts from Michigan, that I brought them in and my boys sold
+them for twenty-five cents apiece. Since then we have never been
+bothered with red squirrels. For the white footed mice I laid down large
+doors over some hay or long grass and they gathered underneath and then
+I lifted the doors up every day and with a stick I smashed hundreds of
+them. I have posted a notice to leave the skunk and mink alone; I don't
+want anybody on the place shooting them.
+
+The Chairman: I will first answer Professor Smith's questions. This
+matter of serving collations for squirrels had best be done as
+collations are served at political meetings--with a trap attached. You
+don't know how many squirrels there are in the vicinity or how many
+white footed mice. You will be surprised at the numbers of the little
+rascals, and not only that, but the field mice, the common field mouse
+and pine mouse run in mole holes under the ground and can smell a nut a
+long way off. They are extremely destructive. What percentage of pollen
+grains of the white oak were alive? I do not know. Enough to fertilize
+a number of flowers. The sooner pollen is used the better. I cannot
+answer the question exactly because I did not make an experiment in the
+laboratory to know what part of the pollen was viable. I put on a good
+deal of it and there were at least some viable grains in the lot. That,
+however, is a matter which can be subjected to exact laboratory tests
+without any difficulty. I am so busy with so many things that I can only
+follow the plan of the guinea hen that lays forty eggs and sits in the
+middle of the nest and hatches out all she can. Now the range of time
+for pollinizing is a thing of very great importance and we have to learn
+about it. We must all furnish notes on this question. With some species
+I presume the duration of life of pollen, even under the best
+conditions, might be only a few days. Under other conditions it may be
+several weeks; but we have to remember that, in dealing with pollen, we
+are dealing with a living, breathing organism.
+
+The Secretary: I believe the experiment has been carried to completion
+of fruiting a thousand trees from nuts grown on one pecan tree without
+two of the resulting nuts being like one another or like the parent nut.
+Is that true, Mr. Reed.
+
+Mr. Reed: Yes, you might say ten thousand.
+
+The Secretary: We have an illustration of the variability of the progeny
+of a nut in this collection of chestnuts by Mr. Riehl out in Illinois.
+This is a parent nut, the Rochester, and these others are seedlings from
+the Rochester, except where marked otherwise, some showing a tendency to
+revert to the parent, and some promising to be improvements on the
+parents.
+
+The Chairman: Mr. Secretary, I think we'd better confine ourselves to
+the hybrid question at the present time.
+
+The Secretary: Are not those all hybrids?
+
+The Chairman: I don't believe any man can tell, unless you get the
+flowers, because you have the American and European types merging
+together so perfectly. Some of them show distinctly the European type;
+others show distinctly the American type. That is what I would expect,
+however. The practical point is the question of quality. Which one keeps
+the American quality and which one retains the coarseness of the
+European type?
+
+Mr. Harris: Speaking of variations of nuts I think it is well known that
+there is quite a variation in the nuts of the oak. I noticed in one
+species, michauxii, which is an oak in the South, that its nuts varied
+a great deal. It is something of the type of the chestnut, the white oak
+or the rock oaks and it varies a great deal.
+
+I found one on my father's range in New Jersey and also one on the
+Potomac. The variations extend to the trees as well as the nuts.
+
+The Chairman: The oak tree properly belongs in another tree group and
+some of the acorns are not only edible, but first-rate. In China there
+are at least three species found in the markets to be eaten out of hand
+or roasted. Our white oaks here, some of them, bear very good fruit,
+from the standpoint of the boy and the pig, anyway, and it seems to me
+that we may properly include the oaks in our discussion. There would be
+great range in variation of type from hybridization between oak trees
+and I have seen a number of oak trees that were evidently hybrids, where
+the parentage could be traced on both sides, that were held at very high
+prices by the nurserymen. I asked one nurseryman, who wanted an enormous
+price for one hybrid oak, why he didn't make ten thousand of those for
+himself next year? It hadn't occurred to him.
+
+If there is no further discussion in connection with my paper we will
+have Mr. Littlepage's paper on Nut Promotions.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: Dr. Deming said that he thought it might be time that we
+have something just a little lighter--that either he should read a paper
+or I. (Laughter.) Inasmuch as he included himself, I took no offense
+whatever. The subject I have written on, roughly and hurriedly, is
+Fraudulent and Uninformed Promoters.
+
+
+
+
+FRAUDULENT AND UNINFORMED PROMOTERS
+
+T. P. LITTLEPAGE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
+
+[Illustration: MR. T. P. LITTLEPAGE
+
+OF INDIANA
+
+_President of the Association_]
+
+In the beginning, let me assert my confidence and interest in
+agriculture in general. This is one of the basic industries, upon the
+proper understanding and growth of which depends the food supply of the
+nation. It is admitted by scientists that, other conditions being equal,
+an adequacy or inadequacy in the supply of proper food makes the
+difference between great people and undesirable people. This being true,
+the various operations of agriculture must always be of the greatest
+concern to those who are interested in the nation's welfare.
+
+The "back-to-the-farm" movement is being discussed today in various
+periodicals, but back of the "back-to-the-farm" movement is a philosophy
+that has not been generally understood. It is not proper here to take
+time to discuss the reasons why the man in the "steenth" story of some
+magnificent office building, with telephones, electric lights,
+elevators, and all modern conveniences, longs for the time when he can
+roam again amidst the green fields in the sunshine and fresh air, but
+suffice it to say that in my judgment a majority of the professional
+men, and men in other walks of life, would, if they could, abandon their
+various employments and turn again to the soil. The boy on the farm
+dreams of the days when he can be the president of a bank, have a home
+in the city, own an automobile, smoke good cigars and go to the show
+every night. The bank president dreams of the day when he can turn again
+to the farm and walk in the green fields, where he can shun the various
+artificial activities of life, drink buttermilk and retire with the
+chickens.
+
+It may be asked what connection these statements have with the subject,
+and the answer is this--that in the minds of many thousands of people
+there is this supreme desire to some day own a portion of God's
+footstool to which they can retire from artificial and vainglorious
+environments to those under which they can be their real selves and
+follow pursuits to their liking. It is this that makes it possible for
+the promoter of various horticultural enterprises to succeed in
+interesting in his schemes the clerk, the merchant, the doctor, the
+lawyer, the school teacher, the preacher, and all others whose
+occupations confine them within the limits of the great cities.
+
+In the beginning, let us distinguish between the fraudulent promoter and
+the uninformed promoter. The fraudulent promoter is he who recognizes
+this great and worthy ambition of many people to buy a spot to which
+they can some day retire and work and rest and dream and enjoy the
+coming and going of the seasons, and the sunshine and the shadows, and
+who capitalizes this ambition, with that industry as his stock in trade
+which, at the particular moment, happens to offer the most attractive
+inducements. Those familiar with the industry he is exploiting, can tell
+him by his actions, by his words, by his nods and winks. It is hard for
+the crook to disguise himself to the informed.
+
+Distinguished from the fraudulent promoter is the uninformed promoter,
+but, so far as results are concerned, there is not much difference
+between them for the innocent investor. They both lead him to failure.
+They are unlike only in this, that the pathway of the one is lined with
+deception, crookedness and chicanery; of the other, with blasted hopes
+based upon good intentions but bad information. Both lead to the
+self-same sepulcher which in the distance looks white and beautiful but
+when reached is filled with the bones of dead men.
+
+There is not much difference after all, when one comes right down to the
+facts, between the crook who starts out deliberately to get one's money
+and the fellow who starts out in ignorance and makes great promises of
+returns that he knows nothing about. Both succeed in getting one's money
+and both succeed in misleading those who have a desire to lay aside
+something for their old days. We naturally feel more charity for him who
+has good intentions, but who fails, than for him who starts out with bad
+intentions. But, after all, only results count.
+
+Did you ever receive the literature of one of these various concerns
+that has pecan or apple orchards to sell? How beautiful their schemes
+look on paper! With what exquisite care they have worked out the
+pictures and the language and the columns of figures showing the
+profits! While writing this article I have before me a prospectus of a
+certain pecan company that prints columns of attractive figures.
+Fearful, however, that the figures would not convince, it has resorted
+to all the various schemes of the printers' art in its portrayal of the
+prospective profits from a grove set to pecans and Satsuma oranges, and
+it tells you in conclusion that it guarantees by a bond, underwritten by
+a responsible trust company, the fulfillment of all its representations.
+Yet what are the facts? Their lands are located in a section where the
+thermometer falls to a point that makes highly improbable the profitable
+growing of Satsuma oranges. And all their figures are merely estimates
+of the wildest character, printed in attractive columns, based upon
+nothing.
+
+As a member of the National Nut Growers Association I was this year
+chairman of the committee on orchard records. I sent out blanks, with
+lists of questions, to many prominent nut growers to see if I could
+secure data upon which to base a report to the association. The replies
+I received showed the existence of some very promising young orchards of
+small size, well cared for, but they also showed that there was no such
+thing as an intelligent report upon which reliable data as to the
+bearing records of orchards could be based for any future calculations.
+There are two reasons for this. First, most of the figures we have are
+based upon the records of a few pet trees around the dooryard or garden,
+grown under favorable conditions. Second, the young groves are not yet
+old enough for anyone to say, with any degree of accuracy, what the
+results will be. Therefore, the alluring figures printed in these
+pamphlets are only guesses.
+
+Furthermore, what of the contract of these concerns? What does it
+specify? You would be surprised to know the legal construction of one of
+these contracts, together with their guaranty bond. In most cases they
+advertise to plant, and properly cultivate for a period of five to seven
+years, orchards of the finest varieties of budded or grafted pecan
+trees, with Satsuma oranges or figs set between. But the guaranty
+company is usually wise enough to have lawyers who are able to advise
+them of their liabilities, and about all they actually guarantee is
+that, after a period of five years, provided all payments have been
+promptly met, there will be turned over to the purchaser five acres of
+ground with trees upon it. Five years old? No, they may not be one year
+old. Budded or grafted? No, they may be mere seedlings. Oranges set
+between them? No, the orange has passed out of the proposition before
+the bond stage. The companies generally print a copy of the bond, but
+usually in such small type that the victim does not read it, though the
+heading is always prominent. It thunders in the index and fizzles in the
+context.
+
+Moreover, suppose suit is brought on one of these contracts and bonds?
+What is the measure of damages? What basis has any court or jury for
+fixing damages? And be it remembered that courts do not exist for the
+protection of fools against their folly. The principle "caveat emptor"
+is as old as the common law itself, and it means that the buyer must
+beware, or in other words, that he should inform himself, and that he
+cannot expect the courts to protect him where he has failed to exercise
+due caution and diligence. Therefore, as a lawyer, I should very much
+hesitate to take on a contingent fee the suit of one of these various
+victims against a promoting orchard corporation.
+
+However, in any jurisdiction where there is a criminal statute against
+fraudulent representation and obtaining money under false pretenses, I
+should not hesitate, if I were the prosecuting attorney, to indict every
+member of such a corporation, and, to sustain the case, I would simply
+present to a jury of honest men the representations in their advertising
+literature, and then have the court instruct the same jury as to the
+validity and limitations of their contract. Their advertising is
+brilliant enough to dazzle the sun. Their contract is as dull as a mud
+pie.
+
+In addition to all of this comes the question of orcharding by proxy,
+and the success of the unit or acreage system, and many other similar
+questions; and let me say that I doubt if there is today in the United
+States one large development scheme, either in pecan or apple orchards,
+that will prove of ultimate financial profit and success to the
+purchaser. The promoter may get rich--he has nothing at stake. In most
+instances he has the price of the land in his pocket before there is a
+lick of work done on it, and the payments come in regularly and promptly
+to take care of his salary and the meager and unscientific development.
+
+Of course I would not be understood as saying that pecan or apple
+orchards cannot be made profitable. I am of the opinion that reasonable
+sized orchards in proper locations and proper soil, of proper varieties,
+with proper care in handling, are good investments, and, as proof of my
+confidence, I am planting orchards both in the north and south. The
+adjective "proper" which I have used here may seem insignificant at the
+start but, believe me, before you have begun to clip the coupons off
+your orchard bonds this adjective will loom up as important as Webster's
+Unabridged Dictionary. In fact you will wonder how it has been possible
+for anyone to forecast in one word such comprehensive knowledge. Think
+of a man a thousand miles away putting money into the hands of some
+unknown concern, for five acres of unknown land, to be set in unknown
+varieties of trees, to be cared for by unknown individuals. Can he not
+see that, in keeping with all the other unknown factors, his profits
+must also be unknown?
+
+We look at a great industrial enterprise, such as the steel trust, and
+marvel at its success. But it must be remembered that this industry
+started many years ago, and step by step built furnace after furnace and
+mill after mill, after the owners had tried out and become familiar with
+all the factors of that industry, and after great corps of trained
+experts had been developed, and after science had given to this industry
+many of the most marvelous mechanical inventions of the age. These facts
+are overlooked, however, when some fellow steps up and proposes to put a
+steel-trust-orchard on the market in twelve months. In most industrial
+enterprises there are well-known and established factors to be
+considered. In horticultural enterprises, however, no man knows what
+twelve months hence will bring. I read the other day with great
+interest the prospectus of a great pecan orchard started several years
+ago by a very honorable and high-minded man, and the promises of success
+were most alluring. What are the facts? The boll weevil came along and
+wiped out his intermediate cotton crops. The floods came later and
+destroyed acres of his orchards, and, if he were to write a prospectus
+today, it would no doubt be a statement of hope rather than a statement
+of facts. He would no doubt turn from the Book of Revelations, where at
+that time he saw "a new heaven and a new earth," and write from the Book
+of Genesis, where "the earth was without form and void."
+
+How many people have been defrauded by these various schemes, no one
+knows. How many clerks, barbers, bookkeepers, stenographers, students,
+preachers, doctors, lawyers, have contributed funds for farms and future
+homes in sections where they would not live if they owned half of the
+county. How many people have been separated from their cash by
+literature advertising rich, fertile lands in sections where the
+alligator will bask unmolested in miasma for the next fifty years, and
+where projects should be sold by the gallon instead of by the acre.
+
+Some time ago it was reported that inquiries in reference to the
+feasibility and profits of various orchard schemes had come in to the
+Bureau of Plant Industry of the Agricultural Department, at Washington,
+in such numbers that the officials of that Bureau had considered the
+advisability of printing a general circular, which they could send to
+the inquirers, advising them to make due investigation, and giving a few
+general suggestions about proxy farming and orchard schemes. I was
+advised by a friend in the middle west that the contemplated issuance of
+this circular by the Bureau of Plant Industry had aroused a number of
+protests throughout the country, and that various Senators and Members
+of the House of Representatives had entered strong protests with the
+Secretary of Agriculture against it. A number of these protests have
+come to my notice, and they take various forms of opposition, but are
+all unanimous against the Department of Agriculture offering to the
+prospective purchaser any information. Various reasons for their stand
+were given by the protestants, but how flimsy and ridiculous they are
+when analyzed. Congress for a number of years has been appropriating
+money and authorizing certain work by the Department of Agriculture. It
+is the people's money, and the people's Department, and the information
+gathered by the experts in this Department ought to be the people's
+information, and it ought to be possible for any citizen to write the
+Department a letter about any proposition that he has received from any
+of these various promoters, and have the advice of those who know most
+about it.
+
+I suppose the Department of Agriculture has entirely too many duties to
+perform to undertake a work of this kind, but what an inconsistent
+position it is for a Member of Congress, who has been voting for
+appropriations to carry on this work, to appeal to the Secretary of
+Agriculture to suppress such information in order that some exploiter
+may get somebody's money under false representations. I think if it were
+possible today to know the list of concerns and companies who
+registered, directly or through agents, their opposition to this
+proposed warning circular, you would have a correct index of the
+concerns good to let alone. For no honest, reputable individual or
+company need be afraid of the work or suggestions of that great
+Department. I have the pleasure of knowing many of the officials in the
+Bureau of Plant Industry, and never anywhere have I seen a body of men
+so conscientiously engaged in the work of promoting legitimate
+horticultural and agricultural knowledge. It is the very life of that
+great Department, and its officers and employees above everyone else are
+most interested in seeing the land produce the most and best that it can
+be made to produce, and they are best qualified to pass upon these
+matters.
+
+Most of the questions in these various schemes are questions of soil and
+horticulture. One letter in opposition to the Agricultural Department's
+attitude, that was brought to my attention, stated that crops varied
+under different conditions, and that no one was able to tell what a
+certain soil would or would not produce throughout a period of years,
+and intimated that the Department of Agriculture might mislead the
+public; and yet the concern that sent it printed columns of figures
+guaranteeing returns from pecans and Satsuma oranges in a section where
+orange growing is of very doubtful possibility. Boiling down these
+objections by the promoters, they come to simply this: That the
+Agricultural Department, with no motive but to tell the truth, and with
+its corps of trained experts, might mislead the public, but they (the
+promoters) could not possibly be mistaken in their fabulous figures
+compiled for the purpose of getting money from some misinformed victim.
+
+Proxy farming never was a success and I do not think it ever will be.
+One of my friends told me a short time ago of a very successful young
+pecan orchard on the gulf coast. Upon inquiry I found that it was of
+reasonable size, nine years old, and that the owner had lived in it nine
+years. It was not 500 acres in extent, or 1,000 acres, or 2,000 acres,
+but about 20 acres. Last summer I went into a beautiful apple orchard in
+Southern Indiana and saw about forty acres of trees bending to the
+ground with delicious Grimes Golden apples. On that particular day there
+were great crowds of people walking among the trees and admiring the
+fruit. I too walked among the trees a short time, but of greater
+interest to me than the trees was the old, gray-haired man who had made
+the orchard. The trees could not talk, but he could, and he told the
+story of the years of care, and diligence, and work, and thought, and
+patience, that showed why it is not possible to cover the mountains of a
+state with orchards bringing almost immediate and fabulous incomes.
+
+Some time ago I stood talking to the old superintendent of the Botanical
+Garden in Washington--William R. Smith, now deceased--and while
+discussing with him the requisites for tree culture, he said "Young man,
+you have left out the most important one of them all," When I asked him
+what I had left out, he said "above all things it takes the eye of the
+master." So it does, and the master is he whose vigilance is continual,
+who watches each tree as if it were a growing child--as indeed it is, a
+child of the forests--who has the care and the patience, and who is not
+dazzled by the glitter of the dollar, but who loves trees because they
+are trees.
+
+Theoretically, one can figure great successes in big horticultural
+development propositions, but these figures rest upon theory and not
+fact. It would be difficult to state all the reasons why I have a firm
+conviction that such big schemes of every kind will fall, but I believe
+this conviction is shared by the foremost thinkers in the horticultural
+world. A four-year-old boy was once taken to see the animals in a
+circus. He was very much interested, but, when shown the tremendous
+elephant, shook his head and said "he is too big."
+
+A small grove properly handled ought to be an excellent investment. The
+various uncertainties and vicissitudes involved can, in a degree, be
+compensated for by great care; and I suppose it would be possible even
+with some of these big schemes--by placing enough money behind them--to
+insure a fair degree of success. It must be borne in mind, however, that
+these promoters, of whom we have been speaking, are not so much
+concerned in the successful orchard as they are in big salaries and
+profits, and, if one has money enough to pay big salaries and profits,
+and still pay for the proper care of the orchard, then he does not need
+an orchard. Most of these promoters charge too much for a proper and
+honest development alone, and too little for the proper development plus
+the profits and salaries of the promoters. I wish it were not so. I wish
+the old earth could be made to smile bountiful crops without such
+expensive tickling, but this is one of the checks and balances that
+nature places upon her great storehouse of wealth.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Chairman: This is a matter of very great importance and I hope we
+shall have a good discussion, from a practical point of view, by men who
+know about fraudulent promotions and their effect. We ought to go on
+record in this matter right now. I know of numbers of teachers, doctors
+and other poor people who have put money into nut promotion schemes
+without knowing anything about the ultimate prospect of profit.
+
+Mr. Hutt: One noticeable thing about the promoter's literature is that
+he never knows anything about crop failure, and in the agricultural and
+horticultural world that is a thing that is painfully evident to a man
+who has been in business a great length of time. In the promoter's
+literature it is just a matter of multiplication; if one tree will
+produce so much in a year, a hundred trees will produce a hundred times
+as much. I got a letter the other day from Mr. S. H. James, of Beaumont,
+Louisiana, and he said, "I have been very fortunate, I have actually had
+two good crops in succession," and when you come to compare that with
+the promoter's literature--why he knows no such thing as crop failure.
+Anybody who knows anything about agricultural or horticultural work
+knows that we have winter and floods and everything else to contend
+with.
+
+The Chairman: Someone might tell us about failures they happen to know
+of in promotion schemes.
+
+Mr. Smith: I would like to ask if Mr. Littlepage isn't going to open up
+that barrel of actual facts that he has about yields?
+
+Mr. Littlepage: Mr. President, I didn't know that I had a whole barrel
+of actual facts. When I started in several years ago a barrel wouldn't
+have held all of them, but I think that now I could put the actual facts
+in a thimble. I've got several barrels of good pecans, however, I'd like
+to open up and let Mr. Smith sample if he wants to.
+
+The Chairman: Let's hear about frauds from someone who knows how the
+land was managed and how the trees were managed and how it actually
+occurred.
+
+Mr. Van Duzee: Mr. President, I feel that I ought to say something,
+first in commendation of the paper itself. It is a question how far we,
+as an Association, are responsible for the care of our fellowmen, but at
+this period when the industry is new, I feel that it is a very
+legitimate thing for us to do a little work to try and prevent these
+people from preying upon our fellowmen. The president remarked this
+morning that something was an evidence of the tremendous waste in
+Nature. It is true, Nature, in building a forest, wastes a vast amount
+of time and energy. These people who are preying upon the nut industry
+today find as their victims the weaklings which Nature buries in the
+forest. Those things are incidental and we must expect them, but I feel
+that a paper of this kind, at this time, is a very valuable thing and I
+hope it will receive wide publication. We cannot say too much to
+discourage this sort of thing. Now, to respond, in a measure, to the
+President's request for actual facts, I am confronted with this
+proposition, that some of the men who have made the greatest failures
+are men who have done so through ignorance. They are honest men, they
+are personal friends of mine. I don't care to go too much into details,
+because they are just as sorry today as I am, but I have seen this done.
+I have seen hundreds of acres of nut orchards in the South planted with
+the culls from nurseries bought at a very low figure. I have seen these
+trees neglected absolutely, not in one case but in many cases. I have
+seen the weeds as high as the trees at the time when a telegram was
+received by the the local agent that a carload of the purchasers of
+these tracts was about to leave to look over their property. I have seen
+the local manager hustle out, when he got that telegram, and hire every
+mule in the community to come in and, with a plow, throw a furrow or two
+to the rows of trees so that they could be distinguished from the weeds
+they were growing among. As Mr. Littlepage has said, there can be no
+success in such operations; and I feel, looking at it in a very broad
+way, that this is a very good time to emphasize the point that those of
+us who have the greatest experience in the growing of nut trees do not
+feel that these enterprises are legitimate, or that they promise very
+much success. (Applause.)
+
+Mr. Pomeroy: I live just a short distance from Buffalo. A few months
+ago--I got it on the very best authority--there was some salesman in
+Buffalo who didn't have time to call on all those who wanted to give him
+money for pecan propositions. He didn't have time, Doctor, he just had
+to skip hundreds of them, he said; he was just going from one place to
+another, making his collections. Buffalo is a city of only about 450,000
+people and there must be some money being collected and sent in to
+somebody.
+
+The Chairman: Very glad to hear of that instance; let's hear of others.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: I would like, if possible, to answer Mr. Smith's
+question. I didn't know that he referred to facts about these
+promotions, I thought perhaps he meant facts about nut growing.
+
+Mr. Smith: You said you had made inquiries as to nuts, harvest yields,
+orchard yields; it was those, particularly, that I had in mind.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: Oh well, I could give those to you readily. There are
+some very promising orchards, making a good showing under investigation,
+handled under proper conditions and of proper size. I would not want to
+say that those things are not possible. Talking specifically of these
+overgrown schemes, one of them is recalled to my mind, a development
+company in southern Georgia, that advertises very alluringly. It set out
+one year a lot of culls; they all died. I am told that they went out the
+second year and, without any further preparation, dug holes and set out
+another lot of culls. They too died; and then they went out the third
+year and planted nuts, and those trees, at the end of a year's growth,
+were perhaps six or seven inches high, and the salesman from that
+company, I understood, took one of the prospective purchasers over into
+a fine grove owned by another man on the opposite side of the road, and
+let him pick out his five acres from the orchard across the road. That's
+one type I could multiply indefinitely.
+
+Mr. W. C. Reed: I think this is a very important matter. As a nursery
+man who has sold a great many trees to promoting companies, I want to
+say that I have never, with one exception, seen an orchard that has been
+a success, but I have seen hundreds of failures, some of them where they
+have set out orchards of 150,000 trees and sold them off in one and ten
+acre tracts, and in only one case have I seen a success. I think these
+promotions should be avoided by the nut growers of the North.
+
+The Chairman: This is very valuable information, coming from a dealer.
+
+Mr. Van Duzee: I have found this in the yields of my orchards. Six or
+seven or eight years ago, I discounted every source of information that
+I could have access to, as to yields, brought them to a conservative
+point, submitted them to the best informed men in the United States, and
+then divided those figures by five as my estimate of what I might hope
+to accomplish as my orchards came into bearing. I have since been
+obliged to find some excuses for failing to even approximate those
+conservative figures. I had this year in our orchard, a 35 acre plot of
+Frotscher trees which is one of the most promising varieties, six years
+of age, and there were not five pounds of nuts in the whole plot. I have
+had an orchard of 36 acres, mostly Frotscher and Stewart, go through its
+sixth year with less than 200 pounds of nuts to the entire orchard. I
+have another orchard of 30 acres which in its sixth year has produced
+less than 100 pounds of nuts. Now many of these promoters guarantee to
+take care of these orchards, which they are selling, for 10 per cent or
+20 per cent, or even half the proceeds of those orchards, from the fifth
+year. You can see readily that the entire crop of such orchards as I
+have been able to produce, would not begin to pay their running expenses
+the sixth and seventh year.
+
+The Chairman: You took good care of yours?
+
+Mr. Van Duzee: I think so. I think there are many gentlemen in the
+audience who have been through them, and it is conceded that my orchards
+are at least fairly good representatives of what can be done under
+normal conditions.
+
+Mr. Corsan: Are yours southern orchards?
+
+Mr. Van Duzee: These pecan orchards are in south-western Georgia.
+
+Mr. Corsan: The Northern Nut Growers Association, as I understand, is a
+collection of men who are interested in finding out what we can do in
+the way of growing nuts for the North. We go to the markets and see
+baskets of cocoanuts, Brazil nuts, California walnuts, but no nuts
+growing for the market around our neighborhood. In my own city, Toronto,
+I can see some nut trees because I look very closely at everything, but
+the average person cannot see them because they are very few. I have a
+number of experiments on hand. If I succeed in even one of these
+experiments, I am satisfied to spend my whole life at it. I am not
+nervous, I can watch a hickory tree grow. (Laughter.) I want to grow
+some nuts for the next generation. I haven't the slightest thought of
+making a copper of money out of it but I am going to enjoy the thing,
+and that's the idea of the Northern Nut Growers Association, or else I
+have made a mistake.
+
+The Chairman: Is there any further discussion on the matter of frauds?
+Does anyone else wish to speak on this subject?
+
+Mr. Littlepage: It is indeed very gratifying to hear the President of
+the National Nut Growers' Association, Col. Van Duzee, speak on this
+subject and to have the honor of having him with us as a member of our
+Association. It is gratifying to have him come out in such strong terms
+on this question. It has always been his policy and his reputation, so
+far as I have heard, to stand for what is best and squarest in nut
+culture.
+
+The Chairman: The paper of Mr. Littlepage is one of very great
+importance, because the number of frauds associated with an enterprise
+is an indication of the fundamental value of the cause. These fraudulent
+nut promoters capitalize the enthusiasm of people who want to get back
+to the land, just as porters at the hotels capitalize the joy of a newly
+married couple. (Laughter.) We have in this "back-to-the-land" movement,
+a bit of philosophy of fundamental character which includes the idea of
+preservation of the race. Preservation of the race!--why so? Nature made
+man a gregarious species and, being gregarious, he has a tendency to
+develop the urban habit. Developing the urban habit, he fails to oxidize
+his proteins and toxins. Failing to oxidize his proteins and toxins, he
+degenerates. Recognizing the degenerating influence of urban life, by
+means of his intelligence he has placed within his consciousness that
+automatic arrangement, as good as the automatic arrangement which turns
+water on to a boiler, which says to him, "go out and oxidize your
+proteins and toxins." That is what "back-to-the-land" means. You've got
+to begin from this fundamental point. Now then, if this represents a
+fundamental trait in the character of our species and we are acting in
+response to a natural law, then must we be doubly careful about having
+our good intentions, our good methods, halted by unwisdom. That brings
+to mind the point made about our present Secretary of Agriculture. I am
+very glad this has been made a matter of record here, for I am sorry to
+say that in connection with another subject--(health matters)--wherever
+there has been opportunity for the Secretary to act, he has decided as a
+matter of policy on the side of capital and against the side of public
+interest. Almost every time, so far as we have a record of the action of
+the present Secretary of Agriculture and of Dunlap and McCabe, his
+assistants. We ought to state here, in connection with fraudulent nut
+promotions, that he has acted in favor of capital and against the public
+interest if it is true. It ought to go as a matter of record from this
+Association. We may be bold in this matter, but we should be righteously
+bold because we are speaking for the public interest ourselves. We have
+nothing to gain; there is nothing selfish about this organization. We
+may be kindly and say that the Secretary is at the mercy of shrewder
+men.
+
+Mr. Corsan says that we are interested in scientific work only. That is
+true at the present time, because all progress must be from a scientific
+basis. If our care in managing experiments is such that we cannot avoid
+getting rich, we will accept the result. (Laughter.) I am glad that in
+connection with this discussion Mr. Corsan made one epigrammatic
+remark,--that he was not nervous and could watch a hickory tree grow. I
+tell you there's a lot of wit in that.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: He has good eyesight, Mr. President.
+
+The Chairman: The reason why we have so many fraudulent promotions is
+largely because of our American temperament; we are so nervous that we
+can't watch a hickory tree grow. In matters of public health, our
+Secretary of Agriculture has prevented actual criminals from being
+brought to justice--he made that his policy.
+
+I think those are the points that I wish to make in commenting upon Mr.
+Littlepage's paper and if he will make any concluding remarks we will be
+very glad to hear them. In regard to Mr. Hutt's suggestion that we
+cannot count on crop success or crop failure mathematically--now, there
+are fortunes to be made from the proper management of good nut orchards.
+We know of orchards where very large incomes are at present being made,
+and I am very glad that the sense and sentiment of this meeting is
+against quotation of that feature. I have not heard here one word in
+quotation of orchards which bring incomes of $10,000 a year or more from
+various kinds of nuts, and we know there are many such orchards. It is
+the failures upon which we should concentrate our attentions right now,
+and the reason for failure is not that nut growing is not going to make
+progress but that we cannot count on our nuts from a mathematical basis.
+One of my friends, an old Frenchman, became very enthusiastic about
+raising poultry. He sent out requests for circulars to every poultry
+fancier who published circulars, and I will wager that he got 50 per
+cent of answers to his requests for circulars about fancy poultry. He
+began to raise chickens, and my father-in-law met him on the street one
+day and asked how he was getting on with his pullets that were going to
+lay so many eggs. "Oh," he said, "Ze trouble is with ze pullet; she no
+understand mathematique like ze fancier. If I have one pullet, she lay
+one egg every day; if I have two pullet, _perhaps_ she lay two egg every
+day, and if I have three pullet, she _nevaire_ lay three egg every day."
+(Laughter.) Now I think that the remaining time this morning we had
+better devote to the executive session, then we had better meet at two
+o'clock for the election of our committee. The meeting then is at
+present adjourned, with the exception of those who will take part in the
+executive session, and we will meet again at two P. M. There is one
+point I wanted to make in connection with Col. Van Duzee's remarks that
+a certain number of really honest men have allowed their names to be
+used in connection with promotion propositions. Men who are quite
+skillful at learning the use of names, have gotten men of good
+intentions and kindly interest, I know, to lend their names as even
+officials of nut promotion companies. Besides that, a good deal of
+garbled literature of recommendation has gone out in their circulars. I
+have had a number of circulars sent to me quoting abstract remarks that
+I had made relative to nut culture in general, and this has been applied
+concretely in circulars; the context did not go with it. I asked a
+lawyer what I could do about it, and after going over the question he
+said that I probably was powerless.
+
+After announcements by the Secretary, the convention took a recess until
+2 P. M., at which time it was called to order by President Morris and
+the regular program was resumed as follows:
+
+The Chairman: The executive session will be held after the meeting, as
+many are here to hear the paper on the chestnut blight, so we will
+proceed at once to the order of business and listen to the first paper
+by Mr. Rockey.
+
+Mr. Rockey: This paper deals more particularly with the work that has
+been done in Pennsylvania. But what has been done here may be considered
+to be typical of what has been done elsewhere.
+
+
+
+
+RECENT WORK ON THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT
+
+KELLER E. ROCKEY
+
+Forester in charge of Demonstration Work, Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree
+Blight Commission
+
+
+The history of the blight, briefly outlined, is as follows:
+
+In 1904 the diseased condition of the chestnut trees around New York
+City was noted and an examination of them showed that they were being
+attacked by a disease at that time unknown. Investigations since then
+have shown that the blight had been at work there and elsewhere for a
+number of years before that time, but it has been impossible to
+determine just when it first appeared or where. The disease was studied
+and described at that time.
+
+On display here are specimens and photographs showing the appearance of
+the blight so that I will not go into that part of the subject in
+detail. I hope that you will notice, however, the symptoms by which the
+disease is recognized: 1st. The small red pustules which produce the
+spores and, on rough barked trees, appear only in the crevices. 2nd. The
+peculiar mottled appearance of the inner bark of the canker. 3rd. The
+discoloration of the outer bark. 4th. The danger signals, such as
+withered leaves in summer or persistent leaves or burrs in winter,
+suckers which develop at the base of cankers, and the yellowish cracks
+which soon appear in the bark over the cankers.
+
+Workers in the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C., have been
+studying the blight since 1908. In the Spring of 1911, a bill creating
+the commission for the investigation and control of the blight in
+Pennsylvania was passed, and the active work began in August 1911. The
+method upon which the Commission is working is outlined in Farmers'
+Bulletin No. 467, of the Department of Agriculture, and consists briefly
+of determining the area of blight infection and in removing diseased
+trees west of a certain line, with the purpose of preventing the western
+spread of the blight.
+
+This Commission has ascertained as accurately as possible the amount of
+infection in the various parts of the state and the results are given in
+a map on display here. The state is divided into two districts by a line
+drawn along the western edge of Susquehanna, Wyoming, Columbia, Union,
+Snyder, Juniata and Franklin Counties, which is approximately the
+western line of serious blight infection. West of this line a large
+portion of the state has been scouted, and the remainder will be
+finished early in 1913. We have learned by experience that in the
+winter, after the fall of the leaves, the best scouting work can be
+done. Persistent leaves and cankers along the trunk are readily seen,
+and more and better work can be accomplished than in the summer, except
+when the snow is very deep.
+
+Blight infections have been found in counties adjacent to this line:
+also in Fayette County, near Connellsville, in Warren County, near
+Warren, and in Elk County, near St. Mary's. These three infections were
+directly traceable to infected nursery stock, and in one case the blight
+had spread to adjacent trees. A large area of diseased chestnut in
+Somerset County illustrates the harm done by shipping infected nursery
+stock. The centre of this infection is a chestnut orchard where about
+100 scions from an infected eastern orchard were grafted to native
+sprouts in 1908. The percentage of infected trees in the orchard from
+which the scions were obtained, according to a count made this Fall,
+averages 80 per cent. Evidently these scions brought the disease into
+this region, for the grafts have all been killed by the blight and every
+tree in the orchard is killed or infected by disease. On adjoining
+tracts over 5,400 infected trees have been cut, and there are a number
+of others in process of removal, radiating in all directions from the
+orchard as a center to a distance of three miles. Another infection of
+143 trees was found in Elk County. It is thought that three trees at the
+centre of infection were diseased in 1909, although it is possible that
+one of these trees was already infected in 1908. In 1910, 27 additional
+trees were infected; in 1911, 50 additional trees, and in 1912, 228
+additional trees. The disease spread in all directions from the center
+of infection to a distance of 700 feet.
+
+These infections are interesting in showing the rate at which the blight
+may travel in healthy timber.
+
+These infections have all been removed and it is the expectation that by
+the end of January 1913 all scattered spot infections will be removed
+from the territory west of the line previously mentioned, and that, to
+the best of our knowledge, these western counties will be free from
+blight. In 1913 the field force will be concentrated on the advance line
+and the work will be carried eastward. The Commission has the power to
+compel the removal of infected trees. In the western part of the state
+this power has been exercised in the few cases where it was necessary.
+As a rule, however, the owners are not only willing but anxious to get
+rid of the infected trees, and our field men are given hearty support by
+individuals, granges and other organizations. The timber owners of Elk
+County had printed and posted an announcement that the chestnut blight
+had been found in the locality and warned the people to be on the
+look-out for it. In addition the Commission has had a man, for a short
+time at least, in each of the eastern counties of the state, and their
+time has been taken up principally by those who requested inspections of
+timber with the view of determining the percentage of blight infection
+and the best method to be pursued in combating it and realizing on their
+timber. Our men are all deputy wardens, with the authority which is
+attached to this office, and are instructed to do their utmost to
+prevent fire damage.
+
+An exhibit which consists of specimens showing the blight in various
+stages together with photographs, literature, etc., was placed in about
+30 of the county fairs throughout the state. The appreciation of the
+public has been so clearly shown that next year it is the intention of
+the Commission to continue and perhaps increase this phase of the work,
+and to place large permanent displays at the Commercial Museum,
+Philadelphia, the State Capitol, Harrisburg, and other places.
+
+Many of the Annual Teachers' Institutes have been reached with a display
+and lecture. We have arranged also to have a speaker at fully one
+hundred of the Farmers' Institutes this winter. We are also arranging to
+have a permanent display at many of the public schools, normal schools
+and colleges, where instruction on the blight is given. An effort was
+made last winter to enlist the service of the boy scouts and we are
+indebted to them for considerable work, chiefly in an educational way.
+The successful outcome of all our work will depend in a large measure
+upon the owners themselves, and it is our purpose to give them all the
+information possible upon the whole subject.
+
+The Commission established a Department of Utilization which is
+collecting information on the various industries which use or might use
+chestnut wood, listing the buyers and owners of chestnut wood, thus
+assisting owners of blighted chestnut trees in marketing their timber to
+the best advantage. The Department is trying to increase the use of
+chestnut wood by calling attention to its many good qualities, and thus
+utilize the large quantity which must necessarily be thrown upon the
+market. There has been more or less discrimination against blighted
+chestnut timber. This has been in many cases unjust, since the blight
+does not injure the value of the wood for most purposes for which it is
+used. However, the owners sometimes fail to realize that the blight
+cankers are the most favorable places for the entrance of the borers,
+and that where a large number of trees are being considered, a
+percentage of them will be materially injured by insects which follow
+blight infection. Where telegraph poles are barked, it is often seen
+that borers have attacked the wood under blight cankers, and have not
+touched any other part of the tree. All blighted timber should be cut
+before death to realize its best value, since insects and
+wood-destroying fungi cause the very rapid deterioration of dead,
+standing timber. There has been a good market in almost every locality
+for poles, ties and the better grades of lumber. Cordwood presents the
+difficult problem of disposal. The best market for this is in the
+central part of the state, at the extract plants. The Commission has
+secured from the Pennsylvania R. R. a special tariff on blighted
+chestnut cordwood so that this product may be profitably shipped from
+greater distances than before.
+
+The Commission has inspected all chestnut nursery stock shipped from
+nurseries within the state and has also provided for inspection of all
+chestnut stock entering the state. This should prevent a repetition of
+infections in the western part of the state which might destroy millions
+of dollars worth of timber.
+
+From time to time publications have been and will be issued by the
+Commission, which are obtained free of charge upon request, or they may
+be consulted in the leading libraries throughout the state.
+
+An appropriation for $80,000 was given by the last Congress for
+scientific research work upon the blight disease and work is being
+carried out in cooperation with the various states. Several of the
+Government investigators are now at work upon our force. Some of the
+most important unsolved scientific problems of the blight, as given by
+Secretary Wilson, in his message, to Congress, are as follows:--
+
+First, the relation of the disease to climate.
+
+Second, the relation of the parasite to the varying tannin content of
+the tree.
+
+Third, the origin of the disease.
+
+Fourth, relation of birds and insects to the dissemination of the
+disease.
+
+Fifth, the nature and degree of resistance of the Asiatic species.
+Another problem in relation to tree treatment may be added, that is, the
+relation of spores and mycelium to toxic agents.
+
+The Pennsylvania Commission maintained laboratories during the summer at
+Charter Oak, Centre County, and at Mt. Gretna, Lebanon County. The
+latter has been moved to Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, for
+the winter. We have also had a laboratory at the University of
+Pennsylvania, which has been greatly enlarged this fall.
+
+The number of people who informed us that they had discovered a sure
+"cure" for the blight made it necessary to obtain an orchard near
+Philadelphia where all such discoverers were given an opportunity to
+demonstrate the efficacy of their remedies. It might be noted that in
+every case the blight is thriving as usual. These cures consisted
+largely of an injection of a toxic principle by some means into the
+circulation of the tree. In some cases this was accompanied by a
+fertilizer of some kind, and this fertilizer may account for the
+apparently improved condition of the tree in some cases, after such
+remedies were used, since the growth was increased and the leaves and
+branches had a healthier appearance. This increased growth has not had
+any appreciable effect upon the rapidity of spread of the blight
+mycelium. As the experiments are not officially finished and recorded it
+is too early to give any further data. Our pathologists have also
+conducted experiments in this same line but no medicinal remedy or
+fertilizer has yet been found.
+
+The varying chemical constituents of chestnut trees, principally tannic
+acid, have often been suggested in regard to the origin and spread of
+the blight. Investigators are now working along this line and we hope,
+for valuable results before long.
+
+The origin of the disease, as already stated, is something of a mystery,
+and there is as yet no generally accepted theory, although many people
+have very pronounced views on the subject. Many puzzling facts have been
+noted since investigating the disease in Pennsylvania, among them being
+the large percentage of infection in eastern York and southern Lancaster
+counties, the relative small percentage in certain localities around
+which the blight is generally prevalent, and recent infections found in
+Warren and other western counties, a great distance from what is known
+as the western advance line of the disease.
+
+Our pathologists have reported some very interesting facts in regard to
+the dissemination of the blight. In the preliminary report of the
+summer's work at our field laboratories the results tend to show:
+
+First, the prolific ascospore stage is very important in causing the
+spread of the blight, the spores at this stage being forcibly ejected
+from the pustules and borne through the air for some distance. This
+ejection of spores takes place under natural field conditions only when
+the bark has been soaked by rain, but the expulsion of spores is also
+dependent upon temperature conditions and ceases entirely at
+temperatures from 42 to 46 degrees F. and below.
+
+Second, the wind plays a large part in local ascospore dissemination.
+
+Third, birds and insects (except ants) are apparently of very little
+importance in the dissemination of the blight except in providing
+wounds. Further investigations of the importance of ants is being made
+during the present winter.
+
+Several kinds of beetles have been observed eating the pustules and are
+in this way beneficial, since tests show that they digest and destroy
+the spores. It has also been suggested by workers in the Bureau of
+Entomology that such beetles, which are of several kinds, may be of
+value in the attempt to control the disease. These are perhaps the only
+natural enemies discovered to date.
+
+The proper classification of the chestnut blight fungus has also been
+the subject of much discussion. Last winter specimens of what in
+external characteristics appeared to be Diaporthe parasitica were found
+in western Pennsylvania, Virginia and elsewhere, growing upon chestnut,
+oak and other species. This condition was puzzling and the subject of
+some controversy. It has been found, however, that this fungus, called
+the "Connellsville fungus," is a distinct species closely related to the
+true blight fungus, being, however, entirely saprophytic. Cultural
+distinctions are apparent and the ascospores differ in size and shape so
+that no further confusion need occur.
+
+Upon the question of immunity of certain kinds of Asiatic stock, there
+is very little to report beyond what was known one year ago. In the
+investigations made the work has been hampered by the fact that much of
+the so-called Japanese stock is in reality a hybrid of European or
+American species. In 1909, 45 Japanese seedling trees were set out at
+Gap, Lancaster Co., for experimentation along this line. A recent
+examination showed that 90 per cent are infected. Concerning the variety
+or purity of this stock, I have not been informed. Our force as well as
+others are at work upon the problem which will require many years'
+study.
+
+Previous investigations seem to show that certain pure strains of
+Japanese and Korean chestnut are resistant to the blight. Blight cankers
+may be found upon them but they are less easily infected and suffer less
+than the more susceptible varieties. With this as a working basis,
+considering the results that have been attained in other fruit by
+selection and hybridization, the situation is hopeful. Prof. Collins
+said at the Harrisburg Conference in February that "There is no reason
+to doubt that we may eventually see an immune hybrid chestnut that will
+rival the American chestnut in flavor and the Paragon in size".
+
+In southern Europe chestnut orcharding is a well established and
+profitable industry. In the United States chestnuts have been considered
+a marketable commodity ever since the Indians carried them to the
+settlements and traded them for knives and trinkets. The demand has
+always exceeded the supply and at the present time about $2,000,000
+worth of nuts are imported from Europe annually. With the development of
+the better varieties of the American nut has come an increased activity
+in the United States and the chestnut orchard industry promises to
+become one of very large importance. It has an added advantage that the
+trees can be grown upon the poorer types of soil which are not adaptable
+for farming or the raising of other fruit.
+
+At the present time there are in what is known as the blight area of
+Pennsylvania, or eastern half of the State, about 100 orchards ranging
+from 12 trees up to 400 acres in extent. These orchards are in varying
+stages of blight infection, some of them being almost entirely free, due
+to the attention which has been given them. In order to protect such
+orchards the Commission is compelling the removal of infected trees
+within a certain radius of them.
+
+As you know the blight has been a very serious factor in this industry.
+Some of the orchards have been completely annihilated and the income
+reduced from several thousand or more dollars per year to nothing.
+Whether or not the blight will completely wipe out the orcharding
+industry is a subject of large importance. Personally I believe that
+chestnuts will be raised commercially in Pennsylvania in increased
+abundance, and as the various phases of the blight subject are brought
+to light, keeping the disease under control can be more easily
+accomplished. At the present time this is being done in certain orchards
+by the present methods of examining the trees often, treating each
+infection, or removing the tree. If this policy is successfully pursued
+for several more years it will demonstrate conclusively that chestnuts
+can be grown in spite of the blight and this will mean an opportunity to
+use vast areas of waste land in Pennsylvania and in the other states, in
+a highly profitable manner.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Chairman: The subject of the next paper is Some Problems in the
+Treatment of the Chestnut. It will be presented by Mr. Pierce, after
+which we will have a general discussion of the entire subject.
+
+Mr. Pierce: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen: I see that, as we wrote
+our papers separately, some of the things I had in mind will be similar
+to those Mr. Rockey had.
+
+
+
+
+SOME PROBLEMS IN THE TREATMENT OF DISEASED CHESTNUT TREES
+
+BY ROY G. PIERCE
+
+Tree Surgeon, Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission
+
+
+The problems that present themselves to the growers of chestnut trees
+concerning the present disease may be summed up under three heads:
+first, what the disease is, how it is caused, and how it may be
+recognized; second, what is to be done with diseased trees to bring them
+to health or to prevent them from infecting other healthy trees nearby;
+third, what means in the future can be undertaken to keep a tree
+healthy, that is, to prevent reinfection.
+
+First, what the disease is, how it is caused, and how it may be
+recognized. The disease known as the chestnut tree blight is caused by
+the fungus, _Diaporthe parasitica_, which usually finds entrance to the
+tree through wounds in the bark. The mycelium or mass of fungous
+filaments gradually spreads through the bark in much the same manner as
+mold spreads over and through a piece of bread, even penetrating the
+wood to a depth of sometimes five annual rings. The spread of the
+fungus, resulting in the cutting off of the sap flow, is the immediate
+cause of the wilting and dying of the leaves and branch above the point
+of girdling. This wilting of the leaves, followed later by the death of
+one branch after another as the fungus spreads, has given rise to the
+term "blight" of the chestnut trees.
+
+The danger signals which the chestnut tree displays when diseased are
+not a few. In summer, when the tree is first affected, the leaves turn
+yellow-green and wilt, later turning brown. Small burs and withered
+leaves retained in winter are some signs of the diseased condition of
+the tree. At the base of the blighted part a lesion, or reddish brown
+canker, is usually found. This lesion may be a sunken area or, as is
+frequently the case, a greatly enlarged swelling, known as a
+hypertrophy. After a branch has become completely girdled sprouts or
+suckers are very apt to be found below the point of girdling. In old
+furrowed bark on the main trunk of the tree the presence of the disease
+is seen in the reddish brown spore-bearing pustules in the fissures. In
+determining the presence of the fungus in the furrowed bark of old
+trees, one must learn to recognize the difference between the light
+brown color characteristic of fissures in healthy growing bark, and the
+reddish brown color of the fungus. When the disease has been present
+several years the bark completely rots and shrinks away from the wood,
+and when the bark is struck with an axe a hollow sound is produced.
+
+Many of the owners of chestnut trees throughout Pennsylvania do not
+acknowledge that a fungus is causing the death of the trees. They state
+that since they have found white grubs or the larvae of beetles in
+nearly every tree that dies, that it has been the larvae that killed the
+tree. It is acknowledged that generally white grubs are found in dying
+chestnut trees, and that in nearly all of the large cankers or lesions
+these grubs are present. However, if one will take the pains to examine
+the small twigs and branches or the new shoots rising from the stumps,
+that are diseased, he will not find the grubs present.
+
+Second, what is to be done with diseased trees to bring them back to
+health or to prevent them from infecting other healthy trees nearby. To
+bring the trees back to health implies that the disease can be cured.
+This is not always true for the tree may be already nearly girdled, when
+the disease is first noticed. A tree taken in time, however, may have
+its life prolonged indefinitely though it may have the blight in some
+portion of it every year. More particularly does this apply to valuable
+ornamental and orchard trees.
+
+Prof. J. Franklin Collins, Forest Pathologist in the Department of
+Agriculture in Farmer's Bulletin No. 467 on "The Control of the Chestnut
+Bark Disease" gives the following: "The essentials for the work are a
+gouge, a mallet, a pruning knife, a pot of coal tar, and a paint brush.
+In the case of a tall tree a ladder or rope, or both may be necessary
+but under no circumstances should tree climbers be used, as they cause
+wounds which are very favorable places for infection. Sometimes an axe,
+a saw, and a long-handled tree pruner are convenient auxiliary
+instruments, though practically all the cutting recommended can be done
+with a gouge with a cutting edge of 1 or 1-1/2 inches. All cutting
+instruments should be kept very sharp, so that a clean smooth cut may be
+made at all times."
+
+All of the discolored diseased areas in the tree should be removed.
+Small branches or twigs nearly girdled are best cut off. Cankers in the
+main trunk or on limbs should be gouged out. Carefulness is the prime
+requisite in this work. If the disease has completely killed the
+cambium, the bark should be entirely removed as well as several layers
+of wood beneath the canker. By frequent examination, however, diseased
+spots may be found on the tree where the mycelium of the fungus is still
+in the upper layers of the bark. It is not necessary then to cut clear
+to the wood, but the discolored outer bark may be removed and a layer of
+healthy inner bark left beneath the cut. The sap may still flow through
+this layer. The border of the diseased area is quite distinct, but
+cutting should not stop here but should be continued beyond the
+discolored portion into healthy bark, at least an inch. The tools should
+be thoroughly sterilized by immersion in a solution of 1.1000 bichloride
+of mercury, or 5 per cent solution of formaldehyde, before cutting into
+the bark outside of the diseased area. Experiments have shown that a
+gouge or knife may carry the spores into healthy bark and new infection
+take place. Experiments are being carried on in the laboratory to
+determine the length of time which spores will live in solutions of
+different strengths of fungicides.
+
+It has been shown that a cut made pointed at the top and bottom heals
+much faster than one rounded. The edges of the cut should be made with
+care so as not to injure the cambium. The chips of diseased bark and
+wood should not be allowed to fall on the ground then to be forgotten. A
+bag fastened just below the canker will collect most of this material as
+it is gouged out and prevent possible reinfection, which might take
+place if the material were allowed to scatter down the bark. Canvas or
+burlap spread around under a small orchard tree might be sufficient to
+catch all of the diseased chips of bark and wood cut out of the lower
+infections. This diseased material should be burned together with
+blighted branches. After completely cutting out all of the diseased
+parts the cut surfaces should be either sterilized or covered with a
+waterproofing which combines a fungicide with a covering. Among these
+might be mentioned coal tar and creosote, or a mixture of pine tar,
+linseed oil, lamp black and creosote.
+
+The trees which have been killed by blight, or nearly girdled, have been
+overlooked. These should be cut off close to the ground, the stump
+peeled and the bark and unused portions of the tree burned over the
+stump. The merchantable parts of the trees should be removed from the
+woods promptly, as all dead unbarked wood furnishes an excellent
+breeding place for the blight fungus.
+
+Third, what means in the future can be undertaken to keep a tree
+healthy, that is, to prevent reinfection. The spores may be carried by
+so many agents that it is difficult to prevent reinfection. However it
+is clear that the farther infected products or trees are removed from
+healthy trees the less liable they are to have spores carried to them.
+Cooperation with nearby owners of diseased trees will help solve this
+problem.
+
+Spraying on a large scale has only been carried on, so far as I know, on
+the estate of Pierre DuPont, Jr., at Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. At
+this place there are many large chestnut trees ranging from sixty to
+ninety feet in height, many of which were planted some sixty-five years
+ago. Mr. R. E. Wheeler started the work of cutting out diseased limbs
+and cankers in October 1911, and began spraying with Bordeaux mixture in
+April 1912. The formula 5-5-50, five pounds of copper sulphate and five
+pounds of lime in 50 gallons of water was found to be injurious to the
+foliage in the Spring. This was changed therefore, to 4-5-50, which had
+one pound less of copper sulphate. This did not seem to injure the
+foliage.
+
+About 70 trees were sprayed twenty times during the season. Nearly all
+of these were gone over four times to remove diseased branches and
+cankers, once in October 1911, then in early summer and again in
+September and November 1912. As an example take tree No. 6 which was
+studied, December 14, 1912. It is 39 inches in diameter at breast
+height, and approximately 70 feet in height. On this one tree six
+diseased limbs were removed, and sixteen cankers were cut out. Of these
+sixteen, two infections continued, that is, were not completely cut out,
+and had spread; three had infections below old limbs which had been
+removed, and eleven were healing over. This tree was about 1000 feet
+away from other badly infected trees, though but 25 feet away from other
+chestnut trees in the same row. The experiment of Mr. DuPont in spraying
+shows what can be done on valuable lawn trees. On the whole, these trees
+look well and healthy. Trees which were not sprayed over three times and
+were within 50-100 feet from badly blighted trees, became infected in so
+many different places that it will be necessary to remove them.
+
+One of the problems to be solved next year will be that of the least
+number of sprayings which will be effective in preventing new infection.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Chairman: The question of the chestnut blight is now open for
+discussion.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: I should like to ask these gentlemen how far west they
+have heard of chestnut blight--that is, heard of it with any degree of
+authenticity, and also whether or not they care to express an opinion as
+to what the prospects are in the middle west, say out in Indiana,
+Illinois and Ohio?
+
+Mr. Pierce: In answer to that question, I will say that in Pennsylvania
+we have found infections in Wayne County and also in Fayette County,
+both near the western extreme of the state, but those have been attended
+to, very largely, and the boundaries closely determined. In Ohio there
+have been several reports of the blight being found, but I don't think
+either of the reports have been proven. There has been a fungus that I
+have spoken of as the Connellsville fungus, that has been all around in
+that neighborhood, south-western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio.
+
+The Chairman: Is the Connellsville fungus also _diaporthe parasitica_?
+
+Mr. Pierce: Yes, sir. It was placed by Mr. Anderson, who did the work
+on that, in the same genus as diaporthe, but he preferred the name
+_endothia parasitica_.
+
+The Chairman: The question is of changing the generic name, from
+_diaporthe_, on the basis of the previously established species?
+
+Mr. Pierce: Yes, sir, previously established species of _endothia_. It
+is only a suggestion of Mr. Anderson; it was made by him. This was very
+similar to the true blight fungus and when our men first went out into
+the western part of the State, they reported these various cases that
+came up there as chestnut blight, and none of the pathologists of our
+force then were competent to determine the difference, except that the
+fact was noted even then that it was not growing as a parasite in the
+sense that the true blight fungus has been growing in the east.
+
+The Chairman: That may be due to varietal differences, though, rather
+than specific?
+
+Mr. Pierce: Yes, although Mr. Anderson seemed to think it was specific.
+
+The Chairman: Is there any further discussion? The subject is worthy of
+a good deal of comment.
+
+Mr. Pomeroy: I want to ask the speaker what the approximate cost would
+be for one spraying of a tree about that size, 70 feet in height?
+
+Mr. Pierce: We have photographs on the table there showing our eight
+hundred dollar spraying machine, the same kind used in Massachusetts in
+gypsy moth work. With this two men can spray about ten such trees in a
+day. I haven't got it down in black and white but I figured that, on
+those chestnuts at DuPont's, they sprayed about 600 gallons a day. Ten
+trees a day would make it, say, with a $2.50 man, not very high for a
+tree. I think it costs in all something like four dollars a tree during
+the whole season, but that is a very rough estimate and the materials
+are not included.
+
+The Chairman: The cost will have to be calculated on a sentimental basis
+for the ornamental trees, and on a commercial basis for the commercial
+trees. The actual value of the spraying has not yet been determined.
+This spraying cannot reach the mycelium in the cambium layer; if the
+disease has been carried in by a beetle or woodpecker your spraying
+would be ineffective.
+
+Mr. Pierce: Yes indeed, that was just the thought Mr. Galena had,
+notwithstanding the fact that they cut out all visible infections and
+the trees were so blue with spray that you could see them for half a
+mile.
+
+The Chairman: But, later on, cracks and squirrel scratches and all sorts
+of injuries would allow new spores to be carried in?
+
+Mr. Pierce: Yes, sir.
+
+Mr. Reed: The future of the chestnut depends so largely on the
+conquering of this disease that no other horticultural problem of this
+nut is, just at present, imperative. So far as we know, all of the
+European and American varieties are highly subject to this disease, so
+much so that there is no inducement to plant them, and we are waiting
+for Dr. Morris and a few other hybridizers to find some hybrids, or
+straight Japanese varieties, that are of sufficient merit, and of
+sufficient degree of resistance to this disease, for us to have a basis
+for building up the future industry. On the tables there are quite a
+number of exhibits from Mr. Riehl and Mr. Endicott of Illinois. Most of
+them are hybrids between the American and the Japanese species, but, so
+far as we know, they have not been tried in communities where the
+disease prevails. We don't know whether they are resistant or not, as
+they are being grown in a section entirely outside of the area where the
+blight exists. I think I am right in that, am I not, Mr. Pierce? Is
+there any chestnut blight in southern Illinois?
+
+Mr. Pierce: There has been none reported.
+
+Mr. Reed: I think that the varieties that these men in Indiana have
+originated are the most promising we know of. I think that in examining
+these specimens you will agree that they are of fairly high quality and
+good size, and if they prove to be resistant to the disease much may be
+expected from them.
+
+Mr. Hutt: I have not seen the chestnut blight at all. I hope that it
+isn't in our section. I have heard it was brought in from some point but
+I do not know whether it was identified exactly as the chestnut blight.
+
+Mr. Pierce: I saw a specimen sent from North Carolina and it proved to
+be the Collinsville fungus.
+
+Mr. Corsan: If you remember reading Fuller's book on nuts, he reported
+that the chestnut blight extended through the Carolinas but said that
+chestnuts were still coming from that direction in great abundance. Up
+in Canada we haven't the chestnut blight. The chestnut tree runs from
+the Ohio River to the Niagara River but it doesn't cross into Michigan,
+except along the Michigan Southern and Lake Shore Railroad where some
+enterprising gentlemen have planted the chestnut with the tamarack
+alternately all the way from Cleveland to Chicago. I examined the state
+of Indiana across and from top to bottom several times in the summer and
+I never saw any chestnuts there, but I have seen some newly planted
+places in Michigan; near Battle Creek I saw a farm of about fifty acres.
+We are having up in Ontario, beyond Toronto, a blight that has attacked
+the Lombardy poplar and that looks similar to the chestnut blight. I
+have been watching it for the last ten years and the tree seems to have
+at last outlived it. It dies down and then a little sprout comes out
+from the carcass.
+
+The Chairman: Isn't that the poplar tree borer that always attacks the
+Lombardy?
+
+Mr. Corsan: Oh no, it's very similar to the chestnut tree blight. We can
+grow chestnut trees all we like but no one has brains enough to grow
+them. The farmers grow pigs and things but don't bother with chestnut
+trees; consequently the chestnut blight does not exist there.
+
+Mr. Pierce: I didn't answer a portion of Mr. Littlepage's question. Mr.
+Littlepage asked whether or not the blight might be expected in the
+Middle West. That depends, more or less, upon the results of the work
+Pennsylvania is now carrying on. If we can keep the disease from
+extending through the territory in which we are working, there is a very
+good chance to keep it out of the West. If we are not successful, it may
+be expected to develop, in time, over the whole chestnut range.
+
+There seems to be a very good opportunity for growing the chestnut
+commercially beyond its present range; that is, where it is so
+infrequent as not to be in danger from infected growths nearby.
+
+In the eastern part of the state different people have reported that the
+blight seemed to them to be dying out and, a number of these reports
+coming from a certain locality, the Commission decided to investigate
+one which seemed to be better reported than the others. It was found,
+after a very extensive investigation, that this dying out was true only
+in the sense that it was not spreading, perhaps, as fast as it had been
+spreading before. The mycelium and the spores were healthy and were
+affecting the new trees in quite the same manner as the year before and
+as in other parts of the state.
+
+The Chairman: The question of controlling blight after it has appeared
+is of very great consequence. Concerning any commercial proposition
+with chestnuts the people are wide awake to the seriousness of the
+blight. They are afraid to go into growing chestnut orchards; they have
+had so many fake propositions in the past in pecan promotions that they
+are afraid of chestnuts and everything else. Any proposition for
+bringing forward chestnuts commercially must be a plain, simple,
+straightforward statement of the truth, the whole truth and nothing but
+the truth. We are ready, all through the North and East, to raise
+hundreds of acres of chestnuts, such as Mr. Reed has spoken about, ones
+which resist the blight, or ones which resist the blight comparatively
+well.
+
+Let us consider comparative immunity for a moment. We know how expensive
+it is to manage an apple orchard, and yet, with the present high prices,
+the profits on apple orchards, well managed, are great. May we not have
+chestnut orchards managed with the same degree of relative expense and
+the same degree of relative profit? I would like very much to hear from
+some of the men who have actually raised chestnuts in orchards
+concerning the relative care of the chestnut compared with the apple,
+and the relative profit. I see Col. Sober here; can't you tell us about
+your experience in managing the blight? Can it be managed successfully
+in proportion as apple tree parasites are managed?
+
+Col. Sober: My experience has been this; I have four hundred acres of
+chestnuts in bearing. They range from five years to fifteen years old. I
+find that I can control the blight easier than I can control the scale
+on apple trees. If anyone doesn't believe this I invite him and all to
+come to my place and see for themselves. I think I have nearly one
+million seedling and grafted paragon trees. I don't think you will find
+fifty affected trees on the whole place today. I have men going in every
+grove at the present time who have inspected thousands of trees and
+found seven that had blight on the limbs, so I know what I am speaking
+about.
+
+The Chairman: What is your method?
+
+Col. Sober: Cutting out, cutting off anything I see; if it is really
+necessary, cut the tree down; but we don't often find that necessary
+because just as quick as we see any affected, or any limb dying or dead,
+we cut it off. I had my groves laid out in sections of a hundred feet
+wide and numbered; and I had charts made so that they can be inspected
+section by section. In that manner, every tree is inspected. One
+individual will inspect the trunk and another one the top. In each
+section I can show you as far as we have gone. I can show you how many
+trees are in each section and how many affected trees there are in that
+section, or whether there are any or not. I say I can control it easier
+than I can control scale and with less expense and I want that to go on
+record. There is no question about it. It can be seen at my place. I go
+over my groves about four times a year and have been doing it all the
+time, and I don't doubt but that I discovered this disease the first of
+anybody in the state, perhaps, in 1902. I was looking around to cut
+scions and I saw one tree whose center was dead and around it were the
+finest shoots almost that I had ever seen for grafting purposes. I went
+to it and saw the center was dead. I cut some scions and today that is
+one of the finest trees I've got on my place. From what I know now that
+was a blighted tree.
+
+A member: Did you paint over the scars?
+
+Col. Sober: No sir, but we are doing it now, using white lead.
+
+A member: How much blight is there around you?
+
+Col. Sober: I am surrounded with it on all sides. Right up against my
+groves about 17 per cent of the trees are affected. That is the report
+coming from the parties inspecting now for the Blight Commission. I
+shipped Mr. Mayo about four or five thousand trees this fall. I don't
+suppose there were a dozen that were thrown out, thinking they were
+blighted or diseased. We have records of all that up at my place. There
+are some trees right here now that came from my nursery. I wish you
+gentlemen could just see for yourselves; come out and see.
+
+The Chairman: In advancing this chestnut on a commercial basis it had
+better be stated that it does not blight as badly as the American
+chestnut and that when blighted it can be cared for with less cost than
+the apple tree. I would suggest that some such notice be sent out with
+commercial stock. That would put it on the right basis so that the
+chestnut would find its position, which it is not finding now because
+the people are full of the blight; and if a frank, full statement of
+this sort were made I believe it would be extremely important.
+
+Mr. Rockey: I went through practically the whole extent of Mr. Sober's
+orchard recently and found one infected tree. I can vouch for the
+statement that he has made that he is almost surrounded by blight.
+
+The Chairman: I have given attention to only a few of my own trees that
+were blighted because I have too much else to do and too large a place,
+a couple of hundred acres engaged in a small and large way,--a variety
+of ways--with nut trees; and the few I have cared to save after blight
+has begun I have saved by cutting it out very thoroughly and using
+either white paint or grafting wax. I used also pine tar and some gas
+tar. I killed some good trees that I wanted particularly to save by
+putting on gas tar.
+
+The matter of compelling the removal of infected trees is a very
+important one, but it must rest with the authorities. In the vicinity of
+New York we have so much hard wood that you cannot sell it unless you
+are in some sort of a trade combination. Fine oak, fine hickory, fine
+chestnut, you can't dispose of in New York City, because we have such a
+lot of it. We have wild deer within fifteen miles of New York City on
+three sides of us on account of the forests. You have got to find some
+special way for disposing of this blighted chestnut timber. Telephone
+and telegraph poles and ties all go for nothing, unless you happen to be
+so situated that you can manage the matter commercially, and a way
+should be found by the state so that people can dispose of their
+blighted timber, which is just as good as any other.
+
+It is very important to note that the boy scouts are interested, and we
+ought to encourage their interest. It is a splendid thing, getting the
+interest of boys engaged. You know how active a boy is in getting a
+snake from under a rock and he will do the same thing with the chestnut
+blight. It is his natural tendency to hustle when he gets after
+anything. This chestnut blight belongs to the microbe group and the
+microbe is the great enemy of mankind. In wars the microbe kills about
+eight men for every one killed by missiles. If we can encourage the
+interest of boy scouts in fighting the greatest of all human enemies,
+the microbe, including this little fungus, we shall have a splendid
+working force.
+
+In regard to the injection of poisons and medicines into trees, it seems
+to me that a very firm stand ought to be taken by all responsible men
+who know anything about plant pathology. We know that a poison injected
+into a tree must either act injuriously right there upon the cells of
+the tree, or else must undergo metabolic changes. A tree cannot use
+anything that is thrown into it, poison or food or anything else, until
+it has undergone a metabolic change; you must have a distinct, definite
+chemical process taking place and we ought to state that most of the
+substances which are alleged to be of value, when injected into a tree,
+are either absolutely worthless or injurious. One man tried to persuade
+me that his medication if applied to the cambium layer would be
+absorbed, and said that if I would only use it on a few of my trees I
+could see for myself. He said it would drive off even the aphides. I
+tried it on four trees affected with aphides and found that he told me
+the truth. It drove them off, because the trees died and the aphides
+left. One tree lived a year before being killed; it was a most insidious
+sort of death, but the aphides left that tree. (Laughter.)
+
+Some of the Asiatic chestnuts resist the blight very well. Curiously
+enough when grafted upon some of the American chestnuts they then become
+vulnerable. Two years ago, from a lot of about one thousand Corean
+chestnuts in which there had been up to that time no blight, I grafted
+scions on American stump sprouts and about 50 per cent of those grafts
+blighted in the next year, showing that the American chestnut sap offers
+a pabulum attractive to the Diaporthe, and that is a fact of collateral
+value in getting our negative testimony upon the point.
+
+Concerning the question of carrying blight fifty miles, there's no
+telling how far birds will fly carrying the spores of Diaporthe upon
+their feet. The spores are viscid and adhere to the feet of beetles, or
+migratory birds which sometimes make long lateral flights following
+food, rather than direct flights north and south. It is quite easy to
+imagine birds carrying this Diaporthe over an interval of possibly fifty
+miles, making that distance in one night perhaps. Someone may have
+carried chestnuts in his pocket to give to his granddaughter fifty miles
+away, and in that way carried the blight. If any grafted trees have been
+carried fifty miles, or any railroad ties, with a little bark on,
+carried fifty miles and then thrown off, it might blight the chestnuts
+in that vicinity. One can have as much range of imagination as he
+pleases as Longfellow says, There is no limit to the imagination in
+connection with questions of spreading the blight of Diaporthe.
+
+Some of the Japanese and Corean chestnuts and some of the Chinese
+chestnuts resist blight fairly well. Among my chinkapins, I have the
+common _pumila_ and the Missouri variety of _pumila_, which grows in
+tree form forty or fifty feet high. I have the alder-leaf chestnut,
+which keeps green leaves till Christmas, sometimes till March when the
+snow buries them, and those comparatively young trees have shown no
+blight; but one hybrid, between the chinkapin and the American chestnut,
+about twelve years of age, has blighted several times. I have cut off
+the branches and kept it going, but this year I shall cut it down. It
+will start at the root and sprout up again. I thought I'd give up that
+hybrid, but having heard Col. Sober's report I will begin at the root
+and look after some of the sprouts. That hybrid is the only one of my
+chinkapin group that has blighted at all.
+
+In regard to the use of bichloride of mercury or formaldehyde, it seems
+to me that formaldehyde will be a better germicide than bichloride of
+mercury, because bichloride of mercury coagulates the albuminous part of
+the plasm and may destroy the cell structure, whereas the formaldehyde
+will be more penetrating and less injurious. One would need to know how
+strong a formaldehyde solution can be used safely. I presume the most
+vulnerable part of the tree would be at the bud axils. Spraying must
+require considerable experience at the present time and is of doubtful
+efficiency for timber chestnuts I am sure. We would like very much to
+hear any further comment upon this subject.
+
+Prof. Smith: Mr. Sober's orchard is so unusually large that evidently it
+does not apply to average cases. The average man is buying chestnut
+trees for the garden or yard or lane. Prof. Collins has an acre on the
+top of a hill at Atlantic Forge and there he has fought diligently with
+the skill of a highly trained man, and the blight is gradually driving
+him back. I think that in a short time the trees on Prof. Collins' acre
+will be gone. I believe we need much more information before we can
+offer any hope that chestnut trees from a nursery will be safe against
+blight. I should like to ask the Blight Commission if they are at the
+present time planning to breed immune strains of chestnuts, and if not,
+I wish to suggest that it is a piece of work well worthy of their
+consideration. They might try grafting on American stocks, or on their
+own seedlings, some of the Korean chestnuts, on any variety that
+promises resistance, and also hybridizing, with the hope of getting a
+good nut that will resist the blight.
+
+The Chairman: That is a very important matter, no doubt. In regard to
+the few chestnuts bought for lanes and gardens, I know a good many men
+who have bought a few grafted chestnuts with the idea of setting out a
+number of acres if those few did well, being men of a conservative sort.
+Men of that sort are the ones we want to have in our Association. We
+want to have men who will buy four trees, and if they do well, set out
+four hundred acres. That is what a great many men have had in mind in
+buying two, four or six trees of any one kind; they want to try them
+out. That is the wise way, the conservative way, the truly progressive
+way. If we are going to have very large numbers of any one kind of
+chestnut set out, we must make a statement of the dangers, so that men
+may be forewarned. If they set them out without warning and are
+disappointed, they drop the entire subject and go to raising corn and
+hogs; and then, to save trouble, turn these hogs into the corn and get
+to doing things in the easiest way, rather than carry on the complicated
+methods of agriculture that belong to the spirit of the present time. I
+would like to know if many efforts are being made toward breeding immune
+kinds. I am at work on that myself.
+
+Mr. Pierce: Our Commission has recently gotten, I think, about fifty
+pounds of Chinese chestnuts of several kinds, which they expect to plant
+for experiment. Besides that they have made some other arrangements of
+which I know very little. This investigation will take years. The
+Commission has been compelled to devote itself to so many lines of work
+that I am afraid this question has not been given the attention it might
+have had. I think in the future there will be a good deal done along
+that line.
+
+Two of us have been given the title of tree surgeons, and we work, or
+make arrangements to have someone else work, sometimes the scout, in the
+orchards throughout the state. I have a list of two hundred owners of
+cultivated chestnut trees that I got in the last month from various
+sources. Anyone in Pennsylvania who has a cultivated chestnut tree, can
+send a postal card, get one of us out to examine the tree and see
+whether it is blighted, and we will demonstrate what can be done in the
+way of treating it. I have done that right along in the last two months.
+If it is only a single tree I cut out all I can myself.
+
+The Chairman: There are two distinct questions; first, the chestnut as a
+food tree, and second, as a timber tree. Your work has been chiefly with
+the chestnut as a timber tree?
+
+Mr. Pierce: No, mine has been mostly on the lawn, so that it is for
+nuts.
+
+Experiments made on one or two species of Japanese chestnuts show about
+9 per cent of tannin; the tannin in the American chestnut runs only 6
+per cent and in the small American, runs less. We know that the Japanese
+is somewhat more immune than the American. We have already found that it
+has 50 per cent more tannin. I believe one of us wrote you about
+experiments to find out the percentage of tannin in Corean, North
+Japanese, South Japanese and Chinese chestnuts. The investigation will
+be carried on for the next two or three months.
+
+Mr. Corsan: May I ask if there is any soil food that would increase the
+amount of tannin? Trees protect themselves. We have watched the black
+walnut and seen him fight all sorts of enemies. The tree has poisons
+everywhere and the nut a thick shell to boot and doesn't coax enemies to
+get at him or to eat him until he is ripe.
+
+A Member: Have you found that fertilizing a tree increased the
+percentage of tannin?
+
+Mr. Rockey: That hasn't been determined yet but it will be studied.
+
+The Chairman: It is a question if the tendency would not be for tannin
+to go over to sugar and cellulose under cultivation. I don't remember
+the chemistry on that. Aren't there any expert chemists here who can
+tell us? The natural tendency of the tree under high cultivation would
+be to change tannin over into sugar and starch.
+
+Mr. Corsan: This talk of the chestnut blight reminds me of a remark made
+by a gentleman at a peach growing convention. He said the best thing
+that ever happened to this country was to get that San Jose scale
+because it stopped lazy men from growing peaches. He said, "I don't mind
+it a bit and can make more money than when peaches were nothing a
+basket." Probably nature will help us some way.
+
+The Chairman: We have to consider what nature wants to do.
+
+Mr. Mayo: If I am in order, I would like to know whether this fungus
+trouble is likely in the future to attack or has at any time attacked,
+the apple, pear or quince?
+
+The Chairman: I think it has been pretty well decided that they are not
+in danger. I will, however, ask Mr. Rockey and Mr. Pierce to answer that
+question.
+
+Mr. Rockey: Up to the present time there has been no indication that the
+blight will get into them. This might be a good occasion for me to
+mention the Connellsville fungus again. It was found on some of the oaks
+and other trees in this section of the country, and for a time it
+looked as though the blight was getting into other species, but since
+that fungus has been identified there has been no indication that the
+blight will extend beyond the chestnut group as a parasite, although you
+can inoculate oaks and other trees with the fungus and it will live in
+them, but only on the dead portion of the tree and not as the parasite
+lives on the chestnut.
+
+Prof. Smith: I should like to ask Mr. Sober if he has found any evidence
+that the paragon chestnut differs from the native chestnut in resistance
+to the blight, and if his paragons are different from other paragons?
+
+Col. Sober: I cannot say whether my chestnuts are different from the
+other paragon chestnuts or not, or whether they are as resistant to the
+blight. I know it is a very sweet chestnut. In regard to keeping my
+groves clean--from 1901 to 1910, we had three broods of locusts and two
+hailstorms that opened the bark in almost every tree and branch. The
+limbs were stung by the locusts thousands of times, so that I didn't
+have a crop of chestnuts. Professor Davis was cutting off limbs for a
+couple of months so you see my trees were open, if any ever were, to
+receive the blight. The hailstorms destroyed the leaves and I didn't
+have any chestnuts that year in one part of my grove and with all
+that--you people come and see how clean it is, that's all there is to
+it. I know what I've done and what I can do.
+
+The Chairman: The next paper in order is that of Professor Smith.
+
+
+
+
+NUT GROWING AND TREE BREEDING AND THEIR RELATION TO CONSERVATION
+
+PROFESSOR J. RUSSELL SMITH, PENNSYLVANIA
+
+
+Prof. Smith: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen; I am going to ask your
+indulgence for including in my subject a matter that perhaps goes a
+little beyond the scope of this organization, for I wish to speak of
+fruit as well as nut-bearing trees. Conservation, whose object is the
+preservation of our resources for future generations, as well as for
+ourselves, finds its greatest problem in the preservation of the soil.
+The forests can come again if the soil be left. It is probable that we
+can find substitutes for coal, and for nearly everything else, but once
+the soil is gone, all is gone; and the greatest danger to the soil is
+not robbery by ill cropping, because no matter how man may abuse the
+soil, scientific agriculture can bring it back with astonishing speed.
+But the greatest enemy of conservation is erosion, the best checks for
+erosion are roots.
+
+Thus far, the only man who has been telling us anything about planting
+roots upon the hillsides is the forester. But he usually sets nothing
+but wood trees, which at the end of fifty or a hundred or a hundred and
+fifty years, we can cut down, and which, during the intervening time,
+have done nothing but cast shade, drop leaves and retain the soil. My
+doctrine is that the potentially greatest crop-producing plants are not
+those on which we now depend for our food, but are the trees,; that the
+greatest engines for production are not the grasses, but the trees. Our
+agriculture is an inheritance from the savage, and the savage found that
+he could do better with annual grains than he could with nut trees,
+because he didn't know how to improve the nut crop by selection of the
+trees, while there came involuntarily an improvement in the other crops.
+No man today knows the parentage of some of the cultivated plants and
+grains on which we now depend. Thus we came down to the present day of
+science, with the purely chance discoveries of savages as the main
+dependence of mankind for the basis of agriculture.
+
+We have within a decade discovered the laws of plant breeding. We know a
+good deal more about it now than ever before and are in a position to
+start about it very deliberately and with a reasonable certainty that we
+are going to get certain combinations of qualities if we keep at it long
+enough. Thus the hickory and walnut offer perfect marvels of
+possibilities. Look around on these tables and see the size of some of
+these things. There are hickory nuts 1-1/4 inch long and there are
+shagbarks as full of meat as pecans and probably quite as good. There
+are in Kentucky, I am told, hickory nuts that you can take in your
+fingers and crush. Here we have the pecan, this great big shellbark from
+Indiana, the shagbark from the North, and the thin shell nuts from
+Kentucky. Now hybridize these and I think, if you work at it long
+enough, you will get a tree that will have all those good qualities.
+
+The wonderful black walnut is a tree of hardiness, and the delicious
+Persian or English walnut is a nut of acceptable form. The pair offers
+splendid possibilities in their hybrid progeny.
+
+We have fruits thus far recognized as of little value which offer great
+possibilities as forage producers. The mulberry bears from June to
+September and the persimmon from September till March and the pig
+harvests them himself.
+
+We have the possibility of a brand-new agriculture, depending not upon
+grains, but upon tree crops, provided someone will breed the
+crop-yielding trees which we can use. This will permit us to use
+entirely different kinds of land from that now considered best for
+agriculture. The natural necessities for plant growth, I believe, are
+heat, moisture, sunlight and fertility. Now they are not all the
+limiting factors with man, because man adds the fifth, the arbitrary
+fact of arability, and that right away bars out about half of the
+fertile earth, because when we insist on heat, light, moisture,
+fertility _and arability_, we leave out that rough half of the earth
+equally fertile, idle, subject only to the work of the forester, who
+will give us a forest about 1999. It might just as well be planted with
+a host of crop-yielding trees, the walnuts, hickory nuts, pecans,
+persimmons, mulberries--and the list is very long. There are at the
+present time in use in Mediterranean countries twenty-five crop-yielding
+trees other than the ordinary orchard fruits. I am told that they have
+oak trees there which yield an acorn that is better than the chestnut. A
+pig will fill himself with acorns on the one hillside and with figs on
+the next hillside and then lie down and get fat. We are too industrious,
+we wait on the pig; I want the pig to wait on himself.
+
+But who is going to breed these things? These crop yielding trees? A
+gentleman told us this morning that he was not nervous, that he could
+watch a hickory tree grow, and stated that he had forty acres of land
+and was breeding trees for fun. Here is Dr. Morris, who is having a
+delicious time doing the same thing. We should not have to depend on
+enthusiasts who are working for fun; we must not depend on such sources
+for the greatest gifts in the line of food production that man can
+imagine. This work should be done by every state in the Union. I believe
+that it is capable of proof that we can get just as much yield from a
+hillside in untilled fruit and nut-yielding trees, as we can from
+putting that same hillside under the plough and getting wheat, corn,
+barley, rye and oats and a little grass once in a while. It will make
+just as much pig or just as many calories of man food from the tree
+crops as it will make under the plough. And under the plough that
+hillside is going down the stream to choke it and reduce the hillside to
+nothing.
+
+We have three classes of land. The first class is the level land, which
+belongs to the plough now and for all time. The third class, which is
+the unploughable steep mountain and hill land, is probably as great in
+area as the level land, and between the two is the hilly land that we
+are now cultivating to its great detriment, visibly reducing the earth's
+resources by bringing about rapidly that condition which has led to the
+saying in the Old World: "After man, the desert." The Roman Empire,
+where men have had possession for two thousand years, proves, "After
+man, the desert." It is equally proven in much of China, but it can be
+prevented if these hill lands are put to trees. But we cannot afford to
+put those lands into trees unless the trees yield.
+
+I move that this Association memorialize those persons who are in
+position to promote the breeding of fruit and nut-yielding trees, that
+we may bring nearer the day of tree-crop agriculture. I want a letter to
+go from this Association with the authority of the Association and its
+sanction, to the Secretary of Agriculture at Washington and to all the
+men in authority in the Bureau of Plant Industry at Washington, to the
+Presidents of the State Agricultural Colleges, the Directors of
+Experiment Stations and professors who are interested in plant breeding.
+That will make a list of three or four hundred persons and involve an
+expenditure of a few dollars but I believe it will be productive of
+good. I hope that the Association will see fit to lend its name and a
+little cash to that proposition, because if we can get the authority of
+the state and the money of the state, the results will come much more
+rapidly than if there are just a few of us doing it independently.
+(Applause.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Chairman: Will someone put Prof. Smith's suggestion in the form of a
+motion?
+
+A Member: I move that it be referred to the Committee on Resolutions.
+
+(Motion carried.)
+
+Mr. Corsan: Undoubtedly we all agree with Prof. Smith. He spoke of the
+persimmon. When I speak of the persimmon in my country nobody knows what
+I am talking about. I found two trees in Battle Creek, Michigan, in a
+front yard. The person who owned them was an old lady. I said, "Will you
+give me these persimmons?" She said, "Yes, take them all; the neighbors
+come here and while they are getting the persimmons they bother me a
+lot. Everybody seems to like them." They were delicious persimmons that
+were quite edible before frost, they are probably the two furthest north
+persimmon trees in the world. I went a little way around Devil Lake, and
+found pawpaws. They are a very good fruit when cultivated. The idea of
+preserving the soil and not sending it all into the Lakes and down into
+the Gulf of Mexico--that is a good idea of Prof. Smith's.
+
+Mr. Gardner: I submit that that Battle Creek woman should start a new
+breakfast food. (Laughter.)
+
+Mr. Corsan: Every second year there is an immense crop on one of the
+persimmon trees; they are a male and female, I think. You can't see the
+branches for the fruit, and the thermometer there falls to 22 degrees
+below zero.
+
+The Chairman: You can graft the male trees with pistillate grafts if you
+want to, or you can transfer grafts both ways. The persimmon and pawpaw
+will undoubtedly both grow at Toronto. They are not indigenous there
+because of natural checks to development in their sprouting stage, but
+if you buy Indiana stock for Toronto, such transplanted trees will both
+grow there, I am sure. This is not quite relevant to Prof. Smith's
+paper. It seems to me that Prof. Smith gave us a very comprehensive
+resume of facts bearing upon the situation, perhaps not particularly
+calling for discussion. We are very glad to have his arraignment of
+facts.
+
+The next paper on the program will be that of Dr. Deming. While Dr.
+Deming is getting ready, I would like to have the trees shown. Mr. Jones
+will speak about his pecans, these specimens of young trees here.
+
+Mr. Jones: These are pecans that Mr. Roper brought up from the
+Arrowfield Nurseries. (Here Mr. Jones described the trees.)
+
+The Chairman: Would those trees grow after they have been dried as much
+as that?
+
+Mr. Jones: I don't think so; pecans don't stand much drying.
+
+The Chairman: No, unless you cut off all the roots.
+
+Prof. Smith: If we should dig up a tree like this and cut it off a foot
+and a half down, would it be all right to transplant it?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes, if your season should not be too dry.
+
+The Chairman: What has been your experience with the Stringfellow method
+of cutting off every single root?
+
+Mr. Jones: We cut the tap-roots off, but leave an inch of the lateral
+roots.
+
+The Chairman: I think you can do better by following the Stringfellow
+method and cutting off all the laterals.
+
+Prof. Smith: If you were going to transplant those for your own use
+where would you cut them off?
+
+Mr. Jones: About here, a foot and a half down.
+
+The Secretary: And the top?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes, sir, I'd reduce the top about that much; I think we will
+have to work for a better root for the North.
+
+
+
+
+BEGINNING WITH NUTS
+
+DR. W. C. DEMING, WESTCHESTER, NEW YORK CITY
+
+
+In his official capacity as secretary of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association the writer is frequently asked, by persons wishing to grow
+nuts, about climate, soils, varieties and methods.
+
+The following observations are intended to apply only to the
+northeastern United States, the country lying east of the Rockies and
+north of the range of the southern pecan. They are intended more for the
+person who already has his land, or is restricted in his range, than for
+the one who can range wide for larger operations and will study deeper
+before deciding.
+
+It is probable that most nuts will grow wherever the peach will. Outside
+the peach area there is probably not much use in trying to grow the
+pecan or Persian walnut. Yet it must always be remembered that nut
+growing in the North is, at present, almost entirely experimental and
+that anybody may be able to disprove the authorities. We are all
+experimenting now. By and by it will be different.
+
+In severer climates the chestnut, shagbark, black walnut, butternut,
+hazel, beech, pine, Japanese cordiformis and hardy Chinese walnuts can
+be grown or, at least, offer possibilities. In such climates the
+development of the native nuts by selection and crossing, and the
+adaptation of alien nuts, deserves, and will repay, experiment.
+
+It is to be supposed, as before said, that the hopeful beginner already
+has his land. Let him choose the best part of it that he can spare. By
+"best part" is meant the most fertile, not too wet nor too dry nor, if
+possible, too hilly to cultivate. Hard pan near the surface, and too
+thick to be easily broken up by dynamite, is not desirable.
+
+A nut orchard ought to have much the same preparation as an apple
+orchard. A practical way would be to plow deeply and harrow well in
+summer and sow a cover crop like rye and vetch or clover. The more
+stable manure, or other fertilizer, applied the better.
+
+Let the field now be staked off thirty feet apart in squares, or in
+triangles if preferred. Late in the fall dig the holes and plant nuts,
+three or four in each hole, two to four inches deep, according to size,
+and six inches apart. Put a good handful of ground bone in each hill.
+Unless the soil and subsoil are mellow, so that the long tap roots may
+penetrate deeply, it would be best to dynamite the holes, using a half
+pound of 20 per cent or 25 per cent dynamite at a depth of two and a
+half feet. This is a simple matter and the dynamite companies will
+furnish materials and instructions. It is also some fun.
+
+There is some danger that nuts planted in fall may be destroyed by
+rodents, that some will "lie over" and not sprout the first year, or
+that all the nuts in a hill may make inferior plants, so that some
+authorities advise putting them in a galvanized wire cage, the nuts only
+half buried, then covered with a few leaves during the winter and
+otherwise left exposed to the elements. In the spring they must be taken
+from the cage and planted in the hills before the sprouts are long
+enough to be easily broken.
+
+The different kinds of nuts should be planted in "blocks" rather than
+mingled, to facilitate handling.
+
+These nuts are to furnish trees that are later to be grafted or budded.
+After they have grown a while the weaker ones are to be removed, as
+necessary, until only the strongest remains in each hill. When grafted
+and grown to great size the brave man will thin them out to sixty feet
+apart. Interplanting with fruits or vegetables may be practised.
+
+As to the kinds of nuts to be planted that depends on what you want to
+grow. If chestnuts it must be remembered that the bark disease is very
+likely to attack them, in the East at any rate. Experiments with
+chestnuts outside the range of the blight are very desirable. The
+American (_Castanea dentata_) and European (_C. sativa_) chestnuts are
+specially susceptible. The Asiatic chestnuts (_C. Japonica_, etc.) seem
+to have a partial immunity, especially the Korean, and it is possible
+that the native chestnut grafted on these may be rendered more or less
+immune. It is being tried and is an interesting experiment.
+
+The Asiatic chestnut trees are dwarfish in habit, come into bearing
+early, the nuts are generally large and some of them of pretty good
+quality. They may be planted as fillers between the trees of larger
+growth. The nuts may be bought of importers. (See circular on "Seedsmen
+and Nurserymen".) The small Korean chestnut has been especially
+recommended.
+
+If you wish to grow the shagbark hickory (_Hicoria ovata_) plant the
+best specimens of this nut you can get, or the bitternut (_H. minima_)
+which is said to be a superior stock for grafting.
+
+High hopes are held that that other favorite hickory, the pecan (_H.
+pecan_) may be grown far outside its native range, and the Indiana pecan
+is the nut on which these hopes are founded. Seed nuts may be obtained
+from reliable Indiana dealers, but it is said that some of them are not
+reliable.
+
+The hickories may be budded and grafted on one another so that one kind
+of stock may serve for both shagbark and pecan.
+
+If you want to grow the Persian walnut (_Juglans regia_), often called
+the "English" walnut, the black walnut (_J. nigra_), seems to afford the
+most promising stock, though _J. rupestris_, native in Texas and
+Arizona, has been recommended and _J. cordiformis_, the Japanese heart
+nut, is also promising. This nut can be recommended for planting for its
+own sake as the tree is hardy, a rapid grower, comes into bearing early
+and bears a fairly good nut. There are no grafted trees, however, so the
+variable seedlings will have to be depended upon.
+
+On any of these walnut stocks the black walnut and the butternut (_J.
+cinerea_) may also be propagated if worthy varieties can be found. There
+are none now on the market.
+
+The nuts mentioned are enough for the beginner and the three stocks,
+chestnut, hickory and walnut, will give him all he wants to work on and
+furnish plenty of fascinating occupation.
+
+The hazel, the almond and others, though offering possibilities, had
+better be left to those further advanced in the art of nut growing.
+
+Now the nut orchard is started and the owner must push the growth of the
+trees by the ordinary methods, cultivation, cover crops and fertilizers.
+See any authority on growing fruit trees.
+
+In from two to five years the trees will be ready for budding and
+grafting, they will have made a good growth above ground, and a bigger
+one below, they are permanently placed and haven't got to be set back a
+year or two, or perhaps killed, by transplanting, with loss to the tap
+roots and laterals. In the writer's opinion that natural tap root of the
+nut tree growing down, down to water is not to be treated as of no
+importance.
+
+So let your seedlings grow up and down happily while you get ready the
+stuff with which to build their future character, for seedling trees are
+very slow in coming into bearing, and uncertain in type and quality of
+nut. Grafted trees bear early and true to type.
+
+Take your choicest bit of ground and put it in the best shape you know
+how. Then order the finest grafted trees you can find on the market.
+(See circular on "Seedsmen and Nurserymen".) Your choice will be limited
+for there are as yet only a few grafted varieties of the Persian walnut
+and the Indiana pecan, and but one of the shagbark hickory to be had. Of
+chestnuts there are more and, in the South of course, plenty of pecans.
+But pecan growing in the South is another story. If you order chestnuts
+be sure that they do not come from a nursery infected with blight. Get
+young trees because they are more easily established.
+
+Order from two to four of each variety. Fewer than two gives too small
+an allowance for mortality and more than four, besides the not
+inconsiderable strain on the pocket, will divide your attention too
+much; for you have got to give these trees the care of a bottle baby.
+
+Set them sixty feet apart if you have the room. If not set them closer.
+Better closer if that means better care. They may be set in the fall but
+probably spring is better, as early as you can get them in. Follow the
+instructions of the nurserymen closely. Digging holes with dynamite is
+probably good practice. Put some bone meal in the soil around the roots
+but no strong fertilizer. Some soils need lime. Tamp the soil about the
+roots with all your might. It cannot be made too firm.
+
+Then water them all summer, or until August if they have made a good
+growth. Give them all they can drink once a week. Sink a large bar about
+a foot from the tree and pour the water into the hole, as much as the
+soil will take.
+
+Keep up cultivation and a dust mulch or, if you cannot do this, mulch
+with something else. Mulching doesn't mean a wisp of hay but something
+thick or impervious. Six inches of strawy manure, grass, vines or weeds;
+an old carpet, burlap, feed or fertilizer bags or even newspapers, held
+down with stones or weeds or earth, all make good mulches.
+
+These trees ought to grow and, whether you ever succeed in grafting your
+seedlings or not, you should have at least a small orchard of fine nut
+trees.
+
+The second summer with the trees will be something like the baby's.
+Worms may bother them. Look out for bud worms and leaf-eating
+caterpillars. Give them all the water they can drink in the dry dog
+days. Nurse them, feed them and watch them and they will grow up to
+bless you. Some of them may bear as early as apple trees.
+
+These trees, and such scions as, from time to time, you may obtain
+elsewhere, are to furnish your propagating material.
+
+The plan just described may be modified in various ways, but the general
+principles are the same. Instead of planting the nuts in their permanent
+positions they may be put in nursery rows where they may have the
+advantage of intensive cultivation. The best of the resulting trees may
+be grafted or budded in the rows, or after they have been transplanted
+and have become well established. This method is an excellent one and
+has distinct advantages and many advocates.
+
+Yearling seedlings may be bought and set either in permanent positions
+or in nursery rows.
+
+Of course the man who is in a hurry, who can disregard expense and who
+does not care for the experience and gratification of grafting his own
+trees, may set his whole plantation with expensive grafted trees and
+replant where they fail.
+
+The technique of budding and grafting you must work out yourself with
+the help of the instructions obtainable from several authorities, or, by
+far the surer way, study the art with a master. The essentials are good
+stocks and good scions, the right moment--and practice.
+
+Excellent publications giving instructions in methods of propagation
+are: "The Persian Walnut Industry in the United States," by E. R. Lake;
+Bulletin 254, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
+1913: "The Pecan," by C. A. Reed; Bulletin 251 of the same department,
+1912: "Walnut Growing in Oregon," published by the Passenger Department
+Southern Pacific Company Lines in Oregon, Portland, Oregon, revised
+edition, 1912; and "Nut Growing in Maryland," by C. P. Close; Bulletin
+125 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park,
+Maryland. Any of these may be had free on application.
+
+The files and current issues of the nut journals are full of
+information. Join the nut growers associations, subscribe to the nut
+journals, get all the literature (see Circular No. 3) and you will soon
+be happily out of the fledgeling stage of nut growing and begin to do as
+you please.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Chairman: Comment upon this paper is now in order.
+
+Mr. Lake: You say you are going to issue that?
+
+The Secretary: On my own responsibility, but subject to modification.
+
+Mr. Lake: If that is going out as a circular of the association, I would
+like to suggest two slight changes. For instance, you wouldn't expect
+the ordinary nut tree to begin to bear as early as the ordinary
+transplanted apple tree.
+
+The Chairman: Some would.
+
+Mr. Lake: A summer apple would begin to bear much earlier than the
+ordinary nut tree.
+
+The Secretary: Well, chestnuts begin to bear very early after grafting.
+I refer only to grafted trees here.
+
+Mr. Lake: I thought that the paper had to do with trees that were
+planted as nuts.
+
+The Secretary: No, I think I made that perfectly clear.
+
+Mr. Lake: What is that new statement about roots, that it is desirable
+to leave them?
+
+The Secretary: That it is better that a tree should go undisturbed than
+that it should be transplanted.
+
+Mr. Lake: Isn't there a question about that?
+
+The Secretary: A question would arise in the hands of an expert,
+perhaps, but I think for an amateur, that a tree growing where the nut
+was planted is more likely to live and do well than a transplanted tree.
+
+Mr. Lake: I am not so certain about that, but what I had in mind was
+that the planter would get the idea that the tap-root was not to be cut
+off and that it is very desirable to the tree.
+
+The Secretary: That's a good point.
+
+The Chairman: About cutting the tap-root I have said yes and no so fast
+that I don't know which I've said last, and it seems to me that we ought
+to have discussion on this very point.
+
+The Secretary: I have said that in buying these grafted trees you should
+set them out following the instructions of the nurseryman closely.
+
+Mr. Lake: But that statement about the tap-root would lead the average
+planter to think that it was very desirable to have the tap-root.
+
+The Secretary: Has it been settled that it is not desirable?
+
+Mr. Lake: Well, I think it has been generally accepted that it is of no
+special value.
+
+The Secretary: That trees will grow as well transplanted as if they have
+never been transplanted?
+
+Mr. Lake: Well, I shouldn't want to put it that way, but this is the
+point: I would like to have the tree planter understand that a walnut
+tree doesn't need the tap-root and if he cuts off the tap-root in
+planting, there is no great loss. I wouldn't want to say that his trees
+wouldn't begin to bear earlier or bear larger if left in the original
+place. I prefer to transplant my own tree after it is grown, rather than
+run the risk of getting scrub trees in the post hole or on the hill. I
+prefer to select the grafted trees even without the tap-roots, which
+would be removed in digging, and planting them all uniform, rather than
+to plant the seeds. Speaking for the amateur, I think the latter is good
+practice. The point I had in mind was that many people will not take the
+time to plant nuts but will want to set grafted trees, and the question
+is, should they have considerable tap-root--the grafted trees?
+
+The Secretary: Following my plan, a man would buy a small number of fine
+trees and set them out at once; that would probably be all he would
+undertake and all he could probably manage. He would also plant a small
+number of nuts on which to experiment in propagation. My experience up
+in Connecticut has been that all my southern transplanted trees, almost
+without exception, have died. I have planted pecans and Persian walnuts
+from a number of different nurseries. I have done it personally and done
+it as carefully as I could, but they have either made a very feeble
+growth indeed or have all died. On the other hand, the seeds I have
+planted have grown into very vigorous trees.
+
+Mr. Rush: I have had a little experience with the tap-root theory. You
+can't dig a walnut tree without cutting the tap-root, and that tap-root,
+I find, is practically of no benefit at all after you have your upper
+laterals, and an abundance of them; by cutting the tap-root growth is
+stimulated and a new tap-root is made. It is very largely in the mode of
+pruning the tap-root. You can readily stimulate the tap-root system.
+
+The Chairman: You try to keep an equilibrium by cutting down the top in
+proportion?
+
+Mr. Rush: Yes, sir.
+
+Mr. Pomeroy: In examining transplanted trees I found ten times as many
+roots where the tap-root had been cut; and there were two tap-roots. I
+like a tree with a good tap-root system and I am positive that if you
+transplant a tree you get a better root system, get a great many more
+roots.
+
+The Chairman: The tree development, it seems to me, depends not upon the
+number of roots which are carried with it when it is transplanted, but
+upon the feeding roots which develop. Now, if we cut back the tap-root,
+cut back the laterals, cut back the top, we have a tree carrying in its
+cambium layer, food, just as a turnip or beet would carry it--and I look
+upon a transplanted tree much as a carrot or beet, with stored food
+ready to make a new root.
+
+Mr. Harris: I planted last fall a year ago a lot of English walnuts.
+Would the gentleman advise taking those up, cutting the tap-roots and
+planting them again?
+
+Mr. Rush: I don't think that would be advisable.
+
+Mr. Harris: They were grown from the nuts sown in a row last fall a year
+ago and grew very well.
+
+Mr. Rush: In propagating the English walnut we have had them do the best
+by transplanting when the tree is about two years old, but it will more
+or less disturb the vigor of a tree to transplant it. That is
+self-evident; it needs some time to heal those wounds that are made both
+in the root and the branch.
+
+Mr. Harris: What time of year do you bud them?
+
+Mr. Rush: In August.
+
+Mr. Hutt: I notice some trees here that are evidently two-year old
+pecans that have been cut back, and you notice that in every case
+several tap-roots have taken the place of the one. Here are some others
+that have not been cut. These have gone straight down. They are strong
+roots with few fibers on them. On these other trees that have been cut
+the formation of tap-roots continues. They will go down till they strike
+a permanent water-table and then the tap-root will stop. In Hyde County,
+North Carolina, near the ocean, the water-table is close to the surface
+and there is a deep black alluvial soil with a great deal of water in
+it. In order to grow anything there they have to put in ditches to get
+the water out. The pecan trees growing there have absolutely no
+tap-roots at all, it rots off as soon as it strikes the permanent
+water-table; and I think that's the reason they produce such enormous
+quantities of pecans in that county. In bottomless, sandy land where
+there is no clay the root keeps on going down till it finds the
+permanent water-table, even if that is six or eight or ten feet down.
+These roots, as you see, were going right down to China to look at that
+king on the other side if they got a chance. It's the same with the long
+leaf pine. It has a tap-root below ground thicker than the trunk above
+ground. The reason is that it grows naturally on those bottomless
+places; the root goes down till it strikes water, then runs off
+laterally. If you cut the roots they are bound to make new tap-roots.
+You can see the place where they have been cut and in place of one
+tap-root you have two, going right down into that sandy soil till they
+find a water-table. I believe that a nurseryman who will cut off the
+root of the pecan tree when it is transplanted, will cause it to form
+more lateral roots and make a better tree. There's a great number of
+vigorous roots in this tree than in this, and this tree whose root has
+been cut off will make a tree much easier to transplant and will be a
+better tree than those with great thick roots without the fibers that
+have the root hairs upon them.
+
+A member: You wouldn't recommend cutting back that tap-root too
+severely, would you?
+
+Mr. Hutt: In planting a tree of this kind, I'd cut off a foot or 18
+inches. If you get about 24 inches in a specially good soil, or about 30
+inches of root ordinarily that's all you want.
+
+A member: I should think that would depend quite a little on the height
+of the water-table. If you were planting on land where the water-table
+is low, you would leave more tap-root?
+
+Mr. Hutt: Yes.
+
+A member: That was the reason I brought up the point, because I think
+cutting so short would be too severe.
+
+Mr. Hutt: The cambium is the only part of the tree that maintains
+growth. Every wound kills the cambium to a certain extent, so I always
+cut off roots of any size with sharp shears as smoothly as possible. I
+cut far enough back to find good, fresh, living tissue. In moist soil
+that will callous over. In the South the soil is moist and we have
+growing conditions in the winter time, so it will callous over during
+the winter. In the North, I understand, you make a practice of planting
+in the spring, because of the weather conditions.
+
+Mr. Harris: In Western Maryland we have in the mountains a deep, sandy
+soil; there doesn't appear to be any water bottom to it; what would the
+tap-root do in that case?
+
+Mr. Hutt: It will go down until it finds what it wants, finds sufficient
+moisture.
+
+Mr. Harris: Gravelly bottom?
+
+Mr. Hutt: If you have ever seen the roots of a long leaf pine, you've
+seen where the roots go to when they get a chance.
+
+Prof. Smith: I should like to ask Dr. Deming if he would give us his
+experience in propagating the walnut and hickory?
+
+Dr. Deming: A very important thing indeed for us nut growers in the
+North is to learn how to propagate. Dr. Morris has had some success; I
+haven't had any. I have tried it summer and spring, year after year. I
+believe there are a few pieces of bark, without buds, still growing.
+Chestnuts I haven't found very difficult, but with the walnut and
+hickory I have had no success whatever, although I have practiced the
+best technique I could master. I think one reason why I have had no
+success is that I haven't had good material. I have had good stocks, but
+I haven't had good scions, not the sort of scion that the successful
+southern nurserymen use. Still, Dr. Morris has had success with the same
+kind of material that I have failed with.
+
+The Chairman: Not very much success.
+
+Mr. Lake: Dr. Deming said that the land ought not to be too dry nor too
+wet. Would you feel like saying that a water-table at 24 inches was
+neither too low nor too high?
+
+Mr. Hutt: It depends a great deal on the nature of the soil, the
+water-pulling capacity of the soil. Take a soil like that I mentioned,
+in Hyde County, near the ocean; you can see it quake all around you.
+
+Mr. Lake: But would you say that the northern nut grower might safely
+put his orchard on soil that had a water-table within two or three feet
+of the surface?
+
+Mr. Hutt: I could tell if I saw that soil. If it is craw-fishy, or soil
+that is ill-drained or won't carry ordinary crops, I'd say keep off of
+it, but if it will bear ordinary crops it's all right; in some cases
+where the soil is very rich the plant does not need to go down into that
+soil anything like the depth it would in a poor soil. The poorer the
+soil the further the roots have to go to find nourishment.
+
+Mr. Lake: I think that is an extremely exceptional case in relation to
+northern nuts. There is very little such North Carolina land in this
+section of the country, if I judge right. We don't plant nut-growing
+orchards up here in peaty soils, so Dr. Deming's recommendation was
+rather for very good agricultural soil. A water-table here must be eight
+or ten feet deep; in that event, it would not make any difference
+whether you left three feet of tap-root or 15 inches.
+
+Mr. Hutt: No.
+
+The Chairman: In the soils of some parts of New England, a tree would
+have to have a root three or four hundred feet deep to get to flowing
+water, but nevertheless trees flourish there.
+
+Mr. Lake: But the capillarity of the soil provides water for the tree
+above the water-table.
+
+Mr. Corsan: It all depends on the kind of nut. At St. Geneva I came
+across a butternut that was growing in a soil that would kill a chestnut
+very quickly. The soil was very springy and wet and the butternut just
+loves that soil. I found that while other butternut trees bore nuts in
+clusters of one to three, this butternut tree was bearing them in
+clusters of ten and eleven. At Lake George, right in front of the
+Post-Office, there was one tree twenty-four years old, two feet through,
+that grew butternuts in clusters of ten and you could get a barrel of
+nuts from it. It bore again this last summer heavily, not in clusters of
+ten but in clusters of seven or eight. When we have damp soil we can't
+grow the chestnut but the hickory nut will grow in a swamp, and so will
+the butternut.
+
+The Chairman: And the beech.
+
+Mr. Corsan: The beech wants clay; it won't grow unless there is clay.
+
+The Chairman: Our beech will grow where it has to swim.
+
+Mr. Reed: Before we get away from this discussion I think that we ought
+to commend Dr. Deming in the selection of this subject and in the
+handling of his paper. In my position in the Government, we have a good
+many inquiries about nut matters, and they are usually from people who
+want to know how to start. The great call for information at the present
+time is from the beginners, not from the advanced people, and I am glad
+that Dr. Deming took that subject and handled it as he did, and I am
+glad that he proposes to issue it as a circular from this Association.
+It will be a great relief to others who are called on for information.
+
+I should like to have a word, too, about this tap-root question. From
+what has been said it is pretty clear that there is quite a difference
+of opinion. We sometimes think we can improve on nature in her ways by
+harsh methods and, while I know it is customary in the nurseries of the
+South to cut the tap-roots back pretty severely, I wonder, sometimes,
+whether that is always the best thing.
+
+I haven't had any personal experience, but I have observed quite a good
+deal, and the tendency, it seems to me, is to try to develop as much as
+possible the fibrous root. Sometimes that is brought about by cutting
+the tap-root, or putting a wire mesh below where the seed is planted, so
+as to form an obstruction to the tap-root, so that it necessarily forms
+a fibrous root. Where the tap-root is the only root I doubt very much
+the advisability of cutting back too severely.
+
+Col. Van Duzee: I have heard this subject discussed all over this
+country, in meetings of this kind, and a great deal of energy has been
+wasted. I do not think any of us know anything about it, but I do wish
+to say this, that when you come to transplant a tree from the nursery to
+the orchard, there are things of infinitely more moment than how you
+shall hold your knife between your fingers when you cut the roots. The
+exposure of the roots to the air, the depth to which the tree is to be
+put in the ground, the manner in which it shall be handled--those things
+are of infinitely more importance, because we know we can transplant
+trees successfully and get good results when the tap-root has been
+injured or almost entirely removed. I do not consider that the question
+of cutting the tap-root is of very serious importance, but I do think we
+should insert a word of caution as to the exposure of the roots of trees
+to the atmosphere, and make it just as strong as we are capable of
+writing it.
+
+The Chairman: That is a very interesting point, that we have fixed our
+eye on the tap-root and talked too much about it. Not long ago one of
+the agricultural journals decided finally to settle the question about
+the time for pruning grapes, whether it should be done in the fall,
+spring, winter or summer, and after summing up all the testimony from
+enthusiastic advocates for each one of the seasons, the editor decided
+that the best time is when your knife is sharp; and that is very much
+the way with the tap-root. Be very particular in getting the root in and
+caring for it.
+
+Mr. Pomeroy: Prof. Close, in a bulletin issued two years ago, spoke as
+does Col. VanDuzee about protecting the roots of the trees; he said
+"when the trees are taken from the box that you receive them in, don't
+expose them to the sun or air, puddle every tree, and plant as soon as
+possible." I think that is pretty good advice. It doesn't cost any
+money, and takes very few minutes, to puddle the trees and it saves many
+of them.
+
+The Chairman: I have tried the Stringfellow Method of cutting back top
+and root until my men asked me if I didn't want to transplant another
+tree instead, and they have grown just as well as trees on which I took
+great pains to preserve fine branching roots.
+
+The Secretary: The last thing in my thought was to start a discussion of
+this perennial subject of the tap-root, but I should like criticism of
+this little circular, no matter how severe, because I am not finally
+committed to it and want to make it as useful as possible.
+
+Prof. Smith: Every man likes to ride his own hobby horse. Would it not
+be wise to suggest that some of these seedlings be put in odd corners?
+Certainly the hickory and walnut are adept in making themselves a home
+in the roughest kind of land.
+
+The Secretary: I have tried that, but I don't think, as a rule, the
+trees do well when stuck around in fence corners and odd places. To be
+sure the trees I put behind the barn or pig pen have grown beautifully,
+so that at one time I thought of building barns and pig pens all over
+the farm to put trees behind, but where they were set in fence corners
+and out of the way places they have not done very well. I think the
+experience of others is about to the same effect.
+
+Prof. Smith: My experience has been different from yours. I have some
+chestnut and walnut trees, on an unploughable hillside in the corner of
+my father's farm in Virginia which I stuck there ten or a dozen years
+ago and have done very little to them. Of course they are native. They
+have thriven. Nature does it exactly that way.
+
+The Secretary: It seems to me there is no question that they will do
+better under cultivation. Of course they may do fairly well in odd
+places if they can dominate the other growth.
+
+Prof. Smith: A man could take a pocketful of the various kinds of nuts
+and go around his fence corners and plant a few. In an hour he can plant
+fifty, and if he gets one to grow it is good return for that hour's
+work.
+
+The Secretary: I have advised people to take a handful of nuts and a
+cane when they go out walking and occasionally stick one in.
+
+The Chairman: In our locality, people would ask, "Why is that string of
+squirrels following that man?"
+
+Mr. Corsan: I have been planting nuts in that way for years.
+
+The Chairman: If a man planted trees which belonged in his neighborhood,
+nuts that were already in the dominant ruling group, then his chances
+for success would be very good, but if he introduced in fence corners
+trees that had to adjust themselves to a new environment, he would find
+very few growing and the squirrels, other trees and various obstacles to
+development in the midst of established species, would wipe out most of
+them. Nevertheless, as it isn't much trouble, I would advise anybody to
+take a pocketful of hickory nuts out with him when he goes for a walk
+and plant one every little way.
+
+A Member: The idea is good; let us follow it up.
+
+Mr. Rush: I don't think it is feasible at all to plant trees around
+fence corners.
+
+The Chairman: In our locality it would not do at all.
+
+A Member: It won't do in any locality. The sods and grass around the
+tree will dwarf it and cause a very slow growth. Our time is valuable
+and we can't wait on that kind of a tree to bring results. Cultivation
+is the main need. Sometimes trees will do well where the soil is rich
+and competition absent. In Burlington, N. J. we found a walnut tree
+bearing enormous crops in a back yard. I have seen the same thing in
+this county, and also in Carlisle, and the Nebo tree, famous for its
+wonderful productiveness, has a similar environment. But it is high
+cultivation that usually is necessary for the best results in all trees,
+and walnut trees particularly.
+
+The Secretary: Here is a note relating to this subject:
+
+"The women of Sapulpa, Okla., who recently organized for city and county
+improvement and advancement, have determined to plant pecan, walnut and
+hickory trees on both sides of a road now being constructed through
+Creek County, basing their action on the theory that two pecan trees
+placed in the back yard of a homestead will pay the taxes on the
+property. They believe that when the trees begin to bear they will
+provide a fund large enough for the maintenance of the road."
+
+The Chairman: That's all right if you can look after them.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: It is very interesting to listen to these discussions of
+roadside trees and I have until recently been a strong advocate of them,
+but I have changed my opinion. I don't think there is anything in the
+planting of trees in fence corners or along the roadside, for several
+reasons. The first reason is that nobody knows how long it is going to
+take that tree to amount to anything. I wouldn't give two cents a piece
+for trees stuck out where you cannot cultivate them and get to them to
+fertilize them. Another thing, we are right up against the problem of
+the insect pests of these trees and who is going to take care of them
+along the roadside? The insect pests will get on them and come into the
+fields of the man who is cultivating and raising trees legitimately.
+Down in southern Indiana, now, we find along the roadside hundreds of
+walnut trees that are every year eaten up with caterpillars. They love
+those trees and come over on to my trees. I keep my trees cleaned off
+pretty well. There's that problem. Up to a short time ago I was an
+advocate of roadside trees. It would be all right if there was some
+means of cultivating them. If there is land somewhere that is of no use,
+so that it doesn't make a bit of difference whether the trees on it have
+insect pests or not, you can go out there and scatter nuts and let it
+alone and wait the length of time you've got to wait. I don't think it's
+of much value, however, even then. I don't think there is a thing in it.
+I used to pride myself on the fact that I had set out more trees than
+anybody else in the State of Indiana. I haven't bragged about that for a
+long time, though I have set out, perhaps, in the last eight or ten
+years, or had set out under my direction, about 750,000 trees; I am not
+particularly proud of that any more, but I am proud to meet the fellow
+who has set out twenty or thirty acres of trees on good land, the best
+he's got, and cultivated them and kept the insects off of them and
+burned them up instead of letting them prey on the neighborhood. I think
+there should be a law passed that these trees along the roadside must be
+cut down or that somebody will have to take care of them.
+
+The Chairman: The original idea of roadside trees was constructive in
+its nature but failed to include the idea that, with the increase of
+orchard trees, or trees of any one species, we increase the insect pests
+because we disturb the balance of nature; and by disturbing the balance
+of nature we give advantage to insects which then remain on neglected
+trees to prove a menace to our own orchards. It we have various towns
+setting out roadside trees and detailing the children to look after
+them, asking the children to report on them, I believe the thing can be
+made a success and that the taxes of many a small town can be paid from
+the nut trees along the roadside, provided you have one boy or one girl
+for each tree, their services to be given free and the profit from the
+tree to be given to the town.
+
+Mr. Corsan: How about the cattle? Let them keep grazing around?
+
+The Chairman: Oh, my, yes.
+
+Prof. Smith: I think we sometimes let our feelings make us say things
+that our brains would scarcely approve. I believe Mr. Littlepage's
+charge against the tree on the roadside is not necessarily
+substantiated. I don't know just how he is going to take care of his
+trees, but if it requires a vehicle carrying spray, I submit that a
+roadside tree is about as well fixed as one in his field. If it requires
+a man with a stick or a hoe or a ladder, the tree on the roadside is in
+about as eligible a location as one in the field. If care implies the
+idea of turning over the soil, the roadside is handicapped, but nature
+has got along without having the soil upturned. My point is this; there
+is on nearly every farm in the East a little patch of land somewhere, a
+little row between a road and stream where a few trees can grow, and if
+fertilization is required, a few barrels of manure can go there as well
+as anywhere else. The fact that a tree is put in a place that is not
+ploughed doesn't mean that it is beyond all care. My point is that with
+care we can get trees in fence rows without tillage and that, in
+addition to Dr. Deming's formal and carefully cultivated plot, there is
+about every farm a place where a man can stick a few trees and give them
+such care as can be given without tillage.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: I agree heartily with Prof. Smith's theory, but having
+had some experience, I find those things that he describes are not done;
+there is just that difference, always, between theory and fact. I read a
+beautiful book once, written by a woman, entitled, "There is No Death,"
+and I found on inquiry that she had already buried four husbands.
+(Laughter.) I was much interested in reading, once upon a time,
+Rousseau's beautiful story of domestic life and I found that while he
+was writing it, his children were in an orphan asylum. A fellow teaching
+in the high school in Terre Haute, Indiana, married one of the beautiful
+attractive young ladies of that town. Shortly after they were married he
+was busy writing and turned and told her that he didn't love her any
+more and he wished she'd go home. She was heartbroken and left and it
+turned out later that he was writing a book on how to get to Heaven.
+(Laughter.) There's just the difference between theory and fact. This
+is a beautiful theory. I used to be the strongest advocate of it, but
+all you've got to do is to go on a farm and try it. The trees won't get
+big enough to amount to anything in our lifetime, because these things
+you say you will do to them you don't do; at least, that has been my
+experience, and I would like to ask anyone to point to any section in
+the United States today, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific, where
+this theory is carried out successfully; and yet I know it has been
+advocated for fifty years.
+
+The Chairman: How about school children reporting on trees under their
+care?
+
+Mr. Littlepage: Whenever you give the proper care to them you solve the
+problem--whenever anyone will convince me that that will be done. There
+is no reason, of course, why the tree won't grow in these places, but my
+experience is that they don't thrive.
+
+The Chairman: I've put out thousands of them for public-spirited
+citizens, but it would be difficult to find one of them today.
+
+Mr. Rush: In France and in Germany the land is very valuable and they
+take a great deal of pride in their nut trees. The nuts we have here in
+the Lancaster market, Persian walnuts, are largely brought from France,
+Spain, Italy and Germany. The land being so valuable there, they devote
+much of their waste land to nuts, like Mr. Smith's idea of planting
+along the wayside, and they plant and cultivate them in their yards and
+in all corners. They would not, under any consideration, plant a maple
+tree just for the shade; the tree must serve for both fruit and shade,
+and those are some of the sources of foreign wealth.
+
+Mr. Harris: I don't think the question is so much one of planting in
+fence corners as that we have a great deal of waste land on which the
+soil is very well adapted to growing nut trees. I know that sometimes in
+growing peach trees it is almost impossible to cultivate them. I know
+places in western Maryland where the rocks are lying so that you can
+hardly plough, and yet the soil is fertile and particularly adapted in
+some places for peach trees, and would be for chestnut trees. They have
+there a system of cultivation much as if you used the plough, and yet
+they are on steep hillsides. There is no reason, I think, why nut trees
+shouldn't grow there as well as on the level field where you can
+cultivate every inch of soil.
+
+The Chairman: They are looked after, that's the whole thing.
+
+Mr. Gowing: I come from New Hampshire and we have what used to be an old
+farm, but it is now a pasture and the soil is quite a potash soil, I
+think, amongst the rocks, and there's some apple trees planted there by
+the original man that worked this place. It was too rough to plough, but
+they have borne us as good apples some years as we have had on the
+place; and on this same piece of twenty acres or so, there's some
+chestnut trees more than two feet through that were cut off when the
+land was cleared, and they must have done well, for they grew to be such
+enormous trees.
+
+The Chairman: The trees are planted on this same old stump land?
+
+Mr. Gowing: Yes, sir.
+
+The Chairman: A great deal of stump land can be planted in this way.
+
+Mr. Corsan: That wouldn't be planting them along roadsides and in fence
+corners.
+
+The Chairman: No, they would be looked after; the whole thing is looking
+after them.
+
+A Member: My idea is that there would be very few nut trees planted if
+every one was to start his own trees. They put off planting the trees
+even when they can get them at the nurseries, and if they had to start
+their own nurseries there wouldn't be one planted to where there's
+10,000 now; and I think that in the end the nurserymen are going to
+attend to the planting of trees and the other people are going to attend
+to growing them. Maybe I'm mistaken but did this Government ever produce
+any trees? Prof. Smith spoke of appropriating money and letting the
+Government get us some new variety. Hasn't it always been private
+individuals who get the new varieties? I have been trying to think of
+some fruit tree, apple or something, that a state or the Government has
+propagated.
+
+The Chairman: In this country I believe the Government has never done
+it, but in some parts of Europe, especially Switzerland, the taxes of
+some towns are paid by the trees along the roadside; but there every man
+has to report on his own trees and the proceeds go to support the town,
+and the taxes of certain small towns are actually paid today by roadside
+trees; but this is in a country where land is valuable, and every tree
+is under the direct supervision of a citizen who must report on it, and
+the product of that tree goes to the Government, he giving his labor
+instead of paying taxes.
+
+Prof. Smith: I was merely pleading for the continuation and spread of
+that work, both geographically and in increasing the varieties of trees.
+
+Mr. Lake: I am heartily in favor of that, but I think it ought to be
+referred to a committee. I want Prof. Smith to write it out in the form
+of a letter.
+
+Prof. Smith: I am glad you called my attention to that.
+
+Mr. Lake: The Government and the states are now engaged in such work and
+this ought to give it impetus. I think that the time and labor of the
+Nut Growers Association, since its organization, will have been well
+spent if we succeed in bringing to fructification this one resolution. I
+want also to suggest that Prof. Smith include among the nuts, the
+beechnut, because there's more meat in beechnuts for the amount of shell
+than any other nut we grow.
+
+The Chairman: If there is no further discussion, we will have now to
+spend a short time in Executive Committee work. I think we will ask to
+have a Nominating Committee appointed first. Mr. Rush, will you kindly
+read the list of the names of the men you proposed to act as a
+Nominating Committee?
+
+Mr. Rush then moved that the Nominating Committee consist of Messrs.
+Lake, Hutt, C. A. Reed, Smith and Deming, and the motion was adopted,
+after which the Nominating Committee reported as follows: For President,
+Mr. Littlepage; for Vice-President, Mr. C. A. Reed; for Secretary and
+Treasurer, Dr. Deming. On Executive Committee: Dr. Robert T. Morris, in
+place of Mr. C. A. Reed. On Hybrids, Prof. J. R. Smith, in place of Mr.
+Henry Hicks. On Membership Committee, Mr. G. H. Corsan, in place of
+Prof. E. R. Lake. On Committee on Nomenclature, Dr. W. C. Deming in
+place of Prof. John Craig; the other committees to stand as heretofore.
+
+Mr. Lake: I move that the secretary be instructed to cast the ballot of
+the association for these nominations.
+
+The motion was seconded and adopted and the ballot cast in accordance
+therewith.
+
+The Chairman: Now I will appoint as a Committee on Resolutions relating
+to Prof. Craig, Dr. Deming and the Chairman; Committee on Exhibits, Col.
+VanDuzee, Mr. Roper and C. A. Reed, and they will be here this evening
+to report on exhibits. Committee on Resolutions, Prof. J. Russell Smith
+and Mr. T. P. Littlepage. There is no Committee on Incorporation. Will
+someone propose that we have such a committee?
+
+The Secretary: Isn't it a desirable thing that the society should be
+incorporated? It was mentioned to me by a wealthy man that if anyone
+wished to leave, or give, some money to this association, they would be
+much more likely to do it if the society were incorporated.
+
+The Chairman: I think it would be better for someone to make a motion.
+
+Mr. Lake: I move that a Committee on Incorporation be appointed by the
+chairman; a committee of three.
+
+(Motion seconded and adopted.)
+
+The Chairman: The Committee on Incorporation will consist of Mr.
+Littlepage and Prof. Close. This evening we will meet informally here at
+about eight and tomorrow at ten we have the meeting at the Scenic to
+hear the papers of Mr. Rush and Prof. Lake and Prof. Reed, and see the
+lantern slides. We will first meet here at nine o'clock for an executive
+meeting and to look over the exhibits. The Committees will report at
+that time.
+
+(After discussion, on motion of Prof. Smith, seconded by Mr. Littlepage,
+the selection of the place of the next meeting was left to the Executive
+Committee.)
+
+The report of the Secretary and Treasurer was then read.
+
+(SEE APPENDIX)
+
+The Chairman: You have heard the Secretary's report. We had better take
+up, first, the question of deficit. What are we going to do about the
+$66.00? What prospects have we for the balancing of that account?
+
+The Secretary: That account will be easily balanced, and more than
+balanced, by the dues coming in and then I will proceed to run up a
+deficit for next year.
+
+The Chairman: You have heard the Secretary's report. If there is no
+discussion, a motion to adjourn will be in order.
+
+(Adjourned till December 19th.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Convention met, pursuant to adjournment, December 19th, 1912, at
+9:30 A. M., President Morris in the Chair, and went into Executive
+Session.
+
+It was moved and carried that the President be empowered to appoint a
+committee to attend the conference at Albany, called for the
+consideration of the hickory bark borer, by the Commissioner of
+Agriculture of the State of New York.
+
+The question of the publication of reports of the Convention proceedings
+in the American Fruit and Nut Journal, was next taken up and it was
+moved by Mr. Lake and carried that the papers and discussions of this
+Society shall be used for its own publications exclusively, except as
+the Executive Committee deems it to the best interests of the industry
+to furnish them for separate publication.
+
+The Secretary: On November 8th, I received a letter from Calvin J.
+Huson, the Commissioner of Agriculture of New York, to this effect.
+
+Dear Sir:
+
+At the coming land show in New York this department proposes to have, as
+a part of its exhibit, a collection of native and introduced New York
+grown nuts.
+
+Can you give us the names of growers of the better strains of nuts who
+might be able to furnish material for such an exhibit. Perhaps your
+association would be able to assist in the matter. The Department will
+be able to stand a reasonable expense for cost of nuts, expressage, etc.
+Perhaps a few seedling trees would add interest.... By the exhibit as a
+whole we wish to show the variety and quality of nuts that may be grown
+in this state....
+
+                        Very truly yours,
+                               CALVIN J. HUSON,
+                                  Commissioner.
+
+He wished me to assist in getting up an exhibit, but as he only gave us
+a week I was unable to do anything. I do not know that there is any
+action to be taken on that, but I read the letter simply to show that
+the interest in nut growing is increasing and that this is an
+opportunity for us to make an exhibit another year.
+
+Mr. Lake: Would the secretary take the trouble to make a collection of
+nuts covering the territory of the association and submit it for exhibit
+at a meeting of this character, this land show, giving credit to the
+donors for material, somewhat as Mr. Reed has done in pecans for the
+National Nut Growers Association?
+
+The Secretary: I think I'd have a few minutes to spare to do that.
+
+Mr. Lake: I think it would be an admirable thing.
+
+The Chairman: Yes, it would advertise the organization extensively and
+be a constructive step in agriculture.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Littlepage, have you any report from the Committee on Incorporation?
+
+Mr. Littlepage: That is a matter that will require considerable thought
+and attention. It will require attention from several standpoints, as
+for example under what laws we might wish to incorporate, so I think the
+committee will reserve its report to make to the Executive Committee at
+some later meeting.
+
+The Chairman: We have no other business, I believe, and will now retire
+to the hall where we will have the lantern slide exhibition. The morning
+session closes the meeting and we are to meet at two o'clock at the
+Monument and from there go out to see certain trees in the vicinity. Mr.
+Rush and Mr. Jones are to show us these and their two nurseries.
+
+Mr. Lake: I would like to offer as a resolution, that the secretary be
+instructed to make arrangements with the publishers of the American
+Fruit and Nut Journal for the distribution of one copy to each member as
+a part of his membership fee. The secretary will then be able to reach
+the members in his published notices without special printers' troubles
+of his own, and the members will be able to get some live matter right
+along.
+
+The motion was seconded and adopted, after which the executive session
+closed and the members adjourned in a body to the Scenic Theatre, where
+the regular program was resumed as follows:
+
+The Chairman: We will have Mr. Rush's paper first.
+
+
+
+
+THE PERSIAN WALNUT, ITS DISASTER AND LESSONS FOR 1912
+
+J. G. RUSH, PENNSYLVANIA
+
+
+The year just closing has been full of disasters both on land and sea,
+though I do not wish it to be understood that I am inclined to be a
+pessimist on account of these occurrences.
+
+I wish to speak of a disaster which overtook the walnut industry in the
+northern states. Early in the year we had an arctic cold wave which put
+the thermometer from 23 to 33 degrees below zero. This cold wave
+apparently did no injury to the walnut trees at the time but late in the
+spring it was discovered that the wood cells were ruptured though the
+buds and bark were uninjured. In cutting the scions in early April the
+bark and buds seemed in good condition for grafting; but as the time
+approached to do the work it was readily seen, by its changed color,
+that the wood was injured, some scions of course more than others. Those
+that were only slightly discolored were used in grafting. But as time
+passed the unhappy result came to light that out of about 2,000 nursery
+trees grafted only one graft grew. After climbing an 80 foot walnut tree
+to get our scions, and paying a good price for them besides, this was
+rather discouraging.
+
+This cold wave, which was unprecedented for the time, had wrought other
+injuries to the nut industry. That was especially to the young trees
+that were transplanted the fall previous and last spring. The
+transplanting with a frost injury already was too great a strain on the
+feeble life of the trees. The consequence was that some of them died
+outright, and others made only a feeble growth. But where low and severe
+pruning was practised good results followed and such trees as were
+established on the original root system escaped the frost injury
+entirely. The young nursery trees with dormant buds were not affected in
+the least but made a strong growth of from three to seven feet this last
+summer.
+
+The intense cold wave was such that some old and young seedling Persian
+walnut trees were killed outright, and not only the Persian walnut but
+in a few instances the American black was very much injured; likewise
+the Norway maple, magnolia, California privet and roses. Also the peach
+both in tree and fruit.
+
+Now in conclusion let me say, what is the lesson to be learned? First,
+as to the propagation of the Persian walnut, great care should be taken
+that only trees that are hardy should be propagated from, as well as
+having good bearing qualities with a first class nut. Second, after a
+freeze such as we had last winter, a special effort should be made to
+save the newly planted tree by close and severe pruning. As, for
+example, I had a very fine two year old Hall Persian walnut which was
+referred to me as dead. I cut the tree off about 4 inches above where it
+was budded on the black walnut stock. It was not long after that signs
+of new life appeared and eventually it made a very fine, handsome tree.
+Nature does indeed some wonderful tricks in this respect by which we can
+learn valuable lessons; and chief of these is close pruning.
+
+Such a cold wave may visit us only once in a lifetime and should not
+discourage us from carrying nut culture to its highest development. We
+must not think for a moment that other walnut sections are exempt from
+similar visitations. They have them in the Pacific Northwest, and in
+France and Germany.
+
+As regards the walnut industry for Lancaster county or Pennsylvania in
+general, I am safe in saying that a fair percentage of the farmers are
+taking hold of it. This is because of the fact that the San Jose scale
+has practically destroyed all the old apple trees around the farm
+buildings, and, not wishing to have the building denuded of the
+customary shade and fruit, nut trees are planted instead. This is in
+reality the practice prevalent in France and Germany where they utilize
+every foot of ground to profitable account.
+
+The life of an apple tree is from fifty to sixty years whereas a walnut
+tree is just in its prime at that age and destined to live for hundreds
+of years afterwards. Then again the ravages of the chestnut tree blight
+are destroying the cultivated paragons just as freely as the chestnuts
+in the forests, which in a few years will be things of the past, thus
+giving still more room for walnut and other nut trees.
+
+The Northern Nut Growers Association was organized for a grand and noble
+purpose, that is to stand together shoulder to shoulder to devise ways
+and means to bring nut culture to a grand and glorious success.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Corsan: The temperature Mr. Rush spoke of rather surprises me. Last
+year at Toronto it did not fall lower than 9 degrees below zero. We had
+summer almost until New Year's and then a very severe winter until
+April. I didn't notice any evergreen trees killed, but at Detroit, the
+Bronx and various other places, I never saw a winter so disastrous for
+killing evergreens.
+
+The Chairman: Not only that but nurserymen all over eastern New England
+said they suffered greater losses last winter than ever before.
+
+Prof. Smith: I would like to ask Mr. Rush if it would be possible to cut
+scions by December 1st, so as to escape danger from such great freezes.
+
+Mr. Rush: I really have little experience in keeping scions. This fall I
+put some in the moist cold earth in the cellar. I think the experiment
+will be successful because I have known chestnut scions cut in the fall,
+to be kept under leaves in the grove till spring.
+
+Prof. Smith: I should like to suggest that you try the following
+experiment; bury them, wrapped up in a gunny-sack or something, entirely
+underground where they will have absolute moisture and be shut away from
+the air. I have found that very successful.
+
+Mr. Rush: Sometimes the trouble is they get too moist.
+
+The Chairman: There is a principle here, and we had better keep down to
+principles as much as we can. That principle is that if the cells of the
+scions are distended with water a certain chemical process is going on
+all the while, because a scion is just as much alive as the red
+squirrel; it is a living organism. Now then, if the cells are a very
+little below normal dryness the chemical processes mostly cease, and
+that is better. We have to use nice judgment in avoiding having a scion
+so dry that its cells perish or so moist that its cells are undergoing
+chemical processes too rapidly. Our scions are cut, say, the last of
+November, then covered with leaves enough to prevent freezing and
+thawing. That will carry scions pretty well through the winter and
+perhaps is the best way, but we must never forget that in dealing with
+scions we are dealing with living red squirrels just as when we are
+dealing with pollen.
+
+A Member: Are the leaves moist or dry?
+
+The Chairman: The driest leaves in the woods contain more water than you
+think they do. They carry enough to maintain the life of the cells, if
+they are packed pretty firmly about your scions, and at the same time
+the scions are still allowed to breathe. I keep them above ground. I put
+a layer of shingles on the cellar floor, if I've got a bare ground
+cellar floor, and then a layer of very fine leaves like locust leaves,
+then a single layer of scions and then a good big heap of leaves over
+those, packed tight, a good big heap of apple leaves or anything you
+have at hand. Try it on the basis of principles. It is a complex
+question. You can't settle any of these questions off-hand. Every man
+who has had much experience has learned that he needs a whole lot more.
+
+Prof. Smith: Have you had any experience in fixing up a bed of scions
+like that and putting it in cold storage?
+
+The Chairman: Yes, but you must tell the cold storage people not to let
+them get too dry. Tell them you want them in moist cold storage, and to
+keep the temperature about 40.
+
+A Member: We have found with walnuts that if you have the scions too
+damp they won't keep very long. If you have them just moist enough to
+hold them you can keep them all winter, maybe indefinitely.
+
+The Chairman: If your cell is full of water the scion will work as hard
+as an Irishman.
+
+A Member: I find that we have to graft them above ground, in the North,
+and if they are too moist when grafted they will dry up, but if kept dry
+they will grow, because they will remain in good condition until the sap
+comes up in the stock.
+
+The Chairman: Yes, you must choose a position midway between too dry and
+too moist.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: That is very important; they won't stand dampness.
+
+Mr. Pomeroy: Wouldn't it be well to dip the cut end of the walnut scion
+in wax to hold the sap?
+
+The Chairman: I am afraid that would stop its breathing. You are dealing
+with a red squirrel all the while, remember that.
+
+Col. Sober: My method is this: I have a little room about six feet wide
+with ice packs on both sides and double doors. In that I pack my scions
+in this way: I take carbide cans made of iron and put damp sawdust,
+about an inch or so, on the bottom and then I pack my scions in the
+cans, cut end down, then I put the top on loosely. I have carried them
+over the second year in that way.
+
+The Chairman: But you let them breathe all the while?
+
+Col. Sober: Certainly, and they have but very little moisture. They are
+kept in a temperature of about 40 degrees.
+
+Prof. Smith: How often do you wet that sawdust?
+
+Col. Sober: Not once.
+
+The Chairman: Well, that's in keeping with our theoretical basis.
+
+Col. Sober: I cut scions any time between now and March. I don't take
+them out of storage until we use them. We graft up to the middle of
+June.
+
+The Chairman: I found some hickory scions that had been accidentally
+overlooked, kept under leaves, and the buds in the cambium were
+perfectly good after two years. In regard to winter injury--in the
+vicinity of Stamford, Conn., the nurserymen reported greater losses of
+all kinds in nursery stock than they had had before in their experience.
+I noticed that some small branches of the Persian walnuts had been
+injured, and particularly where grafts had started a little late and had
+not lignified quite thoroughly I lost whatever grafts had not had time
+to lignify. Last winter the injuries in our vicinity consisted chiefly
+of two kinds; occasional killing of the small branches--this does little
+harm because, where the branch is killed and dies back for a certain
+distance, we have three or four more branches starting up, so that
+perhaps it is not sophistical to say that it does the tree good. We get
+a larger bearing area than if it were not for this occasional freezing
+of small branches. Another form of injury occurs in the spring. The sap
+will start to ascend when we have warm days in February and March; then
+a few cold days come and, if we have absolutely freezing temperature at
+night, this sap freezes and when it freezes it expands, as water does
+everywhere, and the result is a bursting of the bark. That is an
+occasional happening with all trees but particularly with exotics. One
+kind of winter injury has been overlooked in connection with the walnut.
+The very last thing which the tree does in the autumn is to complete its
+buds for female flowers. That is the very last job the tree has on hand
+and if the tree cannot complete the buds for female flowers perfectly,
+then a very little wood killing will make that a barren tree, although
+it appears to be a good strong tree. That covers the kinds of winter
+injury I have seen in the vicinity of Stamford, Conn.
+
+(Here Col. C. K. Sober of Pennsylvania showed lantern slide views of his
+orchards of paragon chestnuts and his methods.)
+
+The Chairman: We will have now Mr. Reed's address with lantern views.
+
+
+
+
+A 1912 REVIEW OF THE NUT SITUATION IN THE NORTH
+
+C. A. REED, WASHINGTON, D. C.
+
+
+In taking up the question of the present status of the nut industry of
+the Northern States, we have to do more with what has not been
+accomplished than with what has been. Very little has been done toward
+developing the northern chestnut. What has been done has been mostly
+with the European species and so far that has not been very
+satisfactory. The European species is quite subject to the blight. The
+Japanese nut is not ordinarily of a quality equal to that of the
+American. It is thought, too, that with the Japanese chestnut the
+chestnut blight has been introduced, which has been so serious to our
+native species. The walnut has not become well established in the
+eastern states. So far, most of the European nuts that have been
+imported have been too tender to adapt themselves to our climatic
+conditions, and the filbert, when brought from Europe, proves quite
+subject to a blight that prevails everywhere with our native species,
+but with them is not so serious. In running over these slides, I will
+begin first with the chestnut. That is perhaps the best known species in
+this locality. That shows one of our native chestnut trees as it is
+familiar to you all in a great part of this territory under discussion,
+that is, the part of the United States east of the Mississippi River and
+north of the Potomac. That photograph was taken some time last June or
+July when the tree was in full bloom. The chestnut is one of the most
+beautiful of our native nut trees. This tree has the blight in one of
+the earlier stages and it is shown here merely to call attention to the
+disease, because no discussion of the chestnut industry at the present
+time can be complete without at least calling attention to the
+seriousness of that blight. That tree, perhaps, has not been affected
+more than two years, possibly one. Is that right, Mr. Pierce?
+
+Mr. Pierce: About two. That's an 18 or 20 inch tree, isn't it?
+
+Mr. Reed: Yes, sir.
+
+Mr. Pierce: It must be an 18 or 20 inch tree to be so badly blighted at
+the top.
+
+Mr. Reed: Two years, but you see it's pretty well gone. We come now to
+the Paragon, one of the first trees of that variety ever propagated. It
+was planted where it stands, by the introducer, Mr. Henry M. Engel, at
+Marietta, where they had quite an orchard at one time, but the blight is
+so serious that there are only a few specimens of the trees left. That
+tree is probably in the neighborhood of twenty-five years old. The next
+slide shows two trees of the same variety that we may possibly see this
+afternoon. They are on the farm belonging to Mr. Rush and they are about
+twenty years old.
+
+Prof. Smith: What have those trees yielded?
+
+Mr. Rush: They yield four, five, six and seven to eight bushels. You can
+see that they are not far from the barn and the roots run under that
+barnyard manure pile.
+
+Mr. Reed: What would you consider an average crop?
+
+Mr. Rush: They grow five or six bushels per tree.
+
+Mr. Reed: The greatest attention that has been paid to developing the
+paragon chestnut in orchard farming has been on the plan Mr. Sober has
+just shown, by clearing away the mountain side and cutting down
+everything but the chestnut sprouts. This photograph was taken in a
+thicket where the underbrush had not been cleared away. Those are a good
+age now or perhaps a little bit older than we usually graft, aren't
+they, Mr. Sober?
+
+Mr. Sober: Yes, sir; one or two years old. When they get to be three
+years old they are past grafting, according to my method.
+
+Mr. Reed: This photograph was taken at Mr. Sober's a little over a year
+ago, taken in the rain and is not very clear, but it shows the distance
+between the trees at the time when these trees were four or five years
+old--is that right?
+
+Mr. Sober: They are eleven year old trees.
+
+Mr. Reed: Do you thin them out after they get that size?
+
+Mr. Sober: Yes, sir, they should be thinned out more, but I hesitated on
+account of the blight; I have thousands that I could spare, but for fear
+the blight will take them out.
+
+A Member: Do you cultivate the ground?
+
+Mr. Sober: I don't cultivate it, I just pasture it. The land is
+fertilized, but not cultivated.
+
+Mr. Reed: That is a photograph of a large chestnut orchard in this
+county. It is not many miles from here. I understand that owing to the
+blight and to the weevil, that orchard has not been satisfactory, and I
+was told two or three days ago that it was being cleared away.
+
+The Chairman: What varieties?
+
+Mr. Reed: Paragon and native stock.
+
+A Member: Was that the old Furness Grove?
+
+Mr. Reed: Yes, sir. That slide shows the congeniality, ordinarily,
+between the stock of the native chestnut and the paragon. The next slide
+shows a typical instance of malformation between the Japanese and native
+chestnut. I understand that this is not unusual at all. The Japanese,
+ordinarily, does not make a good union with the American sweet chestnut.
+That slide was taken in Indiana. It is a twenty-five acre paragon
+orchard owned by Mr. Littlepage and Senator Bourne of Oregon, planted in
+the spring of 1910. The next slide shows one of the trees in the orchard
+during its first season. Mr. Littlepage had to have them all gone over
+and the burs removed. They were so inclined to fruit during the first
+season that they would have exhausted themselves if the burs had not
+been removed. They made a very promising start, but I understand from
+Mr. Littlepage that a number of the trees have since died. Is there
+anything you'd like to add to that, Mr. Littlepage?
+
+Mr. Littlepage: I haven't yet quite determined the cause of the trouble.
+Last winter I lost perhaps one-third of the trees with a peculiar
+condition. The wood under the bark was darkened. I sent some of them to
+Washington the year before to see if there was any blight or fungus and
+they reported there was none on any of the trees, but this winter
+perhaps one-third of the trees died down to the graft. A few, however,
+would sprout from the scion, giving me, of course, the grafted top
+again. It seemed to indicate, perhaps, a winter killing and yet I would
+not undertake to assert that that was the cause, but it was very
+serious.
+
+Prof. Smith: Was the land low or high?
+
+Mr. Littlepage: High land along a hillside, very excellent land for
+chestnuts.
+
+Mr. Reed: Sandy loam?
+
+Mr. Littlepage: No, it's a hilly clay with a considerable humus and set
+in clover.
+
+The Chairman: Which way does it face?
+
+Mr. Littlepage: South.
+
+The Chairman: That is rather bad.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: I don't know. I have some over on the other side of the
+hill and I don't know whether the killing was greater on the other side
+or not.
+
+Mr. Reed: We have before us a view of the original Rochester and its
+originator, Mr. E. A. Reihl, of Alton, Ill. Over in the Court House we
+have on exhibition nuts of that variety which most of you have seen. You
+are aware, probably, that it is a native chestnut. It is one of the
+largest and best of the native chestnuts and originated in southern
+Illinois, where so far the blight has not spread. It gives considerable
+promise for the future. We come back now to Lancaster county to a
+chinkapin tree, a hybrid chinkapin. The original tree stands in a forest
+in this county, and as you notice there, it is a very good sized tree.
+You might think from the looks of the photograph that that is a
+chestnut, but the nuts are small and borne in racemes, so they are
+typical chinkapins.
+
+Mr. Lake: One parent was a chestnut?
+
+Mr. Rush: We don't know; it's a native tree; it's a hybrid.
+
+Mr. Lake: It's a supposed hybrid.
+
+Mr. Reed: Yes, the chestnut and chinkapin grow close together.
+
+The Chairman: What is the form of the nuts?
+
+Mr. Rush: Round like a chinkapin. I think it was a chestnut on a
+chinkapin.
+
+Mr. Lake: If it is a chinkapin, what is there to indicate that there is
+any chestnut blood in it?
+
+Mr. Rush: The size of the tree and the fact that the nut matures with
+the chestnut. The chinkapin is about three weeks earlier than this
+variety of chinkapin.
+
+Mr. Reed: That photograph is typical of the Rush hybrid chinkapin. We
+take up the butternut now. So far as we know, there are no named
+varieties of the butternut; there cannot be until some good individual
+tree is found which is of sufficient merit to entitle it to propagation
+by budding and grafting. It is one of the best known nuts in our field,
+especially in New England; it is more common there than it is further
+south.
+
+This slide shows the native butternut in the forests of southern Indiana
+near the Ohio River. Of course, those trees in forests like that don't
+mature many nuts. It is not in the forests, ordinarily, that you will
+find individual trees of sufficient merit to entitle them to
+propagation. It is the tree in the open that has had greater
+opportunities than are afforded in the forest.
+
+Mr. Lake: Are there any coniferous trees in that forest?
+
+Mr. Littlepage: No, that's an alluvial bottom, Mr. Lake. There is quite
+a long bottom by the creek where the butternut grows profusely. We have
+the same tree on the farm that Senator Bourne and I own. Hundreds of
+those trees grow in the woods there. It's rich alluvial soil.
+
+Mr. Lake: The fact that it is rich alluvial soil does not usually bar
+coniferous trees; it may in your section.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: There are none there.
+
+Mr. Reed: The slide before us shows typical black walnuts that are
+almost as common, perhaps more so, in many parts of the area under
+discussion, than the butternut. This photograph was taken in Michigan
+where the trees are growing along fence rows without cultivation or
+special attention. No one knows whether the nuts of those trees are of
+special value or not. It merely shows the starting point for improvement
+in the walnut. We come now to the Persian walnut, which Mr. Lake will
+discuss more fully in a few minutes. This is one of the trees we will
+probably have an opportunity to see this afternoon. It is between Mr.
+Rush's nursery and the station, on the right hand side as you are going
+out. Just above the top of the fence you will notice a dark line which
+indicates the point of union. The Persian walnut was grafted on the
+black stock. The Persian is of slightly greater diameter. Now we have
+Mr. Rush in his walnut nursery. These are seedling walnuts in their
+third year.
+
+Mr. Rush: Second year.
+
+Mr. Reed: Second year from the time of planting. You will notice the
+luxuriant growth. The next slide shows the methods of propagation. This
+is the first step in the operation. The knife is similar to those on the
+tables in the Court House. The next slide shows the second stage in the
+operation where the bark has been lifted and Mr. Rush holds the bud of
+the Persian walnut in the fingers of his left hand, and the next slide
+shows the bud in position and being held firmly by a finger of the left
+hand. As soon as it is in position like that, Mr. Rush lifts the
+pencil--the instrument that he holds in the right hand and folds the
+bark back over the new bud and then cuts it on the outside, so that he
+makes a perfect fit. If anything, the bark of the black walnut overlaps
+slightly the bark of the bud, and the third step in the operation is the
+wrapping. Below, right at this point, is a completed operation. That was
+done in August, using buds of the present season's growth, and in about
+how many days is it that you take off the wrapping?
+
+Mr. Rush: About two weeks.
+
+Mr. Reed: In about two weeks take off the wrapping; and about how much
+longer is it before you get a growth like that?
+
+Mr. Rush: About two weeks more, three weeks more.
+
+Mr. Reed: In about four or five weeks from the time of the operation a
+growth like that is not uncommon.
+
+Prof. Smith: When is the top cut off?
+
+Mr. Rush: When I see that growth is taking place I cut the top off in
+order to encourage the growth to get strong enough for the winter. Of
+course our object is to keep the bud dormant until the following season,
+perfectly dormant, but sometimes they do make a growth and, if they do,
+cut them off at the top and force them. You will not get that bud to
+grow next summer, but another bud starts out below that branch and gives
+you your tree.
+
+Mr. Reed: That one dies then?
+
+Mr. Rush: Yes, sir, invariably dies.
+
+Mr. Reed: There is one of Mr. Rush's own growing of the Rush walnut, a
+little tree which, in its second season, matured two nuts. That
+photograph was taken just about the time the nuts were ready to be
+gathered.
+
+Mr. Corsan: I noticed in the nurseries at the Michigan Agricultural
+College, a lot of black walnuts that were sun-scalded. They were too far
+apart. Can anyone tell us anything about this danger of sun-scald to the
+trunk?
+
+Mr. Reed: Well, in this particular instance, the tree stands right next
+to a fence, so it is protected from the hot sun during a large part of
+the season. Perhaps Mr. Rush could tell us whether he has had any
+trouble with sun-scald.
+
+Mr. Rush: Not at all, none whatever, never.
+
+The Chairman: There is, in some localities, a great deal of danger from
+sun-scald. In the vicinity of Stamford, Conn., most of the English
+walnuts will sun-scald more or less unless we look out for that and give
+them shade; mostly in the trunk below the branches.
+
+Mr. Lake: How about the nuts?
+
+The Chairman: I haven't seen any scalding there.
+
+Mr. Reed: These are all interesting points and I am glad to have them
+thrown in. Mr. Rush can tell us about this slide. It is one of the
+cut-leafed varieties of walnut from California that he is propagating.
+It is more of an ornament than it is a commercial nut, isn't it?
+
+Mr. Rush: It is both combined. It is very productive and very hardy. The
+nut is not quite as large as the Nebo. It is the cut-leafed weeping
+walnut. The first tree that came from California cost twenty dollars. It
+is very ornamental.
+
+Mr. Reed: This is a view of a seedling Persian walnut orchard in Bucks
+county, this state, some twenty or thirty miles north of Philadelphia.
+It is now about ten years of age and is owned by Mrs. J. L. Lovett, of
+Emilie. Some of the nuts of this orchard are on exhibition over in the
+Court House. The orchard was not given any special cultivation at the
+time this photograph was taken. The nuts from the trees, of course, are
+very ununiform, being seedlings, and the bearing of the trees is not
+especially large, but the apparent thrift and vigor of these trees gives
+a good deal of ground for looking forward to a walnut industry in the
+eastern states.
+
+Prof. Smith: Do you know the origin of the seed?
+
+Mr. Reed: No, sir, we do not. The nuts from which those trees were
+planted were obtained and planted by Mr. Lovett who is now deceased.
+
+The Chairman: One of the most important features, it seems to me, of
+grafting, is the idea that we can graft from prolific trees. The
+majority of trees, of walnuts, hickories, anything you please, are not
+remarkably prolific, but in grafting you select a tree that is prolific
+as one of the most desirable of its qualities.
+
+A Member: You say that this grove was given no particular cultivation;
+are they careful to allow all the foliage to remain on the ground where
+it drops?
+
+Mr. Reed: I couldn't answer as to that.
+
+A Member: Mr. Sober, do you do that?
+
+Col. Sober: Yes, sir.
+
+A Member: The point I wanted to make is that that is probably very much
+better than any cultivation that could be given.
+
+The Chairman: The matter of cultivation is one we have got to settle in
+this country. I have been over the walnut orchards on the Pacific coast,
+in the East and in Europe, and I find three entirely separate and
+distinct methods of treatment. On the Pacific coast, the rule is to
+cultivate every year and irrigate where they can, but to cultivate, at
+any rate, whether they irrigate or not. In the East, where people are
+supposed to be very industrious, we have adopted the lazier way of
+letting the trees grow in sod; but that is not so bad if we follow the
+principle brought forward by Stringfellow of letting the leaves all
+decompose, and adding more fertilizer and more leaves and taking away
+nothing. In France and Germany and England, where the trees are
+cultivated, particularly in France, where they are best cultivated, we
+find two methods; first, keeping up clean cultivation and adding a
+little lime every year and, second, add lime without the cultivation.
+One great feature of the treatment of the tree in France, where the best
+walnuts come from, is the addition of a little lime every year, even if
+it's a limestone ground, and that may possibly account for the delicate
+character of the French walnuts and the reason why they have the first
+call in the market. I don't know that that is true, but it seems to me,
+at least, a collateral fact, and collateral facts often mean something.
+
+Mr. Pomeroy: Judging from my own experience I think that that orchard
+would be producing now two or two and a half bushels per tree each year
+if put under cultivation and given the care of an ordinary peach
+orchard.
+
+Mr. Reed: These are seedling trees, you understand, in that orchard we
+showed. This is a Persian walnut tree in Mr. Rush's front yard. I've
+forgotten the variety.
+
+Mr. Rush: That is the Kaghazi.
+
+Mr. Reed: Now we come to the original hickories. This is one of the
+earliest hickory nuts propagated, in fact, it's about the only one so
+far. That tree is owned by Mr. Henry Hales of Ridgewood, N. J.
+
+Prof. Smith: Have they fertilized it?
+
+Mr. Reed: No, not especially. It stands on good, fertile soil but I
+think no attention has ever been paid to it in the way of cultivation.
+
+Prof. Smith: Have you its yielding record?
+
+Mr. Reed: It never made large records; as I recall it now, it has never
+borne more than a few bushels at any one time, perhaps two bushels.
+
+The Chairman: One reason is because it has been cut back regularly every
+year for scions?
+
+Mr. Reed: Yes, that's true.
+
+Prof. Smith: Over two hundred years old, then?
+
+The Chairman: I doubt if that tree is over fifty or sixty.
+
+Mr. Reed: That's what I should say,--somewhere in the neighborhood of
+fifty or sixty years old.
+
+Mr. Reed: That slide shows a typical grafted tree in Mr. Hales' garden.
+It's a nice shapely, thrifty tree about seven years old and only
+recently came into bearing to any extent. The nurserymen have had great
+difficulty in propagating it until recently. Now that Mr. Jones has come
+up from the South and he and Mr. Rush are getting down together
+earnestly in the propagation of these northern trees, we will probably
+have more of them, but in all the years that Mr. Hales has been working
+with that particular variety, he has never been able to get more than a
+few trees grown in the nursery, so it is not disseminated to any extent.
+
+The Chairman: Do you think that this will be like the pecan and hickory,
+that some varieties will bear fifteen years after grafting and other
+varieties two years after grafting, for instance, as extremes?
+
+Mr. Reed: Probably so, the same as it is with other fruits.
+
+The Chairman: It seems to me that that is what we may fairly anticipate.
+
+Mr. Corsan: Like Northern Spy apples and other apples.
+
+Mr. Reed: This slide is a little bit out of order. It's a native Persian
+walnut tree that stands in this county. It is owned by Mr. Harness. Mr.
+Rush has propagated it under the name of Geit. That photograph was taken
+in the fall of 1911. Last year it suffered greatly during the extreme
+weather, but it came out again and made a very good growth. This is the
+original Rush tree that we may be able to see this afternoon. And this
+is the original Nebo that we had hoped to be able to see but will
+probably not succeed. It is some seven or eight miles from Mr. Rush's
+home and we will hardly be able to make it this afternoon. The slide
+before us shows some European filberts that were planted by Mr. Hales
+and up to the present time they are doing nicely although they have
+never fruited especially heavily; but there is no blight.
+
+The Chairman: How many years?
+
+Mr. Reed: I think those are ten to twelve years old. Perhaps you have
+seen them.
+
+The Chairman: Yes. There are two features connected with the filbert
+that we ought to discuss right here. One is the tendency to its being
+destroyed by the blight of our American hazel, which extends to Indiana,
+and another is the fact that it blossoms so early that the female
+flowers or the male flowers are both apt to be killed by the frost. All
+the members of this Association ought to get to work to bring out a
+variety which will have the blight-resisting features and the later
+blooming of the American hazel.
+
+Mr. Reed: This slide shows a filbert we will probably be able to see
+this afternoon. It is in Mr. Rush's door yard and is still pretty young.
+I believe it has not borne of any account.
+
+Mr. Rush: It has borne a little.
+
+The Chairman: How old is it?
+
+Mr. Rush: I think it's about five years old. It is a Barcelona.
+
+Mr. Reed: The next slide is taken in the orchard of Mr. Kerr at Denton,
+Md. At one time he had a very nice orchard of these filberts, but the
+blight has gotten in and has about wiped out everything. In a letter
+from him this fall he said he had very few nuts of any variety, although
+he did have a few. A letter that came this week from J. W. Killen, of
+Felton, Md., said he had found filberts to be about as unprofitable a
+nut, as any he could have grown.
+
+We will spend a few minutes now running over the pecan situation. We can
+hardly omit it altogether because there are so many people in the
+northern states who are interested in the pecan in a financial way. The
+chart before us shows first the native area. This part here is the
+portion of the United States in which the pecan is a native. You notice
+how far upward it extends, almost to Terre Haute, Indiana, and across
+southern Indiana along the Ohio River, and it is right in here, about
+where the pencil indicates that some of our best northern varieties have
+originated. Mr. Littlepage and W. C. Reed and others have shown us nuts
+over in the Court House that originated there. The Busseron and the
+Indiana are the two most northern. They are a little way north of
+Vincennes. No varieties so far of any merit have originated in Illinois.
+While we have the map of Illinois before us, I would like to point out
+the place where Mr. Riehl originated the variety of chestnut we referred
+to some time ago. Down in more southern Illinois is where we find Mr.
+Endicott. This darkened area along the southeastern part of the United
+States, and extending away up into Virginia, shows the area to which the
+pecan has been planted with more or less success. This area extending
+down over the Piedmont and up into Virginia and West Virginia, is the
+mountain area to which the pecan is not adapted. You never find pecans
+on the uplands. This thick, heavy area shows the territory within which
+the pecan has been most extensively planted. It is not common down in
+southern Florida. You notice, too, that over here in Texas there have
+been very few orchards planted to pecans. North of these shaded areas,
+anywhere up in Ohio or Pennsylvania or New York, the pecan has not shown
+any adaptability or has not shown sufficient adaptability to justify
+commercial planting. Whatever planting of pecans is done in the area
+north of the shaded portions there must be considered as experimental.
+
+The Chairman: The southern part of Texas is actually in the tropical
+zone. It would be interesting to know if we have the pecan actually
+growing in the tropics.
+
+Mr. Reed: We have more or less vague reports that it is growing down
+near Brownsville. I think Mr. Littlepage told us the other day of a
+friend of his who is planting pecans.
+
+The Chairman: Brownsville is very close to the tropics.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: Mr. Yoacum told me he had a grove down there that had
+not been a success so far. I know that quite a number of people have
+discussed the question of planting pecans in that section.
+
+Mr. Reed: This is one of the largest of pecan trees; it is the largest
+that it has ever been my personal privilege to see. It has a
+circumference of between 18 and 19 feet and a spread of about 125 feet.
+We estimated that it was about the same height. It stands on the west
+side of the Mississippi River, some distance south of Baton Rouge.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: What is the approximate water level below the ground?
+
+Mr. Reed: It is quite near the surface.
+
+Mr. Littlepage: I thought so. There are conditions you will observe that
+are unusual. In lands where the water level is near the surface, there
+is a tendency in the tree to shove out a lot of surface roots. You can
+travel all over the pecan belt of Indiana and will never see a pecan
+tree that does not look as if it had been driven in the ground with a
+pile-driver, but I have noticed that you find those spreading roots
+where the water level is near the surface of the ground.
+
+Mr. Reed: It is interesting to know that right near this tree were other
+large trees, nearly as large, that were blown over, and they showed no
+tap-roots, but merely the surface roots, This slide shows a pecan bloom.
+The pistillate bloom is clear up on the terminate growth; the staminate,
+like other nut trees, is on the growth of last season and comes out
+somewhat in advance of the pistillate, necessarily.
+
+We come now to the wild pecans of Texas. The recent census figures show
+that fully three-fifths of all the pecans produced in the United States
+come from Texas. This photograph shows the native wild pecans along the
+Colorado River. Here is the pecan as a park tree. This picture was taken
+in Llana Park, New Braunfels, in west Texas. One of the nuisances in
+pecan trees is illustrated in the upper part of this photograph; you
+will notice the Spanish moss that grows so densely on the pecan trees if
+neglected. Unless the moss is kept out it gets so dense that it smothers
+the fruiting and leafing surface, so trees that are densely covered with
+that are able to make leaves only on the terminals. You notice in the
+rear the leaves of bananas that grow there throughout the entire year.
+
+The Chairman: I have noticed that the mistletoe was a bad parasite on
+the pecans in some regions. Have you found that?
+
+Mr. Reed: Yes, that is true; that is one of the pests of the pecan. This
+slide shows a typical Texas scene. The wild pecans have been gathered
+and are brought into town and are waiting the buyers. You will notice
+right here is a bag that has been stood up and opened, waiting for a
+buyer, the same as we see grain in the streets of northern towns, and
+here are pecans on their way from the warehouse to the car. The next
+slide shows another step; they are on their way now from Texas to the
+crackery or the wholesalers. The crop of pecans in Texas alone usually
+runs from 200 cars to 600 or 700 cars. This year the crop is small and
+probably not over 200 cars, so the prices are going up. This is the
+pecan crackery in San Antonio, having a capacity of 20,000 pounds a day.
+The pecans are cracked by machinery and the kernels are picked out by
+hand. This slide shows a native pecan tree. The one in the foreground
+was from across the river near Vincennes. It is one of the first
+northern varieties that was introduced, but it is now superseded. The
+next is the original tree of the Busseron. The nuts from that tree are
+on exhibition over at the Court House brought here by Mr. Reed. The tree
+was cut back quite severely several years ago to get budwood and has not
+made sufficient top yet to bear normal crops again. This is the original
+tree of Indiana. Beside the tree is the introducer, Mr. Mason J.
+Niblack, the gentleman with his hand by the tree. Now we come to the
+original Green River, one of the northern Kentucky pecans. It is in a
+forest more than twelve miles from Evansville across the Ohio River in
+Kentucky. The trunk of that tree is typical of others in the forest.
+There is a pecan forest of perhaps 200 acres, from which everything but
+pecan timber was removed several years ago.
+
+The slide before us shows the trunk of a supposed chance hybrid between
+hickory and pecan. The next slide shows a grafted tree of that variety.
+It is interesting to note the vigor of this hybrid. It is quite the
+usual thing to get added vigor with hybrids. This is one of the most
+beautiful, dense, dark green trees that I have ever seen in the hickory
+family. This tree is in northern Georgia, but it is not so prolific as
+the parent tree.
+
+The Chairman: Does the shell fill down there?
+
+Mr. Reed: No, it does not.
+
+The Chairman: It grows very vigorously in Connecticut. It is a perfectly
+hardy hybrid, but I am afraid I shall only be able to use the crop for
+spectacle cases.
+
+Mr. Reed: This shows one of the most common methods of propagating the
+pecan, the annular system. It is a slight modification of the system Mr.
+Rush applies to the propagation of the walnut. This shows one of the
+tools designed especially for annular budding, the Galbraith knife. The
+rest of the operation you already understand. It is merely placing the
+bud in position and wrapping the same as Mr. Rush does.
+
+The Chairman: I would like to ask, does it make a great deal of
+difference whether the bud ring is half an inch long or an inch and a
+quarter long?
+
+Mr. Rush: It does not make any difference. The union takes place on the
+cambium layer. It is not made on the cut.
+
+The Chairman: Then the length of the bud is not of great importance?
+
+Mr. Rush: No, it is of no importance at all.
+
+Mr. Reed: This slide may be a little bit misleading. Two nuts matured in
+the nursery on a scion that was inserted in February. The scion was
+taken from a mature tree and the fruit buds had already set and had
+enough nourishment to carry them through the season so that they
+matured. That is no indication of what may be expected in the way of
+bearing. It is one of the freaks. This is merely a view of a
+fourteen-year old pecan orchard in south-western Georgia, a 700-acre
+orchard owned largely by one person. That is the orchard belonging to
+Mr. G. M. Bacon, a name probably familiar to some of you. Those trees
+are set 46 feet, 8 inches apart, each way. There are twenty trees to the
+acre, just beginning to bear now. That photograph was taken some two
+years ago showing the first step in topworking. The top has been
+removed, as you notice, and the next slide shows the subsequent
+water-sprouts which are later budded. The lower branches were left in
+the first place to take up the sap while the new head was in formation.
+They have now been removed. Our next point might be brought out in
+connection with this slide. One of the typical, sub-tropical storms, not
+unusual in the Gulf States, swept over this area in September, just as
+the nuts were beginning to mature and defoliated the trees and whipped
+off the nuts. The sap was still in circulation, and the varieties that
+respond most readily to warm weather, that start earliest in the spring,
+sent out new leaves, so that foliage was foliage that ought to have come
+on the next year, that is, it was exhausting next year's buds. The same
+year the tree sent out its blossom buds, so it had no fruit the
+following season. This slide shows one of the pests in the pecan
+orchard, the twig girdler, at work. The insect deposits its egg under
+the bark up at about that point, then goes down below girdles the twig,
+and it breaks off, goes to the ground, and the insect comes out, goes
+into the ground and comes out the next season. There are a good many
+drawbacks that are occurring and more are to be expected the same as
+with other fruit. There are probably no more setbacks to pecan growing
+than there are to the growing of other fruit, but this is one of the
+things. This orchard was set in land bordering the Flint River and at
+the time this picture was taken the water stood at the depth of three
+feet. It probably did no harm, because it didn't stay more than a week
+or ten days. Sometimes it stays longer and in such cases it is a serious
+matter. In Texas, floods come up like that into the branches of the
+trees, so high in some seasons after the nuts are formed, that the nuts
+deteriorate and fall to the ground. In such cases it is a pretty serious
+thing. (Applause.)
+
+The time for which the "scenic" was engaged having expired, the
+delegates returned to the Court House and the regular program was
+resumed.
+
+The Chairman: We will next hear from Mr. Lake.
+
+Mr. Lake: My topic, aside from the slides, was concerning the result of
+the work at Arlington this year. It is all written out but I don't
+propose to read the paper at this stage. I have not been a teacher and
+lecturer for 25 years for nothing, and I don't propose to kill the few
+friends I have among nut growers by talking them to death when they are
+hungry and want to see something interesting. I will send this paper in
+due time to the secretary, and give way now to Mr. Jones. I did want to
+show you on the slides a few illustrations of cross fertilization
+between the Japanese and the American walnut, but we will put those in
+engravings and put them in the Northern Nut Growers' Journal, so that
+you will see them there with better satisfaction. Now one or two words
+about these Persian walnuts. These are eastern grown seedlings, the best
+that I have been able to pick out. Here is an Oregon grown nut. That is
+the ideal type for dessert walnuts. This is the Meylan. There is only
+one better, and that is the real Mayette, of which we grow very few in
+the United States, but we are growing considerable of the Meylan.
+Whether we can grow this successfully here or not, I am not certain, but
+it is well worth trying. The better type of our nut seedlings in the
+east are from the Parisienne. We must get a nut something like this that
+you can crack between your fingers, not one that is sealed so hard that
+it requires a hammer, and must get one with a very good quality of meat.
+One great advantage to the walnut grower in the East will be that he can
+get his crop on to the Thanksgiving market, which is the cream of the
+market--something the Western or European nut grower cannot do. So if we
+can grow a nut reasonably fair in quality we can expect excellent
+results.
+
+The Chairman: Mr. Jones, will you give us your points now?
+
+Mr. Jones: Dr. Deming yesterday asked me to give a little demonstration
+of grafting and I have brought along a sort of transplanted nursery on a
+board, so that I might do so.
+
+(Here Mr. Jones demonstrated methods of grafting the pecan.)
+
+The Chairman: Tell us about the wax cloth, Mr. Jones.
+
+Mr. Jones: We use that over the cut.
+
+The Chairman: How do you make your wax cloth?
+
+Mr. Jones: We take a roll of this, possibly three or four yards long,
+very thin muslin, roll it up and drop it in the melted wax.
+
+The Chairman: How do you make that wax?
+
+Mr. Jones: We don't measure the ingredients, but I think it varies from
+four to six pound of rosin, to one pound of beeswax and a tea cup full
+of boiled linseed oil and about a tablespoon of lamp black.
+
+Prof. Smith: What do you use the lamp black for, Mr. Jones?
+
+Mr. Jones: To toughen the wax so that it will not crack and so that it
+will adhere better.
+
+A Member: How do you get your excess of wax off the cloth?
+
+Mr. Jones: We just throw the rolls on a board and press them.
+
+Mr. Reed: I believe you would find it easier to tear it up into strips
+than to put it in rolls. We have been using that method. We ran short of
+cloth and I went to town and got some and tore off a piece about 8 or 9
+yards long and folded it up into strips that wide and dipped it in the
+pure beeswax and pressed it on a board and it was ready for work.
+
+Col. Sober: I take just a common corn cob and wind it on as you would on
+a spool, then, while the wax is warm, I dip it in; you can have the
+cloth half an inch wide or an inch wide just as you please. My way of
+making wax is, I take two pounds of rosin, one pound of beeswax and half
+a pound of tallow. I find that stands all kinds of weather.
+
+Mr. Jones: You prefer the tallow?
+
+Col. Sober: Yes sir, I do.
+
+The Chairman: Beef tallow or mutton tallow?
+
+Col. Sober: I prefer mutton tallow; two pounds of rosin, one of beeswax
+and half a pound of tallow. Then you want to boil it very slowly and
+thoroughly, and pour it in cold water.
+
+A Member: Do you unroll this roll of cloth?
+
+Col. Sober: I have a machine to turn it on just the same as you would on
+a spool.
+
+Mr. Jones: The strip goes through the wax?
+
+Col. Sober: No, you wind that, then when your wax is warm, you drop this
+in but secure the ends, then take it out and lay it by till it's all
+saturated; then I tear it off as I use it. I find that is the most
+convenient thing, and I generally get calico, that is pretty closely
+woven, but is rotten so that it tears easily.
+
+Mr. Jones: Did you ever use raffia for tying your grafts?
+
+Col. Sober: No sir, I have not.
+
+Mr. Jones: We have used it on pecans and walnuts for the reason that it
+doesn't have to be untied as it bursts off with the growth of the tree.
+
+Col. Sober: This wax I have tried on thousands and thousands of grafts
+and it stands all kinds of weather. You can get wax that's been there 8
+or 10 years and you can take it off now and use it.
+
+Mr. Jones: That is one advantage of using the tallow; linseed oil will
+dry out.
+
+Col. Sober: Tallow is the best; that's been my experience.
+
+A Member: If linseed oil is not used immediately or very soon, it gets
+hard.
+
+Mr. Jones: It's all right in wax and all right in cloth, too, if you
+keep it in a damp place till ready to use.
+
+Mr. Hutt: Can you use parafine in place of beeswax?
+
+The Chairman: Have you tried this method on the other hickories besides
+the pecans?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir.
+
+The Chairman: You've got shagbark to catch fairly well, have you by this
+method?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir.
+
+The Secretary: How did your pecans and hickories do last summer?
+
+Mr. Jones: I've forgotten the exact percentage that grew. Some died
+after they had made a growth of several inches. I think I left too many
+limbs growing on the hickories. Some of them made quite good growth.
+
+A Member: When is this kind of grafting done?
+
+Mr. Jones: We wait until the sap is up.
+
+The Chairman: What do you cover the top with?
+
+Mr. Jones: With wax. We leave this open at the bottom, for the reason
+that the sap can get out and not ferment. If it holds the sap, it will
+sour you know.
+
+The Chairman: How far down does your wax go, Mr. Jones?
+
+Mr. Jones: Far enough to cover up the wrapping.
+
+A Member: Does that work on pecans as well as hickories?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir. To show the value of this patch, we have grafted
+rows side by side and got 80 per cent where we used this patch and 34
+per cent where we waxed it over solid and left no ventilation or exit
+for the sap.
+
+A Member: Isn't that to keep the wax out of the cambium layer?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir, it does that too.
+
+Prof. Smith: Are there any fine points about this trimming, other than
+mere wedge?
+
+Mr. Jones: No sir, only it's thick on one side, as you will see so that
+it wedges tightly.
+
+A Member: Isn't it a fact that you can use three and four year pecan
+wood just as well?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir, two year wood or three will give you better results
+than one year.
+
+Col. Sober: What time in the season do you graft?
+
+Mr. Jones: The 20th of April to the 20th of May here.
+
+Prof. Smith: What stage of stock do you prefer?
+
+Mr. Jones: Well it doesn't matter, you can graft these after they have
+made a foot of new growth, if you've got a good dormant scion; you could
+put in a graft any time in the summer, perhaps.
+
+A Member: How long do you leave on the paper bags?
+
+Mr. Jones: Until the scion begins to grow. Sometimes I have made a
+mistake and left them on until they grew up and curled down.
+
+Prof. Smith: What is the superiority of that over plain cleft grafting?
+
+Mr. Jones: You can do better work and do it quicker. I have put in 1200
+grafts in a day.
+
+The Chairman: You don't mind this arch being left up?
+
+Mr. Jones: That ought to go a little deeper, maybe, but it don't make
+much difference, so long as it is well waxed.
+
+Prof. Smith: The paper bag protects the scion?
+
+Mr Jones: Yes sir. The object is not to protect the scion so much as to
+keep it dry. You want to keep the scion dry until it gets sap from the
+stock to start it into growth.
+
+Prof. Smith: Is it necessary that this should be waxed cloth?
+
+Mr. Jones: No sir, we use paper ordinarily, of course we run wax over
+the paper in waxing the scion and then the paper is as good as cloth.
+
+Col. Sober: Do you find it apt to curl up in windy days--the paper? I
+tried that and had all kinds of trouble until I got on to the tape.
+
+Mr. Jones: We don't try to tie with the paper; the paper is only to let
+the surplus moisture or sap out.
+
+A Member: Does this tend to hold that in or is it all held in by the
+patch there?
+
+Mr. Jones: This doesn't really need any tying, as it is large.
+
+The Chairman: Would you carry the patch around to the other side?
+
+Mr. Jones: No sir, just fill it up with wax.
+
+The Chairman: And the juice runs out of there and will escape anyway.
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir.
+
+A Member: Do you wax in addition to the paper you put on?
+
+Mr. Jones: We don't wax the scion all over. We used to take hot wax and
+run a thin layer over the whole scion, but we quit that and used the
+bag, because if you wax over a scion tight and it happens to have
+sufficient moisture, it will start growth with that moisture before it
+makes the union.
+
+Prof. Smith: Do you wax the tip end?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir.
+
+Prof. Smith: Do you wax this in here?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir; we fill that over with liquid wax. It is possible to
+have your wax too hot, and burn the scion.
+
+Prof. Smith: Have you found that all the species of hickory take grafts
+with equal ease?
+
+Mr. Jones: We grafted some here last spring that started very nicely and
+then died. I don't know whether it was in the hickory stock or whether
+they were robbed by the sprouts; we didn't pull off any sprouts. There's
+a whole lot of things we don't know about grafting yet, but will know
+more in time.
+
+The Chairman: How about using scion wood more than one year old?
+
+Mr. Jones: We prefer two or three year old wood for the scion. We have
+coming now, 3,000 walnut scions from California and they are all to be
+two and three years old. I have put in rows of 100 with large two year
+scions and you could count 100 and not find one dead among them and some
+of the scions were almost as big as my wrist. It's a job to cut them.
+You see that scion, being large, has enough vitality to hold it until it
+can make a union.
+
+A Member: You want one bud on this?
+
+Mr. Jones: We generally have two buds.
+
+A Member: Do you use the same method on the Persian walnut?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir; we got a little stingy one year and cut these all to
+one bud and hardly got any out of them. You've got to have wood enough
+to hold the scions dormant; of course there may be one or more buds on
+the scion.
+
+The Chairman: And got to have food enough in them.
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir. Col. Sober grafts chestnuts that way, but I have
+never been able to graft pecans and walnuts with very short scions.
+
+The Chairman: I have caught chestnuts with one bud, but most of the nut
+trees want more food and you've got to have a lot in the scion.
+
+Prof. Smith: Have you used that with pecans in the North?
+
+Mr. Jones: Yes sir, this will be our method of propagation.
+
+After Mr. Jones had given further illustrations of the process of
+grafting, the convention adjourned.
+
+
+
+
+SOME PERSIAN WALNUT OBSERVATIONS, EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS FOR 1912
+
+E. R. LAKE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
+
+
+The Arlington work for 1912 in the propagation of the Persian walnut
+consisted in top-grafting three and four year old nursery stock by
+several methods, as ordinary cleft, side cleft, bark cleft, prong, whip
+and modified forms of these. For wrapping we tried bicycle tape, waxed
+cord and cloth, with wax and plasticine for covering.
+
+The work was done during the latter part of April and first part of May.
+The stocks averaged from 3/4 to 1-1/4 inches diameter, and were cut off
+from 16 to 30 inches above the surface of the ground. In a few cases
+bark grafting by modified whip form was performed upon the branches at a
+height of about 4 feet.
+
+Later in the season from June 12th to August 25th buds were placed by
+varying methods. In the earlier instances the buds were taken from
+left-over grafting stock. Of the scion wood received last year all the
+wood from Eastern growers was frost bitten and wholly failed to take
+with one or two exceptions.
+
+The Pacific Coast wood was received in excellent condition and
+operations with it were gratifying, especially with the ordinary cleft
+graft, and patch bud.
+
+Next year's work in grafting will be confined to the cleft, and the
+bark-whip processes. This latter is very simple and under careful
+treatment promises to be a convenient and successful process.
+
+In the budding operations we resorted to a number of methods largely for
+the benefit of the information obtained from the practice, and not so
+much for the returns in propagated trees.
+
+However, for 1913 in the work of propagating for stock results we shall
+confine our practice to the patch method, though we may find from later
+tests that the hinge method so favorably looked upon by Oregon is better
+suited to the work.
+
+Various experiments with tying material were tried. Raffia, cotton cord,
+waxed cloth and bicycle tape were used. The raffia and cord gave best
+results. A tight tie is needed.
+
+June-budding from the left-over graft-wood gave a very low percentage of
+"takes." Most of the buds appeared to be drowned. Buds from the current
+year's growth inserted from early to middle of August are at present
+apparently in good dormant condition.
+
+Some July buds from the left-over graft-wood placed in the younger
+branches of a twelve year old American black took well and made from
+three to six inches growth. The branches were cut back as soon as the
+buds appeared to be set, a course that would not be advocated if one
+were doing the work for re-topping. The young wood from these buds is
+delicate and soft and in order to insure their living through the
+winter, so far as our efforts may avail, they have been enclosed in
+strong paper bags. In our budding and grafting operations we had no
+success with the Japanese or Chinese stocks. We expect to try them
+further as their rapid growth makes them much to be desired if a
+permanent union can be effected. So far as we have been able to learn
+from the southern propagators who have worked along this line, no
+difficulty has been encountered in effecting a short-life union,--four
+to six years on an average, though a few have kept alive for twelve
+years.
+
+The growth of the successful grafts has been very variable. In several
+instances in which both scions upon a stock grew, the growth was from
+two to three feet. In other cases the young wood was scarcely a foot
+long.
+
+The fact that the stocks and scion-wood varied widely in size and vigor
+and the further fact that the scions were from several varieties of
+western stock are quite sufficient causes for no uniform results in this
+respect.
+
+The wood of all successful grafts appears to be in excellent condition
+for the winter season and we are looking forward to an interesting
+further growth of these next year, though the trees have just been
+transplanted. In order to doubly insure ourselves against loss of the
+varieties now growing one half, or even more in a few instances, of the
+young wood has been removed and placed in a cold room so that further
+grafting or budding of these varieties may be made next year.
+
+Nursery trees of the Franquette, Pomeroy, Parisienne and unidentified
+others, on their own roots are making a pitiable effort at successful
+growth, while all wood on the black stock is making excellent growth.
+
+In one instance the wood of Mayquette a cross between Mayette and
+Franquette formed two nutlets. Lack of pollen was all that prevented the
+fruiting of one-year-old grafted trees. A splendid point for the unit
+orchard booster, but a point of no value to the real walnut grower.
+
+
+CROSS FERTILIZATION
+
+Owing to the very vigorous weather of the past winter the catkins on the
+older Persians at Arlington Farm were killed. In order to study the
+conduct and product of these trees we sought pollen elsewhere to
+fertilize their liberal display of pistils. We were successful in
+obtaining some from the trees of Messrs. Killen and Rosa, and Miss Lea,
+but though this and some pollen of black, butternut and the Japanese was
+used no pollenation was successful.
+
+In the case of sieboldiana, however, we succeeded in securing what
+appears to be fruit of certain definite cross-fertilization, as
+sieboldiana x nigra; sieboldiana x cinerea and possibly sieboldiana x
+regia.
+
+Only in one instance did the nuts appear to have other than the usual
+characters of sieboldiana.
+
+The nuts of the cinerea cross were longer, more tubular and somewhat
+deeper furrowed and darker.
+
+Unfortunately some conflicting results in the fruiting of the
+sieboldiana places the possible cross-fruits under a cloud.
+
+A peculiarity of the blossoming of the sieboldiana at Arlington this
+year was that the stamens and pistils of an individual tree opened at
+dates of six to ten days apart, and with the tree used for crossing the
+catkins were all off before the pistils opened. As no two trees are near
+together, perhaps two to three hundred feet being the closest,
+natural cross-pollenating was not expected. However, after the
+cross-pollenations by hand were made and fruits set, and even matured,
+it was found that some clusters had from one to three more nuts than
+were hand treated. Many of the clusters had less nuts than the number of
+pistils treated, which was to be expected.
+
+But how to account for the extra sets is a problem not clear for it is
+possible that pollenation might have occurred in one of two ways--by
+stray pollen grains from the hand operations by wind-carried grains from
+the trees. In any event only the fruiting of the trees from the nuts
+under consideration will settle it, and as these have been planted we
+are on the way to the solution.
+
+
+
+
+THE INDIANA PECANS
+
+R. L. MCCOY, INDIANA
+
+
+The pecan is probably the best nut that grows. It belongs to the hickory
+family which is indigenous to North America. Since water is its natural
+distributing agent it is most generally found growing intermixed with
+the large hickory nut or shagbark in creek and river bottoms. While the
+hickory is hardy enough to thrive even into the Canadian provinces the
+pecan is not so hardy and is seldom found in the northern tier of
+states. It thrives well as far north as the northern boundary of
+Illinois. The writer has seen a transplanted tree in bearing in Branch
+County, Michigan, and native trees along the Mississippi River near the
+mouth of the Wisconsin.
+
+The nuts in the extreme northern limit are not much larger than a hazel
+nut. But the nuts that grow in Indiana and Illinois from the Ohio River
+on the south to Rock Island on the northwest and Lafayette on the
+northeast are much larger. Here are found many superior nuts worthy of
+propagation. In fact, the writer has before him a great many nuts of
+named and un-named varieties which he and Mr. Littlepage and others have
+discovered in their search for worthy nuts in the native pecan woods.
+There are many thousand acres of these groves on the Ohio, Green, Wabash
+and Illinois rivers where many trees are found which bear nuts as large
+as some of the varieties which are being propagated in the Gulf Coast
+country.
+
+The nuts of the Evansville group are especially noted for their fine
+flavor. The people of this section will not eat southern pecans if they
+can get native nuts. This year several carloads of these native wild
+nuts will be shipped to the Cleveland, Boston, and New York markets.
+While the finer nuts seldom get into the markets at all but are bought
+by wealthy men in the locality where they grow. Many men buy from a
+special tree year after year--its flavor suiting their taste.
+
+The yield from some of these larger trees (and there are many of them
+four feet in diameter and some as large as nineteen feet four inches in
+circumference at shoulder height) is very good. The writer has seen a
+number in the last few days which were estimated to have from four to
+six hundred pounds, the most of the crop having not yet been gathered.
+He knows of one tree which bore (17) seventeen bushels and Mr. Louis
+Huber of Shawneetown gathered 718 pounds from another tree. Two hundred
+and eighty-five pounds of nuts were gathered and weighted from the Luce
+tree. These nuts were gathered green for fear of their being stolen and
+it was estimated that fifteen pounds were left on the tree. Also that
+the hail storm in early September destroyed fifty (50) pounds more.
+Hence the Luce bore approximately eight bushels. The Kentucky tree had
+four and one-half bushels by measurement. The Warrick tree had, the best
+we can estimate, about 150 pounds. The Grayville, or Posey as Mr.
+Littlepage wishes to call it, bore at least two hundred pounds by
+weight. One hundred and sixty pounds were gathered from the Major and
+two hundred and fifty pounds from the Green River tree. We do not think
+the Hinton bore to exceed two pounds of nuts. We do not know the amount
+of nuts gathered from the Indiana and the Busseron trees. The Buttrick
+tree had some three or four bushels of nuts this year but as a dredge
+ditch was recently constructed by it, destroying half of its root
+system, it did not mature its crop. This tree has been in bearing since
+1817 and it has not been known to miss a crop previous to this year.
+
+In our search for nuts worthy of being propagated we have found several
+nuts as yet un-named that are in our opinion much superior to any
+northern nut that has been brought to public notice. But as we know
+little of their bearing record and do not wish to burden the nurserymen
+with too many varieties we will keep these trees under observation for a
+year or two before naming them.
+
+We have been trying to propagate some of the best varieties at our
+nursery for about three years. Our first attempt was root-grafting in
+which our success varied from 15 per cent to 75 per cent under the best
+conditions. We found after some experience that it was not difficult to
+root-graft. But last winter, 1911-12, was the coldest winter for some
+years, the thermometer registering as low as 20 degrees below. Most of
+our root-grafts were killed back to the ground but few if any of them
+were killed outright. When spring came they started new growth and are
+now about four feet high. The fall of 1911 was very warm and wet and
+they were in vigorous growth until the first week in November when we
+had a hard freeze which killed the wheat, causing the worst failure in
+that crop ever known in this section. The winter then following being
+very cold we had two conditions against spring root-grafted pecans. But
+we failed to see any budded ones that were injured. However, we only had
+pecans budded to hickory which was done by Mr. Paul White in May, 1911
+and, so far as we know, this was the first hickory top-worked to pecan
+in Indiana. However, he now has quite a number top-worked last spring
+that have made a growth of three or four feet. We also have both budded
+and root-grafted pecans from last spring and summer so that in the
+spring we will have a better opportunity to see what effect the winter
+will have on them.
+
+So far as we are able to determine from our observation of a few
+orchards all pecan trees bought from southern nurserymen and planted in
+this section have either died out or made very feeble growth. Although
+some large Texas nuts have been planted here and grown, yet they have
+either not fruited at all or the nuts have proved no better than our
+native nuts.
+
+The northern pecan timber is not brash like the southern pecan but is
+very elastic and tough. An axe-handle made from northern pecan sells for
+ten cents more than one made from hickory and pecan timber is much
+sought after by axe-handle makers.
+
+The people in this section have in the last few years awakened to the
+fact that their swamps studded with pecan trees are about the most
+valuable lands they possess and many are the inquiries: "Where can we
+get good budded or grafted pecans?"
+
+The idea of propagating the northern pecan is of very recent origin and
+while the few attempts at propagation have not as yet met with any very
+great success, yet we are hoping that the time will be when many acres
+of our lands shall be set in valuable pecan orchards and our highways
+lined with long rows of fine pecans, chestnuts, and English walnuts
+which shall serve the three-fold purpose of beautifying Mother Earth,
+yielding delicious food, and furnishing a place of rest for the weary
+traveler.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND TREASURER
+
+  Bal. on hand, date of last report                 $ 48.73
+  Annual dues and life membership                    178.00
+  Advertisements in Annual Report                     25.00
+  Sale of report                                      18.00
+  Dr. Crocker, paid for list of names                  2.00
+  Prof. Collins, paid for reprints                     8.00
+                                                   ________
+
+  Total receipts                                    $279.73
+
+  Expenses:
+
+  Expenses of Prof. Collins               $ 20.85
+  Printing report and reprints             195.16
+  Other printing                            38.00
+  Postage                                   35.75
+  Typewriting                               16.24
+  Stationery                                 4.50
+  Miscellaneous                             14.30
+                                          _______
+
+  Total expenses                          $324.80
+
+  Bill receivable                                      1.00
+  Bill payable                              22.00
+                                          _______   _______
+                                          $346.80   $280.73
+  Deficit                                                    $66.07
+
+     Our first annual report, embodying the transactions at the first
+     and second annual meetings, was issued in May, and copies were sent
+     to all members, to the principal libraries of the country, to
+     officials of the Agricultural Department at Washington, and to some
+     state agricultural officials, to several agricultural and other
+     periodicals for notice and review, and to various persons
+     especially interested. Eighteen copies have been sold.
+
+     About 1,000 copies of each of the two circulars, "Why Nut Culture
+     is Important" and "The Northern Nut Growers Association and Why You
+     Should Join It", have been sent to members and correspondents, and
+     also revised circulars on the literature of nut growing and on
+     seedsmen and nurserymen.
+
+     An illustrated article about nut growing and the association
+     appeared in the Literary Digest and many agricultural and other
+     periodicals have had notices of our association and our meeting.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Besides the regular notices sent to members and papers, different
+     notices and brief statements about nut growing, were sent weekly
+     for five weeks before the meeting to 80 different newspapers
+     published in the country about Lancaster in the hope of getting a
+     good local attendance. The Pennsylvania Chestnut Blight Commission
+     assisted in this publicity campaign by sending postal card notices
+     to about a hundred persons in the eastern part of Pennsylvania who
+     were known to have from a few to thousands of cultivated chestnut
+     trees.
+
+     The secretary's correspondence has increased so as to become, if it
+     were not for enthusiasm, burdensome. Often several inquiries a day
+     are received and they come from all parts of the United States and
+     Canada.
+
+     The following figures are brought up to date of going to press.
+
+     Our membership has nearly doubled since the last report was issued,
+     increasing from 60 to 113. We have lost 1 member by death and 2 by
+     resignation. Our present membership standing at 110.
+
+     We have members in 27 states, the District of Columbia, Panama, and
+     Canada. New York heads the list with 37 members and Pennsylvania
+     comes next with 12.
+
+
+
+
+REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS
+
+READ BY PROFESSOR SMITH
+
+
+RESOLVED:
+
+1. That we extend our thanks to the Mayor and citizens of Lancaster for
+the welcome and entertainment they have afforded us while here and for
+the excellent auditorium they have placed at our disposal.
+
+2. That we extend our thanks to Messrs. Rush and Jones and their
+entertainment committee.
+
+3. That we extend our thanks to the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight
+Commission for the attendance of their representatives. We note with
+keen interest their expressions of hope for the control of this
+cyclopean menace.
+
+4. That we express our deep appreciation of the great interest and
+valuable services of Dr. Morris, the retiring President, and Dr. Deming,
+the Secretary and Treasurer, two officers to whose untiring efforts this
+Association is largely due.
+
+5. That we express the thanks of the Association to those members and
+others who have enriched this meeting by their interesting exhibits.
+
+6. That the following letter be sent from this Association to the,--
+
+  Secretary of Agriculture,
+  Persons in authority in the United States Bureau of Plant Industry,
+  The Presidents of Agricultural Colleges,
+  The Directors of Agricultural Experiment Stations,
+  And leading Teachers in Agriculture Colleges.
+
+The Northern Nut Growers' Association, by resolution passed at its third
+annual meeting, held at Lancaster, Pa., in December 1912, calls your
+attention to the importance of, and need for, the breeding of new types
+of crop yielding trees. We now have the possibility of a new, but as yet
+little developed, agriculture which may (A) nearly double our food
+supply and also (B) serve as the greatest factor in the conservation of
+our resources.
+
+(A) Our agriculture at the present time depends chiefly upon the grains
+which were improved by selection in pre-historic times, because they
+were annuals and quick yielders. The heavy yielding plants, the engines
+of nature, are the trees, which have in most cases remained unimproved
+and largely unused until the present time because of the slowness of
+their generations and the absence of knowledge concerning plant
+breeding.
+
+We now know something about plant breeding, and its possibilities as
+applied to the crop yielding trees seem to be enormous. They certainly
+warrant immediate and widespread effort at plant breeding. A member of
+this Association has shown that the chinquapin can be crossed with the
+oak; that all the walnuts freely hybridize with each other and with the
+open bud hickories, a class which includes the toothsome and profitable
+pecan. There is in California a tree which is considered to be a cross
+between the native walnut and the live oak. The Mendelian Law in
+connection with past achievements in plant breeding, and the experiments
+of Loeb in crossing the sea urchin and the star fish are profoundly
+suggestive.
+
+The possibilities of plant breeding as applied to crop yielding trees
+seem to be enormous. They certainly warrant immediate and widespread
+effort toward the creation of useful strains which may become the basis
+of a new agriculture yielding food for both man and the domestic
+animals.
+
+(B) The time for constructive conservation has come. Our most vital
+resource is the soil. It is possibly the only resource for which there
+is no substitute. Its destruction is the most irreparable waste. So long
+as the earth remains in place the burnt forest may return and the
+exhausted field may be restored by scientific agriculture. But once the
+gully removes this soil, it is the end so far as our civilization is
+concerned--forest, field and food are impossible and even water power is
+greatly impaired. Our present system of agriculture, depending upon the
+grains, demands the plowing of hillsides and the hillsides wash away.
+This present dependence upon the plow means that one-third of our soil
+resources is used only for forest, one-third is being injured by
+hillside erosion, and only one-third, the levelest, is being properly
+used for plow crops.
+
+The present alternative of Forestry for hillsides is often impossible
+because the yields are too meagre. Almost any land that can produce a
+forest, and much that has been considered too dry for forest, can
+produce an annual harvest of value to man or his animals when we have
+devoted sufficient attention to the breeding of walnuts, chestnuts,
+pecans, shellbarks, acorn yielding oaks, beech nuts, pine nuts, hazel
+nuts, almonds, honey locust, mesquite, screw bean, carob, mulberry,
+persimmon, pawpaw, and many other fruit and nut trees of this and other
+lands.
+
+The slowness and expense of the process of plant introduction and tree
+breeding limits this work to a few individuals with patience and
+scientific tastes and to governmental and other institutions of a
+permanent nature. The United States Government and each state experiment
+station should push this work vigorously and we appeal to you to use
+your influence in that direction. You may find material of interest in
+our published proceedings and in the Fruit and Nut Journal, the organ of
+the industry, published at Petersburg, Virginia.
+
+
+
+
+REPORT OF COMMITTEE
+
+ON THE DEATH OF PROFESSOR JOHN CRAIG
+
+Read by Dr. Morris
+
+
+"The Northern Nut Growers' Association suffered very great loss in the
+death of Professor John Craig, at Siasconset, Massachusetts, on August
+10, 1912.
+
+"Professor Craig, from his many responsible positions in the
+horticultural world, had acquired a wealth of information which was
+always at the disposal of his friends and students. His training as a
+teacher gave such facility in expression of view, that his part in our
+discussions inspired the audience and called forth the best that others
+had to offer.
+
+"His type of mind was essentially scientific, and combined with this
+type of mind there was a rare quality of critical faculty in relation to
+the relative practical values of horticultural ideas and methods. His
+interest in the Northern Nut Growers Association belonged to a natural
+fondness for everything that promised new development, and he
+established at Cornell University the first course in nuciculture,--so
+far as we are aware,--that has ever been formulated at an educational
+institution.
+
+"The personality of Professor Craig, characteristic of that of the
+scientist, was marked by simplicity and directness of manner, impatience
+with error due to carelessness or intent, but unlimited benign tolerance
+of all men who honestly expressed views opposing his own or who made
+conscientious mistakes. Professor Craig possessed that broad humanity
+which found quite as large interest in his fellow man as it found in his
+special study of plants, and his charming personality, strong manly
+bearing, scholarship, and active interest in whatever engaged his
+attention at all, will be ever remembered by those of us who had the
+pleasure and the profit of his acquaintance."
+
+Mr. Littlepage: I would just like to say, in connection with the very
+appropriate and excellent words which the President used in reference to
+Prof. Craig, that it certainly meets the most hearty approval of all of
+us who knew Prof. Craig, that this association go on record in this
+manner. At the first meeting that was held, by the few of us who met in
+Bronx Park Museum at New York, to start this organization, you will
+remember the enthusiasm and the words of encouragement that Prof. Craig
+gave us at that time. He was there among the first and there was always
+intermingled with the scientific phase of the subjects that he
+discussed, the practical, genial good fellowship that made everyone like
+him; and after all, it is but proper that we stop for a moment and
+express our deep appreciation. In this life of turmoil and business
+hustle, I think that we sometimes do not quite realize the shortness of
+life, the shortness of the time that we have to accomplish any of those
+things in which we are interested; and it is the men who are giving
+their time to these scientific subjects, the results of which will inure
+to all humanity, who are certainly entitled to consideration and a
+kindly remembrance. That is why it was that I heard with such
+gratification the words of the President about Prof. Craig.
+
+
+
+
+REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON EXHIBITS
+
+Read by Professor Hutt
+
+By J. G. Rush, West Willow, Pa.
+
+     Persian walnuts, four varieties: Hall, Burlington, Nebo, Rush;
+     plate of mixed, imported varieties; Seedling walnuts, Paradox
+     walnut, black walnuts and rupestris, (Texas); two plates
+     Chinquapins; chestnuts, Giant Japanese; shellbarks: LaFeuore, very
+     good, large, Weiker, fair; two seedlings: Paradise nut; two plates
+     filberts; Lancaster Co. pecans; budding knives.
+
+By Wilmer P. Hooper, Forest Hill, Md.
+
+     Seedling Persian Walnut; Sir Clair; tree probably fifty years old,
+     vigorous, hardy, annual bearer. On farms of L. J. Onion,
+     Cooperstown, Md. P. O. Sharon, Md. 1911 crop one bushel; 1912 crop
+     one and one half bushels.
+
+     Alexis; tree twenty-eight years old; vigorous, hardy, annual
+     bearer, flavor good. Farm of Alexis Smith, Churchville, Md. Crop
+     1911 one bushel; crop 1912 one bushel.
+
+     Sheffield; tree six years old; bought of Hoopes Brothers & Thomas;
+     hardy, vigorous; 6 to 18 feet high; on farm of Mrs. S. T. Poleet,
+     Cooperton, Md., P. O. Sharon, Md.
+
+     Smith; tree forty to forty-five years old; large, hardy; on farm of
+     J. T. Smith, Berkeley, Md.
+
+     Beder; fifty to fifty-five years old; large, annual bearer; grown
+     from nut on farm of David Hildt, Janettsville, Md.
+
+     Hooker; tree twenty-two years old; origin Franklin Davis; vigorous,
+     hardy, annual bearer, hard shell, fine butternut flavor; from farm
+     of Mrs. Kate Hooker, Vale, Md.
+
+By Mr. Knaub.
+
+     Shellbarks, five varieties: three black walnuts, two butternuts;
+     one chestnut.
+
+By Mrs. J. L. Lovett, Emilie, Pa.
+
+     Six varieties of Persian walnuts.
+
+By E. B. Holden, Hilton, N. Y.
+
+     Holden walnut.
+
+Stock Seed Nuts from J. M. Thorborn & Co., 33 Barclay St., New York
+City.
+
+     Juglans Californica, Juglans cordiformis, Juglans Sieboldi, Juglans
+     nigra, Juglans cinerea, Juglans sinensis, Carya alba (shellbark),
+     Carya porcina (pignut), Carya tomentosa (mockernut), Carya sulcata,
+     Corylus rostrata, Corylus amara, Castanea Americana.
+
+By E. A. Riehl, Alton, Ill.
+
+     A plate of Rochester nuts and thirty seedlings of it, showing
+     tendency to reversion; eight varieties of shagbark; eight varieties
+     of shellbark; eight plates of Sieboldi; eight plates black walnuts
+     (Thomas); Rush Chinquapin.
+
+Collection of walnuts by Professor Lake, of Washington, D. C.
+
+     Royal Hybrid, California x nigra; Paradox, California x regia;
+     Meylan, Glady, Sypherd, Stabler, Milbank, St. Clair.
+
+By A. C. Pomeroy, Lockport, N. Y.
+
+     Pomeroy walnuts and seedlings of the original tree.
+
+By T. P. Littlepage, Washington, D. C.
+
+     Indiana pecans, six varieties: Warwick, Posey, Major, Kentucky,
+     Indiana, Hodge; Hinton, McCallister hican, Barnes walnut from
+     Washington, D. C., four varieties shagbark.
+
+By W. C. Reed, Vincennes, Ind.
+
+     Indiana pecans, thirteen varieties: Luce, Beard, Busseron, Porter,
+     Squires, Kentucky, Hall, Sullivan (2), Warwick, Indiana, Wilson.
+
+By Col. C. K. Sober, Lewisburg, Pa.
+
+     Photograph of his chestnut orchard and nursery.
+
+By C. A. Reed, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+
+     Exhibition jars of Holden walnut, Warwick pecan, Kentucky pecan,
+     Luce pecan, Hales shagbark, Kirtland shagbark, Weiker shagbark.
+     Exhibition of Squirrel, Perfection and Great Grip nut crackers;
+     White, Jones and Galbreath budding tools.
+
+By Arrowfield Nurseries, Petersburg, Va.
+
+     Seedling pecan trees.
+
+
+THE HICKORY BARK BORER
+
+That our correspondence with the New York State Commissioner of
+Agriculture, as published in the annual report, has borne fruit is shown
+by the calling of a conference at the office of the Commissioner at
+Albany on February 24th, "to consider methods of control of the hickory
+bark borer".
+
+Among those present were the following:
+
+  Frederick Allien, representing Riverdale Park Association.
+
+  H. W. Merkel, Forester, New York Zoological Park; representing Bronx,
+    Valley Parkway Commission.
+
+  Dr. W. A. Murrill, Acting Director, New York Botanical Garden.
+
+  J. J. Levison, Forester, Department of Parks, Brooklyn.
+
+  Wesley B. Leach, Consulting Arboriculturist, Boro of Queens.
+
+  Clifford R. Pettis, Superintendent of State Forests, Albany.
+
+  Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist, Albany.
+
+  Dr. W. C. Deming, Sec., Northern Nut Growers' Ass'n, Westchester.
+
+  George G. Atwood, Chief, Bureau of Horticulture, State Dept. of
+    Agriculture, Albany.
+
+  B. D. Van Buren, Assistant Chief.
+
+  Dr. W. H. Jordan, Director, State Experiment Station, Geneva.
+
+  George L. Barrus, Conservation Commission, Albany.
+
+  S. H. Burnham, Assistant State Botanist, Albany.
+
+  Dr. Donald Reddick, Professor of Plant Pathology, College of
+    Agriculture, Ithaca.
+
+  Glenn W. Herrick, Professor of Entomology, College of
+    Agriculture, Ithaca.
+
+  W. H. Rankin, Conservation Commission, Albany.
+
+  P. J. Parrott, Entomologist, State Experiment Station, Geneva.
+
+  F. C. Stewart, Botanist, State Experiment Station, Geneva.
+
+After a prolonged discussion the following resolution was unanimously
+adopted:
+
+WHEREAS, the hickory bark borer is at present extremely injurious and
+destructive to hickory trees in and around New York City, and has
+already destroyed and is threatening the destruction of thousands of
+valuable trees; and
+
+WHEREAS, it has been demonstrated in several instances, on a large
+scale, that the hickory bark borer can be practically controlled;
+therefore, be it RESOLVED, that we hereby respectfully request the
+commissioner of agriculture to take such steps as may be necessary to
+bring about the enforcement of the provisions of the agricultural law
+relative to insect pests and diseases with particular reference to
+control of the hickory bark borer; and be it further
+
+RESOLVED, that the thanks of the conference are hereby tendered to
+Commissioner of Agriculture Huson for his courtesies and the calling of
+the conference.
+
+The following "News Items" of no date, but received in the early part of
+June, shows what action has so far been taken:
+
+
+STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
+
+News Items
+
+Commissioner Huson of the State Department of Agriculture is receiving
+considerable information relative to a serious outbreak of the hickory
+bark borer in the vicinity of New York and on Long Island. This borer is
+the principal cause of the death of thousands of hickory trees. The
+greatest infested area is in the northern part of New York City, in
+Westchester County, in Queens and Nassau Counties, though much injury
+has been observed throughout Suffolk County, particularly along the
+northern shore of the island. The area of infested hickories is about
+the same as the territory where the chestnut trees have succumbed to the
+attacks of the chestnut bark disease. Now that the chestnuts have so
+nearly disappeared and the fact that the hickory trees are also
+threatened with entire extermination because of the hickory borer,
+requests have been made by many citizens, that the Commissioner of
+Agriculture should exercise such authority as the law gives him in the
+control of this pest. That the hickory trees that have not been attacked
+may be saved, or in a very large measure protected has been proven in
+the Zoological Park and in the parks of Brooklyn. The able
+superintendents of these two parks have for the last two or three years,
+been cutting out every infested hickory tree and in that way the other
+trees are found at this time to be free from insects and they have been
+saved from certain destruction.
+
+The hickory borer eats its way into the bark of the hickory trees in
+mid-summer. Eggs are laid which hatch and the grubs feed in peculiar
+galleries in the bark and between the wood and the bark is such a way as
+to cut off the flow of the sap, thus causing the death of the trees.
+These grubs are in these galleries at this time of the year and will
+remain so until about the middle of June. It is, therefore, necessary
+that the infested trees be cut and destroyed before that time in order
+to prevent further widespread of the insects. The Commissioner has been
+promised the hearty cooperation of many influential and interested
+citizens in this movement and agents of this Department are on the
+ground with authority to inspect trees to ascertain the limit of
+infestation and they have been directed to mark such trees as should be
+removed and destroyed at once.
+
+All persons are requested to inform the Department of the location of
+infested hickory trees and to extend to the inspectors such assistance
+as may be desired.
+
+Department Circular Number 64 on "Dying Hickory Trees" will be sent to
+all applicants.
+
+                                                     CALVIN J. HUSON,
+                                          Commissioner of Agriculture
+
+                                                        Albany, N. Y.
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
+
+Members present:
+
+  Dr. R. T. Morris
+  Mr. T. P. Littlepage
+  Dr. W. C. Deming
+  Mr. C. A. Reed
+  Mr. W. N. Roper
+  Prof. E. R. Lake
+  Mr. E. S. Mayo
+  Mr. A. C. Pomeroy
+  Mr. J. F. Jones
+  Mr. J. G. Rush
+  Col. C. A. Van Duzee
+  Prof. J. Russell Smith
+  Prof. W. N. Hutt
+  Mr. G. H. Corsan
+  Mr. C. S. Ridgway
+  Mr. H. N. Gowing
+  Mr. W. C. Reed
+  Mr. W. F. McSparren.
+
+Others present:
+
+  Mrs. C. A. Reed
+  Mrs. A. C. Pomeroy
+  Mrs. J. F. Jones
+  Mrs. C. S. Ridgway
+  Prof. F. N. Fagan, Dept. of Horticulture, State College of Pennsylvania
+  Mrs. Fagan
+  Mr. Roy G. Pierce, Tree Surgeon, Penn. Chestnut Blight Commission
+  Mr. Keller E. Rockey, Forester in Charge of Demonstration Work, Penn.
+    Chestnut Blight Commission
+  Col. C. K. Sober, Lewisburg, Pa.
+  Mr. S. V. Wilcox, Rep. Thos. Meehan & Sons, Germantown
+  Mr. H. Brown, Rep. Thos. Meehan & Sons, Germantown
+  Mr. Wilmer P. Hoopes, Forest Hill, Md.
+  Dr. A. H. Metzger, Millersville, Pa.
+  Mr. Amos M. Landis, Lancaster, Pa.
+  Mr. Blair Funk, Pequea Creek, Pa.
+  Mr. David S. Herr, Lancaster, Pa.
+  Mr. Edward Harris, Sr., Cumberland, Md.
+  Mr. Edgar A. Weimer, Lebanon, Pa.
+  Mr. Benj. H. Gochnauer, Lancaster, Pa.
+  Mr. C. G. Reese, Elizabethtown, Pa.
+  And others.
+
+
+CORRESPONDENTS AND OTHERS INTERESTED IN NUT CULTURE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+
+  Williams, P. F., Prof. of Horticulture, Ala. Polytechnic Institute,
+    Auburn
+  Alabama Farm Journal, Montgomery, Ala.
+
+ARIZONA
+
+  Biederman, C. R., Garces, Cochise Co.
+  Huntzinger, H. G., Teviston
+  Rodgers, Robt. A., Forest Service, U. S. Dept, of Agric, Canille
+
+ARKANSAS
+
+  Wilson, B. N., Prof. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Ark.,
+    Fayetteville
+  Powers, R. C, 414 So. Trust Bldg., Little Rock, Ark.
+
+CALIFORNIA
+
+  McNeil, Anna, 2154 Center St., Berkeley
+  Baker, W. A., Greenfield
+  Leonard Coates Nursery Co., Morgan Hill
+  Smith, R. E., Agric Exp. Sta., Whittier
+  Burbank, Luther, Santa Rosa
+
+CANADA
+
+  Cleugh, H. H., Castlegar, British Columbia
+  Secord, Harper, St. Catherin's, Ontario
+  Porter, W. T., 1520 St. Clair Ave., Toronto
+  Sager, D. S., Dr., Brantford
+  Moyle, Henry, 84 Bedford Road, Toronto
+  Ross, Malcolm N., Dept. Public Works, Regina, Saskatchewan
+  Saunders & Co., W. E., London, Ontario
+  Hubbell, W. S., Spanish River Lumber Co., Little Current, Ontario
+  Peters, E. W., 742 Somerset Bldg., Winnepeg
+  Graham, Wm., Hagensburg, British Columbia
+
+COLORADO
+
+  Bell, Bessie, Miss, 156 S. Sherman, Denver
+  Morgan, J. W., Dr., 85 S. Penn. Ave., Denver
+
+CONNECTICUT
+
+  Cleveland, E. S., Hampton
+  Buttner, J. L., Dr., 763 Orange Street, New Haven
+  Jewell, Harvey, Cromwell
+  Gorham, Frederick S., 48 Holmes Ave., Waterbury
+  Jenkins, E. H., Agric. Exp. Sta., New Haven
+  Spring, Sam. N., State Forester, New Haven
+  Pratt, C. M., Newtown
+  Hale, Geo. H., Mrs., Glastonbury
+  Miles, H. S., Dr., 417 State St., Bridgeport
+  Ives, E. M., Sterling Orchards, Meriden
+  Cook, Harry B., Orange, Ct.
+  Allen, G. Wilford, M.D., Boardman, Ct.
+  Smith, Geo. W., Elm Fruit Farm, Hartford
+  Lane, W. S., Norfolk
+  Werle, Jos. A., Merwin's Beach, Milford
+  Williamson, Robert, Greenwich
+  Stauffer, W. F., No. 81 S. Burritt St., New Britain
+  Boyd, Wm. A. Dr., Westport
+  Lewis, Elmer H., Central Village
+  Frothingham, Channing, New Canaan
+  Fletcher, Albert E., Box 67, Farmington
+  Morre, R. D., Colchester
+  Wolcott, C. B., P. O. Box 39, Plantsville
+
+DELAWARE
+
+  Killen, J. W., Felton
+  McCue, C. A., Prof., Newark
+  Cowgill, L. P., Dover
+  Cannon, Miss Lida, Dover
+  Kosa, J. J., Milford
+  Sypherd, C. D., Dover
+  Whitehead, F. Houston, Lincoln
+  Studte, M. H., Houston
+  Knipe, T. E., Delaware City
+  Dunn, Thos. F., Dover
+  Webb, Wesley, Dover
+
+FLORIDA
+
+  Simpson Bros. Nurseries, Monticello
+  Curtis, J. B., Orange Heights
+  Floyd, W. L., Prof. of Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville
+  Baldwin, Ed. S., DeLand
+
+GEORGIA
+
+  Wight, J. B., Cairo
+  Wilson, J. F., Dr., Waycross
+  McHatton, T. H., Prof. of Horticulture, Athens
+  Edwards, B. H., Macon, Ga.
+  Southern Ruralist, Atlanta
+
+IDAHO
+
+  Vincent, C. C., Prof., College of Agriculture, Moscow
+  Ackerman, W. B., P. O. Box 184, Twin Falls
+  Hays, L. H., Mace
+
+ILLINOIS
+
+  Lindholm, E., 9139 Commercial Ave., Chicago
+  Stoll, Wm. Paul, 1264 Glenlake Ave., Chicago
+  Schafer, J. F., Mt. Pulaski
+  Koonce, Geo. W., Greenville
+  Watson, Bloomington
+  Banning, Thos. A., Mrs., Chicago
+  Graham, R. O., Bloomington
+  Karstens, Peter J., Chicago
+  Leslie, A. M., 201 Main Street, Evanston
+  Fisher, Mr., "Cairo Citizen", Cairo
+  Endicott, H. W., Villa Ridge
+  Hektoen, H., Memo. Inst. for Infectious Diseases, Chicago
+  McVeigh, Scott, 1208 Wrightwood Ave., Chicago
+  Evans, Homer W., R. F. D. 6, Plainfield
+  Buckman, Benjamin, Farmingdale
+  Horner, H. Clay, Chester
+  Burt, Frank A., 115 1-2 So. Race St., Urbana
+  Somer, George W., No. 106 N. La Salle St., Chicago
+  Spalding, C. W., No. 1851 Byron St., Chicago
+  Strawbridge, A. N., No. 533 E. 33rd St., Chicago
+  Remley, Mrs. Grace, Franklin Grove
+  Prochnow, I. W., No. 1127 Second Ave., Rock Island
+  McFarlane, H. W., Chicago
+  Graham, W. H., Fort Gage
+  Fink, Wm. H., No. 4030 N. Pauline St., Chicago
+  Crandall, C. S., Urbana
+  Campbell, T. W., Elgin
+  Badgley, B. H., No. 2241 Greenleaf Ave., Chicago
+  Millroy, W. L., Quincy
+  Sweeney, Jno. M., No. 1636 Manadnock Block, Chicago
+  Krossell, C. F. P., Dr., No. 5502 Indiana Ave., Chicago
+  Weeks, E. F., No. 143 N. Dearborn St., Chicago
+  Heald, Prescott, No. 107 So. Glen Oak Ave., Peoria
+  Riddle, F. A., Mrs., No. 1441 Jackson Boulevard, Chicago
+  Kennish, F. H., No. 124 East Oak St., Kewanee
+  Finley, J. B., Care of Moline Polo and Shaft Co., Moline
+  Braden, E. S., No. 10 S. LaSalle St., Chicago
+  Kemp, E. F., No. 108 S. LaSalle St., Chicago
+  Peterson, Albert J., No. 3448 Hayes St., Chicago
+  Hewitt, R., No. 149 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago
+  Hopkins, A. M., R. 710, 167 W. Washington St., Chicago
+  Hemingway, Geo. R., Oak Park
+  Rut, Z. D., Park Ridge
+  Dietrich, J. J., Arlington Heights
+  Hansell, E. F., No. 5654 W. Lake St., Chicago
+
+INDIANA
+
+  Leiber, Richard, Indianapolis
+  Garden, Daniel A., Elnora
+  Cathcart, Alva Y., Bristol
+  Strassell, J. W., Supt. of Schools, Rockport
+  Howard, W. T., R. F. D. 19, Indianapolis
+  Boos, E. M., R. F. D. 2, Milan
+  Boss Co., John C, Elkhart
+  Green, Frank, No. 811 So. St., Newcastle
+  House, M. M., 1664 College Ave., Indianapolis
+  Simpson & Sons, H. M., Vincennes
+  Woodbury, C. G., Lafayette
+  Ray, Elgin H., Winamac, R. F. D. 1
+  Fellwock, P. B., 3 Up. Fourth St., Evansville
+  Hooke, Ora G., Albany, Delaware Co.
+  Smith, Oren E., Dr., Traction Terminal Bldg., Indianapolis
+  Whetsell, Edward, 107 Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington
+  Swain, W. H., South Bend
+  Knapp, Dr., Evansville
+  Yoder, A. C., Dr., Goshen
+  Knaub, Ben., R. 1, Box 99, North Vernon
+  Lukens, B., Mrs., Anderson
+
+IOWA
+
+  Dennis, A. B., Dr., Cedar Rapids
+  Ruppersberg, E. A., Miss, Charles City College, Charles City
+  Patten, C. G., Charles City
+  Sawyer, L. H., Des Moines
+  Thompson, Harry French, Forrest City
+  "Successful Farming" Des Moines
+  "Kimball's Dairy Farmer" Waterloo
+
+KANSAS
+
+  Godfrey, F. M., Holton
+  Skinner & Co., J. H., Topeka
+
+KENTUCKY
+
+  Matthews, Clarence W., State University, Lexington
+  Horine, E. F., M.D., 1036 Bardstown Rd., Louisville
+  "Inland Farming", Louisville
+  Brislin, John A., Cash. Farmers' Bank of Ky., Frankfort
+  Kiefer, Louis W., 901 N. Elm St., Henderson
+
+LOUISIANA
+
+  Hinton, E. G., Weeks
+
+MAINE
+
+  Soule, Sidney S., Mrs., South Freeport
+  Hitchings, Edson F., College of Agriculture, Orono
+  Peardon, J. H., Matinicus
+  Stryker, D. J., Rockland
+  Chase, Dr. Walter G., Wiscasset
+
+MARYLAND
+
+  Michael, Jesse J., Frederick
+  Little, William E., Westminister
+  Bunting, J. T., Box 137, Marion Station
+  Benkert, George, Baltimore
+  Heron, Benj. F. L., Box 58, Mt. Ranier
+  Coad, J. Edwin, Drayden, St. Mary's Co.
+  Munter, D. M., No. 22 Virginia Ave., Cumberland
+  Daingerfield, P. B. K., Maryland Club, Baltimore
+  Bachrach, Walter K., No. 16 W. Lexington St., Baltimore
+  Hewell, John, No. 2028 W. Lexington St., Baltimore
+  Hays, Amos H., Parkton
+  Stem, C. W., Sabillasville
+  Tyler, John Paul, No. 344 W. Preston St., Baltimore
+  Munter, D. W., No. 1642 Runton Ave., Baltimore
+  Kerr, J. W., Denton
+  Overton, W. S., R. F. D. 2, Silver Spring
+  Harris, Edward, Sr., 31 S. Liberty St., Cumberland
+  Strite, S. M., 52 Broadway, Hagerstown
+  Harrison's Nurseries, Berlin
+  Hoopes, Wilmer P., Forest Hill
+  Irwin, Arthur J., 226 E. Main St., Frostburg
+  McDaniel, Alex H., North East P. O., Cecil Co.
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+
+  Blood, W. H., Mrs., Jr., 147 Grove Street, Wellesley
+  Reed, Orville, Rev., Granville, Centre
+  Deroo, Frank B., Box 363, Needham
+  Fox, Jabez, 99 Irving Street, Cambridge
+  Hall, James L., Kingston, Box 31
+  Adams, Norris W., Box 323, Worcester
+  Mass. Agric. Coll., Amherst
+  Crosby, Fred, Bolton
+  Bailey, Thos. W., Kingston
+  Griffin, W. E., Cor. Central St. & B. & M. R. R., Worcester
+  Dawson, Jackson, Mr., Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain
+  Dowse, Granton H., Wrentham
+  Ellsworth, J. Lewis, Sec'y Mass. State Bd. of Agric., Boston
+  Fleming, Charles B., Norwood
+  Brounell, Lewis, 1030 High Street, Fall River
+  Portmore, J. M., 7 Denison Av., So. Framingham
+  Humphrey, F. A., Worcester
+  Waugh, F. A., Prof., Amherst
+  Beebe, E. Pierson, Boston
+  Mead, H. O., Lunenburg
+  Torrey, John P., Dr., Andover
+  Affleck, G. B., 287 Hickory St., Springfield
+  Deming, Grove W., Mt. Hermon School
+  Elder, David, Harwich, Mass.
+  James, Gorton, 492 So. Station, Boston
+  Sturtevant, E. L., Brookline
+  Brown, J. Frank, The Corey Hill Hospital, Brookline
+  Willwerth, A. H., No. 21 Greenwich Park, Boston
+  Day, W. Taylor, No. 313 Main St., Great Barrington
+  Coney, Harriet M., Miss, No. 106 Church St., Ware
+
+MICHIGAN
+
+  Brauer, H. A., 810 W. Huron St., Ann Arbor
+  Cobb, Myron A., Central State Normal School, Mt. Pleasant
+  Ilgenfritz's Sons Co., T. E., Nursery, Monroe
+  Haines, Peter S., Detroit
+  Kidder, Samuel, Ann Arbor
+  Paul, Irwin, Muskegon, R. F. D. 7
+  Garfield, Chas. W., Hon., Grand Rapids
+  Wermuth, Burt, Assoc. Ed. "Michigan Farmer", Detroit
+  Eustace, H. J., Prof., State Horticulturist, E. Lansing
+  Carmichael, Milton, 281 Yard Bldg., Detroit
+  Richardson, A. H., Dr., The Martha Washington, Mt. Clemens
+  Baker, N. I., Dr.,
+  Himebaugh, Clayton D., Sheffield Mfg. Co., Burr Oak
+  Spring, O. L., 728 Wabash Ave., Detroit
+  Reshore, L. T., Dowagiac
+  Adams, Rollo K., Middleville
+  Montgomery, R. H., 46 Jefferson Ave., Detroit
+  "The Gleaner", Detroit
+  Davis, R. J., Lock Box 753, Buchanan
+  Simpson, Wallace N., No. 379 W. Main St., Battle Creek
+  Palmer, A. C., Ellsworth
+  Faurote, Fay L., Lord Bldg., Detroit
+  Andrus, F. P., Almont, Lapeer Co.
+  Gamble, M. D., E. F., Coldwater
+  Horner, E. E., Eaton Rapids Woolen Mills, Eaton Rapids
+  Stryker, F. A., Buchanan
+  Lake, Geo., Northville
+  Hanes, P. S., No. 730 Sheridan Ave., Detroit
+  Handy, J. W., M.D., No. 105 West 1st St., Flint
+
+MINNESOTA
+
+  Fairchild, D. H., St. Paul
+  Husser, Henry, Minneiska
+  Wedge, Clarence, Albert Lea
+  Cutting, Fred, Byron
+  Underwood, Roy, Lake City
+  Alford, E. F., 2390 Woodland Ave., Duluth
+  Latham, A. W., Sec'y State Hortic. Soc'y, 207 Kasota Bldg., Minneapolis
+  Woodbridge, Dwight E., U. S. Bureau of Mines, Duluth
+  Tillinghast, E. G., Leetonia Mining Co., Hibbing
+  Lake Sarah Specialty Farm, Rockford
+  Farm Stock & Home, Minneapolis
+
+MISSOURI
+
+  Bostwick, Arthur E., 70 Vandeventer St., St. Louis
+  Stark Bros.' Nurseries and Orchards Co., Louisiana
+  Williams, F. V., D.D.S., 3720 Virginia, Kansas City
+  Born, H. H. Dr., Park & Compton Sts., St. Louis
+  Bailey, B. A., Versailles
+  Wallace, E. S., Office of City Chemist, Kansas City
+  Cummings, C. C., Dr., Joplin
+  Wilcox, Walter H., 433 Forth Ave., Webster Groves
+  Mosher, H. G., Schell City
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+
+  Dillingham, Thos. M., Dr., Marlboro
+  Clement, Ruth E., Miss, E. Deering
+
+NEBRASKA
+
+  Rolder, C. A., Dr., Hedde Bldg., Grand Rapids
+
+NEVADA
+
+  Swingle, C. G., Hazen
+  Gregory, E. R., Dr., Reno
+
+NEW JERSEY
+
+  Lovett, J. T., Little Silver
+  Pomona Nurseries, Palmyra
+  Bobbink & Atkins, Rutherford
+  Speer, Lester W., 401 Passaic Ave., Nutley
+  Black, Son & Co., Jos. H., Hightstown
+  Chevrier, Chas. S., P. O. Box 579, Trenton
+  Rice, John J., Almonnesson
+  Parry, John R., Parry
+  Totten, A. B., Middlebush
+  Hartt, Wm. S., Box 366 Toms River
+  Dantun, A. P., Walsted Farm, Freehold
+  Shoemaker, Wm. E., Bridgeton
+  Miller, Jessie E., Miss, 204 W. Passaic Ave., Rutherford
+  Hall & Robert Tubbs, Willowwood Farm, Pottersville P.O.
+  Mount, T. S., Hamilton Sq.
+  Schulze, Edward H., Elizabeth
+  Spindler, M., No. 316 Halsey St., Newark
+  Sonders, Geo. B., P. O. Box 204, Mays Landing
+  Palmer, H. C. H., Main Road, Vineland
+  Putnam, G. H., Vineland
+  Parkin, J. W., No. 576 E. 23rd St., Paterson
+  Martin, Geo. W. R., No. 47 Chestnut St., Newark
+  Lintner, Geo A., Summit, New Jersey
+  Kirkpatrick, F. L., No. 35 E. Chestnut St., Merchantville
+  Gilmore, Jr., Thos. J., No. 219 Montgonery St., Jersey City
+  Haddon, Chas. K., Camden
+  Black, Walter C, Hightstown
+  Parkin, John M., No. 576 E. 23rd St., Paterson
+  Bailey, G. W., Kenilworth
+  Eyferth, Adolph, No. 554 Tenth St., N.E., West New York, N. Y.
+  Matlack, C. L., No. 47 Potter St., Haddenfield
+  Wellborn, C. E., Weston
+  Somers, A. F., No. 187 Warren St., Jersey City
+  Turner, H. J., Box 356, Montclair
+  Woodruff, Leon, No. 27 Jefferson St., Bridgeton
+  Davis, H. H., No. 113 Chestnut St., East Orange
+  Butler, F. W., Mrs., Plainfield
+  Kevitt, T. C, Anthonia
+  Maurer, E. H., No. 309 S. Broad St., Elizabeth
+
+NEW MEXICO
+
+  Thompson, W. M., Dr. Logan
+
+NEW YORK
+
+  Hedrick, U. P., Prof., Experiment Station, Geneva
+  Murrill, W. H., Botanical Museum, Bronx Park, New York City
+  Bailey, Liberty H., Cornell Agric. Coll., Ithaca
+  The Rochester Nurseries, Rochester
+  L'Amoreaux Nursery Co., Schoharie
+  Green's Nursery Co., Rochester
+  Lewis, Roesch & Son, Nurserymen, Fredonia
+  Burnette, F. H., Phelps
+  Wheatcroft, S. F., Brooklyn
+  Irwin, Chas., 116 Rosedale St., Rochester
+  Garrison, H. F., Westfield
+  Benney, Wm. H., 30 Church St., N. Y. City
+  Harris, C. F., 211 Blandina St., Utica
+  Thew, Gilmore E., 2006 Fifth Ave., N. Y. City
+  Yoakum, B. F., 71 Broadway, N. Y. City
+  Trimble, J. H., 1255 St. Paul St., Rochester
+  McNair, E. O., Erie Co., Bank Bldg., Buffalo
+  Baruch, H. B., 55 New Street
+  Studley, Frank P., Matteawan
+  Bostwick, Henry J., Clifton Springs Sanitarium, Clifton Springs
+  Wyckoff, C. H., Aurora
+  Slocum, J. F., 29 Park Street, Buffalo
+  Sunnyfield Nursery Co., Poughkeepsie
+  Morgan, H. E., Pittsford
+  Williams & Co., Rose, Miss, Newark
+  Hechler, C. H., Harbor Hill, Roslyn
+  Piccard, L. M., 705 Fulton St., Brooklyn
+  Bardin, A. G., Mr., 29 Brevoort Pl., Brooklyn
+  Townsend, 257 Broadway, N. Y. City, Room 703
+  Hunter, Wm. T., Jr., 32 Rose St., N. Y. City
+  Gage, Stanley A., 72 Mahlstedt Place, New Rochelle
+  Robertson, C. G., 39 Ormond Pl., Brooklyn
+  Sackman, Karl Bever, 92 Williams Street
+  Younkheere, D., 3320 Bailey Ave., Kingsbridge, N. Y. City
+  Foster, E. W., Central Park, L. I.
+  Hemming, H., Mrs., 59 Walworth St., Brooklyn
+  Powell, E. P., Clinton, Otsego Co.
+  Merkel, Herman W., Forester, Bronx Zoological Park
+  Powell, Geo. T., Pres. Agric. Experts Assoc, 5 E. 42 St., N. Y. City
+  Britton, N. L., Dr., Director Botanical Gardens, Bronx Park, N. Y. City
+  Walker, Roberts, 115 Broadway, N. Y. City
+  Sullivan, W. F., 154 E. 74th St., N. Y. City
+  Rosenberg, Max, Pleasantville, Box 91
+  Bridgman, A. C., The Standard Union, Brooklyn
+  Voorhis, Ernest, Rev., 1047 Amsterdam Ave., N. Y. City
+  Buckbie, Annie, Miss, Wisner, Orange Co.
+  Knight, Geo. W., Mrs., 28 Cambridge Pl., Brooklyn
+  Hickox, Ralph, Williamsbridge, N. Y. City
+  Armstrong, M. E., Miss, 10 St. Francis Place, Brooklyn
+  Perry, C. J., 18 Fulton St., Auburn
+  Holden, E. R., Jr., 34 W. 33 Street, N. Y. City
+  Charlton Nursery Co., Rochester
+  Jones, L. V., Miss, St. Luke's Hospital, Newburgh
+  Hichcock, F. H., 105 W. 40th St., N. Y. City
+  Vickers, H. W., Dr., Little Falls
+  Shepard, W. E., New Paltz, Ulster Co.
+  Mendelson, D., 1825 Pilkin Ave., Brooklyn
+  Hopkins, W., 15 Dey St., City
+  Smith, H. P., Center Moricrifs, Suffolk, Co.
+  West, Dr., 51 E. 25th St., N. Y. City
+  Grimmer, John W., Armour Villa Park, Bronxville
+  Leipziger, H. A., Dr., Hotel Empire, Broadway & 63rd St., N. Y. City
+  Engesser, Jas., 513 N. Washington St., Tarrytown
+  Kepke, John, Dr., 488 Nostrand Ave., Brooklyn
+  Manning-Spoerl, J. O. O., Dr., 151 Lafayette Ave., Brooklyn
+  Langdon, H. P., Maple Ridge, Farm, Constable
+  Wainwright, John W., Dr., 80 Wash. Sq., E., N. Y. City
+  Teele, A. W., 30 Broad St., N. Y. City
+  Grot, Henry, 201 E. 116th St., N. Y. City
+  Graham, S. H., Ithaca
+  Teter, Walter C., 10 Wall St., N. Y. City
+  Jewett, Asabel, Berkshire
+  Thompson, Adelbert, East Avon
+  Wiggin, Thos. H., Scarsdale
+  "Ridgewood Times", Myrtle & Cypress Aves., Brooklyn
+  Schubel, Geo., Lit. Ed., Myrtle & Cypress Aves., Brooklyn
+  Kelly, Julia Z., Miss, College of Agriculture, Ithaca
+  Caldwell, R. J., 374 Broadway, N. Y. City
+  Lincoln, Egbert P., 429 Lincoln Pl., Brooklyn
+  Reynolds, Walter S., Dr., 66 W. 71st St., N. Y. City
+  Davidson, Charles Stewart, 60 Wall St., N. Y. City
+  Slosson, Richard S., 140 Carolina St., Buffalo
+  Leutsch, Nina, Clinton Corners
+  Armstrong, Rob. P., N. Y. State School of Agric., Canton
+  Manning, J. M., 1002 Third Ave., N. Y. City
+  Righter, J. Walter, 156 Fifth Ave., N. Y. City
+  Reynolds, H. L., 50 Palace Arcade, Buffalo
+  Spencer, W. F., No. 106 Bond St., Brooklyn
+  Sauer, Arthur W., Broadway & Driggs Ave., Brooklyn
+  Mezger, L. K., M.D., No. 186 Clinton Ave., North Rochester
+  Williams, Olive G., Miss, No. 341 Garfield Ave., Troy
+  Austin, Nichols & Co., New York
+  Bearns, J. H., Jr., No. 198 Broadway
+  Dupree, Wm., No. 83 Halsey St., Brooklyn
+  Thomas, A. E., No. 105 Windsor Place, Brooklyn
+  Holt, Frank L., No. 220 Broadway
+  Greffe, Joseph A., Box 105, Boonton
+  Holden, E. R., Jr., No. 34 W. 33rd St
+  Hendrickson, B. W., Care of J. K. Armsby Co., No. 87 Hudson St.
+  Hoyle, Louis C., Middletown
+  Hall, John, Sec'y, Rochester
+  Miller, Francher, L., No. 605 Kirk Block, Syracuse
+  Mitchell, F. J., No. 44 W. 98th St.
+  Leggett & Co., Francis H., Franklin, Hudson & Leonard Sts.
+  Krizan, Jos., No. 521 E. 72nd Street
+  Jaburg Bros., No. 10-12 Leonard St.
+  Mathans, J. A., White Plains
+  Nicholson, J. E., Care of Messrs. Wassermass, No. 42 Broadway
+  Nicholson, J. E., No. 83rd St. & 24th Ave., Bensonhurst
+  Mills, W. M., No. 397 Goundry St., N. Towanda
+  Sullivan, Warren, No. 44 Morningside Drive
+  Sweizer, Karl, No. 40 Exchange Place
+  Shook, F. M., Dept. of Tropical Medicine
+  Randolph, Lewis C., No. 357 Delaware Ave.
+  Riley, R. M., Garden City
+  Rogers, G. M., Apt. 44. No. 605 144th St.
+  Williams & Co., R. C., Fulton & South Sts.
+  Turner, Fred. C., R.F.D. No. 7, Box 115, Schenectady
+  Tuthill, W. C., No. 245 Water St.
+  Sanford, A. E., No. 18 Bowman St., Rochester
+  Smith, Howard K., No. 323 Webster Ave., Brooklyn
+  Hewitt, R., Ardsley on Hudson
+  Evans, J. C., Lockport
+  Hessinger, M. A., No. 102 West 102d St.
+  Wetbeck, J. B., Care of Worcester Salt Co., No. 71 & No. 73 Murray St.
+  Scott, Thomas C., No. 372 Chenango St., Binghamton
+  Dye, Walter A., Garden City
+  Ellison, E. T., No. 1272 Jefferson Ave., Brooklyn
+  Brown, Carl W., Ripley, Chautauqua Co.
+  Teran, T. Mrs., Hotel Calvert, New York City
+  Power, Alice B., Miss, No. 203 St. Paul St., Rochester
+  Banks, E. M., No. 342 West 45th St., New York City
+  Anderson, Bryon Wall, No. 79 Franklin Ave., New Rochelle
+  Mesner, E. D., No. 34 Carlton St., Buffalo
+  Gawey, Gerald, No. 347 W. 19th St.
+  Maynard, A. R., Waterloo
+  Johnson, M., No. 540 W. 146th St.
+  Strawn, T. C., No. 355 W. 55th St.
+  Bruce, W. Robert, Brick Church Institute, Rochester
+  Broughton, L. D., No. 304 Lewis Ave., Brooklyn
+  Ouilshan, H. W., N. E. Cor. 125th St. and 8th Ave., Bishop Building,
+    Rooms 207-210, New York City
+  Wadsworth, M. A., No. 423 E. 4th St., Brooklyn
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+  Blair, Wm. A., V. P. People's Nat. Bank, Winston-Salem
+
+OHIO
+
+  Wise, P., Maumee
+  Schuh, L. H., Columbus
+  Rich, E. L., No. 3063 Edgehill Road, Cleveland Heights, Cleveland
+  Neff, W. N., Martel
+  McEwen, Will J., No. 755 Wilson Ave., Columbus
+  Miller, Wm., Gypsum
+  Marshall, Robert, No. 23 Hollister St., Cincinnati
+  Longsworth, I. R., Lima
+  Kiser, Frank A., Fremont
+  Goetz, C. H., Columbus
+  Draine, F. J., 2411 Detroit Ave., Toledo
+  Cochran, J. H., Napoleon
+  Bundy, C. C., No. 1356 Mt. Vernon Ave., Columbus
+  Penrod, A. M., Camp Chase
+  Poston, E. M., President, New York Coal Co., Columbus
+  Rodgers, A. S., Springfield Gas Engine Co., Springfield
+  Jeffers, F. A., Monroe Bank Building, Woodsfield
+  Kennedy, C. S., No. 412 Monroe St., East Liverpool
+  Crawford Co., M., Cuyahoga Falls
+  Hoyt, C. H., Cleveland
+  Ashbrook, Wm. A., Hon., Johnstown
+  Johnston, I. B., Station K., Cincinnati
+  Stasel, A. A., No. 25-1/2 S. Third St., Newark
+  Book, G. M., Bloomdale
+  Smith, E. R., No. 132 S. Collett St., Lima
+  Rader, Hal, No. 125 Chestnut St., Nilec
+  Watt, Frank E., No. 116 Show Ave., Dayton
+  Anderson, A. J., "Ohio Farmer", Cleveland
+  Scarff, W. U., New Carlisle
+  Durant, A. T., German-American Ins. Co., Akron
+  Daugherty, U. G., R. D. 13, Dayton
+  Miller, Chas. D., 60 N. Garfield Ave., Columbus
+  Doren, Jane M., Bexley, Columbus
+  Prickett, J. D., 727 Plymouth St., Toledo
+  Zerkey, M. Allen, Justus, R. D. 1
+  Lohman, E., Greenville
+  Ewart, Mortimer, Mogadore
+  Schumacher, Arlin, Pandora
+  Yunck, Ed. G., 710 Central Ave., Sandusky
+  Nellis, A. S. Byrne, Dr., Cor. Third & Webb Sts., Dayton
+  Rogers, W. B., St. Stanislaus' House of Retreat, Cleveland
+  Parrott, Frances, Miss, R. D. 12, Dayton
+  Rector, J. M., Dr., Columbus
+  Lauder, Ed., Dr., 1012 Prospect Ave., S. E., Cleveland
+
+OREGON
+
+  Robinson, C. A., R.F.D. 1, Carlton, Yamhill Co.
+  Oregon R. R. & Navigation Co., Portland
+  Power, Frank W., Sec'y State Horticultural Society, Orenco
+  Gardener, V. R., Associate Prof, of Horticulture, Corvallis
+  McDonald, M., Oregon Nursery Co., Orenco
+  Magruder, G. M., Medical Building, Portland
+  Fishback, P. L., Monmouth
+
+PANAMA
+
+  Deer, G. N., Ancon, C. Z.
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+
+  Le Fevre, B. W., 251 Elm St., Lancaster
+  Harris, D. S., Williamsburg, P.O. Box 416
+  Wright, M. H., Penn. Shafting Co., Spring City
+  Hutchinson, Mahlon, 138 South 15th Street, Philadelphia
+  Taylor, C. B., Philadelphia
+  Townsend, C. W., Pittsburg
+  Allen, Carl G., Williamsport
+  Hall, L. C., Avonia
+  Sober, C. K., Lewisburg
+  Foley, John, Forester Penn. R. R. Co., Broad St. Sta., Philadelphia
+  Mann, Chas. S., Hatboro, Montgomery Co., R. D. 1
+  Springer, Willard, Jr., Forest Asst. Pa. R. R. Broad St. Sta.
+    Philadelphia
+  Peck, Wm. H., Care of Third Nat. Bank, Scranton
+  Riehl, H. F., Manheim
+  Hildebrand, F. B., Duquesne
+  Wolford, C. H., Prin. Duquesne Public Schools, Duquesne
+  Motts, Sarah E., 533 S. Hanover St., Carlisle
+  Watts, R. L., Prof. of Horticulture, State College
+  Hebbin, T. T., McKeesport
+  Ballou, C. S., Potter Co.
+  Marsden, Biddle R., Dr., Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia
+  Fenstermacher, P. S., Care of Harry C. Tripler, Young Bldg., Allentown
+  Keeler, Asa S., Tunckhannock
+  Hess, Frank P., Jr., 31 N. Walnut St., Mt. Carmel
+  George, W. H., Edgewood, Bucks Co.
+  Scott & Hill, Erie
+  St. Francis, J., 21 Scott Block, Erie
+  Wilt, Edwin M., No. 816 Brooklyn St., Philadelphia
+  Wright, W. J., State College
+  Scott, W. M., No. 824 Centennial Ave., Sewickley
+  Small, Norbert, Edgegrove
+  Schotte, T. B., Kittanning
+  Kirkpatrick, F. L., No. 273 Eleventh St., Philadelphia
+  Gochnauer, Benj. H., Lancaster, R. F. D. No. 7
+  Engle, E. B., Marietta
+  Cook, Dr., George R., Johnston
+  Chalmers, W. J., Vanport, Beaver Co.
+  Cahalan, Jno. A., No. 1524 Chestnut St., Philadelphia
+  DeWeese, D. M., No. 51 Logan Ave., Sharon
+  Doan, J. L., School of Horticulture, Ambler.
+  Keystone Wood Co., Williamsport
+  Fleming, H. N., No. 410 Downing Bldg., Erie
+  Hassell, H. W., Dr., Medical Department, Eastern State Penitentiary,
+    Philadelphia
+  Pease, H. E., No. 1111 Lamont St., Pittsburgh
+  Palmer, C. L., Dr., P. O. Box, Mt. Lebanon
+  Spear, James, Jr., Wallingford
+  Hoerner, William S., Chambersburg
+  Hazel, Boyd E., Box No. 57, Madisonburg
+  Stover, C. J., Ambler
+  Davis, Thos. D., No. 267 Shady Ave., Pittsburgh
+  Hill, V. J., No. 4215 Chestnut St., Philadelphia
+  Richards, A. C., Schellsburg
+  Stocks, George, No. 1128 Heberton, Pittsburgh
+  Rhoads, Dr., J. N., No. 1635 S. Broad St., Philadelphia
+  Quimby, C. S., R. F. D. 3, Phoenixville
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+
+  Peckham, F. H., Dr., 6 Thomas St., Providence
+  Collins, Franklin J., Prof., 468 Hope St., Providence
+  Heaton, H. W., M.D., No. 2 Iron's Block, Providence
+  Winslow, Ernest L., Providence
+  Bronsdon, M. H., Chief Engineer, The Rhode Island Co., Providence
+  Pleger, John J., Box 686, Manila
+
+TEXAS
+
+  Blair, R. E., U. S. Exper. Farm, San Antonio
+  Edward, Chas. L., Dallas
+  Kyle, E. J., Prof, of Horticulture, College Station
+  Anderson, J. H., Brighton
+  Canada, J. W., Houston
+
+UTAH
+
+  Hansen, O. K., Dr., Provo
+  Hughes, M. A., Dr., Judge Bldg., Salt Lake City
+
+VERMONT
+
+  Woodman, J. S., So. Royalton
+  Cummings, M. B., Sec'y State Horticultural Society, Burlington
+  Parrish, John S., Eastham, Albermarle Co.
+  Blue, C. E., Ridgeway, Charlottsville
+  Haynes, I. J., Manakin
+
+VIRGINIA
+
+  Emerson, J. S., Dr., Red Hill
+  Catlett, Carter, Gloucester
+
+WASHINGTON
+
+  Washington Nursery Co., Toppenish
+  Shomaker, Joel, Nellita
+  Moody, Robert, Everett
+  Stuart, John A., Christopher Nurseries, Christopher
+  Davis, Pauline, Miss, Box 415, Pullman
+  May, Walter, 456 Empire Bldg., Okanogan
+  Western Farmer, Spokane
+  March, G. L., Kennewick
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+
+  Bennett, Louis, Mrs., 148 Court Ave., Weston
+
+WISCONSIN
+
+  Kirr, A. R., Box C, R. D. 6, Fond du Lac
+  Harold, Geo. E., Maiden Rock, R. D. 3
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+
+  Van Deman, H. E., Washington
+  Swingle, Walter, Prof., Bur. Plant Industry, Washington
+  Coville, Fred. V., Prof., Bur. Plant Industry, Washington
+  Clinton, L. A., Prof., Dept, of Agric., Washington
+  Stabler, Albert, Ins. Agt., Washington
+  Bick, Wm. H., 1403 H. St., Washington
+  Hendrick, A. J., 609, 3rd St., Washington
+  Life & Health, Takoma Park Sta., Washington
+
+
+
+EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS FROM STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS AND OTHERS
+
+
+A well-known nut grower in Delaware writes: "We have given the filberts
+a thorough test and found them one of the most unprofitable nuts ever
+tested. At one time we had under test about 15 distinct varieties. After
+several years tests they all succumbed to the blight; a blight that
+attacked the old wood and killed it. Some of our bushes or trees got as
+much as six inches in diameter before they were entirely killed back.
+Possibly by thorough spraying from the setting of trees a success might
+be made. Some varieties tested were very prolific and of fine quality.
+We succeeded in getting a fine lot of walnuts from the tree southeast of
+the potato house by applying pollen. They are as fine and as well filled
+and as large as any I have ever seen. Several of our crosses had a few
+nuts this year, most of them are rather thick shelled. The trees though
+seem to be perfectly hardy. We have several Japan walnut trees bearing
+this year some of which I consider first class, equal to the best
+shellbarks or pecans in cracking quality; besides they are so very
+prolific, producing as many as a dozen in a cluster. We can show
+specimens from several distinct varieties or types. The Cordiformis
+seems to be one of the best. We also have some very fine black walnuts.
+One of our seedlings from the select nuts produces the largest walnuts
+that I have ever seen. The tree did not have very many on it this year.
+Several of the other seedlings from the same planting produced fine nuts
+with good cracking qualities. We also had several pecan trees to bear a
+few nuts this year; most of the nuts were rather small but of fine
+quality, very thin shells and well filled. Our Japan chestnuts bore
+quite full.
+
+I think it possible to produce Persian walnuts successfully in our
+locality. I also think the Japan walnut offers a good field for
+investigation."
+
+
+FROM THE STATE VICE-PRESIDENT FOR COLORADO
+
+Dec. 11, 1912.
+
+So far as I can learn only two attempts have been made in this state to
+grow nuts. The first one consists in the setting out of about one
+hundred Japanese walnuts by the Antlers Orchard Co. Their place is on
+the western slope in the fruit district and I am informed that the first
+winter the tops were killed but new shoots put out from the roots and
+the trees did well this year.
+
+The other attempt is one I made last spring. I set out a few pecan trees
+as an experiment near Colorado Springs. Six of the seven trees lived and
+put out some leaves but did not make much growth. If they survive the
+winter I purpose planting more pecans and some other nuts,--chestnuts,
+black walnuts and possibly Persian walnuts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                                         Hilton, N. Y.
+                                                        Nov. 29, 1912.
+
+Dear Sir:
+
+In reply to your inquiry I am inclosing notes on walnut culture in this
+locality. This noble fruit is not generally known here. I do not know of
+more than twelve or fifteen bearing trees in my county. Of these all are
+without doubt seedlings, and are located in places where the peach will
+thrive. The soil in which they grow is varied: Dunkirk fine sand,
+Dunkirk silt loam, Ontario fine sand loam, and Ontario loam. (See soil
+survey of _Monroe county_, N. Y. U. S. Dept. Agriculture.) The altitude
+is comparatively low. The highest point in the county is only 682 ft.
+above lake Ontario, and the average elevation is not more than 300 ft.
+The "Holden" walnuts are growing at a still lower level. This tree,
+considering its surroundings and location, had a good crop this year.
+Standing on the lawn uncultivated and unfertilized, hemmed in on three
+sides by other trees, it gave us at least three bushels of fine nuts.
+
+The wood showed no injury after last winter's intense cold. Growth
+started in the spring just as the apple blossoms came out. The catkins
+are very large, at least much larger than those on the other trees we
+have, and hang on longer. One of our trees loses its male blossoms
+before the female bloom appears, but the "Holden" is the last to lose
+them. About half of the clusters of fruit have two or three nuts in
+them. We began harvesting the nuts Sept. 15th, just four months from the
+blossom. The dropping continued for a month, prolonged on account of
+lack of frost.
+
+Last week the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle reported the appearance
+of the first load of English walnuts ever brought on the local market.
+They were grown on fifteen year old seedlings, at East Avon, N. Y., by
+Adelbert Thompson. His orchard is said to contain 200 trees. It seems
+very probable that the next twenty-five years will see the development
+of Persian walnut growing, to commercial proportions, in those
+localities in the state where the peach will grow.
+
+I had a little experience last spring with southern grown walnut trees.
+Last spring I received from Louisiana eleven trees of the "Holden"
+variety grafted on black walnut stocks. They were fine trees, the
+largest at least eight feet tall. Six of these I set out in my own
+orchards and gave them intensive care and cultivation, but alas, growth
+was weak and at last they died. If I were to deduce any conclusions it
+would be that there is too great a difference between Louisiana and New
+York conditions.
+
+
+FROM THE SECRETARY OF THE MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
+
+Dear Sir:--
+
+I am addressing you as secretary of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association in hopes that you can refer me to some one, perhaps a member
+of your society, in this part of the country to whom we can appeal to
+take part at the coming annual meeting of this society as champion of
+nut growing. While in our state we cannot successfully grow pecans, nor
+perhaps the sweet chestnut and some other nuts, yet some varieties do
+well with us and a larger interest in their growing should be
+stimulated.
+
+                          Yours very truly,
+
+                                 A. W. Latham, Sec'y.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association,
+Report of the Proceedings at the Third Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NNGA REPORT, 1912 ***
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