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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Italian Popular Tales, by Thomas Frederick
+Crane
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Italian Popular Tales
+
+
+Author: Thomas Frederick Crane
+
+
+
+Release Date: November 26, 2007  [eBook #23634]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ITALIAN POPULAR TALES***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Cathy Smith, Chloe P. H. Lewis, Josephine Paolucci, and
+the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+(http://www.pgdp.net.)
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+   Minor typographical errors have been corrected.
+
+   Carets (^) indicate a superscript letter.
+
+   This book has two types of notes. Footnotes are in the text and
+   are indicated by a letter. These have been moved to the end of
+   the appropriate paragraph. Endnotes are indicated by a number,
+   and the notes for all the chapters are at the end of the stories.
+
+
+
+
+
+ITALIAN POPULAR TALES
+
+by
+
+THOMAS FREDERICK CRANE, A. M.
+
+Professor of the Romance Languages
+in Cornell University
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Boston and New York
+Houghton, Mifflin and Company
+The Riverside Press, Cambridge
+
+Copyright, 1885,
+by Thomas Frederick Crane.
+All rights reserved.
+
+The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.
+Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton & Company.
+
+
+
+
+To
+
+GIUSEPPE PITRÈ.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The growing interest in the popular tales of Europe has led me to
+believe that a selection from those of Italy would be entertaining to
+the general reader, and valuable to the student of comparative
+folk-lore.
+
+The stories which, with but few exceptions, are here presented for the
+first time to the English reader, have been translated from recent
+Italian collections, and are given exactly as they were taken down from
+the mouths of the people, and it is in this sense, belonging to the
+people, that the word popular is used in the title of this work. I have
+occasionally changed the present to the past tense, and slightly
+condensed by the omission of tiresome repetitions;[A] but otherwise my
+versions follow the original closely, too closely perhaps in the case of
+the Sicilian tales, which, when recited, are very dramatic, but seem
+disjointed and abrupt when read.
+
+[Footnote A: Other condensations are indicated by brackets.]
+
+The notes are intended to supplement those of Pitrè and Köhler by citing
+the stories published since the _Fiabe, Novelle e Racconti_, and the
+_Sicilianische Märchen_, and also to furnish easy reference to the
+parallel stories of the rest of Europe. As the notes are primarily
+intended for students I have simply pointed out the most convenient
+sources of information and those to which I have had access. My space
+has obliged me to restrict my notes to what seemed to me the most
+important, and I have as a rule given only references which I have
+verified myself.
+
+My object has been simply to present to the reader and student
+unacquainted with the Italian dialects a tolerably complete collection
+of Italian popular tales; with theories as to the origin and diffusion
+of popular tales in general, or of Italian popular tales in particular,
+I have nothing to do at present either in the text or notes. It is for
+others to draw such inferences as this collection seems to warrant.
+
+It was, of course, impossible in my limited space to do more than give a
+small selection from the class of Fairy Tales numbering several hundred;
+of the other classes nearly everything has been given that has been
+published down to the present date. The Fairy Tales were selected to
+represent as well as possible typical stories or classes, and I have
+followed in my arrangement, with some modification and condensation,
+Hahn's _Märchen- und Sagformeln_ (_Griechische und Albanesische
+Märchen_, vol. i. p. 45), an English version of which may be found in W.
+Henderson's _Notes on the Folk-lore of the Northern Counties of England
+and the Borders. With an Appendix on Household Stories_, by S.
+Baring-Gould. London, 1866.
+
+In conclusion, I must express my many obligations to Dr. Giuseppe Pitrè,
+of Palermo, without whose admirable collection this work would hardly
+have been undertaken, and to the library of Harvard College, which so
+generously throws open its treasures to the scholars of less favored
+institutions.
+
+    T. F. CRANE.
+
+ITHACA, N. Y., _September 9, 1885_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                   PAGE
+
+INTRODUCTION                         ix
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY                        xix
+
+LIST OF STORIES                    xxix
+
+  I. FAIRY TALES                      1
+
+ II. FAIRY TALES CONTINUED           97
+
+III. STORIES OF ORIENTAL ORIGIN     149
+
+ IV. LEGENDS AND GHOST STORIES      185
+
+  V. NURSERY TALES                  240
+
+ VI. STORIES AND JESTS              275
+
+
+NOTES                               317
+
+LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO           384
+
+INDEX                               387
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+By popular tales we mean the stories that are handed down by word of
+mouth from one generation to another of the illiterate people, serving
+almost exclusively to amuse and but seldom to instruct. These stories
+may be roughly divided into three classes: nursery tales, fairy stories,
+and jests. In countries where the people are generally educated, the
+first two classes form but one; where, on the other hand, the people
+still retain the credulity and simplicity of childhood, the stories
+which with us are confined to the nursery amuse the fathers and mothers
+as well as the children. These stories were regarded with contempt by
+the learned until the famous scholars, the brothers Grimm, went about
+Germany some sixty years ago collecting this fast disappearing
+literature of the people. The interesting character of these tales, and
+the scientific value attributed to them by their collectors, led others
+to follow their footsteps, and there is now scarcely a province of
+Germany that has not one or more volumes devoted to its local popular
+tales. The impulse given by the Grimms was not confined to their own
+country, but extended over all Europe, and within the last twenty years
+more than fifty volumes have been published containing the popular tales
+of Iceland, Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Germany, England,
+Scotland, France, Biscay, Spain, Portugal, and Greece. Asia and Africa
+have contributed stories from India, China, Japan, and South Africa. In
+addition to these we have now to mention what has been done in this
+field in Italy.
+
+From their very nature the stories we are now considering were long
+confined to the common people, and were preserved and transmitted solely
+by oral tradition. It did not occur to any one to write them down from
+the lips of the people until within the present century. The existence
+of these stories is, however, revealed by occasional references, and
+many of them have been preserved, but not in their original form, in
+books designed to entertain more cultivated readers.[1] The earliest
+literary collection of stories having a popular origin was made in the
+sixteenth century by an Italian, Giovan Francesco Straparola, of
+Caravaggio.[2] It is astonishing that a person of Straparola's
+popularity should have left behind him nothing but a name. We only know
+that he was born near the end of the fifteenth century at Caravaggio,
+now a small town half way between Milan and Cremona, but during the
+Middle Ages an important city belonging to the duchy of Milan. In 1550
+he published at Venice a collection of stories in the style of the
+_Decameron_, which was received with the greatest favor. It passed
+through sixteen editions in twenty years, was translated into French and
+often printed in that language, and before the end of the century was
+turned into German. The author feigns that Francesca Gonzaga, daughter
+of Ottaviano Sforza, Duke of Milan, on account of commotions in that
+city, retires to the island of Murano, near Venice, and surrounded by a
+number of distinguished ladies and gentlemen, passes the time in
+listening to stories related by the company. Thirteen nights are spent
+in this way, and seventy-four stories are told, when the approach of
+Lent cuts short the diversion. These stories are of the most varied form
+and origin; many are borrowed without acknowledgment from other writers,
+twenty-four, for example, from the little known Morlini, fifteen from
+Boccaccio, Sachetti, Brevio, Ser Giovanni, the Old-French _fabliaux_,
+the Golden Legend, and the _Romance of Merlin_. Six others are of
+Oriental origin, and may be found in the _Pantschatantra_, _Forty
+Viziers_, _Siddhi Kûr_, and _Thousand and One Nights_.[3] There remain,
+then, twenty-nine stories, the property of Straparola, of which
+twenty-two are _märchen_, or popular tales. We say "the property" of
+Straparola: we mean they had never appeared before in the _literature_
+of Europe, but they were in no sense original with Straparola, being the
+common property which the Occident has inherited from the Orient. There
+is no need of mentioning in detail here these stories as they are
+frequently cited in the notes of the present work, and one, the original
+of the various modern versions of "Puss in Boots," is given at length in
+the notes to Chapter I.[4] Two of Straparola's stories have survived
+their author's oblivion and still live in Perrault's "_Peau d'Ane_" and
+"_Le Chat Botté_," while others in the witty versions of Madame D'Aulnoy
+delighted the romance-loving French society of the seventeenth
+century.[5] Straparola's work had no influence on contemporary Italian
+literature, and was soon forgotten,--an unjust oblivion, for to him
+belongs the honor of having introduced the Fairy Tale into modern
+European literature. He has been criticised for his style and blamed for
+his immorality. The former, it seems to us, is not bad, and the latter
+no worse than that of many contemporaneous writers who have escaped the
+severe judgment meted out to Straparola.
+
+We find no further traces of popular tales until nearly a century later,
+when the first edition of the celebrated _Pentamerone_ appeared at
+Naples in 1637. Its author, Giambattista Basile (known as a writer by
+the anagram of his name, Gian Alesio Abbattutis), is but little better
+known to us than Straparola. He spent his youth in Crete, became known
+to the Venetians, and was received into the _Academia degli
+Stravaganti_. He followed his sister Adriana, a celebrated cantatrice,
+to Mantua, enjoyed the duke's favor, roamed much over Italy, and finally
+returned to Naples, near where he died in 1632.[6] The _Pentamerone_, as
+its title implies, is a collection of fifty stories in the Neapolitan
+dialect, supposed to be narrated, during five days, by ten old women,
+for the entertainment of the person (Moorish slave) who has usurped the
+place of the rightful princess.[7] Basile's work enjoyed the greatest
+popularity in Italy, and was translated into Italian and into the
+dialect of Bologna. It is worthy of notice that the first fairy tale
+which appeared in France, and was the _avant-coureur_ of the host that
+soon followed under the lead of Charles Perrault, "_L'Adroite
+Princesse_," is found in the _Pentamerone_.[8] We know nothing of the
+sources of Basile's work, but it contains the most popular and extended
+of all European tales, and must have been in a great measure drawn
+directly from popular tradition. The style is a wonderful mass of
+conceits, which do not, however, impair the interest in the material,
+and it is safe to say that no people in Europe possesses such a monument
+of its popular tales as the _Pentamerone_. Its influence on Italian
+literature was not greater than that of Straparola's _Piacevoli Notti_.
+From the _Pentamerone_ Lorenzo Lippi took the materials for the second
+_cantare_ of his _Malmantile Racquistato_, and Carlo Gozzi drew on it
+for his curious _fiabe_, the earliest dramatizations of fairy tales,
+which, in our day, after amusing the nursery, have again become the
+vehicles of spectacular dramas. Although there is no proof that Mlle.
+Lhéritier and Perrault took their stories from Straparola and the
+_Pentamerone_, there is little doubt that the French translation of the
+former, which was very popular (Jannet mentions fourteen editions
+between 1560 and 1726) awakened an interest in this class of stories,
+and was thus the origin of that copious French fairy literature, which,
+besides the names mentioned above, includes such well-known writers as
+Mde. D'Aulnoy, the Countess Murat, Mlle. De La Force, and Count Caylus,
+all of whom drew on their Italian prototypes more or less.[9]
+
+Popular as were the two collections above mentioned they produced but
+one imitation, _La Posillecheata_, a collection of five stories in the
+Neapolitan dialect and in the style of the _Pentamerone_, by Pompeo
+Sarnelli, Bishop of Bisceglie, whose anagram is Masillo Reppone. The
+first edition appeared at Naples in 1684, and it has been republished
+twice since then at the same place. The work is exceedingly coarse, and
+has fallen into well-deserved oblivion.[10]
+
+Nearly two centuries elapsed before another collection of Italian tales
+made its appearance. The interest that the brothers Grimm aroused in
+Germany for the collection and preservation of popular traditions did
+not, for obvious reasons, extend to Italy. A people must first have a
+consciousness of its own nationality before it can take sufficient
+interest in its _popular_ literature to inspire even its scholars to
+collect its traditions for the sake of science, to say nothing of
+collections for entertainment. In 1860, Temistocle Gradi, of Siena,
+published in his _Vigilia di Pasqua di Ceppo_, eight, and in his _Saggio
+di Letterature varie_, 1865, four popular tales, as related in Siena.
+These were collected without any other aim than that of entertainment,
+but are valuable for purposes of comparison. No attempt at a scientific
+collection of tales was made until 1869, when Professor De Gubernatis
+published the _Novelline di Santo Stefano_, containing thirty-five
+stories, preceded by an introduction on the relationship of the myth to
+the popular tale. This was the forerunner of numerous collections from
+the various provinces of Italy, which will be found noted in the
+Bibliography. The attention of strangers was early directed to Italian
+tales, and the earliest scientific collection was the work of two
+Germans, Georg Widter and Adam Wolf, who published a translation of
+twenty-one Venetian tales in the _Jahrbuch für romanische und englische
+Literatur_, Vol. VII. (1866), pp. 1-36, 121-154, 249-290, with
+comparative notes by R. Köhler. In the same volume were published, pp.
+381-400, twelve tales from Leghorn, collected by Hermann Knust; and
+finally the eighth volume of the same periodical, pp. 241-260, contains
+three stories from the neighborhood of Sora, in Naples. In 1867
+Schneller published at Innsbruck a German translation of sixty-nine
+tales, collected by him in the Italian Tyrol. Of much greater interest
+and importance than any of the above are the two volumes of Sicilian
+tales, collected and translated into German by Laura Gonzenbach,
+afterwards the wife of the Italian general, La Racine. There are but two
+other collections of Italian stories by foreigners: Miss Busk's
+_Folk-Lore of Rome_, and the anonymous _Tuscan Fairy Tales_ recently
+published.
+
+The number of stories published, in German and English, is about twice
+as many as those published in Italian before Pitrè's collection, being
+over four hundred. Pitrè contains more than all the previous Italian
+publications together, embracing over three hundred tales, etc., besides
+those previously published by him in periodicals and elsewhere. Since
+Pitrè's collection, the three works of Comparetti, Visentini, and
+Nerucci, have added one hundred and eighty tales, not to speak of
+wedding publications, containing from one to five stories. It is, of
+course, impossible to examine separately all these collections,--we will
+mention briefly the most important. To Imbriani is due the first
+collection of tales taken down from the mouths of the people and
+compared with previously published Italian popular tales. In 1871
+appeared his _Novellaja fiorentina_, and in the following year the
+_Novellaja milanese_. These two have been combined, and published as a
+second edition of the _Novellaja fiorentina_, containing fifty
+Florentine and forty-five Milanese tales, besides a number of stories
+from Straparola, the _Pentamerone_, and the Italian novelists, given by
+way of illustration. The stories are accompanied by copious references
+to the rest of Italy, and Liebrecht's references to other European
+parallels. It is an admirable work, but one on which we have drawn but
+seldom, restricting ourselves to the stories in the various dialects as
+much as possible. The Milanese stories are in general very poor versions
+of the typical tales, being distorted and fragmentary. In 1873 Dr.
+Giuseppe Pitrè, of Palermo, well known for his collection of popular
+Sicilian songs, published three specimens of a collection of Sicilian
+popular tales, and two years later gave to the world his admirable work,
+_Fiabe, Novelle e Racconti_, forming vols. IV.-VII. of the _Biblioteca
+delle Tradizioni populari Siciliane_ per cura di Giuseppe Pitrè. It is
+not, however, numerically that Pitrè's collection surpasses all that
+has previously been done in this field. It is a monument of patient,
+thorough research and profound study. Its arrangement is almost
+faultless, the explanatory notes full, while the grammar and glossary
+constitute valuable contributions to the philology of the Italian
+dialects. In the Introduction the author, probably for the first time,
+makes the Sicilian public acquainted with the fundamental principles of
+comparative mythology and its relation to folk-lore, and gives a good
+account of the Oriental sources of the novel. He has, it seems to us,
+very properly confined his notes and comparisons entirely to Italy, with
+references of course to Gonzenbach and Köhler's notes to Widter-Wolf
+when necessary. In other words, his work is a contribution to _Italian_
+folk-lore, and the student of comparative Aryan folk-lore must make his
+own comparisons: a task no longer difficult, thanks to the works of
+Grimm, Hahn, Köhler, Cox, De Gubernatis, etc. The only other collection
+that need be mentioned here is the one in the _Canti e Racconti del
+Popolo italiano_, consisting of the first volume of the _Novellino pop.
+ital._ pub. ed ill. da Dom. Comparetti, and of Visentini's _Fiabe
+Mantovane_. The stories in both of the above works are translated into
+Italian. In the first there is no arrangement by locality or subject;
+and the annotations, instead of being given with each story, are
+reserved for one of the future volumes,--an unhandy arrangement, which
+detracts from the value of the work.
+
+We will now turn our attention from the collections themselves to the
+stories they contain, and examine these first as to their form, and
+secondly as to their contents.
+
+The name applied to the popular tale differs in various provinces, being
+generally a derivative of the Latin _fabula_. So these stories are
+termed _favuli_ and _fràuli_ in parts of Sicily, _favole_ in Rome,
+_fiabe_ in Venice, _foe_ in Liguria, and _fole_ in Bologna. In Palermo
+and Naples they are named _cunti_, _novelle_ and _novelline_ in Tuscany,
+_esempi_ in Milan, and _storie_ in Piedmont.[11] There are few
+peculiarities of form, and they refer almost exclusively to the
+beginning and ending of the stories. Those from Sicily begin either
+with the simple "_cc'era_" (there was), or "_'na vota cc'era_" (there
+was one time), or "_si raccunta chi'na vota cc'era_" (it is related that
+there was one time). Sometimes the formula is repeated, as, "_si cunta e
+s' arricunta_" (it is related and related again), with the addition at
+times of "_a lor signuri_" (to your worships), or the story about to be
+told is qualified as "_stu bellissimu cuntu_" (this very fine story).
+Ordinarily they begin, as do our own, with the formula, "once upon a
+time there was." The ending is also a variable formula, often a couplet
+referring to the happy termination of the tale and the relatively
+unenviable condition of the listeners. The Sicilian ending usually is:--
+
+    "Iddi arristaru filici e cuntenti,
+    E nuàtri semu senza nenti."
+
+(They remained happy and contented, and we are without anything.) The
+last line often is "_E nui semu ccà munnamu li denti_" (And here we are
+picking our teeth), or "_Ma a nui 'un ni dèsinu nenti_" (But to us they
+gave nothing), which corresponds to a Tuscan ending:--
+
+    "Se ne stettero e se la goderono
+    E a me nulla mi diedero."
+
+(They stayed and enjoyed it, and gave nothing to me.) A common Tuscan
+ending is:--
+
+    "In santa pace pia
+    Dite la vostra, ch'io detto la mia."
+
+(In holy pious peace tell yours, for I have told mine.) In some parts of
+Sicily (Polizzi) a similar conclusion is found:--
+
+    "Favula scritta, favula ditta;
+    Diciti la vostra, ca la mia è ditta."
+
+(Story written, story told; tell yours, for mine is told.) So in
+Venice,--
+
+    "Longa la tua, curta la mia;
+    Conta la tua, chè la mia xè finìa."
+
+(Long yours, short mine; tell yours, for mine is ended.) The first line
+is sometimes as follows:--
+
+    "Stretto il viuolo, stretta la via;
+    Dite la vostra, ch'io detto la mia."
+
+(Narrow the path, narrow the way; tell yours, for I have told mine.) The
+most common form of the above Tuscan ending is:--
+
+    "Stretta è la foglia è larga è la via,
+    Dite la vostra chè ho detto la mia."
+
+(Narrow is the leaf, broad is the way, etc.) This same ending is also
+found in Rome.[12] These endings have been omitted in the present work
+as they do not constitute an integral part of the story, and are often
+left off by the narrators themselves. The narrative is usually given in
+the present tense, and in most of the collections is animated and
+dramatic. Very primitive expedients are employed to indicate the lapse
+of time, either the verb indicating the action is repeated, as, "he
+walked, and walked, and walked," a proceeding not unknown to our own
+stories, or such expressions as the following are used: _Cuntu 'un porta
+tempu_, or _lu cuntu 'un metti tempu_, or _'Ntra li cunti nun cc'è
+tempu_, which are all equivalent to, "The story takes no note of time."
+These Sicilian expressions are replaced in Tuscany by the similar one:
+_Il tempo delle novelle passa presto_ ("Time passes quickly in
+stories"). Sometimes the narrator will bring himself or herself into the
+story in a very naive manner; as, for example, when a name is wanted. So
+in telling a Sicilian story which is another version of "The Fair
+Angiola" given in our text, the narrator, Gna Sabbedda, continues: "The
+old woman met her once, and said: 'Here, little girl, whose daughter are
+you?' 'Gna Sabbedda's', for example; I mention myself, but, however, I
+was not there."[13]
+
+If we turn our attention now to the contents of our stories we shall
+find that they do not differ materially from those of the rest of
+Europe, and the same story is found, with trifling variations, all over
+Italy.[14] There is but little local coloring in the fairy tales, and
+they are chiefly interesting for purposes of comparison. We have given
+in our text such a copious selection from all parts of the country that
+the reader can easily compare them for himself with the tales of other
+lands in their more general features. If they are not strikingly
+original they will still, we trust, be found interesting variations of
+familiar themes; and we shall perhaps deem less strange to us a people
+whose children are still amused with the same tales as our own.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY.
+
+
+ARCHIVIO per lo Studio delle Tradizioni popolari. Rivista trimestrale
+diretta da G. Pitrè e S. Salomone-Marino. Palermo, 1882-1885. 8vo.
+
+     The following popular tales have been published in the
+     Archivio: _Novelle popolari toscane_, edited by G. Pitrè, vol.
+     I. pp. 35-69, 183-205, 520-540; vol. II. pp. 157-172. _La
+     Storia del Re Crin_, collected by A. Arietti [Piedmont], vol.
+     I. pp. 424-429. _Cuntu di lu Ciropiddhu, novellina popolare
+     messinese_, collected by T. Cannizzaro, vol. I. pp. 518-519.
+     _Novelle popolari sarde_, collected by P. E. Guarnerio, vol.
+     II. pp. 19-38, 185-206, 481-502; vol. III. pp. 233-240. _La
+     Cenerentola a Parma e a Camerino_, collected by Caterina
+     Pigorini-Beri, vol. II. pp. 45-58. _Fiabe popolari crennesi_
+     [_provincia di Milano_], collected by V. Imbriani, vol. II. pp.
+     73-81. _Fiaba veneziana_ [= Pitrè, xxxix.], collected by
+     Cristoforo Pasqualigo, vol. II. pp. 353-358. _Il Re Porco,
+     novellina popolare marchigiana_, collected by Miss R. H. Busk,
+     vol. II. pp. 403-409. _Tre novellini pugliesi di Cerignola_,
+     collected by N. Zingarelli, vol. III. pp. 65-72. _La Bona Fia,
+     fiaba veneziana_, collected by A. Dalmedico, vol. III. pp.
+     73-74. _Tradizioni popolari abruzzesi, Novelle_, collected by
+     G. Finamore, vol. III. pp. 359-372, 331-350. _I Tre Maghi
+     ovverosia Il Merlo Bianco, novella popolare montalese_,
+     collected by G. Nerucci, vol. III. pp. 373-388, 551-568.
+
+
+BARTOLI, A., E G. SANSONI.
+
+Una novellina e una poesia popolare gragnolesi. Florence, 1881. 8^o. Pp.
+15. Per le Nozze Biagi-Piroli. Edizione di 100 copie numerate.
+
+     The _novellina_ is a version of Pitrè, Nos. 159, 160 ("The
+     Treasure of Rhampsinitus").
+
+
+BASILE, GIAMBATTISTA.
+
+Lo Cunto de li Cunti. Overo Lo Trattenemiento de Peccerille. De Gian
+Alesio Abbattutis. Iornate Cinco. Naples, Per Camillo Cavallo. 1644.
+12^o.
+
+Il conto de' conti trattenimento a' fanciulli. Trasportato dalla
+Napolitana all' Italiana favella, ed adornato di bellissime Figure.
+Naples, 1784.
+
+La Chiaqlira dla Banzola o per dir mìi Fol divers tradutt dal parlar
+Napulitan in lengua Bulgnesa per rimedi innucent dla sonn, e dla
+malincunj. Dedicà al merit singular dl gentilessem sgnori d' Bulogna.
+Bologna, 1813. 4^o.
+
+Der Pentamerone oder: Das Märchen aller Märchen von Giambattista Basile.
+Aus dem Neapolitanischen übertragen von Felix Liebrecht. Nebst einer
+Vorrede von Jacob Grimm. 2 vols. Breslau, 1846. 8^o.
+
+The Pentamerone, or the Story of Stories, Fun for the Little Ones. By
+Giambattista Basile. Translated from the Neapolitan by John Edward
+Taylor. With Illustrations by George Cruikshank. Second edition. London,
+1850. 8^o.
+
+Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen.
+Herausgegeben von Ludwig Herrig. Vol. XLV. p. 1. Eine
+neapolitanische Märchen-sammlung aus der ersten Hälfte des
+XVII. Jahrhunderts--Pentamerone des Giambattista Basile.
+
+
+BASILE, GIAMBATTISTA. Archivio di Letteratura popolare. Naples, 1883-85.
+
+     A monthly periodical devoted to popular literature. The volumes
+     which have already appeared contain a large number of popular
+     tales collected at Naples or in the vicinity.
+
+
+BERNONI, DOM. GIUSEPPE.
+
+Fiabe popolari veneziane raccolte da Dom. Giuseppe Bernoni. Venice,
+1875. 8^o.
+
+Leggende fantastiche popolari veneziane raccolte da Dom. Giuseppe
+Bernoni. Venice, 1873. 8^o.
+
+Le Strighe: Leggende popolari veneziane raccolte da Dom. Giuseppe
+Bernoni. Venice, 1874. 16^o.
+
+Tradizioni popolari veneziane raccolte da Dom. Giuseppe Bernoni. Puntate
+I.-IV. Venice, 1875-77.
+
+
+BOLOGNINI, DR. NEPOMUCENO.
+
+Fiabe e Legende della Valle di Rendena nel Trentino. Rovereto, 1881.
+8^o. Pp. 50. [Estratto dal VII. Annuario della Società degli Alpinisti
+Tridentini.]
+
+
+BUSK, R. H.
+
+Household Stories from the Land of Hofer; or, Popular Myths of Tirol,
+including the Rose-Garden of King Lareyn. London, 1871. 8^o.
+
+The Folk-Lore of Rome. Collected by word of mouth from the people. By R.
+H. Busk. London, 1874. 8^o.
+
+
+CANTI E RACCONTI DEL POPOLO ITALIANO.
+
+     See Comparetti and Visentini.
+
+
+COMPARETTI, DOMENICO.
+
+Novelline popolari italiane pubblicate ed illustrate da Domenico
+Comparetti. Vol. I. Turin, 1875. 8^o.
+
+In Canti e Racconti del Popolo italiano. Pubblicati per cura di D.
+Comparetti ed A. D'Ancona. Vol. VI.
+
+
+COOTE, HENRY CHARLES.
+
+Some Italian Folk-Lore, Folk-Lore Record, I., pp. 187-215.
+
+     Notice of Comparetti's Nov. pop. ital., with translations.
+
+
+CORAZZINI, FRANCESCO.
+
+I Componimenti minori della letteratura popolare italiana nei principali
+dialetti o saggio di letteratura dialettale comparata. Benevento, 1877.
+8^o.
+
+     Novelle toscane, beneventane, apicese (Benvento), bolognese,
+     bergamasca e vicentina. Pp. 409-489.
+
+
+CORONEDI-BERTI, CAROLINA.
+
+Novelle popolari bolognesi raccolte da Carolina Coronedi-Berti. Bologna,
+1874. 8^o.
+
+La Fola dêl Muretein, Novellina popolare Bolognese. Estratto dalla
+Rivista Europea. Florence, 1873. 8^o. Pp. 9.
+
+
+CRANE, T. F.
+
+A Nursery Tale. The Cornell Review, May, 1876, pp. 337-347.
+
+Italian Fairy Tales. St. Nicholas, December, 1878, pp. 101-107.
+
+Italian Popular Tales. North American Review, July, 1876, pp. 25-60.
+
+Le Novelle Popolari Italiane. In Giornale di Sicilia. Palermo. Nos.
+186-188, 190, 195, 206, 207, 216, 225, 236, 239, 240. Aug.-Oct., 1877.
+
+     Italian translation of above Article.
+
+Recent Italian Popular Tales. The Academy, London, March 22, 1879, pp.
+262-263.
+
+Sicilian Folk-Lore. Lippincott's Magazine, October, 1876, pp. 433-443.
+
+     Devoted to Pitrè's collection.
+
+La Novellistica Popolare di Sicilia per T. F. Crane. Versione dall'
+Inglese per F. Polacci Nuccio. Estratto dalle Nuove Effemeridi
+Siciliane, Vol. VI. Palermo, 1877. 8^o. Pp. 26.
+
+     Italian translation of above Article.
+
+
+DE GUBERNATIS, A.
+
+Le Novelline di Santo Stefano raccolte da Angelo De Gubernatis e
+precedute da una introduzione sulla parentela del mito con la novella.
+Turin, 1869. 8^o.
+
+     See Rivista di Letteratura Popolare.
+
+Zoölogical Mythology, or the Legends of Animals. By Angelo De
+Gubernatis. 2 vols. London, 1872. 8^o.
+
+
+DE NINO, ANTONIO.
+
+Usi e Costumi Abruzzesi. Vol. III. Fiabe. Florence, 1883. 16^o.
+
+
+FINAMORE, GENNARO.
+
+Tradizioni popolari abruzzesi. Vol. I. Novelle. Prima Parte, Lanciano,
+1882. 8^o. Parte seconda, Lanciano, 1885.
+
+
+FRIZZI, GIUSEPPE.
+
+Novella montanina, Florence, 1876. 8^o. Pp. 36. Edizione di 150
+esemplari.
+
+
+GARGIOLLI, CARLO.
+
+Novelline e Canti popolari delle Marche. Fano, 1878. 8^o. Pp. 18.
+
+     Per le Nozze Imbriani-Rosnati.
+
+
+GIANANDREA, ANTONIO.
+
+Biblioteca delle Tradizioni popolari marchigiane. Novelline e Fiabe
+popolari marchigiane raccolte e annotate da Antonio Gianandrea. Jesi,
+1878. 12^o. Punt. I. pp. 32.
+
+     See Academy, March 22, 1879, p. 262.
+
+Della novella del Petit Poucet. In Giornale di Filologia Romanza, II.,
+pp. 231-234.
+
+     A few copies were printed separately.
+
+
+GONZENBACH, LAURA.
+
+Sicilianische Märchen. Aus dem Volksmund gesammelt von Laura Gonzenbach.
+Mit Anmerkungen Reinhold Köhler's und einer Einleitung herausgegeben
+von Otto Hartwig. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1870. 8^o.
+
+
+GRADI, TEMISTOCLE.
+
+Saggio di Letture varie per i Giovani di Temistocle Gradi da Siena.
+Turin, 1865. 8^o.
+
+La Vigilia di Pasqua di Ceppo. Otto Novelle di Temistocle Gradi. Coll'
+aggiunta di due racconti. Turin, 1860. 8^o.
+
+
+GUARNERIO, P. E.
+
+Una novellina nel dialetto di Luras in Gallura (Sardinia). Milan, 1884.
+Per le Nozze Vivante-Ascoli. Edizione di soli L. esemplari.
+
+     An incomplete version of the Cupid and Psyche myth.
+
+
+IMBRIANI, VITTORIO.
+
+La Novellaja fiorentina cioè fiabe e novelline stenografate in Firenze
+dal dettato popolare e corredate di qualche noterella da Vittorio
+Imbriani. Naples, 1871. Esemplari 150. 16^o.
+
+La Novellaja milanese, esempii e panzane lombarde raccolte nel Milanese
+da Vittorio Imbriani. Bologna, 1872. Esemplari 40. 8^o.
+
+Paralipomeni alla Novellaja Milanese. Bologna, pp. 9. Tratura a parte
+del Propugnatore, Vol. VI. Esemplari 30.
+
+'A 'Ndriana Fata. Cunto pomiglianese. Per nozze. Pomigliano d' Arco,
+1875. 8^o. Pp. 14. 250 esemplari fuori di commercio.
+
+Due Fiabe Toscane annotate da V. I. Esemplari 100. Naples, 1876. 8^o.
+Pp. 23.
+
+     These _fiabe_ are also in Nerucci, pp. 10, 18.
+
+Dodici conti pomiglianesi con varianti avellinesi, montellesi,
+bagnolesi, milanesi, toscane, leccesi, ecc. Illustrati da Vittorio
+Imbriani. Naples, 1877. 8^o.
+
+'E Sette Mane-Mozze. In dialetto di Avellino. Principato Ulteriore.
+Pomigliano d'Arco, 1877. 8^o. Per le nozze Pitrè-Vitrano. Esemplari cc.
+Fuori commercio.
+
+La Novellaja Fiorentina. Fiabe e Novelline stenografate in Firenze dal
+dettato popolare da Vittorio Imbriani. Ristampa accresciuta di molte
+novelle inedite, di numerosi riscontri e di note, nelle quali è accolta
+integralmente La Novellaja Milanese dello stesso raccoglitore. Leghorn,
+1877. 8^o.
+
+
+IVE, ANTONIO.
+
+Fiabe popolari rovignesi. Per le Nozze Ive-Lorenzetto, XXVIII.
+Novembre, 1877. Vienna, 1877. 8^o. Pp. 32. Edizione fuori di commercio
+di soli 100 esemplari.
+
+     See Academy, March 22, 1879, p. 262.
+
+Fiabe popolari rovignesi raccolte ed annotate da Antonio Ive. Per le
+Nozze Ive-Rocco. Vienna, 1878. 8^o. Pp. 26. Edizione fuori di commercio
+di soli 100 esemplari.
+
+     See Academy, March 22, 1879, p. 262
+
+
+KADEN, WOLDEMAR.
+
+Unter den Olivenbäumen. Süditalienische Volksmärchen. Nacherzählt,
+Leipzig, 1880. 8^o.
+
+     Of the forty-four stories in this work thirty-four are
+     translated from Pitrè's Fiabe, six from Comparetti's Nov. pop.
+     ital., and three from Imbriani's XII. Conti pomig., without any
+     acknowledgment. This plagiarism was first exposed by R. Köhler
+     in the Literarisches Centralblatt, 1881, vol. XXXII. p. 337,
+     and afterwards by Pitrè in the Nuove Effemeridi siciliane,
+     1881.
+
+
+KNUST, HERMANN.
+
+Italienische Märchen. (Leghorn.) In Jahrbuch für romanische und
+englische Literatur. Leipzig, 1866. Vol. VII. Pp. 381-401.
+
+
+KOEHLER, REINHOLD.
+
+Italienische Volksmärchen. (Sora). In Jahrbuch für romanische und
+englische Literatur. Leipzig, 1867. Vol. VIII. Pp. 241-260.
+
+
+MARC-MONNIER.
+
+Les Contes de Nourrice de la Sicile, d'après des recueils nouveaux
+publiés récemment in Italie. Revue des Deux Mondes, 15 Aug., 1875.
+
+     Devoted to Pitrè's collection.
+
+Les Contes de Pomigliano et la filiation des Mythes populaires. Revue
+des Deux Mondes, 1 Nov., 1877.
+
+Contes populaires de l'Italie. Les Contes de Toscane et de Lombardie.
+Revue des Deux Mondes, 1 Dec., 1879.
+
+     Devoted to the Novellaja Fiorentina of Imbriani.
+
+Les Contes populaires en Italie. Paris, 1880. 16^o.
+
+     Reprint of the above articles.
+
+
+MOROSI, PROF. DOTT. GIUSEPPE.
+
+Studi sui Dialetti Greci della Terra d' Otranto. Preceduto da una
+raccolta di Canti, Leggende, Proverbi, e Indovinelli. Lecce, 1870. 4^o.
+Leggende, pp. 73-77.
+
+
+NERUCCI, PROF. GHERARDO.
+
+Sessanta novelle popolari montalesi (Circondario di Pistoja). Florence,
+1880. 12^o.
+
+Cincelle da Bambini in nella stietta parlatura rustica d' i' Montale
+Pistolese. Pistoia, 1881. 8^o.
+
+
+ORTOLI, J. B. FRÉDÉRIC.
+
+Les Contes populaires de l'Ile de la Corse. Paris, 1883. 8^o.
+
+     Vol. XVI. of Littératures populaires de toutes les Nations,
+     Paris, Maisonneuve.
+
+
+PANZANEGA D' ON RE.
+
+In dialetto di Crenna [Provincia di Milano]. Rome, 1876. 8^o. Pp. 15.
+200 esemplari fuori di commercio.
+
+
+PAPANTI, GIOVANNI.
+
+Novelline popolari livornesi raccolte e annotate da Giovanni Papanti.
+Leghorn, 1877. 8^o. Pp. 29.
+
+     Per le nozze Pitrè-Vitrano. Edizione fuori di commercio di soli
+     150 esemplari.
+
+
+PELLIZZARI, P.
+
+Fiabe e Canzoni popolari del Contado di Maglie in Terra d' Otranto.
+Fasc. I. Maglie, 1884. 8^o. Pp. 143.
+
+
+PITRÈ, GIUSEPPE.
+
+Saggio (Primo) di Fiabe e Novelle popolari Siciliane raccolte da
+Giuseppe Pitrè. Palermo, 1873. 8^o. Pp. 16.
+
+Nuovo Saggio (Secundo) di Fiabe e Novelle popolari Siciliane raccolte ed
+illustrate da Giuseppe Pitrè. Estratto dalla Rivista di Filologia
+Romanza, vol. I., fasc. II. e III. Imola, 1873. 8^o. Pp. 34.
+
+Otto Fiabe (Terzo Saggio) e Novelle Siciliane raccolte dalla bocca del
+Popolo ed annotate da Giuseppe Pitrè. Bologna, 1873. Estratto dal
+Propugnatore, Vol. VI. 8^o. Pp. 42.
+
+Novelline popolari siciliane raccolte in Palermo ed annotate da Giuseppe
+Pitrè. Palermo, 1873. 8^o.
+
+     Edizione di soli 100 esemplari.
+
+Fiabe, Novelle e Racconti. 4 vols. Palermo, 1875. 8^o.[B]
+
+     Biblioteca delle tradizioni popolari siciliane per cura di
+     Giuseppe Pitrè. Vols. IV.-VII.
+
+[Footnote B: When Pitrè is mentioned without any other qualification
+than that of a numeral, this work is understood.]
+
+La Scatola di Cristallo. Novellina popolare senese raccolta da Giuseppe
+Pitrè. Palermo, 1875. 8^o.
+
+     Per le Nozze Montuoro-Di Giovanni.
+
+Cinque novelline popolari siciliane ora per la prima volta pubblicate da
+G. Pitrè. Palermo, 1878. 8^o.
+
+     Per le Nozze Salomone Marino-Abate. Ediz. di 50 esemplari. See
+     Academy, March 22, 1879, p. 262.
+
+Novelline popolari toscane ora per la prima volta pubblicate da G.
+Pitrè. Il Medico grillo. Vocaboli. La Gamba. Serpentino. Palermo, 1878.
+8^o. Pp. 16.
+
+     Per le Nozze Imbriani-Rosnati. Tirato a soli 25 esemplari.
+
+Una variante toscana della novella del Petit Poucet. 8^o. Pp. 6.
+
+     Estratto dalla Rivista di Lett. Pop. Vol. I. pp. 161-166.
+
+La Tinchina dell' alto Mare. Fiaba toscana raccolta ed illustrata da
+Giuseppe Pitrè. Quattrasteriscopoli, 1882. 8^o. Pp. 14.
+
+     Per le Nozze Papanti-Giraudini. Esemplari novanta.
+
+Il Zoccolo di Legno, Novella popolare fiorentina. In Giornale Napoletano
+della Domenica, 2 July, 1882. [= Pitrè, Fiabe, No. XIII.]
+
+I tre pareri. Novella popolare toscana di Pratovecchio nel Cosentino. In
+Giornale Napoletano della Domenica, 20 August, 1882. [= Pitrè, Fiabe,
+No. CXCVII.]
+
+Novelle popolari toscane. Florence, 1885. 16^o.
+
+     Collected by Giovanni Siciliano. A few of the stories in this
+     collection have already been published in the Archivio per lo
+     Studio delle Tradizioni popolari.
+
+
+PRATO, STANISLAO.
+
+La Leggenda Indiana di Nala in una Novellina popolare Pitiglianese. 8^o.
+Pp. 8. Extract from I Nuovi Goliardi.
+
+La Leggenda del Tesoro di Rampsinite nelle varie redazioni Italiane e
+Straniere. Como, 1882. 8^o. Pp. xii., 51. Edizione di soli 100 esemplari
+numerati.
+
+Una Novellina popolare monferrina. Como, 1882. 8^o. Pp. 67. Edizione di
+soli 80 esemplari.
+
+Quattro Novelline popolare livornesi accompagnate da varianti umbre
+raccolte, pubblicate ed illustrate con note comparative. Spoleto, 1880.
+Gr. 8^o. Pp. 168.
+
+L' Uomo nella Luna. Fol. pp. 4. Estratto dalla rivista di Ancona: Il
+Preludio, del 30 gennaio, 1881.
+
+L' Orma del Leone, un racconto orientale nella tradizione popolare.
+Romania XII., pp. 535-565.
+
+
+RALSTON, W. R. S.
+
+Sicilian Fairy Tales. Fraser's Magazine, New Series, vol. XIII. 1876,
+pp. 423-433.
+
+
+RIVISTA DI LETTERATURA POPOLARE DIRETTA DA G. PITRÈ, F. SABATINI. Rome,
+1877.
+
+Vol. I., pp. 81-86, contains _Novelline di Sto. Stefano di Calcinaia_ in
+continuation of _Le Novelline di Santo Stefano_, see De Gubernatis; p.
+161, G. Pitrè, _Una variante toscana della novella del Petit Poucet_; p.
+213, R. Köhler _Das Räthselmärchen von dem ermordeten Geliebten_; p.
+266, G. Pitrè, _La Lucerna, nov. pop. tosc._; p. 288, F. Sabatini, _La
+Lanterna, nov. pop. bergamasca_.
+
+
+ROMANE, QUATTRO NOVELLINE POPOLARI. Nel giornale Il Manzoni (Spoleto),
+No. 1, 1 Marzo, 1880.
+
+
+SABATINI, FRANCESCO.
+
+La Lanterna. Novella popolare siciliana pubblicata ed illustrata a cura
+di Francesco Sabatini. Imola, 1878. 8^o. Pp. 19.
+
+     Per le nozzi Salomone-Marino-Abate. Edizione di soli 180
+     esemplari. See Academy, March 22, 1879, p. 262.
+
+
+SARNELLI, POMPEO, BISHOP OF BISCEGLIE.
+
+La Posillecheata de Masillo Reppone di Gnanopole. Naples, 1789. In
+Collezione di tutti li poeti in lingua Napoletana. 28 vols. 12^o.
+Naples, 1789.
+
+
+SCALAGERI DELLA FRATTA, CAMILLO.
+
+Sette novellette, non più ristampate da oltre due secoli, ripubblicate
+da V. Imbriani. Pomigliano d'Arco, 1875. 8^o. Pp. 15. Soli 150
+esemplari.
+
+
+SCHNELLER, CHRISTIAN.
+
+Märchen und Sagen aus Wälschtirol. Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Sagenkunde.
+Gesammelt von Christian Schneller. Innsbruck, 1867. 8^o.
+
+
+SOMMA, MICHELE.
+
+Cento Racconti per divertire gli amici nelle ore oziose e nuovi brindisi
+per spasso nelle tavole e nelle conversazioni. Messina, 1883. 16^o.
+
+     The book really contains one hundred and thirty-one stories,
+     and deserves mention here solely for its relation to the class
+     of stories discussed in Chapter VI.
+
+
+STRAPAROLA, GIOVAN FRANCESCO.
+
+Piacevoli Notti di M. Giovan Francesco Straparola da Caravaggio, Nelle
+quali si contengono le Favole con i loro Enimmi da dieci donne, et da
+duo giovani raccontate. 2 vols. Venice, Per Comin da Trino di
+Monferrato, 1562. 8^o.
+
+Le Tredici Piacevolissime Notte di M. Gio: Francesco Straparola da
+Caravaggio. Divise in due libri... con licenza de' superiori. Venice,
+1604. Appresso Zanetto Zanetti. 8^o. Con figure.
+
+Les Facetieuses Nuits de Straparole. Traduites par Jean Louveau et
+Pierre de Larivey. 2 vols. Paris, 1857. 8^o.
+
+     Bibliothèque elzeverienne.
+
+Die Märchen des Straparola. Aus dem Italienischen, mit Anmerkungen von
+Dr. F. W. V. Schmidt. Berlin, 1817. 8^o. In Märchen-Saal. Sammlung alter
+Märchen mit Anmerkungen; herausgegeben von Dr. F. W. V. Schmidt. Erster
+Band.
+
+Giovan Francesco Straparola da Caravaggio. Inaugural-Dissertation zur
+Erlangung der philosophischen Doctorwürde in Göttingen von F. W. J.
+Brakelmann. Göttingen, 1867. 8^o.
+
+
+TEZA, E.
+
+La Tradizione dei Sette Savi nelle novelline magiare di E. Teza.
+Bologna, 1874. Pp. 56. Contains: _Mila e Buccia, novellina veneziana_,
+p. 26; _La Novellina del Papagallo, novellina toscana_, p. 52.
+
+
+TUSCAN FAIRY TALES (Taken down from the Mouths of the People). With
+sixteen illustrations by J. Stanley, engraved by Edmund Evans. London,
+1880. 16^o.
+
+
+VENETIAN POPULAR LEGENDS.
+
+The Cornhill Magazine, July, 1875, pp. 80-90.
+
+     Devoted to Bernoni's collections.
+
+
+VISENTINI, ISAIA.
+
+Fiabe Mantovane raccolte da Isaia Visentini. Turin, 1879. In Canti e
+Racconti del Popolo italiano. Vol. VII.
+
+
+WIDTER-WOLF.
+
+Volksmärchen aus Venetian. Gesammelt und herausgegeben von Georg Widter
+und Adam Wolf. Mit Nachweisen und Vergleichungen verwandter Märchen von
+Reinhold Köhler. In Jahrbuch für romanische und englische Literatur.
+Leipzig, 1866. VII. vol., pp. 1-36; 121-154; 249-290.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF STORIES.
+
+
+Those marked with an * are translated from the dialect; those in italics
+are found in the notes.
+
+                                                                       PAGE
+I. * THE KING OF LOVE. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 18, _Lu Re d'Amuri_)         1
+
+II. ZELINDA AND THE MONSTER. (Tuscan, Nerucci, No. 1, _Zelinda e
+    il Mostro_)                                                           7
+
+III. * KING BEAN. (Venetian, Bernoni, _Fiabe_, No. 17, _El Re
+       de Fava_)                                                         12
+
+IV. * THE DANCING WATER, THE SINGING APPLE AND THE SPEAKING
+      BIRD. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 36, _Li Figghi di lu Cavuliciddaru_)   17
+
+V. THE FAIR ANGIOLA. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No. 53,
+    _Von der schönen Angiola_)                                           26
+
+VI. THE CLOUD. (Tuscan, Comparetti, No. 32, _La Nuvolaccia_)             30
+
+VII. * THE CISTERN. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 80, _La Jisterna_)             36
+
+VIII. * THE GRIFFIN. (Neapolitan, Imbriani, _Pomiglianesi_,
+        p. 195, _L'Auciello Crifone_)                                    40
+
+IX. CINDERELLA. (Tuscan, _Novellaja fiorentina_, p. 151,
+    _La Cenerentola_)                                                    42
+
+X. * FAIR MARIA WOOD. (Vincenza, Corazzini, p. 484,
+     _La Bela Maria del Legno_)                                          48
+
+XI. * THE CURSE OF THE SEVEN CHILDREN. (Bolognese,
+      Coronedi-Berti, No. 19, _La Malediziôn di Sèt Fiù_)                54
+
+XII. ORAGGIO AND BIANCHINETTA. (Tuscan, _Novellaja
+     fiorentina_, p. 314, _Oraggio e Bianchinetta_)                      58
+
+XIII. THE FAIR FIORITA. (Basilicata, Comparetti, No. 20,
+      _La Bella Fiorita_)                                                61
+
+XIV. * BIERDE. (Istrian, Ive, 1877, p. 13, _Bierde_)                     68
+
+XV. * SNOW-WHITE-FIRE-RED. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 13,
+      _Bianca-comu-nivi-russa-comu-focu_)                                72
+
+XVI. HOW THE DEVIL MARRIED THREE SISTERS. (Venetian,
+     Widter-Wolf, No. 11, _Der Teufel heirathet drei Schwestern_)        78
+
+XVII. IN LOVE WITH A STATUE. (Piedmontese, Comparetti,
+      No. 29, _L'Innamorato d'una Statua_)                               85
+
+XVIII. * THIRTEENTH. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 33, _Tridicinu_)              90
+
+XIX. * THE COBBLER. (Milanese, _Novellaja fiorentina_,
+       p. 575, _El Sciavattin_)                                          94
+
+XX. SIR FIORANTE, MAGICIAN. (Tuscan, De Gubernatis,
+    _Sto. Stefano_, No. 14, _Sor Fiorante mago_)                        322
+
+XXI. THE CRYSTAL CASKET. (Tuscan, _La Scatola di Cristallo
+     raccolta da_ G. Pitrè)                                             326
+
+XXII. * THE STEPMOTHER. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 283, _La
+        Parrastra_)                                                     331
+
+XXIII. * WATER AND SALT. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 10, _L'Acqua
+         e lu Sali_)                                                    333
+
+XXIV. * THE LOVE OF THE THREE ORANGES. (Istrian, Ive,
+        1878, p. 3, _L'Amur dei tri Narançi_)                           338
+
+XXV. THE KING WHO WANTED A BEAUTIFUL WIFE. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach,
+     No. 73, _Von dem Könige, der eine schöne Frau wollte_)              97
+
+XXVI. * THE BUCKET. (Milanese, _Novellaja fiorentina_,
+        p. 190, _El Sidellin_)                                          100
+
+XXVII. THE TWO HUMPBACKS. (Tuscan, _Novellaja fiorentina_,
+       p. 559, _I due Gobbi_)                                           103
+
+XXVIII. THE STORY OF CATHERINE AND HER FATE. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach,
+        No. 21, _Die Geschichte von Caterina und ihrem Schicksal_)      105
+
+XXIX. * THE CRUMB IN THE BEARD. (Bolognese, Coronedi-Berti,
+        No. 15, _La Fola d' Brisla in Barba_)                           110
+
+XXX. * THE FAIRY ORLANDA. (Neapolitan, _Novellaja
+       fiorentina_, p. 333, _'A Fata Orlanna_)                          114
+
+XXXI. THE SHEPHERD WHO MADE THE KING'S DAUGHTER LAUGH.
+      (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No. 31, _Von dem Schäfer der
+      die Königstochter zum Lachen brachte_)                            119
+
+XXXII. THE ASS THAT LAYS MONEY. (Tuscan, Nerucci,
+       No. 43, _Il Ciuchino caca-zecchini_)                             123
+
+XXXIII. * DON JOSEPH PEAR. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 88,
+          _Don Giuseppi Piru_)                                          127
+
+XXXIV. PUSS IN BOOTS. (Straparola, XI. 1.)                              348
+
+XXXV. * FAIR BROW. (Istrian, Ive, 1877, p. 19, _Biela Fronte_)          131
+
+XXXVI. LIONBRUNO. (Basilicata, Comparetti, No. 41, _Lionbruno_)         136
+
+XXXVII. * THE PEASANT AND THE MASTER. (Sicilian,
+          Pitrè, No. 194, _Lu Burgisi e lu Patruni_)                    150
+
+XXXVIII. THE INGRATES. (Piedmontese, Comparetti, No. 67, _Gli Ingrati_) 150
+
+XXXIX. * THE TREASURE. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 138, _La Truvatura_)       156
+
+XL. * THE SHEPHERD. (Milanese, _Novellaja fiorentina_,
+      p. 572, _El Pegorée_)                                             156
+
+XLI. * THE THREE ADMONITIONS. (Sicilian, Pitrè,
+       No. 197, _Li tri Rigordi_)                                       157
+
+XLII. * VINEYARD I WAS AND VINEYARD I AM. (Venetian,
+        Bernoni, _Trad. pop. venez., Punt._ I. p. 11,
+        _Vigna era e Vigna son_)                                        159
+
+XLIII. THE LANGUAGE OF ANIMALS. (Piedmontese,
+       Comparetti, No. 56, _Il Linguaggio degli Animali_)               161
+
+XLIV. * THE MASON AND HIS SON. (Sicilian, Pitrè,
+        No. 160, _Lu Muraturi e sò Figghiu_)                            163
+
+XLV. THE PARROT. FIRST VERSION. (Tuscan, Comparetti,
+     No. 1, _Il Pappagallo_)                                            168
+
+XLVI. THE PARROT. SECOND VERSION. (Tuscan, Teza,
+      _La Tradizione dei Sette Savi_, etc., p. 52, _La Novellina
+      del Papagallo_)                                                   169
+
+XLVII. * THE PARROT WHICH TELLS THREE STORIES. THIRD VERSION.
+         (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 2, _Lu Pappagaddu chi cunta tri cunti_)  173
+           First Story of the Parrot                                    175
+           Second Story of the Parrot                                   178
+           Third Story of the Parrot                                    180
+
+XLVIII. * TRUTHFUL JOSEPH. (Neapolitan, _Pomiglianesi_,
+          p. 1, _Giuseppe 'A Veretà_)                                   184
+
+XLIX. _The Man, the Serpent, and the Fox._ (Otranto,
+       Morosi, p. 75)                                                   354
+
+L. * THE LORD, ST. PETER, AND THE APOSTLES.
+     (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 123, _Lu Signuri, S. Petru e
+     li Apostuli_)                                                      186
+
+LI. THE LORD, ST. PETER, AND THE BLACKSMITH.
+    (Venetian, Widter-Wolf, No. 5, _Der Herrgott, St.
+    Peter und der Schmied_)                                             188
+
+LII. * IN THIS WORLD ONE WEEPS AND ANOTHER LAUGHS.
+       (Sicilian, Pitrè, _Cinque nov. pop. sicil._,
+       p. 7, _A stu munnu cu' chianci e cu' ridi_)                      190
+
+LIII. * THE ASS. (Sicilian, Pitrè, _Cinque nov. pop. sicil._,
+        p. 8, _Lu Sceccu_)                                              190
+
+LIV. ST. PETER AND HIS SISTERS. (Tyrolese, Schneller,
+     p. 6, _St. Petrus und seine Schwestern_)                           193
+
+LV. * PILATE. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 119, _Pilatu_)                      194
+
+LVI. * THE STORY OF JUDAS. (Sicilian, Pitrè, vol. I.
+       p. cxxxviii., _Lu Cuntu di Giuda_)                               195
+
+LVII. * DESPERATE MALCHUS. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 120,
+        _Marcu dispiratu_)                                              196
+
+LVIII. * MALCHUS AT THE COLUMN. (Venetian, Bernoni,
+         _Preghiere pop. veneziane_, p. 18, _Malco a la Colona_)        197
+
+LIX. * THE STORY OF BUTTADEU. (Sicilian, Pitrè,
+       vol. I. p. cxxxiii., _La Storia di Buttadeu_)                    197
+
+LX. THE STORY OF CRIVÒLIU. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach,
+    No. 85, _Vom Crivòliu_)                                             198
+
+LXI. THE STORY OF ST. JAMES OF GALICIA. (Sicilian,
+     Gonzenbach, No. 90, _Die Geschichte von San
+  Japicu alla Lizia_)                                                   202
+
+LXII. * THE BAKER'S APPRENTICE. (Sicilian, Pitrè,
+        No. 111, _Lu Giuvini di lu Furnaru_)                            212
+
+LXIII. * OCCASION. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 124, _Accaciùni_)              215
+
+LXIV. * BROTHER GIOVANNONE. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No.
+        125, _Fra Giugannuni_)                                          217
+
+LXV. GODFATHER MISERY. (Tuscan, De Gubernatis,
+  _Sto. Stefano_, No. 32, _Compar Miseria_)                             221
+
+LXVI. BEPPO PIPETTA. (Venetian, Widter-Wolf, No. 7, _Beppo Pipetta_)    222
+
+LXVII. * THE JUST MAN. (Venetian, Bernoni, _Trad. pop.
+         venez., Punt._ I. p. 6, _El Giusto_)                           226
+
+LXVIII. * OF A GODFATHER AND A GODMOTHER OF ST. JOHN WHO MADE LOVE.
+         (Venetian, Bernoni, _Leggende_, p. 3, _De una comare e un
+         compare de San Zuane che i conversava in fra de lori_)         228
+
+LXIX. * THE GROOMSMAN. (Venetian, Bernoni, _Leggende_,
+        p. 7, _De un compare de l' anelo ch' el gà strucà la
+        man a la sposa co cativa intenzion_)                            231
+
+LXX. * THE PARISH PRIEST OF SAN MARCUOLA. (Venetian, Bernoni,
+       _Leggende_, p. 17, _De un piovan de San Marcuola, che gà
+       dito che i morti in dove che i xè i resta_)                      234
+
+LXXI. * THE GENTLEMAN WHO KICKED A SKULL. (Venetian,
+        Bernoni, _Leggende_, p. 19, _De un signor che
+        gà dà 'na peada a un cragno da morto_)                          236
+
+LXXII. * _The Gossips of St. John._ (Sicilian, Pitrè, No.
+         110, _Li Cumpari di S. Giuvanni_)                              369
+
+LXXIII. * SADDAEDDA. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 128, _Saddaedda_)            238
+
+LXXIV. * MR. ATTENTIVE. (Venetian, Bernoni, _Punt._ II.
+         p. 53, _Sior Intento_)                                         240
+
+LXXV. * THE STORY OF THE BARBER. (Sicilian, Pitrè,
+        No. 141, _Lu Cuntu di lu Varveri_)                              241
+
+LXXVI. * DON FIRRIULIEDDU. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 130,
+         _Don Firriulieddu_)                                            241
+
+LXXVII. LITTLE CHICK-PEA. (Tuscan, _Rivista di Lett.
+        pop._ I. p. 161, _Cecino_)                                      242
+
+LXXVIII. * PITIDDA. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 131, _Pitidda_) 248
+
+LXXIX. * THE SEXTON'S NOSE. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 135,
+         _Lu Nasu di lu Sagristanu_)                                    250
+
+LXXX. * THE COCK AND THE MOUSE. (Principato Ulteriore,
+        Imbriani, _Pomiglianesi_, p. 239, _'O Gallo
+        e 'o Sorece_)                                                   252
+
+LXXXI. * GODMOTHER FOX. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 132,
+         _Cummari Vurpidda_)                                            254
+
+LXXXII. * THE CAT AND THE MOUSE. (Sicilian, Pitrè,
+          No. 134, _La Gatta e lu Surci_)                               257
+
+LXXXIII. * A FEAST DAY. (Venetian, Bernoni, _Fiabe_,
+           No. 4, _'Na Giornada de Sagra_)                              261
+
+LXXXIV. * THE THREE BROTHERS. (Venetian, Bernoni,
+          _Trad. pop. venez., Punt._ I. p. 18, _I tre Fradei_)          263
+
+LXXXV. BUCHETTINO. (Tuscan, Papanti, _Novelline pop.
+       livornesi_, p. 25, _Buchettino_)                                 265
+
+LXXXVI. * THE THREE GOSLINGS. (Venetian, Bernoni,
+          _Trad. pop. venez., Punt._ III. p. 65, _Le Tre Ochete_)       267
+
+LXXXVII. * THE COCK. (Venetian, Bernoni, _Trad. pop.
+           venez., Punt._ III. p. 69, _El Galo_)                        270
+
+LXXXVIII. THE COCK THAT WISHED TO BECOME POPE.
+          (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No. 66, _Von dem Hahne,
+          der Pabst werden wollte_)                                     272
+
+LXXXIX. _The Goat and the Fox._ (Otranto, Morosi, p. 73)                375
+
+XC. _The Ant and the Mouse._ (Otranto, Morosi, p. 73)                   376
+
+XCI. * THE COOK. (Milan, _Novellaja fiorentina_, p. 621, _El Coeugh_)   275
+
+XCII. * THE THOUGHTLESS ABBOT. (Sicilian, Pitrè,
+        No. 97, _L' Abbati senza Pinseri_)                              276
+
+XCIII. * BASTIANELO. (Venetian, Bernoni, _Fiabe_, No.
+         6, _Bastianelo_)                                               279
+
+XCIV. * CHRISTMAS. (Neapolitan, Imbriani, _Pomiglianesi_,
+        p. 226, _Natale_)                                               283
+
+XCV. * THE WAGER. (Venetian, Bernoni, _Fiabe_, No.
+       13, _La Scomessa_)                                               284
+
+XCVI. * SCISSORS THEY WERE. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No.
+        257, _Fòrfici fôro_)                                            285
+
+XCVII. * THE DOCTOR'S APPRENTICE. (Sicilian, Pitrè,
+         No. 180, _L' Apprinnista di lu Medicu_)                        287
+
+XCVIII. * FIRRAZZANU'S WIFE AND THE QUEEN. (Sicilian,
+          Pitrè, No. 156, _La Mugghieri di Firrazzanu e
+          la Riggina_)                                                  288
+
+XCIX. * GIUFÀ AND THE PLASTER STATUE. (Sicilian,
+        Pitrè, No. 190, I, _Giufà e la statua di ghissu_) 291
+
+C. * GIUFÀ AND THE JUDGE. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 190,
+     3, _Giufà e lu Judici_)                                            293
+
+CI. THE LITTLE OMELET. (Tuscan, _Novellaja fiorentina_,
+    p. 545, _La Frittatina_)                                            294
+
+CII. * EAT, MY CLOTHES! (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 190, 9,
+       _Manciati, rubbiceddi mei!_)                                     296
+
+CIII. GIUFÀ'S EXPLOITS. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No. 37, _Giufà_)         297
+
+CIV. * THE FOOL. (Venetian, Bernoni, _Fiabe_, No. 11, _El Mato_)        302
+
+CV. * UNCLE CAPRIANO. (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 157, _Lu Zu Crapianu_)      303
+
+CVI. * _Peter Fullone and the Egg._ (Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 200,
+       _Petru Fudduni e l' ovu_)                                        381
+
+CVII. THE CLEVER PEASANT. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No.
+      50, _Vom Klugen Bauer_)                                           309
+
+CVIII. THE CLEVER GIRL. (Tuscan, Comparetti, No. 43,
+        _La Ragazza astuta_)                                            311
+
+CIX. CRAB. (Mantuan, Visentini, No. 41, _Gàmbara)_                      314
+
+
+
+
+ITALIAN POPULAR TALES
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+FAIRY TALES.
+
+
+The most wide-spread and interesting class of Fairy Tales is the one in
+which a wife endeavors to behold the face of her husband, who comes to
+her only at night. She succeeds, but her husband disappears, and she is
+not reunited to him until she has expiated her indiscretion by weary
+journeys and the performance of difficult tasks. This class, which is
+evidently the popular form of the classic myth of Cupid and Psyche, may
+for convenience be divided into four classes. The first turns on the
+punishment of the wife's curiosity; the second, on the husband's
+(Melusina); in the third the heroine is married to a monster, is
+separated from him by her disobedience, but finally is the means of his
+recovering his human form; the fourth class is a variant of the first
+and third, the husband being an animal in form, and parted from his wife
+by the curiosity or disobedience of the latter or of her envious
+sisters.
+
+To illustrate the first class, we select, from the large number of
+stories before us, a Sicilian tale (Pitrè, No. 18) entitled:
+
+
+I. THE KING OF LOVE.
+
+Once upon a time there was a man with three daughters, who earned his
+living by gathering wild herbs. One day he took his youngest daughter
+with him. They came to a garden, and began to gather vegetables. The
+daughter saw a fine radish, and began to pull it up, when suddenly a
+Turk appeared, and said: "Why have you opened my master's door? You
+must come in now, and he will decide on your punishment."
+
+They went down into the ground, more dead than alive; and when they were
+seated they saw a green bird come in and bathe in a pan of milk, then
+dry itself, and become a handsome youth. He said to the Turk: "What do
+these persons want?" "Your worship, they pulled up a radish, and opened
+the door of the cave." "How did we know," said the father, "that this
+was Your Excellency's house? My daughter saw a fine radish; it pleased
+her, and she pulled it up." "Well, if that's the case," said the master,
+"your daughter shall stay here as my wife; take this sack of gold and
+go; when you want to see your daughter, come and make yourself at home."
+The father took leave of his daughter and went away.
+
+When the master was alone with her, he said: "You see, Rosella
+(Rusidda), you are now mistress here," and gave her all the keys. She
+was perfectly happy (literally, "was happy to the hairs of her head").
+One day, while the green bird was away, her sisters took it into their
+heads to visit her, and asked her about her husband. Rosella said she
+did not know, for he had made her promise not to try to find out who he
+was. Her sisters, however, persuaded her, and when the bird returned and
+became a man, Rosella put on a downcast air. "What is the matter?" asked
+her husband. "Nothing." "You had better tell me." She let him question
+her a while, and at last said: "Well, then, if you want to know why I am
+out of sorts, it is because I wish to know your name." Her husband told
+her that it would be the worse for her, but she insisted on knowing his
+name. So he made her put the gold basins on a chair, and began to bathe
+his feet. "Rosella, do you really want to know my name?" "Yes." And the
+water came up to his waist, for he had become a bird, and had got into
+the basin. Then he asked her the same question again, and again she
+answered yes, and the water was up to his mouth. "Rosella, do you really
+want to know my name?" "Yes, yes, yes!" "Then know that I am called THE
+KING OF LOVE!" And saying this he disappeared, and the basins and the
+palace disappeared likewise, and Rosella found herself alone out in an
+open plain, without a soul to help her. She called her servants, but no
+one answered her. Then she said: "Since my husband has disappeared, I
+must wander about alone and forlorn to seek him!"
+
+The poor woman, who expected before long to become a mother, began her
+wanderings, and at night arrived at another lonely plain; then she felt
+her heart sink, and, not knowing what to do, she cried out:--
+
+    "Ah! King of Love,
+    You did it, and said it.
+    You disappeared from me in a golden basin,
+    And who will shelter to-night
+    This poor unfortunate one?"
+
+When she had uttered these words an ogress appeared and said: "Ah!
+wretch, how dare you go about seeking my nephew?" and was going to eat
+her up; but she took pity on her miserable state, and gave her shelter
+for the night. The next morning she gave her a piece of bread, and said:
+"We are seven sisters, all ogresses, and the worst of all is your
+mother-in-law; look out for her!"
+
+To be brief, the poor girl wandered about six days, and met all six of
+the ogresses, who treated her in the same way. The seventh day, in great
+distress, she uttered her usual lament, and the sister of the King of
+Love appeared and said, "Rosella, while my mother is out, come up!" and
+she lowered the braids of her hair, and pulled her up. Then she gave her
+something to eat, and told her how to seize and pinch her mother until
+she cried out: "Let me alone for the sake of my son, the King of Love!"
+
+Rosella did as she was told, but the ogress was so angry she was going
+to eat her. But her daughters threatened to abandon her if she did.
+"Well, then, I will write a letter, and Rosella must carry it to my
+friend." Poor Rosella was disheartened when she saw the letter, and,
+descending, found herself in the midst of a plain. She uttered her usual
+complaint, when the King of Love appeared, and said: "You see your
+curiosity has brought you to this point!" Poor thing! when she saw him
+she began to cry, and begged his pardon for what she had done. He took
+pity on her, and said: "Now listen to what you must do. On your way you
+will come to a river of blood; you must bend down and take some up in
+your hands, and say: 'How beautiful is this crystal water! such water as
+this I have never drunk!' Then you will come to another stream of turbid
+water, and do the same there. Then you will find yourself in a garden
+where there is a great quantity of fruit; pick some and eat it, saying:
+'What fine pears! I have never eaten such pears as these.' Afterward,
+you will come to an oven that bakes bread day and night, and no one buys
+any. When you come there, say: 'Oh, what fine bread! bread like this I
+have never eaten,' and eat some. Then you will come to an entrance
+guarded by two hungry dogs; give them a piece of bread to eat. Then you
+will come to a doorway all dirty and full of cobwebs; take a broom and
+sweep it clean. Half-way up the stairs you will find two giants, each
+with a dirty piece of meat by his side; take a brush and clean it for
+them. When you have entered the house, you will find a razor, a pair of
+scissors, and a knife; take something and polish them. When you have
+done this, go in and deliver your letter to my mother's friend. When she
+wants to make you enter, snatch up a little box on the table, and run
+away. Take care to do all the things I have told you, or else you will
+never escape alive."
+
+Rosella did as she was told, and while the ogress was reading the letter
+Rosella seized the box and ran for her life. When the ogress had
+finished reading her letter, she called: "Rosella! Rosella!" When she
+received no answer, she perceived that she had been betrayed, and cried
+out: "Razor, Scissors, Knife, cut her in pieces!" They answered: "As
+long as we have been razor, scissors, and knife, when did you ever deign
+to polish us? Rosella came and brightened us up." The ogress, enraged,
+exclaimed: "Stairs, swallow her up!" "As long as I have been stairs,
+when did you ever deign to sweep me? Rosella came and swept me." The
+ogress cried in a passion: "Giants, crush her!" "As long as we have been
+giants, when did you ever deign to clean our food for us? Rosella came
+and did it."
+
+Then the furious ogress called on the entrance to bury her alive, the
+dogs to devour her, the furnace to burn her, the fruit-tree to fall on
+her, and the rivers to drown her; but they all remembered Rosella's
+kindness, and refused to injure her.
+
+Meanwhile Rosella continued her way, and at last became curious to know
+what was in the box she was carrying. So she opened it, and a great
+quantity of little puppets came out; some danced, some sang, and some
+played on musical instruments. She amused herself some time with them;
+but when she was ready to go on, the little figures would not return to
+the box. Night approached, and she exclaimed, as she had so often
+before:--
+
+"Ah! King of Love," etc.
+
+Then her husband appeared and said, "Oh, your curiosity will be the
+death of you!" and commanded the puppets to enter the box again. Then
+Rosella went her way, and arrived safely at her mother-in-law's. When
+the ogress saw her she exclaimed: "You owe this luck to my son, the King
+of Love!" and was going to devour poor Rosella, but her daughters said:
+"Poor child! she has brought you the box; why do you want to eat her?"
+"Well and good. You want to marry my son, the King of Love; then take
+these six mattresses, and go and fill them with birds' feathers!"
+Rosella descended, and began to wander about, uttering her usual lament.
+When her husband appeared Rosella told him what had happened. He
+whistled and the King of the Birds appeared, and commanded all the birds
+to come and drop their feathers, fill the six beds, and carry them back
+to the ogress, who again said that her son had helped Rosella. However,
+she went and made up her son's bed with the six mattresses, and that
+very day she made him marry the daughter of the King of Portugal. Then
+she called Rosella, and, telling her that her son was married, bade her
+kneel before the nuptial bed, holding two lighted torches. Rosella
+obeyed, but soon the King of Love, under the plea that Rosella was not
+in a condition to hold the torches any longer, persuaded his bride to
+change places with her. Just as the queen took the torches in her hands,
+the earth opened and swallowed her up, and the king remained happy with
+Rosella.
+
+When the ogress heard what had happened she clasped her hands over her
+head, and declared that Rosella's child should not be born until she
+unclasped her hands. Then the King of Love had a catafalque erected, and
+stretched himself on it as though he were dead, and had all the bells
+tolled, and made the people cry, "How did the King of Love die?" The
+ogress heard it, and asked: "What is that noise?" Her daughters told her
+that their brother was dead from her fault. When the ogress heard this
+she unclasped her hands, saying, "How did my son die?" At that moment
+Rosella's child was born. When the ogress heard it she burst a
+blood-vessel (in her heart) and died. Then the King of Love took his
+wife and sisters, and they remained happy and contented.[1]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is another version of this story in Pitrè (No. 281) entitled, "The
+Crystal King," which resembles more closely the classic myth.
+
+A father marries the youngest of his three daughters to a cavalier (the
+enchanted son of a king) who comes to his wife at night only. The
+cavalier once permits his wife to visit her sisters, and they learn from
+her that she has never seen her husband's face. The eldest gives her a
+wax candle, and tells her to light it when her husband is asleep, and
+then she can see him and tell them what he is like. She did so, and
+beheld at her side a handsome youth; but while she was gazing at him
+some of the melted wax fell on his nose. He awoke, crying, "Treason!
+treason!" and drove his wife from the house. On her wanderings she
+meets a hermit, and tells him her story. He advises her to have made a
+pair of iron shoes, and when she has worn them out in her travels she
+will come to a palace where they will give her shelter, and where she
+will find her husband. The remainder of the story is of no interest
+here.[2]
+
+In the second class of stories belonging to this myth it is the
+curiosity of the husband which is punished, the best known example of
+this class, out of Italy, being the beautiful French legend of
+Melusina.[3] A Sicilian story in Gonzenbach, No. 16, "The Story of the
+Merchant's Son Peppino," is a very close counterpart of "The King of
+Love," above given. Peppino is wrecked on a rock in the sea; the rock
+opens, fair maidens come out and conduct Peppino to a beautiful castle
+in the cave. There a maiden visits him at night only. After a time
+Peppino wishes to see his parents, and his wife allows him to depart,
+with the promise to return at a certain date. His parents, after hearing
+his story, give him a candle with which to see his wife. Everything
+happens as in the first story; the castle disappears, and Peppino finds
+himself on the top of a snow-covered mountain. He recovers his wife only
+after the lapse of many years and the accomplishment of many difficult
+tasks.[4]
+
+The third class, generally known by the title of "Beauty and the Beast,"
+is best represented by a story from Montale (near Pistoja), called:
+
+
+II. ZELINDA AND THE MONSTER.
+
+There was once a poor man who had three daughters; and as the youngest
+was the fairest and most civil, and had the best disposition, her other
+two sisters envied her with a deadly envy, although her father, on the
+contrary, loved her dearly. It happened that in a neighboring town, in
+the month of January, there was a great fair, and that poor man was
+obliged to go there to lay in the provisions necessary for the support
+of his family; and before departing he asked his three daughters if
+they would like some small presents in proportion, you understand, to
+his means. Rosina wished a dress, Marietta asked him for a shawl, but
+Zelinda was satisfied with a handsome rose. The poor man set out on his
+journey early the next day, and when he arrived at the fair quickly
+bought what he needed, and afterward easily found Rosina's dress and
+Marietta's shawl; but at that season he could not find a rose for his
+Zelinda, although he took great pains in looking everywhere for one.
+However, anxious to please his dear Zelinda, he took the first road he
+came to, and after journeying a while arrived at a handsome garden
+inclosed by high walls; but as the gate was partly open he entered
+softly. He found the garden filled with every kind of flowers and
+plants, and in a corner was a tall rose-bush full of beautiful
+rose-buds. Wherever he looked no living soul appeared from whom he might
+ask a rose as a gift or for money, so the poor man, without thinking,
+stretched out his hand, and picked a rose for his Zelinda.
+
+Mercy! scarcely had he pulled the flower from the stalk when there arose
+a great noise, and flames darted from the earth, and all at once there
+appeared a terrible Monster with the figure of a dragon, and hissed with
+all his might, and cried out, enraged at that poor Christian: "Rash man!
+what have you done? Now you must die at once, for you have had the
+audacity to touch and destroy my rose-bush." The poor man, more than
+half dead with terror, began to weep and beg for mercy on his knees,
+asking pardon for the fault he had committed, and told why he had picked
+the rose; and then he added: "Let me depart; I have a family, and if I
+am killed they will go to destruction." But the Monster, more wicked
+than ever, responded: "Listen; one must die. Either bring me the girl
+that asked for the rose or I will kill you this very moment." It was
+impossible to move him by prayers or lamentations; the Monster persisted
+in his decision, and did not let the poor man go until he had sworn to
+bring him there in the garden his daughter Zelinda.
+
+Imagine how downhearted that poor man returned home! He gave his oldest
+daughters their presents and Zelinda her rose; but his face was
+distorted and as white as though he had arisen from the dead; so that
+the girls, in terror, asked him what had happened and whether he had met
+with any misfortune. They were urgent, and at last the poor man, weeping
+bitterly, related the misfortunes of that unhappy journey and on what
+condition he had been able finally to return home. "In short," he
+exclaimed, "either Zelinda or I must be eaten alive by the Monster."
+Then the two sisters emptied the vials of their wrath on Zelinda. "Just
+see," they said, "that affected, capricious girl! She shall go to the
+Monster! She who wanted roses at this season. No, indeed! Papa must stay
+with us. The stupid creature!" At all these taunts Zelinda, without
+growing angry, simply said: "It is right that the one who has caused the
+misfortune should pay for it. I will go to the Monster's. Yes, Papa,
+take me to the garden, and the Lord's will be done."
+
+The next day Zelinda and her sorrowful father began their journey and at
+nightfall arrived at the garden gate. When they entered they saw as
+usual no one, but they beheld a lordly palace all lighted and the doors
+wide open. When the two travellers entered the vestibule, suddenly four
+marble statues, with lighted torches in their hands, descended from
+their pedestals, and accompanied them up the stairs to a large hall
+where a table was lavishly spread. The travellers, who were very hungry,
+sat down and began to eat without ceremony; and when they had finished,
+the same statues conducted them to two handsome chambers for the night.
+Zelinda and her father were so weary that they slept like dormice all
+night.
+
+At daybreak Zelinda and her father arose, and were served with
+everything for breakfast by invisible hands. Then they descended to the
+garden, and began to seek the Monster. When they came to the rose-bush
+he appeared in all his frightful ugliness. Zelinda, on seeing him,
+became pale with fear, and her limbs trembled, but the Monster regarded
+her attentively with his great fiery eyes, and afterward said to the
+poor man: "Very well; you have kept your word, and I am satisfied. Now
+depart and leave me alone here with the young girl." At this command the
+old man thought he should die; and Zelinda, too, stood there half
+stupefied and her eyes full of tears; but entreaties were of no avail;
+the Monster remained as obdurate as a stone, and the poor man was
+obliged to depart, leaving his dear Zelinda in the Monster's power.
+
+When the Monster was alone with Zelinda he began to caress her, and make
+loving speeches to her, and managed to appear quite civil. There was no
+danger of his forgetting her, and he saw that she wanted nothing, and
+every day, talking with her in the garden, he asked her: "Do you love
+me, Zelinda? Will you be my wife?" The young girl always answered him in
+the same way: "I like you, sir, but I will never be your wife." Then the
+Monster appeared very sorrowful, and redoubled his caresses and
+attentions, and, sighing deeply, said: "But you see, Zelinda, if you
+should marry me wonderful things would happen. What they are I cannot
+tell you until you will be my wife."
+
+Zelinda, although in her heart not dissatisfied with that beautiful
+place and with being treated like a queen, still did not feel at all
+like marrying the Monster, because he was too ugly and looked like a
+beast, and always answered his requests in the same manner. One day,
+however, the Monster called Zelinda in haste, and said: "Listen,
+Zelinda; if you do not consent to marry me it is fated that your father
+must die. He is ill and near the end of his life, and you will not be
+able even to see him again. See whether I am telling you the truth."
+And, drawing out an enchanted mirror, the Monster showed Zelinda her
+father on his death-bed. At that spectacle Zelinda, in despair and half
+mad with grief, cried: "Oh, save my father, for mercy's sake! Let me be
+able to embrace him once more before he dies. Yes, yes, I promise you I
+will be your faithful and constant wife, and that without delay. But
+save my father from death."
+
+Scarcely had Zelinda uttered these words when suddenly the Monster was
+transformed into a very handsome youth. Zelinda was astounded by this
+unexpected change, and the young man took her by the hand, and said:
+"Know, dear Zelinda, that I am the son of the King of the Oranges. An
+old witch, touching me, changed me into the terrible Monster I was, and
+condemned me to be hidden in this rose-bush until a beautiful girl
+consented to become my wife."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The remainder of the story has no interest here. Zelinda and her husband
+strive to obtain his parents' consent to his marriage. They refuse and
+the young couple run away from the royal palace and fall into the power
+of an ogre and his wife, from whom they at last escape.[5]
+
+A characteristic trait of this class of stories is omitted in the above
+version, but found in a number of others. In a Sicilian version (Pitrè,
+No. 39, "The Empress Rosina") the monster permits Rosina to visit her
+family, but warns her that if she does not return at the end of nine
+days he will die. He gives her a ring the stone of which will grow black
+in that event. The nine days pass unheeded, and when Rosina looks at her
+ring it is as black as pitch. She returns in haste, and finds the
+monster writhing in the last agony under the rose-bush. Four days she
+rubbed him with some ointment she found in the palace, and the monster
+recovered. As in the last story, he resumes his shape when Rosina
+consents to marry him. In one of Pitrè's variants the monster allows
+Elizabeth to visit her dying father, if she will promise not to tear her
+hair. When her father dies she forgets, in her grief, her promise, and
+tears out her hair. When she returns to the palace the monster has
+disappeared. She seeks him, exclaiming:--
+
+    "Fierce animal mine,
+    If I find thee alive
+    I will marry thee although an animal."
+
+She finds him at last, and he resumes his form.[6]
+
+The fourth class consists of stories more or less distantly connected
+with the first and third classes above mentioned, and which turn on the
+heroine's separation from, and search after, her lost husband, usually
+an animal in form.
+
+The example we have selected from this class is from Venice (Bernoni,
+XVII.), and is as follows:--
+
+
+III. KING BEAN.
+
+There was once an old man who had three daughters. One day the youngest
+called her father into her room, and requested him to go to King Bean
+and ask him whether he wished her for his wife. The poor old man said:
+"You want me to go, but what shall I do; I have never been there?" "No
+matter," she answered; "I wish you to obey me and go." Then he started
+on his way, and asked (for he did not know) where the king lived, and
+they pointed out the palace to him. When he was in the king's presence
+he said: "Your Majesty's servant." The king replied: "What do you want
+of me, my good old man?" Then he told him that his daughter was in love
+with him, and wanted to marry him. The king answered: "How can she be in
+love with me when she has never seen or known me?" "She is killing
+herself with weeping, and cannot stand it much longer." The king
+replied: "Here is a white handkerchief; let her dry her tears with it."
+
+The old man took back the handkerchief and the message to his daughter,
+who said: "Well, after three or four days you must go back again, and
+tell him that I will kill myself or hang myself if he will not marry
+me."
+
+The old man went back, and said to the king: "Your Majesty, do me the
+favor to marry my daughter; if not, she will make a great spectacle of
+herself." The king replied: "Behold how many handsome portraits I have
+here, and how many beautiful young girls I have, and not one of them
+suits me." The old man said: "She told me also to say to you that if you
+did not marry her she would kill herself or hang herself." Then the king
+gave him a knife and a rope, and said: "Here is a knife if she wants to
+kill herself, and here is a rope if she wants to hang herself."
+
+The old man bore this message back to his daughter, who told her father
+that he must go back to the king again, and not leave him until he
+obtained his consent. The old man returned once more, and, falling on
+his knees before the king, said: "Do me this great favor: take my
+daughter for your wife; do not say no, for the poor girl is beside
+herself." The king answered: "Rise, good old man, and I will consent,
+for I am sorry for your long journeys. But hear what your daughter must
+do first. She must prepare three vessels: one of milk and water, one of
+milk, and one of rose-water. And here is a bean; when she wants to speak
+with me, let her go out on the balcony and open the bean, and I will
+come."
+
+The old man returned home this time more satisfied, and told his
+daughter what she must do. She prepared the three vessels as directed,
+and then opened the bean on the balcony, and saw at once something
+flying from a distance towards her. It flew into the room by the
+balcony, and entered the vessel of water and milk to bathe; then it
+hastened into the vessel of milk, and finally into that containing the
+rose-water. And then there came out the handsomest youth that was ever
+seen, and made love to the young girl. Afterward, when they were tired
+of their love-making, he bade her good-night, and flew away.
+
+After a time, when her sisters saw that she was always shut up in her
+room, the oldest said: "Why does she shut herself up in her room all the
+time?" The other sister replied: "Because she has King Bean, who is
+making love to her." The oldest said: "Wait until she goes to church,
+and then we will see what there is in her room." One day the youngest
+locked her door, and went to church. Then the two sisters broke open the
+door, and saw the three vessels prepared, and said: "This is the vessel
+in which the king goes to bathe." The oldest said: "Let us go down into
+the store, and get some broken glass, and put a little in each of the
+three vessels; and when the king bathes in them, the glass will pierce
+him and cut all his body."
+
+They did so, and then left the room looking as it did first. When the
+youngest sister returned, she went to her room, and wished to talk with
+her husband. She opened the balcony, and then she opened the bean, and
+saw at once her husband come flying from a distance, with his arms open
+to embrace her. He flew on to the balcony, and threw himself into the
+vessel of milk and water, and the pieces of glass pierced his body; then
+he entered the vessel of milk and that of rose-water, and his body was
+filled with the fragments of glass. When he came out of the rose-water,
+he flew away. Then his wife hastened out on the balcony, and saw a
+streak of blood wherever he had flown. Then she looked into the vessels,
+and saw all three full of blood, and cried: "I have been betrayed! I
+have been betrayed!"
+
+She called her father, and told him that she had been betrayed by her
+sisters, and that she wished to go away and see whether she could cure
+her husband. She departed, and had not gone far when she found herself
+in a forest. There she saw a little house, with a little bit of a door,
+at which she knocked, and heard a voice saying, "Are you Christians?"
+She replied, "Yes." Then the door opened, and she saw a holy hermit, who
+said: "Blessed one, how did you get here? In a moment the witches will
+come who might bewitch you." She replied: "Father, I am seeking King
+Bean, who is ill." The hermit said: "I know nothing about him. Climb
+that tree; the witches will soon come, and you will learn something from
+them. If you want anything afterward, come to me, and I will give it to
+you."
+
+When she was up the tree she heard a loud noise and the words, "Here we
+are! here we are!" and all the witches run and seat themselves on the
+ground in the midst of the forest, and begin to say: "The cripple is not
+here! Where has that cursed cripple gone?" Some one answered: "Here she
+is coming!" Another said: "You cursed cripple, where have you been?" The
+cripple answered: "Be still; I will tell you now. But wait a moment
+until I shake this tree to see whether there is any one in it." The
+poor girl held on firmly so as not to fall down. After she had shaken it
+this cripple said to her companions: "Do you want me to tell you
+something? King Bean has only two hours to live." Another witch said:
+"What is the matter with him?" The cripple answered: "He had a wife, and
+she put some broken glass in the three vessels, and he filled his body
+with it." Another witch asked: "Is there nothing that can cure him?" The
+cripple replied: "It is very difficult." Another said: "What would be
+necessary?" The cripple said: "Listen to what it needs. One of us must
+be killed, and her blood put in a kettle, and have added to it the blood
+of one of these doves flying about here. When this blood is well mixed,
+it must be heated, and with this blood the whole body of the king must
+be anointed. Another thing yet is necessary. Under the stone you see
+there is a flask of water. The stone must be removed, a bottle of the
+water must be poured over the king, and all the bits of glass will come
+out of him, and in five minutes he will be safe and sound."
+
+Then the witches ate and drank until they were intoxicated and tired,
+and then threw themselves down on the ground to sleep. When the young
+girl saw that they were asleep, she descended quietly from the tree,
+knocked at the hermit's door, told him what the witches had said, and
+asked him for a kettle, knife, and bottle. He gave them to her, and
+caught a dove, which he killed, bled, and put the blood in a kettle.
+
+The young girl did not know which one of the witches to kill, but
+finally she decided to kill the cripple who had spoken, and put her
+blood in the kettle. Afterward she lifted the stone, found the flask of
+water, and filled her bottle with it. She then returned to the hermit,
+and told him all she had done. He gave her a physician's dress, which
+she put on, and went to the palace of King Bean. There she asked the
+guards to let her pass, for she was going, she said, to see about curing
+the king. The guards refused at first, but, seeing her so confident,
+allowed her to enter. The king's mother went to her at once and said:
+"My good physician, if you can cure my son, you shall mount the throne,
+and I will give you my crown." "I have come in haste from a distance,"
+said the physician, "and will cure him." Then the physician went to the
+kitchen, put the kettle on the fire, and afterward entered the room of
+the king, who had but a few minutes to live, anointed his whole body
+with the blood, and then poured the bottle of water all over him. Then
+the glass came out of his body, and in five minutes he was safe and
+sound. The king said: "Here, physician, is my crown. I wish to put it on
+your head." The physician answered: "How did your Majesty come to have
+this slight trouble?" The king said: "On account of my wife. I went to
+make love to her, and she prepared for me three vessels of water and
+milk, of milk, and of rose-water, and put broken glass in them, so that
+I had my body full of it." Said the physician: "See whether it was your
+wife who worked you this treason! Could it not have been some one else?"
+"That is impossible," said the king; "for no one entered her room." "And
+what would you do," said the physician, "if you had her now in your
+hands?" "I would kill her with a knife." "You are right," said the
+physician; "because, if it is true that she has acted thus, she deserves
+nothing but death."
+
+Then the physician said he must depart; but the king's mother said: "No,
+no! It shall never be said that after saving my son's life you went
+away. Here you are, and here I wish you to stay; and, on account of the
+promise I made you, I wish my crown to come upon your head." "I want but
+one thing," said the physician. "Command, doctor; only say what you
+desire." "I wish the king to write on the palm of one of my hands my
+name and surname, and on the other his name and surname." The king did
+so, and the physician said: "Now I am going to make some visits, then I
+will return."
+
+Instead of returning, the pretended physician went to her own home, and
+threw away the water and milk in the three vessels, and put in other
+pure water and milk and rose-water. Then she went out on the balcony,
+and opened the bean. The king, who felt his heart opened, seized his
+dagger, and hastened to his wife to kill her. When she saw the dagger,
+she raised her hands, and the king beheld his name and hers. Then he
+threw his dagger away, bathed in the three vessels, and then threw his
+arms about his wife's neck, and exclaimed: "If you are the one who did
+me so much harm, you are also the one who cured me." She answered: "It
+was not I. I was betrayed by my sisters." "If that is so," said he,
+"come at once to my parents' house, and we will be married there." When
+she arrived at the king's palace, she related everything to his parents,
+and showed them her hands with her name and surname. Then the king's
+parents embraced her, and gave her a wedding, and she and the king loved
+each other as long as they lived.[7]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next class to which we shall direct our attention is the one in
+which jealous relatives (usually envious sisters or mother-in-law),
+steal a mother's new-born children, who are exposed and afterwards
+rescued and brought up far from their home by some childless person; or
+the mother is accused of having devoured them, and is repudiated or
+punished, and finally delivered and restored to her former position by
+her children, who are discovered by their father.[8]
+
+The following story, belonging to this class, is from Pitrè (No. 36),
+slightly condensed.
+
+
+IV. THE DANCING WATER, THE SINGING APPLE, AND THE SPEAKING BIRD.[9]
+
+There was once an herb-gatherer who had three daughters who earned their
+living by spinning. One day their father died and left them all alone in
+the world. Now the king had a habit of going about the streets at night,
+and listening at the doors to hear what the people said of him. One
+night he listened at the door of the house where the three sisters
+lived, and heard them disputing about something. The oldest said: "If I
+were the wife of the royal butler, I would give the whole court to drink
+out of one glass of water, and there would be some left." The second
+said: "If I were the wife of the keeper of the royal wardrobe, with one
+piece of cloth I would clothe all the attendants, and have some left."
+The youngest said: "Were I the king's wife, I would bear him three
+children: two sons with apples in their hands, and a daughter with a
+star on her brow."
+
+The king went back to his palace, and the next morning sent for the
+sisters, and said to them: "Do not be frightened, but tell me what you
+said last night." The oldest told him what she had said, and the king
+had a glass of water brought, and commanded her to prove her words. She
+took the glass, and gave all the attendants to drink, and there was some
+water left. "Bravo!" cried the king, and summoned the butler. "This is
+your husband. Now it is your turn," said the king to the next sister,
+and commanded a piece of cloth to be brought, and the young girl at once
+cut out garments for all the attendants, and had some cloth left.
+"Bravo!" cried the king again, and gave her the keeper of the wardrobe
+for her husband. "Now it is your turn," said the king to the youngest.
+"Your Majesty, I said that were I the king's wife, I would bear him
+three children: two sons with apples in their hands, and a daughter with
+a star on her brow." The king replied: "If that is true, you shall be
+queen; if not, you shall die," and straightway he married her.
+
+Very soon the two older sisters began to be envious of the youngest.
+"Look," said they: "she is going to be queen, and we must be servants!"
+and they began to hate her. A few months before the queen's children
+were to be born, the king declared war, and was obliged to depart; but
+he left word that if the queen had three children: two sons with apples
+in their hands and a girl with a star on her brow, the mother was to be
+respected as queen; if not, he was to be informed of it, and would tell
+his servants what to do. Then he departed for the war.
+
+When the queen's children were born, as she had promised, the envious
+sisters bribed the nurse to put little dogs in the place of the queen's
+children, and sent word to the king that his wife had given birth to
+three puppies. He wrote back that she should be taken care of for two
+weeks, and then put into a tread-mill.
+
+Meanwhile the nurse took the little babies, and carried them out of
+doors, saying: "I will make the dogs eat them up," and she left them
+alone. While they were thus exposed, three fairies passed by and
+exclaimed: "Oh how beautiful these children are!" and one of the fairies
+said: "What present shall we make these children?" One answered: "I will
+give them a deer to nurse them." "And I a purse always full of money."
+"And I," said the third fairy, "will give them a ring which will change
+color when any misfortune happens to one of them."
+
+The deer nursed and took care of the children until they grew up. Then
+the fairy who had given them the deer came and said: "Now that you have
+grown up, how can you stay here any longer?" "Very well," said one of
+the brothers, "I will go to the city and hire a house." "Take care,"
+said the deer, "that you hire one opposite the royal palace." So they
+all went to the city and hired a palace as directed, and furnished it as
+if they had been royal personages. When the aunts saw these three
+youths, imagine their terror! "They are alive!" they said. They could
+not be mistaken, for there were the apples in their hands, and the star
+on the girl's brow. They called the nurse and said to her: "Nurse, what
+does this mean? are our nephews and niece alive?" The nurse watched at
+the window until she saw the two brothers go out, and then she went over
+as if to make a visit to the new house. She entered and said: "What is
+the matter, my daughter; how do you do? Are you perfectly happy? You
+lack nothing. But do you know what is necessary to make you really
+happy? It is the Dancing Water. If your brothers love you, they will
+get it for you!" She remained a moment longer and then departed.
+
+When one of the brothers returned, his sister said to him: "Ah! my
+brother, if you love me go and get me the Dancing Water." He consented,
+and next morning saddled a fine horse, and departed. On his way he met a
+hermit, who asked him, "Where are you going, cavalier?" "I am going for
+the Dancing Water." "You are going to your death, my son; but keep on
+until you find a hermit older than I." He continued his journey until he
+met another hermit, who asked him the same question, and gave him the
+same direction. Finally he met a third hermit, older than the other two,
+with a white beard that came down to his feet, who gave him the
+following directions: "You must climb yonder mountain. On top of it you
+will find a great plain and a house with a beautiful gate. Before the
+gate you will see four giants with swords in their hands. Take heed; do
+not make a mistake; for if you do that is the end of you! When the
+giants have their eyes closed, do not enter; when they have their eyes
+open, enter. Then you will come to a door. If you find it open, do not
+enter; if you find it shut, push it open and enter. Then you will find
+four lions. When they have their eyes shut, do not enter; when their
+eyes are open, enter, and you will see the Dancing Water." The youth
+took leave of the hermit, and hastened on his way.
+
+Meanwhile the sister kept looking at the ring constantly, to see whether
+the stone in it changed color; but as it did not, she remained
+undisturbed.
+
+A few days after leaving the hermit the youth arrived at the top of the
+mountain, and saw the palace with the four giants before it. They had
+their eyes shut, and the door was open. "No," said the youth, "that
+won't do." And so he remained on the lookout a while. When the giants
+opened their eyes, and the door closed, he entered, waited until the
+lions opened their eyes, and passed in. There he found the Dancing
+Water, and filled his bottles with it, and escaped when the lions again
+opened their eyes.
+
+The aunts, meanwhile, were delighted because their nephew did not
+return; but in a few days he appeared and embraced his sister. Then they
+had two golden basins made, and put into them the Dancing Water, which
+leaped from one basin to the other. When the aunts saw it they
+exclaimed: "Ah! how did he manage to get that water?" and called the
+nurse, who again waited until the sister was alone, and then visited
+her. "You see," said she, "how beautiful the Dancing Water is! But do
+you know what you want now? The Singing Apple." Then she departed. When
+the brother who had brought the Dancing Water returned, his sister said
+to him: "If you love me you must get for me the Singing Apple." "Yes, my
+sister, I will go and get it."
+
+Next morning he mounted his horse, and set out. After a time he met the
+first hermit, who sent him to an older one. He asked the youth where he
+was going, and said: "It is a difficult task to get the Singing Apple,
+but hear what you must do: Climb the mountain; beware of the giants, the
+door, and the lions; then you will find a little door and a pair of
+shears in it. If the shears are open, enter; if closed, do not risk it."
+The youth continued his way, found the palace, entered, and found
+everything favorable. When he saw the shears open, he went in a room and
+saw a wonderful tree, on top of which was an apple. He climbed up and
+tried to pick the apple, but the top of the tree swayed now this way,
+now that. He waited until it was still a moment, seized the branch, and
+picked the apple. He succeeded in getting safely out of the palace,
+mounted his horse, and rode home, and all the time he was carrying the
+apple it kept making a sound.
+
+The aunts were again delighted because their nephew was so long absent;
+but when they saw him return, they felt as though the house had fallen
+on them. Again they summoned the nurse, and again she visited the young
+girl, and said: "See how beautiful they are, the Dancing Water and the
+Singing Apple! But should you see the Speaking Bird, there would be
+nothing left for you to see." "Very well," said the young girl; "we
+will see whether my brother will get it for me."
+
+When her brother came she asked him for the Speaking Bird, and he
+promised to get it for her. He met, as usual on his journey, the first
+hermit, who sent him to the second, who sent him on to a third one, who
+said to him: "Climb the mountain and enter the palace. You will find
+many statues. Then you will come to a garden, in the midst of which is a
+fountain, and on the basin is the Speaking Bird. If it should say
+anything to you, do not answer. Pick a feather from the bird's wing, dip
+it into a jar you will find there, and anoint all the statues. Keep your
+eyes open, and all will go well."
+
+The youth already knew well the way, and soon was in the palace. He
+found the garden and the bird, which, as soon as it saw him, exclaimed:
+"What is the matter, noble sir; have you come for me? You have missed
+it. Your aunts have sent you to your death, and you must remain here.
+Your mother has been sent to the tread-mill." "My mother in the
+tread-mill?" cried the youth, and scarcely were the words out of his
+mouth when he became a statue like all the others.
+
+When the sister looked at her ring she saw that it had changed its color
+to blue. "Ah!" she exclaimed, and sent her other brother after the
+first. Everything happened to him as to the first. He met the three
+hermits, received his instructions, and soon found himself in the
+palace, where he discovered the garden with the statues, the fountain,
+and the Speaking Bird.
+
+Meanwhile the aunts, who saw that both their nephews were missing, were
+delighted; and the sister, on looking at her ring, saw that it had
+become clear again.
+
+Now when the Speaking Bird saw the youth appear in the garden it said to
+him: "What has become of your brother? Your mother has been sent to the
+tread-mill." "Alas, my mother in the tread-mill!" And when he had spoken
+these words he became a statue.
+
+The sister looked at her ring, and it had become black. Poor child! not
+having anything else to do, she dressed herself like a page and set out.
+
+Like her brothers, she met the three hermits, and received their
+instructions. The third concluded thus: "Beware, for if you answer when
+the bird speaks you will lose your life." She continued her way,
+followed exactly the hermit's directions, and reached the garden in
+safety. When the bird saw her it exclaimed: "Ah! you here, too? Now you
+will meet the same fate as your brothers. Do you see them? one, two, and
+you make three. Your father is at the war. Your mother is in the
+tread-mill. Your aunts are rejoicing." She did not reply, but let the
+bird sing on. When it had nothing more to say it flew down, and the
+young girl caught it, pulled a feather from its wing, dipped it into the
+jar, and anointed her brothers' nostrils, and they at once came to life
+again. Then she did the same with all the other statues, with the lions
+and the giants, until all became alive again. Then she departed with her
+brothers, and all the noblemen, princes, barons, and kings' sons
+rejoiced greatly. Now when they had all come to life again the palace
+disappeared, and the hermits disappeared, for they were the three
+fairies.
+
+The day after the brothers and sister reached the city where they lived,
+they summoned a goldsmith, and had him make a gold chain, and fasten the
+bird with it. The next time the aunts looked out they saw in the window
+of the palace opposite the Dancing Water, the Singing Apple, and the
+Speaking Bird. "Well," said they, "the real trouble is coming now!"
+
+The bird directed the brothers and sister to procure a carriage finer
+than the king's, with twenty-four attendants, and to have the service of
+their palace, cooks and servants, more numerous and better than the
+king's. All of which the brothers did at once. And when the aunts saw
+these things they were ready to die of rage.
+
+At last the king returned from the war, and his subjects told him all
+the news of the kingdom, and the thing they talked about the least was
+his wife and children. One day the king looked out of the window and
+saw the palace opposite furnished in a magnificent manner. "Who lives
+there?" he asked, but no one could answer him. He looked again and saw
+the brothers and sister, the former with the apples in their hands, and
+the latter with the star on her brow. "Gracious! if I did not know that
+my wife had given birth to three puppies, I should say that those were
+my children," exclaimed the king. Another day he stood by the window and
+enjoyed the Dancing Water and the Singing Apple, but the bird was
+silent. After the king had heard all the music, the bird said: "What
+does your Majesty think of it?" The king was astonished at hearing the
+Speaking Bird, and answered: "What should I think? It is marvellous."
+"There is something more marvellous," said the bird; "just wait." Then
+the bird told his mistress to call her brothers, and said: "There is the
+king; let us invite him to dinner on Sunday. Shall we not?" "Yes, yes,"
+they all said. So the king was invited and accepted, and on Sunday the
+bird had a grand dinner prepared and the king came. When he saw the
+young people, he clapped his hands and said: "I cannot persuade myself;
+they seem my children."
+
+He went over the palace and was astonished at its richness. Then they
+went to dinner, and while they were eating the king said: "Bird, every
+one is talking; you alone are silent." "Ah! your Majesty, I am ill; but
+next Sunday I shall be well and able to talk, and will come and dine at
+your palace with this lady and these gentlemen." The next Sunday the
+bird directed his mistress and her brothers to put on their finest
+clothes; so they dressed in royal style and took the bird with them. The
+king showed them through his palace and treated them with the greatest
+ceremony: the aunts were nearly dead with fear. When they had seated
+themselves at the table, the king said: "Come, bird, you promised me you
+would speak; have you nothing to say?" Then the bird began and related
+all that had happened from the time the king had listened at the door
+until his poor wife had been sent to the tread-mill; then the bird
+added: "These are your children, and your wife was sent to the mill, and
+is dying." When the king heard all this, he hastened to embrace his
+children, and then went to find his poor wife, who was reduced to skin
+and bones and was at the point of death. He knelt before her and begged
+her pardon, and then summoned her sisters and the nurse, and when they
+were in his presence he said to the bird: "Bird, you who have told me
+everything, now pronounce their sentence." Then the bird sentenced the
+nurse to be thrown out of the window, and the sisters to be cast into a
+cauldron of boiling oil. This was at once done. The king was never tired
+of embracing his wife. Then the bird departed and the king and his wife
+and children lived together in peace.[10]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We next pass to the class of stories in which children are promised by
+their parents to witches or the Evil One. The children who are thus
+promised are often unborn, and the promise is made by the parents either
+to escape some danger with which they are threatened by witch or demon,
+or in return for money. Sometimes there is a misunderstanding, as in
+Grimm's story of the "Handless Maiden," where the Miller in return for
+riches promises the Evil One to give him "what stands behind his mill."
+The Miller supposes his apple-tree is meant, but it is his daughter, who
+happened to be behind the mill when the compact was made. The most usual
+form of the story in Italian is this: A woman who expects to give birth
+to a child is seized with a great longing for some herb or fruit
+(generally parsley) growing in the witch's garden. The witch (ogress)
+catches her picking it, and only releases her on condition that she
+shall give her the child after it is born and has reached a definite
+age. The following Sicilian story from Gonzenbach (No. 53) will
+illustrate this class sufficiently:
+
+
+V. THE FAIR ANGIOLA.
+
+Once upon a time there were seven women, neighbors, all of whom were
+seized with a great longing for some jujubes which only grew in a garden
+opposite the place where they all lived, and which belonged to a witch.
+Now this witch had a donkey that watched the garden and told the old
+witch when any one entered. The seven neighbors, however, had such a
+desire for the jujubes that they entered the garden and threw the donkey
+some nice soft grass, and while he was eating it they filled their
+aprons with jujubes and escaped before the witch appeared. This they did
+several times, until at last the witch noticed that some one had been in
+her garden, for many of the jujubes were gone. She questioned the
+donkey, but he had eaten the nice grass and noticed nothing. Then she
+resolved the third day to remain in the garden herself. In the middle of
+it was a hole, in which she hid and covered herself with leaves and
+branches, leaving only one of her long ears sticking out. The seven
+neighbors once more went into the garden and began picking jujubes, when
+one of them noticed the witch's ear sticking out of the leaves and
+thought it was a mushroom and tried to pick it. Then the witch jumped
+out of the hole and ran after the women, all of whom escaped but one.
+The witch was going to eat her, but she begged hard for pardon and
+promised never to enter the garden again. The witch finally forgave her
+on the condition that she would give her her child, yet unborn, whether
+a boy or girl, when it was seven years old. The poor woman promised in
+her distress, and the witch let her go.
+
+Some time after the woman had a beautiful little girl whom she named
+Angiola. When Angiola was six years old, her mother sent her to school
+to learn to sew and knit. On her way to school she had to pass the
+garden where the witch lived. One day, when she was almost seven, she
+saw the witch standing in front of her garden. She beckoned to Angiola
+and gave her some fine fruits and said: "You see, fair Angiola, I am
+your aunt. Tell your mother you have seen your aunt, and she sends her
+word not to forget her promise." Angiola went home and told her mother,
+who was frightened and said to herself: "Ah! the time has come when I
+must give up my Angiola." Then she said to the child: "When your aunt
+asks you to-morrow for an answer, tell her you forgot her errand." The
+next day she told the witch as she was directed. "Very well," she
+replied, "tell her to-day, but don't forget." Thus several days passed;
+the witch was constantly on the watch for Angiola when she went to
+school, and wanted to know her mother's answer, but Angiola always
+declared that she had forgotten to ask her. One day, however, the witch
+became angry and said: "Since you are so forgetful, I must give you some
+token to remind you of your errand." Then she bit Angiola's little
+finger so hard that she bit a piece out. Angiola went home in tears and
+showed her mother her finger. "Ah!" thought her mother, "there is no
+help for it. I must give my poor child to the witch, or else she will
+eat her up in her anger." The next morning as Angiola was going to
+school, her mother said to her: "Tell your aunt to do with you as she
+thinks best." Angiola did so, and the witch said: "Very well, then come
+with me, for you are mine."
+
+So the witch took the fair Angiola with her and led her away to a tower
+which had no door and but one small window. There Angiola lived with the
+witch, who treated her very kindly, for she loved her as her own child.
+When the witch came home after her excursions, she stood under the
+window and cried: "Angiola, fair Angiola, let down your pretty tresses
+and pull me up!" Now Angiola had beautiful long hair, which she let down
+and with which she pulled the witch up.
+
+Now it happened one day when Angiola had grown to be a large and
+beautiful maiden, that the king's son went hunting and chanced to come
+where the tower was. He was astonished at seeing the house without any
+door, and wondered how the people got in. Just then the old witch
+returned home, stood under the window, and called: "Angiola, fair
+Angiola, let down your beautiful tresses and pull me up." Immediately
+the beautiful tresses fell down, and the witch climbed up by them. This
+pleased the prince greatly, and he hid himself near by until the witch
+went away again. Then he went and stood under the window and called:
+"Angiola, fair Angiola, let down your beautiful tresses and pull me up."
+Then Angiola let down her tresses and drew up the prince, for she
+believed it was the witch. When she saw the prince, she was much
+frightened at first, but he addressed her in a friendly manner and
+begged her to fly with him and become his wife.
+
+She finally consented, and in order that the witch should not know where
+she had gone she gave all the chairs, tables, and cupboards in the house
+something to eat; for they were all living beings and might betray her.
+The broom, however, stood behind the door, so she did not notice it, and
+gave it nothing to eat. Then she took from the witch's chamber three
+magic balls of yarn, and fled with the prince. The witch had a little
+dog that loved the fair Angiola so dearly that it followed her.
+
+Soon after they had fled, the witch came back, and called: "Angiola,
+fair Angiola, let down your beautiful tresses and draw me up." But the
+tresses were not let down for all she called, and at last she had to get
+a long ladder and climb in at the window. When she could not find
+Angiola, she asked the tables and chairs and cupboards: "Where has she
+fled?" But they answered: "We do not know." The broom, however, called
+out from the corner: "The fair Angiola has fled with the king's son, who
+is going to marry her." Then the witch started in pursuit of them and
+nearly overtook them. But Angiola threw down behind her one of the magic
+balls of yarn, and there arose a great mountain of soap. When the witch
+tried to climb it she slipped back, but she persevered until at last she
+succeeded in getting over it, and hastened after the fugitives. Then
+Angiola threw down the second ball of yarn, and there arose a great
+mountain covered all over with nails small and large. Again the witch
+had to struggle hard to cross it; when she did she was almost flayed.
+When Angiola saw that the witch had almost overtaken them again, she
+threw down the third ball, and there arose a mighty torrent. The witch
+tried to swim across it, but the stream kept increasing in size until
+she had at last to turn back. Then in her anger she cursed the fair
+Angiola, saying: "May your beautiful face be turned into the face of a
+dog!" and instantly Angiola's face became a dog's face.
+
+The prince was very sorrowful and said: "How can I take you home to my
+parents? They would never allow me to marry a maiden with a dog's face."
+So he took her to a little house, where she was to live until the
+enchantment was removed. He himself returned to his parents; but
+whenever he went hunting he visited poor Angiola. She often wept
+bitterly over her misfortunes, until one day the little dog that had
+followed her from the witch's said: "Do not weep, fair Angiola. I will
+go to the witch and beg her to remove the enchantment." Then the little
+dog started off and returned to the witch and sprang up on her and
+caressed her. "Are you here again, you ungrateful beast?" cried the
+witch, and pushed the dog away. "Did you leave me to follow the
+ungrateful Angiola?" But the little dog caressed her until she grew
+friendly again and took him up on her lap. "Mother," said the little
+dog, "Angiola sends you greeting; she is very sad, for she cannot go to
+the palace with her dog's face and cannot marry the prince." "That
+serves her right," said the witch. "Why did she deceive me? She can keep
+her dog's face now!" But the dog begged her so earnestly, saying that
+poor Angiola was sufficiently punished, that at last the witch gave the
+dog a flask of water, and said: "Take that to her and she will become
+the fair Angiola again." The dog thanked her, ran off with the flask,
+and brought it safely to poor Angiola. As soon as she washed in the
+water, her dog's face disappeared and she became beautiful again, more
+beautiful even than she had been before. The prince, full of joy, took
+her to the palace, and the king and queen were so pleased with her
+beauty that they welcomed her, and gave her a splendid wedding, and all
+remained happy and contented.[11]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An interesting class of stories is the one in which the heroes are twin
+brothers (sometimes three born at the same time, or a larger number) who
+are born in some unusual manner, generally in consequence of the
+mother's partaking of some magic fruit or fish. One of the brothers
+undertakes some difficult task (liberation of princess, etc.) and falls
+into great danger; the other brother discovers the fact from some
+sympathetic object and proceeds to rescue him. The following story from
+Pisa (Comparetti, No. 32) will give a good idea of the Italian stories
+of this class:
+
+
+VI. THE CLOUD.
+
+Once upon a time there was a fisherman who had a wife and many children.
+Now it happened that the fisherman did not catch any fish for a time and
+did not know how to support his family. One day he cast his net and drew
+out a large fish which began to talk: "Let me go and cast in your net
+again and you will catch as many fish as you wish." The fisherman did so
+and caught more fish than he remembered to have taken before. But in a
+few days the fish were gone and the fisherman cast his net again, and
+again caught the big fish, which said: "I see clearly that I must die,
+so kill me now, and cut me into pieces. Give half to the king, a piece
+to your wife, one to your dog; and one to your horse; the bones you will
+tie to the kitchen rafters; your wife will bear sons, and when anything
+happens to one of them the fish-bone will sweat drops of blood." The
+fisherman did as he was told, and in due time his wife gave birth to
+three sons, the dog to three puppies, and the horse to three colts. The
+boys grew up and went to school and learned much and prospered. One day
+the oldest said: "I want to go and see a little of the world," and took
+one of the dogs, one of the horses, and some money, and set out, after
+receiving his father's and mother's blessing. He arrived at a forest,
+and there saw a lion, an eagle, and an ant which had found a dead ass
+that they wanted to divide among themselves, but could not agree and so
+were quarrelling. They saw the youth, and called on him to make the
+division. He was afraid at first, but took heart and gave the lean meat
+to the eagle, the brains to the ant, and the rest to the lion. They were
+all satisfied, and the youth continued his way. After he had gone a few
+steps the animals called him back, and the lion said: "You have settled
+our dispute, and we wish to reward you; when you wish to become a lion,
+you have only to say: 'No more a man, a lion, with the strength of a
+hundred lions!'" The eagle said: "When you wish to become an eagle, say:
+'No more a man, an eagle, with the strength of a hundred eagles!'" The
+ant, also, gave him power to transform himself into an ant in the same
+way. The youth thanked them and departed. As he was passing along the
+shore of the sea, he saw a dog-fish that was out of the water; he put it
+back into the sea. The fish said: "When you need me, come to the sea and
+cry: 'Dog-fish, help me!'"
+
+The youth continued his way and arrived at a city all hung with
+mourning. "What is the matter?" the young man asked. "There is here,"
+they told him, "a big cloud (it was a fairy) that every year must have a
+young girl. This year the lot has fallen on the king's daughter. If they
+do not give her up, the cloud will throw so many things into the city
+that we shall all be killed." The youth asked if he could see how the
+thing went, and they told him he could. The ceremony began with muffled
+drums and an escort of soldiers; the king and queen in tears accompanied
+their daughter, who was taken to the top of a mountain, placed in a
+chair, and left alone. The youth, who had followed them, hid himself
+behind a bush. Then the cloud came, took the young girl in her lap, took
+her finger in her mouth, and began to suck her blood. This was what the
+cloud lived on. The princess remained half dead, like a log, and then
+the cloud carried her away. The youth, who had seen all this, cried: "No
+more a man, an eagle, with the strength of a hundred eagles!" Then he
+became an eagle and flew after the cloud. They arrived at a palace, the
+doors flew open and the cloud entered and carried the princess
+up-stairs. The eagle alighted on a tree opposite and saw a large room
+all full of young girls in bed. When the cloud entered they exclaimed:
+"Mamma! here is our mamma!" The poor girls were always in bed, because
+the fairy half killed them. She put the princess in a bed, and said to
+the girls: "I am going to leave you for a few days." She went away and
+left the girls. The youth was near and heard everything; he said: "No
+more an eagle, an ant, with the force of a hundred ants!" He became an
+ant, entered the palace unseen, and went to the room where the young
+girls were. There he resumed his shape, and the girls were astonished at
+seeing a man appear so suddenly, and one of them said to him: "Take
+care, there is a fairy here; if she finds you on her return she will
+kill you." "Do not be troubled," he answered, "for I wish to see about
+setting you all free." Then he went to the bed of the king's daughter
+and asked her if she had some token to send her mother. She gave him a
+ring, and the youth took it and went to the queen, told her where her
+daughter was, and asked her to send some food to the poor girl. She did
+so, and the youth retraced his steps, reached the palace, informed the
+girls, and drew up the food with ropes. He then said to the girls: "When
+the fairy returns, ask her what you shall do when she dies; thus you
+will find out how to kill her." Then he hid himself, and when the fairy
+returned the girls asked her the question; but she answered: "I shall
+never die." They urged her to tell them, and the next day she took them
+out on a terrace, and said: "Do you see that mountain far off there? On
+that mountain is a tigress with seven heads. If you wish me to die, a
+lion must fight that tigress and tear off all seven of her heads. In her
+body is an egg, and if any one hits me with it in the middle of my
+forehead I shall die; but if that egg falls into my hands the tigress
+will come to life again, resume her seven heads, and I shall live."
+"Good!" said the young girls; "certainly our mamma can never die." But
+in their hearts they were discouraged. When the fairy had departed, the
+youth came forth and they told him all. "Do not be disheartened," he
+said, and straightway went to the princess' father, asked him for a
+room, a pan of bread, a barrel of good wine, and a child seven years
+old. He took all these things and shut himself up in the room, and said
+to the child: "Do you want to see something, my child? I am going to
+turn into a lion." Then he turned into a lion, and the child was afraid;
+but the youth persuaded him that it was only himself after all, and the
+child fed him, and was no longer frightened. As soon as he had
+instructed the child, he took all the things and went to the mountain
+where the tigress was. Then he filled the pan with bread and wine and
+said to the child: "I am going to become a lion; when I return give me
+something to eat." Then he became a lion, and went to fight the tigress.
+Meanwhile the fairy returned home, saying: "Alas! I feel ill!" The young
+girls said to themselves, in delight: "Good!" The youth fought until
+night, and tore off one of the tigress' heads; the second day another,
+and so on until six heads were gone. The fairy kept losing her strength
+all the time. The youth rested two days before tearing off the last
+head, and then resumed the fight. At evening the last head was torn off,
+and the dead tigress disappeared, but the youth was not quick enough to
+catch the egg, which rolled from her body into the sea and was swallowed
+by the dog-fish. Then the youth went to the sea: "Dog-fish, help me!"
+The fish appeared: "What do you want?" "Have you found an egg?" "Yes."
+"Give it to me;" and the fish gave him the egg. He took it and went in
+search of the fairy, and suddenly appeared before her with the egg in
+his hand. The fairy wanted him to give her the egg, but he made her
+first restore all the young girls to health and send them home in
+handsome carriages. Then the youth took the egg, struck it on the
+fairy's forehead, and she fell down dead. When the youth saw that she
+was really dead, he entered a carriage with the king's daughter and
+drove to the palace. When the king and queen saw their daughter again,
+they wept for joy, and married her to her deliverer. The wedding took
+place with great magnificence, and there were great festivities and
+rejoicings in the city.
+
+A few days after, the husband looked out of the window and saw at the
+end of the street a dense fog; he said to his wife: "I will go and see
+what that fog is." So he dressed for the chase and went away with his
+dog and horse. After he had passed through the mist, he saw a mountain
+on which were two beautiful ladies. They came to meet him, and invited
+him to their palace. He accepted and they showed him into a room, and
+one of the ladies asked: "Would you like to play a game of chess?" "Very
+well," he answered, and began to play and lost. Then they took him into
+a garden where there were many marble statues, and turned him into one,
+together with his dog and horse. These ladies were sisters of the fairy,
+and this was the way they avenged her death.
+
+Meanwhile the princess waited and her husband did not return. One
+morning the father and brothers of the youth found the kitchen full of
+blood, which dropped from the fish-bone. "Something has happened to
+him," they said, and the second brother started in search of him with
+another one of the dogs and horses. He passed by the palace of the
+princess, who was at the window, and those brothers looked so much alike
+that when she saw him she thought it was her husband and called him. He
+entered and she spoke to him of the fog, but he did not understand her;
+he let her talk on, however, imagining that his brother was mixed up in
+that affair. The next morning he arose and went to see the fog with his
+dog and horse. He passed through the fog, found the mountain and the two
+ladies, and, to make the story short, the same thing happened to him
+that happened to his brother, and he became stone. And the queen waited,
+and in the father's kitchen the bone dropped blood faster than ever.
+
+The third brother too set out with his dog and horse. When he came to
+the palace, the princess saw him from the window, took him for her
+husband, and called him in. He entered and she reproved him for having
+made her wait so long, and spoke of the mist; but he did not understand
+her and said: "I did not see very clearly what was in the mist, and I
+wish to go there again." He departed, and when he had passed through the
+mist he met an old man who said to him: "Where are you going? Take care,
+your brothers have been turned into statues. You will meet two ladies;
+if they ask you to play chess with them, here are two pawns, say that
+you cannot play except with your own pawns. Then make an agreement with
+them that, if you win, you can do with them what you please; if they
+win, they can do what they please with you. If you win, and they beg for
+mercy, command them to restore to life all the stone statues with which
+the palace is filled, and when they have done so, you can do what you
+will with these ladies."
+
+The youth thanked the old man, departed, followed his directions, and
+won. The two ladies begged for their lives, and he granted their prayer
+on condition of restoring to life all those stone statues. They took a
+wand, touched the statues, and they became animated; but no sooner were
+they all restored to life than they fell on the two ladies and cut them
+into bits no larger than their ears.
+
+Thus the three brothers were reunited. They related their adventures,
+and returned to the palace. The princess was astonished when she saw
+them, and did not know which was her husband. But he made himself known,
+told her that these were his brothers, and they had their parents come
+there, and they all lived happily together, and thus the story is
+ended.[12]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We now pass to the class of stories in which one of several brothers
+succeeds in some undertaking where the others fail, and thereby draws
+down on himself the hatred of the others, who either abandon him in a
+cavern, or kill him and hide his body, which is afterwards discovered
+by a musical instrument made of one of the bones or of the reeds growing
+over the grave. The former treatment is illustrated by a Sicilian tale
+(Pitrè, No. 80) called:
+
+
+VII. THE CISTERN.
+
+There were once three king's sons. Two of them were going hunting one
+day, and did not want to take their youngest brother with them. Their
+mother asked them to let him go with them, but they would not. The
+youngest brother, however, followed them, and they had to take him with
+them. They came to a beautiful plain, where they found a fine cistern,
+and ate their lunch near it. After they had finished, the oldest said:
+"Let us throw our youngest brother into the cistern, for we cannot take
+him with us." Then he said to his brother: "Salvatore, would you like to
+descend into this cistern, for there is a treasure in it?" The youngest
+consented, and they lowered him down. When he reached the bottom, he
+found three handsome rooms and an old woman, who said to him: "What are
+you doing here?" "I am trying to find my way out; tell me how to do it."
+The old woman answered: "There are here three princesses in the power of
+the magician; take care." "Never mind, tell me what to do; I am not
+afraid." "Knock at that door." He did so and a princess appeared: "What
+has brought you here?" "I have come to liberate you; tell me what I have
+to do." "Take this apple and pass through that door; my sister is there,
+who can give you better directions than I can."
+
+She gave him the apple as a token. He knocked at that door, another
+princess appeared, who gave him a pomegranate for a remembrance and
+directed him to knock at a third door. It opened and the last princess
+appeared. "Ah! Salvatore" (for she knew who he was), "what have you come
+for?" "I have come to liberate you; tell me what to do." She gave him a
+crown, and said: "Take this; when you are in need, say: 'I command! I
+command!' and the crown will obey you. Now enter and eat; take this
+bottle; the magician, you see, is about rising; hide yourself behind
+this door, and when he awakens he will ask you: 'What are you here for?'
+You will answer: 'I have come to fight you; but you must agree to take
+smaller horse and sword than mine, because I am smaller than you.' You
+will see there a fountain which will invite you to drink; do not risk
+it, for all the statues you see there are human beings who have become
+statues drinking that water; when you are thirsty drink secretly from
+this bottle."
+
+With these directions the youth went and knocked at the door. Just then
+the magician arose and said: "What are you here for?" "I have come to
+fight with you." And he added what the princess had told him. The
+fountain invited him to drink, but he would not. They began to fight,
+and at the first blow the youth cut off the magician's head. He took the
+head and sword, and went to the princesses and said: "Get your things
+together, and let us go, for my brothers are still waiting at the mouth
+of the cistern."
+
+Let us now return to the brothers. After they had lowered their youngest
+brother into the cistern, they turned around and went back to the royal
+palace. The king asked: "Where is your brother?" "We lost him in a wood,
+and could not find him." "Quick!" said the king, "go and find my son, or
+I will have your heads cut off." So they departed, and on their way
+found a man with a rope and a bell, and took them with them. When they
+reached the cistern, they lowered the rope with the bell, saying among
+themselves: "If he is alive he will hear the bell and climb up; if he is
+dead, what shall we do with our father?" When they lowered the rope,
+Salvatore made the princesses ascend one by one. As the first appeared,
+who was the oldest, the oldest brother said: "Oh, what a pretty girl!
+This one shall be my wife." When the second appeared, the other brother
+said: "This is mine." The youngest princess did not wish to ascend, and
+said to Salvatore: "You go up, Salvatore, first; if you do not, your
+brothers will leave you here." He said he would not; she said he must;
+finally he prevailed, and she ascended. When she appeared the two
+brothers took her, and left Salvatore in the cistern, and returned to
+the palace. When they arrived there, they said to their father: "We have
+looked for Salvatore, but we could not find him; but we have found these
+three young girls, and now we wish to marry them." "I," said the oldest
+brother, "will take this one." "And I," said the second, "take this one.
+The other sister we will marry to some other youth."
+
+Now let us return to Salvatore, who, when he found himself alone and
+disconsolate, felt in his pockets and touched the apple. "O my apple,
+get me out of this place!" And at once he found himself out of the
+cistern. He went to the city where he lived, and met a silversmith, who
+took him as an apprentice, feeding and clothing him. While he was with
+the silversmith, the king commanded the latter to make a crown for his
+oldest son, who was to be married: "You must make me a royal crown for
+my son, and to-morrow evening you must bring it to me."
+
+He gave him ten ounces and dismissed him. When he reached home, the
+silversmith was greatly disturbed, for he had such a short time to make
+the crown in. Salvatore said: "Grandfather, why are you so disturbed?"
+The master replied: "Take these ten ounces, for now I am going to seek
+refuge in a church, for there is nothing else for me to do." (For in
+olden times the church had the privilege that whoever robbed or killed
+fled to the church, and they could not do anything with him.) The
+apprentice replied: "Now I will see if I can make this crown. My master
+would take refuge in a church for a trifle." So he began to make the
+crown. What did he do? He took out the apple and commanded it to make a
+very beautiful crown. He hammered away, but the apple made the crown.
+When it was finished he gave it to the wife of the silversmith, who took
+it to her husband. When the latter saw that he need not flee to the
+church, he went to the king, who, well pleased, invited him to the feast
+in the evening. When he told this at home, the apprentice said: "Take
+me to the feast." "How can I take you when you have no clothes fit to
+wear? I will buy you some, and when there is another feast I will take
+you." When it struck two, the silversmith departed, and Salvatore took
+the apple and said: "O my apple, give me clothes and carriages and
+footmen, for I am going to see my brother married." Immediately he was
+dressed like a prince, and went to the palace, where he hid in the
+kitchen, saw his brother married, and then took a big stick and gave the
+silversmith a sound beating. When the latter reached home, he cried: "I
+am dying! I am dying!" "What is the matter?" asked the apprentice, and
+when he learned what had happened, he said: "If you had taken me with
+you to the feast this would not have happened."
+
+A few days after, the king summoned the silversmith again to make
+another crown within twenty-four hours. Everything happened as before:
+the apprentice made a crown handsomer than the first, with the aid of
+the pomegranate. The smith took it to the king, but after the feast came
+home with his shoulders black and blue from the beating he received.
+
+After a time they wanted to marry the third sister, but she said: "Who
+wishes me must wait a year, a month, and a day." And she had no peace
+wondering why Salvatore did not appear for all he had the apple, the
+pomegranate, and the crown. After a year, a month, and a day, the
+wedding was arranged, and the smith had orders to make another crown
+more beautiful than the first two. (This was so that no one could say
+that because the young girl was a foreigner they treated her worse than
+the others.) Again the smith was in despair, and the apprentice had to
+make, by the aid of his magic crown, a better and larger crown than the
+others. The king was astonished when he saw the beautiful crown, and
+again invited the silversmith to the feast. The smith returned home
+sorrowful, for fear that he should again receive a beating, but he would
+not take his apprentice with him.
+
+After Salvatore had seen him depart, he took his magic crown and
+ordered splendid clothes and carriages. When he reached the palace, he
+did not go to the kitchen, but before the bride and groom could say
+"yes," "Stop!" said Salvatore. He took the apple and said: "Who gave me
+this?" "I did," replied the wife of the oldest brother. "And this?"
+showing the pomegranate. "I, my brother-in-law," said the wife of the
+second brother. Then he took out the crown. "Who gave me that?" "I, my
+husband," said the young girl whom they were marrying. And at once she
+married Salvatore, "for," said she, "he freed me from the magician."
+
+The bridegroom was fooled and had to go away, and the astonished
+silversmith fell on his knees, begging for pity and mercy.[13]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In some of the versions of the above story, the hero, after he is
+abandoned by his brothers in the cistern or cave, is borne into the
+upper world by an eagle. The rapacious bird on the journey demands from
+the young man flesh from time to time. At last the stock of flesh with
+which he had provided himself is exhausted and he is obliged to cut off
+and give the eagle a piece of his own flesh. In one version (Pitrè, ii.
+p. 208) he gives the eagle his leg; and when the journey is concluded
+the bird casts it up, and the hero attaches it again to his body, and
+becomes as sound as ever.[14]
+
+The class of stories in which the brother is killed and his death made
+known by a musical instrument fashioned from his body is sufficiently
+illustrated by a short Neapolitan story (Imbriani, _Pomiglianesi_, p.
+195) entitled:
+
+
+VIII. THE GRIFFIN.
+
+There was once a king who had three sons. His eyes were diseased, and he
+called in a physician who said that to cure them he needed a feather of
+the griffin. Then the king said to his sons: "He who finds this feather
+for me shall have my crown." The sons set out in search of it. The
+youngest met an old man, who asked him what he was doing. He replied:
+"Papa is ill. To cure him a feather of the griffin is necessary. And
+papa has said that whoever finds the feather shall have his crown." The
+old man said: "Well, here is some corn. When you reach a certain place,
+put it in your hat. The griffin will come and eat it. Seize him, pull
+out a feather, and carry it to papa." The youth did so, and for fear
+that some one should steal it from him, he put it into his shoe, and
+started all joyful to carry it to his father. On his way he met his
+brothers, who asked him if he had found the feather. He said No; but his
+brothers did not believe him, and wanted to search him. They looked
+everywhere, but did not find it. Finally they looked in his shoe and got
+it. Then they killed the youngest brother and buried him, and took the
+feather to their father, saying that they had found it. The king healed
+his eyes with it. A shepherd one day, while feeding his sheep, saw that
+his dog was always digging in the same place, and went to see what it
+was, and found a bone. He put it to his mouth, and saw that it sounded
+and said: "Shepherd, keep me in your mouth, hold me tight, and do not
+let me go! For a feather of the griffin, my brother has played the
+traitor, my brother has played the traitor."
+
+One day the shepherd, with this whistle in his mouth, was passing by the
+king's palace, and the king heard him, and called him to see what it
+was. The shepherd told him the story, and how he had found it. The king
+put it to his mouth, and the whistle said: "Papa! papa! keep me in your
+mouth, hold me tight, and do not let me go. For a feather of the
+griffin, my brother has played the traitor, my brother has played the
+traitor." Then the king put it in the mouth of the brother who had
+killed the youngest, and the whistle said: "Brother! brother! keep me in
+your mouth, hold me fast, and do not let me go. For a feather of the
+griffin, you have played the traitor, you have played the traitor." Then
+the king understood the story and had his two sons put to death. And
+thus they killed their brother and afterwards were killed
+themselves.[15]
+
+The feminine counterpart of "Boots," or the successful youngest brother,
+is Cinderella, the youngest of three sisters who despise and ill-treat
+her. Her usual place is in the chimney-corner, and her name is derived
+from the grime of cinders and ashes (her name in German is
+_Aschenputtel_). Assisted by some kind fairy who appears in various
+forms, she reveals herself in her true shape, captivates the prince, who
+finally recognizes her by the slipper. There are two branches of this
+story: the one just mentioned, and one where the heroine assumes a
+repulsive disguise in order to escape the importunities of a father who
+wishes to marry her. This second branch may be distinguished by the name
+of "Allerleirauh," the well-known Grimm story of this class. For the
+first branch of this story we have selected a Florentine story
+(_Novellaja fior._ p. 151) called:
+
+
+IX. CINDERELLA.
+
+Once upon a time there was a man who had three daughters. He was once
+ordered to go away to work, and said to them: "Since I am about making a
+journey, what do you want me to bring you when I return?" One asked for
+a handsome dress; the other, a fine hat and a beautiful shawl. He said
+to the youngest: "And you, Cinderella, what do you want?" They called
+her Cinderella because she always sat in the chimney-corner. "You must
+buy me a little bird Verdeliò." "The simpleton! she does not know what
+to do with the bird! Instead of ordering a handsome dress, a fine shawl,
+she takes a bird. Who knows what she will do with it!" "Silence!" she
+says, "it pleases me." The father went, and on his return brought the
+dress, hat, and shawl for the two sisters, and the little bird for
+Cinderella. The father was employed at the court, and one day the king
+said to him: "I am going to give three balls; if you want to bring your
+daughters, do so; they will amuse themselves a little." "As you wish,"
+he replies, "thanks!" and accepts. He went home and said: "What do you
+think, girls? His Majesty wishes you to attend his ball." "There, you
+see, Cinderella, if you had only asked for a handsome dress! This
+evening we are going to the ball." She replied: "It matters nothing to
+me! You go; I am not coming." In the evening, when the time came, they
+adorned themselves, saying to Cinderella: "Come along, there will be
+room for you, too." "I don't want to go; you go; I don't want to."
+"But," said their father, "let us go, let us go! Dress and come along;
+let her stay." When they had gone, she went to the bird and said: "O
+Bird Verdeliò, make me more beautiful than I am!" She became clothed in
+a sea-green dress, with so many diamonds that it blinded you to behold
+her. The bird made ready two purses of money, and said to her: "Take
+these two purses, enter your carriage, and away!" She set out for the
+ball, and left the bird Verdeliò at home. She entered the ball-room.
+Scarcely had the gentlemen seen this beautiful lady (she dazzled them on
+all sides), when the king, just think of it, began to dance with her the
+whole evening. After he had danced with her all the evening, his Majesty
+stopped, and she stood by her sisters. While she was at her sisters'
+side, she drew out her handkerchief, and a bracelet fell out. "Oh,
+Signora," said the eldest sister, "you have dropped this." "Keep it for
+yourself," she said. "Oh, if Cinderella were only here, who knows what
+might not have happened to her?" The king had given orders that when
+this lady went away they should find out where she lived. After she had
+remained a little, she left the ball. You can imagine whether the
+servants were on the lookout! She entered her carriage and away! She
+perceives that she is followed, takes the money and begins to throw it
+out of the window of the carriage. The greedy servants, I tell you,
+seeing all that money, thought no more of her, but stopped to pick up
+the money. She returned home and went up-stairs. "O Bird Verdeliò, make
+me homelier than I am!" You ought to see how ugly, how horrid, she
+became, all ashes. When the sisters returned, they cried:
+"Cin-der-ella!" "Oh, leave her alone," said her father; "she is asleep
+now, leave her alone!" But they went up and showed her the large and
+beautiful bracelet. "Do you see, you simpleton? You might have had it."
+"It matters nothing to me." Their father said: "Let us go to supper, you
+little geese."
+
+Let us return to the king, who was awaiting his servants, who had not
+the courage to appear, but kept away. He calls them. "How did the matter
+go?" They fall at his feet. "Thus and thus! She threw out so much
+money!" "Wretches, you are nothing else," he said, "were you afraid of
+not being rewarded? Well! to-morrow evening, attention, under pain of
+death." The next evening the usual ball. The sisters say: "Will you come
+this evening, Cinderella?" "Oh," she says, "don't bother me! I don't
+want to go." Their father cries out to them: "How troublesome you are!
+Let her alone!" So they began to adorn themselves more handsomely than
+the former evening, and departed. "Good-by, Cinderella!" When they had
+gone, Cinderella went to the bird and said: "Little Bird Verdeliò, make
+me more beautiful than I am!" Then she became clothed in sea-green,
+embroidered with all the fish of the sea, mingled with diamonds more
+than you could believe. The bird said: "Take these two bags of sand, and
+when you are followed, throw it out, and so they will be blinded." She
+entered her carriage and set out for the ball. As soon as his Majesty
+saw her he began to dance with her and danced as long as he could. After
+he had danced as long as he could (she did not grow weary, but he did),
+she placed herself near her sisters, drew out her handkerchief, and
+there fell out a beautiful necklace all made of coal. The second sister
+said: "Signora, you have dropped this." She replied: "Keep it for
+yourself." "If Cinderella were here, who knows what might not happen to
+her! To-morrow she must come!" After a while she leaves the ball. The
+servants (just think, under pain of death!) were all on the alert, and
+followed her. She began to throw out all the sand, and they were
+blinded. She went home, dismounted, and went up-stairs. "Little Bird
+Verdeliò, make me homelier than I am!" She became frightfully homely.
+When her sisters returned they began from below: "Cin-der-ella! if you
+only knew what that lady gave us!" "It matters nothing to me!" "But
+to-morrow evening you must go!" "Yes, yes! you would have had it!" Their
+father says: "Let us go to supper and let her alone; you are really
+silly!"
+
+Let us return to his Majesty, who was waiting for his servants to learn
+where she lived. Instead of that they were all brought back blinded, and
+had to be accompanied. "Rogue!" he exclaimed, "either this lady is some
+fairy or she must have some fairy who protects her."
+
+The next day the sisters began: "Cinderella, you must go this evening!
+Listen; it is the last evening; you must come." The father: "Oh let her
+alone! you are always teasing her!" Then they went away and began to
+prepare for the ball. When they were all prepared, they went to the ball
+with their father. When they had departed, Cinderella went to the bird:
+"Little Bird Verdeliò, make me more beautiful than I am!" Then she was
+dressed in all the colors of the heavens; all the comets, the stars, and
+moon on her dress, and the sun on her brow. She enters the ball-room.
+Who could look at her! for the sun alone they lower their eyes, and are
+all blinded. His Majesty began to dance, but he could not look at her,
+because she dazzled him. He had already given orders to his servants to
+be on the lookout, under pain of death; not to go on foot, but to mount
+their horses that evening. After she had danced longer than on the
+previous evenings she placed herself by her father's side, drew out her
+handkerchief, and there fell out a snuff-box of gold, full of money.
+"Signora, you have dropped this snuff-box." "Keep it for yourself!"
+Imagine that man: he opens it and sees it full of money. What joy! After
+she had remained a time she went home as usual. The servants followed
+her on horseback, quickly; at a distance from the carriage; but on
+horseback that was not much trouble. She perceived that she had not
+prepared anything to throw that evening. "Oh!" she cried, "what shall I
+do?" She left the carriage quickly, and in her haste lost one of her
+slippers. The servants picked it up, took the number of the house, and
+went away. Cinderella went up-stairs and said: "Little Bird Verdeliò,
+make me more homely than I am!" The bird does not answer. After she had
+repeated it three or four times, it answered: "Rogue! I ought not to
+make you more homely, but..." and she became homely and the bird
+continued: "What are you going to do now? You are discovered." She began
+to weep in earnest. When her sisters returned, they cried:
+"Cin-der-ella!" You can imagine that she did not answer them this
+evening. "See what a beautiful snuff-box. If you had gone you might have
+had it." "I do not care! Go away!" Then their father called them to
+supper.
+
+Let us now turn to the servants who went back with the slipper and the
+number of the house. "To-morrow," said his Majesty, "as soon as it is
+day, go to that house, take a carriage, and bring that lady to the
+palace." The servants took the slipper and went away. The next morning
+they knocked at the door. Cinderella's father looked out and exclaimed:
+"Oh, Heavens! it is his Majesty's carriage; what does it mean?" They
+open the door and the servants ascend. "What do you want of me?" asked
+the father. "How many daughters have you?" "Two." "Well, show them to
+us." The father made them come in there. "Sit down," they said to one of
+them. They tried the slipper on her; it was ten times too large for her.
+The other one sat down; it was too small for her. "But tell me, good
+man, have you no other daughters? Take care to tell the truth! because
+his Majesty wishes it, under pain of death!" "Gentlemen, there is
+another one, but I do not mention it. She is all in the ashes, the
+coals; if you should see her! I do not call her my daughter from shame."
+"We have not come for beauty, or for finery; we want to see the girl!"
+
+Her sisters began to call her: "Cin-der-ella!" but she did not answer.
+After a time she said: "What is the matter?" "You must come down! there
+are some gentlemen here who wish to see you." "I don't want to come."
+"But you must come, you see!" "Very well; tell them I will come in a
+moment." She went to the little bird: "Ah little Bird Verdeliò, make me
+more beautiful than I am!" Then she was dressed as she had been the last
+evening, with the sun, and moon, and stars, and in addition, great
+chains all of gold everywhere about her. The bird said: "Take me away
+with you! Put me in your bosom!" She puts the bird in her bosom and
+begins to descend the stairs. "Do you hear her?" said the father, "do
+you hear her? She is dragging with her the chains from the
+chimney-corner. You can imagine how frightful she will look!" When she
+reached the last step, and they saw her, "Ah!" they exclaimed, and
+recognized the lady of the ball. You can imagine how her father and
+sisters were vexed. They made her sit down, and tried on the slipper,
+and it fitted her. Then they made her enter the carriage, and took her
+to his Majesty, who recognized the lady of the other evenings. And you
+can imagine that, all in love as he was, he said to her: "Will you
+really be my wife?" You may believe she consents. She sends for her
+father and sisters, and makes them all come to the palace. They
+celebrate the marriage. Imagine what fine festivals were given at this
+wedding! The servants who had discovered where Cinderella lived were
+promoted to the highest positions in the palace as a reward.[16]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the second class of stories alluded to above, the heroine flees in
+disguise from her home to avoid a marriage with her father or brother.
+The remainder of the story resembles Cinderella: the heroine reveals
+herself from time to time in her true form, and finally throws off her
+disguise. The following story, which illustrates this class, is from the
+province of Vicenza (Corazzini, p. 484), and is entitled:
+
+
+X. FAIR MARIA WOOD.
+
+There was once a husband and wife who had but one child, a daughter. Now
+it happened that the wife fell ill and was at the point of death. Before
+dying she called her husband, and said to him, weeping: "I am dying; you
+are still young; if you ever wish to marry again, be mindful to choose a
+wife whom my wedding ring fits; and if you cannot find a lady whom it
+fits well, do not marry." Her husband promised that he would do so. When
+she was dead he took off her wedding ring and kept it until he desired
+to marry again. Then he sought for some one to please him. He went from
+one to another, but the ring fitted no one. He tried so many but in
+vain. One day he thought of calling his daughter, and trying the ring on
+her to see whether it fitted her. The daughter said: "It is useless,
+dear father; you cannot marry me, because you are my father." He did not
+heed her, put the ring on her finger, and saw that it fitted her well,
+and wanted to marry his daughter _nolens volens_. She did not oppose
+him, but consented. The day of the wedding, he asked her what she
+wanted. She said that she wished four silk dresses, the most beautiful
+that could be seen. He, who was a gentleman, gratified her wish and took
+her the four dresses, one handsomer than the other, and all the
+handsomest that had ever been seen. "Now, what else do you want?" said
+he. "I want another dress, made of wood, so that I can conceal myself in
+it." And at once he had this wooden dress made. She was well pleased.
+She waited one day until her husband was out of sight, put on the wooden
+dress, and under it the four silk dresses, and went away to a certain
+river not far off, and threw herself in it. Instead of sinking and
+drowning, she floated, for the wooden dress kept her up.
+
+The water carried her a long way, when she saw on the bank a gentleman,
+and began to cry: "Who wants the fair Maria Wood?" That gentleman who
+saw her on the water, and whom she addressed, called her and she came to
+the bank and saluted him. "How is it that you are thus dressed in wood,
+and come floating on the water without drowning?" She told him that she
+was a poor girl who had only that dress of wood, and that she wanted to
+go out to service. "What can you do?" "I can do all that is needed in a
+house, and if you would only take me for a servant you would be
+satisfied."
+
+He took her to his house, where his mother was, and told her all that
+had happened, saying: "If you, dear mother, will take her as a servant,
+we can try her." In short, she took her and was pleased with this woman
+dressed in wood.
+
+It happened that there were balls at that place which the best ladies
+and gentlemen attended. The gentleman who had the servant dressed in
+wood prepared to go to the ball, and after he had departed, the servant
+said to his mother: "Do me this kindness, mistress: let me go to the
+ball too, for I have never seen any dancing." "What, you wish to go to
+the ball so badly dressed that they would drive you away as soon as they
+saw you!" The servant was silent, and when the mistress was in bed,
+dressed herself in one of her silk dresses and became the most beautiful
+woman that was ever seen. She went to the ball, and it seemed as if the
+sun had entered the room; all were dazzled. She sat down near her
+master, who asked her to dance, and would dance with no one but her. She
+pleased him so much that he fell in love with her. He asked her who she
+was and where she came from. She replied that she came from a distance,
+but told him nothing more.
+
+At a certain hour, without any one perceiving it, she went out and
+disappeared. She returned home and put on her wooden dress again. In the
+morning the master returned from the ball, and said to his mother: "Oh!
+if you had only seen what a beautiful lady there was at the ball! She
+appeared like the sun, she was so beautiful and well dressed. She sat
+down near me, and would not dance with any one but me." His mother then
+said: "Did you not ask her who she was and where she came from?" "She
+would only tell me that she came from a distance; but I thought I
+should die; I wish to go again this evening." The servant heard all this
+dialogue, but kept silent, pretending that the matter did not concern
+her.
+
+In the evening he prepared himself again for the ball, and the servant
+said to him: "Master, yesterday evening I asked your mamma to let me,
+too, go to the ball, for I have never seen dancing, but she would not;
+will you have the kindness to let me go this evening?" "Be still, you
+ugly creature, the ball is no place for you!" "Do me this favor," she
+said, weeping, "I will stand out of doors, or under a bench, or in a
+corner so no one shall see me; but let me go!" He grew angry then, and
+took a stick and began to beat the poor servant. She wept and remained
+silent.
+
+After he had gone, she waited until his mother was in bed, and put on a
+dress finer than the first, and so rich as to astonish, and away to the
+ball! When she arrived all began to gaze at her, for they had never seen
+anything more beautiful. All the handsomest young men surround her and
+ask her to dance; but she would have nothing to do with any one but her
+master. He again asked her who she was, and she said she would tell him
+later. They danced and danced, and all at once she disappeared. Her
+master ran here and there, asked one and another, but no one could tell
+him where she had gone. He returned home and told his mother all that
+had passed. She said to him: "Do you know what you must do? Take this
+diamond ring, and when she dances with you give it to her; and if she
+takes it, it is a sign that she loves you." She gave him the ring. The
+servant listened, saw everything, and was silent.
+
+In the evening the master prepared for the ball and the servant again
+asked him to take her, and again he beat her. He went to the ball, and
+after midnight, as before, the beautiful lady returned more beautiful
+than before, and as usual would dance only with her master. At the right
+moment he took out the diamond ring, and asked her if she would accept
+it. She took it and thanked him, and he was happy and satisfied.
+Afterward he asked her again who she was and where from. She said that
+she was of that country
+
+    That when they speak of going to a ball,
+    They are beaten on the head;
+
+and said no more. At the usual hour she stopped dancing and departed. He
+ran after her, but she went like the wind, and reached home without his
+finding out where she went. But he ran so in all directions, and was in
+such suffering, that when he reached home he was obliged to go to bed
+more dead than alive. Then he fell ill and grew worse every day, so that
+all said he would die. He did nothing but ask his mother and every one
+if they knew anything of that lady, and that he would die if he did not
+see her. The servant heard everything; and one day, when he was very
+ill, what did she think of? She waited until her mistress' eye was
+turned, and dropped the diamond ring in the broth her master was to eat.
+No one saw her, and his mother took him the broth. He began to eat it,
+when he felt something hard, saw something shine, and took it out....
+You can imagine how he looked at it and recognized the diamond ring!
+They thought he would go mad. He asked his mother if that was the ring
+and she swore that it was, and all happy, she said that now he would see
+her again.
+
+Meanwhile the servant went to her room, took off her wooden dress, and
+put on one all of silk, so that she appeared a beauty, and went to the
+room of the sick man. His mother saw her and began to cry: "Here she is;
+here she is!" She went in and saluted him, smiling, and he was so beside
+himself that he became well at once. He asked her to tell him her
+story,--who she was, where she came from, how she came, and how she knew
+that he was ill. She replied: "I am the woman dressed in wood who was
+your servant. It is not true that I was a poor girl, but I had that
+dress to conceal myself in, for underneath it I was the same that I am
+now. I am a lady; and although you treated me so badly when I asked to
+go to the ball, I saw that you loved me, and now I have come to save
+you from death." You can believe that they stayed to hear her story.
+They were married and have always been happy and still are.[17]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the various stories thus far mentioned which involve the family
+relations, we have had examples of treachery on the part of brothers,
+ill-treatment of step-children, etc. It remains now to notice the trait
+of treachery on the part of sister or mother towards brother or son. The
+formula as given by Hahn (No. 19) is as follows: The hero, who is
+fleeing with his sister (or mother), overcomes a number of dragons or
+giants. The only survivor makes love to the sister (or mother), and
+causes her, for fear of discovery, to send her brother, in order to
+destroy him, on dangerous adventures, under the pretence of obtaining a
+cure for her illness. The hero survives the dangers, discovers the
+deception, and punishes the guilty ones. Traces of this formula are
+found in several Italian stories,[18] but it constitutes only two entire
+stories: one in Pitrè (No. 71) the other in Comparetti (No. 54, "The
+Golden Hair," from Monferrato, Piedmont). The latter is in substance as
+follows: A king with three sons marries again in his old age. The
+youngest son falls in love with his step-mother and the jealous father
+tries to poison her. The son and wife flee together, and fall in with
+some robbers whom they kill, and set at liberty a princess who has the
+gift of curing blindness and other diseases. They afterward find a cave
+containing rooms and all the necessaries of life, but see no one. They
+spend the night there, and the next morning the youth goes hunting; and
+as soon as he has departed a giant appears and solicits the
+step-mother's love, saying that if she will marry him, she will always
+be healthy and never lose her youth. But first it will be necessary to
+remove from her step-son's head a golden hair, and then he will become
+so weak that he can be killed by a blow. She was unwilling at first,
+because he had saved her life, but finally yielded. First she tried to
+get rid of him by pretending to be ill, and sending him for some water
+from a fountain near which was a lion. He obtained the water safely.
+Then his step-mother, pretending to comb his hair, cut off the golden
+hair, and the giant dragged him by the feet fifty miles, and let him
+fall first in the bushes and then on the ground. From the wounds in his
+head he became blind, but recovered his sight by means of the princess
+mentioned in the first part of the story, whom he married. After his
+golden lock had grown out again he returned to the cave and killed the
+giant, punishing his step-mother by leaving her there without even
+looking at her.
+
+The story in Pitrè (No. 71, "The Cyclops") is more detailed. A queen who
+has been unfaithful to her husband is put in confinement, gives birth to
+a son, and afterward, through his aid, escapes. They encounter some
+cyclops, a number of whom the son kills; but one becomes secretly the
+mother's lover. To get rid of her son, she sends him for the water of a
+certain fountain, which he brings back safely. Finally the mother binds
+the son fast, under the pretence of playing a game, and delivers him to
+the cyclops, who kills him and cuts him into small bits, which he loads
+on his horse and turns him loose. The youth is, however, restored to
+life by the same water that he had brought back, and kills the cyclops
+and his mother, finally marrying the princess to whom he owes his
+life.[19]
+
+In marked contrast to the above class is the one in which a number of
+brothers owe their deliverance from enchantment to the self-sacrifice of
+a sister. Generally the sister is the innocent cause of her brothers'
+transformation. They live far from home, and their sister is not aware
+for a long time of their existence. When she learns it she departs in
+search of them, finds them, and, after great risk to herself, delivers
+them. But two versions of this story have yet been published in Italy:
+one from Naples (Pent. IV. 8), the other from Bologna (Coronedi-Berti,
+No. 19). The latter version we give at length.
+
+
+XI. THE CURSE OF THE SEVEN CHILDREN.
+
+There was once a king and a queen who had six children, all sons. The
+queen was about to give birth to another child, and the king said that
+if it was not a daughter all seven children would be cursed. Now it
+happened that the king had to go away to war; and before departing he
+said to the queen, "Listen. If you have a son, hang a lance out of the
+window; if a daughter, a distaff; so that I can see as soon as I arrive
+which it is." After the king had been gone a month, the queen gave birth
+to the most beautiful girl that was ever seen. Imagine how pleased the
+queen was at having a girl. She could scarcely contain herself for joy,
+and immediately gave orders to hang the distaff out of the window; but
+in the midst of the joyful confusion, a mistake was made, and they put
+out a lance. Shortly after, the king returned and saw the sign at the
+window, and cursed all his seven sons; but when he entered the house and
+the servants crowded around him to congratulate him and tell him about
+his beautiful daughter, then the king was amazed and became very
+melancholy. He entered the queen's room and looked at the child, who
+seemed exactly like one of those wax dolls to be kept in a box; then he
+looked about him and saw nothing of his sons, and his eyes filled with
+tears, for those poor youths had wandered out into the world.
+
+Meanwhile the girl grew, and when she was large she saw that her parents
+caressed her, but always with tears in their eyes. One day she said to
+her mother: "What is the matter with you, mother, that I always see you
+crying?" Then the queen told her the story, and said that she was afraid
+that some day she would see her disappear too. When the girl heard how
+it was, what did she do? One night she rose softly and left the palace,
+with the intention of going to find her brothers. She walked and walked,
+and at last met a little old man, who said to her: "Where are you going
+at this time of the night?" She answered: "I am in search of my
+brothers." The old man said: "It will be difficult to find them, for
+you must not speak for seven years, seven months, seven weeks, seven
+days, seven hours, and seven minutes." She said: "I will try." Then she
+took a bit of paper which she found on the ground, wrote on it the day
+and the hour with a piece of charcoal, and left the old man and hastened
+on her way. After she had run a long time, she saw a light and went
+towards it, and when she was near it, she saw that it was over the door
+of a palace where a king lived. She entered and sat down on the
+stairway, and fell asleep. The servants came later to put out the light,
+and saw the pretty girl asleep on the stone steps; they awakened her,
+asking her what she was doing there. She began to make signs, asking
+them to give her a lodging. They understood her, and said they would ask
+the king. They returned shortly to tell her to enter, for the king
+wished to see her before she was shown to her room. When the king saw
+the beautiful girl, with hair like gold, flesh like milk and wine, teeth
+white as pearls, and little hands that an artist could not paint as
+beautiful as they were, he suddenly imagined that she must be the
+daughter of some lord, and gave orders that she should be treated with
+all possible respect. They showed her to a beautiful room; then a maid
+came and undressed her and put her to bed. Next morning, Diana, for so
+she was called, arose, saw a frame with a piece of embroidery in it, and
+began to work at it. The king visited her, and asked if she needed
+anything, and she made signs that she did not. The king was so pleased
+with the young girl that he ended by falling in love with her, and after
+a year had passed he thought of marrying her. The queen-mother, who was
+an envious person, was not content with the match, because, said she, no
+one knows where she came from, and, besides, she is dumb, something that
+would make people wonder if a king should marry her. But the king was so
+obstinate that he married her; and when his mother saw that there was no
+help, she pretended to be satisfied. Shortly after, the queen-mother put
+into the king's hands a letter which informed him of an imminent war, in
+which, if he did not take part, he would run the risk of losing his
+realm. The king went to the war, in fact, with great grief at leaving
+his wife; and before departing, he commended her earnestly to his
+mother, who said: "Do not be anxious, my son, I shall do all that I can
+to make her happy." The king embraced his wife and mother, and departed.
+
+Scarcely had the king gone when the queen-mother sent for a mason, and
+made him build a wall near the kitchen-sink, so that it formed a sort of
+box. Now you must know that Diana expected soon to become a mother, and
+this afforded the queen-mother a pretext to write to her son that his
+wife had died in giving birth to a child. She took her and put her in
+the wall she had had built, where there was neither light nor air, and
+where the wicked woman hoped that she would die. But it was not so. The
+scullion went every day to wash the dishes at the sink near where poor
+Diana was buried alive. While attending to his business, he heard a
+lamentation, and listened to see where it could come from. He listened
+and listened, until at last he perceived that the voice came from the
+wall that had been newly built. What did he do then? He made a hole in
+the wall, and saw that the queen was there. The scullion asked how she
+came there; but she only made signs that she was about to give birth to
+a child. The poor scullion had his wife make a fine cushion, on which
+Diana reposed as well as she could, and gave birth to the most beautiful
+boy that could be seen. The scullion's wife went to see her every
+moment, and carried her broth, and cared for the child; in short, this
+poor woman, as well as her husband, did everything she could to
+alleviate the poor queen, who tried to make them understand by signs
+what she needed. One day it came into Diana's head to look into her
+memorandum book and see how long she still had to keep silent, and she
+saw that only two minutes yet remained. As soon as they had passed, she
+told the scullion all that had happened. At that moment the king
+arrived, and the scullion drew the queen from out the hole, and showed
+her to the king. You can imagine how delighted he was to see again his
+Diana, whom he believed to be dead. He embraced her, and kissed her and
+the child; in short, such was his joy that it seemed as if he would go
+mad. Diana related everything to him: why she had left her home, and why
+she had played dumb so long, and finally how she had been treated by the
+queen-mother, and what she had suffered, and how kind those poor people
+had been to her. When he had heard all this, he said: "Leave the matter
+to me; I will arrange it."
+
+The next day the king invited all the nobles and princes of his realm to
+a great banquet. Now it happened that in setting the tables the servants
+laid six plates besides the others; and when the guests sat down, six
+handsome youths entered, who advanced and asked what should be given to
+a sister who had done so and so for her brothers. Then the king sprang
+up and said: "And I ask what shall be done to a mother who did so and so
+to her son's wife?" and he explained everything. One said: "Burn her
+alive." Another: "Put her in the pillory." Another: "Fry her in oil in
+the public square." This was agreed to. The youths had been informed by
+that same old man whom Diana had met, and who was a magician, where
+their sister was and what she had done for them. Then they made
+themselves known, and embraced Diana and their brother-in-law the king,
+and after the greatest joy, they all started off to see their parents.
+Imagine the satisfaction of the king and queen at seeing again all their
+seven children. They gave the warmest reception to the king, Diana's
+husband, and after they had spent some days together, Diana returned
+with her husband to their city. And all lived there afterward in peace
+and contentment.[20]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We shall now turn our attention to another wide-spread story, which may
+be termed "The True Bride," although the Grimm story of that name is not
+a representative of it. One of the simplest versions is Grimm's "The
+Goose-Girl," in which a queen's daughter is betrothed to a king's son
+who lives far away. When the daughter grew up she was sent to the
+bridegroom, with a maid to wait upon her. On the journey the maid takes
+the place of the princess, who becomes a poor goose-girl. The true bride
+is of course discovered at last, and the false one duly punished. "The
+White and the Black Bride," of the same collection, is a more
+complicated version of the same theme. The first part is the story of
+two sisters (step-sisters) who receive different gifts from fairies,
+etc.; the second part, that of the brother who paints his sister's
+portrait, which the king sees and desires to marry the original. The
+sister is sent for, but on the journey the ugly step-sister pushes the
+bride into a river or the sea, and takes her place. The true bride is
+changed into a swan (or otherwise miraculously preserved), and at last
+resumes her lawful place. In the above stories the substitution of the
+false bride is the main incident in the story; but there are many other
+tales in which the same incident occurs, but it is subordinate to the
+others. Examples of this latter class will be given as soon as we reach
+the story of "The Forgotten Bride."
+
+The first class mentioned is represented in Italy by two versions also.
+The first is composed of the two traits: "Two Sisters" and "True Bride";
+the second, of "Brother who shows beautiful sister's portrait to king."
+This second version sometimes shows traces of the first. It is with this
+second version that we now have to do, as in it only is the substitution
+of the false bride the main incident. Examples of the first version will
+be found in the notes.[21] The story we have selected to illustrate the
+second version of this story is from Florence (_Nov. fior._ p. 314), and
+is entitled:
+
+
+XII. ORAGGIO AND BIANCHINETTA.
+
+There was once a lady who had two children: the boy was called Oraggio,
+the girl, Bianchinetta. By misfortunes they were reduced from great
+wealth to poverty. It was decided that Oraggio should go out to service,
+and indeed he found a situation as _valet de chambre_ to a prince. After
+a time the prince, satisfied with his service, changed it, and set him
+to work cleaning the pictures in his gallery. Among the various
+paintings was one of a very beautiful lady, which was constantly
+Oraggio's admiration. The prince often surprised him admiring the
+portrait. One day he asked him why he spent so much time before that
+picture. Oraggio replied that it was the very image of his sister, and
+having been away from her some time, he felt the need of seeing her
+again. The prince answered that he did not believe that picture
+resembled his sister, because he had a search made, and it had not been
+possible to find any lady like the portrait. He added: "Have her come
+here, and if she is as beautiful as you say, I will make her my wife."
+
+Oraggio wrote at once to Bianchinetta, who immediately set out on her
+journey. Oraggio went to the harbor to await her, and when he perceived
+the ship at a distance, he called out at intervals: "Mariners of the
+high sea, guard my sister Bianchina, so that the sun shall not brown
+her." Now, on the ship where Bianchinetta was, was also another young
+girl with her mother, both very homely. When they were near the harbor,
+the daughter gave Bianchinetta a blow, and pushed her into the sea. When
+they landed, Oraggio could not recognize his sister; and that homely
+girl presented herself, saying that the sun had made her so dark that
+she could no longer be recognized. The prince was surprised at seeing
+such a homely woman, and reproved Oraggio, removing him from his
+position and setting him to watch the geese. Every day he led the geese
+to the sea, and every day Bianchinetta came forth and adorned them with
+tassels of various colors. When the geese returned home, they said:--
+
+    "Crò! crò!
+    From the sea we come,
+    We feed on gold and pearls.
+    Oraggio's sister is fair,
+    She is fair as the sun;
+    She would suit our master well."
+
+The prince asked Oraggio how the geese came to repeat those words every
+day. He told him that his sister, thrown into the sea, had been seized
+by a fish, which had taken her to a beautiful palace under the water,
+where she was in chains. But that, attached to a long chain, she was
+permitted to come to the shore when he drove the geese there. The prince
+said: "If what you relate is true, ask her what is required to liberate
+her from that prison."
+
+The next day Oraggio asked Bianchinetta how it would be possible to take
+her from there and conduct her to the prince. She replied: "It is
+impossible to take me from here. At least, the monster always says to
+me: 'It would require a sword that cuts like a hundred, and a horse that
+runs like the wind.' It is almost impossible to find these two things.
+You see, therefore, it is my fate to remain here always." Oraggio
+returned to the palace, and informed the prince of his sister's answer.
+The latter made every effort, and succeeded in finding the horse that
+ran like the wind, and the sword that cut like a hundred. They went to
+the sea, found Bianchinetta, who was awaiting them. She led them to her
+palace. With the sword the chain was cut. She mounted the horse, and
+thus was able to escape. When they reached the palace the prince found
+her as beautiful as the portrait Oraggio was always gazing at, and
+married her. The other homely one was burned in the public square, with
+the accustomed pitch-shirt; and they lived content and happy.[22]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have already encountered the trait of "Thankful Animals," who assist
+the hero in return for kindness he has shown them. What is merely an
+incident in the stories above alluded to constitutes the main feature of
+a class of stories which may be termed "Animal Brothers-in-law." The
+usual formula in these stories is as follows: Three princes, transformed
+into animals, marry the hero's sisters. The hero visits them in turn;
+they assist him in the performance of difficult tasks, and are by him
+freed from their enchantment. This formula varies, of course. Sometimes
+there are but two sisters, and the brothers-in-law are freed from their
+enchantment in some other way than by the hero. A good specimen of this
+class is from the south of Italy, Basilicata (Comparetti, No. 20), and
+is called:
+
+
+XIII. THE FAIR FIORITA.
+
+There was once a king who had four children: three daughters and a son,
+who was the heir to the throne. One day the king said to the prince: "My
+son, I have decided to marry your three sisters to the first persons who
+pass our palace at noon." At that time there first passed a swine-herd,
+then a huntsman, and finally a grave-digger. The king had them all three
+summoned to his presence, and told the swine-herd that he wished to give
+him his oldest daughter for a wife, the second to the huntsman, and the
+third to the grave-digger. Those poor creatures thought they were
+dreaming. But they saw that the king spoke seriously, or rather
+commanded. Then, all confused, but well pleased, they said: "Let your
+Majesty's will be done." The prince, who loved his youngest sister
+dearly, was deeply grieved that she should become a grave-digger's wife.
+He begged the king not to make this match, but the king would not listen
+to him.
+
+The prince, grieved at his father's caprice, would not be present at his
+sisters' wedding, but took a walk in the garden at the foot of the
+palace. Now, while the priest in the marriage hall was blessing the
+three brides, the garden suddenly bloomed with the fairest flowers, and
+there came forth from a white cloud a voice which said: "Happy he who
+shall have a kiss from the lips of the fair Fiorita!" The prince
+trembled so that he could hardly stand; and afterward, leaning against
+an olive-tree, he began to weep for the sisters he had lost, and
+remained buried in thought many hours. Then he started, as if awakening
+from a dream, and said to himself: "I must flee from my father's house.
+I will wander about the world, and will not rest until I have a kiss
+from the lips of the fair Fiorita."
+
+He travelled over land and sea, over mountains and plains, and found no
+living soul that could give him word of the fair Fiorita. Three years
+had elapsed, when one day, leaving a wood and journeying through a
+beautiful plain, he arrived at a palace before which was a fountain, and
+drew near to drink. A child two years old, who was playing by the
+fountain, seeing him approach, began to cry and call its mother. The
+mother, when she saw the prince, ran to meet him, embraced him, and
+kissed him, crying: "Welcome, welcome, my brother!" The prince at first
+did not recognize her; but looking at her closely in the face, he saw
+that it was his oldest sister, and embracing her in turn, exclaimed:
+"How glad I am to see you, my sister!" and they rejoiced greatly. The
+sister invited him to enter the palace, which was hers, and led him to
+her husband, who was much pleased to see him, and all three overwhelmed
+with caresses the child who, by calling his mother, had been the cause
+of all that joy.
+
+The prince then asked about his other two sisters, and his
+brother-in-law replied that they were well, and lived in a lordly way
+with their husbands. The prince was surprised, and his brother-in-law
+added that the fortunes of the three husbands of his sisters had changed
+since they had been enchanted by a magician. "And cannot I see my other
+two sisters?" asked the prince. The brother-in-law replied: "Direct your
+journey towards sunrise. After a day you will find your second sister;
+after two days, the third." "But I must seek the way to the fair
+Fiorita, and I do not know whether it is towards sunrise or sunset." "It
+is precisely towards sunrise; and you are doubly fortunate: first,
+because you will see your two sisters again; secondly, because from the
+last you can receive information about the fair Fiorita. But before
+departing I wish to give you a remembrance. Take these hog's bristles.
+The first time you encounter any danger from which you cannot extricate
+yourself, throw them on the ground, and I will free you from the
+danger." The prince took the bristles, and after he had thanked his
+brother-in-law, resumed his journey.
+
+The next day he arrived at the palace of his second sister; was received
+there also with great joy, and this brother-in-law, too, wished to give
+him a memento before he departed; and because he had been a huntsman,
+presented him with a bunch of birds' feathers, telling him the same
+thing that the other brother-in-law had. He thanked him and departed.
+The third day he came to his youngest sister's, who, seeing the brother
+who had always loved her more dearly than his other sisters, welcomed
+him more warmly, as did also her husband. The latter gave him a little
+human bone, giving him the same advice as the other brothers-in-law had.
+His sister then told him that the fair Fiorita lived a day's journey
+from there, and that he could learn more about her from an old woman who
+was indebted to her, and to whom she sent him.
+
+As soon as the prince arrived at the fair Fiorita's country (she was the
+king's daughter), he went to the old woman. When she heard that he was
+the brother of the one who had been so kind to her, she received him
+like a son. Fortunately, the old woman's house was exactly opposite that
+side of the king's palace where there was a window to which the fair
+Fiorita came every day at dawn. Now one morning at that hour she
+appeared at the window, scarcely covered by a white veil. When the
+prince saw that flower of beauty, he was so agitated that he would have
+fallen had not the old woman supported him. The old woman attempted to
+dissuade him from the idea of marrying the fair Fiorita, saying that the
+king would give his daughter only to him who should discover a hidden
+place, and that he killed him who could not find it, and that already
+many princes had lost their lives for her. But, notwithstanding, he
+answered that he should die if he could not obtain possession of the
+fair Fiorita. Having learned afterward from the old woman that the king
+bought for his daughter the rarest musical instruments, hear what he
+devised! He went to a cymbal-maker and said: "I want a cymbal that will
+play three tunes, and each tune to last a day, and to be made in such a
+way that a man can be hidden inside of it; and I will pay you a thousand
+ducats for it. When it is finished I will get in it; and you must go
+and play it in front of the king's palace; and if the king wishes to
+buy it you will sell it to him on condition that you shall take it every
+three days to fix it." The cymbal-maker consented, and did all that the
+prince commanded him. The king purchased the cymbal with the maker's
+condition, had it carried to his daughter's bed-chamber, and said to
+her: "See, my daughter, I do not wish you to lack any diversion, even
+when you are in bed and cannot sleep."
+
+Next to the fair Fiorita's chamber slept her maids of honor. In the
+night when all were asleep, the prince, who was hidden in the cymbal,
+came out and called: "Fair Fiorita! fair Fiorita!" She awoke in a fright
+and cried: "Come, my maids of honor, I hear some one calling me." The
+maids of honor came quickly, but found no one, for the prince hid
+himself suddenly in the instrument. The same thing happened twice, and
+the maids coming and finding no one, the fair Fiorita said: "Well, it
+must be my fancy. If I call you again, do not come, I command you." The
+prince, within the cymbal, heard this. Scarcely had the maids of honor
+fallen asleep again, when the prince approached the fair one's bed and
+said: "Fair Fiorita, give me, I beg you, a kiss from your lips; if you
+do not, I shall die." She, all trembling, called her maids; but obeying
+her command, they did not come. Then she said to the prince: "You are
+fortunate and have won. Draw near." And she gave him the kiss, and on
+the prince's lips there remained a beautiful rose. "Take this rose," she
+said, "and keep it on your heart, for it will bring you good luck." The
+prince placed it on his heart, and then told his fair one all his
+history from the time he had left his father's palace until he had
+introduced himself into her chamber by the trick with the cymbal. The
+fair Fiorita was well pleased, and said that she would willingly marry
+him; but to succeed, he must perform many difficult tasks which the king
+would lay upon him. First he must discover the way to a hiding-place
+where the king had concealed her with a hundred damsels; then he must
+recognize her among the hundred damsels, all dressed alike and veiled.
+"But," she said, "you need not trouble yourself about these
+difficulties, for the rose you have taken from my lips, and which you
+will always wear over your heart, will draw you like the loadstone,
+first to the hiding-place, and afterward to my arms. But the king will
+set you other tasks, and perhaps terrible ones. These you must think of
+yourself. Let us leave it to God and fortune."
+
+The prince went at once to the king, and asked for the fair Fiorita's
+hand. The king did not refuse it, but made the same conditions, that the
+princess had told him of. He consented, and by the help of the rose
+quickly performed the first tasks. "Bravo!" exclaimed the king, when the
+prince recognized the fair Fiorita among the other damsels; "but this is
+not enough." Then he shut him up in a large room all full of fruit, and
+commanded him, under pain of death, to eat it all up in a day. The
+prince was in despair, but fortunately he remembered the hog's bristles
+and the advice which his first brother-in-law had given him. He threw
+the bristles on the ground, and there suddenly came forth a great herd
+of swine which ate up all the fruit and then disappeared. This task was
+accomplished. But the king proposed another. He wished the prince to
+retire with his bride, and cause her to fall asleep at the singing of
+the birds which are the sweetest to hear and the most beautiful to see.
+The prince remembered the bunch of feathers given him by his
+brother-in-law the huntsman, and threw them on the ground. Suddenly
+there appeared the most beautiful birds in the world, and sang so
+sweetly that the king himself fell asleep. But a servant awakened him at
+once, because he had commanded it, and he said to the prince and his
+daughter: "Now you can enjoy your love at liberty. But to-morrow, on
+arising, you must present me with a child two years old, who can speak
+and call you by name. If not, you will both be killed." "Now let us
+retire, my dear wife," said the prince to the fair Fiorita. "Between now
+and to-morrow some saint will aid us." The next morning the prince
+remembered the bone which his brother-in-law the grave-digger had given
+him. He rose and threw it to the ground, and lo! a beautiful child,
+with a golden apple in his right hand, who cried papa and mamma. The
+king entered the room, and the child ran to meet him, and wished to put
+the golden apple on the crown which the king wore. The king then kissed
+the child, blessed the pair, and taking the crown from his head, put it
+on his son-in-law's, saying: "This is now yours." Then they gave a great
+feast at the court for the wedding, and they invited the prince's three
+sisters, with their husbands. And the prince's father, receiving such
+good news of the son whom he believed lost, hastened to embrace him, and
+gave him his crown too. So the prince and the fair Fiorita became king
+and queen of two realms, and from that time on were always happy.[23]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the above story the wife is won by the performance of difficult tasks
+by the suitor. A somewhat similar class of stories is the one in which
+the bride is won by the solution of a riddle. The riddle, or difficult
+question, is either proposed by the bride herself, and the suitor who
+fails to answer it is killed, or the suitor is obliged to propose one
+himself, and if the bride fails to solve it, she marries him; if she
+succeeds, the suitor is killed. The first of the above two forms is
+found in three Italian stories, two of which resemble each other quite
+closely.
+
+In the Pentamerone (I. 5, "The Flea"), the King of High-Hill, "being
+bitten by a flea, caught him by a wonderful feat of dexterity; and
+seeing how handsome and stately he was, he could not in conscience pass
+sentence on him upon the bed of his nail. So he put him into a bottle,
+and feeding him every day with the blood of his own arm, the little
+beast grew at such a rate that at the end of seven months it was
+necessary to shift his quarters, for he was grown bigger than a sheep.
+When the king saw this, he had him flayed, and the skin dressed. Then he
+issued a proclamation, that whoever could tell to what animal this skin
+had belonged should have his daughter to wife." The question is answered
+by an ogre, to whom the king gives his daughter rather than break his
+promise. The hapless wife is afterward rescued by an old woman's seven
+sons, who possess remarkable gifts. In Gonz. (No. 22, "The Robber who
+had a Witch's Head"), a king with three daughters fattens a louse and
+nails its skin over the door as in the Pentamerone. A robber, who had a
+witch's head that told him everything he wanted to know, answers the
+question, and receives in marriage the king's eldest daughter. He takes
+her home and leaves her alone for a time, and on his return learns from
+the witch's head that his wife has reviled him. He kills her and marries
+the second sister, whom he kills for the same reason, and marries the
+youngest. She is more discreet, and the witch's head can only praise
+her. One day she finds the head and throws it in the oven; and the
+robber, whose life was in some way connected with it, died. The wife
+then anointed her sisters with a life-giving salve, and all three
+returned to their father's house, and afterward married three handsome
+princes. The third story, from the Tyrol (Schneller, No. 31, "The
+Devil's Wife"), is connected with the Bluebeard story which will be
+mentioned later. A king and queen had an only daughter, who was very
+pretty and fond of dress. One day she found a louse; and as she did not
+know what kind of an animal it was, she ran to her mother and asked her.
+Her mother told her and said: "Shut the louse up in a box and feed it.
+As soon as it is very large, we will have a pair of gloves made of its
+skin; these we will exhibit, and whoever of your suitors guesses from
+the skin of what animal they are made, shall be your husband." The
+successful suitor is no other than the Devil, who takes his wife home
+and forbids her to open a certain room. One day, while he is absent, she
+opens the door of the forbidden chamber, and sees from the flames and
+condemned souls who her husband is. She is so frightened that she
+becomes ill, but manages to send word to her father by means of a
+carrier-pigeon. The king sets out with many brave men to deliver her; on
+the way he meets three men who possess wonderful gifts (far seeing,
+sharp ear, great strength), and with their aid rescues his daughter.
+
+More frequently, however, this class of stories turns on a riddle
+proposed by the suitor himself, and which the bride is unable to solve.
+
+The following story, which illustrates the latter version, is from
+Istria (Ive, 1877, p. 13), and is entitled:
+
+
+XIV. BIERDE.
+
+Once upon a time there was a mother who had a son, who went to school.
+One day he came home and said to his mother: "Mother, I want to go and
+seek my fortune." She replied: "Ah, my son, are you mad? Where do you
+want to seek it?" "I want to wander about the world until I find it."
+Now he had a dog whose name was Bierde. He said: "To-morrow morning bake
+me some bread, put it into a bag, give me a pair of iron shoes, and I
+and Bierde will go and seek our fortune." His mother said: "No, my son,
+don't go, for I shall not see you again!" And she wept him as dead.
+After she was quieted she said to him: "Well, if you will go, to-morrow
+I will bake you some bread, and I will make you a bread-cake." She made
+the bread-cake, and put some poison in it; she put the bread and the
+bread-cake in the bag, and he went away. He walked and walked and walked
+until he felt hungry, and said to the dog: "Ah, poor Bierde, how tired
+you are, and how hungry, too! Wait until we have gone a little farther,
+and then we will eat." He went on, tired as he was, and at last seated
+himself under a tree, with the dog near him. He said: "Oh, here we are;
+now we will eat. Wait, Bierde; I will give you a piece of the bread-cake
+so that you, too, can eat." He broke off a piece of the cake, and gave
+it to him to eat. The dog was so hungry that he ate it greedily. After
+he had eaten it he took two or three turns, and fell dead on the ground,
+with his tongue sticking out. "Ah, poor Bierde!" said his master. "You
+have been poisoned! My mother has done it! The wretch! She has put
+poison in the cake in order to kill me!" He kept weeping and saying:
+"Poor Bierde, you are dead, but you have saved my life!" While he was
+weeping three crows passed, alighted, and pecked at the tongue of the
+dog, and all three died. Then he said: "Well, well! _Bierde dead has
+killed three crows!_ I will take them with me." So he took them and
+continued his journey. He saw at a distance a large fire; he approached
+and heard talking and singing, and beheld seven highwaymen, who had
+eaten a great many birds, and who had a great deal of meat still left.
+He said to himself: "Poor me! Now I shall have to die; there is no
+escape; they will certainly take me and kill me!" Then he said: "Enough;
+I will go ahead." As soon as they saw him they cried: "Stop! Your money
+or your life!" The poor fellow said: "Brothers, what would you have me
+give you? Money I have not. I am very hungry. I have nothing but these
+three birds. If you want them I will give them to you." "Very well,"
+they said; "eat and drink; we will eat the birds." They took the birds,
+picked them, skinned them, roasted them over the coals, and said to the
+youth: "We will not give you any of these; you can eat the others." They
+ate them, and all seven fell down dead. When the youth saw that they did
+not stir, but were dead, he said: "Well, well! _Bierde dead has killed
+three, and these three have killed seven!_" He rose and went away after
+he had made a good meal. On the way he felt hungry again, and sat down
+under a tree, and began to eat. When he got up he saw a beautiful
+canary-bird on the top of another tree. He took up a stone and threw at
+it. The bird flew away. Now, behind this tree was a hare, big with
+young, and it happened that the stone fell on it and killed it. The
+youth went to see where the stone fell, and when he saw the dead hare he
+said: "Well, well! _I threw it at the canary-bird and the stone killed
+the hare!_ I will take it with me. If I had the fire that those robbers
+left I would cook it." He went on until he came to a church, in which he
+found a lighted lamp and a missal. So he skinned the hare, and made a
+fire with the missal, and roasted and ate the hare. Then he continued
+his journey until he came to the foot of a mountain, where the sea was.
+On the shore he saw two persons with a boat, who ferried over those who
+wished to reach the other shore, because one could not go on foot on
+account of the great dust, which was suffocating. The price for crossing
+was three _soldi_. The youth said to the owners of the bark: "How much
+do you want to set me down on the other bank?" "Three _soldi_." "Take me
+across, brothers; I will give you two, for I have no more." They
+replied: "_Two do not enter if there are not three._" He repeated his
+offer and they made the same answer. Then he said: "Very well. I will
+stay here." And he remained there. In a moment, however, there came up a
+shower, and laid the dust, and he went on. He reached a city, and found
+it in great confusion. He asked: "What is the matter here, that there
+are so many people?" They answered: "It is the governor's daughter, who
+guesses everything. He whose riddle she cannot guess is to marry her;
+but he whose riddle she guesses is put to death." He asked: "Could I,
+too, go there?" "What, you go, who are a foolish boy! So many students
+have abstained, and you, so ignorant, wish to go! You will certainly go
+to your death!" "Well," he said, "my mother told me that she would never
+see me again, so I will go." He presented himself to the governor and
+said: "Sir governor, I wish to go to your daughter and see whether she
+can guess what I have to tell her." "Do you wish," he replied, "to go to
+your death? So many have lost their lives, do you, also, wish to lose
+yours?" He answered: "Let me go and try." He wished to go and see for
+himself. He entered the hall where the daughter was. The governor
+summoned many gentlemen to hear. When they were all there the governor
+again said that the youth should reflect that if she guessed what he had
+to say that he would lose his life. He replied that he had thought of
+that. The room was full of persons of talent, and the youth presented
+himself and said:--
+
+    "Bierde dead has killed three."
+
+She said to herself: "How can it be that one dead should kill three?"
+
+    "And three have killed seven."
+
+She said: "Here is nothing but dead and killed; what shall I do?" She
+was puzzled at once, and felt herself perplexed. He continued:--
+
+    "I threw where I saw, and reached where I did not expect to.
+    I have eaten that which was born, and that which was not born.
+    It was cooked with words.
+    Two do not enter if there are not three;
+    But the hard passes over the soft."
+
+When she heard this the governor's daughter could not answer. All the
+others were astonished likewise, and said that she must marry him. Then
+he told them all that had happened, and the marriage took place.[24]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We shall now direct our attention to a class of stories found in all
+lands, and which may, from one of its most important episodes, be called
+"The Forgotten Bride." In the ordinary version, the hero, in consequence
+of some imprecation, sets out in search of the heroine, who is either
+the daughter or in the custody of ogre or ogress. The hero, by the help
+of the heroine, performs difficult tasks imposed upon him by her father
+or mother, etc., and finally elopes with her. The pursuit of father or
+mother, etc., is avoided by magic obstacles raised in their way, or by
+transformations of the fugitives. The hero leaves his bride, to prepare
+his parents to receive her; but at a kiss, usually from his mother, he
+entirely forgets his bride until she recalls herself to his memory, and
+they are both united. The trait of difficult tasks performed by the hero
+is sometimes omitted, as well as flight with magic obstacles or
+transformations. All the episodes of the above story, down to the
+forgetting bride at mother's kiss, are found in many stories; notably in
+the class "True Bride," already mentioned.
+
+A Sicilian story (Pitrè, No. 13) will best illustrate this class. It is
+entitled:
+
+
+XV. SNOW-WHITE-FIRE-RED.
+
+There was once a king and queen who had no son, and they were always
+making vows to obtain one; and they promised that if they had a son, or
+even a daughter, they would maintain two fountains for seven years: one
+running wine, the other oil. After this vow the queen gave birth to a
+handsome boy.
+
+As soon as the child was born, the two fountains were erected, and
+everybody went and took oil and wine. At the end of seven years the
+fountains began to dry up. An ogress, wishing to collect the drops that
+still fell from the fountain, went there with a sponge and pitcher. She
+sopped up the drops with the sponge and then squeezed it in the pitcher.
+After she had worked so hard to fill this pitcher, the little son of the
+king, who was playing ball, from caprice threw a ball and broke the
+pitcher. When the old woman saw this, she said: "Listen. I can do
+nothing to you, for you are the king's son; but I can bestow upon
+you an imprecation: May you be unable to marry until you find
+Snow-white-fire-red!" The cunning child took a piece of paper and wrote
+down the old woman's words, put it away in a drawer, and said nothing
+about it. When he was eighteen the king and queen wished him to marry.
+Then he remembered the old woman's imprecation, took the piece of paper,
+and said: "Ah! if I do not find Snow-white-fire-red I cannot marry!"
+When it seemed fit, he took leave of his father and mother, and began
+his journey entirely alone. Months passed without meeting any one. One
+evening, night overtook him, tired and discouraged, in a plain in the
+midst of which was a large house.
+
+At daybreak he saw an ogress coming, frightfully tall and stout, who
+cried: "Snow-white-fire-red, lower your tresses for me to climb up!"
+When the prince heard this he took heart, and said: "There she is!"
+Snow-white-fire-red lowered her tresses, which seemed never to end, and
+the ogress climbed up by them. The next day the ogress descended, and
+when the prince saw her depart, he came from under the tree where he
+had concealed himself, and cried: "Snow-white-fire-red, lower your
+tresses for me to climb up!" She, believing it was her mother (for she
+called the ogress mother), lowered her tresses, and the prince climbed
+boldly up. When he was up, he said: "Ah! my dear little sister, how I
+have labored to find you!" And he told her of the old woman's
+imprecation when he was seven years old.
+
+She gave him some refreshments, and then said: "You see, if the ogress
+returns and finds you here, she will devour you. Hide yourself." The
+ogress returned, and the prince concealed himself.
+
+After the ogress had eaten, her daughter gave her wine to drink, and
+made her drunk. Then she said: "My mother, what must I do to get away
+from here? Not that I want to go, for I wish to stay with you; but I
+want to know just out of curiosity. Tell me!" "What you must do to get
+away from here!" said the ogress. "You must enchant everything that
+there is here, so that I shall lose time. I shall call, and instead of
+you, the chair, the cupboard, the chest of drawers, will answer for you.
+When you do not appear, I will ascend. You must take the seven balls of
+yarn that I have laid away. When I come and do not find you, I shall
+pursue you; when you see yourself pursued, throw down the first ball,
+and then the others. I shall always overtake you until you throw down
+the last ball."
+
+Her daughter heard all that she said, and remembered it. The next day
+the ogress went out, and Snow-white-fire-red and the prince did what
+they had to do. They went about the whole house, saying: "Table, you
+answer if my mother comes; chairs, answer if my mother comes; chest of
+drawers, answer if my mother comes;" and so she enchanted the whole
+house. Then she and the prince departed in such a hurry that they seemed
+to fly. When the ogress returned, she called: "Snow-white-fire-red, let
+down your tresses that I may climb up!" The table answered: "Come, come,
+mother!" She waited a while, and when no one appeared to draw her up,
+she called again: "Snow-white-fire-red, lower your tresses for me to
+climb up!" The chair answered: "Come, come, mother!" She waited a while,
+but no one appeared; then she called again, and the chest of drawers
+replied: "Come, come, mother!" Meanwhile the lovers were fleeing. When
+there was nothing left to answer, the ogress cried out: "Treason!
+treason!" Then she got a ladder and climbed up. When she saw that her
+daughter and the balls of yarn were gone, she cried: "Ah, wretch! I will
+drink your blood!" Then she hastened after the fugitives, following
+their scent. They saw her afar off, and when she saw them, she cried:
+"Snow-white-fire-red, turn around so that I can see you." (If she had
+turned around she would have been enchanted.)
+
+When the ogress had nearly overtaken them, Snow-white-fire-red threw
+down the first ball, and suddenly there arose a lofty mountain. The
+ogress was not disturbed; she climbed and climbed until she almost
+overtook the two again. Then Snow-white-fire-red, seeing her near at
+hand, threw down the second ball, and there suddenly appeared a plain
+covered with razors and knives. The ogress, all cut and torn, followed
+after the lovers, dripping with blood.
+
+When Snow-white-fire-red saw her near again, she threw down the third
+ball, and there arose a terrible river. The ogress threw herself into
+the river and continued her pursuit, although she was half dead. Then
+another ball, and there appeared a fountain of vipers, and many other
+things. At last, dying and worn out, the ogress stopped and cursed
+Snow-white-fire-red, saying: "The first kiss that the queen gives her
+son, may the prince forget you!" Then the ogress could stand it no
+longer, and died in great anguish.
+
+The lovers continued their journey, and came to a town near where the
+prince lived. He said to Snow-white-fire-red: "You remain here, for you
+are not provided with proper clothes, and I will go and get what you
+need, and then you can appear before my father and mother." She
+consented, and remained.
+
+When the queen beheld her son, she threw herself on him to kiss him.
+"Mother," said he, "I have made a vow not to allow myself to be
+kissed." The poor mother was petrified. At night, while he was asleep,
+his mother, who was dying to kiss him, went and did so. From that moment
+he forgot all about Snow-white-fire-red.
+
+Let us leave the prince with his mother, and return to the poor girl,
+who was left in the street without knowing where she was. An old woman
+met her, and saw the poor girl, as beautiful as the sun, weeping. "What
+is the matter, my daughter?" "I do not know how I came here!" "My
+daughter, do not despair; come with me." And she took her to her house.
+The young girl was deft with her hands, and could work enchantment. She
+made things, and the old woman sold them, and so they both lived. One
+day the maiden said to the old woman that she wanted two bits of old
+cloth from the palace for some work she had to do. The old woman went to
+the palace, and began to ask for the bits, and said so much that at last
+she obtained them. Now the old woman had two doves, a male and a female,
+and with these bits of cloth Snow-white-fire-red dressed the doves so
+prettily that all who saw them marvelled. The young girl took these
+doves, and whispered in their ears: "You are the prince, and you are
+Snow-white-fire-red. The king is at the table, eating; fly and relate
+all that you have undergone."
+
+While the king, queen, prince, and many others were at the table, the
+beautiful doves flew in and alighted on the table. "How beautiful you
+are!" And all were greatly pleased. Then the dove which represented
+Snow-white-fire-red began: "Do you remember when you were young how your
+father promised a fountain of oil and one of wine for your birth?" The
+other dove answered: "Yes, I remember." "Do you remember the old woman
+whose pitcher of oil you broke? do you remember?" "Yes, I remember." "Do
+you remember the imprecation she pronounced on you,--that you could not
+marry until you found Snow-white-fire-red?" "I remember," replied the
+other dove. In short, the first dove recalled all that had passed, and
+finally said: "Do you remember how you had the ogress at your heels,
+and how she cursed you, saying that at your mother's first kiss you must
+forget Snow-white-fire-red?" When the dove came to the kiss, the prince
+remembered everything, and the king and queen were astounded at hearing
+the doves speak.
+
+When they had ended their discourse, the doves made a low bow and flew
+away. The prince cried: "Ho, there! ho, there! see where those doves go!
+see where they go!" The servants looked and saw the doves alight on a
+country house. The prince hastened and entered it, and found
+Snow-white-fire-red. When he saw her he threw his arms about her neck,
+exclaiming: "Ah! my sister, how much you have suffered for me!"
+Straightway they dressed her beautifully and conducted her to the
+palace. When the queen saw her there, she said: "What a beauty!" Things
+were soon settled and the lovers were married.[25]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As we have remarked above, this story is often found incomplete, the
+ending--"forgetfulness of bride"--being wanting.
+
+Several of these versions are from Milan (_Nov. fior._ pp. 411, 415,
+417). In the first, "The King of the Sun," a trait occurs that is of
+some interest. The hero plays billiards with the King of the Sun and
+wins his daughter. He goes in search of his bride, and at last finds an
+old man who tells him where the King of the Sun lives, and adds: "In a
+wood near by is a pond where, in the afternoon, the king's three
+daughters bathe. Go and carry away their clothes; and when they come and
+ask for them give them back on condition that they will take you to
+their father." The hero does as he is told, is taken to the king, and
+obliged to choose his bride from among the three, with his eyes
+blindfolded. The remainder of the story consists of the usual flight,
+with the transformations of the lovers. The incident of the maidens who
+bathe, and whose clothes the hero steals, is clearly an example of the
+Swan-maiden myth, and occurs in a few other Italian tales. In a story
+from the North of Italy (Monferrato, Comparetti, No. 50), "The Isle of
+Happiness," a poor boy goes to seek his fortune. He encounters an old
+man who tells him that fortune appears but once in a hundred years, and
+if not taken then, never is. He adds that this is the very time for
+fortune to appear--that day or the next--and advises the youth to hide
+himself in a wood near the bank of a stream, and when three beautiful
+girls come and bathe, to carry away the clothes of the middle one. He
+does so, and compels the owner (who is none other than Fortune) to marry
+him. By his mother's fault he loses his bride, as in the Cupid and
+Psyche stories, and is obliged to go in search of her to the Isle of
+Happiness. The same incident occurs in several Sicilian stories. In one
+(Pitrè, No. 50, "Give me the Veil!") the hero, a poor youth, goes in
+search of his fortune as in the last story, and meets an old woman who
+tells him to go to a certain fountain, where twelve doves will come to
+drink and become twelve maidens "as beautiful as the sun, with veils
+over their faces," and advises the youth to seize the veil of the most
+beautiful girl and keep it; for if she obtains it she will become a dove
+again. The youth does as he is commanded, and takes his wife home,
+giving the veil to his mother to keep for him. She gives it to the wife,
+who becomes a dove again, and disappears. The same thing happens twice;
+the third time the veil is burned, and the wife, who turns out to be the
+enchanted daughter of the king of Spain, remains with her husband.[26]
+
+There yet remains a large and interesting class of stories to be
+examined. The class may conveniently be termed "Bluebeard," although, as
+we shall see, there are three versions of this story, to only one of
+which the above name properly belongs. These three versions are well
+represented by the three Grimm stories of "The Feather Bird" (No. 46),
+"The Robber Bridegroom" (No. 40), and "The Wood-cutter's Child" (No. 3).
+In the first version, which is, properly speaking, the Bluebeard story,
+two sisters are married in turn and killed by their husband, because
+they open the forbidden chamber. The youngest sister, although she opens
+the forbidden door, manages to escape and deliver her sisters, whom she
+restores to life. In the second version a robber marries several
+sisters, whom he kills for disobeying his commands (the trait of
+forbidden chamber is usually wanting); the youngest sister again manages
+to escape and restores her dead sisters to life. Generally in this
+version the husband makes a desperate effort to be revenged on the
+sister who has escaped from him, but fails in this also. In the third
+version a young girl is under the guardianship of some supernatural
+being, who forbids her to open a certain door. The child disobeys,
+denies her fault, and is sent away in disgrace; she afterward marries
+and her children are taken from her one by one until she confesses her
+fault, or, as is the case in an Italian version, persists in her denial
+to the very end. We shall examine these three versions separately, and
+first give an example of the first, or Bluebeard, class. It is from
+Venice (Widter-Wolf, No. 11, _Jahrb._ VII. 148), and is entitled:
+
+
+XVI. HOW THE DEVIL MARRIED THREE SISTERS.
+
+Once upon a time the Devil was seized with a desire to marry. He
+therefore left hell, took the form of a handsome young man, and built a
+fine large house. When it was completed and furnished in the most
+fashionable style, he introduced himself to a family where there were
+three pretty daughters, and paid his addresses to the eldest of them.
+The handsome man pleased the maiden, her parents were glad to see a
+daughter so well provided for, and it was not long before the wedding
+was celebrated.
+
+When he had taken his bride home, he presented her with a very
+tastefully arranged bouquet, led her through all the rooms of the house,
+and finally to a closed door. "The whole house is at your disposal,"
+said he, "only I must request one thing of you; that is, that you do not
+on any account open this door."
+
+Of course the young wife promised faithfully; but equally, of course,
+she could scarcely wait for the moment to come when she might break her
+promise. When the Devil had left the house the next morning, under
+pretence of going hunting, she ran hastily to the forbidden door, opened
+it, and saw a terrible abyss full of fire that shot up towards her, and
+singed the flowers on her bosom. When her husband came home and asked
+her whether she had kept her promise, she unhesitatingly said "Yes;" but
+he saw by the flowers that she was telling a lie, and said: "Now I will
+not put your curiosity to the test any longer. Come with me. I will show
+you myself what is behind the door." Thereupon he led her to the door,
+opened it, gave her such a push that she fell down into hell, and shut
+the door again.
+
+A few months after he wooed the next sister for his wife, and won her;
+but with her everything that had happened with the first wife was
+exactly repeated.
+
+Finally he courted the third sister. She was a prudent maiden, and said
+to herself: "He has certainly murdered my two sisters; but then it is a
+splendid match for me, so I will try and see whether I cannot be more
+fortunate than they." And accordingly she consented. After the wedding
+the bridegroom gave her a beautiful bouquet, but forbade her, also, to
+open the door which he pointed out.
+
+Not a whit less curious than her sisters, she, too, opened the forbidden
+door when the Devil had gone hunting, but she had previously put her
+flowers in water. Then she saw behind the door the fatal abyss and her
+sisters therein. "Ah!" she exclaimed, "poor creature that I am; I
+thought I had married an ordinary man, and instead of that he is the
+Devil! How can I get away from him?" She carefully pulled her two
+sisters out of hell and hid them. When the Devil came home he
+immediately looked at the bouquet, which she again wore on her bosom,
+and when he found the flowers so fresh he asked no questions; but
+reassured as to his secret, he now, for the first time, really loved
+her.
+
+After a few days she asked him if he would carry three chests for her to
+her parents' house, without putting them down or resting on the way.
+"But," she added, "you must keep your word, for I shall be watching
+you." The Devil promised to do exactly as she wished. So the next
+morning she put one of her sisters in a chest, and laid it on her
+husband's shoulders. The Devil, who is very strong, but also very lazy
+and unaccustomed to work, soon got tired of carrying the heavy chest,
+and wanted to rest before he was out of the street on which he lived;
+but his wife called out to him: "Don't put it down; I see you!" The
+Devil went reluctantly on with the chest until he had turned the corner,
+and then said to himself: "She cannot see me here; I will rest a
+little." But scarcely had he begun to put the chest down when the sister
+inside cried out: "Don't put it down; I see you still!" Cursing, he
+dragged the chest on into another street, and was going to lay it down
+on a doorstep, but he again heard the voice: "Don't lay it down, you
+rascal; I see you still!" "What kind of eyes must my wife have," he
+thought, "to see around corners as well as straight ahead, and through
+walls as if they were made of glass!" and thus thinking he arrived, all
+in a perspiration and quite tired out, at the house of his
+mother-in-law, to whom he hastily delivered the chest, and then hurried
+home to strengthen himself with a good breakfast.
+
+The same thing was repeated the next day with the second chest. On the
+third day she herself was to be taken home in the chest. She therefore
+prepared a figure which she dressed in her own clothes, and placed on
+the balcony, under the pretext of being able to watch him better;
+slipped quickly into the chest, and had the maid put it on the Devil's
+back. "The deuce!" said he; "this chest is a great deal heavier than the
+others; and to-day, when she is sitting on the balcony, I shall have so
+much the less chance to rest." So by dint of the greatest exertions he
+carried it, without stopping, to his mother-in-law, and then hastened
+home to breakfast, scolding, and with his back almost broken. But quite
+contrary to custom, his wife did not come out to meet him, and there was
+no breakfast ready. "Margerita, where are you?" he cried; but received
+no answer. As he was running through the corridors he at length looked
+out of a window, and saw the figure on the balcony. "Margerita, have you
+gone to sleep? Come down. I am as tired as a dog, and as hungry as a
+wolf." But there was no reply. "If you do not come down instantly I will
+go up and bring you down," he cried, angrily; but Margerita did not
+stir. Enraged, he hastened up to the balcony, and gave her such a box on
+the ear that her head flew off, and he saw that the head was nothing but
+a milliner's form, and the body, a bundle of rags. Raging, he rushed
+down and rummaged through the whole house, but in vain; he found only
+his wife's empty jewel-box. "Ha!" he cried; "she has been stolen from
+me, and her jewels, too!" and he immediately ran to inform her parents
+of the misfortune. But when he came near the house, to his great
+surprise he saw on the balcony above the door all three sisters, his
+wives, who were looking down on him with scornful laughter.
+
+Three wives at once terrified the Devil so much that he took his flight
+with all possible speed.
+
+Since that time he has lost his taste for marrying.[27]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have already mentioned, in the class of "Bride Won by Solving
+Riddle," the story in Gonzenbach of "The Robber who had a Witch's Head."
+In this story, after the robber has married the first princess, he takes
+her home, and learns from the witch's head, which hangs over the window
+in a basket, what his wife says of him in his absence. The counterpart
+of the witch's head is found in several very curious Italian stories. In
+these a magician is substituted for the robber, and marries, in the same
+way, several sisters. In the version in Gonzenbach, No. 23 ("The Story
+of Ohimè"), Ohimè, the magician, leaves his wife for a few days, and
+before he goes gives her a human bone, telling her she must eat it
+before his return. The wife throws the bone away; but when the magician
+returns he calls out: "Bone, where are you?" "Here I am." "Come here,
+then." Then the bone came, and the magician murdered his wife because
+she had not done her duty. The second sister is married and killed in
+the same way. Then the youngest becomes the magician's bride. In her
+perplexity and grief at her husband's command to eat a human arm during
+his absence, she invokes her mother's spirit, which tells her to burn
+the arm to a coal, powder it, and bind it about her body. When the
+magician returns and asks the arm where it is, it replies: "In Maruzza's
+body." Then her husband trusted her, and treated her kindly, showing
+her, among other things, a closet containing flasks of salve which
+restored the dead to life. He forbade her, however, to open a certain
+door. Maruzza could not restrain her curiosity, and the first
+opportunity she had she opened the door, and found in the room a
+handsome young prince murdered. She restored him to life, heard his
+story, and then killed him again, so that her husband would not notice
+it. Then she extracted from her husband the secret of his life: "I
+cannot be killed, but if any one sticks a branch of this herb in my ears
+I shall fall asleep, and not wake up again." Maruzza, of course, throws
+her husband, as soon as possible, into this magic sleep, restores the
+prince, flies with him, and marries him.
+
+Some years after, the branch in the magician's ears withered and fell
+out, and he awakened. Then he desired to be revenged, and travelled
+about until he found where his wife lived. Then he had a silver statue
+made in which he could conceal himself, and in which he placed some
+musical instruments. He shut himself up in it, and had himself and the
+statue taken to the palace where Maruzza and her husband lived. In the
+night, when all were asleep, the magician came out of the statue,
+carried Maruzza to the kitchen, kindled a fire, and put on some oil to
+boil, into which he intended to throw poor Maruzza. But just as he was
+about to do it, the flask which he had laid on the king's bed, and which
+had thrown him into a magic sleep, rolled off, and the king awoke, heard
+Maruzza's cries, saved her, and threw the magician into the boiling oil.
+In spite of his assurances he seems to have been very thoroughly
+killed.[28]
+
+A Florentine story (_Nov. fior._ p. 290), called "The Baker's Three
+Daughters," is a combination of the Bluebeard and Robber Bridegroom
+stories. The husband forbids his wife to open a certain door with a gold
+key, saying: "You cannot deceive me; the little dog will tell me; and,
+besides, I will leave you a bouquet of flowers, which you must give me
+on my return, and which will wither if you enter that room." The two
+sisters yield to their curiosity, and are killed. The third sister kills
+the treacherous little dog, delivers the prince, as in the last story,
+flies with him, and the story ends much as the last does. In a Milanese
+version of this story, with the same title (_Nov. fior._ p. 298), the
+robber bridegroom takes his wife home, and informs her that it is her
+duty to watch at night, and open the door to the robbers when they
+return. The poor wife falls asleep, and is murdered. So with the second
+sister. The third remains awake, rescues the prince, and flies with him.
+The rest of the story is as above.
+
+Of the third version of the Bluebeard story there are but two Italian
+examples: one from Sicily (Gonz. No. 20), and one from Pisa (Comparetti,
+No. 38). The former is entitled "The Godchild of St. Francis of Paula,"
+and is, briefly, as follows: A queen, through the intercession of St.
+Francis of Paula, has a girl, whom she names Pauline, from the saint.
+The saint is in the habit of meeting the child on her way to school, and
+giving her candy. One day the saint tells her to ask her mother whether
+it is best to suffer in youth or old age. The mother replies that it is
+better to suffer in youth. Thereupon the saint carries away Pauline, and
+shuts her up in a tower, climbing up and down by her tresses, as in
+other stories we have already mentioned. In the tower the saint
+instructed Pauline in all that belonged to her rank. One day a king
+climbs up by the hair, and persuades Pauline to fly with him. She
+consents and becomes his bride. When her first child was born St.
+Francis came and took it away, rubbed the mother's mouth with blood, and
+deprived her of speech. Three times this happened, and then the queen
+was repudiated and confined in a remote room, where she spent her time
+in praying to St. Francis.
+
+Meanwhile the queen-mother arranged another marriage for her son; but
+during the banquet the saint brought Pauline royal robes, and restored
+her three children to her. Then he led all four to the banquet-hall, and
+the happy family lived thereafter in peace and happpiness.
+
+The "forbidden chamber" is omitted in the above version, but is found in
+the Pisan story, "The Woodman." The main idea of the story, however, is
+curiously distorted. A woodman had three daughters whom he cannot
+support. One day a lady met him in the wood, and offered to take one of
+his daughters for a companion, giving him a purse of money, and assuring
+him that he would always find enough wood. The lady took her home, and
+told her she must not open a certain door during her absence. The girl
+did so, however, and saw her mistress in a bath, with two damsels
+reading a book. She closed the door at once; but when the mistress
+returned and asked her whether she had disobeyed, and what she had seen,
+she confessed her fault, and told what she saw. Then the lady cut her
+head off, hung it by the hair to a beam, and buried the body.
+
+The same thing happened to the second sister, who opened the door, and
+saw the lady sitting at a table with gentlemen. The lady killed her,
+too, and then took the third sister, who, in spite of having seen her
+two sisters' heads, could not control her curiosity, and opened the
+door. She saw her mistress reclining in a beautiful bed. In the evening
+the lady returned and asked her what she had seen; but she answered: "I
+have seen nothing." The lady could extort no other answer from her, and
+finally clothed her in her peasant's dress, and took her back to the
+wood and left her.
+
+The king of the neighboring city happened to pass by, and fell in love
+with her, and married her. When her first child was born the lady
+appeared at her bedside, and said: "Now it is time to tell me what you
+saw." "I saw nothing," replied the young queen. Then the lady carried
+away the child, having first rubbed the mother's mouth with blood. This
+happened a second time, and then the king put her away, and prepared to
+marry again. The first wife was invited to the wedding feast. While at
+the table the lady appeared under it, and pulled the first wife's dress,
+and said: "Will you tell what you saw?" The reply was twice: "Nothing."
+Then the queen fainted. At that moment a carriage drove up to the palace
+with a great lady in it, who asked to see the king. She told him that it
+was she who had carried away his children, and added that from her
+childhood she had been subjected to an enchantment that was to end when
+she found a person who should say that she had seen nothing in that
+room. She then brought back the children, and all lived together in
+peace and joy.[29]
+
+One of the most beautiful and touching of all fairy tales is the one
+known to the readers of Grimm's collection by the title of "Faithful
+John," and which has such a charming parallel in the story of "Rama and
+Luxman," in Miss Frere's "Old Deccan Days." There are seven Italian
+versions of this interesting story, which we shall mention briefly,
+giving first the shortest entire, as a point of departure. It is from
+the North of Italy (Comparetti, Monferrato, No. 29), and is called:
+
+
+XVII. IN LOVE WITH A STATUE.
+
+There was once a king who had two sons. The eldest did not wish to
+marry, and the youngest, although he went about everywhere, found no
+lady to his taste. Now it happened that he once went to a certain city,
+and there saw a statue with which he fell in love. He bought it, had it
+carried to his room, and every day embraced and kissed it. One day his
+father became aware of this, and said to him: "What are you doing? If
+you want a wife, take one of flesh and bones, and not one of marble." He
+answered that he would take one exactly like the statue, or none at all.
+His older brother, who at this time had nothing to do, went out into the
+world to seek her. On his way he saw in a city a man who had a mouse
+which danced so that it seemed like a human being. He said to himself:
+"I will take it home to my brother to amuse himself with." He continued
+his journey, and, arrived in a more distant town, where he found a bird
+that sang like an angel, and bought that, too, for his brother. He was
+on the point of returning home, and was passing through a street, when
+he saw a beggar knocking at a door. A very beautiful girl appeared at
+the window, who resembled in every respect the prince's statue, and
+suddenly withdrew. Then he told the beggar to ask alms again; but the
+beggar refused, because he feared that the magician, who was then
+absent, would return home and eat him up. But the prince gave him so
+much money and other things that he knocked again, and the young girl
+appeared again, and suddenly withdrew. Then the prince went through the
+streets, saying that he mended and sold looking-glasses. The servant of
+the young girl, who heard him, told her mistress to go and see the
+mirrors. She went, but he told her that if she wanted to select the
+mirrors she would have to go on board his ship. When she was there, he
+carried her away, and she wept bitterly and sighed, so that he would let
+her return home, but it was like speaking to the wall.
+
+When they were out at sea, there was heard the voice of a large black
+bird, saying: "_Ciriù, ciriù!_ what a handsome mouse you have! You will
+take it to your brother; you will turn his head; and if you tell him of
+it, you will become marble. _Ciriù, ciriù!_ a fine bird you have; you
+will take it to your brother; you will turn his head; and if you tell
+him, you will become marble. _Ciriù, ciriù!_ a fine lady you have; you
+will take her to your brother; you will turn his head; and if you tell
+him of it, you will become marble." He did not know how he could tell
+his brother, because he was afraid of becoming marble. He landed, and
+took the mouse to his brother; and when he had seen it and wanted it,
+the elder brother cut off its head. Then he showed him the bird that
+sang like an angel, and his brother wanted it; but the elder brother
+again cut off its head. Then he said: "I have something handsomer," and
+he produced the beautiful girl who looked like the statue. And as the
+brother who had brought her said nothing, the other feared that he would
+take her away from him, and had him thrown into prison, where he was a
+long time; and because he continued to keep silence, he was condemned to
+death. Three days before he was to die he asked his brother to come and
+see him, and he consented, although unwillingly. Then the condemned
+brother said: "A large black bird told me that if I brought you back the
+dancing mouse, and spoke, I should become a statue." And saying this, he
+became a statue to the waist. "And if, bringing you the singing bird, I
+spoke, it would be the same." Then he became a statue to his breast.
+"And if, bringing you the lady, I spoke, I should become a statue." Then
+he became a statue all over, and his brother began to lament in despair,
+and tried to restore him to life. All kinds of physicians came, but none
+succeeded. Finally there came one who said that he was capable of
+turning the statue into a man provided they gave him what he needed. The
+king said he would do so, and the physician demanded the blood of the
+king's two children; but the mother would on no account consent. Then
+the king gave a ball, and while his wife was dancing he had the two
+children killed, and bathed with their blood the statue of his brother,
+and the statue straightway became a man and went to the ball. The
+mother, when she beheld him, suddenly thought of her children. She ran
+to them and found them half dead, and fainted away. All around sought to
+console and encourage her; but when she opened her eyes and saw the
+physician, she cried: "Out of my sight, ugly wretch! It is you who have
+caused my children to be killed." He answered: "Pardon me, my lady, I
+have done no harm. Go and see whether your children are there!" She ran
+to see, and found them alive and making a great noise. Then the
+physician said: "I am the magician, your father, whom you forsook, and I
+have wished to show you what it is to love one's children." Then they
+made peace, and remained happy and contented.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the Venetian version (Teza, _La Trad. dei Sette Sari_, p. 26), called
+"Mela and Buccia," from the names of the prince and his friend, while
+the two friends are spending the night in a deserted castle, Buccia
+hears a voice foretelling the dangers to which Mela will be exposed. His
+horse will throw him if Buccia does not kill it; a dragon will devour
+him on his wedding night if Buccia does not kill it; and finally, the
+queen's pet dog will mortally wound him if Buccia does not kill it. If,
+however, Buccia reveals what he has heard, he will turn to stone. Buccia
+acts accordingly, and the king forgives him everything but killing the
+queen's pet dog; for that Buccia is condemned to be hung. Then he
+relates all, and gradually turns to stone from his feet up. The king,
+queen, and Buccia's mother are inconsolable until they are informed by
+an old woman that the blood of the little prince will bring the statue
+back to life. The faithful friend is by that means restored, and the
+child also saved. In this version the abduction is wanting, and the last
+danger is not the one usually threatened.
+
+In a version from Siena (Gradi, _Vigilia_, p. 64), one of two brothers
+goes in search of the "Princess with Blonde Tresses." He also buys a
+parrot and a horse, and the dangers are: he who touches the parrot will
+have his eyes put out; he who mounts the horse will be thrown; he who
+marries the fair one will be devoured by a dragon; and he who reveals
+these dangers will become stone. The remainder of the story is like the
+last version.
+
+The Florentine version (_Nov. fior._ p. 421) is mixed up with a number
+of other incidents. The dangers from which the prince is saved by his
+faithful servant are: poisoned apples, poisoned pastry, and a lion in
+the royal chamber. The servant is turned to stone and restored, as in
+the other versions.
+
+In a Mantuan story (_Fiabe mant_, No. 9), the dangers are: parrot,
+horse, and bride; whoever touches these will be devoured by a dragon;
+whoever reveals these dangers will become stone. The conclusion is the
+same as above.
+
+The last version we shall mention here is in the Pentamerone (IV. 9),
+and resembles the one from Monferrato. The elder brother, who goes in
+search of a bride for his younger brother, buys a falcon and a horse.
+The first will pick out the younger brother's eyes; the horse will throw
+him, and finally a dragon will devour him on his wedding night. The
+remainder of the story is as usual.[30]
+
+We shall conclude this chapter with the class of stories in which giants
+are outwitted by men. The simplest form is found in two stories which
+are interesting examples of the survival of classic myths. Both stories
+are from Sicily, and one was told to Pitrè by a girl eight years old
+(Pitrè, No. 51). It is entitled "The Little Monk," and is, in substance,
+as follows: There were once two monks who went begging for the church
+every year. One was large and the other small. They lost their way once
+and came to a large cave, in which was a monster (lit. animal,
+_armalu_), who was building a fire. The two monks, however, did not
+believe it was a monster, but said: "Let us go and rest there." They
+entered, and saw the monster killing a sheep and roasting it. He had
+already killed and cooked twenty.
+
+"Eat!" said the monster to them. "We don't want to eat; we are not
+hungry." "Eat, I tell you!" After they had eaten the sheep, they lay
+down, and the monster closed the entrance to the cave with a great
+stone. Then he took a sharp iron, heated it in the fire, and stuck it in
+the throat of the larger of the two monks, roasted the body, and wanted
+the other monk to help eat it. "I don't want to eat," said he; "I am
+full." "Get up!" said the monster. "If you don't I will kill you."
+
+The wretched monk arose in fright, seated himself at the table, and
+pretended to eat, but threw the flesh away. In the night the good man
+took the iron, heated it, and plunged it in the monster's eyes. Then the
+monk in his terror slipped into the skin of a sheep. The monster felt
+his way to the entrance of the cave, removed the stone, and let the
+sheep out one by one; and so the good man escaped and returned to
+Trapani, and told his story to some fishermen. The monster went fishing,
+and being blind, stumbled against a rock and broke his head. The other
+version is from the Albanian colony of Piana de' Greci (Comparetti, No.
+70), in Sicily, and is substantially the same as the story just
+given.[31]
+
+Generally, however, the stories in which giants are outwitted by men are
+more complicated, and may be divided into two classes: one where the
+giant is outwitted by superior cunning, the other where the giant's
+stupidity is deceived by the man's braggadocio. The first class may be
+represented by a Sicilian story (Pitrè, No. 33), entitled:
+
+
+XVIII. THIRTEENTH.
+
+There was once a father who had thirteen sons, the youngest of whom was
+named Thirteenth. The father had hard work to support his children, but
+made what he could gathering herbs. The mother, to make the children
+quick, said to them: "The one who comes home first shall have herb
+soup." Thirteenth always returned the first, and the soup always fell to
+his share, on which account his brothers hated him and sought to get rid
+of him.
+
+The king issued a proclamation in the city that he who was bold enough
+to go and steal the ogre's coverlet should receive a measure of gold.
+Thirteenth's brothers went to the king and said: "Majesty, we have a
+brother, named Thirteenth, who is confident that he can do that and
+other things too." The king said: "Bring him to me at once." They
+brought Thirteenth, who said: "Majesty, how is it possible to steal the
+ogre's coverlet? If he sees me he will eat me!" "No matter, you must
+go," said the king. "I know that you are bold, and this act of bravery
+you must perform." Thirteenth departed and went to the house of the
+ogre, who was away. The ogress was in the kitchen. Thirteenth entered
+quietly and hid himself under the bed. At night the ogre returned. He
+ate his supper and went to bed, saying as he did so:
+
+    "I smell the smell of human flesh;
+    Where I see it I will swallow it!"
+
+The ogress replied: "Be still; no one has entered here." The ogre began
+to snore, and Thirteenth pulled the coverlet a little. The ogre awoke
+and cried: "What is that?" Thirteenth began to mew like a cat. The
+ogress said: "Scat! scat!" and clapped her hands, and then fell asleep
+again with the ogre. Then Thirteenth gave a hard pull, seized the
+coverlet, and ran away. The ogre heard him running, recognized him in
+the dark, and said: "I know you! You are Thirteenth, without doubt!"
+
+After a time the king issued another proclamation, that whoever would
+steal the ogre's horse and bring it to the king should receive a measure
+of gold. Thirteenth again presented himself, and asked for a silk ladder
+and a bag of cakes. With these things he departed, and went at night to
+the ogre's, climbed up without being heard, and descended to the stable.
+The horse neighed on seeing him, but he offered it a cake, saying: "Do
+you see how sweet it is? If you will come with me, my master will give
+you these always." Then he gave it another, saying: "Let me mount you
+and see how we go." So he mounted it, kept feeding it with cakes, and
+brought it to the king's stable.
+
+The king issued another proclamation, that he would give a measure of
+gold to whoever would bring him the ogre's bolster. Thirteenth said:
+"Majesty, how is that possible? The bolster is full of little bells, and
+you must know that the ogre awakens at a breath." "I know nothing about
+it," said the king. "I wish it at any cost." Thirteenth departed, and
+went and crept under the ogre's bed. At midnight he stretched out his
+hand very softly, but the little bells all sounded. "What is that?" said
+the ogre. "Nothing," replied the ogress; "perhaps it is the wind that
+makes them ring." But the ogre, who was suspicious, pretended to sleep,
+but kept his ears open. Thirteenth stretched out his hand again. Alack!
+the ogre put out his arm and seized him. "Now you are caught! Just wait;
+I will make you cry for your first trick, for your second, and for your
+third." After this he put Thirteenth in a barrel, and began to feed him
+on raisins and figs. After a time he said: "Stick out your finger,
+little Thirteenth, so that I can see whether you are fat." Thirteenth
+saw there a mouse's tail, and stuck that out. "Ah, how thin you are!"
+said the ogre; "and besides, you don't smell good! Eat, my son; take the
+raisins and figs, and get fat soon!" After some days the ogre told him
+again to put out his finger, and Thirteenth stuck out a spindle. "Eh,
+wretch! are you still lean? Eat, eat, and get fat soon."
+
+At the end of a month Thirteenth had nothing more to stick out, and was
+obliged to show his finger. The ogre cried out in joy: "He is fat, he is
+fat!" The ogress hastened to the spot: "Quick, my ogress, heat the oven
+three nights and three days, for I am going to invite our relatives, and
+we will make a fine banquet of Thirteenth."
+
+The ogress heated the oven three days and three nights, and then
+released Thirteenth from the barrel, and said to him: "Come here,
+Thirteenth; we have got to put the lamb in the oven." But Thirteenth
+caught her meaning; and when he approached the oven, he said: "Ah,
+mother ogress, what is that black thing in the corner of the oven?" The
+ogress stooped down a little, but saw nothing. "Stoop down again," said
+Thirteenth, "so that you can see it." When she stooped down again,
+Thirteenth seized her by the feet and threw her into the oven, and then
+closed the oven door. When she was cooked, he took her out carefully,
+cut her in two, divided her legs into pieces, and put them on the table,
+and placed her trunk, with her head and arms, in the bed, under the
+sheet, and tied a string to the chin and another to the back of her
+head.
+
+When the ogre arrived with his guests he found the dishes on the table.
+Then he went to his wife's bed and asked: "Mother ogress, do you want to
+dine?" Thirteenth pulled the string, and the ogress shook her head. "How
+are you, tired?" And Thirteenth, who was hidden under the bed, pulled
+the other string and made her nod. Now it happened that one of her
+relatives moved something and saw that the ogress was dead, and only
+half of her was there. She cried in a loud voice: "Treason! treason!"
+and all hastened to the bed. In the midst of the confusion Thirteenth
+escaped from under the bed and ran away to the king with the bolster and
+the ogre's most valuable things.
+
+After this, the king said to Thirteenth: "Listen, Thirteenth. To
+complete your valiant exploits, I wish you to bring me the ogre himself,
+in person, alive and well." "How can I, your Majesty?" said Thirteenth.
+Then he roused himself, and added: "I see how, now!" Then he had a very
+strong chest made, and disguised himself as a monk, with a long, false
+beard, and went to the ogre's house, and called out to him: "Do you know
+Thirteenth? The wretch! he has killed our superior; but if I catch him!
+If I catch him, I will shut him up in this chest!" At these words the
+ogre drew near and said: "I, too, would like to help you, against that
+wretch of an assassin, for you don't know what he has done to me." And
+he began to tell his story. "But what shall we do?" said the pretended
+monk. "I do not know Thirteenth. Do you know him?" "Yes, sir." "Then
+tell me, father ogre, how tall is he?" "As tall as I am." "If that is
+so," said Thirteenth, "let us see whether this chest will hold you; if
+it will hold you, it will hold him." "Oh, good!" said the ogre; and got
+into the chest. Then Thirteenth shut the chest and said: "Look
+carefully, father ogre, and see whether there is any hole in the chest."
+"There is none." "Just wait; let us see whether it shuts well, and is
+heavy to carry."
+
+Meanwhile Thirteenth shut and nailed up the chest, took it on his back,
+and hastened to the city. When the ogre cried: "Enough, now!" Thirteenth
+ran all the faster, and, laughing, sang this song to taunt the ogre:
+
+    "I am Thirteenth,
+    Who carry you on my back;
+    I have tricked you and am going to trick you.
+    I must deliver you to the king."
+
+When he reached the king, the king had an iron chain attached to the
+ogre's hands and feet, and made him gnaw bones the rest of his miserable
+life. The king gave Thirteenth all the riches and treasures he could
+bestow on him, and always wished him at his side, as a man of the
+highest valor.[32]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The second version of the above story, in which the giant is deceived by
+the hero's braggadocio, is represented by several Italian stories; the
+simplest are some Milanese versions (_Nov. fior._ pp. 575-580), one of
+which (_Ibid._ p. 575) is as follows:
+
+
+XIX. THE COBBLER.
+
+There was once a cobbler who one day was so tired of cobbling that he
+said: "Now I will go and seek my fortune." He bought a little cheese and
+put it on the table. It got full of flies, and he took an old shoe, and
+hit the cheese and killed all the flies. He afterward counted them, and
+five hundred were killed, and four hundred wounded. He then girded on a
+sword, and put on a cocked hat, and went to the court, and said to the
+king: "I am the chief warrior of the flies. Four hundred I have killed,
+and five hundred I have wounded." The king answered: "Since you are a
+warrior, you will be brave enough to climb that mountain there, where
+there are two magicians, and kill them. If you kill them, you shall
+marry my daughter." Then he gave him a white flag to wave when he had
+killed them. "And sound the trumpet, you will put his head in a bag,
+both the heads, to show me." The cobbler then departed, and found a
+house, which was an inn, and the innkeeper and his wife were none other
+than the magician and his wife. He asked for lodging and food, and all
+he needed. Afterward he went to his room; but before going to bed, he
+looked up at the ceiling. There he saw a great stone over the bed.
+Instead of getting into bed, he got into a corner. When a certain hour
+struck, the magicians let the stone drop and it crushed the whole bed.
+The next morning the cobbler went down and said that he could not sleep
+for the noise. They told him they would change his room. The same thing
+happened the next night, and in the morning they told him they would
+give him another room. When it was a certain hour, the husband and wife
+went to the forest to cut a bundle of fagots. Then the magician went
+home; and the cobbler, who had made ready a sickle, said: "Wait until I
+help you to take the bundle off your back." Then he gave the magician a
+blow with the sickle and cut off his head. He did the same thing when
+the magician's wife returned. Then he unfurled his flag, and sounded his
+trumpet, and the band went out to meet him. After he had arrived at the
+court, the king said to him: "Now that you have killed the two
+magicians, you shall marry my daughter." But the cobbler had got so used
+to drawing the thread that he did so in his sleep, and kept hitting his
+wife, so that she could not rest. Then the king gave him a great deal of
+money and sent him home.[33]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A more detailed version is found in a Sicilian story in Gonzenbach, "The
+Brave Shoemaker" (No. 41), the first part of which is like the Milanese
+version. On his way to the giant's, the cobbler makes some balls of
+plaster of Paris and cream-cheese, and puts them in his pocket. When he
+heard the giant coming through the woods, he climbed a tree; but the
+giant scented him, and told him to come down. The cobbler answered that
+if he did not leave him alone he would twist his neck; and to show him
+how strong he was, he crushed the balls of plaster of Paris in his
+hands, telling the giant they were marble. The giant was frightened, and
+invited the cobbler to remain with him, and took him home. After a
+while, the giant asked him to bring some water in a pitcher from the
+well. The cobbler said that if the giant would give him a strong rope he
+would bring the well itself. The giant in terror took the pitcher, and
+drew the water himself. Then the giant asked the cobbler to cut some
+wood, but the latter asked for a strong rope to drag a whole tree to the
+house with. Then the giant proposed a trial of strength, to see which
+could carry a heavy stick the longer. The cobbler said that the giant
+had better wind something about the thick end, for when he, the
+cobbler, turned a somersault with it, he might hit the giant. When they
+went to bed, the giant made the cobbler sleep with him; but the latter
+crept under the bed, leaving a pumpkin in his place. The giant, who was
+anxious to get rid of the cobbler, took an iron bar and struck at the
+pumpkin all night, believing it the cobbler's head. After he had beaten
+the pumpkin to pieces, the cobbler, under the bed, gave a sigh. "What is
+the matter with you?" asked the terrified giant. "A flea has just bitten
+my ear," answered the cobbler. The next day the cobbler proposed to the
+giant to cook a great kettle of macaroni, and after they had eaten it,
+he would cut open his stomach to show the giant that he had eaten it
+without chewing it; the giant was to do the same afterward. The cobbler,
+of course, secretly tied a sack about his neck, and put his macaroni in
+it; then he took a knife and ripped open the bag, and the macaroni fell
+out. The giant, in attempting to follow the cobbler's example, killed
+himself. Then the cobbler cut his head off, carried it to the king, and
+claimed his daughter's hand.[34]
+
+The stories given in this chapter constitute, as we have already said in
+the Introduction, but a small part of Italian fairy tales. They
+represent, however, as well as our space will allow, the great fairy
+cycles, so to speak. As our purpose has been to give only those stories
+which have been taken down from the mouths of the people, we have not
+drawn, except for purposes of reference, upon the Pentamerone, one of
+the most original and charming collections of fairy tales in any
+language. Enough has been given, we trust, to show how the Italians have
+treated the themes familiar to us from childhood, and to furnish the
+scholar with additional material for comparison.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+FAIRY TALES CONTINUED.
+
+
+The fairy tales given in the last chapter belong to what may be called
+the great fairy tale cycles; that is, to extensive classes that are
+typical forms. It remains to notice in this chapter those stories which
+do not belong to any of these typical classes, but constitute, so to
+speak, independent forms.
+
+The reader has perhaps noticed in the fairy tales of the first chapter
+the conspicuous absence of the fairies to which we are accustomed in
+German or Celtic stories. We have met ogres and magicians with magic
+powers, old men and women, and hermits who have aided the hero and
+heroine, and played the rôle of the "good fairy," but the fairy in the
+bright shape in which we see her in French and Irish stories, for
+example, has been wanting. It will not be amiss, then, to give a few
+stories in which the fairies play a more important part. We shall first
+mention a curious story in which the fairies are represented in one of
+their most usual rôles--that of bestowing good gifts. The story is from
+Sicily (Gonz. No. 73), and is entitled:
+
+
+XXV. THE KING WHO WANTED A BEAUTIFUL WIFE.
+
+There was once a king who wanted to marry. But his wife must be more
+beautiful than the sun, and no matter how many maidens he saw, none was
+beautiful enough to suit him. Then he called his trusty servant, and
+commanded him to seek everywhere and see whether he could find a
+beautiful girl. The servant set out, and wandered through the whole
+land, but found none who seemed handsome enough to him. One day,
+however, after he had run about a great deal and was very thirsty, he
+came to a little house. He knocked and asked for a drink of water. Now
+there dwelt in the house two very old women,--one eighty and the other
+ninety years old,--who supported themselves by spinning. When the
+servant asked for water, the one eighty years old rose, opened a little
+wicket in the shutter, and handed him out the water. From spinning so
+much, her hands were very white and delicate; and when the servant saw
+them he thought, "It must be a handsome maiden, for she has such a
+delicate white hand." So he hastened to the king, and said: "Your royal
+Majesty, I have found what you seek; so and so has happened to me."
+"Very well," answered the king, "go once more and try to see her."
+
+The servant returned to the little house, knocked, and asked again for
+some water. The old woman did not open the window, but handed him the
+pitcher through the little opening in the shutter. "Do you live here all
+alone?" asked the servant. "No," she answered. "I live here with my
+sister; we are poor girls and support ourselves by the work of our
+hands." "How old are you, then?" "I am fifteen and my sister twenty."
+The servant went back to the king and told him all, and the king said:
+"I will take the one who is fifteen. Go and bring her to me." When the
+servant returned to the two old women, and told them that the king
+wished to elevate the younger to the position of his wife, she answered:
+"Tell the king I am ready to do his will. Since my birth no ray of the
+sun has ever struck me, and if a ray of the sun or a beam of light
+should strike me now, I would become perfectly black. Ask the king,
+therefore, to send a closed carriage for me at night, and I will come to
+his palace."
+
+When the king heard this he sent royal apparel and a closed carriage,
+and at night the old woman covered her face with a thick veil and rode
+to the palace. The king received her joyfully, and begged her to lay
+aside the veil. She replied: "There are too many lighted candles here;
+their light would make me black." So the king married her without
+having seen her face. When they came into the king's chamber, however,
+and she removed her veil, the king saw for the first time what an ugly
+old woman he had married, and in his rage he opened the window and threw
+her out. Fortunately there was a nail in the wall, on which she caught
+by her clothes, and remained hanging between heaven and earth. Four
+fairies chanced to pass by, and when they saw the old woman hanging
+there, one of them cried: "See, sisters, there is the old woman who
+cheated the king; shall we wish her dress to tear and let her fall?"
+"Oh, no! let us not do that," cried the youngest and most beautiful of
+the fairies. "Let us rather wish her something good. I wish her youth."
+"And I, beauty." "And I, prudence." "And I, a good heart." Thus the
+fairies cried, and while they were yet speaking the old woman became a
+wondrous fair maiden.
+
+The next morning, when the king looked out of the window and saw the
+beautiful girl hanging there, he was terrified, and thought: "Unhappy
+man! What have I done! Had I no eyes last night?" Then he had her
+carefully taken down with long ladders, and begged her pardon, saying:
+"Now we will have a great festival and be right happy." So they
+celebrated a splendid feast, and the young queen was the fairest in the
+whole city.
+
+But one day the sister ninety years old came to the palace to visit the
+queen, her sister. "Who is this ugly creature?" asked the king. "An old
+neighbor of mine who is half-witted," replied the queen, quickly. The
+old woman kept looking at her rejuvenated sister, and asked: "What did
+you do to become so young and lovely? I, too, would like to be young and
+pretty again." She kept asking this the whole day, until the queen
+finally lost her patience, and said: "I had my old skin taken off, and
+this new, smooth skin came to light." The old woman went to a barber and
+said: "I will give you what you will to remove my old skin, so that I
+may become young and handsome again." "But good old woman, you will
+surely die if I skin you." The old woman would not listen to him, and at
+last he had to do her will. He took his knife and made a cut in her
+forehead. "Oh!" cried the old woman.
+
+            "Who will look fair
+    Must grief and pain bear,"
+
+answered the barber. "Then skin away, master," said the old woman. The
+barber kept cutting on, until all at once the old woman fell down
+dead.[1]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This story leads quite naturally to the class in which gifts, good and
+bad, are bestowed by the fairies on two persons, one of whom is
+deserving of good fortune; the other, of punishment or reproof. The
+simplest form of this story is found in a Milanese tale (_Nov. fior._ p.
+190).
+
+
+XXVI. THE BUCKET.
+
+There was once a mother who had two daughters: one was bad and the other
+was very good. But the mother loved the bad one more than the good one.
+She said one day to the bad one: "Go and draw a bucket of water." The
+bad one did not want to go, and so she would not obey her mother. The
+good daughter, however, said: "I will go and draw it." She went to draw
+the water, and the bucket fell down the well. She said: "If I go home
+now without the bucket, who knows what my mother will do to me?" So she
+climbed down the well, and at the bottom found a narrow passage, with a
+door. She knocked at the door. "Have you not found a cord and bucket?"
+There was a saint there, who answered: "No, my child." She continued her
+way and found another door. "Have you not found a cord and bucket?"
+"No!" That was the devil there. He answered her angrily because she was
+a good girl; he did not say: "My child." She knocked at another door.
+"Have you not found a cord and bucket?" It was the Madonna who replied:
+"Yes, my child. Listen. You could do me a pleasure to stay here while I
+am away. I have my little son here, to whom you will give his soup; you
+will sweep and put the house in order. When I come home I will give you
+your bucket." The Madonna went away, and the good girl put the house in
+order, gave the child his broth, swept the house; and while she was
+sweeping, instead of finding dirt, she found coral and other beautiful
+things. She saw that it was not dirt, and put it aside to give the
+Madonna when she returned. When the Madonna came back, she asked: "Have
+you done all I told you to do?" The good girl answered: "Yes, but I have
+kept these things here; I found them on the ground; it is not dirt."
+"Very well; keep them for yourself. Would you like a dress of calico, or
+one of silk?" The girl answered: "No, no! a calico dress." Instead of
+that, the Madonna gave her the silk one. "Do you wish a brass thimble,
+or a silver one?" "Give me the brass one." "No, take the silver thimble.
+Here is the bucket and your cord. When you reach the end of this
+passage, look up in the air." The girl did so, and a beautiful star fell
+on her brow.
+
+She went home, and her mother ran to meet her to scold her for being
+away so long; and was about to strike her, when she saw the star on her
+brow, which shone so that it was beautiful to see, and said: "Where have
+you been until now? Who put that thing on your forehead?" The girl
+answered: "I don't know what there is there." Her mother tried to wash
+it away, but instead of disappearing, it shone more beautiful than ever.
+Then the girl told what had happened to her, and the other sister wished
+to go there, too. She went, and did the same as her sister. She let the
+bucket fall, climbed down, and knocked at the saint's door. "Have you
+not found a cord and bucket?" "No, my child." She knocked at the next
+door. "Have you not found a cord and bucket?" The devil answered: "No, I
+have not found them; but come here, my child, come here." But when she
+heard that he had not found her bucket, she said: "No, I will go on."
+She knocked at the Madonna's door. "Have you not found a cord and
+bucket?" The Madonna said that she had. "I am going away: you will give
+my son his broth, and then you will sweep. When I return I will give you
+your bucket." Instead of giving the broth to the child, the bad girl
+ate it herself. "Oh!" she said, "how good it was!" She swept and found a
+great deal of dirt. "Oh, poor me! My sister found so many pretty
+things!" The Madonna returned. "Have you done what I told you?" "Yes."
+"Do you wish the brass or silver thimble?" "Oh! I want the silver one!"
+She gave her the brass one. "Do you want the calico dress or the silk
+one?" "Give me the silk dress." She gave her the calico dress. "Here is
+your bucket and cord. When you are out of here, look up into the air."
+When she was out she looked up into the air and there fell on her
+forehead a lump of dirt that soiled her whole face. She went home in a
+rage to weep and scold her sister because she had had the star, while
+she had that dirt on her face. Her mother began to wash her face and rub
+it; and the more she did so the less the dirt went away. Then the mother
+said: "I understand; the Madonna has done this to show me that I loved
+the bad girl and neglected the good one."[2]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In other versions (mentioned in the note to the above story) the two
+sisters receive different gifts from the fairies. In a Sicilian tale
+(Pitrè, No. 62) it is the children of unlike sisters who receive the
+gifts: the one, beauty. When she combs her hair jewels fall from it;
+when she washes the water becomes full of fishes; when she opens her
+mouth flowers fall out; her cheeks are like apples; and finally she can
+finish her work in a short time. The cousin receives, of course, gifts
+the very reverse of the above. The story ends with the trait of "True
+Bride," mentioned at length in Chapter I.
+
+There is still a third version of the above story, which is popular in
+many lands. The following example is from Florence (_Nov. fior._ p.
+559), and is entitled:
+
+
+XXVII. THE TWO HUMPBACKS.
+
+There were once two companions who were humpbacks, but one more so than
+the other. They were both so poor that they had not a penny to their
+names. One of them said: "I will go out into the world, for here there
+is nothing to eat; we are dying of hunger. I want to see whether I can
+make my fortune." "Go," said the other. "If you make your fortune,
+return, and I will go and see if I can make mine." So the humpback set
+off on his journey. Now these two humpbacks were from Parma. When the
+humpback had gone a long way, he came to a square where there was a
+fair, at which everything was sold. There was a person selling cheese,
+who cried out: "Eat the little Parmesan!" The poor humpback thought he
+meant him, so he ran away and hid himself in a court-yard. When it was
+one o'clock, he heard a clanking of chains and the words "Saturday and
+Sunday" repeated several times. Then he answered: "And Monday." "Oh,
+heavens!" said they who were singing. "Who is this who has harmonized
+with our choir?" They searched and found the poor humpback hidden. "O
+gentlemen!" he said, "I have not come here to do any harm, you know!"
+"Well! we have come to reward you; you have harmonized our choir; come
+with us!" They put him on a table and removed his hump, healed him, and
+gave him two bags of money. "Now," they said, "you can go." He thanked
+them and went away without his hump. He liked it better, you can
+believe! He returned to his place at Parma, and when the other humpback
+saw him he exclaimed: "Does not that look just like my friend? But he
+had a hump! It is not he! Listen! You are not my friend so and so, are
+you?" "Yes, I am," he replied. "Listen! Were you not a humpback?" "Yes.
+They have removed my hump and given me two bags of money. I will tell
+you why. I reached," he continued, "such and such a place, and I heard
+them beginning to say, '_Eat the little Parmesan! eat the little
+Parmesan!_' I was so frightened that I hid myself." (He mentioned the
+place--in a court-yard.) "At a certain hour, I heard a noise of chains
+and a chorus singing: '_Saturday and Sunday._' After two or three times,
+I said: '_And Monday._' They came and found me, saying that I had
+harmonized their chorus, and they wanted to reward me. They took me,
+removed my hump, and gave me two bags of money." "Oh, heavens!" said the
+other humpback. "I want to go there, too!" "Go, poor fellow, go!
+farewell!" The humpback reached the place, and hid himself precisely
+where his companion had. After a while he heard a noise of chains, and
+the chorus: "Saturday and Sunday!" Then another chorus: "And Monday!"
+After the humpback had heard them repeat: "Saturday and Sunday, and
+Monday!" several times, he added: "And Tuesday!" "Where," they
+exclaimed, "is he who has spoiled our chorus? If we find him, we will
+tear him in pieces." Just think! they struck and beat this poor humpback
+until they were tired; then they put him on the same table on which they
+had placed his companion, and said: "Take that hump and put it on him in
+front." So they took the other's hump and fastened it to his breast, and
+then drove him away with blows. He went home and found his friend, who
+cried: "Mercy! is not that my friend? but it cannot be, for this one is
+humpbacked in front. Listen," he said, "are you not my friend?" "The
+same," he answered, weeping. "I did not want to bear my own hump, and
+now I have to carry mine and yours! and so beaten and reduced, you see!"
+"Come," said his friend, "come home with me, and we will eat a mouthful
+together; and don't be disheartened." And so, every day, he dined with
+his friend, and afterward they died, I imagine.[3]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There are a number of Sicilian stories in which one's fate is
+personified and appears in the rôle of a guardian angel, or good and bad
+fairy. In the same way fortune is personified in several stories. The
+best example of the former class, which has also a point of contact with
+the latter, is found in Gonzenbach, No. 21, and is entitled:
+
+
+XXVIII. THE STORY OF CATHERINE AND HER FATE.
+
+There was once a merchant who was very rich and had greater treasures
+than the king. In his reception room stood three wonderfully beautiful
+seats. One was of silver, the second of gold, and the third of diamonds.
+This merchant had an only daughter, whose name was Catherine, and who
+was fairer than the sun.
+
+One day as Catherine was sitting in her chamber, the door suddenly
+opened of itself, and there entered a tall, beautiful lady, who held in
+her hand a wheel. "Catherine," said she, "when would you rather enjoy
+your life, in youth or in old age?" Catherine gazed at her in amazement,
+and could make no answer. The beautiful lady again asked: "Catherine,
+when would you rather enjoy your life, in youth or in old age?" Then
+thought Catherine: "If I say in youth, I must suffer for it in old age;
+wherefore I will rather enjoy my life in old age, and in youth God's
+will be done." So she answered: "In old age." "Be it as you have
+wished," said the beautiful woman, turned her wheel once, and
+disappeared. Now this beautiful tall lady was poor Catherine's Fate.
+
+A few days later, her father suddenly received news that some of his
+ships had been wrecked in a storm; a few days after, he learned that
+several more of his ships had foundered; and to cut the matter short,
+scarcely a month had passed when he was himself deprived of all his
+riches. He had to sell all that he had, and this, too, he lost, until at
+last he remained poor and wretched. From grief he fell ill and died.
+
+So poor Catherine remained all alone in the world, without a penny, and
+with no one to give her shelter. She thought: "I will go to another city
+and seek me a place there." So she set out and walked until she came to
+another city. As she was going through the streets a noble lady happened
+to be standing by the window, and asked her: "Where are you going, all
+alone, pretty maiden?" "Ah! noble lady, I am a poor girl, and would like
+to find a place to earn my bread. Can you not find use for me?" So the
+noble lady received her, and Catherine served her faithfully.
+
+Some days later the lady said one evening: "Catherine, I must go out for
+a time, and will lock the house door." "Very well," said Catherine, and
+after her mistress had gone she took her work and sat down and sewed.
+Suddenly the door opened, and her Fate entered. "So?" she cried, "are
+you here, Catherine? and do you think now that I am going to leave you
+in peace?" With these words, her Fate ran to all the cupboards, dragged
+out the linen and clothes of Catherine's mistress, and tore everything
+into a thousand pieces. Catherine thought: "Woe is me if my mistress
+returns and finds everything in this condition; she will certainly kill
+me!" And in her anguish she opened the door and fled. Her Fate, however,
+gathered up all the torn and ruined things, made them whole, and laid
+them away in their places. When the mistress returned she called
+Catherine, but Catherine was nowhere to be seen. "Can she have robbed
+me?" she thought; but when she looked about, nothing was gone. She was
+very much astonished, but Catherine did not return, but hastened on
+until she came to another city. As she was passing through the streets,
+another lady, standing by the window, asked her: "Where are you going,
+all alone, pretty maiden?" "Ah! noble lady, I am a poor girl, and would
+like a place to earn my bread. Can you not make use of me?" Then the
+lady took her in, and Catherine served her and thought now she could
+rest in peace. It lasted, however, but a few days. One evening, when her
+mistress was out, her Fate appeared again and addressed her harshly:
+"So, here you are now? Do you think you can escape me?" Then the Fate
+tore and destroyed everything that it found, so that poor Catherine
+again fled, in her anguish of heart. To cut the matter short, poor
+Catherine led this frightful life seven years, flying from one city to
+another, and everywhere attempting to find a place. Her Fate always
+appeared after a few days, and tore and destroyed her employers' things,
+so that the poor girl had to flee. As soon as she had left the house
+the Fate restored everything and put it in its place.
+
+Finally, after seven years, her Fate seemed weary of always persecuting
+the unfortunate Catherine. One day Catherine came again to a city and
+saw a lady standing at a window, who asked her: "Where are you going,
+all alone, pretty girl?" "Ah! noble lady, I am a poor girl, and would
+like to find a place to earn my bread. Can you not find use for me?" The
+lady answered: "I will give you a place willingly, but you must perform
+daily a service, and I do not know whether you have strength for it."
+"Tell me what it is," said Catherine, "and if I can, I will do it." "Do
+you see yonder high mountain?" asked the lady. "Every morning you must
+carry up there a large board covered with fresh bread, and cry with a
+loud voice: 'O my mistress' Fate! O my mistress' Fate! O my mistress'
+Fate!' thrice. Then my Fate will appear and receive the bread." "I will
+do that willingly," said Catherine, and the lady took her into her
+service.
+
+Now Catherine remained years with this lady, and every morning she took
+a board with fresh bread and carried it up the mountain, and when she
+had called three times: "O my mistress' Fate!" there appeared a
+beautiful tall lady, who received the bread. Catherine often wept when
+she thought that she, who had once been so rich, must now serve like a
+poor maid. One day her mistress said to her: "Catherine, why do you weep
+so much?" Then Catherine told her how ill it had fared with her, and her
+mistress said: "I will tell you what, Catherine, when you take the bread
+to the mountain to-morrow, ask my Fate to try and persuade your Fate to
+leave you now in peace. Perhaps that will do some good." This advice
+pleased poor Catherine, and the next morning, after she had taken the
+bread to her mistress' Fate, she disclosed her trouble to her, and said:
+"O my mistress' Fate, beg my Fate to persecute me no longer." Then the
+Fate answered: "Ah, poor girl, your Fate is just now covered with seven
+coverlets, so that she cannot hear you; but when you come to-morrow I
+will take you to her." After Catherine had returned home, her mistress'
+Fate went to the young girl's Fate and said: "Dear sister, why are you
+never weary of making poor Catherine suffer? Permit her again to see
+some happy days." The Fate answered: "Bring her to me to-morrow and I
+will give her something that will help her out of all her trouble." When
+Catherine brought the bread the next morning, her mistress' Fate
+conducted her to her own Fate, who was covered with seven coverlets. Her
+Fate gave her a small skein of silk, and said: "Preserve it carefully;
+it will be of use to you." Then Catherine went home and said to her
+mistress: "My Fate has given me a little skein of silk; what shall I do
+with it? It is not worth three _grani_." "Well," said her mistress,
+"preserve it; who knows of what use it may be?"
+
+Now it happened, some time after this, that the young king was to marry,
+and on that account had royal garments made for himself. As the tailor
+was about to sew a beautiful dress, there was no silk of the same color
+to be found. So the king proclaimed throughout the whole land that
+whoever had such silk should bring it to the court and would be well
+rewarded. "Catherine," said her mistress, "your skein is of that color;
+take it to the king so that he may make you a handsome present." Then
+Catherine put on her best clothes, and went to the Court; and when she
+appeared before the king, she was so beautiful that he could not keep
+his eyes from her. "Royal Majesty," said she, "I have brought you a
+little skein of silk, of the color that could not be found." "I will
+tell you what, royal Majesty," cried one of his ministers, "we will pay
+the maiden for the silk with its weight in gold." The king was satisfied
+and they brought a balance; in one scale the king laid the silk, in the
+other, a gold coin. Now just imagine what happened: no matter how many
+gold coins the king laid in the scale, the silk was always heavier. Then
+the king had a larger balance brought, and threw all his treasures into
+the scale, but the silk still weighed the more. Then the king at last
+took his crown from his head and placed it with all the other
+treasures, and behold! the scale with gold sank and weighed exactly as
+much as the silk. "Where did you get this silk?" asked the king. "Royal
+Majesty, it was a present from my mistress," answered Catherine. "No,
+that is impossible," cried the king. "If you do not tell me the truth, I
+will have your head cut off." Then Catherine related all that had
+happened to her since she was a rich maiden.
+
+Now there lived at the court a wise lady, who said: "Catherine, you have
+suffered much, but you will now see happy days; and that it was not
+until the golden crown was put in the scale that the balance was even,
+is a sign that you will be a queen." "If she is to be a queen," cried
+the king, "I will make her one, for Catherine and none other shall be my
+wife." And so it was; the king informed his betrothed that he no longer
+wished her, and married the fair Catherine. And after Catherine in her
+youth had suffered so much, she enjoyed nothing but happiness in her old
+age, and was happy and contented.[4]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the class of stories of which "The Bucket" is an example, we have
+seen the good sister rewarded, and the naughty one punished. Another
+well-known moral story is the one in which a king's daughter is punished
+for her pride, in refusing to marry a suitable lover, by being made to
+marry the first one who asks her hand. This is the case in the Grimm
+story "King Thrush-Beard," or rather the king gives his proud daughter
+to the first beggar who comes to the palace gate. The same occurs in one
+of the Italian versions of this story, but usually the haughty princess,
+after refusing a noble suitor, either falls in love with the same
+suitor, who has disguised himself as a person of ignoble rank, or she
+sells herself to the disguised lover for some finery with which he
+tempts her. At all events, her pride is thoroughly humbled. An example
+of the more common version is found in Coronedi-Berti's Bolognese tales
+(No. 15), and is as follows:
+
+
+XXIX. THE CRUMB IN THE BEARD.
+
+There was once a king who had a daughter whose name was Stella. She was
+indescribably beautiful, but was so whimsical and hard to please that
+she drove her father to despair. There had been princes and kings who
+had sought her in marriage, but she had found defects in them all and
+would have none of them. She kept advancing in years, and her father
+began to despair of knowing to whom he should leave his crown. So he
+summoned his council, and discussed the matter, and was advised to give
+a great banquet, to which he should invite all the princes and kings of
+the surrounding countries, for, as they said, there cannot fail to be
+among so many, some one who should please the princess, who was to hide
+behind a door, so that she could examine them all as she pleased. When
+the king heard this advice, he gave the orders necessary for the
+banquet, and then called his daughter, and said: "Listen, my little
+Stella, I have thought to do so and so, to see if I can find any one to
+please you; behold, my daughter, my hair is white, and I must have some
+one to leave my crown to." Stella bowed her head, saying that she would
+take care to please him. Princes and kings then began to arrive at the
+court, and when it was time for the banquet, they all seated themselves
+at the table. You can imagine what sort of a banquet that was, and how
+the hall was adorned: gold and silver shone from all their necks; in the
+four corners of the room were four fountains, which continually sent
+forth wine and the most exquisite perfumes. While the gentlemen were
+eating, Stella was behind a door, as has been said, and one of her
+maids, who was near by, pointed out to her now this one, now that one.
+"See, your Majesty, what a handsome youth that is there." "Yes, but he
+has too large a nose." "And the one near your father?" "He has eyes that
+look like saucers." "And that other at the head of the table?" "He has
+too large a mouth; he looks as if he liked to eat." In short, she found
+fault with all but one, who, she said, pleased her, but that he must be
+a very dirty fellow, for he had a crumb on his beard after eating. The
+youth heard her say this, and swore vengeance. You must know that he was
+the son of the king of Green Hill, and the handsomest youth that could
+be seen. When the banquet was finished and the guests had departed, the
+king called Stella and asked: "What news have you, my child?" She
+replied, that the only one who pleased her was the one with the crumb in
+his beard, but that she believed him to be a dirty fellow and did not
+want him. "Take care, my daughter, you will repent it," answered her
+father, and turned away.
+
+You must know that Stella's chamber looked into a court-yard into which
+opened the shop of a baker. One night, while she was preparing to
+retire, she heard, in the room where they sifted the meal, some one
+singing so well and with so much grace that it went to her heart. She
+ran to the window and listened until he finished. Then she began to ask
+her maid who the person with the beautiful voice could be, saying she
+would like to know. "Leave it to me, your Majesty," said the maid; "I
+will inform you to-morrow." Stella could not wait for the next day; and,
+indeed, early the next day she learned that the one who sang was the
+sifter. That evening she heard him sing again, and stood by the window
+until everything became quiet. But that voice had so touched her heart
+that she told her maid that the next day she would try and see who had
+that fine voice. In the morning she placed herself by the window, and
+soon saw the youth come forth. She was enchanted by his beauty as soon
+as she saw him, and fell desperately in love with him.
+
+Now you must know that this was none other than the prince who was at
+the banquet, and whom Stella had called "dirty." So he had disguised
+himself in such a way that she could not recognize him, and was
+meanwhile preparing his revenge. After he had seen her once or twice he
+began to take off his hat and salute her. She smiled at him, and
+appeared at the window every moment. Then they began to exchange words,
+and in the evening he sang under her window. In short, they began to
+make love in good earnest, and when he learned that she was free, he
+began to talk about marrying her. She consented at once, but asked him
+what he had to live on. "I haven't a penny," said he; "the little I earn
+is hardly enough to feed me." Stella encouraged him, saying that she
+would give him all the money and things he wanted. To punish Stella for
+her pride, her father and the prince's father had an understanding, and
+pretended not to know about this love affair, and let her carry away
+from the palace all she owned. During the day Stella did nothing but
+make a great bundle of clothes, of silver, and of money, and at night
+the disguised prince came under the balcony, and she threw it down to
+him. Things went on in this manner some time, and finally one evening he
+said to her: "Listen. The time has come to elope." Stella could not wait
+for the hour, and the next night she quietly tied a cord about her and
+let herself down from the window. The prince aided her to the ground,
+and then took her arm and hastened away. He led her a long ways to
+another city, where he turned down a street and opened the first door he
+met. They went down a long passage; finally they reached a little door,
+which he opened, and they found themselves in a hole of a place which
+had only one window, high up. The furniture consisted of a straw bed, a
+bench, and a dirty table. You can imagine that when Stella saw herself
+in this place she thought she should die. When the prince saw her so
+amazed, he said: "What is the matter? Does the house not please you? Do
+you not know that I am a poor man? Have you been deceived?" "What have
+you done with all the things I gave you?" "Oh, I had many debts, and I
+have paid them, and then I have done with the rest what seemed good to
+me. You must make up your mind to work and gain your bread as I have
+done. You must know that I am a porter of the king of this city, and I
+often go and work at the palace. To-morrow, they have told me, the
+washing is to be done, so you must rise early and go with me there. I
+will set you to work with the other women, and when it is time for them
+to go home to dinner, you will say that you are not hungry, and while
+you are alone, steal two shirts, conceal them under your skirt, and
+carry them home to me." Poor Stella wept bitterly, saying it was
+impossible for her to do that; but her husband replied: "Do what I say,
+or I shall beat you." The next morning her husband rose with the dawn,
+and made her get up, too. He had bought her a striped skirt and a pair
+of coarse shoes, which he made her put on, and then took her to the
+palace with him, conducted her to the laundry and left her, after he had
+introduced her as his wife, saying that she should remember what awaited
+her at home. Then the prince ran and dressed himself like a king, and
+waited at the gate of the palace until it was time for his wife to come.
+Meanwhile poor Stella did as her husband had commanded, and stole the
+shirts. As she was leaving the palace, she met the king, who said:
+"Pretty girl, you are our porter's wife, are you not?" Then he asked her
+what she had under her skirt, and shook her until the shirts dropped
+out, and the king cried: "See there! the porter's wife is a thief; she
+has stolen some shirts." Poor Stella ran home in tears, and her husband
+followed her when he had put on his disguise again. When he reached home
+Stella told him all that had happened and begged him not to send her to
+the palace again; but he told her that the next day they were to bake,
+and she must go into the kitchen and help, and steal a piece of dough.
+Everything happened as on the previous day. Stella's theft was
+discovered, and when her husband returned he found her crying like a
+condemned soul, and swearing that she had rather be killed than go to
+the palace again. He told her, however, that the king's son was to be
+married the next day, and that there was to be a great banquet, and she
+must go into the kitchen and wash the dishes. He added that when she had
+the chance she must steal a pot of broth and hide it about her so that
+no one should see it. She had to do as she was told, and had scarcely
+concealed the pot when the king's son came into the kitchen and told his
+wife she must come to the ball that had followed the banquet. She did
+not wish to go, but he took her by the arm and led her into the midst of
+the festival. Imagine how the poor woman felt at that ball, dressed as
+she was, and with the pot of broth! The king began to poke his sword at
+her in jest, until he hit the pot, and all the broth ran on the floor.
+Then all began to jeer her and laugh, until poor Stella fainted away
+from shame, and they had to go and get some vinegar to revive her. At
+last the king's mother came forward and said: "Enough; you have revenged
+yourself sufficiently." Then turning to Stella: "Know that this is your
+mother, and that he has done this to correct your pride and to be
+avenged on you for calling him dirty." Then she took her by the arm and
+led her to another room, where her maids dressed her as a queen. Her
+father and mother then appeared and kissed and embraced her. Her husband
+begged her pardon for what he had done, and they made peace and always
+lived in harmony. From that day on she was never haughty, and had
+learned to her cost that pride is the greatest fault.[5]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A curious feature in Italian stories is the part played by dolls or
+puppets. They sometimes serve to represent an absent mistress, or to
+take her place and receive the brunt of the husband's anger. The most
+peculiar of these doll-stories are found in the south of Italy; the one
+that follows is from Naples (_Nov. fior._ p. 333) and is entitled:
+
+
+XXX. THE FAIRY ORLANDA.
+
+There was once a merchant who had no children. He was obliged to go away
+for merchandise. His wife said to him: "Here is a ring; put it on your
+finger. You must bring me a doll as large as I am; one that can move,
+sew, and dress herself. If you forget, this ring will turn red, and your
+steamer will go neither forward nor backward." And so it happened. He
+forgot the doll, embarked on the steamer, and it would not move. The
+pilot said: "Sir, have you forgotten anything?" to all the gentlemen
+who were there. "No, sir; nothing." At the end of the steamer was this
+merchant. "Sir, have you forgotten anything; for the steamer cannot
+move?" He looked at his hand and replied: "Yes, I have forgotten
+something--my wife's doll." He landed, got the doll, reëmbarked, and the
+steamer continued its way. On his arrival at Naples, he carried the doll
+to his wife, well dressed and elegant; it seemed like a very handsome
+young girl. His wife, well pleased, talked to the doll, and they both
+worked near the balcony. Opposite lived a king's son, who fell in love
+with the doll, and became ill from his passion. The queen, who saw that
+her son was ill, asked: "My son, what is the matter with you? Tell your
+mamma. To-day or to-morrow we die, and you reign; and if you take an
+illness and die, who will reign?" He answered: "Mamma, I have taken this
+illness because there is a young girl, the daughter of the merchant who
+lives opposite, who is so beautiful that she has enamored me." The queen
+said: "Yes, my son, I shall marry you to her. Were she the daughter of a
+scavenger, you shall marry her." "You would do a good thing. Now let us
+send for the merchant." They sent a servant to the merchant's house.
+"Her Majesty wishes you at the palace!" "What does she want?" "She must
+speak with you." The merchant went to the palace, and asked: "Majesty,
+what do you wish?" "Have you a daughter?" "No, Majesty." "What do you
+mean? My son has fallen ill from the love he has conceived for your
+daughter." "Your Majesty, I tell you it is a doll, and not a human
+being." "I don't want to hear nonsense! If you don't present your
+daughter to me in a fortnight, your head will fall under the
+guillotine." (Do you not know what the guillotine is? It is the gallows.
+He was to be hung if he did not take her his daughter within a
+fortnight.) The merchant went home, weeping. His wife said: "What is the
+matter; what has the king said to you at the palace, to make you weep?"
+"Can you not guess what has happened to me? The king's son has fallen
+ill for the sake of the doll you have!" "He has fallen ill? did he not
+see that it was a doll?" "He would not believe it, and says it is my
+daughter, and that if I do not bring her to him within a fortnight, my
+head will fall under the guillotine." "Well," said his wife, "take the
+doll, and carry her out into the country, and see what will happen." He
+did so, and while he was going along, all confused, he met an old man
+who asked him: "Merchant, what are you doing?" "Ah, my old man, why
+should I tell you?" "I know all." Then said the merchant: "Since you
+know all, find some remedy for my life." The old man said: "Exactly. Go
+to such and such a place, where there is a fairy, who is called the
+fairy Orlanda. She has a palace with no doorkeeper, and no stairway.
+Here is a violin and a silk ladder. When you reach this palace, begin to
+play. The fairy and all her twelve maidens will appear at the window.
+This fairy Orlanda can give you help."
+
+The merchant continued his journey, and found the palace without a
+doorkeeper, and with no stairway. He began to play the violin, and the
+fairy and all her twelve damsels appeared and said: "What do you want
+that you call us?" "Ah! fairy Orlanda, help me!" "What help do you
+want?" "I have this doll, and the king's son has fallen in love with it,
+and is ill. What shall I do? If I do not present her to him in a
+fortnight my head will be cut off." The fairy Orlanda said: "Put this
+ladder to the wall. Give me the doll. Wait two hours and I will give her
+back to you again." He waited two hours and then the fairy appeared:
+"Here is your daughter. She will speak to all, to the king, to the
+queen, but not to the prince. Farewell." The fairy Orlanda disappeared
+within, and the merchant departed with his daughter. He took her home to
+his wife. The doll said: "Mamma, how do you do?" "I am very well, my
+daughter. Where have you been?" "I have been into the country with papa,
+and now I have returned." In a fortnight the merchant dressed her
+elegantly and carried her to the palace. As soon as the king saw her he
+said to the queen: "My son was right; she is a beautiful girl!" She went
+into the gallery and spoke with the king and queen, but did not speak
+to the prince. The mortified prince thought: "She speaks to papa, she
+speaks to mamma, but not to me! What does it mean? Perhaps she does not
+speak to me from embarrassment." They were married, but even then she
+did not speak to him. So the prince was obliged to separate from her,
+and they lived in two rooms apart. The prince, meanwhile, courted
+another princess. One morning, while he was breakfasting with his
+sweetheart, his wife called a servant: "Come here; is the prince at
+table?" "Yes, Highness." "Wait!" She cut off her two hands and put them
+in the oven, and there came out a roast, with ten sausages. "Carry these
+to the prince." "Prince, the princess sends you this." He asked: "How
+was it made?" The servant replied: "Prince, she cut off her two hands
+and put them in the oven. She amazed me." "Enough," said the prince,
+"let us eat them." His sweetheart said: "I can do it, too." So she cut
+off her hands and put them in the oven; but they were burned and she
+died. "Oh, what have you done to me! you have killed one for me!" said
+the prince. After a time he made love to another. The first time he sat
+at table with her, the princess called another servant: "Servant, where
+are you going?" "I am going, Majesty, to the prince's table." "Wait!"
+She cut off her arms, and put them in the oven, and there came out a
+roast, with two blood-puddings. She said: "Carry it to the prince, at
+table." "Prince!" "Go away, I don't want to hear any nonsense." "But
+listen; let me tell you!" "Well, tell away." So the servant told how the
+princess had cut off her arms (which had grown out again) and put them
+in the oven, and the roast and puddings had come out. The second
+sweetheart tried to do the same and died. After a while the prince fell
+in love with another, and the same thing was repeated. The princess cut
+off her legs and put them in the oven, and a large roast came out, with
+two larded hams. The third sweetheart tried to do the same, and died
+like the others. Then the prince said: "Ah! she has done it to three for
+me! Unhappy me! I will not make love to any more."
+
+During the night when the princess had gone to bed, the lamp said:
+"Lady, I want to drink." "Oil-cruet, give the lamp a drink." "Lady, it
+has hurt me." "Oil-cruet, why did you hurt the lamp? How beautiful is
+the fairy Orlanda! How beautiful is the fairy Orlanda! How beautiful is
+the fairy Orlanda!" So she did all night until day. All these things
+were enchanted: the lamp and the oil-cruet. The prince, who heard it,
+said one day to a servant: "This evening you must enter the princess'
+room. You must spend the night under her bed. You must see what she does
+in the night." The servant did so, and the same thing was repeated with
+the lamp and the oil-cruet. The servant told the prince, who said:
+"To-night, I will go." At night he crept under his wife's bed. The same
+thing was repeated. The lamp said: "Lady, I want to drink!" "Oil-cruet,
+give the lamp a drink." "Lady, it has hurt me." "Oil-cruet, why have you
+hurt the lamp? How beautiful is the fairy Orlanda!" The whole night she
+repeated: "How beautiful is the fairy Orlanda!" The prince responded:
+"Blessed be the fairy Orlanda!" "Ah!" said the princess, "did it need so
+much to say a word?" Then they embraced and kissed each other, and
+remained contented and happy.[6]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We now pass to an amusing class of stories, in which the hero comes in
+possession of enchanted objects and loses them, finally regaining them
+in various ways. There are three versions of this class. In the first,
+the hero loses the objects by the cunning of a woman, and regains them
+by means of two kinds of fruits, one of which produces some bodily
+defect and the other cures it. In the second, the episode of the fruits
+is wanting, and the owner regains his property either by preventing the
+princess from cheating him at play or by making her fall in love with
+him. In the third, a person (usually a landlord) substitutes worthless
+objects for two enchanted ones, which are recovered by means of a third
+magic object (usually a stick), which beats until the stolen property is
+restored.[7] To illustrate the first version, we will give a Sicilian
+story from Gonzenbach (No. 31), which is entitled:
+
+
+XXXI. THE SHEPHERD WHO MADE THE KING'S DAUGHTER LAUGH.
+
+There was once a king and a queen who had an only daughter, whom they
+loved very dearly. When she was fifteen years old she became suddenly
+very sad and would not laugh any more. So the king issued a proclamation
+that whoever made his daughter laugh, whether he were a prince, peasant,
+or beggar, should become her husband. Many made the attempt, but none
+succeeded. Now there was a poor woman who had an only son, who was idle
+and would not learn any trade; so finally his mother sent him to a
+farmer to keep his sheep. One day, as he was driving the sheep over the
+fields, he came to a well, and bent over it to drink. As he did so he
+saw a handsome ring on the wheel, and as it pleased him, he put it on
+the ring finger of his right hand. He had scarcely put it on, however,
+when he began to sneeze violently, and could not stop until he had
+accidentally removed the ring. Then his sneezing ceased as suddenly as
+it had begun. "Oh!" thought he, "if the ring has this virtue, I had
+better try my fortune with it, and see whether it will not make the
+king's daughter laugh." So he put the ring on his left hand, and no
+longer had to sneeze. Then he drove the sheep home, took leave of his
+master, and set out toward the city where the king lived. He was
+obliged, however, to pass through a dense forest which was so extensive
+that it grew dark before he left it. He thought: "If the robbers find me
+here they will take away my ring, and then I should be a ruined man. I
+would rather climb a tree and spend the night there." So he climbed a
+tree, tied himself fast with his belt, and soon fell asleep. Before
+long, thirteen robbers came and sat down under the tree, and talked so
+loud that the shepherd awoke. The captain of the robbers said: "Let each
+relate what he has accomplished to-day;" and each exhibited what he had
+taken. The thirteenth, however, pulled out a tablecloth, a purse, and a
+whistle, and said: "I have gained to-day the greatest treasures, for
+these three things I have taken from a monk, and each of them has a
+particular virtue. If any one spreads out the tablecloth and says: 'My
+little tablecloth, give me macaroni, or roast meat,' or whatever one
+will, he will find everything there immediately. Likewise the purse will
+give all the money one wants; and whoever hears the whistle must dance
+whether he will or no." The robbers at once put the power of the
+tablecloth to the test, and then went to sleep, the captain laying the
+precious articles near himself. When they were all snoring hard the
+shepherd descended, took the three articles, and crept away.
+
+The next day he came to the city where the king lived, and went straight
+to the palace. "Announce me to the king," said he to the servants; "I
+will try to make the king's daughter laugh." The servants tried to
+dissuade him, but he insisted on being led before the king, who took him
+into a large room, in which was the king's daughter, sitting on a
+splendid throne and surrounded by the whole court. "If I am to make the
+princess laugh," said the shepherd to the king, "you must first do me
+the kindness to put this ring on the ring-finger of your right hand."
+The king had scarcely done so when he began to sneeze violently, and
+could not stop, but ran up and down the room, sneezing all the time. The
+entire court began to laugh, and the king's daughter could not stay
+sober, but had to run away laughing. Then the shepherd went up to the
+king, took off the ring, and said: "Your Majesty, I have made the
+princess laugh; to me belongs the reward." "What! you worthless
+shepherd!" cried the king. "You have not only made me the laughing-stock
+of the whole court, but now you want my daughter for your wife! Quick!
+take the ring from him, and throw him into prison."
+
+While there the wonderful tablecloth provides him and his companions
+with plenty to eat, and when it is discovered and taken from him by the
+king's orders, the purse enables them all to live in comfort. That is
+also discovered, and nothing is left but the whistle. "Well!" thought
+the shepherd, "if we can't eat any more, we will at least dance;" and he
+pulled out his pipe and began to play on it, and all the prisoners began
+to dance, and the guards with them, and between them all they made a
+great noise. When the king heard it he came running there with his
+servants, and had to dance like all the rest, but found breath enough to
+order the pipe to be taken away from the shepherd, and all became quiet
+again.
+
+So now the shepherd had nothing left, and remained in prison some time,
+until he found an old file, and one night filed through the iron bars
+and escaped. He wandered about all day, and at last came to the same
+forest where he had formerly been. All at once he saw a large fig-tree
+bearing the most beautiful fruit,--on one side black figs, on the other,
+white ones. "That is something I have never seen," thought the
+shepherd,--"a fig-tree that bears black and white figs at the same time.
+I must try them." Scarcely had he tasted them when he felt something
+move on the top of his head, and putting his hand up, found he had two
+long horns. "Unhappy man!" he cried; "what shall I do?" However, as he
+was very hungry, he picked some of the white figs and ate them, and
+immediately one of the horns disappeared, and also the other after he
+had eaten a few more white figs. "My fortune is made!" he thought. "The
+king will have to give me all my things back, and his daughter in the
+bargain."
+
+The shepherd disguised himself and went to the city with two baskets of
+figs,--one of the black and one of the white kind, the former of which
+he sold to the king's cook, whom he met in the market place. While the
+king was at the table the servant put the figs before him, and he was
+much pleased with them, and gave some to his wife and daughter; the rest
+he ate himself. Scarcely had they eaten them when they saw with terror
+the long horns that had grown from their heads. The queen and her
+daughter began to weep, and the king, in a rage, called the cook and
+asked him who had sold him the figs. "A peasant in the market,"
+answered the cook. "Go at once and bring him here," cried the king.
+
+The shepherd had remained near the palace, and as the cook came out, he
+went up to him with the basket of white figs in his hand. "What
+miserable figs did you sell me this morning!" cried out the cook to him.
+"As soon as the king, queen, and princess had eaten your figs, great
+horns grew on their heads." "Be quiet," said the shepherd; "I have a
+remedy here, and can soon remove the horns. Take me to the king." He was
+led before the king, who asked him what kind of figs he had sold. "Be
+quiet, your Majesty," said the shepherd, "and eat these figs," at the
+same time giving him a white one; and as soon as the king had eaten it
+one of the horns disappeared. "Now," said the shepherd, "before I give
+you any more of my figs you must give me back my whistle; if not, you
+may keep your horn." The king in his terror gave up the whistle, and the
+shepherd handed the queen a fig. When one of the queen's horns had
+disappeared, he said: "Now give me my purse back, or else I will take my
+figs away." So the king gave him his purse, and the shepherd removed one
+of the princess' horns. Then he demanded his tablecloth; and when he had
+received it he gave the king another fig, so that the second horn
+disappeared. "Now give me my ring," he said; and the king had to give
+him his ring before he would remove the queen's horn. The only one left
+now was the princess, and the shepherd said: "Now fulfil your promise
+and marry me to the princess; otherwise she may keep her horn as long as
+she lives." So the princess had to marry him, and after the wedding he
+gave her another fig to eat, so that her last horn also disappeared.
+They had a merry wedding, and when the old king died the shepherd became
+king, and so they remained contented and happy, and were like a bundle
+of roots.[8]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The second version of this story is represented by but three examples,
+none of them worth giving at length. In one (_Pomiglianesi_, p. 110)
+the princess wins the magic objects (purse, cloak that renders
+invisible, and horn that blows out soldiers) at play. The loser
+disguises himself as a priest and confesses the princess when she is
+ill, and makes her give back the objects she has won or stolen. In a
+Florentine version (_Nov. fior._ p. 349), the owner of the objects, a
+poor shepherd's son, pretends to be the son of the king of Portugal. He
+plays with the princess and wins, but his true origin is discovered and
+he is thrown into prison. There he makes use of the magic tablecloth,
+which he sells to the king for the privilege of passing a night in the
+princess' room. The same payment is asked for the box that fills itself
+with money, and the little organ that makes every one dance. The
+shepherd, of course, becomes the princess' husband and inherits the
+kingdom when the king dies. In the Sicilian story (Pitrè, No. 26) the
+fairies give Peter the purse, tablecloth, and violin, and he goes to
+play chess with the daughter of the king of Spain, who is to marry
+whoever beats her at the game. She cheats and wins, and Peter is thrown
+into prison. There he uses the tablecloth, and when the princess hears
+of it, she proposes to play for it. Again she cheats by changing a
+chessman while Peter is looking away, and the loser is thrown into
+prison again. They play again for the magic violin, and Peter, who has
+been warned in prison by other losers of the princess' tricks, keeps a
+sharp lookout, detects, and defeats her. They are married, and Peter
+releases all the defeated players from jail, and afterward gets rid of
+them by means of the violin.[9]
+
+The third version is the most popular one; the following example of it
+is from Nerucci's collection of Montalese tales (No. 43).
+
+
+XXXII. THE ASS THAT LAYS MONEY.
+
+There was once a poor widow with an only son, and whose brother-in-law
+was a steward. One day she said to her child: "Go to your uncle and ask
+him to give you something to keep you from starving." The boy went to
+the farm and asked his uncle to help him a little. "We are dying of
+hunger, uncle. My mother earns a little by weaving, and I am too small
+to find anything. Be charitable to us, for we are your relatives." The
+steward answered: "Why not? You should have come sooner and I would have
+helped you the sooner. But now I will give you something to support you
+always, without need of anything more. I will give you this little ass
+that lays money. You have only to put a cloth under him, and he will
+fill it for you with handsome coins. But take care! Don't tell it, and
+don't leave this animal with any one." The youth departed in joy, and
+after he had travelled a long way, he stopped at an inn to sleep, for
+his house was distant. He said to the landlord: "Give me a lodging, but
+look! my ass spends the night with me." "What!" said the landlord, "what
+are you thinking about! It cannot be." The youth replied: "Yes, it can
+be, because my ass does not leave my side." They disputed a while, but
+the landlord finally consented; but he had some suspicions; and when the
+boy and his beast were shut in the room, he looked through the key-hole,
+and saw that wonder of an ass that laid money in abundance. "Bless me!"
+cried the host. "I should be a fool, indeed, if I let this piece of good
+fortune escape my hands!" He at once looked for another ass of the same
+color and size, and while the lad was asleep, exchanged them. In the
+morning the boy paid his bill and departed, but on the way, the ass no
+longer laid any money. The stupefied child did not know what to think at
+first, but afterward examining it more closely, it appeared to him that
+the ass was not his, and straightway he returned to the innkeeper, to
+complain of his deception. The landlord cried out: "I wonder at your
+saying such a thing! We are all honest people here, and don't steal
+anything from anybody. Go away, blockhead, or you will find something to
+remember a while."
+
+The child, weeping, had to depart with his ass, and he went back to his
+uncle's farm, and told him what had happened. The uncle said: "If you
+had not stopped at the innkeeper's, you could not have met with this
+misfortune. However, I have another present to help you and your mother.
+But take care! Do not mention it to any one, and take good care of it.
+Here it is. I give you a tablecloth, and whenever you say: '_Tablecloth,
+make ready_,' after having spread it out, you will see a fine repast at
+your pleasure." The youth took the tablecloth in delight, thanked his
+uncle, and departed; but like the fool he was, he stopped again at the
+same inn. He said to the landlord: "Give me a room and you need not
+prepare anything to eat. I have all I want with me." The crafty
+innkeeper suspected that there was something beneath this, and when the
+lad was in his room, he looked through the key-hole, and saw the
+tablecloth preparing the supper. The host exclaimed: "What good luck for
+my inn! I will not let it escape me." He quickly looked for another
+tablecloth like this one, with the same embroidery and fringe, and while
+the child was sleeping, he exchanged it for the magic one, so that in
+the morning the lad did not perceive the knavery. Not until he had
+reached a forest where he was hungry, did he want to make use of the
+tablecloth. But it was in vain that he spread it out and cried:
+"_Tablecloth, make ready._" The tablecloth was not the same one, and
+made nothing ready for him. In despair the boy went back to the
+innkeeper to complain, and the landlord would have thrashed him if he
+had not run away, and he ran until he reached his uncle's. His uncle,
+when he saw him in such a plight, said: "Oh! what is the matter?"
+"Uncle!" said the boy, "the same innkeeper has changed the tablecloth,
+too, for me." The uncle was on the point of giving the dunce a good
+thrashing; but afterward, seeing that it was a child, he calmed his
+anger, and said: "I understand; but I will give you a remedy by which
+you can get back everything from that thief of a landlord. Here it is!
+It is a stick. Hide it under your bolster; and if any one comes to rob
+you of it, say to it, in a low voice: '_Beat, beat!_' and it will
+continue to do so until you say to it, '_Stop_.'"
+
+Imagine how joyfully the boy took the stick! It was a handsome polished
+stick, with a gold handle, and delighted one only to see it. So the boy
+thanked his uncle for his kindness, and after he had journeyed a while,
+he came to the same inn. He said: "Landlord, I wish to lodge here
+to-night." The landlord at once drew his conclusions about the stick,
+which the boy carried openly in his hands, and at night when the lad
+appeared to be sound asleep, but really was on the watch, the landlord
+felt softly under the bolster and drew out the stick. The boy, although
+it was dark, perceived the theft and said in a low voice: "_Beat, beat,
+beat!_" Suddenly blows were rained down without mercy; everything broken
+to pieces, the chest of drawers, the looking-glass, all the chairs, the
+glass in the windows; and the landlord, and those that came at the
+noise, beaten nearly to death. The landlord screamed to split his
+throat: "Save me, boy, I am dead!" The boy answered: "What! I will not
+deliver you, if you do not give me back my property,--the ass that lays
+gold, and the tablecloth that prepares dinner." And if the landlord did
+not want to die of the blows, he had to consent to the boy's wishes.
+
+When he had his things back, the boy went home to his mother and told
+her what had happened to him, and then said: "Now, we do not need
+anything more. I have an ass that lays money, a tablecloth that prepares
+food at my will, and a stick to defend me from whoever annoys me." So
+that woman and her son, who, from want had become rich enough to cause
+every one envy, wished from pride to invite their relatives to a
+banquet, to make them acquainted with their wealth. On the appointed day
+the relatives came to the woman's new house; but noon strikes, one
+o'clock strikes, it is almost two, and in the kitchen the fire is seen
+extinguished, and there were no provisions anywhere. "Are they playing a
+joke on us?" said the relatives. "We shall have to depart with dry
+teeth." At that moment, however, the clock struck two, and the lad,
+after spreading the cloth on the table, commanded: "Tablecloth, prepare
+a grand banquet." In short, those people had a fine dinner and many
+presents in money, and the boy and his mother remained in triumph and
+joy.[10]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next story to which we shall direct our attention is "Puss in
+Boots," which, in the form known to our children, is of French origin,
+being one of the tales which Perrault made so popular by his versions.
+Before Perrault, however, two literary versions of this story existed:
+one in Straparola and one in the Pentamerone. There are, besides,
+several popular versions of this story, which are somewhat peculiar. The
+one that follows is from Sicily (Pitrè, No. 88).
+
+
+XXXIII. DON JOSEPH PEAR.
+
+There were once three brothers who owned a pear-tree and lived on the
+pears. One day one of the brothers went to pick these pears, and found
+that they had been gathered. "Oh! my brothers! what shall we do, for our
+pears have been picked?" So the eldest went and remained in the garden
+to guard the pear-tree during the night. He fell asleep, however, and
+the next morning the second brother came and said: "What have you done,
+my brother? Have you been sleeping? Do you not see that the pears have
+been picked? To-night I will stay." That night the second brother
+remained. The next morning the youngest went there and saw more of the
+pears picked, and said: "Were you the one that was going to keep a good
+watch? Go, I will stay here to-night; we shall see whether they can
+cheat me to my face." At night the youngest brother began to play and
+dance under the pear-tree; while he was not playing, a fox, believing
+that the youth had gone to sleep, came out and climbed the tree and
+picked the rest of the pears. When it was coming down the tree, the
+youth quickly aimed his gun at it and was about to shoot. The fox said:
+"Don't shoot me, Don Joseph; for I will have you called Don Joseph Pear,
+and will make you marry the king's daughter." Don Joseph answered: "And
+where shall I see you again? What has the king to do with you? With one
+kick that he would give you, you would never appear before him again."
+However, Don Joseph Pear from pity let her escape. The fox went away to
+a forest and caught all sorts of game, squirrels, hares, and quails, and
+carried them to the king; so that it was a sight. "Sir Majesty, Don
+Joseph Pear sends me; you must accept this game." The king said:
+"Listen, little fox, I accept this game; but I have never heard this Don
+Joseph Pear mentioned." The fox left the game there, and ran away to Don
+Joseph. "Softly, Don Joseph, I have taken the first step; I have been to
+the king, and carried him the first game; and he accepted it."
+
+A week later the fox went to the forest, caught the best animals,
+squirrels, hares, birds, and took them to the king. "Sir Majesty, Don
+Joseph Pear sends me to you with this game." The king said to the fox:
+"My daughter, I don't know who this Don Joseph Pear is; I am afraid you
+have been sent somewhere else! I will tell you what: have this Don
+Joseph Pear come here, so that I can make his acquaintance." The fox
+wished to leave the game, and said: "I am not mistaken; my master sent
+me here; and for a token, he said that he wished the princess for his
+wife."
+
+The fox returned to Don Joseph Pear, and said to him: "Softly, things
+are going well; after I have been to the king again, the matter is
+settled." Don Joseph said: "I will not believe you until I have my
+wife."
+
+The fox now went to an ogress and said: "Friend, friend, have we not to
+divide the gold and silver?" "Certainly," said the ogress to the fox;
+"go and get the measure and we will divide the gold from the silver."
+The fox went to the king and did not say: "The ogress wants to borrow
+your measure;" but she said: "Don Joseph Pear wants to borrow, for a
+short time, your measure to separate the gold from the silver." "What!"
+said the king, "has this Don Joseph Pear such great riches? Is he then
+richer than I?" And he gave the fox the measure. When he was alone with
+his daughter he said to her, in the course of his conversation: "It must
+be that this Don Joseph Pear is very rich, for he divides the gold and
+silver." The fox carried the measure to the ogress, who began to measure
+and heap up gold and silver. When she had finished, the fox went to Don
+Joseph Pear and dressed him in new clothes, a watch with diamonds,
+rings, a ring for his betrothed, and everything that was needed for the
+marriage. "Behold, Don Joseph," said the fox, "I am going before you
+now; you go to the king and get your bride and then go to the church."
+Don Joseph went to the king; got his bride, and they went to the church.
+After they were married, the princess got into the carriage and the
+bridegroom mounted his horse. The fox made a sign to Don Joseph and
+said: "I will go before you; you follow me and let the carriages and
+horses come after."
+
+They started on their way, and came to a sheep-farm which belonged to
+the ogress. The boy who was tending the sheep, when he saw the fox
+approach, threw a stone at her, and she began to weep. "Ah!" she said to
+the boy; "now I will have you killed. Do you see those horsemen? Now I
+will have you killed!" The youth, terrified, said: "If you will not do
+anything to me I will not throw any more stones at you." The fox
+replied: "If you don't want to be killed, when the king passes and asks
+you whose is this sheep-farm, you must tell him: 'Don Joseph Pear's,'
+for Don Joseph Pear is his son-in-law, and he will reward you." The
+cavalcade passed by, and the king asked the boy: "Whose is this
+sheep-farm?" The boy replied at once: "Don Joseph Pear's." The king gave
+him some money.
+
+The fox kept about ten paces before Don Joseph, and the latter did
+nothing but say in a low tone: "Where are you taking me, fox? What lands
+do I possess that you can make me believed to be rich? Where are we
+going?" The fox replied: "Softly, Don Joseph, and leave it to me." They
+went on and on, and the fox saw another farm of cattle, with the
+herdsman. The same thing happened there as with the shepherd: the stone
+thrown and the fox's threat. The king passed. "Herdsman, whose is this
+farm of cattle?" "Don Joseph Pear's." And the king, astonished at his
+son-in-law's wealth, gave the herdsman a piece of gold.
+
+Don Joseph was pleased on the one hand, but on the other was perplexed
+and did not know how it was to turn out. When the fox turned around,
+Joseph said: "Where are you taking me, fox? You are ruining me." The fox
+kept on as if she had nothing to do with the matter. Then she came to
+another farm of horses and mares. The boy who was tending them threw a
+stone at the fox. She frightened him, and he told the king, when the
+king asked him, that the farm was Don Joseph Pear's.
+
+They kept on and came to a well, and near it the ogress was sitting. The
+fox began to run and pretended to be in great terror. "Friend, friend,
+see, they are coming! These horsemen will kill us! Let us hide in the
+well, shall we not?" "Yes, friend," said the ogress in alarm. "Shall I
+throw you down first?" said the fox. "Certainly, friend." Then the fox
+threw the ogress down the well, and then entered the ogress' palace. Don
+Joseph Pear followed the fox, with his wife, his father-in-law, and all
+the riders. The fox showed them through all the apartments, displaying
+the riches, Don Joseph Pear contented at having found his fortune, and
+the king still more contented because his daughter was so richly
+settled. There was a festival for a few days, and then the king, well
+satisfied, returned to his own country and his daughter remained with
+her husband. One day the fox was looking out of the window, and Don
+Joseph Pear and his wife were going up to the terrace. Don Joseph Pear
+took up a little dust from the terrace and threw it at the fox's head.
+The fox raised her eyes. "What is the meaning of this, after the good I
+have done you, miserable fellow?" said she to Don Joseph. "Take care or
+I will speak!" The wife said to her husband: "What is the matter with
+the fox, to speak thus?" "Nothing," answered her husband. "I threw a
+little dust at her and she got angry." Don Joseph took up a little more
+dust and threw it at the fox's head. The fox, in a rage, cried: "Joe,
+you see I will speak! and I declare that you were the owner of a
+pear-tree!" Don Joseph was frightened, for the fox told his wife
+everything; so he took an earthen jar and threw it at the fox's head,
+and so got rid of her. Thus--the ungrateful fellow that he was--he
+killed the one who had done him so much kindness; but nevertheless he
+enjoyed all his wealth with his wife.[11]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The story we shall next consider is, in some of its versions, legendary
+in its nature, and might more properly, perhaps, have been treated in
+chapter IV. Its legendary character, however, is only accidental, and it
+really belongs to the class of stories discussed in the present chapter.
+The story in general maybe termed "The Thankful Dead," from the most
+important episode in it. The hero shows some respect to a corpse (paying
+the debts it incurred when alive, and so obtaining the right of burial
+for it), the soul of which becomes the hero's good fairy, and assists
+him when in danger, and finally brings about his good fortune. Around
+this nucleus have gathered various episodes, which will be mentioned in
+the notes. As an example of this story, we give, on account of its
+rarity, the Istrian version (Ive, _Nozze Ive-Lorenzetto_, III. p. 19).
+
+
+XXXV. FAIR BROW.
+
+There was once a father who had a son. After this son had passed through
+school, his father said to him: "Son, now that you have finished your
+studies, you are of an age to travel. I will give you a vessel, in order
+that you may load it and unload it, buy and sell. Be careful what you
+do; take care to make gains!" He gave him six thousand _scudi_ to buy
+merchandise, and the son started on his voyage. On his journey, without
+having yet purchased anything, he arrived at a town, and on the
+sea-shore he saw a bier, and noticed that those who passed by left there
+some a penny, some two; they bestowed alms on the corpse. The traveller
+went there and asked: "Why do you keep this dead man here? _for the
+dead desires the grave_." They replied: "Because he owed a world of
+debts, and it is the custom here _to bury no one until his debts are
+paid_. Until this man's debts are paid by charity we cannot bury him."
+"What is the use of keeping him here?" he said. "Proclaim that all those
+whom he owed shall come to me and be paid." Then they issued the
+proclamation and he paid the debts; and, poor fellow! he did not have a
+farthing left--not a penny of his capital. So he returned to his
+father's house. "What news, son? What means your return so soon?" He
+replied: "On crossing the sea, we encountered pirates; they have robbed
+me of all my capital!" His father said: "No matter, son; it is enough
+that they have left you your life. Behold, I will give you more money;
+but you must not go again in that direction." He gave him another six
+thousand _scudi_. The son replied: "Yes, father, don't worry; I will
+change my course." He departed and began his journey. When he was well
+out at sea he saw a Turkish vessel. He said to himself: "Now it is
+better for me to summon them on board than for them to summon us." They
+came on board. He said to them: "Whence do you come?" They answered: "We
+come from the Levant." "What is your cargo?" "Nothing but a beautiful
+girl." "How do you come to have this girl?" "For her beauty; to sell her
+again. We have stolen her from the Sultan, she is so beautiful!" "Let me
+see this girl." When he saw her he said: "How much do you want for her?"
+"We want six thousand _scudi_!" The money which his father gave him he
+gave to those corsairs, and took the girl and carried her away to his
+ship. But he at once had her become a Christian and married her.
+
+He returned to his father's house; he went up, and his father said to
+him:
+
+    "Welcome! O my handsome son.
+    What merchandise of women have you made?"
+    "My father, I bring you a handsome ring,
+    I bring it for your reward;
+    It cost me neither city nor castle,
+    But the most beautiful woman you have ever seen:
+    The daughter of the Sultan, who is in Turkey,
+    Her I bring for my first cargo!"
+
+"Ah, you miserable knave!" cried his father. "Is this the cargo you have
+brought?" He ill-treated them both, and drove them from the house. Those
+poor unfortunate ones did not know where to find shelter. They went
+away, and at a short distance from their town there were some rooms at a
+villa. They went to live in one of those. He said: "What shall we do
+here? I do not know how to do anything; I have no profession or
+business!" She said: "Now I can paint beautiful pictures; I will paint
+them, and you shall go and sell them!" He said: "Very well!" "But,
+remember, you must tell no one that I paint them!" "No, no!" he said.
+
+Now let us go to Turkey. The Sultan, meanwhile, had sent out many
+vessels in search of his daughter. These ships went here and there in
+quest of her. Now it happened that one of these vessels arrived in the
+town near where she lived, and many of the sailors went on land. Now one
+day the husband said to his wife: "Make many pictures, for to-day we
+shall sell them!" She made them, and said to him that he should not sell
+them for less than twenty _scudi_ apiece. She made a great many, and he
+carried them to the public square. Some of the Turks came there; they
+gave a glance at the paintings, and said to themselves: "Surely, it must
+be the Sultan's daughter who has painted these." They came nearer, and
+asked the young man how he sold them. He said they were dear; that he
+could not let them go for less than twenty _scudi_. They said: "Very
+well! we will buy them; but we want some more." He answered: "Come to
+the house of my wife who makes them!" They went there, and when they saw
+the Sultan's daughter, they seized her, bound her, and carried her far
+away to Turkey. This husband, then, unhappy, without wife, without a
+trade, alone in that house, what could he do?
+
+Every day he walked along the beach, to see if he could find a ship
+that would take him on board; but he never saw any. One day he saw an
+old man fishing in a little boat; he cried: "Good old man, how much
+better off you are than I!" The old man asked: "Why, my dear son?" He
+said: "Good old man, will you take me to fish with you?" "Yes, my son,"
+said he; "if you wish to come with me in this boat, I will take you!"
+"Thank heaven!" said he. "Good!" said the old man:
+
+    "You with the rod, and I with the boat,
+    Perhaps we shall catch some fish.
+
+I will go and sell the fish, for I am not ashamed, and we will live
+together!" They ate, and afterward went to sleep; without knowing it,
+there arose in the night a severe storm, and the wind carried them to
+Turkey. The Turks, seeing this boat arrive, went on board, seized them,
+made slaves of them, and took them before the Sultan. He said: "Let one
+of them make bouquets; let the other plant flowers; put them in the
+garden!" They placed the old man there as gardener, and the young man to
+carry flowers to the Sultan's daughter, who with her maids was shut up
+in a very high tower for punishment. They were very comfortable there.
+Every day they went into the garden and made friends with the other
+gardeners. As time went on, the old man made some fine guitars, violins,
+flutes, clarionets, piccolos--all sorts of instruments he made. The
+young man played them beautifully when he had time. One day his wife,
+who was in the tower, hearing his fine songs,--Fair Brow had a voice
+which surpassed all instruments,--said: "Who is playing, who is singing
+so beautifully?" They went out on the balcony, and when she saw Fair
+Brow, she thought at once of having him come up. The Sultan's daughter
+said to one of those who filled the basket with flowers: "Put that young
+man in the basket and cover him with flowers!" He put him in, and the
+maids drew him up. When he was up, he came out of the basket, and beheld
+his wife. He embraced and kissed her and thought about escaping from
+there. Then she told her damsels that she wished to depart without any
+one knowing it. So they loaded a large ship with pearls and precious
+stones, with rods of gold and jewels; then they let down Fair Brow
+first, then his wife; finally the damsels. They embarked and departed.
+When they were out at sea the husband remembered that he had forgotten
+the old man and left him on shore. Fair Brow said: "My sister, even if I
+thought I should lose my life, I would turn back, for _the word which I
+have given him is the mother of faith_!" So they turned back, and saw
+the old man, who was still awaiting them in a cave; they took him with
+them, and put to sea again. When they were near home, the old man said:
+"Now, my son, it is fitting for us to settle our accounts and divide
+things!" "Know, good old man," said Fair Brow to him, "that all the
+wealth that I have belongs half to you and half to me!" "Your wife, too,
+belongs half to me!" He said: "Good old man, I will leave you three
+quarters, and I will take one only, but leave me my wife. Do you want me
+to divide her in two?" Then the old man said: "You must know that I am
+the soul of him whom you had buried; and you have had all this good
+fortune because you did that good action, and converted and baptized
+your wife!" Then he gave him his blessing and disappeared. Fair Brow,
+when he heard this, as you can imagine, came near dying of joy. When
+they reached his city, they fired a salute, for Fair Brow had arrived
+with his wife, the wealthiest gentleman in the world. He sent for his
+father and told him all that had happened to him. He went to live with
+them, and as he was old, he died soon, and all his riches went to Fair
+Brow.[12]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have already stated in the preface that it was not our design to
+admit into this work (except for occasional reference) any stories that
+were literary in their character. For this reason we have not drawn on
+the treasures of Straparola or Basile, or even on the more popular
+chap-books, of which there are in Italy, as elsewhere, a great
+profusion. Of some of the stories contained in the last named class of
+works there are purely popular versions. As an example of the class,
+and for purposes of comparison, we give the story of Leombruno, or
+Lionbruno, one of the oldest and most popular of its kind. The most
+complete version is the one from the Basilicata, given by Comparetti,
+No. 41, which is as follows:
+
+
+XXXVI. LIONBRUNO.
+
+There was once a mariner who had a wife and three or four children. He
+followed the business of a fisherman, and he and his family lived on his
+fishing. For three or four years there had been a dearth of fish, so
+that he had not been able to catch even a sardine. Poor mariner! From
+this misfortune he had been obliged to sell, little by little, all he
+possessed, to live, and was reduced almost to beggary. One day he was
+fishing, and as you can imagine, poor fellow! he did not haul in even a
+shell. He cursed madonnas and saints. All at once a certain person (it
+was the Enemy) rose in the midst of the sea before his bark. "What is
+the matter, mariner, that you are so angry?" "What should the matter be?
+My bad luck. For three or four years I have been ruining myself, body
+and soul, in this sea with these nets, and I cannot catch even a string
+to hang myself with." "Listen," said the Enemy. "If you will agree to
+give me your wife's next child in thirteen years, from now until you
+deliver it to me I will cause you to catch so much fish that you shall
+become the richest of men by selling it." Then the mariner understood
+that this was the Enemy, and said to himself: "My wife has had no
+children for some years. Will she take it into her head to have another
+just now when I make this agreement with the Enemy? Oh, come! she is old
+now; she will have no more." Then turning to the Enemy, he said: "Well,
+since you wish to make this contract, let us make it. But, remember, you
+must make me rich." "Don't fear," said the Enemy; "let us make the
+agreement and then leave the matter to me." "Softly, we must settle
+another matter first; then we will make the contract." "What is it?"
+"Listen. Suppose my wife should have no children during these thirteen
+years?" "Then you will remain rich and give me nothing." "That is what I
+wanted to know. Now we can make the contract." And they settled
+everything at once. Then the Enemy disappeared. The mariner began to
+draw in his nets, and they were full to overflowing of all kinds of
+fish, and he became richer from day to day. In great joy he said: "I
+have played a trick on the devil!"--and, poor man! he did not know that
+it was the devil who had played a trick on him. Now you must know that
+just when they were making the contract, the mariner's wife, old as she
+was, expected to become a mother again, and the Enemy knew it. In due
+time the wife gave birth to a boy so handsome that he seemed a flower.
+His parents named him Lionbruno. The Enemy suddenly appeared: "Mariner!
+mariner!" "How can I serve you?" replied the poor man, all trembling.
+"The promise is due. Lionbruno is mine." "Yes, you are right. But you
+must obey the contract. Remember that it is in thirteen years. Now only
+a few months have passed." "That is true," replied the Enemy; "farewell,
+then, until the end of the thirteen years." Then he vanished. Meanwhile
+Lionbruno grew every day, and became constantly handsomer, and his
+parents sent him to school. But time passes, and behold the end of the
+thirteen years draws near. One day, before the time agreed upon, the
+Enemy appeared. "Mariner! mariner!" "Oh, poor me!" said the wretched
+man, who recognized him by his horrid voice. But he had to answer. And
+what could he do? The contract was clear and the time come. The poor
+mariner, willingly or unwillingly, was obliged to promise to send the
+boy the next day alone to the sea. The next day the mother sent her son,
+when he returned from school, to carry something to eat to his father.
+The unhappy father had, however, gone far out to sea, so that his son
+could not find him. The poor boy sat down on the beach, and to pass the
+time, took pieces of wood and made little crosses of them, and stuck
+them in the sand around him, so that he was surrounded by them, and held
+one also in his hand, singing all the time.
+
+Behold, the Enemy comes to take him, and says to him: "What are you
+doing, boy?" "I am waiting for my father," he replied. The Enemy looked
+and saw that he could not take him, because he was seated in the midst
+of all those little crosses, and moreover had one in his hand. He
+regarded the boy with an ugly look, and cried: "Destroy those crosses,
+miserable boy!" "No, I will not destroy them." "Destroy them at once,
+or--or"--and he threatened him and frightened him with his ugly face.
+Then the poor child destroyed the little crosses around him, but still
+held one in his hand. "Destroy the other, quick!" cried the Enemy, more
+enraged than ever. "No, no!" the poor child replied, all in tears; "I
+will not destroy this little cross." The Enemy threatened him again and
+terrified him with his rolling eyes, but the child was firm, and then a
+bright light appeared in the air. The fairy Colina, queen of the
+fairies, came down, took the good boy by the hair, and delivered him
+from the Enemy. Then if you had seen what lightnings and thunder! what
+darts! The Enemy shot fire from his eyes, mouth, nose, ears, everywhere!
+But with all his flames he remained duped, and the fairy carried the
+good boy away to her splendid palace. There Lionbruno grew up in the
+midst of the fairies. Imagine how well off he was there! He lacked
+nothing. Increasing always in beauty, he became a youth whom you should
+have seen! Some years passed. One day Lionbruno said to the fairy
+Colina: "Listen. I want to go and see my mother and father a little. You
+will not refuse me your permission, will you?" "No, I will not refuse
+you it," said the fairy. "I will give you twenty days to go and see your
+family. But do not stay any longer. Remember that I have saved you from
+the Enemy and have brought you up in the midst of great wealth. Now this
+wealth we are to enjoy together, for you, Lionbruno, are to be my
+husband." You can imagine whether the youth wished to say no. He replied
+at once: "I will do your will in all things." Then the fairy said: "My
+Lionbruno, take this ruby; all that you ask of it you shall have." He
+took the ruby. Then all the fairies gave him in turn some token. He
+took them, and thanked them all. Then he embraced his bride and
+departed. Lionbruno travelled better than a prince, magnificently
+dressed, on a superb horse, with guards before him. He arrived at his
+town, went to the square, and a crowd of people surrounded him out of
+curiosity. He asked his way to the house of the mariner who was his
+father. He did not reveal himself to his parents, but asked them for a
+lodging that night. At midnight Lionbruno changed, by virtue of the
+ruby, the wretched hovel into a magnificent palace, and the next day he
+changed himself into the thirteen-year-old Lionbruno and revealed
+himself to his parents, telling them how the fairy Colina had liberated
+him from the Enemy, brought him up, and made him her husband. "For this
+reason, dear father and mother," said he, "I cannot remain with you. I
+have come to see you, to embrace you, to make you rich; but I can stay
+with you a few days only, and then I must leave you." His father and
+mother saw that they could do nothing, and had to be contented. One fine
+morning Lionbruno, by an order to the ruby, which he wore on his finger,
+brought together a great mass of riches, and then called his parents and
+said: "I leave you masters of all this wealth and of this palace. You
+will no longer need anything. Now give me your blessing, for I wish to
+go." The poor people began to weep, and said: "Bless you, my son!" They
+embraced each other in tears, and he departed.
+
+He arrived at a great city,--like Naples, for example,--and went to
+lodge at the finest inn. Then he went out to walk and heard a
+proclamation which declared: "Whatever prince or knight, on horse, with
+spear in hand, shall pierce and carry away a gold star, shall marry the
+king's daughter." Imagine how many princes and knights entered the
+lists! Lionbruno, more for braggadocio than for anything else, said to
+himself: "I wish to go and carry away the star;" and he commanded the
+ruby: "My ruby, to-morrow, I wish to carry away the golden star." The
+princes and knights began to assemble and try their skill. Every one
+reached the star and touched it with his spear, but there was no talk of
+their carrying it away. Lionbruno came, and with a master-stroke carried
+off the star. Then he quickly escaped with his horse to the inn, so that
+no one should see him. "Who is he?" "Where is the winner?" No one can
+give any news of him. The king was ill-humored about it, and issued the
+proclamation again for the next day. But, to cut the matter short, the
+same thing occurred the next day. Lionbruno duped them a second time.
+Imagine how angry the king was! He issued a third proclamation. But this
+time what does the crafty king do? He posts a large number of soldiers
+at all the places by which one could escape. The princes and knights
+begin their courses. As usual, no one carries away the star, and
+Lionbruno carries it off and rides away. But the soldiers, quicker than
+he, seize him, arrest him, and carry him to the king. "What do you take
+me for, that, not satisfied with duping me twice, you wish to dupe me a
+third time?" Thus spoke the king, who was seated on the throne. "Pardon,
+Majesty. I did not dare to enter your presence." "Then you ought not to
+have undertaken to carry away the star. Now you have done so, and must
+become my daughter's husband." Lionbruno, _nolens volens_, was obliged
+to marry the princess. The king prepared a magnificent feast for the
+wedding, and invited all the princes, counts, and barons,--all sorts of
+persons. When the hall was filled with these gentlemen, Lionbruno,
+before marrying the princess, said to the king: "Majesty, it is true
+that your daughter is a very beautiful girl, but I had a bride by whose
+side your daughter could not stand for beauty, grace, everything."
+Imagine how the king felt when he heard these words. The poor princess,
+at this affront in the presence of so many noblemen, became as red as
+fire. The king, greatly disturbed, said: "Well, if it is so, we wish to
+see your wife, if she is as beautiful as you say." "Yes, yes!" cried all
+the noblemen; "we, too, wish to see her; we wish to see her!" Poor
+Lionbruno was in a tight place. What could he do? He had recourse to
+the ruby. "Ruby mine, make fairy Colina come here." But this time he was
+mistaken. The ruby could do everything, but it could not compel the
+fairy to come, for it was she who had given it its magic power. The
+summons, however, reached the fairy Colina; but she did not go. "My
+friend has done a pretty thing!" said she. "Bravo! good! Now I will fix
+him as he deserves!" She called the lowest of her servants, and made her
+suddenly appear in the great hall of the king, where all were assembled
+for the wedding. "How beautiful she is! how beautiful she is!" all said
+as soon as they saw her. "Is this, then, your first bride?" "What!"
+answered Lionbruno, "my first bride! This is the lowest of the servants
+of my first bride." "Gracious!" exclaimed the noblemen; "if this is the
+lowest of the servants and is so beautiful, imagine what the mistress
+must be!" "Then," said the king, "if this is not your first bride, I
+wish you to make her come herself." "Yes, yes, herself!" cried the
+others, likewise. Poor Lionbruno! He was obliged to have recourse again
+to the ring. But this time, also, the fairy did not go, but sent instead
+her next servant. Scarcely had they seen her when they all said: "This
+one, oh, this one, is really beautiful! This, now, is certainly your
+first bride, is she not, Lionbruno?" "No, no!" replied Lionbruno; "my
+first bride is a marvel of beauty. Different from this one! This one is
+only the second servant." Then the king, in a threatening tone, said to
+him: "Lionbruno, let us put an end to this! I command you to cause your
+first wife to come here instantly." The matter was growing serious. Poor
+Lionbruno had recourse for the third time to the ruby, and said to it:
+"Ruby mine, if you really wish to help me, now is the moment. You must
+cause the fairy Colina herself to come here." The summons reached her at
+once, and this time she went. When all those great lords and the king
+and his daughter saw that marvel of beauty, they became as so many
+statues. But the fairy Colina approached Lionbruno, pretended to take
+his hand, and drew off his ring, saying: "Traitor! you cannot find me
+until you have worn out seven pairs of iron shoes." Then she vanished.
+The king, in fury, said to Lionbruno: "I understand. The power of
+carrying off the star was not yours, but your ruby's. Leave my palace!"
+He had him seized and well beaten and sent away.
+
+And so poor Lionbruno was left without the fairy Colina and the king's
+daughter, and departed from the city in great grief. When he had gone a
+few steps, he heard a great noise. It was a smithy. He entered, and
+called the blacksmith: "Master, I want seven pairs of iron shoes." "I
+will make you twelve if you wish, but it seems to me that you must have
+some agreement with the Eternal to live who knows how many hundred years
+to wear out all these shoes." "What does that matter to you? It is
+enough if I pay you. Make me the shoes and hold your tongue." He made
+them for him at once. Lionbruno paid him, put on one pair, and stuck
+three in one side of his travelling sack and three in the other, and set
+out. After walking a long time, he arrived late at night in a forest.
+All at once three robbers came there. "Good man," said they to
+Lionbruno, "how did you happen here?" "I am a poor pilgrim," he replied;
+"it grew dark and I stopped here to rest. And who are you, gentlemen?"
+"We are travellers." And they all stopped there to rest. The next day
+Lionbruno arose, took leave of the three robbers, and departed. But he
+had scarcely gone a few steps when he heard them quarrelling. Now you
+must know that those robbers had stolen three objects of great value,
+and were now disputing as to how they should divide them. One of them
+said: "Fools that we are! We had here that pilgrim, who could have acted
+as judge and made the division, and we have let him go. Let us call him
+back." "Yes, yes! let us call him," said the others. They called him,
+and he came back. "How can I serve you, gentlemen?" said he. "Listen,
+good man; we have three objects of great value to divide. You must be
+the judge, and give to each one what belongs to him." "Very well; but
+what objects are you talking of?" "Here is a pair of boots, a purse, and
+a cloak. The boots have this virtue, that he who has them on runs
+faster than the wind. If you say to the purse, 'open and shut,' it at
+once gives you a hundred ducats. Finally he who puts on the cloak and
+buttons it up, can see and yet not be seen." "Very good. But to act the
+judge well, I must first examine these three objects carefully."
+"Certainly, that is right." Lionbruno put on the boots, tried to run,
+and went marvellously. "What do you think of these boots?" asked the
+thieves. "Excellent, indeed," replied Lionbruno, and kept them on. Then
+he said: "Now let us see the purse." He took it and said: "Purse, open
+and shut," and at once there came forth a hundred silver ducats. "Now
+let us see what this cloak is," he said, at last. He put it on and began
+to button it up. While he was doing so he asked the robbers: "Do you see
+me now?" They answered: "Yes." He kept on buttoning it and asked again:
+"Now do you see me?" "Yes." Finally he reached the last button. "Now do
+you see me?" "No." "If you don't see me now you never will see me
+again." He threw away the iron shoes and cried: "Now for you, boots!"
+And away! faster than the wind. When the three robbers saw themselves
+duped in that way, what a rage they were in! They thrashed each other
+soundly, and especially the one who had called Lionbruno back; and at
+last they all found themselves with broken bones.
+
+Lionbruno, after having cheated the robbers thus, continued his way
+joyfully. After a long journey, he arrived in the midst of a forest. He
+saw at a distance a slight smoke, and among frightful rocks, a little
+old hovel all surrounded by dense wild shrubs, with a little door
+entirely covered with ivy, so that it could scarcely be seen. Lionbruno
+approached the door and knocked softly. "Who is knocking?" asked from
+within an old woman's voice. "I am a poor Christian," replied Lionbruno;
+"night has overtaken me here, and I am seeking a lodging, if it can be
+had." The door opened and Lionbruno entered. "Oh, poor youth! How have
+you been tempted to come and ruin yourself in this remote place?"
+demanded, in great wonder, the old woman, who was within, and who was
+Borea.[13] (Do you know who Borea is? No less a person than the mother
+of the winds.) "Oh, dear little old lady, my aunt," replied Lionbruno,
+"I am lost in this great forest, for I have been travelling a long time
+to find my dear bride, the fairy Colina, and I have not yet been able to
+find any trace of her." "My son, you have made a great mistake! What
+shall we do now that my sons are coming home? Perhaps, God help you!
+they will want to eat you." "Oh, wretched me!" cried Lionbruno, then,
+all trembling; "who, my aunt, are these sons of yours who so devour
+Christians?" "My son," replied Borea, "you do not know where you are. Do
+you not know that this house in the midst of these precipices is the
+house of the winds? And I, you do not recognize me; I, my son, am Borea,
+the mother of all the winds." "What shall I do now? Oh, my dear aunt,
+help me; do not let your sons eat me up!" The old woman finally
+concealed him in a chest, telling him not to make the slightest noise
+when her sons returned. Soon a loud noise was heard at a distance: it
+was the winds returning home. The nearer they approached the louder the
+noise grew, and a sound of branches and trees broken off was heard. At
+last the winds arrived, pushed open the door, and entered. "Good
+evening, mamma." "Welcome, my sons!" replied their mother, all smiling.
+And so one after the other all the winds entered, and the last to enter
+was Sirocco, for you must know that Sirocco is the youngest of Borea's
+sons. Scarcely had they entered when they began to say: "What smell of
+human flesh is here? Here Christians, Christians!" "Oh, bad luck to you!
+what fools you are! Where is there any smell of human flesh here? Who do
+you think would risk their lives by coming here?" But her sons would not
+be convinced, especially that obstinate Sirocco. Lionbruno commended his
+soul to God, for he saw death at his heels. But finally Borea succeeded
+in convincing her sons. "Oh, mamma, what is there to eat to-night? We
+have travelled so far, and are so hungry!" "Here, my sons," the mother
+answered, "come here; for a nice polenta is cooking for you. I will
+finish cooking it soon, and put it at once on the table." The next day
+Borea said to her sons: "My sons, when you came you said you smelled
+human flesh. Tell me, should you really see a man now, what would you do
+to him?" "Now, we would not do anything to him. Last night, we should
+have torn him in pieces." "But you would not do anything to him, truly?"
+"Truly." "Well, if you will give me your promise by St. John not to harm
+him, I will show you a live man." "Oh! just see! A man here! Yes, yes,
+mamma, show him to us at once. We swear by St. John! we will not touch a
+hair of his head." Then their mother opened the chest and made Lionbruno
+come forth. If you had heard the winds then! They puffed and blowed
+around him and asked him, first of all, how he had come to that place,
+where no living soul had ever penetrated. Lionbruno said: "Would to
+heaven that my journey ended here! I must go to the palace of the fairy
+Colina; perhaps one of you can tell me where it is?" Then Borea asked
+her sons one by one and each replied that he knew nothing of it. Finally
+she questioned her youngest son: "And you, Sirocco, do you not know
+anything about it?" "I? Should I not know something about it? Am I
+perchance like my brothers who never can find a hiding-place? The fairy
+Colina is love-sick. She says that her lover has betrayed her, and
+continually weeps, and is so reduced by her grief that she can live but
+little longer. And I deserve to be hanged, for I have seen her in this
+condition, and yet I have annoyed her so that I have driven her to
+despair. I amused myself by making a noise about her palace, and more
+than once I burst open windows and turned things upside down, even the
+bed she was resting on." "Oh, my dear Sirocco!" said Lionbruno; "my good
+Sirocco, you must aid me! Since you have given me news of her, you must
+also do me the favor to show me the way to my bride's palace. I, dear
+Sirocco, am the betrothed of the fairy Colina, and it is not true that I
+have betrayed her; on the contrary, if I do not find her, I shall die of
+grief." "My son," said Sirocco, "listen; for my part I would take you
+there with all my heart. But I should have to carry you about my neck.
+And the trouble is I cannot do so, for I am wind, I am air, and you
+would slip off. Were you like me the matter would go very well." "Don't
+worry about that," said Lionbruno, "show me the way, and I will not lag
+behind." "He is crazy," said Sirocco to himself; then he said to
+Lionbruno: "Very well, since you feel so strong, to-morrow we will make
+the trial. Meanwhile let us go to bed, for it is late, and to-morrow,
+God willing, we will rise early!" And all went to sleep. In the morning
+early Sirocco arose and cried: "Lionbruno! Lionbruno! get up quickly!"
+And Lionbruno put on his boots in a hurry, seized his purse, fixed his
+cloak carefully, and left the house with Sirocco. "There," said Sirocco,
+"is the way we must take. Be careful! Don't let me out of your sight,
+and leave the rest to me. If a few hours after sunset to-night I don't
+make you find your beauty, you may call me an ass." They started. They
+ran like the wind. Every little while Sirocco called out: "Lionbruno!"
+and he, who was ahead, answered at once: "Oh! don't think I am going to
+lag behind!" and with these questions and answers they finally reached
+the palace of the fairy Colina about two hours after sunset. "Here we
+are," said Sirocco. "Here is your fair one's balcony! See how I am going
+to blow open the window for you. Attention, now! As soon as it is opened
+you give a jump and spring in." And so he did. Before the servants could
+run and shut the balcony window, Lionbruno was already under the fairy
+Colina's bed. Afterwards one of the maids said to the fairy: "My
+mistress, how do you feel now? Do you not feel a little better?"
+"Better? I am half dead. That cursed wind has nearly killed me." "But,
+mistress, will you not take something this evening? A little coffee, or
+chocolate, or broth?" "I wish nothing at all." "Take something, if you
+don't, you will not rest to-night, you have eaten nothing for three or
+four days. Really, you must take something." And the servant said so
+much that to get rid of her importunity the fairy said: "Well, bring
+something; if I want it, I will take it." The servant brought a little
+coffee, and left it by the side of the bed. Lionbruno, in his cloak so
+that no one could see him, came from under the bed and drank the coffee
+himself. The servant, believing her mistress had drunk it, brought the
+chocolate too, and Lionbruno drank that as before. Then the servant
+brought the fairy some broth and a pigeon. "Mistress," said she, "since,
+thank God, you have taken the coffee and the chocolate, take this broth
+and a bit of pigeon, and so you will gain strength and be better
+to-morrow." The mistress on hearing all this believed that the servants
+were making fun of her. "Oh, stupid blockheads! What are you saying? Are
+not the cups still here with the coffee and the chocolate? I have
+touched nothing." The servants thought that their mistress was out of
+her mind. Then Lionbruno took off his cloak, came out from under the
+bed, and said: "My bride, do you know me?" "Lionbruno mine, is it you?"
+and she rose from the bed and embraced him. "Then it is not true, my
+Lionbruno, that you have forgotten me?" "If I had forgotten you I should
+not have suffered so much to find you. But do you still love me?" "My
+Lionbruno, if I had not always loved you, you would not have found me at
+the point of death. And now you see I am cured only because I have seen
+you."
+
+Then they ate and drank together, and summoned the servants and made a
+great festival. The next day they arranged everything for the wedding
+and were married with great splendor and joy. In the evening they gave a
+grand ball and a fine banquet, which you should have seen![14]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The above story is extremely popular, and has long circulated among the
+people as an independent work in the shape of a chap-book. We have,
+however, given the form which is handed down by oral tradition,
+purposely avoiding the use of any literary materials. Many similar tales
+might be added to this chapter, but the most important and best known
+have been given. To give those tales which cannot be described as fairy
+tales and which are usually found in the shape of chap-books in prose
+and poetry would fall without the scope of the present volume, and would
+belong more appropriately to a work on Italian popular literature.[15]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+STORIES OF ORIENTAL ORIGIN.
+
+
+The geographical situation of Italy and its commercial connections
+during the Middle Ages would lead us to expect a large foreign element
+in its popular tales. This foreign element, it is hardly necessary to
+say, is almost exclusively Oriental, and was introduced either by direct
+communication with the East, or indirectly from France, which received
+it from Spain, whither it was brought by the Saracens. Although this
+Oriental element is now perfectly popular, it is, as far as its origin
+is concerned, purely literary. That is to say, the stories we are about
+to examine are to be found in the great Oriental collections of tales
+which were early translated into all the languages of Europe, and either
+passed directly from these translations into circulation among the
+people, or became familiar to them from the novelists who made such
+frequent use of this element.[1] A few stories may have been taken from
+the French _fabliaux_ or from the French translations of the _Disciplina
+Clericalis_, as we shall afterwards see.[2] The Pentamerone, and
+especially Straparola's tales, may finally be mentioned as the source
+from which many Oriental stories have flowed into popular
+circulation.[3] In this chapter it is proposed to notice briefly only
+those stories the Oriental origin of which is undoubted, and which may
+be found in the great collections above mentioned and in some others
+less known. For convenience, some stories of this class have been
+referred to chapter VI.
+
+The first of this class which we shall mention is well known from the
+version in Lafontaine (IX. 1), _Le Dépositaire infidèle_. The only
+Italian version we have found is Pitrè, No. 194, which is as follows:
+
+
+XXXVII. THE PEASANT AND THE MASTER.
+
+A peasant one day, conversing in the farmhouse with his master and
+others, happened, while speaking of sheep and cheese, to say that he had
+had a present of a little cheese, but the mice had eaten it all up. Then
+the master, who was rich, proud, and fat, called him a fool, and said
+that it was not possible that the mice could have eaten the cheese, and
+all present said the master was right and the peasant wrong. What more
+could the poor man say? Talk makes talk. After a while the master said
+that having taken the precaution to rub with oil his ploughshares to
+keep them from rusting, the mice had eaten off all the points. Then the
+friend of the cheese broke forth: "But, master, how can it be that the
+mice cannot eat my cheese, if they can eat the points of your
+ploughshares?" But the master and all the others began to cry out: "Be
+silent, you fool! Be silent, you fool! the master is right!"[4]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The above story really belongs to the class of fables of which there are
+but few of Oriental origin in the Italian collections.[5] The following
+version of one of the most famous of the Eastern apologues is from
+Monferrato (Comparetti, No. 67). It is called:
+
+
+XXXVIII. THE INGRATES.
+
+There was once a man who went into the forest to gather wood, and saw a
+snake crushed under a large stone. He raised the stone a little with the
+handle of his axe and the snake crawled out. When it was at liberty it
+said to the man: "I am going to eat you." The man answered: "Softly;
+first let us hear the judgment of some one, and if I am condemned, then
+you shall eat me." The first one they met was a horse as thin as a
+stick, tied to an oak-tree. He had eaten the leaves as far as he could
+reach, for he was famished. The snake said to him: "Is it right for me
+to eat this man who has saved my life?" The nag answered: "More than
+right. Just look at me! I was one of the finest horses. I have carried
+my master so many years, and what have I gained? Now that I am so badly
+off that I can no longer work they have tied me to this oak, and after I
+have eaten these few leaves I shall die of hunger. Eat the man, then;
+for he who does good is ill rewarded, and he who does evil must be well
+rewarded. Eat him, for you will be doing a good day's work." They
+afterwards happened to find a mulberry-tree, all holes, for it was eaten
+by old age; and the snake asked it if it was right to eat the man who
+had saved its life. "Yes," the tree answered at once, "for I have given
+my master so many leaves that he has raised from them the finest
+silk-worms in the world; now that I can no longer stand upright, he has
+said that he is going to throw me into the fire. Eat him, then, for you
+will do well." Afterwards they met the fox. The man took her aside and
+begged her to pronounce in his favor. The fox said: "The better to
+render judgment I must see just how the matter has happened." They all
+returned to the spot and arranged matters as they were at first; but as
+soon as the man saw the snake under the stone he cried out: "Where you
+are, there I will leave you." And there the snake remained. The fox
+wished in payment a bag of hens, and the man promised them to her for
+the next morning. The fox went there in the morning, and when the man
+saw her he put some dogs in the bag, and told the fox not to eat the
+hens close by, for fear the mistress of the house would hear it. So the
+fox did not open the bag until she had reached a distant valley; then
+the dogs came out and ate her; and so it is in the world; for who does
+good is ill rewarded and who does evil is well rewarded.[6]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It would be surprising if we did not find the fascinating stories of the
+Thousand and One Nights naturalized among the people. It is, of course,
+impossible to tell whether they were communicated to the people directly
+from a literary source, or whether the separate stories came to Italy
+from the Orient by way of oral transmission.[7] These stories have
+circulated among the people long enough to be treated as their own
+property and changed to suit their taste. Incidents from other stories
+have been added and the original story remodelled until it is hardly
+recognizable. The story of "Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp," for
+instance, is found from Sicily to Lombardy; but in no one version are
+all the features of the original story preserved. In one of the Sicilian
+versions (Messina) Aladdin does not lose his lamp; in another (Palermo),
+after Aladdin has lost his lamp he goes in search of it, and on his
+journey settles the quarrel of an ant, an eagle, and a lion, who give
+him the power to transform himself into any one of them. He finally
+discovers the magician, who has his life elsewhere than in his own body,
+and who is killed after the usual complicated process. In the Roman
+version the point of the unfinished window in Aladdin's palace is
+missed, the magician requires to be killed, as in the version from
+Palermo, and there are some additional incidents not in the Oriental
+original. In the Mantuan story, instead of a lamp we have a rusty ring,
+which the youngest brother finds inside of a dead cock bequeathed to
+three brothers by their father. After the ring has fallen into the
+possession of the magician and the palace has disappeared, the hero goes
+in search of his wife and ring. On his way he is assisted by the "King
+of the Fishes" and the "King of the Birds." The eagle carries a letter
+to the captive princess, who obtains the ring from the magician, rubs it
+on a stone, and when it asks what she wishes, answers: "I wish this
+palace to return where it first was and the magician to be drowned in
+the sea."[8]
+
+Of almost equal popularity is the story of the "Forty Thieves," who are,
+however, in the Italian versions, reduced to thirteen, twelve, or six in
+number. The versions in Pitrè (No. 23 and variants) contain but one
+incident of the original story, where the robbers are detected in the
+oil-jars, and killed by pouring boiling oil over them. In one of Pitrè's
+versions the robbers are hidden in sacks of charcoal, and the cunning
+daughter pierces the bags with a red-hot spit. In another, they are
+hidden in oil-skins, and sold to the abbess of a certain convent for
+oil. One of the nuns has some suspicion of the trick, and invites her
+companions to tap the skins with red-hot irons. Another Sicilian version
+(Gonz. No. 79, "The Story of the Twelve Robbers") contains the first
+part of the Arabian tale, the robbers' cave which opens and closes by
+the words, "Open, door!" and "Shut, door!" The story ends with the death
+of one of the brothers, who entered the cave and was killed by one of
+the robbers who had remained. It is only in the version from Mantua
+(Visentini, No. 7, "The Cunning Maid") that we find the story complete;
+boiling water is used instead of oil in killing the thieves, and the
+servant girl afterwards kills the captain, who had escaped before. The
+story of the "Third Calendar" is told in detail in Comparetti (No. 65,
+"The Son of the King of France") and the "Two Envious Sisters" furnishes
+details for a number of distinct stories.[9] The story of "The
+Hunchback" is found in Pitrè and Straparola, and as it is also the
+subject of an Old-French _fabliau_, it may have been borrowed from the
+French, or, what is more likely, both French and Italians took it from a
+common source.[10] The fable of "The Ass, the Ox, and the Peasant,"
+which the Vizier relates to prevent his daughter becoming the Sultan's
+wife, is found in Pitrè (No. 282) under the title of "The Curious Wife,"
+and is also in Straparola.[11] The beautiful story of "Prince Ahmed and
+the fairy Peribanu" is found in Nerucci, No. 40, "The Three Presents, or
+the Story of the Carpets." The three presents are the magic telescope
+that sees any distance, the carpet that carries one through the air, and
+the magic grapes that bring to life. The Italian version follows closely
+the Oriental original. The same may be said of another story in the same
+collection, No. 48, "The Traveller from Turin," which is nothing but
+Sindbad's "Fourth Voyage."[12] The last story taken from the Arabian
+Nights which we shall mention is that of "The Second Royal Mendicant,"
+found in Comparetti (No. 63, "My Happiness") from the Basilicata, and in
+the collection of Mantuan stories. The latter (No. 8) is entitled:
+"There is no longer any Devil." The magician is the devil, and the
+story concludes, after the transformations in which the peasant's son
+kills the devil in the shape of a hen, with the words: "And this is the
+reason why there is no longer any devil."[13]
+
+The first collection of Oriental tales known in Europe as a collection
+was the _Disciplina Clericalis_, that is, Instruction or Teaching for
+Clerks or Clergymen. It was the work of a converted Spanish Jew, Petrus
+Alphonsi, and was composed before 1106, the date of the baptism of the
+author, the time and place of whose death are not known. The _Disciplina
+Clericalis_ was early translated into French prose and poetry, and was
+the storehouse from which all subsequent story-tellers drew abundant
+material.[14] Precisely how the _Disciplina Clericalis_ became known in
+Italy we cannot tell; but the separate stories must have become popular
+and diffused by word of mouth at a very early date. One of the stories
+of this collection is found in Italian literature as early as the _Cento
+Novelle Antiche_.[15] Four of the stories in the _Disciplina Clericalis_
+are found in Pitrè and other collections of popular tales, and although
+belonging, with one exception, to the class of jests, they are mentioned
+here for the sake of completeness.
+
+In one of the stories of the _Disciplina Clericalis_, two citizens of a
+certain town and a countryman were making the pilgrimage to Mecca
+together, and on the way ran so short of food that they had only flour
+enough left to make one small loaf. The two citizens in order to cheat
+the countryman out of his share devised the following scheme: While the
+bread was baking they proposed that all three should sleep, and whoever
+should have the most remarkable dream should have the whole loaf. While
+the citizens were asleep, the countryman, who had divined their plan,
+stole the half-cooked bread from the fire, ate it, and then threw
+himself down again. One of the other two pretended to wake up in a
+fright, and told his companion that he had dreamed that two angels had
+led him through the gates of heaven into the presence of God. The other
+declared that he had been led by two angels into the nether-world. The
+countryman heard all this and still pretended to sleep. When his
+companions aroused him he asked in amazement: "Who are those calling
+me?" They answered: "We are your companions." "What," said he, "have you
+got back already?" "Where have we been to in order to return?" The
+countryman replied: "It seemed to me that two angels led one of you to
+heaven, and afterwards two others conducted the other to hell. From this
+I imagined that neither of you would return, so I got up and ate the
+bread."[16]
+
+The same story is told in Pitrè (No. 173) of a monk who was an itinerant
+preacher, and who was accompanied on his journey by a very cunning lay
+brother. One day the monk received a present of some fish which he
+wished to eat himself alone, and therefore proposed to the brother that
+the one of them who dreamed the best dream should have all the fish. The
+dreams and the conclusion are the same as in the original.[17]
+
+The next story is well known from the use made of it by Cervantes in Don
+Quixote (Part I., chap. xx.) where Sancho relates it to beguile the
+hours of the memorable night when the noise of the fulling-mill so
+terrified the doughty knight and his squire. The version in the
+_Disciplina Clericalis_ is as follows: A certain king had a story-teller
+who told him five stories every night. It happened once that the king,
+oppressed by cares of state, was unable to sleep, and asked for more
+than the usual number of stories. The story-teller related three short
+ones. The king wished for more still, and when the story-teller
+demurred, said: "You have told me several very short ones. I want
+something long, and then you may go to sleep." The story-teller yielded,
+and began thus: "Once upon a time there was a certain countryman who
+went to market and bought two thousand sheep. On his way home a great
+inundation took place, so that he was unable to cross a certain river by
+the ford or bridge. After anxiously seeking some means of getting across
+with his flock, he found at length a little boat in which he could
+convey two sheep over." After the story-teller had got thus far he went
+to sleep. The king roused him and ordered him to finish the story he
+had begun. The story-teller answered: "The flood is great, the boat
+small, and the flock innumerable; let the aforesaid countryman get his
+sheep over, and I will finish the story I have begun."[18]
+
+The version in Pitrè (No. 138) lacks all connection and is poor, but we
+give it here, as it is very brief.
+
+
+XXXIX. THE TREASURE.
+
+Once upon a time there was a prince who studied and racked his brains so
+much that he learned magic and the art of finding hidden treasures. One
+day he discovered a treasure in a bank, let us say the bank of Ddisisa:
+"Oh, he says, now I am going to get it out." But to get it out it was
+necessary that ten million million ants should cross one by one the
+river Gianquadara (let us suppose it was that one) in a bark made of the
+half shell of a nut. The prince puts the bark in the river and begins to
+make the ants pass over. One, two, three,----and he is still doing it.
+
+Here the person who is telling the story pauses and says: "We will
+finish this story when the ants have finished passing over."[19]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The version from Milan is still shorter:
+
+
+XL. THE SHEPHERD.
+
+Once upon a time there was a shepherd who went to feed his sheep in the
+fields, and he had to cross a stream, and he took the sheep up one by
+one to carry them over....
+
+What then? Go on!
+
+When the sheep are over, I will finish the story.[20]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In chapter V. we shall meet two popular figures in Sicilian tales, whose
+jokes are repeated elsewhere as detached stories. One of these persons
+is Firrazzanu, the practical joker and knave, who is cunning enough to
+make others bear the penalty of his own boldness. In the story in Pitrè
+(No. 156, var. 2) Firrazzanu's master wants a tailor for some work, and
+Firrazzanu tells him he knows of one who is good, but subject to fits,
+which always make their approach known by a twitching of the mouth, and
+the only remedy for them is a sound beating. Of course, when the unlucky
+tailor begins to cut his cloth, he twists his mouth, and receives, to
+his amazement, a sudden beating.
+
+In this version there is no reason given why Firrazzanu should play such
+a joke on the innocent tailor. In the original, however, a motive is
+given for the trick.[21]
+
+The last story we shall mention from the _Disciplina Clericalis_ is the
+one known in Pitrè (No. 197) as:
+
+
+XLI. THE THREE ADMONITIONS.
+
+A man once left his country to go to foreign parts, and there entered
+the service of an abbot. After he had spent some time in faithful
+service, he desired to see his wife and native land. He said to the
+abbot: "Sir, I have served you thus long, but now I wish to return to my
+country." "Yes, my son," said the abbot, "but before departing I must
+give you the three hundred ounces[C] that I have put together for you.
+Will you be satisfied with three admonitions, or with the three hundred
+ounces?" The servant answered: "I will be satisfied with the three
+admonitions." "Then listen: First: When you change the old road for the
+new, you will find troubles which you have not looked for. Second: See
+much and say little. Third: Think over a thing before you do it, for a
+thing deliberated is very fine.[22] Take this loaf of bread and break it
+when you are truly happy."
+
+[Footnote C: The ounce is equivalent to nearly thirteen francs (12.75).]
+
+The good man departed, and on his journey met other travellers. These
+said to him: "We are going to take the by-way. Will you come with us?"
+But he remembering the three admonitions of his master answered: "No, my
+friends, I will keep on this road." When he had gone half way, bang!
+bang! he heard some shots. "What was that, my sons?" The robbers had
+killed his companions. "I have gained the first hundred ounces!" he
+said, and continued his journey. On his way he arrived at an inn as
+hungry as a dog and called for something to eat. A large dish of meat
+was brought which seemed to say: "Eat me, eat me!" He stuck his fork in
+it and turned it over, and was frightened out of his wits, for it was
+human flesh! He wanted to ask the meaning of such food and give the
+innkeeper a lecture, but just then he thought: "See much and say
+little;" so he remained silent. The innkeeper came, he settled his bill,
+and took leave. But the innkeeper stopped him and said: "Bravo, bravo!
+you have saved your life. All those who have questioned me about my food
+have been soundly beaten, killed, and nicely cooked." "I have gained the
+second hundred ounces," said the good man, who did not think his skin
+was safe until then.
+
+When he reached his own country he remembered his house, saw the door
+ajar and slipped in. He looked about and saw no one, only in the middle
+of the room was a table, well set with two glasses, two forks, two
+seats, service for two. "How is this?" he said: "I left my wife alone
+and here I find things arranged for two. There is some trouble." So he
+hid himself under the bed to see what went on. A moment after he saw his
+wife enter, who had gone out a short time before for a pitcher of water.
+A little after he saw a sprucely dressed young priest come in and seat
+himself at the table. "Ah, is that he?" and he was on the point of
+coming forth and giving him a sound beating; but there came to his mind
+the final admonition of the abbot: "Think over a thing before you do it,
+for a thing deliberated is very fine;" and he refrained. He saw them
+both sit down at the table, but before eating his wife turned to the
+young priest and said: "My son, let us say our accustomed Paternoster
+for your father." When he heard this he came from under the bed crying
+and laughing for joy, and embraced and kissed them both so that it was
+affecting to see him. Then he remembered the loaf his master had given
+him and told him to eat in his happiness; he broke the loaf and there
+fell on the table all the three hundred ounces, which the master had
+secretly put in the loaf.[23]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We now turn to some stories taken from a collection more famous in some
+respects than those previously mentioned, The Seven Wise Masters, which
+enjoyed during the Middle Ages a popularity second only to that of the
+Bible. Of this collection there are several Italian translations
+reaching back to the fourteenth century.[24] From one of these, or
+possibly from oral tradition, the stories about to be mentioned passed
+into the popular tales of Italy. The first story we shall cite is
+interesting because popular tradition has connected it with Pier delle
+Vigne, the famous chancellor of the Emperor Frederick the Second. The
+Venetian version (Bernoni, _Trad. pop. venez._ Punt. I. p. 11) is in
+substance as follows:
+
+
+XLII. VINEYARD I WAS AND VINEYARD I AM.
+
+A king, averse to marriage, commanded his steward to remain single. The
+latter, however, one day saw a beautiful girl named Vigna, and married
+her secretly. Although he kept her closely confined in her chamber, the
+king became suspicious and sent the steward off on an embassy. After his
+departure the king entered the apartment occupied by him, and saw his
+officer's wife sleeping. He did not disturb her, but, in leaving the
+room, dropped one of his gloves accidentally on the bed. When the
+husband returned he found it, but kept a discreet silence, ceasing,
+however, all demonstrations of affection, believing his wife had been
+faithless. The king, anxious to see again the beautiful woman, made a
+feast and ordered the steward to bring his wife. He denied in vain that
+he had one, but brought her at last, and while every one else was
+talking gayly at the feast she was silent. The king observed it and
+asked her the cause of her silence; and she answered with a pun on her
+name: "Vineyard I was and Vineyard I am, I was loved and no longer am: I
+know not for what reason the Vineyard has lost its season." Her husband,
+who heard this, replied: "Vineyard thou wast and Vineyard thou art,
+loved thou wast and no longer art: the Vineyard has lost its season for
+the lion's claw." The king, who understood what he meant, answered: "I
+entered the Vineyard, I touched the leaves, but I swear by my crown that
+I have not tasted the fruit." Then the steward understood that his wife
+was innocent, and the two made peace and always after lived happy and
+contented.[25]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This story is found only in the Greek and Hebrew versions of The Seven
+Wise Masters, and in the Arabic Seven Viziers. It did not pass into any
+of the Occidental versions, although it was known to Boccaccio, who
+based on it the fifth novel of the first day of the Decameron. Either,
+then, the story is a late adaptation of the Oriental tale, which is
+unlikely, or it comes from some now lost, but once popular Italian
+version of the Oriental form of The Seven Wise Masters.[26]
+
+The three following stories are found only in the Western, or European
+versions of the collection. The first, technically called "_Vaticinium_"
+or "The Prophecy," relates that a son who understood the language of
+birds heard the prediction that his father and mother should come to
+such want that they would not have bread to eat; but that he, the son,
+should rise so high that his father should offer him water to wash his
+hands with. The father, enraged at this prediction, threw his son into
+the sea. He was rescued, and after many adventures, married the daughter
+of the king of Sicily. One day, while riding through Messina, he saw his
+father and mother, meanly dressed, sitting at the door of an inn. He
+alighted from his horse, entered their house, and asked for food. After
+his father and mother had brought him water to wash his hands he
+revealed himself to them and forgave his father for his cruelty.
+
+The only Italian version, and disfigured by some extraneous details, is
+in the Mantuan tales (Visentini, No. 50): "Fortune aid me." Here the son
+does not hear the prophecy from the birds, but an angel tells a king,
+who has long desired a son, that he shall have one whom he shall one day
+serve. When the child was ten years old the king was so vexed by the
+prediction that he exposed his son in a wood. The child was found by a
+magician, who brought him up, and from whom he afterwards escaped. He
+went to the court of the king, his father, and won the hand of the
+princess (his own sister) by leaping his horse over a broad ditch. At
+the marriage banquet the king handed his son a glass of wine, and the
+latter recognized him and exclaimed: "Behold, the father serves the
+son." The marriage was of course given up and the previous aversion of
+the sister explained.[27]
+
+Closely connected with the original story in The Seven Wise Masters is
+the class of stories where the hero is acquainted with the language of
+animals, and attains by means of it some high position (generally
+becoming pope) after he has been driven from home by his father. The
+following version is from Monferrato (Comparetti, No. 56) and is
+entitled:
+
+
+XLIII. THE LANGUAGE OF ANIMALS.
+
+A father once had a son who spent ten years in school. At the end of
+that time, the teacher wrote the father to take away his son because he
+could not teach him anything more. The father took the boy home and gave
+a grand banquet in his honor, to which he invited the most noble
+gentlemen of the country. After many speeches by those gentlemen, one of
+the guests said to the host's son: "Just tell us some fine thing that
+you have learned." "I have learned the language of dogs, of frogs, and
+of birds." There was universal laughter on hearing this, and all went
+away ridiculing the pride of the father and the foolishness of the son.
+The former was so ashamed at his son's answer and so angry at him that
+he gave him up to two servants, with orders to take him into a wood and
+kill him and to bring back his heart. The two servants did not dare to
+obey this command, and instead of the lad they killed a dog, and carried
+its heart to their master. The youth fled from the country and came to a
+castle a long way off, where lived the treasurer of the prince, who had
+immense treasures. There he asked for and obtained a lodging, but
+scarcely had he entered the house when a multitude of dogs collected
+about the castle. The treasurer asked the young man why so many dogs had
+come, and as the latter understood their language he answered that it
+meant that a hundred assassins would attack the castle that very
+evening, and that the treasurer should take his precautions. The
+castellan made two hundred soldiers place themselves in ambush about the
+castle and at night they arrested the assassins. The treasurer was so
+grateful to the youth that he wished to give him his daughter, but he
+replied that he could not remain now, but that he would return within a
+year and three days. After he left that castle he arrived at a city
+where the king's daughter was very ill because the frogs which were in a
+fountain near the palace gave her no rest with their croaking. The lad
+perceived that the frogs croaked because the princess had thrown a cross
+into the fountain, and as soon as it was removed the girl recovered. The
+king, too, wished the lad to marry her, but he again said that he would
+return within a year and three days. After leaving the king he set out
+for Rome, and on the way met three young men, who became his companions.
+One day it was very warm and all three lay down to sleep under an oak.
+Immediately a great flock of birds flew into the oak and awakened the
+pilgrims by their loud singing. One of them asked: "Why are these birds
+singing so joyfully?" The youth answered: "They are rejoicing with the
+new Pope, who is to be one of us."
+
+And suddenly a dove alighted on his head, and in truth shortly after he
+was made Pope. Then he sent for his father, the treasurer, and the king.
+All presented themselves trembling, for they knew that they had
+committed some sin. But the Pope made them all relate their deeds, and
+then turned to his father and said: "I am the son whom you sent to be
+killed because I said I understood the language of birds, of dogs, and
+of frogs. You have treated me thus, and on the other hand a treasurer
+and a king have been very grateful for this knowledge of mine." The
+father, repenting his fault, wept bitterly, and his son pardoned him and
+kept him with him while he lived.[28]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next story is doubly interesting because it is found not only in the
+mediæval collection last mentioned, but also in Greek literature, being
+told of Rampsinitus, King of Egypt, by Herodotus (II. 121), and by
+Pausanias of the two architects Agamedes and Trophonius who robbed the
+treasury of Hyrieus.[29] There are four versions in Italian: two from
+Sicily (Pitrè, Nos. 159, 160), one from Bologna (Coronedi-Berti, No. 2),
+and one from Monferrato (Comparetti, No. 13). In one of the Sicilian
+versions (Pitrè, No. 159), and in the other two from Bologna and
+Monferrato, the thieves are two friends. In the other Sicilian version
+they are a father and son. We give a translation of the last named
+version, which is called:
+
+
+XLIV. THE MASON AND HIS SON.
+
+There was once a mason who had a wife and son. One day the king sent for
+the mason to build a country-house in which to put his money, for he was
+very rich and had no place to keep it. The mason set to work with his
+son. In one corner they put in a stone that could be taken out and put
+back, large enough for a man to enter. When the house was finished the
+king paid them and they went home. The king then had his money carted to
+the house and put guards around it. After a few days he saw that no one
+went there and took away the guard. Let us leave the king, who took away
+the guard, and return to the mason. When his money was gone he said to
+his son: "Shall we go to the country-house?" They took a sack and went
+there. When they arrived at the house they took out the stone and the
+father entered and filled the bag with gold. When he came out he put the
+stone back as it was before and they departed. The next day the king
+rode out to his house and saw that his pile of gold had diminished. He
+said to his servants: "Who has been taking the money?" The servants
+answered: "It is not possible, your Majesty; for who comes here; where
+could they get in? It may be that the house has settled, being newly
+built." So they took and repaired it. After a while the mason said again
+to his son: "Let us go back there." They took the accustomed sack and
+went there; arriving as usual they took out the stone and the father
+entered, filled the sack, and they departed. The same night they made
+another trip, filled the same sack again, and went away. The next day
+the king visited the house with his soldiers and councillors. When he
+entered he went to see the money and it was very greatly diminished; he
+turned to his councillors and said: "Some one comes here and takes the
+money." The councillors said: "But, your Majesty, while you are saying
+so, one thing can be done; take a few tubs, fill them with melted pitch,
+and place them around the walls on the inside, whoever enters will fall
+in them, and the thief is found."
+
+They took the tubs and put them inside, and the king left sentinels and
+returned to the city. The sentinels remained there a week; but as they
+saw no one, they, too, left.
+
+Let us leave the sentinels, who have departed, and return to the mason.
+He said to his son: "Let us go to the accustomed place." They took the
+sack and went. Arriving there, they took out the stone, and the father
+entered. As he entered he stuck fast in the pitch. He tried to help
+himself and get his feet loose, but his hands stuck fast. Then he said
+to his son: "Do you hear what I tell you, my son? Cut off my head, tear
+my coat to pieces, put back the stone as it was, and throw my head in
+the river, so that I shall not be known." The son did as he was told,
+and returned home. When he told his mother what had become of his
+father, she began to tear her hair. After a few days, the son, who did
+not know any trade, entered the service of a carpenter, and told his
+mother not to say anything, as if nothing had happened.
+
+Let us leave these and return to the king, who went the next day with
+his councillors to the country-house. They entered and saw the body, and
+the king said: "But it has no head! How shall we find out who it is?"
+The councillors said: "Take him and carry him through the streets three
+days; where you see weeping you will know who it is." They took the
+body, and called Filippu Carruba and Brasi Vutùru,[D] and made them
+carry it about. When they passed through the street where the mason's
+widow lived, she began to weep. The son, whose shop was near by, heard
+it, and gave himself a blow in the hand with an axe and cut off his
+fingers. The police arrested the mother, saying: "We have found out who
+it is." Meanwhile the son arrived there and said: "She is not weeping
+for that; she is weeping because I have cut off my fingers and can no
+longer work and earn my bread." The police saw it was so, believed him,
+and departed. At night they carried the body to the palace and built
+outside a scaffold to put the body on, because they had to carry it
+around three days. About the scaffold they placed nine sentinels--eight
+soldiers and a corporal. Now it was in the winter and was very cold; so
+the son took a mule and loaded it with drugged wine, and passed up and
+down. When the soldiers saw him they cried: "Friend, are you selling
+that wine?" He said: "I am." "Wait until we drink, for we are trembling
+with the cold." After they had drunk they threw themselves down and went
+to sleep, and the son took the body, and, after he had buried it outside
+of the town, returned home.
+
+[Footnote D: Names of two undertakers in Salaparuta, where the story was
+collected.]
+
+[In the morning the soldiers awoke and told the king what had happened,
+and he issued a proclamation that whoever found the body should receive
+a large sum of money. The body was found and carried about the street
+again, but no one wept. That night new sentinels were appointed, but the
+same thing happened as the night before. The soldiers were drugged and
+dressed in monks' robes, and the corporal had a cross stuck between his
+legs. The next day another proclamation, the body again found and
+carried about, but no one detected weeping. The story then continues:]
+
+The mason's son (here called for the first time Ninu) could not rest,
+and went to Cianedda.[E] "Will you do me a favor?" "If I can," answered
+Cianedda; "not one, but two. What can I do for you?" "Will you lend me
+your goats this evening?" "I will." Ninu took them, bought four
+_rotula_[F] of candles and an old earthen pot, knocked out the bottom
+and fastened some candles around it. Then he took the goats and fixed
+two candles to the horns of each one and took them where the body was,
+and followed with the pot on his head and the candles lighted. The
+soldiers ran away in terror, and the son took the body and threw it in
+the sea.
+
+[Footnote E: The name of a goatherd in Salaparuta.]
+
+[Footnote F: A rotulu = .793 kilos.]
+
+[The next day the king commanded that the price of meat should be set at
+twelve _tari_[G] a _rotulu_, and ordered that all the old women of the
+city should assemble at the palace. A hundred came, and he told them to
+go begging about the city and find out who was cooking meat; thinking
+that only the thief could afford to buy meat at that price. Ninu, of
+course, bought some and gave it to his mother to cook. While it was
+cooking, and Ninu absent, one of the old women came begging, and the
+widow gave her a piece of meat. As she was going down-stairs Ninu met
+her and asked her what she was doing. She explained that she was begging
+for some bread. Ninu, suspecting the trick, took her and threw her into
+the well.]
+
+[Footnote G: Frs. 5.10.]
+
+At noon, when the old women were to present themselves to the king, one
+was missing. The king then sent for the butchers, and found that just
+one _rotulu_ of meat had been sold. When the king saw this, he issued a
+proclamation to find out who had done all these wonders, and said: "If
+he is unmarried, I will give him my daughter; if he is married, I will
+give him two measures of gold." Ninu presented himself to the king and
+said: "Your Majesty, it was I." The king burst out laughing, and asked:
+"Are you married or single?" He said: "Your Majesty, I am single." And
+the king said: "Will you be satisfied with my daughter, or with two
+measures, of gold?" "Your Majesty," he said, "I want to marry; give me
+your daughter." So he did, and they had a grand banquet.[30]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The story in The Seven Wise Masters, known as "_Inclusa_," or "The
+Elopement," is found only in Pitrè (No. 176), where it is told of a
+tailor who lived next to the king's palace, with which his house
+communicated by a secret door known only to the king and the tailor's
+wife. The tailor, while at work in the palace, imagines he sees his wife
+there, and pretending that he has forgotten his shears, etc., rushes
+home to find his wife there. She finally elopes with the king, leaving
+at her window an image that deceives her husband until she is beyond
+pursuit.[31]
+
+Far more curious than any of the stories above given is the last one we
+shall mention from The Seven Wise Masters. The story in this collection
+known as "_Avis_," or "The Talking Bird," is briefly as follows: A
+jealous husband has a talking bird that is a spy upon his wife's
+actions. In order to impair his confidence in the bird, one night while
+he is absent the wife orders a servant to shower water over the bird's
+cage, to make a heavy sound like thunder, and to imitate the flashing of
+lightning with candles. The bird, on its master's return, tells him of
+the terrific storm the night before, and is killed for its supposed
+falsehood. This story is found in both the Eastern and Western versions
+of The Seven Wise Masters, and practically constitutes the framework of
+another famous Oriental collection, the Çukasaptati (from _çuka_, a
+parrot, and _saptati_, seventy, The Seventy Tales of a Parrot), better
+known by its Persian and Turkish name, Tûtî-Nâmeh, Tales of a
+Parrot.[32] The frame, or groundwork, of the various Oriental versions
+is substantially the same. A husband is obliged to leave home on
+business, and while he is absent his wife engages in a love affair with
+a stranger. A parrot, which the husband has left behind, prevents the
+wife meeting her lover by telling her stories which interest her so much
+that she keeps putting off her appointment until her husband returns. In
+the Turkish version the parrot reconciles the husband and wife; in the
+Persian versions the parrot relates what has happened, and the faithless
+wife is killed.
+
+The Italian versions, as will soon be seen, are not derived from The
+Seven Wise Masters, but from the Çukasaptati; and what is very curious,
+the framework has been retained and filled with stories that are not in
+the original.[33] The most simple version is from Pisa (Comparetti, No.
+1), and is called:
+
+
+XLV. THE PARROT (FIRST VERSION).
+
+There was once a merchant who had a beautiful daughter, with whom the
+king and the viceroy were both in love. The former knew that the
+merchant would soon have to depart on business, and he would then have a
+chance to speak with the girl. The viceroy knew it, too, and pondered on
+how he could prevent the king succeeding in his plan. He was acquainted
+with a witch, and promised her immunity and a large sum of money if she
+would teach him how to change himself into a parrot. This she did, and
+of course the merchant bought him for his daughter, and departed.
+
+When the parrot thought it was about time for the king to come, he said
+to the girl: "Now, to amuse you, I will tell you a story; but you must
+attend to me and not see any one while I am telling it." Then he began
+his story, and after he had gone a little way in it a servant entered
+and told her mistress that there was a letter for her. "Tell her to
+bring it later," said the parrot, "and now listen to me." "I do not
+receive letters while my father is away," said the mistress, and the
+parrot continued. After a while another interruption. A servant
+announces the visit of an aunt. (It was not an aunt, but a woman who
+came from the king.) The parrot said: "Do not receive her; we are in the
+finest part of our story," and the young girl sent word that she did not
+receive any visits while her father was absent, and the parrot went on.
+When his story was ended the girl was so pleased that she would listen
+to no one else until her father returned. Then the parrot disappeared,
+and the viceroy visited the merchant and asked his daughter's hand. He
+consented, and the marriage took place that very day. The wedding was
+scarcely over when a gentleman came to ask the girl's hand for the king;
+but it was too late, and the poor king, who was much in love with her,
+died of a broken heart, and the girl remained the wife of the viceroy,
+who had been more cunning than the king.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have omitted the story told by the parrot because we shall meet it
+again in the Sicilian version, and substantially in the following
+version from Florence, which we give entire on account of the rarity of
+the work in which it is found, and for its own merits.[34] It is also
+entitled:
+
+
+XLVI. THE PARROT. (SECOND VERSION.)
+
+Once upon a time there was a merchant who, having to go on a journey,
+gave his wife a parrot to amuse her in her loneliness. The wife, vexed
+that her husband should leave her so soon, threw the bird in a corner
+and thought no more about it. At evening she went to the window and saw
+pass a young man, who fell in love with her as soon as he saw her. On
+the first floor there lived a woman who sold coals, and the young man
+began to tempt her to help him in his love affair. She would not
+promise, because the merchant's wife had been married but a few days,
+and was an honest woman. She added, however, that there was a way; her
+daughter was to be married shortly, she would invite the young wife to
+the wedding, and the young man, being there too, could manage the rest.
+The wife accepted the invitation, dressed herself in her finest clothes,
+and was on the point of leaving when the parrot cried from its corner:
+"O mistress, where are you going? I wished to tell you a story; but suit
+yourself." The wife then dismissed the coal-woman, who, not to spoil
+matters, promised to put off the wedding and return for her the next
+day. Then the parrot began:
+
+"Once upon a time there was a king's son whose master was so learned in
+magic that with certain words he could change himself into various
+animals. The prince wanted to learn these words, too; but the magician
+hesitated and refused, although he had to yield at last. Then the prince
+became a crow and flew far away to a distant country and into the garden
+of a king, where he saw a beautiful girl with a mirror in which was set
+her portrait. The crow in wonder snatched the glass from her hands, and
+flew home and resumed his own form, but he fell so deeply in love with
+the unknown girl that he became ill.
+
+"She, meanwhile, who was the daughter of a king, seeing the glass taken
+from her, no longer had any peace of mind, and begged her father until
+he gave her permission to go in search of it. She dressed herself like a
+physician and departed. She came to a city and heard a proclamation by
+the king, that whatever physician should pass that way should be obliged
+to visit and try to cure his daughter. Then the new physician had to go
+to the palace, but she could not discover any remedy for the grave
+disease. At night, while sitting by the princess' bed, the light went
+out, and she left the room to light it, and saw in a little cottage
+three old women sitting around a cauldron boiling over a great fire.
+'Good women, are you washing?' 'What a washing! these are three heads,
+and when they are cooked the princess will die.' 'Bravo, my good women;
+bring the wood and I will help, too.' She remained there some time and
+promised to return. The brighter the fire burned, the nearer the
+princess came to death. The physician consoled the king and had a fine
+supper prepared. The second night she carried food and a great deal of
+wine to the old women, and when they were drunk threw them into the
+fire and lifted off the cauldron with the boiling heads. The princess
+recovered and the king wished to give her to the physician and reward
+him with gems and gold, but the physician would take nothing, and
+departed."
+
+"You know, mistress, it is late and I am tired," interrupted the parrot;
+"I will tell you the rest to-morrow."
+
+The next day the woman who sold coals came again, and the merchant's
+wife was on the point of accompanying her; but the parrot detained her,
+promising to finish the story. So the woman went away in anger, and the
+parrot continued:
+
+"The princess disguised as a physician journeyed until she came to
+another city, and heard a proclamation by the king, that every physician
+who passed that way should be forced to visit and attempt to cure his
+son. The new physician, too, had to go to court; but could find no
+remedy for the severe disease. At night, while sitting at the bedside of
+the prince, she heard a loud noise in the next room: went to the door
+and saw three old women, who were preparing a banquet. Afterwards they
+approached the invalid, anointed him from head to foot, and carried him
+healed to the table; then when they were full of wine and merry, they
+anointed him again and replaced him on his bed worse than before. The
+physician comforted the king, and the second night allowed the witches
+to take the prince to the table, then appeared and frightening the old
+women with threats of the king's anger drove them from the room and
+restored the son to his father. The king, well pleased, wished to
+recompense the physician, who would take nothing, and departed."
+
+"But you know, mistress, it is late and I am weary. I will tell you the
+rest to-morrow."
+
+The next day the woman who sold coals returned, and the merchant's wife
+was on the point of following her; but the parrot detained her,
+promising to finish the story. The woman went away angry, and the parrot
+continued:
+
+"After a long journey the princess disguised as a physician came to
+another city, and heard a proclamation by the king, that every
+physician who passed that way should be compelled to visit and attempt
+to cure his son. The new physician, too, had to go to court; but she
+could find no remedy for the severe disease. The prince would speak to
+no one, but the physician at last made the invalid disclose the secret
+of his heart, and he told of the mirror and showed the portrait of the
+unknown lady whom he loved desperately. The physician consoled the king;
+had garments and ornaments exactly like those of the young girl in the
+glass prepared; dressed in them, and as she appeared before the prince
+he leaped from his bed, embracing his betrothed in the midst of
+rejoicings."
+
+But here the lady hears her husband arriving. Joy makes her beside
+herself; and she throws from the window the poor parrot, which now seems
+to her only a tiresome companion. The merchant enters and inquires about
+the bird; sees the parrot hurt upon the neighboring roof and picks it up
+kindly. The parrot narrates to him the wiles of the coal-woman and its
+own prudence; assures the husband that his wife is innocent; but
+complains of her being so ungrateful; she had promised him a gold vase,
+and now treats him thus. The merchant consoles the dying bird, and
+afterwards has him embalmed and placed in the gold vase. As for his
+wife, he loved her more than ever.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Another version from Piedmont (Comparetti, No. 2; De Gub. Zoöl. Myth.
+II. 322) differs materially from the ones just given. A king is obliged
+to go to war and leave behind him his wife, with whom another king is in
+love. Before parting he forbids his wife to leave the palace during his
+absence, and presents her with a parrot. No sooner has the king departed
+than his rival attempts to obtain an interview with the queen by giving
+a feast and inviting her to it. The parrot prevents her going by
+relating the story contained in the first version. They are interrupted
+in the same manner by an old woman sent by the lover, but to no purpose.
+When the story is finished, the husband returns, and the parrot becomes
+a young man, whom the king had engaged to watch over his wife's
+fidelity.
+
+The Sicilian version of our story is the most interesting as well as the
+most complete of all; the single story in the continental versions has
+been expanded into three, and the frame is more artistic. The story is
+the second in Pitrè, and is as follows:
+
+
+XLVII. THE PARROT WHICH TELLS THREE STORIES.
+
+(THIRD VERSION.)
+
+Once upon a time there was a rich merchant who wanted to marry, and who
+happened to find a wife as good as the day was long, and who loved her
+husband desperately. One day she saw him a little annoyed, and said:
+"What makes you feel so?" "What should make me feel so! I have important
+business to attend to, and must go and see to it on the spot." "And are
+you annoyed about that? let us arrange matters thus: you will leave me
+provisions and close up all the doors and windows but one high up; make
+me a wicket, and then depart." "The advice pleases me," said her
+husband, and he laid in at once a large provision of bread, flour, oil,
+coals, and everything; had all the doors and windows closed up but one,
+to take the air, had a wicket made like those in the convents, and
+departed, and the wife remained with her maid. The next day a servant
+called at the wicket to do what was necessary and then went away. After
+ten days the lady began to be oppressed, and had a great mind to cry.
+The maid said: "There is a remedy for everything, my mistress; let us
+draw the table up to the window, and climb up and enjoy the sight of the
+Corso." They did so, and the lady looked out. "Ah! I thank you, sirs!"
+As she uttered the ah! opposite her was a notary's office, and there
+were the notary and a cavalier. They turned and saw this beautiful young
+woman. "Oh! what a handsome woman! I must speak with her!" said the
+cavalier. "No: I will speak first," said the notary. And "I first," and
+"I first." They laid a wager of four hundred ounces as to who would
+speak with her first. The lady perceived them and withdrew from the
+window.
+
+The notary and the cavalier thought about the bet, and had no rest
+running here and there and trying to speak with the lady. At last the
+notary in despair went out into the fields and began to call his demon.
+The demon appeared and the notary told him everything, saying: "And this
+cavalier wishes to have the advantage of speaking with the lady first."
+"What will you give me?" said the demon. "My soul." "Then see what you
+have to do; I will change you into a parrot and you must fly and alight
+on the window of the lady. The maid will take you and have a silver cage
+made for you and put you in it. The cavalier will find an old woman who
+is able to make the lady leave the house. But she will not make her
+leave, you know. You must say: 'My pretty mamma, sit down while I tell
+you a story.' The old woman will come thrice; you must tear out your
+feathers and fly into a passion and say always: 'My pretty mamma, don't
+go with that old woman, she will betray you; sit down while I tell you a
+story.' And then tell her any story you wish."
+
+The demon ended with: "Man you are, become a parrot!" and the parrot
+flew away to the window. The maid saw it and caught it with her
+handkerchief. When the lady saw the parrot she said: "How beautiful you
+are! Now you will be my consolation." "Yes, pretty mamma, I will love
+you, too." The lady had a silver cage made, and shut the parrot up in
+it.
+
+Let us leave the parrot in the cage, and return to the cavalier, who was
+making desperate efforts to see the lady. An old woman met him, and
+asked him what the matter was. "Must I tell you what the matter is?" and
+dismissed her; but the old woman was persistent. At last to get rid of
+her he told her all about the wager. The old woman said: "I am able to
+make you speak with the lady. You must have prepared for me two handsome
+baskets of early fruit." The cavalier was so anxious to see the lady
+that he had the baskets of early fruit prepared and given to her. With
+these things the old woman went to the wicket, pretending that she was
+the lady's grandmother. The lady believed her. One word brings on
+another. "Tell me, my granddaughter, you are always shut up, but don't
+you hear mass Sundays?" "How could I hear it shut up?" "Ah, my daughter,
+you will be damned. No, this is not well. You must hear mass Sundays.
+To-day is a feast day; let us go to mass."
+
+While the lady was being persuaded, the parrot began to lament. When its
+mistress opened the clothespress, the parrot said: "My pretty mamma,
+don't go, for the old woman will betray you. If you don't go I will tell
+you a story." The lady took an idea into her head. "Now, my
+grandmother," she said, "go away, for I cannot come." And the old woman
+went away. When she had gone, the lady went to the parrot, which related
+to her this story:
+
+
+FIRST STORY OF THE PARROT.
+
+Once upon a time there was a king who had an only daughter, who was very
+fond of dolls, and had one that was her delight. She dressed her and
+undressed her and put her to bed, in short did for her what is done for
+children. One day the king wished to go into the country, and the
+princess wished to take the doll. While they were walking about, in a
+moment of forgetfulness, she left her doll on a hedge. It was meal time,
+and after they had eaten they got into the carriage and returned to the
+royal palace. What do you suppose the princess forgot? the doll!
+
+As soon as they arrived at the palace the princess remembered the doll.
+What did she do? Instead of going up-stairs, she turned round and went
+to look for the doll. When she got outdoors, she became lost and
+wandered about like a person bereft of her senses. After a time she came
+to a royal palace and asked who was the king of that palace. "The King
+of Spain," they said. She asked for a lodging. She entered; the king
+gave her lodging and treated her like a daughter. She made herself at
+home in the palace and began to be the mistress. The king had no
+daughters and gave her liberty to do as she pleased in spite of twelve
+royal damsels. Now, as there is envy among equals, the damsels began to
+oppose her. Said they: "Just see! Who knows who she is? and is she to be
+our princess? Now this thing must stop!" The next day they said to the
+princess: "Will you come with us?" "No, because papa does not wish it.
+If he is willing, I will come." "Do you know what you must do to make
+him let you come? tell him: 'By the soul of his daughter he must let you
+go.' When he hears that, he will let you go at once." The princess did
+so, but when the king heard her say: "By the soul of his daughter!" "Ah!
+wretch," exclaimed the king; "quick, throw her down the trap-door!" When
+the princess fell down the trap-door she found a door, then another, and
+another, always feeling her way along. At a certain point she felt with
+her hands like the blind, and found tinder and matches. She then lighted
+a candle which she found there, and saw a beautiful young girl, with a
+padlock on her mouth, so that she could not speak, but she made signs
+that the key to open it with was under the pillow of the bed. The
+princess got it and opened the padlock; then the young girl spoke, and
+said that she was the daughter of the king whom a magician had stolen.
+This magician brought her, every day, something to eat, and then locked
+up her mouth, and she had to wait until the next day to open it again.
+"But tell me," said the princess, "what way is there to free you?" "How
+do I know? I can do nothing but ask the magician when he opens my mouth;
+you hide under the bed and listen, and afterwards think what has to be
+done." "Good! good!" The princess locked her mouth, put the key under
+the pillow, and crawled under the bed. But at midnight a great noise was
+heard; the earth opened, lightning, smoke, and smell of sulphur, and the
+magician appeared in a magician's robe. With the magician was a giant
+with a bowl of food, and two servants with two torches. The magician
+sent away the servants, and locked the doors, took the key, and opened
+the mouth of the king's daughter. While they were eating, she said:
+"Magician, I have a thought: out of curiosity I would like to know what
+it would be necessary for me to do to escape from here." "You want to
+know a great deal, my daughter!" "Never mind, I don't care to know."
+"However, I will tell you. It would be necessary to make a mine all
+around the palace, and precisely at midnight, when I am on the point of
+entering, to explode the mine: you will find yourself with your father,
+and I will fly up in the air." "It's as if you had not told any one,"
+said the young girl. The magician dressed himself and went away. After a
+few hours the princess came out from under the bed, took leave of her
+little sister, for she already called her "little sister," and departed.
+
+She went back to the trap-door and, at a certain point, stopped and
+called for help. The king heard her, and had a rope lowered. The
+princess climbed up and related everything to the king. He was
+astounded, and began the mine, which he had filled with shot, powder,
+and balls. When it was full to the brim, the princess descended with a
+watch and went to the king's daughter: "Either both dead, or both
+alive!" When she entered the room, she said: "It is I," took the lock
+from her mouth, talked with her, and then concealed herself under the
+bed. At midnight the magician came, and the king was on the lookout,
+with his watch in his hand. As the clock struck twelve, the princess
+fired the mine: boom! and a great noise was heard: the magician
+vanished, and the two young girls found themselves free and in each
+other's arms. When the king saw them, he exclaimed: "Ah! my daughters!
+your misfortune was your good fortune. My crown belongs to you," said he
+to the princess whom he had adopted. "No, your Majesty, for I am a
+king's daughter, and I, too, have a crown."
+
+This matter spread over the world, and her fame passed through all the
+kingdoms, and every one talked of nothing but the great courage and
+goodness of this princess who had delivered the other princess from the
+magician. And they remained happy and always enjoyed holy peace.
+
+"What do you think, pretty mamma, of this story?" "It is very fine,"
+said the lady to the parrot.
+
+A week passed after the story; the old woman again came with two other
+baskets of fruit to her granddaughter: "Pretty idea!" said the parrot.
+"Take care, pretty mamma; the old woman is coming." The old woman said:
+"Come, my daughter, are you going to mass?" "Yes, my grandmother;" and
+the lady began dressing herself. When the parrot saw her dressing
+herself it began to tear out its feathers and weep: "No, pretty mamma,
+don't go to mass; that old woman will ruin you. If you will stay with
+me, I will tell you another story." "Now go away," said the lady to the
+old woman, "for I cannot kill my dear little parrot, for the sake of the
+mass." "Ah! wicked woman! to lose your soul for an animal!" The old
+woman went away and the parrot told this story:
+
+
+SECOND STORY OF THE PARROT.
+
+Well then, my lady, there was once upon a time a king who had an only
+daughter as beautiful as the sun and moon. When she was eighteen a
+Turkish king wished to marry her. When she heard that it was a Turkish
+king she said: "What do I want of Turks!" and refused him. Shortly after
+she became very ill, convulsions, twisting of the body, rolling of her
+eyes to the back of her head, and the doctors did not know what was the
+matter. The poor father in confusion called his council together, and
+said: "Gentlemen, my daughter is losing ground every day; what advice do
+you give me?" The sages said: "Your Majesty, there is a young girl who
+found the daughter of the King of Spain;[H] find her and she will tell
+you what must be done for your daughter." "Bravo! the council has been
+favorable." The king ordered vessels to go for this young girl: "And if
+the King of Spain will not let her go, give him this iron glove and
+declare war!" The vessels departed and reached Spain one morning. They
+fired a salute, the ambassador landed, presented himself to the king,
+and gave him a sealed letter. The king opened it and after reading it
+began to weep and said: "I prefer war, and I will not give up this
+girl." Meanwhile the girl entered: "What is the matter, your Majesty?
+(and she saw the letter). What are you afraid of? I will go at once to
+this king." "How, my daughter, will you then leave me thus?" "I will
+return. I will go and see what is the matter with this young girl and
+then come back."
+
+[Footnote H: The princess of the last story.]
+
+She took leave of her half-sister and departed. When she arrived the
+king went to meet her: "My daughter, if you cure this sick daughter of
+mine, I will give you my crown!" "That makes two crowns!" she said to
+herself. "I have a crown, your Majesty. Let us see what the matter is,
+and never mind the crowns." She went and saw the princess all wasted
+away. She turned to the king and said: "Your Majesty! have some broth
+and substantial things made," and they were prepared at once. "I am
+going to shut myself up with your daughter, and you must not open the
+door, for in three days I will give her to you alive or dead. And listen
+to what I say: even if I should knock you must not open." Everything was
+arranged and the door was fastened with chains and padlocks, but they
+forgot the tinder to light the candle with at night. In the evening
+there was great confusion. The young girl did not wish to knock, and as
+she looked out of the window she saw a light at a distance. So she
+descended by a ladder of silk, taking with her a candle. When she drew
+near the light she saw a large cauldron placed on some stones and a
+furnace under it, and a Turk who was stirring it with a stick. "What are
+you doing, Turk?" "My king wanted the daughter of the king, she did not
+want him, he is bewitching her." "My poor little Turk! You are tired,
+are you not? do you know what you must do? rest yourself a little while
+I stir." "I will, by Mahomet!" He got down; she got up and began to stir
+with the stick. "Am I doing it all right thus?" "Yes, by Mahomet." "Well
+then, you take a nap, and I will stir." When he was asleep, she came
+down, seized him, and threw him into the boiling cauldron, where he
+died. When she saw that he was dead, she lighted her candle and returned
+to the palace. She entered the room and found the invalid had fainted on
+the floor. She brought her to with cologne water (_acqua d' oduri_) and
+in three days she had recovered. Then she knocked at the door and the
+king entered, beside himself at finding his daughter cured. "Ah! my
+daughter," he said to the young girl who had healed her, "how much we
+owe you! you must remain here with me." "It is impossible; you
+threatened my father with war if he did not allow me to come; now my
+father declares war with you if you do not let me return to him." She
+remained there a fortnight, then departed, and the king gave her
+quantities of riches and jewels. She returned to the king of Spain's
+palace.
+
+And so the story ends.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"What did you think of the story, pretty mamma?" said the parrot.
+"Beautiful, beautiful." "But you must not go with the old woman, because
+there is treason."
+
+After a week the old woman came with her baskets. "My daughter, you must
+do me this pleasure to-day, come and hear the holy mass." "I will." When
+the parrot heard that, he began to weep and tear out his feathers: "No,
+my pretty mamma, don't go with the old woman. If you will stay, I will
+tell you another story." "Grandmother mine," says she, "I can't come,
+for I don't wish to lose the parrot for your sake." She closed the
+wicket and the old woman went away grumbling and cursing. The lady then
+seated herself near the parrot, which told this story:
+
+
+THIRD STORY OF THE PARROT.
+
+Once upon a time there was a king and a queen who had an only son, whose
+sole diversion was the chase. Once he wished to go hunting at a
+distance, and took with him his attendants. Where do you think he
+happened to go? To the country where the doll was.[I] When he saw the
+doll he said: "I have finished my hunt, let us return home!" He took
+the doll and placed it before him on the horse, and exclaimed every few
+minutes: "How beautiful this doll is! think of its mistress!" When he
+reached the palace he had a glass case made in the wall, and put the
+doll in it, and kept looking at it continually and saying: "How
+beautiful the doll is! think of the mistress!"
+
+[Footnote I: The doll of the first story.]
+
+The young man would not see any one and became so melancholy that his
+father summoned the physicians, who said: "Your Majesty, we know nothing
+of this illness; see what he does with his doll." The king went to see
+his son and found him gazing at the doll, and exclaiming: "Oh! how
+beautiful the doll is! think of the mistress!" The physicians departed
+as wise as when they came. The prince meanwhile did nothing but sit and
+look at the doll, and draw deep breaths, and sigh, and exclaim: "How
+beautiful the doll is! think of the mistress!" The king at last, in
+despair, summoned his council, and said: "See how my son is reduced! He
+has no fever, or pain in his head, but he is wasting away, and some one
+else will enjoy my kingdom! Give me advice." "Majesty, are you
+perplexed? Is there not that young girl who found the King of Spain's
+daughter, and cured the other princess? Send for her. If her father will
+not let her come, declare war with him."
+
+The king sent his ambassadors with the message that the young girl
+should be sent _nolens volens_. While the ambassadors were in the king's
+presence, his daughter entered, the one who had done the wonders, and
+found her father perplexed: "What is the matter, your Majesty?"
+"Nothing, my daughter. Another occasion has arrived, another king wants
+you. Does he mean that I am no longer your master?" "Never mind, your
+Majesty; let me go; I will soon return."
+
+So she embarked with all her attendants and began her journey. When she
+arrived where the prince was, she saw him drawing such deep breaths that
+it seemed as if he would swallow himself, and always exclaiming: "Oh!
+how beautiful the doll is! think of the mistress!" She said: "You have
+called me none too soon! However, give me a week: bring me ointments,
+food; and in a week, alive and well, or dead."
+
+She shut herself up with him and listened to hear what the prince said,
+for she had not yet heard what he was saying, he was so feeble. When she
+heard him whisper: "Oh! how be-au-ti-ful is the doll; con-sid-er," and
+saw the doll, she cried: "Ah! wretch! it was you who had my doll! Leave
+it to me, I will cure you." When he heard these words he came to himself
+and said: "Are you the doll's mistress?" "I am." Just think! he returned
+to life and she began to give him broth until she had restored him. When
+he was restored she said: "Now tell me how you got the doll," and the
+prince told her everything. To make the matter short, in a week the
+prince was cured, and they declared that they would marry each other.
+The king, beside himself with joy because his son was healed, wrote
+several letters: one to the King of Spain to tell him that his daughter
+had found her doll, another to the other king, her father, to tell him
+that his daughter was found, and another to the king whose daughter she
+had cured. Afterwards all these monarchs came together and made great
+festivals, and the prince married the princess, and they lived together
+in great peace.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Has this story pleased you, pretty mamma?" "Yes, my son." "But you must
+not go with the old woman, you know."
+
+After the story was ended a servant came: "My lady, my lady, the master
+is coming!" "Truly!" said the lady. "Now, parrot, listen; I will have a
+new cage made for you." The master arrived, the windows were all opened,
+and he embraced his wife. At dinner they placed the parrot in the middle
+of the table, and when the joy was at its height the bird threw some
+soup in its master's eyes. The master, when he felt it, put his hands to
+his eyes, and the parrot darted at his throat, strangled him, and flew
+away.
+
+He flew away to the country, and saying, "I am a parrot, and I become a
+man," he was changed into a handsome, cunning, and well-kempt man on the
+Corso. He met the cavalier: "Do you know," said this one, "that the poor
+lady's husband is dead? a parrot strangled him!" "Truly? poor woman!
+poor woman!" said the notary, and went his way without speaking of the
+wager. The notary learned that the lady had a mother, and went to her to
+ask her daughter in marriage. After hesitating, the lady finally said
+yes, and they were married. That evening the notary said to the lady:
+"Now tell me, who killed your husband?" "A parrot." "And what about this
+parrot?" The lady told him everything to where the parrot dashed the
+broth in its master's eyes, and then flew away. "True! true!" said the
+notary. "Was I not the parrot?" "It was you! I am amazed." "It was I,
+and I became a parrot for your sake!"
+
+The next day the notary went to the cavalier to get the four hundred
+ounces of the wager, which he enjoyed with his wife.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The three stories related by the parrot are, as has been seen, in
+reality one story, and they are, in fact found as such independent of
+the frame.[35] It has also been seen that the story or stories related
+by the parrot are, substantially, the same in all the versions. The
+Florentine version alone does not contain the episode of the doll. The
+story, as a whole, has no parallels, although it bears a slight
+resemblance to the story in the Pentamerone (II. 2), "Green Meadow." The
+princess as physician, and the secret malady of the prince or princess,
+are traits which abound in all the popular tales of Europe.[36]
+
+Many single stories of Oriental origin will be found in the chapters
+following. We shall close this one with a story which was popular in
+Europe during the Middle Ages, being found in one of the great
+collections of that period, the _Gesta Romanorum_. Of the various
+Italian versions we shall select one from Pomigliano d'Arco called:
+
+
+XLVIII. TRUTHFUL JOSEPH.
+
+Once upon a time there was a mother who had a son named Joseph; and
+because he never told a lie she called him Truthful Joseph. One day when
+she was calling him, the king happened to pass by, and hearing her call
+him thus, asked her: "Why do you call him Truthful Joseph?" "Because he
+never tells a lie." Then the king said that he would like to have him in
+his service, and set him to keeping his cows. Every morning Joseph
+presented himself to the king, and said: "Your Majesty's servant." The
+king answered: "Good morning, Truthful Joseph. How are the cows?" "Well
+and fat." "How are the calves?" "Well and handsome." "How is the bull?"
+"The same." So he did every morning. The king praised him so highly in
+the presence of all his courtiers that they became angry at him; and one
+day, to make Joseph a liar, they sent to him a lady, who was to induce
+him by her words to kill the bull. Joseph was urged so strongly that he
+consented; but afterwards he was in great perplexity as to what he
+should tell the king. So he put his cloak on a chair and pretended that
+it was the king, and said: "Your Majesty's servant. Good morning,
+Truthful Joseph. How are the cows? Well and fat. How are the calves?
+Well and handsome. How is the bull? The same. But no; that will not do!
+I am telling a lie! When the king asks me how the bull is, I will tell
+him that it is dead."
+
+He presented himself to the king and said: "Your Majesty's servant."
+"Good morning, Truthful Joseph. How are the cows?" "Well and fat." "How
+are the calves?" "Well and handsome." "How is the bull?" "Your Majesty,
+a lady came and with her manners made me kill the bull. Pardon me." The
+king answered: "Bravo, Truthful Joseph!" He summoned his courtiers and
+showed them that Joseph had not yet told any lie. And so Joseph remained
+always with the king, and the courtiers were duped, because they gained
+nothing that they had expected.[37]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+LEGENDS AND GHOST STORIES.
+
+
+The Italian people possess an inexhaustible store of legends which they
+have inherited from the Middle Ages. With the great mass of these
+stories--legends of the saints or local legends--we have at present
+nothing to do. It is enough to say that they do not differ materially
+from the legends of the other Catholic peoples of Europe. The class to
+which we shall devote our attention in this chapter is that of popular
+legendary stories which have clustered around the person of our Lord and
+his disciples, and around other favorite characters of mediæval fancy,
+such as Pilate, The Wandering Jew, etc. To these may be added tales
+relating to the other world and stories which are of a legendary nature.
+The first stories which we shall mention are those referring to mythical
+journeys of our Lord and his apostles.
+
+The first, "St. Peter and the Robbers" (Pitrè, No. 121), relates that
+once while the Master was journeying with the apostles they found
+themselves at night out in the fields, and took shelter in a cabin
+belonging to some shepherds, who received them very inhospitably and
+gave them nothing to eat. Soon after, a band of robbers attacked the
+flock and robbed the shepherds, who ran away. The robbers came to the
+cabin, and when they heard from the apostles how shabbily they had been
+treated, gave them the supper that the shepherds had prepared for
+themselves, and went their way. "Blessed be the robbers!" said St.
+Peter, "for they treat the hungry poor better than the rich do."
+"Blessed be the robbers!" said the apostles, and ate their fill.
+
+This story, as can easily be seen, is a tradition of the robbers who
+pretend to have been blessed by Christ. St. Peter is the hero of several
+stories, in which he plays anything but a dignified rôle. In one (Pitrè,
+No. 122), he is sent to buy some wine, and allows himself to be
+persuaded by the wine merchant to eat some fennel-seed. After this he
+cannot distinguish between good and bad wine, and purchases an inferior
+kind. When the Master tasted it he said: "Eh! Peter! Peter! you have let
+yourself be deceived."[J] Peter tasted it again and saw that it was
+sour. Another apostle was sent to get some good wine, and "hence it is
+that when you have to taste wine to see whether it is good, you must not
+eat fennel-seed."
+
+[Footnote J: This story is an attempt to explain the origin of the word
+_'nfinucchiari_ (_infinocchiare_) to impose on one, by the word
+_finocchio_, fennel-seed.]
+
+
+L. THE LORD, ST. PETER, AND THE APOSTLES.
+
+Once, while the Master was on a journey with the thirteen apostles, they
+came to a village where there was no bread. The Master said: "Peter, let
+each one of you carry a stone." They each took up a stone--St. Peter a
+little bit of a one. The others were all loaded down, but St. Peter went
+along very easily. The Master said: "Now let us go to another village.
+If there is any bread there, we shall buy it; if there is none, I will
+give you my blessing and the stones will become bread."
+
+They went to another town, put the stones down, and rested. The Master
+gave them his blessing, and the stones became bread. St. Peter, who had
+carried a little one, felt his heart grow faint. "Master," he said, "how
+am I going to eat?" "Eh! my brother, why did you carry a little stone?
+The others, who loaded themselves down, have bread enough."
+
+Then they went on, and the Master made them each carry another stone.
+St. Peter was cunning this time and took a large one and all the others
+carried small ones. The Lord said to the others: "Little ones, we will
+have a laugh at Peter's expense." They arrived at another village, and
+all the apostles threw away their stones because there was bread there;
+and St. Peter was bent double, for he had carried a paving-stone with
+him to no purpose.
+
+On their journey they met a man; and as St. Peter was in advance of the
+others, he said: "The Lord is coming shortly; ask Him a favor for your
+soul." The man drew near and said: "Lord, my father is ill with old age.
+Cure him, Master." The Lord said: "Am I a physician? Do you know what
+you must do? Put him in a hot oven and your father will become a boy
+again." They did so, and his father became a little boy.
+
+The idea pleased St. Peter, and when he found himself alone he went
+about seeking to make some old men young. By chance there met him one
+who was seeking the Master because his mother was at the point of death
+and he wanted her cured. St. Peter said: "What do you want?" "I want the
+Master, for I have an old mother who is very ill, and the Master alone
+can cure her." "Fortunately Peter is here! Do you know what you must do?
+Heat an oven and put her in it, and she will be cured." The poor man
+believed him, for he knew that the Lord loved St. Peter, so he went home
+and immediately put his mother in the hot oven. What more could you
+expect? The old woman was burned to a coal. "Ah! _santu di ccà e di
+ddà!_"[K] cried the son; "that scurvy fellow has made me kill my
+mother!" He hastened to St. Peter. The Master was present, and when he
+heard the story could not control his laughter, and said: "Ah, Peter!
+what have you done?" St. Peter tried to excuse himself, but the poor man
+kept crying for his mother. What must the Master do? He had to go to the
+house of the dead, and with a blessing which he there pronounced he
+brought the old woman to life again, a beautiful young girl, and
+relieved St. Peter of his great embarrassment.
+
+[Footnote K: This is the strongest imprecation in Sicily.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The last anecdote is quite popular, and is found in a number of popular
+stories, as well as in the _Cento Novelle Antiche_[1]. A very amusing
+version is from Venice (Widter-Wolf, No. 5), and is entitled:
+
+
+LI. THE LORD, ST. PETER, AND THE BLACKSMITH.
+
+In a little town about as large as Sehio or Thiene once lived a
+master-smith,--a good, industrious, and skilful man, but so proud of his
+skill that he would not deign to reply to anyone who did not address him
+as "Professor." This pride in a man otherwise so blameless gave
+universal dissatisfaction. One day our Lord appeared in the blacksmith's
+shop, accompanied by St. Peter, whom He was always in the habit of
+taking with Him on such excursions. "Professor," said the Lord, "will
+you be so good as to permit me to do a little work at your forge?" "Why
+not? it is at your service," replied the flattered smith. "What do you
+wish to make?" "That you will soon see," said the Lord, and took up a
+pair of tongs, with which he seized Peter and held him in the forge
+until he was red-hot. Then he drew him out and hammered him on all
+sides, and in less than ten minutes the old bald-headed apostle was
+forged anew into a wonderfully handsome youth with beautiful hair. The
+blacksmith stood speechless with astonishment, while the Lord and St.
+Peter exchanged the most courteous thanks and compliments. Finally the
+master-smith recovered himself and ran straight up to the second story,
+where his sick old father lay in bed. "Father," he cried, "come quickly!
+I have just learned how to make a strong young man of you." "My son,
+have you lost your senses?" said the old man, half terrified. "No; only
+believe me. I have just seen it myself." Finding that the old man
+protested against the attempt, his son seized him forcibly, carried him
+to the shop, and in spite of his shrieks and entreaties, thrust him into
+the forge, but brought nothing out but a piece of charred leg, which
+fell to pieces at the first blow of the hammer. Then he was seized with
+anguish and remorse. He ran quickly in search of the two men, and
+fortunately found them in the market-place. "Sir," he cried, "what have
+you done? You have misled me. I wanted to imitate your skill, and I have
+burned my father alive! Come with me quickly, and help me, if you can!"
+Then the Lord smiled graciously, and said: "Go home comforted. You will
+find your father alive and well, but an old man again." And so he did
+find him, to his great joy. From that time his pride disappeared, and
+whenever any one called him "Professor" he would exclaim: "Ah, what
+folly that is! There are gentlemen in Venice and professors in Padua,
+but I am a bungler."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The version in Knust is different. It is called "A Journey of Our
+Saviour on Earth," and is, in substance, as follows: A father whose son
+is a gambler, makes him become a soldier. The son deserts during a
+stormy night and takes refuge in an inn. There he meets a man who seems
+acquainted with his whole life and whose name is Salvatore (Saviour). He
+knows that Peter has deserted and is pursued, but he will save him. To
+gain a livelihood, he proposes to him to travel together and heal the
+sick. An opportunity to do this is soon offered. A rich man is ill, and
+Salvatore promises to heal him in three days. He makes every one
+withdraw, prepares a potion from herbs, and cures the patient. The
+relatives of the rich man offer in their gratitude all manner of costly
+things to Salvatore, who, however, accepts only enough to support life.
+Such an unreasonable proceeding enrages his companion to such a degree
+that he parts from him. He wishes to cure people independently, and
+promises a king to heal his sick daughter at once. But although he does
+everything exactly like Salvatore, the only effect of the potion is to
+kill the princess. As soon as the king learns this, he has Peter thrown
+into prison. On his way there he meets Salvatore, who is ready to help
+him at his request. The latter goes to the king and promises to raise
+his daughter if he will release to him the prisoner. The king consents,
+but threatens Salvatore with death in case of failure. The dead,
+however, comes to life, and in gratitude offers her hand, through her
+father, to Salvatore, who declares that it is his vocation to wander
+over the earth. He asks that the maiden be given to his companion.[2]
+
+In a story from Venice our Lord and St. Peter are hospitably received by
+a poor woman who has no bed to offer them, but makes up one for them
+from some straw and five ells of linen which she has bought that day.
+When the Lord departs the next morning he bestows on the woman the power
+of doing all day the first thing she does in the morning. She begins by
+taking the linen from the bed of her guests, and pulls off piece after
+piece of linen. A friend of hers learns this and determines to do the
+same, but is punished by the Lord for her selfishness.[3]
+
+
+LII. IN THIS WORLD ONE WEEPS AND ANOTHER LAUGHS.
+
+Once the Lord, while he was making the world, called one of the apostles
+and told him to look and see what the people were doing. The apostle
+looked and said: "How curious! the people are weeping." The Lord
+answered: "It is not the world yet!" The next day he bade the apostle
+look again and see what the people were doing. The apostle looked and
+saw the people laughing, and said: "The people are laughing." The Lord
+answered: "It is not the world yet." The third day he made him look
+again, and the apostle saw that some were weeping, and some were
+laughing, and said: "Some of the people are weeping, and some are
+laughing." The Lord said: "Now it is the world, because in this world
+one weeps and another laughs."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next legend accounts for the ass' long ears.
+
+
+LIII. THE ASS.
+
+It is related that when the Lord created the world, he also made all the
+animals, and gave each its name. He also created the ass, which said:
+"Lord, what is my name?" "Your name is ass!" The ass went away well
+pleased. After a while it forgot its name, and went back to the Lord.
+"Lord, what is my name?" "Ass!" After a while it came back again.
+"Excuse me, Lord, what is my name?" "Ass, ass!" The ass turned and went
+away, but forgot it another time, and came back. "Lord, I have forgotten
+my name." The Lord could not stand it any longer, but seized its ears
+and pulled them sharply, exclaiming: "Ass! Ass! Ass!" The ears were
+pulled so hard that they became long, and that is why the ass has long
+ears, and why we pull a person's ears to keep him from forgetting a
+thing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Another legend relates that when Christ was journeying through the world
+he happened, dying with thirst, to enter a town. He saw a woman combing
+her hair, and said: "Will you give me a drink of water? for I am dying
+of thirst." "I am busy; it is not the time for water!" Christ said at
+once:
+
+    "Cursed be the braid
+    That is braided Friday."
+
+And continued his journey. After a time he saw a woman making dough for
+bread. "Good woman, will you give me a drink of water?" "As much as you
+will!" and went and drew some water and gave him. Christ said:
+
+    "Blessed be the dough
+    That is kneaded on Friday."
+
+Hence it is that certain women are accustomed not to comb their hair on
+Friday.
+
+There is a satirical legend, called "The Lord's Will," which relates
+that when Christ came to leave the world, he was in doubt as to whom to
+leave all on the earth. If he left it to the gentlemen, what would the
+nobility do? if to the nobility, what would become of the gentry, and
+the workmen, and the peasants? While He was reflecting, the noblemen
+came and asked the Lord to give them everything, which he did. Then the
+priests came; and when they were told that everything had been given to
+the nobility, "Oh! the devil!" they exclaimed. "Then I leave you the
+devil," said the Lord. To the monks, who, when they heard what had been
+done, exclaimed, "Patience!" patience was left. The workmen cried: "What
+a fraud!" and received that for their share. Finally the peasants came
+and said, with resignation: "Let us do the will of God;" and that was
+their portion. And this is the reason why in this world the noblemen
+command, the priests are helped by the devil, the monks are patient,
+workmen fraudulent, and the peasants have to do many things they don't
+want to, and are obliged to submit to the will of God.[4]
+
+St. Peter's mother is the subject of a story which has given rise to a
+wide-spread proverb. She was, so runs the story, an avaricious woman,
+who never was known to do good to any one. In fact, during her whole
+life she never gave anything away, except the top of an onion to a
+beggar woman. After her death St. Peter's mother went to hell, and the
+saint begged our Lord to release her. In consideration of her one
+charitable act, an angel was sent to draw her from hell with an
+onion-top. The other lost spirits clutched hold of her skirts, in order
+to escape with her, but the selfish woman tried to shake them off, and
+in her efforts to do so broke the onion-top, and fell back into hell.
+This story has given rise to the saying, "Like St. Peter's mamma," which
+is found, with slight variations, all over Italy.[5]
+
+A curious version of this story is given in Bernoni (_Leggende fant._
+No. 8): After the onion-top was broken and St. Peter's mother had fallen
+back into hell, the story continues: "Out of regard, however, for St.
+Peter, the Lord permitted her once a year, on St. Peter's day, to leave
+hell and wander about the earth a week; and, indeed, she does so every
+year, and during this week she plays all sorts of pranks and causes
+great trouble."[6]
+
+St. Peter's sisters are the subject of a story with a moral, contained
+in Schneller, p. 6.
+
+
+LIV. ST. PETER AND HIS SISTERS.
+
+St. Peter had two sisters--one large, the other small. The little one
+entered a convent and became a nun. St. Peter was delighted at this and
+tried to persuade his big sister to become a nun also. She would not
+listen to him, however, and said: "I would rather marry." After St.
+Peter had suffered martyrdom, he became, as is well known, Porter of
+Heaven. One day the Lord said to him: "Peter, open the gate of heaven
+to-day as wide as you can, and get out all the heavenly ornaments and
+decorations, for to-day a very deserving soul is going to arrive here."
+St. Peter did as he was told with great joy, and thought: "Certainly my
+little sister is dead, and is coming to heaven to-day." When everything
+was ready, there came the soul of ---- his big sister, who had died and
+left many children, who bitterly lamented her loss. The Lord gave her an
+exalted place in heaven, much to the astonishment of St. Peter, who
+thought: "I never should have imagined this; what shall I have to do
+when the soul of my little sister comes?"
+
+Not long after, the Lord said to him: "Peter, open the gate of heaven
+to-day a little way, but a very little,--do you hear?" St. Peter did so
+and wondered: "Who is coming to-day?" Then came the soul of his little
+sister, and had so much trouble to squeeze through the gate that she
+hurt herself; and she received a much lower place in heaven than the big
+sister. At first St. Peter was amazed; afterwards he said: "It has
+happened differently from what I imagined; but I see now that every
+profession has its merits, and every one, if he only wishes, can enter
+heaven."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The cycle of stories referring to our Lord would not be complete without
+legends of Pilate, Judas, and the Wandering Jew. A powerful story is
+told of the first in Pitrè, No. 119, which is as follows:
+
+
+LV. PILATE.
+
+It is said that the following once took place at Rome: A wagon loaded
+with stones was crossing a solitary spot in the country when one of the
+wheels sank into the ground and it was impossible to extricate it for
+some time. Finally they got it out, but there remained a large hole that
+opened into a dark room under ground. "Who wishes to descend into this
+hole?" "I," said the carter. They soon procured a rope and lowered the
+carter into the dark room. We will suppose that this carter's name was
+Master Francis. Well, then, Master Francis, when he was let down, turned
+to the right and saw a door, which he opened, and found himself in
+darkness that you could cut. He turned to the left, the same; he went
+forward, the same; he turned once more and when he opened the door what
+did he see? He saw a man seated before a table; before him, pen, ink,
+and a written paper that he was reading; and when he finished it he
+began over again, and never raised his eyes from the paper. Master
+Francis, who was of incomparable courage, went up to him and said: "Who
+are you?" The man made no answer, but continued to read. "Who are you?"
+said Master Francis again; but not a word. The third time, the man said:
+"Turn around, open your shirt, and I will write who I am on your back.
+When you leave this place, go to the Pope and make him read who I am.
+Remember, however, that the Pope alone must read it." Master Francis
+turned about, opened his shirt, the man wrote on his back, and then sat
+down again. Master Francis was courageous, it is true; but he was not
+made of wood, and in that moment he was frightened to death. He fixed
+his shirt and then asked: "How long have you been here?" but could get
+no answer from him. Seeing that it was time lost to question him, he
+gave the signal to those outside and was drawn up. When they saw him
+they did not recognize him; he had grown entirely white and seemed like
+an old man of ninety. "What was it? What happened?" they all began to
+say. "Nothing, nothing," he replied; "take me to the Pope, for I must
+confess." Two of those who were present conducted him to the Pope. When
+he was with him he related what had happened and taking off his shirt,
+said to him: "Read, your Holiness!" His Holiness read: "I AM PILATE."
+And as he uttered these words the poor carter became a statue. And it is
+said that that man was Pilate, who was condemned to stay in a cave,
+always reading the sentence that he had pronounced on Jesus Christ,
+without ever being able to take his eyes from the paper. This is the
+story of Pilate who is neither saved nor damned.[7]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Judas is believed to have hanged himself on a tamarind-tree, which,
+before that time, was a tall, beautiful tree. After Judas's death it
+became the diminutive, shapeless shrub called _vruca_, which is a
+synonym for all that is worthless. The soul of the traitor is condemned
+to wander through the air, and every time it sees this shrub it pauses,
+and imagines it sees its miserable body dangling from it, the prey of
+birds and dogs.[8] This popular legend is told in the following words:
+
+
+LVI. THE STORY OF JUDAS.
+
+You must know that Judas was the one who betrayed Jesus Christ. Now when
+Judas betrayed him, his Master said: "Repent, Judas, for I pardon you."
+But Judas, not at all! he departed with his bag of money, in despair and
+cursing heaven and earth. What did he do? While he was going along thus
+desperate he came across a tamarind-tree. (You must know that the
+tamarind was formerly a large tree, like the olive and walnut.) When he
+saw this tamarind a wild thought entered his mind, remembering the
+treason he had committed. He made a noose in a rope and hung himself to
+the tamarind. And hence it is (because this traitor Judas was cursed by
+God) that the tamarind-tree dried up, and from that time on it ceased
+growing up into a tree and became a short, twisted, and tangled bush;
+and its wood is good for nothing, neither to burn, nor to make anything
+out of, and all on account of Judas, who hanged himself on it.
+
+Some say that the soul of Judas went to the lowest hell, to suffer the
+most painful torments; but I have heard, from older persons who can
+know, that Judas's soul has a severer sentence. They say that it is in
+the air, always wandering about the world, without being able to rise
+higher or fall lower; and every day, on all the tamarind shrubs that it
+meets, it sees its body hanging and torn by the dogs and birds of prey.
+They say that the pain he suffers cannot be told, and that it makes the
+flesh creep to think of it. And thus Jesus Christ condemned him for his
+great treason.[9]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An interesting legend (Pitrè, No. 120) is told of the Jew who struck our
+Lord with the palm of his hand (St. John xviii. 22), and whom the
+popular imagination has identified with the Malchus mentioned by St.
+John, xviii. 10. It is called
+
+
+LVII. DESPERATE MALCHUS.
+
+This Malchus was one of those Jews who beat our Lord; a Jew more brutal
+than can be told. When Christ was taken to Pilate's house, this Malchus,
+with an iron glove, gave him a blow so heavy that it knocked out all his
+teeth. For the sacrilegious act, the Lord condemned him to walk
+constantly, without ever resting, around a column in an underground
+room. This column is in a round room, and Malchus walks and walks
+without ever having peace or rest. They say that he has walked so much
+that he has worn the ground down many yards and made the column seem
+higher than it was, for this Malchus has led this life ever since our
+Lord's passion and death. It is said that this Malchus is desperate from
+his remorse, and while he walks he beats the column, strikes his head
+against the wall, and rages and laments; but notwithstanding he does not
+die, for the sentence of God is that he must live until the day of
+judgment.[10]
+
+The same legend is found in Bernoni as follows:
+
+
+LVIII. MALCHUS AT THE COLUMN.
+
+Malchus was the head of the Jews who killed our Lord. The Lord pardoned
+them all, and likewise the good thief, but he never pardoned Malchus,
+because it was he who gave the Madonna a blow. He is confined under a
+mountain, and condemned to walk around a column, without resting, as
+long as the world lasts. Every time that he walks about the column he
+gives it a blow in memory of the blow he gave the mother of our Lord. He
+has walked around the column so long that he has sunk into the ground.
+He is now up to his neck. When he is under, head and all, the world will
+come to an end, and God will then send him to the place prepared for
+him. He asks all those who go to see him (for there are such) whether
+children are yet born; and when they say yes, he gives a deep sigh and
+resumes his walk, saying: "The time is not yet!" for before the world
+comes to an end there will be no children born for seven years.[11]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This legend recalls the Wandering Jew, who is known in Sicilian
+tradition under the name of _Buttadeu_ (from _buttari_, to thrust away,
+and _deu_, God) or more commonly as "The Jew who repulsed Jesus Christ."
+He is reported to have appeared in Sicily, and the daughter of a certain
+Antonino Caseio, a peasant of Salaparuta, gives the following account of
+her father's encounter with _Buttadeu_:
+
+
+LIX. THE STORY OF BUTTADEU.
+
+It was in the winter, and my good father was at Scalone, in the
+warehouse, warming himself at the fire, when he saw a man enter, dressed
+differently from the people of that region, with breeches striped in
+yellow, red, and black, and his cap the same way. My good father was
+frightened. "Oh!" he said, "what is this person?" "Do not be afraid,"
+the man said. "I am called _Buttadeu_." "Oh!" said my father, "I have
+heard you mentioned. Be pleased to sit down a while and tell me
+something." "I cannot sit, for I am condemned by my God always to walk."
+And while he was speaking he was always walking up and down and had no
+rest. Then he said: "Listen. I am going away; I leave you, in memory of
+me, this, that you must say a _credo_ at the right hand of our Lord, and
+five other _credos_ at his left, and a _salve regina_ to the Virgin, for
+the grief I suffer on account of her son. I salute you." "Farewell."
+"Farewell, my name is _Buttadeu_."[12]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have only a few legends of the saints to mention. Undoubtedly a large
+number are current among the people (Busk, pp. 196, 202, 203, 213-228,
+gives a good many), but they do not differ materially from the literary
+versions circulated by the Church. Those which we shall cite are purely
+popular and belong to the great mediæval legend-cycle.
+
+The first is the legend of "Gregory on the Stone," which was so popular
+in the mediæval epics. There are several Italian versions, but we select
+as the most complete the one in Gonzenbach, No. 85, called:
+
+
+LX. THE STORY OF CRIVÒLIU.
+
+Once upon a time there was a brother and sister who had neither father
+nor mother, and lived alone together. They loved each other so much that
+they committed a sin which they should not have committed. When the time
+came the sister gave birth to a boy, which the brother had secretly
+baptized. Then he burnt into his shoulders a cross, with these words:
+"Crivòliu, who is baptized; son of a brother and sister." After the
+child was thus marked, he put it in a little box and threw it into the
+sea.
+
+Now it happened that a fisherman had just gone out to fish, and saw the
+box floating on the waves. "A ship must have sunk somewhere," he
+thought. "I will get the box, perhaps there is something useful in it."
+So he rowed after it and got it. When he opened it and saw the little
+child in it, he had pity on the innocent child, took it home to his
+wife, and said: "My dear wife, our youngest child is already old enough
+to wean; nurse in its place this poor innocent child." So his wife took
+little Crivòliu and nursed him, and loved him as though he were her own
+child. The boy grew and thrived and became every day larger and
+stronger.
+
+The fisherman's sons, however, were jealous because their parents loved
+the little foundling as well as them, and when they played with Crivòliu
+and quarrelled, they called him a "foundling." The boy's heart was
+saddened by this and he went to his foster-parents and said: "Dear
+parents, tell me, am I truly not your son?" The fisherman's wife said:
+"How should you not be my son? Have I not nursed you when you were a
+baby?" The fisherman forbade his children very strictly to call little
+Crivòliu a "foundling."
+
+When the child was larger, the fisherman sent him to school with his
+sons. The children, when they were out of their father's hearing, began
+again to mock little Crivòliu and to call him "foundling," and the other
+children in the school did the same. Then Crivòliu went again to his
+foster-parents and asked them if he was not their son. They persuaded
+him out of it, however, and put him off until he was fourteen. Then he
+could no longer stand being called "foundling," and went to the
+fisherman and his wife, and said: "Dear parents, I entreat you to tell
+me whether I am your child or not." Then the fisherman told him how he
+had found him and what was written on his shoulders. "Then I will go
+forth, and do penance for the sins of my parents," said Crivòliu. The
+fisherman's wife wept and lamented and would not let him go; but
+Crivòliu would not be detained and wandered out into the wide world.
+
+After he had wandered about a long time, he came one day to a lonely
+place where there was only an inn. He asked the hostess: "Tell me, good
+woman, is there a cave near by, to which you alone know the entrance?"
+She answered: "Yes, my handsome youth, I know such a cave and will take
+you to it willingly." Then Crivòliu took two _grani's_ worth of bread
+and a little pitcher of water with him and had the hostess show him the
+cave. It was some distance from the inn, and the entrance was so covered
+with thorns and bushes that he could scarcely penetrate into the cave.
+He sent the hostess back, crept into the cave, put the bread and water
+on the ground, knelt with folded arms, and so did penance for the sins
+of his parents.
+
+Many, many years passed, I know not how many, but so many, that his
+knees took root and he grew fast to the ground.
+
+Now it happened that the Pope died at Rome, and a new one was to be
+chosen. The cardinals all assembled, and a white dove was let loose: for
+he on whom it should alight was to be Pope. The white dove made several
+circles in the air, but alighted on no one. Then all the archbishops and
+bishops were summoned, and the dove was again let loose, but it did not
+settle on any one. Then all the priests and monks and hermits were
+collected, but the white dove would not choose any of them. The people
+were in great despair, and the cardinals had to wander forth and search
+the whole country to see whether another hermit was yet to be found, and
+a crowd of people accompanied them.
+
+At last they came to the inn in the lonely neighborhood, and asked the
+hostess whether she knew of any hermit or penitent who was yet unknown
+to the world. The hostess answered: "Many years ago a sorrowful youth
+came here and made me conduct him to a cave to do penance. He is surely
+dead long ago, for he took with him only two _grani's_ worth of bread
+and a pitcher of water." The cardinals said: "We will look, however, and
+see whether he is still alive; take us to him." Then the hostess
+conducted them to the cave; the entrance was scarcely to be recognized,
+so overgrown was it with brambles, and before they could enter the
+attendants had to cut away the brambles and bushes with axes. After they
+had forced their way in, they saw Crivòliu kneeling in the cave, with
+crossed arms, and his beard had grown so long that it touched the
+ground, and before him lay the bread, and by it the pitcher of water;
+for in all those years he had not eaten or drunken. When they let the
+white dove loose now, it flew about in a circle for a moment and then
+alighted on the head of the penitent. Then the cardinals perceived that
+he was a saint, and begged him to come with them and be their Pope. As
+they were going to raise him up, they noticed that his knees had grown
+fast, and they had to cut the roots. Then they took him to Rome with
+them and he was made Pope.
+
+Now it happened that at the same time the sister said to her brother:
+"Dear brother, when we were young, we committed a sin that we have not
+yet confessed, for the Pope alone can absolve us from it. Let us go,
+then, to Rome, before death overtakes us, and confess there our sin." So
+they started on their journey to Rome, and when they arrived there they
+entered the church where the Pope sat in the confessional.
+
+When they had confessed in a loud voice, for one always confesses openly
+to the Pope, the Pope said: "Behold, I am your son, for on my shoulder
+is the mark you speak of. I have done penance many years for your sin,
+until it has been forgiven you. I absolve you, therefore, from your sin,
+and you shall stay with me and live in comfort." So they remained with
+him, and when their time came, the Lord called them all three to his
+kingdom.[13]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An important episode of the original legend is omitted in the above
+version, but preserved in those in Pitrè (No. 117) and Knust (No. 7).
+The youth after discovering his origin sets out on his wanderings and
+comes by chance to the country where his mother is living. They meet
+and, not knowing their relation, marry. In the Sicilian story this
+relationship is disclosed the day of the marriage by the son showing his
+mother the box in which he was exposed as a child. In the version of
+Knust (from Leghorn), the child leaves his foster-father and goes in
+search of his parents. He encounters them without knowing it of course,
+and they, supposing him to be a beggar boy, give him shelter and care
+for him until he has grown up. Then he marries his mother, who
+recognizes him by a lock of red hair. At the conclusion of the story,
+after the Pope has heard the confession of his parents he reveals
+himself, they all three embrace, and die thus united. The story adds,
+"their tomb is still preserved in St. Peter's at Rome."
+
+Another Pope, Silvester I, is the subject of a legend in Pitrè (No. 118)
+which contains the well-known myth of Constantine's leprosy healed by
+his baptism at the hands of St. Silvester.
+
+Of greater interest is a legend of St. James the Elder, the patron-saint
+of Spain, a pilgrimage to whose shrine at Santiago in Galicia was so
+popular during the Middle Ages. The only popular version which we have
+found is in a Sicilian story in Gonzenbach, No. 90.
+
+
+LXI. THE STORY OF ST. JAMES OF GALICIA.
+
+There was once a king and queen who had no children, and who longed to
+have a son or daughter. The queen prayed to St. James of Galicia, and
+said: "O St. James! if you will grant me a son, he shall make a
+pilgrimage to your shrine when he is eighteen years old." After a time
+the queen had, through the favor of God and the saint, a beautiful boy
+who was as handsome as if God had made him. The child grew rapidly and
+became larger and fairer every day. When he was twelve years old, the
+king died, and the queen remained alone with this son, whom she loved as
+dearly as her eyes. Many years passed and the time drew near when the
+prince should be eighteen. When the queen thought that she must soon
+part from him to send him alone on the long pilgrimage, she became very
+sorrowful and wept and sighed the whole day.
+
+One day the prince said to her: "Mother, why do you sigh all day?" "It
+is nothing, my son, only some cares of mine," she answered. "What are
+you concerned about?" asked he. "Are you afraid that your farms in the
+Plain (of Catania) are badly tilled? Let me go and look after them and
+bring you news of them." The queen consented and the prince rode to the
+Plain, to the property that belonged to them. He found everything in
+good order, and returned to his mother and said: "Dear mother, rejoice,
+and cease your care, for everything is going well on your property; the
+cattle are thriving; the fields are tilled, and the grain will soon be
+ripe." "Very well, my son," answered the queen, but she was not
+cheerful, and the next day began to sigh and weep again. Then the prince
+said to her: "Dear mother, if you do not tell me why you are so sad, I
+will depart, and wander out in the wide world." The queen answered: "Ah,
+my dear son, I am sad because you must now part from me. For before you
+were born, when I longed for you so much, I vowed to St. James of
+Galicia, that if he would grant you to me, you should make a pilgrimage
+to his shrine when you were eighteen years old. And now you will soon be
+eighteen, and I am sad because you must wander away alone, and be gone
+so many years; for to reach the saint, one must journey a whole year."
+"Is it nothing but that, dear mother?" asked her son. "Be not so
+sorrowful. Only the dead return not. If I live, I will soon come back to
+you."
+
+So he comforted his mother, and when he was eighteen he took leave of
+the queen, and said: "Now farewell, dear mother, and, God willing, we
+shall meet again." The queen wept bitterly, and embraced him with many
+tears; then she gave him three apples, and said: "My son, take these
+three apples and give heed to my words. You shall not make the long
+journey alone. When, however, a youth joins you and wishes to accompany
+you, take him with you to the inn, and let him eat with you. After the
+meal cut an apple in two halves, one large and the other small, and
+offer them to the young man. If he takes the larger half, part from him,
+for he will be no true friend to you; but if he takes the smaller half,
+regard him as your brother, and share everything that you have with
+him." After these words she embraced her son and blessed him, and the
+prince departed.
+
+He had already travelled a long time, and no one had met him. One day,
+however, he saw a youth coming along the road who joined him and asked:
+"Where are you going, handsome youth?" "I am making a pilgrimage to St.
+James of Galicia;" and he told him of his mother's vow. "I must go
+there, too," said the other, "for the same thing happened to my mother
+as to yours; if we have the same journey to make, we can make it
+together." They continued their journey together, but the prince was not
+confidential towards his companion, for he thought: "I must first make
+the trial with the apple."
+
+As they were passing an inn, the prince said: "I am hungry: shall we not
+have something to eat?" The other was willing, so they went in and ate
+together. After they had eaten, the prince took out the apple, cut it in
+two unequal halves, and offered them to the other, who took the larger
+half. "You are no true friend," thought the prince; and to get rid of
+him, he pretended to be ill, and obliged to remain there. The other
+said: "I cannot wait for you, for I have far to go yet; so farewell."
+"Farewell," said the prince, and was glad to be rid of him.
+
+When he continued his journey again, he thought: "Ah, if God would only
+send me a true friend, so that I should not have to travel alone!"
+
+Not long after, another youth joined him and asked: "Handsome young man,
+where are you going?" The prince answered him as he had done before, and
+everything happened the same as with the first young man. After the
+prince had got rid of him he resumed his journey and thought: "O God,
+let me find a true friend who shall be to me a brother on the long
+journey!" While he was uttering this prayer he saw a youth coming along
+the way, who was a handsome lad, and appeared so friendly that he liked
+him at once, and thought: "Ah, may this be the true friend!" The youth
+joined him, and everything passed as before, except that this time the
+youth took the smaller half of the apple, and the prince rejoiced that
+he had found a true friend. "Fair youth," said he to him, "we must
+consider ourselves as brothers now; what is mine shall be yours also,
+and what is yours, shall be mine. We will travel together, until we come
+to the shrine of the saint; and if one of us dies on the way, the other
+must carry his body there. We will both promise this." They did so, and
+regarded each other as brothers, and continued their journey together.
+
+To reach the shrine of the saint requires a whole year; imagine, then,
+how long the two must travel. One day when they came, weary and
+exhausted, to a large, beautiful city, they said: "We will stay here and
+rest a few days, and afterwards continue our journey." So they took a
+small house, and dwelt in it. Now opposite it was the royal palace, and
+one morning as the king was standing on the balcony, he saw the two
+handsome youths, and thought: "Oh! how handsome these two youths are!
+one is, however, much handsomer than the other. I will give him my
+daughter in marriage." Now the prince was the handsomer of the two. In
+order to attain his aim, the king invited them both to dinner, and when
+they came to the palace received them in a very friendly manner and had
+his daughter called, who was more beautiful than the sun and moon. When
+they retired for the night, the king had a poisonous drink given to the
+prince's companion, who fell down dead; for the king thought: "If his
+friend dies, the other will remain here willingly, and think no more of
+his pilgrimage, but marry my daughter."
+
+The next morning, when the prince awoke, he asked: "Where is my friend?"
+"He died suddenly last night, and is to be buried at once," answered the
+servants. The prince said: "If my friend is dead, I cannot remain here
+longer, but must depart this very hour." "Ah! do remain here," begged
+the king. "I will give you my daughter for your wife." "No," said the
+prince, "I cannot stay here. If you will grant me a wish, give me a
+horse, and let me depart in peace; and when I have completed my
+pilgrimage, I will return and marry your daughter." The king then gave
+him a horse, which the prince mounted, and took his dead friend before
+him on the saddle, and thus completed his journey. The young man,
+however, was not dead, but lay only in a deep sleep.
+
+When the prince reached the shrine of St. James of Galicia, he
+dismounted, took his friend in his arms like a child, and entered the
+church and laid the body on the steps of the altar before the saint, and
+prayed: "O St. James of Galicia! behold, I have kept my vow. I have come
+to you and have brought you my friend, also. I confide him now to you;
+if you will restore him to life, we will laud your mercy; but if he is
+not to come to life again, he has at least kept his vow." And behold,
+while he was still praying, his dead friend rose, and became again alive
+and well. Both thanked the saint, and gave him costly presents, and then
+started on their journey home.
+
+When they reached the city where the king lived, they occupied again the
+little house opposite the royal palace. The king was greatly rejoiced to
+see the handsome prince there again, and much handsomer than before; he
+arranged great festivities, and had a splendid marriage celebrated, and
+thus the prince married the fair princess. After the wedding they
+remained several months with her father, and then the prince said: "My
+mother is expecting me at home with great anxiety; therefore I cannot
+stay longer here, but will return to my mother with my wife and my
+friend." The king consented and they prepared for the journey.
+
+Now the king had a deadly hatred against the poor, innocent youth, to
+whom he had before given the fatal drink, and who had nevertheless
+returned alive, and in order to cause him sorrow, he sent him in great
+haste on the morning of the departure into the country with an errand.
+"Hasten," he said. "Your friend will not start until you return." The
+youth hastened away, without taking leave, and performed the king's
+errand. The king, meanwhile, said to the prince: "Hasten your departure,
+otherwise you cannot reach your quarters for the night before evening."
+"I cannot depart without my friend," answered the prince. The king,
+however, said: "Set out on your journey; he will be here within an hour,
+and will soon overtake you on his swift horse." The prince allowed
+himself to be persuaded, took leave of his father-in-law, and departed
+with his wife. The poor friend could not fulfil the king's commission
+before several hours, and when he finally returned, the king said to
+him: "Your friend is already far from here; see how you can overtake
+him."
+
+So the poor youth had to leave the palace, and did not even receive a
+horse, and began to run, and ran day and night until he overtook the
+prince. From his great exertions, however, he contracted leprosy, so
+that he looked ill, wretched, and dreadful. The prince, nevertheless,
+received him in a friendly manner and cared for him like a brother.
+
+They finally reached home, where the queen had awaited her son with
+great anxiety, and now embraced him with perfect joy. The prince had a
+bed prepared at once for his sick friend and summoned all the physicians
+of the town and state, but no one could help him. When the poor youth
+grew no better the prince addressed himself to St. James of Galicia and
+said: "O St. James of Galicia! you raised my friend from the dead; help
+him now this time also, and let him recover from his leprosy." While he
+was praying, a servant entered and said: "A strange physician is
+without, who will make the poor youth well again." This physician was
+St. James of Galicia himself, who had heard the prayer of the prince and
+had come to help his friend. You must know now that the prince's wife
+had had a little girl who was a pretty, lovely child.
+
+When the saint approached the bed of the sick youth, he first examined
+him, and then said to the prince: "Do you really wish to see your friend
+well again at any price?" "At any price," answered the prince; "only
+tell me what can help him." "This evening, take your child," said the
+saint, "open all her veins, and anoint with her blood your friend's
+wounds, and he will be healed at once."
+
+The prince was horrified when he heard that he himself must kill his
+dear little daughter, but he answered: "I have promised my friend to
+treat him like my brother; and if there is no other remedy, I will
+sacrifice my child."
+
+At evening he took the child and opened her veins and anointed with the
+blood the sores of the sick youth, who was at once cleansed from his
+foul leprosy. The child became pale and weak, and looked as if it were
+dead. Then they laid it in its cradle and the poor parents were deeply
+grieved, for they believed they had lost their child.
+
+The next morning the physician came and asked after the patient. "He is
+well and sound," answered the prince. "And where have you put your
+child?" asked the saint. "There it lies dead in its cradle," said the
+poor father, sadly. "Just look at her once and see how she is," said the
+saint; and when they hastened to the cradle, they saw the child in it
+alive and well again. Then the saint said: "I am St. James of Galicia,
+and have come to help you, because I have seen what true friendship you
+have displayed. Continue to love one another, and when you are in
+trouble turn to me and I will come to your aid." With these words he
+blessed them and disappeared from their sight. They lived piously and
+did much good to the poor, and were happy and contented.[14]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There are several interesting legends found only in Gonzenbach's
+collection. They can be mentioned but briefly here. The first (No. 87)
+is entitled: "The Story of St. Onirià or Nerià." Two huntsmen lost their
+way in a wood and found at night a hut in which was a table set for
+supper, and a fire which emitted a heavenly odor. They examined it and
+found in the coals a heart, which they took with them when they
+departed, the next morning. After they had travelled a while, they
+stopped at an inn, and the pious and virtuous daughter of the innkeeper
+waited on them, and noticed the odor which came from the jacket that one
+of the huntsmen had laid aside on account of the heat. In the pocket she
+found the heart, which she kept for a time on a table in her room. One
+day she was seized with a great longing to eat it. She did so, and it
+soon was evident that she was about to become a mother. Her father
+treated her cruelly, for the shame she was going to bring on the
+family, but her godmother interfered, and one night had a strange dream.
+There appeared to her a saint, who said: "I am St. Onirià, and was
+consumed by fire. Only my heart was left, so that I might be born again.
+This heart the host's daughter has eaten, and she will, in due time,
+give birth to me." The child was born as predicted, and grew handsomer
+every day. The grandfather, however, could not endure him, and
+ill-treated him as well as his mother.
+
+One day, when the child was five years old, the grandfather took him to
+the city. On the way they passed a place where there was much filth, and
+the child said to his grandfather: "I wish you might wallow in it."
+Afterwards they saw a poor man being carried to the grave on a ladder,
+without any coffin. The child here wished that his grandfather, when he
+died, might be like this one. Next they met the long funeral procession
+of a rich man, and the child wished that his grandfather might not be
+like this rich man. The grandfather, of course, in each case was very
+angry, and was only restrained from beating the child by the mother's
+godfather, who had accompanied them.
+
+After they had finished their business in the city they set out for
+home; and when they came to the spot where they had met the rich man's
+funeral procession, the child made his grandfather put his ear to the
+ground, when he heard a great noise, as if of iron pestles and
+lamentations. The child explained that what he heard were the devils
+tormenting the rich man's soul. When they came where they had seen the
+poor man on the ladder, the grandfather listened again and heard the
+rejoicings of the angels on receiving the poor man's soul.
+
+When they came to the place where the filth was, the child made his
+grandfather dig and find a pot of money which he told him to use better
+than he had done his own. The child then said he was St. Onirià,
+exculpated his mother, and said his grandfather would see him again when
+the dead spoke with the living. Then he was taken up into heaven.
+
+Years after, two men spent the night in the inn, and one murdered the
+other and hid the body under the straw, where it was afterwards found by
+other travellers, and the innkeeper accused of the murder. He was
+condemned and was on the scaffold when a beautiful youth came riding in
+hot haste, crying: "Pardon!" The youth led the people into the church,
+before the coffin of the murdered man, and cried: "Rise, dead one, and
+speak with the living, and tell us who murdered you." The dead man
+replied: "The innkeeper is innocent; my treacherous companion killed
+me." Then the youth accompanied the innkeeper home, revealed himself as
+St. Onirià, blessed them, and disappeared.[15]
+
+Another legend (No. 92), "The Story of the Hermit," has as its subject
+the mystery of God's Providence, and is familiar to English readers in
+the form of Parnell's Hermit. The substance of the Sicilian version is
+as follows: A hermit sees a man wrongfully accused of theft and
+shockingly maltreated. He thereupon concludes that God is unjust to
+suffer such things, and determines to return to the world. On his way
+back a handsome youth meets him and they journey together. A muleteer
+allows them to ride his beasts, and in return the youth abstracts the
+muleteer's money from his wallet and drops it in the road. A woman who
+keeps an inn receives them hospitably, and on leaving the next morning,
+the youth strangles her child in the cradle. All at once the youth
+becomes a shining angel, and says to the hermit: "Listen to me, O man
+who has been bold enough to murmur against God's decrees;" and then
+explains that the person who had been wrongfully accused of theft had
+years before murdered his father on that very spot; the muleteer's money
+was stolen money, and the child of the hostess, had it lived, would have
+become a robber and murderer. Then the angel says: "Now you see that
+God's justice is more far-sighted than man's. Return, then, to your
+hermitage, and repent if so be that your murmuring be forgiven you." The
+angel disappears and the hermit returns to his mountain, does severer
+penance, and dies a saint.[16]
+
+The legend in Gonzenbach (No. 91) entitled "Joseph the Just" is nothing
+but the story of Joseph and his Brethren, taken from the Bible. In the
+Sicilian version Joseph has only three brothers; otherwise the story
+follows the account in Genesis very closely. Another legend in the same
+collection (No. 89), "The Story of Tobià and Tobiòla," is the story of
+Tobit and Tobias, taken from the apocryphal book of Tobit. The Sicilian
+story differs in the names only.
+
+There are several other Sicilian legends the heroes of which are pious,
+simple youths, the religious counterparts of Giufà. One (Pitrè, No.
+112), called "The Poor Boy," tells the story of a simple youth who asked
+the priest the way to paradise, and was told he must follow the strait
+and narrow way. He took the first one he came to, and reached a convent
+church during a festival, and imagined he had reached paradise. He was
+found in the church when all had departed; but he persisted in
+remaining, and the superior sent him a bowl of soup, which he put on the
+altar; and when he was alone he began to converse confidentially with
+the Lord on the crucifix, and said: "Lord, who put you on the cross?"
+"Your sins!" and so the Lord responded to all his questions. The youth,
+in tears, promised he would sin no more, and invited the Lord to descend
+and partake of his repast with him. The Lord did so, and commanded him
+to tell the monks in the convent that they would be damned unless they
+sold all their property and bestowed it on the poor. If they would do so
+and come and confess to the Lord himself, he would hear their confession
+and give them the communion, and when it was finished they would all
+die, one after the other, and enter the glory of paradise. The poor
+youth went to the superior and gave him the Lord's message. The superior
+sold the property of the convent, and everything turned out as the Lord
+had said. The monks all confessed and died, and all who were present or
+heard of the event were converted and died in the grace of God.[17]
+
+This legend leads quite naturally to another, in which intercourse with
+the other world is represented as still occasionally permitted to
+mortals. It is found only in Sicily, having, curiously enough, parallels
+in the rest of Europe, but none in Italy. It is called:
+
+
+LXII. THE BAKER'S APPRENTICE.
+
+There was once a baker who every morning loaded an ounceworth of bread
+on a horse that came to his shop. One day he said: "I give this
+ounceworth of bread to this horse and he renders me no account of it."
+Then he said to his apprentice: "Vincenzo, the horse will come to-morrow
+and I will give him the bread, but you must follow him and see where he
+goes." The next day the horse came and the baker loaded him, and gave
+the apprentice a piece of bread for himself. Vincenzo followed the
+horse, and after a while came to a river of milk, and began to eat bread
+and milk, and could not overtake the horse again. He then returned to
+his master, who, seeing him return to no purpose, said: "To-morrow the
+horse will come again; if you cannot tell me where he goes I will no
+longer have you for my apprentice." The next day the apprentice followed
+the horse again, and came to a river of wine, and began to eat bread and
+wine, and lost sight of the horse. He returned to his master in despair
+at having lost the horse. His master said: "Listen. The first time, one
+pardons; the second time, one condones; the third time, one beats. If
+to-morrow you do not follow the horse I will give you a good thrashing
+and send you home." What did poor Vincenzo do? He followed the horse the
+next day with his eyes open. After a while he came to a river of oil.
+"What shall I do? the horse will get away from me now!" So he tied the
+horse's reins to his girdle and began to eat bread and oil. The horse
+pulled, but Vincenzo said: "When I finish the bread I will come." When
+he had finished the bread he followed the horse, and after a time he
+came to a cattle-farm where the grass was long and thick and the cattle
+so thin that they could scarcely stand on their feet. Vincenzo was
+astonished at seeing the grass so long and the cattle so lean. Then he
+came to another farm, and saw that the grass was dry and short, and the
+cattle fatter than you can believe. He said to himself: "Just see!
+There, where the grass was long, the cattle were lean; here, where you
+can hardly see the grass, the cattle are so fat!" The horse kept on, and
+Vincenzo after him. After a while he met a sow with her tail full of
+large knots, and wondered why she had such a tail. Farther on he came to
+a watering-trough, where there was a toad trying to reach a crumb of
+bread, and could not. Vincenzo continued his way, and arrived at a large
+gate. The horse knocked at the gate with his head, and the door opened
+and a beautiful lady appeared, who said she was the Madonna. When she
+saw the youth she asked: "And what are you here for?" Vincenzo replied:
+"This horse comes constantly to my master's to get an ounceworth of
+bread, and my master never has been able to find out where he carries
+it." "Very well; enter," said the lady; "I will show you where he
+carries it." Then the lady began to call all the souls in purgatory: "My
+children, come hither!" The souls then descended; and to some she gave
+the worth of a _grano_ of bread, to some the worth of a _baiocco_, and
+to others the worth of five _grani_, and the bread was gone in a moment.
+When the bread had disappeared, the lady said to Vincenzo: "Did you see
+nothing on your way?" "Yes, lady. The first day that my master sent me
+to see where the horse went, I saw a river of milk." The lady said:
+"That is the milk I gave my son." "The second day I saw a river of
+wine." "That," said the lady, "is the wine with which my son was
+consecrated." "The third day I saw a river of oil." "That is the oil
+that they ask of me and of my son. What else did you see the third day?"
+"I saw," answered Vincenzo, "a farm with cattle. There was plenty of
+grass, but the cattle were lean. Afterwards I saw another farm, where
+you could scarcely see the grass, and the cattle were fine and fat."
+"These, my son, are the rich, who are in the midst of wealth; and no
+matter how much they eat, it does no good; and the fat ones, that have
+no grass to eat, are the poor, for my son supports and fattens them.
+What else did you see?" "I saw a sow with her tail full of knots."
+"That, my son, is those who repeat their rosaries and do not offer their
+prayers to me or to my son; and my son makes knots in them." "I also saw
+a watering-trough, with a toad that was reaching after a crumb of bread,
+and could not get it." She said: "A poor person asked a woman for a bit
+of bread, and she gave his hand such a blow that she made him drop it.
+And what else did you see, my son?" "Nothing, lady." "Then come with me,
+and I will show you something else." She took him by the hand and led
+him into hell. When the poor youth heard the clanking of chains and saw
+the darkness, he came near dying, and wanted to get out. "You see," said
+the lady, "those who are lamenting and in chains and darkness are those
+who are in mortal sin. Now come, and I will take you to purgatory."
+There they heard nothing, and the darkness was so great that they could
+see nothing. Vincenzo wished to depart, for he felt oppressed by
+anguish. "Now," said the lady, "I will take you to the church of the
+Holy Fathers. Do you see it, my son? This is the church of the Holy
+Fathers, which first was full and now is empty. Come; now I will take
+you to limbo. Do you see these little ones? These are those who died
+unbaptized." The lady wished to show him paradise; but he was too
+confused, so the lady made him look through a window. "Do you see this
+great palace? There are three seats there; one for you, one for your
+master, and one for your mistress." After this she took him to the gate.
+The horse was no longer there. "Now," said Vincenzo, "how shall I find
+my way back? I will follow the tracks of the horse, and so will get
+home." The lady answered: "Close your eyes!" Vincenzo closed his eyes,
+and found himself behind his master's door. When he entered he told all
+that had occurred to his master and mistress. When he had finished his
+story all three died and went to paradise.[18]
+
+The most famous story of the class we are now considering is, however,
+the one best known by its French title, "_Bonhomme Misère._" The French
+version was popular as a chap-book as early as 1719, running through
+fifteen editions from that date. The editor of the reprint referred to
+in the note, as well as Grimm (II. 451), believed the story to be of
+Italian origin and that the original would some day be discovered.[19]
+This has proved to be the case, and we have now before us a number of
+versions. These may be divided into two classes: one independent, the
+other constituting a part only of some other story. The latter class is
+generally connected with the cycle of our Lord's journeys upon earth,
+and is represented by "The Master Thief" and "Brother Lustig" in
+Germany, and "Beppo Pipetta" from Venice. The Sicilian versions which we
+shall mention first, although independent stories, are connected with
+the cycle of our Lord's journeys upon earth. We give first two versions
+from Pitrè (Nos. 124, 125).
+
+
+LXIII. OCCASION.
+
+Once upon a time there was a father and a mother who had a little boy.
+They died and the child was left in the street. One of the neighbors had
+pity upon him and took him in. The boy throve well and when he had grown
+up the one who had sheltered him said: "Come now, Occasion (for this was
+the boy's name), you are a man; why do you not think about supporting
+yourself and relieving us from that care?" So the lad made up a bundle
+and departed. He journeyed and journeyed until his clothes were worn out
+and he was almost dead from hunger. One day he saw an inn and entered
+it, and said to the innkeeper: "Do you want me for a servant? I wish
+only a piece of bread for my wages." The host said to his wife: "What do
+you say, Rosella? We have no children; shall we take this lad?" "Yes;"
+and so they took him.
+
+The boy was very attentive and did willingly whatever was commanded him,
+and at last his master and mistress, who had grown to love him like a
+son, went before the judge and adopted him.
+
+Time passed and the innkeeper and his wife died and left all their
+property to the young man, who, when he saw himself in possession of it,
+made known: "That whoever should come to Occasion's inn could have food
+for nothing." You can imagine the people that went there!
+
+Now the Master and his apostles happened once to pass that way, and when
+St. Thomas read this announcement he said: "Unless I see and touch with
+my hands I shall not believe it. Let us go to this inn." They went there
+and ate and drank and Occasion treated them like gentlemen. Before
+leaving St. Thomas said: "Occasion, why don't you ask a favor of the
+Master?" Then Occasion said: "Master, I have before my door this
+fig-tree, and the children do not let me eat one of the figs. Whoever
+goes by climbs up and pulls off some. Now I would like this favor, that
+when any one climbs this tree, he must stay there until I permit him to
+come down." "Your request is granted," said the Lord, and blessed the
+tree.
+
+It was a fine thing! The first who climbed up for figs stuck fast to the
+tree without being able to move; another came, the same thing; and so
+on; all stuck fast, one by the hand, another by the foot, another by the
+head. When Occasion saw them he gave them a sound scolding and let them
+go. The children were frightened and touched the figs no more.
+
+Years passed and Occasion's money was coming to an end; so he called a
+carpenter and told him to cut up the fig-tree and make him a bottle out
+of it. This bottle had the property that Occasion could shut up in it
+whoever he wished. One day Death went to fetch him, for Occasion was now
+very old. Occasion said: "At your service; we will go. But see here,
+Death, first do me a favor. I have this bottle of wine, and there is a
+fly in it, and I don't like to drink from it; just go in there and take
+it out for me, and then we will go." Death very foolishly entered the
+bottle, when Occasion corked it and put it in his wallet, saying: "Stay
+a bit with me."
+
+While Death was shut up no one died; and everywhere you might see old
+men with such long white beards that it was a sight. The apostles,
+seeing this, went to the Master about it several times, and at last he
+visited Occasion. "What is this? Here you have kept Death shut up so
+many years, and the people are falling down from old age without dying!"
+"Master," said Occasion, "do you want me to let Death out? If you will
+give me a place in paradise, I will let him out." The Lord thought:
+"What shall I do? If I don't grant him this favor, he will not leave me
+in peace." So he said: "Your request is granted!" At these words Death
+was set at liberty; Occasion was permitted to live a few years longer,
+and then Death took him. Hence it is "That there is no death without
+Occasion."
+
+
+LXIV. BROTHER GIOVANNONE.
+
+Once upon a time there was a convent at Casteltermini which contained
+many monks, one of whom was named Brother Giovannone. At the time when
+the Lord and all his apostles were on their travels they visited this
+convent, and all the monks asked the Lord to pardon their souls; Brother
+Giovannone asked nothing. St. Peter said to him: "Why do you not ask
+pardon for your soul, like the others?" "I don't wish anything." St.
+Peter said: "Nothing? When you come to paradise we will talk about it."
+When the Master had taken his departure and had gone some distance,
+Brother Giovannone began to cry out: "Master, Master, wait! I want a
+favor, and it is that any one I command must get into my pouch." The
+Master said: "This request is granted."
+
+Brother Giovannone was old and one day Death came and said to him:
+"Giovannone, you have three hours to live!" Brother Giovannone replied:
+"When you come for me you must let me know half an hour before." After a
+while Death came and said: "You are a dead man!" Brother Giovannone
+replied: "In the name of Brother Giovannone, into my pouch with you,
+Death!" Then he carried his pouch to a baker and asked him to hang it
+up in the chimney until he came for it. For forty years no one died. At
+the end of that time Brother Giovannone went and set Death free, so that
+he might himself die, for he was so old he could do no more. The first
+one that Death killed when he was free was Brother Giovannone, and then
+he destroyed all those who had not died in the forty years.
+
+After he was dead Brother Giovannone went and knocked at the gate of
+paradise and St. Peter said to him: "There is no room for you here."
+"Where must I go, then?" asked Brother Giovannone. "To purgatory,"
+answered St. Peter. So he knocked at purgatory and they told him: "There
+is no place for you here." "Where must I go, then?" "To hell." He
+knocked at hell and Lucifer asked: "Who is there?" "Brother Giovannone."
+Then Lucifer said to his devils: "You take the mace; you, the hammer;
+you, the tongs!" Brother Giovannone asked: "What are you going to do
+with these instruments?" "We are going to beat you." "In the name of
+Brother Giovannone, into my pouch with you, all you devils!" Then he
+hung the pouch about his neck and carried all the devils to a smith who
+had eight apprentices, and the master, nine. "Master-smith, how much do
+you want to hammer this pouch eight days and nights?" They agreed upon
+forty ounces, and hammered day and night and the pouch was not reduced
+to powder, and Brother Giovannone was always present. The last day the
+smiths said: "What the devil are these; for they cannot be pounded
+fine!" Brother Giovannone answered: "They are indeed devils! Pound
+hard!" After they were through hammering, he took the pouch and emptied
+it out in the plain; the devils were so bruised and mangled that they
+could hardly drag themselves back to hell. Then Brother Giovannone went
+and knocked again at paradise. "Who is there?" "Brother Giovannone."
+"There is no room for you." "Peter, if you don't let me in I will call
+you baldhead." "Now that you have called me baldhead," said St. Peter,
+"you shall not enter." Brother Giovannone said: "Ah, what is that you
+say? I will be even with you!" So he stood near the gate of paradise
+and said to all the souls who were going to enter: "In the name of
+Brother Giovannone, into my pouch, all you souls!" and no more souls
+entered paradise. One day St. Peter said to the Master: "Why do no more
+souls enter?" The Lord answered: "Because Brother Giovannone is behind
+the gate putting them all in his pouch." "What shall we do?" said St.
+Peter. The Lord answered: "See if you can get hold of the pouch and
+bring them all in together." Brother Giovannone heard all this outside.
+What did he do? He said: "Into the pouch with myself!" and in a moment
+was in his own pouch. When St. Peter looked Brother Giovannone was not
+to be seen, so he seized the pouch and dragged it into paradise and shut
+the gate at once, and opened the pouch. The first one who came out was
+Brother Giovannone himself, who began at once to quarrel with St. Peter
+because St. Peter wished to put him out, and Brother Giovannone did not
+want to go. Then the Lord said: "When one once enters the house of
+Jesus, he does not leave it again."[20]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+These stories have close parallels in two Roman legends collected by
+Miss Busk. In the first, the innkeeper asks first for the faculty of
+always winning at cards; and second, that any one who climbs his
+fig-tree must stay there. When Death comes the host asks her (Death is
+feminine in Italian) to climb the tree and pick him a few figs. When
+once up the tree, the host refuses to let her down until she promises
+him four hundred years of life. Death has to consent and the host in
+turn promises to go quietly with her when she comes again. At the end of
+the four hundred years Death takes the host to paradise. They pass by
+hell on the way and the host proposes to the devil to play for the newly
+received souls. The host wins fifteen thousand, which he carries with
+him to paradise. St. Peter objects to letting the "rabble" in, and Jesus
+Christ himself says: "The host may come in himself, but he has no
+business with the others." Then the host says that he has made no
+difficulty about numbers when Christ has come to his inn With as many as
+he pleased. "That is true! that is right!" answered Jesus Christ. "Let
+them all in! let them all in!"[21]
+
+In the other story, a priest, Pret' Olivo, received from the Lord, in
+reward for his hospitality, the favor of living a hundred years, and
+that when Death came to fetch him he should be able to give her what
+orders he pleased, and that she must obey him. Death called at the end
+of the hundred years, and Pret' Olivo made her sit by the fire while he
+said a mass. The fire grew hotter and hotter, but Death could not stir
+until Pret' Olivo permitted her to, on condition that she should leave
+him alone a hundred years. The second time Death called, Pret' Olivo
+asked her to gather him some figs and commanded her to stay in the tree.
+So Death a second time was obliged to promise him a respite of a hundred
+years. The next time Death called, Pret' Olivo put on his vestments and
+a cope, and took a pack of cards in his hand and went with Death. She
+wanted to take him directly to paradise, but he insisted on going around
+by the way of hell and playing a game of cards with the Devil. The
+stakes were souls, and as fast as Pret' Olivo won, he hung a soul on his
+cope until it was covered with them; then he hung them on his beretta,
+and at last was obliged to stop, for there was no more room to hang any
+souls. Death objected to taking all these souls to paradise, but could
+not take Pret' Olivo without them. When they arrived at paradise St.
+Peter made some objection to admitting them, but the Master gave his
+permission and they all got in.[22]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Tuscan version, which contains some of the traits of the last story,
+is as follows:
+
+
+LXV. GODFATHER MISERY.
+
+Godfather Misery was old,--God knows how old! One day Jesus and St.
+Peter, while wandering through the world to name the countries, came to
+Godfather Misery's, who offered his visitors some polenta, and gave them
+his own bed. Jesus, pleased with this reception, gave him some money,
+and granted him these three favors: that whoever sits on his bench near
+the fire cannot get up; that whoever climbs his fig-tree cannot descend;
+and finally, out of regard to St. Peter, the salvation of his soul. One
+day Death came to Godfather Misery, and wanted to carry him off.
+Godfather Misery said: "It is too cold to travel." Death pressed him;
+then he asked her to sit by the fire and warm herself a moment, and he
+would soon be ready. Meanwhile he piled wood on the fire. Death felt
+herself burning, and tried to move, but could not; so she had to grant
+Godfather Misery another hundred years of life. Death was released; the
+hundred years passed, and Death returned. Godfather Misery was at the
+door, pretending to wait for her, and looking at his fig-tree in sorrow.
+He begged Death to pick him a few figs for their journey. So Death
+climbed up, but could not descend until she granted Godfather Misery
+another hundred years. Even these passed, and Death reappeared. This
+time there was no help, he must go. Death gave him time only to recite
+an Ave Maria, and a Paternoster. Godfather Misery, however, could not
+find this time, and said to Death, who was hurrying him: "You have given
+me time, and I am taking it." Then Death had recourse to a stratagem,
+and disguised herself like a Jesuit, and went where Godfather Misery
+lived, and preached. Godfather Misery at first did not attend these
+sermons, but his wife finally persuaded him to go to the church and hear
+a sermon. Just as he entered, the preacher cried out that whoever said
+an Ave Maria should save his soul. Godfather Misery, who recognized
+Death, answered from a distance: "Go away! you will not get me." Then
+Death went away in despair, and never got hold of him again. Godfather
+Misery still lives, since misery never ends.[23]
+
+In another Tuscan story, similar gifts are bestowed upon a smith, who
+had always been a good Christian, to enable him to avoid a contract he
+had made with the Devil, to sell him his soul for two years of life. The
+first time the Devil comes he sits on the bench near the fire, and
+cannot rise again until he extends his contract two years. The next time
+he comes he does not enter the house, but looks in at a window that has
+the power to detain any one who looks through it. Again the contract is
+extended. The third time the Devil is caught in the fig-tree, and then a
+new contract is drawn up, that the Devil and the smith are never to see
+each other again.[24]
+
+The second class of versions of the story of "_Bonhomme Misère_" is
+where the legend is merely an episode of some other story. This class
+comprises two stories from the territory of Venice. The first is
+entitled "Beppo Pipetta," from the hero who saved the king's life, which
+is threatened by some robbers. The king was in disguise, and Beppo did
+not know who he was until he was summoned to the palace to be rewarded.
+The king told Beppo that he need not be a soldier any longer, but might
+remain with him or wherever he pleased, and offered to pay for all he
+needed; for he had saved his life. We give the rest of the story in the
+words of the original.
+
+
+LXVI. BEPPO PIPETTA.
+
+When his first joy at this good fortune was over, Beppo decided to visit
+his relations. There he met a man in the street who entered into
+conversation with him, and they chatted for a long time, until they
+finally went into an inn to refresh themselves with something to eat and
+drink. "How happens it," asked his new friend, who was vastly
+entertained by Beppo's conversation, "that you, a soldier, carry no
+knapsack?" "Hm!" said Beppo, "I don't care to weigh myself down on a
+march with unnecessary things. I have no effects, and if I need
+anything, I have a good master who pays all my bills." "Now," said the
+stranger, "I will give you a knapsack, and a very valuable one too; for
+if you say to any one, 'Jump in,' he will jump into the sack." With
+these words the stranger took his leave.
+
+"Wait," thought Beppo; "I will put this to the proof." And, indeed, a
+favorable opportunity offered itself, for just then the landlord
+appeared to demand the payment of his bill. "What do you want?" asked
+Beppo. "My money; you might know that of yourself." "Let me alone! I
+have no money." "What? you ragged soldier"--"Jump in!" said Beppo; and
+the landlord went over his ears into the sack. Only after long entreaty,
+and on condition that he would never again present his bill, would Beppo
+let him out again. "Just wait, fellow! I'll teach you how to insult
+soldiers," said he to the landlord, as he went out.
+
+Tired and hungry after a long walk, Beppo again turned into an inn.
+There he saw a man who was continually emptying a purse, but never
+finished, for it always became full again. He quickly snatched the purse
+out of the man's hand, and ran out of the inn, but no less quickly did
+the owner run after him; and since he had not walked as far as Beppo,
+who had been wandering about all day, he soon caught up with him. Then
+Beppo cried: "Jump in!" and the owner was in the sack. "Listen," said
+Beppo, after he had somewhat recovered his breath, "listen and be
+reasonable. You have had the purse long enough; give it to me now, or
+else you shall always stay in the sack." What could the man do?
+Willingly or unwillingly, he had to give up the purse in order to get
+out of the accursed sack.
+
+For two years Beppo stayed at home, doing much good with the purse, and
+much mischief with the sack, until at last he began to long for the
+capital again, and returned there; but what was his astonishment at
+seeing everything hung with black, and everybody in mourning. "Do you
+not know what the trouble is?" he was asked, in reply to his questions
+as to the cause of this sorrow; "don't you know that to-morrow the Devil
+is going to carry away the king's daughter, on account of a foolish vow
+that her father once made?" Then he went directly to the king, in order
+to console him, but the latter would not put any faith in him. "Your
+Majesty," said he, "you do not know what Beppo Pipetta can do. Only let
+me have my own way."
+
+Then he prepared, in a room of the palace, a large table, with paper,
+pen, and ink, while the princess, in the next room, awaited her sad fate
+in prayer. At midnight a fearful noise was heard, like the roaring of
+the tempest; and at the last stroke of the clock, the Devil came through
+the window into--the sack which Beppo held open for him, crying, "Jump
+in!" "What are you doing here?" asked Beppo of the raging Devil. "How
+does that concern you?" "I have my reasons," was the bold reply. "Wait a
+little, you rascal!" cried Beppo; "I'll teach you manners!" and he
+seized a stick and belabored the sack until the Devil in anguish called
+upon all the saints. "Are you going to carry off the princess, now?"
+"No, no; only let me out of this infamous sack!" "Do you promise never
+to molest her?" "I promise, only let me out!" "No," said Beppo; "you
+must repeat your promise before witnesses, and also give it in writing."
+Then he called some gentlemen of the court into the room, had the
+promise repeated, and permitted the Devil to stretch one hand out of the
+sack, in order to write as follows: "I, the very Devil, herewith promise
+that I will neither carry away H. R. H., the Princess, nor ever molest
+her in future. SATAN, SPIRIT OF HELL."
+
+"Good!" said Beppo; "the affair of the princess is now ended. But now,
+on account of your previous impoliteness, allow me to give you a few
+blows that may serve as reminders of me on your journey." When he had
+done this, he opened the sack, and the Devil went out as he had come in,
+through the window.
+
+Then the king gave a great feast, at which Beppo sat between him and the
+princess; and there was joy throughout the whole kingdom.
+
+After a while Beppo took a pleasure trip and came to a place that
+pleased him so much that he decided to remain there; but the police must
+needs go through certain ceremonies and wanted to know who he was,
+whence he came, and a multitude of other things. Then he answered: "I am
+myself; let that suffice you. If you want to know anything more, write
+to the king." Accordingly they wrote to the king, but he commanded them
+to treat him with respect and not to disturb him.
+
+When he had lived for many years in this place and had grown old, Death
+came and knocked at his door. Beppo opened it and asked: "Who are you?"
+"I am Death," was the answer. "Jump in!" cried Beppo, in great haste,
+and behold! Death was in the sack. "What!" he exclaimed, "shall I, who
+have so much to do, loiter my time away here?" "Just stay where you are,
+you old villain," replied Beppo, and did not let him out for a year and
+a half. Then there was universal satisfaction throughout the world, the
+physicians being especially jubilant, for none of them ever lost a
+patient. Then Death begged so humbly and represented so forcibly what
+would be the consequences of this disorder, that Beppo agreed to let him
+out, on condition that Death should not come back for him unless he was
+willing. Death departed and sought by means of a few wars and
+pestilences to make up for lost time.
+
+At length Beppo grew so old that life became distasteful to him. Then he
+sent for Death, who, however, would not come, fearing that Beppo might
+change his mind. So the latter decided to go himself to Death. Death was
+not at home; but remembering his vacation in the sack, had prudently
+left the order that in case a certain Beppo Pipetta should come, he was
+to be beaten soundly; an order which was executed punctiliously. Beaten
+and cast out by Death, he went sadly to hell; but there the Devil had
+given the porter orders to show him the same attention that he had
+received at Death's abode, and that command also was conscientiously
+obeyed.
+
+Smarting from the blows he had received, and vexed that neither Death
+nor the Devil wanted him, he went to paradise. Here he announced himself
+to St. Peter, but the saint thought that he had better first consult the
+Lord.
+
+Meanwhile Beppo threw his cap over the wall into paradise. After he had
+waited a while, St. Peter reappeared and said: "I am very sorry, but our
+Lord doesn't want you here." "Very well," said Beppo, "but you will at
+least let me get my cap," and with that he slipped through the gate and
+sat down on the cap. When St. Peter commanded him to get up and begone,
+he replied, composedly: "Gently, my dear sir! at present I am sitting on
+my own property, where I do not receive orders from any one!"
+
+And so he remained in paradise.[25]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The story known to our readers from the Grimm collection, "Godfather
+Death," is found in Sicily and Venice. The version from the latter place
+given in Bernoni (_Trad. pop._ p. 6) is as follows:
+
+
+LXVII. THE JUST MAN.
+
+Once upon a time there was a peasant and his wife who had a child that
+they would not baptize until they could find a just man for his
+godfather. The father took the child in his arms and went into the
+street to look for this just man. After he had walked along a while, he
+met a man, who was our Lord, and said to him: "I have this child to
+baptize, but I do not want to give him to any one who is not just; are
+you just?" The Lord answered: "But--I don't know whether I am just."
+Then the peasant passed on and met a woman, who was the Madonna, and
+said to her: "I have this child to baptize and do not wish to give him
+to any one who is not just; are you just?" "I don't know," said the
+Madonna; "but go on, for you will find some one who is just." He went
+his way and met another woman, who was Death, and said to her: "I have
+been sent to you, for I have been told that you are just, and I have
+this child to baptize, and do not wish to give it to one who is not
+just; are you just?" Death said: "Yes, I believe I am just! Let us
+baptize the child, and then I will show you whether I am just." Then
+they baptized the child, and afterwards Death led the peasant into a
+very long room, where there were many lights burning. "Godmother," said
+the man, astonished at seeing all the lights, "what are all these
+lights?" Death said: "These are the lights of all the souls in the
+world. Would you like to see, friend? this is yours and this is your
+son's." When the peasant saw that his light was about to expire, he
+said: "And when the oil is all consumed, godmother?" "Then," answered
+Death, "you must come with me, for I am Death." "Oh! for mercy's sake,"
+cried the peasant, "let me at least take a little oil from my son's lamp
+and put it in mine!" "No, no, godfather," said Death, "I don't do
+anything of that sort; you wished to see a just person, and a just
+person you have found. And now go home and arrange your affairs, for I
+am waiting for you."[26]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We can mention but briefly another Venetian legend which, like several
+of those already given, reaches back to the Middle Ages. A wealthy
+knight, who has led a wicked life, repents when he grows old, and his
+confessor enjoins on him a three years' penance. The knight refuses, for
+he might die at the end of two years and lose all that amount of
+penance. He refuses in turn a penance of two years, of one year, and
+even of a month, but agrees to do penance for one night. He mounts his
+horse, takes leave of his family, and rides away to the church, which is
+at some distance. After he has ridden for a time, his daughter comes
+running after him and calls him back, for robbers have attacked the
+castle. He will not be diverted from his purpose, and tells her that
+there are servants and soldiers enough to defend the house. Then a
+servant cries out that the castle is in flames, and his own wife calls
+for help against violence. The knight calmly continues his way, leaving
+his servants to act for him, and simply saying: "I have no time for it
+now."
+
+Finally he enters the church and begins his penance. Here he is
+disturbed by the sexton, who bids him depart, so that he can close the
+church; a priest orders him to leave, as he is not worthy to hear a
+mass; at midnight twelve watchmen come and order him to go with them to
+the judge, but he will not move for any of them; at two o'clock a band
+of soldiers surround him and order him to depart, and at five o'clock a
+wild throng of people burst into the church and cry: "Let us drive him
+out!" then the church begins to burn, and the knight finds himself in
+the midst of flames, but still he moves not. At last, when the appointed
+hour comes, he leaves the church and rides home to find that none of his
+family had left the castle, but the various persons who had tried to
+divert him from his penance were emissaries of the Devil. Then the
+knight sees how great a sinner he was and declares that he will do
+penance all the rest of his life.[27]
+
+Bernoni in his _Leggende fantastiche_ gives nine legends, one of which
+is the story of St. Peter's mother, mentioned above. Of the remaining
+ones, several may be classed under ghost stories, and two illustrate the
+great sanctity attached by the Italian to the spiritual relationship
+contracted by godmothers and godfathers, and by groomsmen and the bride.
+It is well known that in the Romish Church a godfather or godmother
+contracts a spiritual relationship with the godson or goddaughter and
+their parents which would prevent marriage between the parties. This
+relationship the popular imagination has extended to the godfather and
+godmother, and any improper intimacy between the two is regarded as the
+most deadly sin. The first of Bernoni's legends is entitled:
+
+
+LXVIII. OF A GODFATHER AND A GODMOTHER OF ST. JOHN WHO MADE LOVE.
+
+Here in Venice, heaven knows how many centuries ago, there was a
+gentleman and a lady, husband and wife, who were rich people. Well,
+there frequented their house a _compare_ (godfather) of St. John; and it
+came to pass that he and his _comare_ (godmother, _i. e._ the one who
+had been godmother to the same child to which he had been godfather),
+the lady of the house, made love to each other in secret. This lady had
+a maid, and this maid knew everything. So one day this lady said to the
+maid: "Hold your tongue, and you'll see that you will be satisfied with
+me. When I come to die, you shall have an allowance of a dollar a day."
+So this maid kept always on good terms with the lady. It happened that
+the _compare_ fell very ill. The lady was so desperately sorry, that her
+husband kept saying to her: "Come, will you make yourself ill too? It's
+no use fretting, for it's what we must all come to." At last the
+_compare_ died. And she took it so to heart, that she fell ill in
+earnest. When her husband saw her giving way to such low spirits, he
+began to suspect that there had been something between her and the
+_compare_; but he never said a word about it to annoy her, but bore it
+like a philosopher. The maid was always by her mistress' bedside, and
+the mistress said to her: "Remember that, if I die, you must watch by me
+quite alone, for I won't have any one else." And the maid promised her
+that she would. Well, that day went by, and the next day, and the next,
+and the lady got worse and worse, until at last she died. You can fancy
+how sorry her husband was. And the maid and the other servants were very
+sorry, too, for she was a very good lady. The other servants offered to
+sit up and watch with the maid; but she said: "No; I must sit up by
+myself, for my mistress said she would have no others." And they said:
+"Very well. If you want anything, ring the bell, and we shall be ready
+to do anything you want." Then the maid had four tapers lighted, and
+placed at the foot of the bed, and she took the Office for the Dead in
+her hand and began to read it.
+
+Just at midnight the door of the room burst open, and she saw the figure
+of the _compare_ come in. Directly she saw him she felt her blood turn
+to water. She tried to cry out, but she was so terrified that she
+couldn't make a sound. Then she got up from her chair and went to ring
+the bell; and the dead man, without saying a word (because, of course,
+dead folks can't talk), gave her a sharp blow on the hand to prevent
+her from ringing. And he signed her to take a taper in her hand, and
+come with him to her mistress' bed. She obeyed. When the dead man got to
+the bedside, he took the lady, and sat her up on the bed, and he began
+to put her stockings on her feet, and he dressed her from head to foot.
+When she was dressed, he pulled her out of bed, took her by the arm, and
+they both went out at the door, with the maid going before them to light
+the way. In this palace there was an underground passage--there are many
+like it in Venice--and they went down into it. When they got to a
+certain part of it, he gave a great knock to the taper that the maid had
+in her hand, and left her in the dark. The maid was so terrified that
+she fell down on the ground, all rolled up together like a ball, and
+there she lay.
+
+At daybreak the other servants thought they would go and see how the
+maid was getting on, as she had not called them all night. So they went
+and opened the door of the room, and saw nobody there at all, either
+living or dead. They were frightened out of their wits, and ran to their
+master, and said: "Oh, mercy on us, there's nobody left, neither the
+dead woman nor the live one! The room's quite empty." Said the master:
+"You don't say so!" Then he dressed himself as fast as he could, and
+went and looked, and found nobody. And he saw that the clothes his wife
+wore to go out in were gone too. Then he called the servants, and said
+to them: "Here, take these torches, and let us go and look in the
+underground passage." So all the people went down there with lighted
+torches; and after searching about a bit, they found the poor maid, who
+gave no sign of life. The servants took her by one arm; but it was all
+bent up stiff, and wouldn't move. And they tried the other arm, and that
+was the same, and all her body was knotted together quite stiff. Then
+they took up this ball of a woman, and carried her up-stairs, and put
+her on her bed. The master sent for the doctors, to see if they could
+bring back life to her. And by degrees she began to open her eyes and
+move her fingers. But she had had a stroke and couldn't speak. But by
+the movements of her fingers they could make out nearly everything she
+wanted to say. Then the master had the torches lighted again, and went
+down again into the underground passage, to see if he could find any
+trace of the dead woman. They looked and looked, but they could find
+nothing but a deep hole. And the master understood directly that that
+was where his wife and her _compare_ had been swallowed up. And upon
+that he went up-stairs again; but he wouldn't stay any longer in that
+palace, nor even in Venice, and he went away to Verona. And in the
+palace he left the maid, with her dollar a day and people to take care
+of her and feed her, for to the end of her days she was bedridden and
+couldn't speak. And the master would have every one free to go and see
+that sight, that it might be a warning to all people who had the evil
+intention of not respecting the baptismal relationship.[28]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The second of Bernoni's legends turns on the peculiar sanctity of the
+relation of a groomsman (_compare de l'anelo_) to the bride. The full
+title is: "About a _compare de l'anelo_ who pressed the bride's hand
+with evil intent." It is as follows:
+
+
+LIX. THE GROOMSMAN
+
+You must know that we Venetians have a saying that the groomsman is the
+godfather of the first child. Well, in the parish of the Angel Raphael
+it happened that there was a young man and woman who were in love with
+each other. So they agreed to be married, and the bridegroom looked out
+for his best man. According to custom, directly he had chosen his best
+man, he took him to the bride's house, and said to her: "Look here, this
+is your groomsman." Directly the groomsman saw the bride he fell so much
+in love with her that he consented more than willingly to be the best
+man. Well, the wedding day came, and this man went into the church with
+evil thoughts in his heart. When they came out of the church they had a
+collation, according to custom, and then in the afternoon they had a
+gondola to go to the tavern, as people used to do on such days. First
+the bride got into the gondola, with the best man, and then the
+bridegroom and the relations. When they were getting into the boat the
+groomsman took the bride's hand to help her in, and he squeezed it, and
+squeezed it so hard that he hurt her severely.
+
+As time went on he saw that the bride thought nothing about him, and he
+began not to care for her, either. But by and by he began to have a sort
+of scruple of conscience about what he had done to his _comare_ on the
+wedding day. And the more he thought of it, the more he felt this
+scruple. So he made up his mind to go to confession, and to tell his
+confessor what he had done, and with what evil intention. "You have
+committed a great sin, my son," said the priest; "I shall give you a
+penance,--a heavy penance. Will you do it?" "Yes, father," said he;
+"tell me what it is." The priest answered: "Listen. You must make a
+journey in the night-time to a place that I shall tell you of. But mind;
+whatever voices you hear, you must never turn back for an instant! And
+take three apples with you, and you will meet three noblemen, and you
+must give one apple to each of them." Then the priest told him the place
+he was to go to, and the groomsman left him. Well, he waited until
+night-fall, and then he took his three apples and set out. He walked and
+walked and walked, until at last he came to the place the priest had
+told him of, and he heard such a talking and murmuring, you can't think!
+One voice said one thing, and one another. These were all folks who had
+committed great sins against St. John; but he knew nothing about that.
+He heard them calling out: "Turn back! turn back!" But not he! No; he
+went straight on, without ever looking round, let them call ever so
+much. After he had gone on a while he saw the three noblemen, and he
+saluted them and gave them an apple apiece. The last of the three had
+his arm hidden under his cloak, and the _compare_ saw that the gentleman
+had great difficulty in stretching his arm out to take the apple. At
+length he pulled his arm from under his cloak, and showed a hand
+swelled up to such a huge size that the _compare_ was frightened to look
+at it. But he gave him the apple, the same as to the others, and they
+all three thanked him and went away. The _compare_ returned home again,
+and went to his confessor and told him all that had happened. Then the
+priest said: "See, now, my son, you are saved. For the first of the
+three noblemen was the Lord, the second was St. Peter, and the third was
+St. John. You saw what a hand he had. Well, that was the hand you
+squeezed on the wedding day; and so, instead of squeezing the bride's
+hand, you really hurt St. John!"[29]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The third legend is entitled: "Of two _compari_ of St. John who swore by
+the name of St. John." Two _compari_ who had not seen each other for
+some time met one day, and one invited the other to lunch and paid the
+bill. The other declared that he would do the same a week hence. When he
+said this they happened to be standing where two streets crossed. "Then
+we meet a week from to-day at this spot and at this hour!" "Yes." "By
+St. John, I will not fail!" "I swear by St. John that I will be here
+awaiting you!" During the week, however, the _compare_ who had paid for
+the lunch died. The other did not know he was dead, and at the appointed
+time he went to the place to meet him. While there a friend passed, who
+asked: "What are you doing here?" "I am waiting for my _compare_ Tony."
+"You are waiting for your _compare_ Tony! Why, he has been dead three
+days! You will wait a long time!" "You say he is dead? There he is
+coming!" And, indeed, he saw him, but his friend did not. The dead man
+stopped before his _compare_ and said: "You are right in being here at
+this spot, and you can thank God; otherwise, I would teach you to swear
+in the name of St. John!" Then he suddenly disappeared and his _compare_
+saw him no more, for his oath was only to be at that spot.
+
+The sanctity of an ordinary oath is shown in the fourth story: "Of two
+lovers who swore fidelity in life and death." Two young persons made
+love, unknown to the girl's parents. The youth made her swear that she
+would love him in life and death. Some time after, he was killed in a
+brawl. The girl did not know it, and the young man's ghost continued to
+visit her as usual, and she began to grow pale and thin. The father
+discovered the state of the case, and consulted the priest, who learned
+from the girl, in confession, how matters stood, and came with a black
+cat, a stole, and book, to conjure the spirit and save the girl.
+
+The fifth legend is entitled: "The Night of the Dead"; _i. e._ the eve
+of All Saints' Day. A servant girl, rising early one morning as she
+supposed (it was really midnight), witnesses a weird procession, which
+she unwittingly disturbs by lowering her candle and asking the last
+passer-by to light it. This he does; but when she pulls up her basket
+she finds in it, besides the lighted candle, a human arm. Her confessor
+tells her to wait a year, until the procession passes again, then hold a
+black cat tightly in her arms, and restore the arm to its owner. This
+she does, with the words: "Here, master, take your arm; I am much
+obliged to you." He took the arm angrily, and said: "You may thank God
+you have that cat in your arms; otherwise, what I am, that you would be
+also."
+
+The sixth legend is of an incredulous priest, who believes that where
+the dead are, there they stay. It is as follows:
+
+
+LXX. THE PARISH PRIEST OF SAN MARCUOLA.
+
+Once upon a time there was a parish priest at San Marcuola, here in
+Venice, who was a very good man. He couldn't bear to see women in church
+with hats or bonnets on their heads, and he had spirit enough to go and
+make them take them off. "For," said he, "the church is the house of
+God; and what is not permitted to men ought not to be permitted to
+women." But when a woman had a shawl over her shoulders he would have
+her throw it over her head, that she might not be stared at and ogled.
+But this priest had one fault: he did not believe in ghosts; and one
+day he was preaching a sermon, and in this sermon he said to the people:
+"Listen, now, dearly beloved brethren. This morning, when I came into
+the church here, there comes up to me one of my flock, and she says to
+me, all in a flutter: 'Oh, Father, what a fright I have had this night!
+I was asleep in my bed, and the ghosts came and twitched away my
+coverlet!' But I answered her: 'Dear daughter, that is not possible;
+because _where the dead are, there they stay_.'" And so he declared
+before all the congregation that it was not true that the dead could
+come back and be seen and heard. In the evening the priest went to bed
+as usual, and about midnight he heard the house-bell ring loudly. The
+servant went out on to the balcony and saw a great company of people in
+the street, and she called out: "Who's there?" and they asked her if the
+Priest of San Marcuola was at home. And she said Yes; but he was in bed.
+Then they said he must come down. But the priest, when he heard about
+it, refused to go. They then began to ring the bell again and tell the
+servant to call her master; and the priest said he wouldn't go anywhere.
+Then all the doors burst open, and the whole company marched up-stairs
+into the priest's bedroom, and bade him get up and dress himself and
+come with them; and he was obliged to do what they said. When they
+reached a certain spot they set him in the midst of them, and they gave
+him so many knocks and cuffs that he didn't know which side to turn
+himself; and then they said: "This is for a remembrance of the poor
+defunct;" and upon that they all vanished away and were seen no more,
+and the poor priest went back home, bruised from head to foot. And so
+the ghosts proved plain enough that it isn't true to say: "_Where the
+dead are, there they stay_."[30]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The story of Don Juan appears in the seventh legend, entitled:
+
+
+LXXI. THE GENTLEMAN WHO KICKED A SKULL.
+
+There was once a youth who did nothing but eat, drink, and amuse
+himself, because he was immensely wealthy and had nothing to think
+about. He scoffed at every one; he dishonored all the young girls; he
+played all sorts of tricks, and was tired of everything. One day he took
+it into his head to give a grand banquet; and thereupon he invited all
+his friends and many women and all his acquaintances.
+
+While they were preparing the banquet he took a walk, and passed through
+a street where there was a cemetery. While walking he noticed on the
+ground a skull. He gave it a kick, and then he went up to it and said to
+it in jest: "You, too, will come, will you not, to my banquet to-night?"
+Then he went his way, and returned home. At the house the banquet was
+ready and the guests had all arrived. They sat down to the table, and
+ate and drank to the sound of music, and diverted themselves joyfully.
+
+Meanwhile midnight drew near, and when the clock was on the stroke a
+ringing of bells was heard. The servants went to see who it was, and
+beheld a great ghost, who said to them: "Tell Count Robert that I am the
+one he invited this morning to his banquet." They went to their master
+and told him what the ghost had said. The master said: "I? All those
+whom I invited are here, and I have invited no one else." They said: "If
+you should see him! It is a ghost that is terrifying." Then it came into
+the young man's mind that it might be that dead man; and he said to the
+servants: "Quick! quick! close the doors and balconies, so that he
+cannot enter!" The servants went to close everything; but hardly had
+they done so when the doors and balconies were thrown wide open and the
+ghost entered. He went up where they were feasting, and said: "Robert!
+Robert! was it not enough for you to profane everything? Have you wished
+to disturb the dead, also? The end has come!" All were terrified, and
+fled here and there, some concealing themselves, and some falling on
+their knees. Then the ghost seized Robert by the throat and strangled
+him and carried him away with him; and thus he has left this example,
+that it is not permitted to mock the poor dead.[31]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The ninth and last of Bernoni's legends is a story about Massariol, the
+domestic spirit of the Venetians. A man of family, whose business takes
+him out at night, finds in the street a basket containing an infant. The
+weather is very cold, so the good man carries the foundling home, and
+his wife, who already has a young child, makes the little stranger as
+comfortable as possible. He is cared for and put in the cradle by the
+side of the other child. The husband and wife have to leave the room a
+moment; when they return the foundling has disappeared. The husband asks
+in amazement: "What can it mean?" She answers: "I am sure I don't know;
+can it be Massariol?" Then he goes out on the balcony and sees at a
+distance one who seems like a man, but is not, who is clapping his hands
+and laughing and making all manner of fun of him, and then suddenly
+disappears.
+
+The same mischievous spirit plays many other pranks. Sometimes he cheats
+the ferrymen out of their toll; sometimes he disguises himself like the
+baker's lad, and calls at the houses to take the bread to the oven, and
+then carries it away to some square or bridge; sometimes, when the
+washing is hung out, he carries it off to some distant place, and when
+the owners have at last found their property, Massariol laughs in their
+faces and disappears. The woman who related these stories to Bernoni
+added: "Massariol has never done anything bad; he likes to laugh and
+joke and fool people. He, too, has been shut up, I don't know where, by
+the Holy Office, the same as the witches, fairies, and magicians."
+
+Pitrè's collection contains little that falls under the second heading
+of this chapter. The following story, however, is interesting from its
+English parallels:
+
+
+LXXIII. SADDAEDDA.
+
+Once upon a time there was a girl called Saddaedda, who was crazy. One
+day, when her mother had gone into the country and she was left alone in
+the house, she went into a church where the funeral service was being
+read over the body of a rich lady. The girl hid herself in the
+confessional. No one knew she was there; so, when the other people had
+gone, she was left alone with the corpse. It was dressed out in a
+rose-colored robe and everything else becoming, and it had ear-rings in
+its ears and rings on its fingers. These the girl took off, and then she
+began to undress the body. When she came to the stockings she drew off
+one easily, but at the other she had to pull so hard that at last the
+leg came off with it. Saddaedda took the leg, carried it to her lonely
+home, and locked it up in a box. At night came the dead lady and knocked
+at the door. "Who's there?" said the girl. "It is I," answered the
+corpse. "Give me back my leg and stocking!" But Saddaedda paid no heed
+to the request. Next day she prepared a feast and invited some of her
+playfellows to spend the night with her. They came, feasted, and went to
+sleep. At midnight the dead woman began to knock at the door and to
+repeat last night's request. Saddaedda took no notice of the noise but
+her companions, whom it awoke, were horrified, and as soon as they
+could, they ran away. On the third night just the same happened. On the
+fourth she could persuade only one girl to keep her company. On the
+fifth she was left entirely alone. The corpse came, forced open the
+door, strode up to Saddaedda's bed, and strangled her. Then the dead
+woman opened the box, took out her leg and stocking, and carried them
+off with her to her grave.[32]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This chapter would be incomplete without reference to treasure stories.
+A number of these are given by Miss Busk in her interesting collection.
+A few are found in Pitrè, only one of which needs mention here, on
+account of its parallels in other countries. It is called _Lu Vicerrè
+Tunnina_, "Viceroy Tunny" (_tunnina_ is the flesh of the tunny-fish).
+There was at Palermo a man who sold tunny-fish. One night he dreamed
+that some one appeared to him and said: "Do you wish to find your Fate?
+Go under the bridge _di li Testi_ (of the Heads, so the people call the
+_Ponte dell' Ammiraglio_, a bridge now abandoned, constructed in 1113 by
+the Admiral Georgios Antiochenos); there you will find it." For three
+nights he dreamed the same thing. The third time, he went under the
+bridge and found a poor man all in rags. The fish-seller was frightened
+and was going away, when the man called him. It was his Fate. He said:
+"To-night, at midnight, where you have placed the barrels of fish, dig,
+and what you find is yours."
+
+The fish-dealer did as he was told; dug, and found a staircase, which he
+descended, and found a room full of money. The fish-dealer became
+wealthy, lent the king of Spain money, and was made viceroy and raised
+to the rank of prince and duke.[33]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+NURSERY TALES.
+
+
+The tales we have thus far given, although they may count many young
+people among their auditors, are not distinctly children's stories. The
+few that follow are, and it is greatly to be regretted that their number
+is not larger. That many more exist, cannot be doubted; but collectors
+have probably overlooked this interesting class. Even Pitrè in his large
+collection gives but eleven (Nos. 130-141), and those in the other
+collections are mostly parallels to Pitrè's.
+
+We will begin with those that are advantages taken of children's love
+for stories. The first is from Venice (Bernoni, Punt. II. p. 53) and is
+called:
+
+
+LXXIV. MR. ATTENTIVE.
+
+"Do you want me to tell you the story of Mr. Attentive?"
+
+"Tell me it."
+
+"But you must not say 'tell me it,' for it is
+
+    The story of Mr. Attentive,
+      Which lasts a long time,
+    Which is never explained:
+      Do you wish me to tell it, or relate it?"
+
+"Relate it."
+
+"But you must not say 'relate it,' for it is
+
+    The story of Mr. Attentive,
+      Which lasts a long time,
+    Which is never explained:
+      Do you wish me to tell it, or relate it?"
+
+"But come! tell me it."
+
+"But you must not say," etc., etc.[1]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following are intended to soothe restless children, and are so short
+that they may be given entire.
+
+
+LXXV. THE STORY OF THE BARBER.
+
+Once upon a time there was a barber.... Be good and I will tell it to
+you again.[2]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next is from the same source.
+
+Once upon a time there was a king, a pope, and a dwarf.... This king,
+this pope, and this dwarf....
+
+(Then the story-teller begins again).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But it is time to give some of the stories that are told to the good
+children. The first is from Pitrè (No. 130) and is called:
+
+
+LXXVI. DON FIRRIULIEDDU.
+
+Once upon a time there was a farmer who had a daughter who used to take
+his dinner to him in the fields. One day he said to her: "So that you
+may find me I will sprinkle bran along the way; you follow the bran, and
+you will come to me."
+
+By chance the old ogre passed that way, and seeing the bran, said: "This
+means something." So he took the bran and scattered it so that it led to
+his own house.
+
+When the daughter set out to take her father his dinner, she followed
+the bran until she came to the ogre's house. When the ogre saw the young
+girl, he said: "You must be my wife." Then she began to weep. When the
+father saw that his daughter did not appear, he went home in the
+evening, and began to search for her; and not finding her, he asked God
+to give him a son or a daughter.
+
+A year after, he had a son whom they called "_Don Firriulieddu_." When
+the child was three days old it spoke, and said: "Have you made me a
+cloak? Now give me a little dog and the cloak, for I must look for my
+sister." So he set out and went to seek his sister.
+
+After a while he came to a plain where he saw a number of men, and
+asked: "Whose cattle are these?" The herdsman replied: "They belong to
+the ogre, who fears neither God nor the saints, who fears _Don
+Firriulieddu_, who is three days old and is on the way, and gives his
+dog bread and says: 'Eat, my dog, and do not bark, for we have fine
+things to do.'"
+
+Afterwards he saw a flock of sheep, and asked: "Whose are these sheep?"
+and received the same answer as from the herdsman. Then he arrived at
+the ogre's house and knocked, and his sister opened the door and saw the
+child. "Who are you looking for?" she said. "I am looking for you, for I
+am your brother, and you must return to mamma."
+
+When the ogre heard that _Don Firriulieddu_ was there, he went and hid
+himself up-stairs. _Don Firriulieddu_ asked his sister: "Where is the
+ogre?" "Up-stairs." _Don Firriulieddu_ said to his dog: "Go up-stairs
+and bark, and I will follow you." The dog went up and barked, and
+_Firriulieddu_ followed him, and killed the ogre. Then he took his
+sister and a quantity of money, and they went home to their mother, and
+are all contented.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Certain traits in the above story, as the size of the hero and the bran
+serving to guide the girl to her father, recall somewhat faintly, it is
+true, our own "Tom Thumb." It is only recently that a Tuscan version of
+"Tom Thumb" has been found.[3] It is called:
+
+
+LXXVII. LITTLE CHICK-PEA.[L]
+
+Once upon a time there was a husband and wife who had no children. The
+husband was a carpenter, and when he came home from his shop he did
+nothing but scold his wife because she had no children, and the poor
+woman was constantly weeping and despairing. She was charitable, and
+had festivals celebrated in the church; but no children. One day a woman
+knocked at her door and asked for alms; but the carpenter's wife
+answered: "I will not give you any, for I have given alms and had masses
+said, and festivals celebrated for a long time, and have no son." "Give
+me alms and you will have children." "Good! in that case I will do all
+you wish." "You must give me a whole loaf of bread, and I will give you
+something that will bring you children." "If you will, I will give you
+two loaves." "No, no! now, I want only one; you can give me the other
+when you have the children." So she gave her a loaf, and the woman said:
+"Now I will go home and give my children something to eat, and then I
+will bring you what will make you have children." "Very well."
+
+[Footnote L: _Cecino_, dim. of _Cece_, chick-pea.]
+
+The woman went home, fed her children, and then took a little bag,
+filled it with chick-peas, and carried it to the carpenter's wife, and
+said: "This is a bag of peas; put them in the kneading-trough, and
+to-morrow they will be as many sons as there are peas." There were a
+hundred peas, and the carpenter's wife said: "How can a hundred peas
+become a hundred sons?" "You will see to-morrow." The carpenter's wife
+said to herself: "I had better say nothing about it to my husband,
+because if by any mischance the children should not come, he would give
+me a fine scolding."
+
+Her husband returned at night and began to grumble as usual; but his
+wife said not a word and went to bed repeating to herself: "To-morrow
+you will see!" The next morning the hundred peas had become a hundred
+sons. One cried: "Papa, I want to drink." Another said: "Papa, I want to
+eat." Another: "Papa, take me up." He, in the midst of all this tumult,
+took a stick and went to the trough and began to beat, and killed them
+all. One fell out (imagine how small they were!) and ran quickly into
+the bedroom and hid himself on the handle of the pitcher. After the
+carpenter had gone to his shop his wife said: "What a rascal! he has
+grumbled so long about my not having children and now he has killed them
+all!" Then the son who had escaped said: "Mamma, has papa gone?" She
+said: "Yes, my son. How did you manage to escape? Where are you?" "Hush!
+I am in the handle of the pitcher; tell me: has papa gone?" "Yes, yes,
+yes, come out!" Then the child who had escaped came out and his mamma
+exclaimed: "Oh! how pretty you are! How shall I call you?" The child
+answered: "Cecino." "Very well, bravo, my Cecino! Do you know, Cecino,
+you must go and carry your papa's dinner to him at the shop." "Yes, you
+must put the little basket on my head, and I will go and carry it to
+papa."
+
+The carpenter's wife, when it was time, put the basket on Cecino's head
+and sent him to carry her husband's dinner to him. When Cecino was near
+the shop, he began to cry: "O papa! come and meet me; I am bringing you
+your dinner."
+
+The carpenter said to himself: "Oh! did I kill them all, or are there
+any left?" He went to meet Cecino and said: "O my good boy! how did you
+escape my blows?" "I fell down, ran into the room, and hid myself on the
+handle of the pitcher." "Bravo, Cecino! Listen. You must go around among
+the country people and hear whether they have anything broken to mend."
+"Yes."
+
+So the carpenter put Cecino in his pocket, and while he went along the
+way did nothing but chatter; so that every one said he was mad, because
+they did not know that he had his son in his pocket. When he saw some
+countrymen he asked: "Have you anything to mend?" "Yes, there are some
+things about the oxen broken, but we cannot let you mend them, for you
+are mad." "What do you mean by calling me mad? I am wiser than you. Why
+do you say I am mad?" "Because you do nothing but talk to yourself on
+the road." "I was talking with my son." "And where do you keep your
+son?" "In my pocket." "That is a pretty place to keep your son." "Very
+well, I will show him to you;" and he pulls out Cecino, who was so small
+that he stood on one of his father's fingers.
+
+"Oh, what a pretty child! you must sell him to us." "What are you
+thinking about! I sell you my son who is so valuable to me!" "Well,
+then, don't sell him to us." What does he do then? He takes Cecino and
+puts him on the horn of an ox and says: "Stay there, for now I am going
+to get the things to mend." "Yes, yes, don't be afraid; I will stay on
+my horn." So the carpenter went to get the things to mend.
+
+Meanwhile two thieves passed by, and seeing the oxen, one said: "See
+those two oxen there alone. Come, let us go and steal them." When they
+drew near, Cecino cried out: "Papa, look out! there are thieves here!
+they are stealing your oxen!" "Ah! where does that voice come from?" And
+they approached nearer to see; and Cecino, the nearer he saw them come,
+the more he called out: "Look out for your oxen, papa; the thieves are
+stealing them!"
+
+When the carpenter came the thieves said to him: "Good man, where does
+that voice come from?" "It is my son." "If he is not here, where is he?"
+"Don't you see? there he is, up on the horn of one of the oxen." When he
+showed him to them, they said: "You must sell him to us; we will give
+you as much money as you wish." "What are you thinking about! I might
+sell him to you, but who knows how much my wife would grumble about it!"
+"Do you know what you must tell her? that he died on the way."
+
+They tempted him so much that at last he gave him to them for two sacks
+of money. They took their Cecino, put him in one of their pockets, and
+went away. On their journey they saw the king's stable. "Let us take a
+look at the king's stable and see whether we can steal a pair of
+horses." "Very good." They said to Cecino: "Don't betray us." "Don't be
+afraid, I will not betray you."
+
+So they went into the stable and stole three horses, which they took
+home and put in their own stable.
+
+Afterwards they went and said to Cecino: "Listen. We are so tired! save
+us the trouble, go down and give the horses some oats." Cecino went to
+do so, but fell asleep on the halter and one of the horses swallowed
+him. When he did not return, the thieves said: "He must have fallen
+asleep in the stable." So they went there and looked for him and
+called: "Cecino, where are you?" "Inside of the black horse." Then they
+killed the black horse; but Cecino was not there. "Cecino, where are
+you?" "In the bay horse." So they killed the bay horse; but Cecino was
+not there. "Cecino, where are you?" But Cecino answered no longer. Then
+they said: "What a pity! that child who was so useful to us is lost."
+Then they dragged out into the fields the two horses that they had cut
+open.
+
+A famished wolf passed that way and saw the dead horses. "Now I will eat
+my fill of horse," and he ate and ate until he had finished and had
+swallowed Cecino.[M] Then the wolf went off until it became hungry again
+and said: "Let us go and eat a goat."
+
+[Footnote M: It appears from this that Cecino had been in one of the
+horses all the time, but the thieves had not seen him because he was so
+small.]
+
+When Cecino heard the wolf talk about eating a goat, he cried out:
+"Goat-herd, the wolf is coming to eat your goats!"
+
+[The wolf supposes that it has swallowed some wind that forms these
+words, hits itself against a stone, and after several trials gets rid of
+the wind and Cecino, who hides himself under a stone, so that he shall
+not be seen.]
+
+Three robbers passed that way with a bag of money. One of them said:
+"Now I will count the money, and you others be quiet or I will kill
+you!" You can imagine whether they kept still! for they did not want to
+die. So he began to count: "One, two, three, four, and five." And
+Cecino: "One, two, three, four, and five." (Do you understand? he
+repeats the robber's words.) "I hear you! you will not keep still. Well,
+I will kill you; we shall see whether you will speak again." He began to
+count the money again: "One, two, three, four, and five." Cecino
+repeats: "One, two, three, four, and five." "Then you will not keep
+quiet! now I will kill you!" and he killed one of them. "Now we shall
+see whether you will talk; if you do I will kill you too." He began to
+count: "One, two, three, four, and five." Cecino repeats: "One, two,
+three, four, and five." "Take care, if I have to tell you again I will
+kill you!" "Do you think I want to speak? I don't wish to be killed." He
+begins to count: "One, two, three, four, and five." Cecino repeats:
+"One, two, three, four, and five." "You will not keep quiet either; now
+I will kill you!" and he killed him. "Now I am alone and can count by
+myself and no one will repeat it." So he began again to count: "One,
+two, three, four, and five." And Cecino: "One, two, three, four, and
+five." Then the robber said: "There is some one hidden here; I had
+better run away or he will kill me." So he ran away and left behind the
+sack of money.
+
+When Cecino perceived that there was no one there, he came out, put the
+bag of money on his head, and started for home. When he drew near his
+parents' house he cried: "Oh, mamma, come and meet me; I have brought
+you a bag of money!"
+
+When his mother heard him she went to meet him and took the money and
+said: "Take care you don't drown yourself in these puddles of
+rain-water." The mother went home, and turned back to look for Cecino,
+but he was not to be seen. She told her husband what Cecino had done,
+and they went and searched everywhere for him, and at last found him
+drowned in a puddle.[4]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next story is one that has always enjoyed great popularity over the
+whole of Europe, and is a most interesting example of the diffusion of
+nursery tales. It is also interesting from the attempt to show that it
+is of comparatively late date, and has been borrowed from a people not
+of European extraction.[5] The story belongs to the class of what may be
+called "accumulative" stories, of which "The House that Jack built" is a
+good example. It is a version of the story so well known in English of
+the old woman who found a little crooked sixpence, and went to market
+and bought a little pig. As she was coming home the pig would not go
+over the stile. The old woman calls on a dog to bite pig, but the dog
+will not. Then she calls in turn on a stick, fire, water, ox, butcher,
+rope, rat, and cat. They all refuse to help her except the cat, which
+promises help in exchange for a saucer of milk. "So away went the old
+woman to the cow. But the cow said to her: 'If you will go to yonder
+hay-stack and fetch me a handful of hay, I'll give you the milk.' So
+away went the old woman to the hay-stack; and she brought the hay to the
+cow. As soon as the cow had eaten the hay, she gave the old woman the
+milk; and away she went with it in a saucer to the cat.
+
+"As soon as the cat had lapped up the milk, the cat began to kill the
+rat; the rat to gnaw the rope; the rope began to hang the butcher; the
+butcher began to kill the ox; the ox began to drink the water; the water
+began to quench the fire; the fire began to burn the stick; the stick
+began to beat the dog; the dog began to bite the pig; the little pig in
+a fright jumped over the stile, and so the old woman got home that
+night."[6]
+
+The Italian versions may be divided into two classes: first, where the
+animals and inanimate objects are invoked to punish some human being;
+second, where all the actors are animals. The first version of the first
+class that we shall give is from Sicily, Pitrè, No. 131, and is called:
+
+
+LXXVIII. PITIDDA.
+
+Once upon a time there was a mother who had a daughter named Pitidda.
+She said to her: "Go sweep the house." "Give me some bread first." "I
+cannot," she answered. When her mother saw that she would not sweep the
+house, she called the wolf. "Wolf, go kill Pitidda, for Pitidda will not
+sweep the house." "I can't," said the wolf. "Dog, go kill the wolf,"
+said the mother, "for the wolf will not kill Pitidda, for Pitidda will
+not sweep the house." "I can't," said the dog. "Stick, go kill the dog,
+for the dog will not kill the wolf, for the wolf won't kill Pitidda, for
+Pitidda won't sweep the house." "I can't," said the stick. "Fire, burn
+stick, for stick won't kill dog, for dog won't kill wolf, for wolf won't
+kill Pitidda, for Pitidda won't sweep the house." "I can't," said the
+fire. "Water, quench fire, for fire won't burn stick, for stick won't
+kill dog, for dog won't kill wolf, for wolf won't kill Pitidda, for
+Pitidda won't sweep the house." "I can't." "Cow, go drink water, for
+water won't quench fire, for fire won't burn stick, for stick won't kill
+dog, for dog won't kill wolf, for wolf won't kill Pitidda, for Pitidda
+won't sweep the house." "I can't," said the cow. "Rope, go choke cow,"
+etc.
+
+[Then the mother calls on the mouse to gnaw the rope, the cat to eat the
+mouse, and the story ends.]
+
+The cat runs and begins to eat the mouse, the mouse runs and begins to
+gnaw the rope, the rope to choke the cow, the cow to drink the water,
+the water to quench the fire, the fire to burn the stick, the stick to
+kill the dog, the dog to kill the wolf, the wolf to kill Pitidda,
+Pitidda to sweep the house, and her mother runs and gives her some
+bread.[7]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Italian story, it will be seen, has a moral. The animals, etc., are
+invoked to punish a disobedient child. In the Neapolitan version a
+mother sends her son to gather some fodder for the cattle. He does not
+wish to go until he has had some macaroni that his mother has just
+cooked. She promises to keep him some, and he departs. While he is gone
+the mother eats up all the macaroni, except a small bit. When her son
+returns, and sees how little is left for him, he begins to cry and
+refuses to eat; and his mother calls on stick, fire, water, ox, rope,
+mouse, and cat to make her son obey, and eat the macaroni.[8] The
+disobedient son is also found in two Tuscan versions, one from Siena,
+and one from Florence, which are almost identical.[9]
+
+In the Venetian version, a naughty boy will not go to school, and his
+mother invokes dog, stick, fire, water, ox, butcher, and soldier.[10]
+
+The Sicilian story of "The Sexton's Nose" (Pitrè, No. 135) will serve as
+the connecting link between the two classes above mentioned. Properly
+speaking, only the second part of it belongs here; but we will give a
+brief analysis of the first also.
+
+
+LXXIX. THE SEXTON'S NOSE.
+
+A sexton, one day in sweeping the church, found a piece of money (it was
+the fifth of a cent) and deliberated with himself as to what he would
+buy with it. If he bought nuts or almonds, he was afraid of the mice; so
+at last he bought some roasted peas, and ate all but the last pea. This
+he took to a bakery near by, and asked the mistress to keep it for him;
+she told him to leave it on a bench, and she would take care of it. When
+she went to get it, she found that the cock had eaten it. The next day
+the sexton came for the roast pea, and when he heard what had become of
+it, he said they must either return the roast pea or give him the cock.
+This they did, and the sexton, not having any place to keep it, took it
+to a miller's wife, who promised to keep it for him. Now she had a pig,
+which managed to kill the cock. The next day the sexton came for the
+cock, and on finding it dead, demanded the pig, and the woman had to
+give it to him. The pig he left with a friend of his, a pastry-cook,
+whose daughter was to be married the next day. The woman was mean and
+sly, and killed the pig for her daughter's wedding, meaning to tell the
+sexton that the pig had run away. The sexton, however, when he heard it,
+made a great fuss, and declared that she must give him back his pig or
+her daughter. At last she had to give him her daughter, whom he put in a
+bag and carried away. He took the bag to a woman who kept a shop, and
+asked her to keep for him this bag, which he said contained bran. The
+woman by chance kept chickens, and she thought she would take some of
+the sexton's bran and feed them. When she opened the bag she found the
+young girl, who told her how she came there. The woman took her out of
+the sack, and put in her stead a dog. The next day the sexton came for
+his bag, and putting it on his shoulder, started for the sea-shore,
+intending to throw the young girl in the sea. When he reached the shore,
+he opened the bag, and the furious dog flew out and bit his nose. The
+sexton was in great agony, and cried out, while the blood ran down his
+face in torrents: "Dog, dog, give me a hair to put in my nose, and heal
+the bite."[N] The dog answered: "Do you want a hair? give me some
+bread." The sexton ran to a bakery, and said to the baker: "Baker, give
+me some bread to give the dog; the dog will give a hair; the hair I will
+put in my nose, and cure the bite." The baker said: "Do you want bread?
+give me some wood." The sexton ran to the woodman. "Woodman, give me
+wood to give the baker; the baker will give me bread; the bread I will
+give to the dog; the dog will give me a hair; the hair I will put in my
+nose, and heal the bite." The woodman said: "Do you want wood? give me a
+mattock." The sexton ran to a smith. "Smith, give me a mattock to give
+the woodman; the woodman will give me wood; I will carry the wood to the
+baker; the baker will give me bread; I will give the bread to the dog;
+the dog will give me a hair; the hair I will put in my nose, and heal
+the bite." The smith said: "Do you want a mattock? give me some coals."
+The sexton ran to the collier. "Collier, give me some coals to give the
+smith; the smith will give me a mattock; the mattock I will give the
+woodman; the woodman will give me some wood; the wood I will give the
+baker; the baker will give me bread; the bread I will give the dog; the
+dog will give me a hair; the hair I will put in my nose, and heal the
+bite." "Do you want coals? give me a cart." The sexton ran to the
+wagon-maker. "Wagon-maker, give me a cart to give the collier; the
+collier will give me some coals; the coals I will carry to the smith;
+the smith will give me a mattock; the mattock I will give the woodman;
+the woodman will give me some wood; the wood I will give the baker; the
+baker will give me bread; the bread I will give to the dog; the dog will
+give me a hair; the hair I will put in my nose, and heal the bite."
+
+[Footnote N: As with us the hair of a dog is supposed to heal the bite
+the same dog has inflicted.]
+
+The wagon-maker, seeing the sexton's great lamentation, is moved to
+compassion, and gives him the cart. The sexton, well pleased, takes the
+cart and goes away to the collier; the collier gives him the coals; the
+coals he takes to the smith; the smith gives him the mattock; the
+mattock he takes to the woodman; the woodman gives him wood; the wood he
+carries to the baker; the baker gives him bread; the bread he carries to
+the dog; the dog gives him a hair; the hair he puts in his nose, and
+heals the bite.[11]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The second class contains the versions in which all the actors are
+animals or personified inanimate objects. The first example we shall
+give is from Avellino in the Principato Ulteriore (Imbriani, p. 239),
+and is called:
+
+
+LXXX. THE COCK AND THE MOUSE.
+
+Once upon a time there was a cock and a mouse. One day the mouse said to
+the cock: "Friend Cock, shall we go and eat some nuts on yonder tree?"
+"As you like." So they both went under the tree and the mouse climbed up
+at once and began to eat. The poor cock began to fly, and flew and flew,
+but could not come where the mouse was. When it saw that there was no
+hope of getting there, it said: "Friend Mouse, do you know what I want
+you to do? Throw me a nut." The mouse went and threw one and hit the
+cock on the head. The poor cock, with its head broken and all covered
+with blood, went away to an old woman. "Old aunt, give me some rags to
+cure my head." "If you will give me two hairs, I will give you the
+rags." The cock went away to a dog. "Dog, give me some hairs; the hairs
+I will give the old woman; the old woman will give me rags to cure my
+head." "If you will give me a little bread," said the dog, "I will give
+you the hairs." The cock went away to a baker. "Baker, give me bread; I
+will give the bread to the dog; the dog will give hairs; the hairs I
+will carry to the old woman; the old woman will give me rags to cure my
+head." The baker answered: "I will not give you bread unless you give me
+some wood!" The cock went away to the forest. "Forest, give me some
+wood; the wood I will carry to the baker; the baker will give me some
+bread; the bread I will give to the dog; the dog will give me hairs; the
+hairs I will carry to the old woman; the old woman will give me rags to
+cure my head." The forest answered: "If you will bring me a little
+water, I will give you some wood." The cock went away to a fountain.
+"Fountain, give me water; water I will carry to the forest; forest will
+give wood; wood I will carry to the baker; baker will give bread; bread
+I will give dog; dog will give hairs; hairs I will give old woman; old
+woman will give rags to cure my head." The fountain gave him water; the
+water he carried to the forest; the forest gave him wood; the wood he
+carried to the baker; the baker gave him bread; the bread he gave to the
+dog; the dog gave him the hairs; the hairs he carried to the old woman;
+the old woman gave him the rags; and the cock cured his head.[12]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There are other versions from Florence (_Nov. fior._ p. 551), Bologna
+(Coronedi-Berti, X. p. 16), and Venice (Bernoni, Punt. III. p. 74),
+which do not call for any detailed notice. In the Florentine version a
+cock gives a peck at a mouse's head and the mouse cries out: "Where must
+I go to be cured?" Then follow the various objects which are almost
+identical with those in the other versions. The mouse, however, is
+killed by the ox, to which he goes last. The Venetian version is the
+most elaborate; in it the cock and mouse go nutting together, and while
+the former flies up into the tree and throws the nuts down, the mouse
+eats them all up. When the cock comes down he flies into a passion and
+gives the mouse a peck at his head. The mouse runs off in terror, and
+the rest of the story is as above until the end. The last person the
+mouse calls on is a cooper, to make him a bucket to give to the well, to
+get water, etc. The cooper asks for money, which the mouse finds after a
+while. He gives the money to the cooper and says: "Take and count it;
+meanwhile I am going to drink, for I am dying of thirst." As he is going
+to drink he sees Friend Cock coming along. "Ah, poor me," says he to
+himself, "I am a dead mouse!" The cock sees him and goes to meet him
+and says: "Good day, friend, are you still afraid of me? Come, let us
+make peace!" The mouse then takes heart and says: "Oh, yes, yes! let us
+make peace!"
+
+So they made peace, and Friend Mouse said to Friend Cock: "Now that you
+are here you must do me the favor to hold me by the tail while I hang
+over the ditch to drink, and when I say _slapo, slapo_, pull me back."
+The cock said: "I will do as you wish."
+
+Then the mouse went to the ditch and Friend Cock held him by the tail.
+After the mouse had drunk his fill, he said: "Friend, _slapo, slapo_!"
+The cock answered: "Friend, and I let you go by the tail!" And in truth
+he did let go his tail, and the poor mouse went to the bottom and was
+never seen or heard of more.[13]
+
+The following story from Sicily (Pitrè, No. 132) belongs also to a class
+of tales very popular and having only animals for its actors. It is
+called:
+
+
+LXXXI. GODMOTHER FOX.[O]
+
+Once upon a time there was Godmother Fox and Godmother Goat.[P] The
+former had a little bit of a house adorned with little chairs, cups, and
+dishes; in short, it was well furnished. One day Godmother Goat went out
+and carried away the little house. Godmother Fox began to lament, when
+along came a dog, barking, that said to her: "What are you crying
+about?" She answered: "Godmother Goat has carried off my house!" "Be
+quiet. I will make her give it back to you." So the dog went and said to
+Godmother Goat: "Give the house back to Godmother Fox." The goat
+answered: "I am Godmother Goat. I have a sword at my side, and with my
+horns I will tear you in pieces." When the dog heard that, he went away.
+
+[Footnote O: _Cummari Vurpidda_ (diminutive of Fox).]
+
+[Footnote P: _Cummari Crapazza_ (diminutive of Goat).]
+
+Then a sheep passed by and said to the little fox: "What are you crying
+about?" and she told her the same thing. Then the sheep went to
+Godmother Goat and began to reprove her. The goat made the same answer
+she had made the dog, and the sheep went away in fright.
+
+In short, all sorts of animals went to the goat, with the same result.
+Among others the mouse went and said to the little fox: "What are you
+crying about?" "Godmother Goat has carried off my house." "Be still. I
+will make her give it back to you." So the mouse went and said to
+Godmother Goat: "Give Godmother Fox her house back right away." The goat
+answered: "I am Godmother Goat. I have a sword at my side, and with my
+fist and with my horns I will smash you!" The mouse answered at once: "I
+am Godfather Mouse. By my side I have a spit. I will heat it in the fire
+and stick it in your tail."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The inference of course is that Godmother Goat gave back the house. The
+story does not say so, but ends with the usual formula:
+
+    Story told, story written,
+    Tell me yours, for mine is said.
+
+Pitrè (No. 133) gives another version in which a goat gets under a nun's
+bed and she calls on her neighbors, a dog, pig, and cricket, to put the
+goat out. The cricket alone succeeds, with a threat similar to that in
+the last story.
+
+In the Neapolitan version (Imbriani, _Dodici Conti Pomiglianesi_, p.
+273) an old woman, in sweeping the church, found a piece of money and,
+like the sexton in the story of "The Sexton's Nose," did not know what
+to buy with it. At last she bought some flour and made a hasty-pudding
+of it. She left it on the table and went again to church, but forgot to
+close the window. While she was gone a herd of goats came along, and one
+smelled the pudding, climbed in at the window, and ate it up. When the
+old woman came back and tried to open the door, she could not, for the
+goat was behind it. Then she began to weep and various animals came
+along and tried to enter the house. The goat answered them all: "I am
+the goat, with three horns on my head and three in my belly, and if you
+don't run away I will eat you up." The mouse at last replied: "I am
+Godfather Mouse, with the halter, and if you don't run away, I will tear
+your eyes out." The goat ran away and the old woman went in with
+Godfather Mouse, whom she married, and they both lived there together.
+
+The Florentine version (_Nov. fior._ p. 556) is called "The Iron Goat."
+In it a widow goes out to wash and leaves her son at home, with orders
+not to leave the door open so that the Iron Goat, with the iron mouth
+and the sword tongue, can enter. The boy after a time wanted to go after
+his mother, and when he had gone half way he remembered that he had left
+the door open and went back. When he was going to enter he saw there the
+Iron Goat. "Who is there?" "It is I; I am the Iron Goat, with the iron
+mouth and the sword tongue. If you enter I will slice you like a
+turnip." The poor boy sat down on the steps and wept. A little old woman
+passed by and asked the cause of his tears; he told her and she said she
+would send the goat away for three bushels of grain. The old woman
+tried, with the usual result, and finally said to the boy: "Listen, my
+child. I don't care for those three bushels of grain; but I really
+cannot send the goat away." Then an old man tried his luck, with no
+better success. At last a little bird came by and promised for three
+bushels of millet to drive the goat away. When the goat made its usual
+declaration, the little bird replied: "And I with my beak will peck your
+brains out." The goat was frightened and ran away, and the boy had to
+pay the little bird three bushels of millet.[14]
+
+The next story affords, like "Pitidda," a curious example of the
+diffusion of nursery tales.
+
+Our readers will remember the Grimm story of "The Spider and the Flea."
+A spider and a flea dwelt together in one house and brewed their beer in
+an egg-shell. One day, when the spider was stirring it up, she fell in
+and scalded herself. Thereupon the flea began to scream. And then the
+door asked: "Why are you screaming, flea?" "Because Little Spider has
+scalded herself in the beer-tub," replied she. Thereupon the door began
+to creak as if it were in pain, and a broom, which stood in the corner,
+asked: "What are you creaking for, door?"
+
+"May I not creak?" it replied.
+
+    "The little spider scalded herself,
+    And the flea weeps."
+
+So a broom sweeps, a little cart runs, ashes burn furiously, a tree
+shakes off its leaves, a maiden breaks her pitcher, and a streamlet
+begins to flow until it swallows up the little girl, the little tree,
+the ashes, the cart, the broom, the door, the flea, and, last of all,
+the spider, all together.[15]
+
+The first Italian version of this story which we shall mention is from
+Sicily (Pitrè, No. 134), and is called:
+
+
+LXXXII. THE CAT AND THE MOUSE.
+
+Once upon a time there was a cat that wanted to get married. So she
+stood on a corner, and every one who passed by said: "Little Cat, what's
+the matter?" "What's the matter? I want to marry." A dog passed by and
+said: "Do you want me?" "When I see how you can sing." The dog said:
+"Bow, wow!" "Fy! What horrid singing! I don't want you." A pig passed.
+"Do you want me, Little Cat?" "When I see how you sing." "Uh! uh!" "Fy!
+You are horrid! Go away! I don't want you." A calf passed and said:
+"Little Cat, will you take me?" "When I see how you sing." "Uhm!" "Go
+away, for you are horrid! What do you want of me?" A mouse passed by:
+"Little Cat, what are you doing?" "I am going to get married." "Will you
+take me?" "And how can you sing?" "Ziu, ziu!" The cat accepted him, and
+said: "Let us go and be married, for you please me." So they were
+married.
+
+One day the cat went to buy some pastry, and left the mouse at home.
+"Don't stir out, for I am going to buy some pastry." The mouse went into
+the kitchen, saw the pot on the fire, and crept into it, for he wanted
+to eat the beans. But he did not; for the pot began to boil, and the
+mouse stayed there. The cat came back and began to cry; but the mouse
+did not appear. So the cat put the pastry in the pot for dinner. When it
+was ready the cat ate, and put some on a plate for the mouse, also. When
+she took out the pastry she saw the mouse stuck fast in it. "Ah! my
+little mouse! ah! my little mouse!" so she went and sat behind the door,
+lamenting the mouse.
+
+"What is the matter," said the door, "that you are scratching yourself
+so and tearing out your hair?"
+
+The cat said: "What is the matter? My mouse is dead, and so I tear my
+hair."
+
+The door answered: "And I, as door, will slam."
+
+In the door was a window, which said: "What's the matter, door, that you
+are slamming?"
+
+"The mouse died, the cat is tearing her hair, and I am slamming."
+
+The window answered: "And I, as window, will open and shut."
+
+In the window was a tree, that said: "Window, why do you open and shut?"
+The window answered: "The mouse died, the cat tears her hair, the door
+slams, and I open and shut." The tree answered and said: "And I, as
+tree, will throw myself down."
+
+A bird happened to alight in this tree, and said: "Tree, why did you
+throw yourself down?" The tree replied: "The mouse died, the cat tears
+her hair, the door slams, the window opens and shuts, and I, as tree,
+threw myself down." "And I, as bird, will pull out my feathers." The
+bird went and alighted on a fountain, which said: "Bird, why are you
+plucking out your feathers so?" The bird answered as the others had
+done, and the fountain said: "And I, as fountain, will dry up." A cuckoo
+went to drink at the fountain, and asked: "Fountain, why have you dried
+up?" And the fountain told him all that had happened. "And I, as cuckoo,
+will put my tail in the fire." A monk of St. Nicholas passed by, and
+said: "Cuckoo, why is your tail in the fire?" When the monk heard the
+answer he said: "And I, as monk of St. Nicholas, will go and say mass
+without my robes." Then came the queen, who, when she heard what the
+matter was, said: "And I, as queen, will go and sift the meal." At last
+the king came by, and asked: "O Queen! why are you sifting the meal?"
+When the queen had told him everything, he said: "And I, as king, am
+going to take my coffee."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+And thus the story abruptly ends. In one of Pitrè's variants a sausage
+takes the place of the mouse; in another, a tortoise.
+
+In the version from Pomigliano d'Arco (Imbriani, p. 244), an old woman,
+who finds a coin in sweeping a church, hesitates in regard to what she
+will spend it for, as in the stories above mentioned. She finally
+concludes to buy some paint for her face. After she has put it on, she
+stations herself at the window. A donkey passes, and asks what she
+wants. She answers that she wishes to marry. "Will you take me?" asks
+the donkey. "Let me hear what kind of a voice you have." "_Ingò! Ingò!
+Ingò!_" "Away! away! you would frighten me in the night!" Then a goat
+comes along, with the same result. Then follows a cat, and all the
+animals in the world; but none pleases the old woman. At last a little
+mouse passes by, and says: "Old Aunt, what are you doing there?" "I want
+to marry." "Will you take me?" "Let me hear your voice." "_Zivuzì!
+zivuzì! zivuzì! zivuzì!_" "Come up, for you please me." So the mouse
+went up to the old woman, and stayed with her. One day the old woman
+went to mass, and left the pot near the fire and told the mouse to be
+careful not to fall in it. When she came home she could not find the
+mouse anywhere. At last she went to take the soup from the pot, and
+there she found the mouse dead. She began to lament, and the ashes on
+the hearth began to scatter, and the window asked what was the matter.
+The ashes answered: "Ah! you know nothing. Friend Mouse is in the pot;
+the old woman is weeping, weeping; and I, the ashes, have wished to
+scatter." Then the window opens and shuts, the stairs fall down, the
+bird plucks out its feathers, the laurel shakes off its leaves, the
+servant girl who goes to the well breaks her pitcher, the mistress who
+was making bread throws the flour over the balcony, and finally the
+master comes home, and after he hears the story, exclaims: "And I, who
+am master, will break the bones of both of you!" And therewith he takes
+a stick and gives the servant and her mistress a sound beating.[16]
+
+There is a curious class of versions of the above story, in which the
+principal actors are a mouse and a sausage, reminding one of the Grimm
+story of "The Little Mouse, the Little Bird, and the Sausage." In the
+Venetian version (Bernoni, Punt. III. p. 81), the beginning is as
+follows: Once upon a time there was a mouse and a sausage, and one day
+the mouse said to the sausage: "I am going to mass; meanwhile get ready
+the dinner." "Yes, yes," answered the sausage. Then the mouse went to
+mass, and when he returned he found everything ready. The next day the
+sausage went to mass and the mouse prepared the dinner. He put on the
+pot, threw in the rice, and then went to taste if it was well salted.
+But he fell in and died. The sausage returned home, knocked at the
+door,--for there was no bell,--and no one answered. She called: "Mouse!
+mouse!" But he does not answer. Then the sausage went to a smith and had
+the door broken in, and called again: "Mouse, where are you?" And the
+mouse did not answer. "Now I will pour out the rice, and meanwhile he
+will come." So she went and poured out the rice, and found the mouse
+dead in the pot. "Ah! poor mouse! Oh! my mouse! What shall I do now? Oh!
+poor me!" And she began to utter a loud lamentation. Then the table
+began to go around the room, the sideboard to throw down the plates, the
+door to lock and unlock itself, the fountain to dry up, the mistress to
+drag herself along the ground, and the master threw himself from the
+balcony and broke his neck. "And all this arose from the death of this
+mouse."
+
+The version from the Marches (Gianandrea, p. 11) resembles the above
+very closely; the conclusion is as follows: "The mouse, the master of
+this castle, is dead; the sausage weeps, the broom sweeps, the door
+opens and shuts, the cart runs, the tree throws off its leaves, the bird
+plucks out its feathers, the servant breaks her pitcher," etc.
+
+The version from Milan (_Nov. fior._ p. 552) resembles the one from
+Venice. Instead of the mouse and the sausage we have the big mouse and
+the little mouse. In the version from Leghorn (Papanti, p. 19) called
+"Vezzino and Lady Sausage,"[Q] the actors are Lady Sausage and her son
+Vezzino, who falls into the pot on the fire while his mother is at mass.
+The rest of the story does not differ materially from the above
+versions.
+
+[Footnote Q: _Vezzino e Madonna Salciccia. Vezzino_ is the dim. of
+_vezzo_, delight, pastime.]
+
+In the Grimm story of the "Golden Goose," the goose has the power of
+causing anything that touches it to stick fast. This same idea is
+reproduced in several Italian stories. The best is from Venice (Bernoni,
+_Fiabe_, p. 21) and is called:
+
+
+LXXXIII. A FEAST DAY.
+
+Once upon a time there was a husband and wife; the husband was a
+boatman. One feast day the boatman took it into his head to buy a fowl,
+which he carried home and said: "See here, wife, to-day is a feast day;
+I want a good dinner; cook it well, for my friend Tony is coming to dine
+with us and has said that he would bring a tart." "Very well," she said,
+"I will prepare the fowl at once." So she cleaned it, washed it, put it
+on the fire, and said: "While it is boiling I will go and hear a mass."
+She shut the kitchen door and left the dog and the cat inside. Scarcely
+had she closed the door when the dog went to the hearth and perceived
+that there was a good odor there and said: "Oh, what a good smell!" He
+called the cat, also, and said: "Cat, you come here, too; smell what a
+good odor there is! see if you can push off the cover with your paws."
+The cat went and scratched and scratched and down went the cover.
+"Now," said the dog, "see if you can catch it with your claws." Then the
+cat seized the fowl and dragged it to the middle of the kitchen. The dog
+said: "Shall we eat half of it?" The cat said: "Let us eat it all." So
+they ate it all and stuffed themselves like pigs. When they had eaten it
+they said: "Alas for us! What shall we do when the mistress comes home?
+She will surely beat us both." So they both ran all over the house, here
+and there, but could find no place in which to hide. They were going to
+hide under the bed. "No," they said, "for she will see us." They were
+going under the sofa; but that would not do, for she would see them
+there. Finally the cat looked up and saw under the beams a cobweb. He
+gave a leap and jumped into it. The dog looked at him and said: "Run
+away! you are mad! you can be seen, for your tail sticks out! come down,
+come down!" "I cannot, I cannot, for I am stuck fast!" "Wait, I will
+come and pull you out." He gave a spring to catch him by the tail and
+pull him down. Instead of that he, too, stuck fast to the cat's tail. He
+made every effort to loosen himself, but he could not and there he had
+to stay.
+
+Meanwhile the mistress does not wait until the priest finishes the mass,
+but runs quickly home. She runs and opens the door and is going to skim
+the pot, when she discovers that the fowl is no longer there, and in the
+middle of the kitchen she sees the bones all gnawed. "Ah, poor me! the
+cat and the dog have eaten the fowl. Now I will give them both a
+beating." So she takes a stick and then goes to find them. She looks
+here, she looks there, but does not find them anywhere. In despair she
+comes back to the kitchen, but does not find them there. "Where the
+deuce have they hidden?" Just then she raises her eyes and sees them
+both stuck fast under the beams. "Ah, are you there? now just wait!" and
+she climbs on a table and is going to pull them down, when she sticks
+fast to the dog's tail. She tries to free herself, but cannot.
+
+Her husband knocked at the door. "Here, open!" "I cannot, I am fast."
+"Loosen yourself and open the door! where the deuce are you fastened?"
+"I cannot, I tell you." "Open! it is noon." "I cannot, for I am fast."
+"But where are you fast?" "To the dog's tail." "I will give you the
+dog's tail, you silly woman!" He gave the door two or three kicks, broke
+it in, went into the kitchen, and saw cat, dog, and mistress all fast.
+"Ah, you are all fast, are you? just wait, I will loosen you." He went
+to loosen them, but stuck fast himself. Friend Tony comes and knocks.
+"Friend? Open! I have the tart here." "I cannot; my friend, I am fast!"
+"Bad luck to you! Are you fast at this time? You knew I was coming and
+got fast? Come, loosen yourself and open the door!" He said again: "I
+cannot come and open, for I am fast." Finally the friend became angry,
+kicked in the door, went into the kitchen, and saw all those souls stuck
+fast and laughed heartily. "Just wait, for I will loosen you now." So he
+gave a great pull, the cat's tail was loosened, the cat fell into the
+dog's mouth, the dog into his mistress' mouth, the mistress into her
+husband's, her husband into his friend's, and his friend into the mouth
+of the blockheads who are listening to me.[17]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following nonsense story from Venice (Bernoni, Punt. I. p. 18) will
+give a good idea of a class that is not very well represented in Italy.
+It is called:
+
+
+LXXXIV. THE THREE BROTHERS.
+
+Once upon a time there were three brothers: two had no clothes and one
+no shirt. The weather was very bad and they make up their minds to go
+shooting. So they took down three guns,--two were broken and one had no
+barrel,--and walked and walked until they came at last to a meadow,
+where they saw a hare. They began to fire at it, but could not catch it.
+"What shall we do?" said one of them. They remembered that near by a
+godmother of theirs lived; so they went and knocked at her door and
+asked her to lend them a pot to cook the hare they had not caught. The
+godmother was not at home, but nevertheless she answered: "My children,
+go in the kitchen and there you will find three pots, two broken and one
+with no bottom; take whichever you wish." "Thanks, Godmother!" They went
+into the kitchen and chose the one without a bottom and put the hare in
+it to cook. While the hare was cooking, one said: "Let us ask our
+godmother whether she has anything in her garden." So they asked her and
+she said: "Yes, yes, my children, I have three walnut-trees; two are
+dead and one has never borne any nuts; knock off as many as you wish."
+One went and shook the tree that had never borne nuts, and a little nut
+fell on his hat and broke his heel. Thereupon they picked up the nuts
+and went to get the hare, which meanwhile was cooked, and said: "What
+shall we do with so much stuff?" So they went to a village where there
+were many ill, and they put up a notice in the street that whoever
+wished might, at such and such a place, get broth given him in charity.
+Every one went to get some, and they took it in the salad-basket, and it
+was given to them with a skimmer. One who did not belong to the village,
+drank so much of this broth that he was at the point of death. Then they
+sent for three physicians: one was blind, one deaf, and one dumb. The
+blind man went in and said: "Let me look at your tongue." The deaf man
+asked: "How are you?" The dumb said: "Give me some paper, pen and ink."
+They gave them to him and he said:
+
+    "Go to the apothecary,
+    For he knows the business;
+    Buy two cents' worth of I know not what,
+    Put it wherever you wish.
+    He will get well I know not when,
+    I will leave and commend him to you."[18]
+
+One of the most popular of Italian tales, as the collector tells us, is
+one of which we give the version from Leghorn (Papanti, p. 25). It is
+called:
+
+
+LXXXV. BUCHETTINO.
+
+Once upon a time there was a child whose name was Buchettino. One
+morning his mamma called him and said: "Buchettino, will you do me a
+favor? Go and sweep the stairs." Buchettino, who was very obedient, did
+not wait to be told a second time, but went at once to sweep the stairs.
+All at once he heard a noise, and after looking all around, he found a
+penny. Then he said to himself: "What shall I do with this penny? I have
+half a mind to buy some dates... but no! for I should have to throw away
+the stones. I will buy some apples... no! I will not, for I should have
+to throw away the core. I will buy some nuts... but no, for I should
+have to throw away the shells! What shall I buy, then? I will buy--I
+will buy--enough; I will buy a pennyworth of figs." No sooner said than
+done: he bought a pennyworth of figs, and went to eat them in a tree.
+While he was eating, the ogre passed by, and seeing Buchettino eating
+figs in the tree, said:
+
+    "Buchettino,
+    My dear Buchettino,
+    Give me a little fig
+    With your dear little hand,
+    If not I will eat you!"
+
+Buchettino threw him one, but it fell in the dirt. Then the ogre
+repeated:
+
+    "Buchettino,
+    My dear Buchettino,
+    Give me a little fig
+    With your dear little hand,
+    If not I will eat you!"
+
+Then Buchettino threw him another, which also fell in the dirt. The ogre
+said again:
+
+    "Buchettino,
+    My dear Buchettino,
+    Give me a little fig
+    With your dear little hand,
+    If not I will eat you!"
+
+Poor Buchettino, who did not see the trick, and did not know that the
+ogre was doing everything to get him into his net and eat him up, what
+does he do? he leans down and foolishly gives him a fig with his little
+hand. The ogre, who wanted nothing better, suddenly seized him by the
+arm and put him in his bag; then he took him on his back and started for
+home, crying with all his lungs:
+
+    "Wife, my wife,
+    Put the kettle on the fire,
+    For I have caught Buchettino!
+    Wife, my wife,
+    Put the kettle on the fire,
+    For I have caught Buchettino!"
+
+When the ogre was near his house he put the bag on the ground, and went
+off to attend to something else. Buchettino, with a knife that he had in
+his pocket, cut the bag open in a trice, filled it with large stones,
+and then:
+
+    "My legs, it is no shame
+    To run away when there is need."
+
+When the rascal of an ogre returned he picked up the bag, and scarcely
+had he arrived home when he said to his wife: "Tell me, my wife, have
+you put the kettle on the fire?" She answered at once: "Yes." "Then,"
+said the ogre, "we will cook Buchettino; come here, help me!" And both
+taking the bag, they carried it to the hearth and were going to throw
+poor Buchettino into the kettle, but instead they found only the stones.
+Imagine how cheated the ogre was. He was so angry that he bit his hands.
+He could not swallow the trick played on him by Buchettino and swore to
+find him again and be revenged. So the next day he began to go all about
+the city and to look into all the hiding places. At last he happened to
+raise his eyes and saw Buchettino on a roof, ridiculing him and laughing
+so hard that his mouth extended from ear to ear. The ogre thought he
+should burst with rage, but he pretended not to see it and in a very
+sweet tone he said: "O Buchettino; just tell me, how did you manage to
+climb up there?" Buchettino answered: "Do you really want to know? Then
+listen. I put dishes upon dishes, glasses upon glasses, pans upon pans,
+kettles upon kettles; afterwards I climbed up on them and here I am."
+"Ah! is that so?" said the ogre; "wait a bit!" And quickly he took so
+many dishes, so many glasses, pans, kettles, and made a great mountain
+of them; then he began to climb up, to go and catch Buchettino. But when
+he was on the top--_brututum_--everything fell down; and that rascal of
+an ogre fell down on the stones and was cheated again.
+
+Then Buchettino, well pleased, ran to his mamma, who put a piece of
+candy in his little mouth--See whether there is any more![19]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We will end this chapter with two stories in which the chief actors are
+animals. One of these stories will doubtless be very familiar to our
+readers. The first is from Venice (Bernoni, Punt. III. p. 65).
+
+
+LXXXVI. THE THREE GOSLINGS.
+
+Once upon a time there were three goslings who were greatly afraid of
+the wolf; for if he found them he would eat them. One day the largest
+said to the other two: "Do you know what I think? I think we had better
+build a little house, so that the wolf shall not eat us, and meanwhile
+let us go and look for something to build the house with." Then the
+other two said: "Yes, yes, yes... good! let us go!" So they went and
+found a man who had a load of straw and said to him: "Good man, do us
+the favor to give us a little of that straw to make a house of, so that
+the wolf shall not eat us." The man said: "Take it, take it!" and he
+gave them as much as they wanted. The goslings thanked the man and took
+the straw and went away to a meadow, and there they built a lovely
+little house, with a door, and balconies, and kitchen, with everything,
+in short. When it was finished the largest gosling said: "Now I want to
+see whether one is comfortable in this house." So she went in and said:
+"Oh! how comfortable it is in this house! just wait!" She went and
+locked the door with a padlock, and went out on the balcony and said to
+the other two goslings: "I am very comfortable alone here; go away, for
+I want nothing to do with you."
+
+The two poor little goslings began to cry and beg their sister to open
+the door and let them in; if she did not, the wolf would eat them. But
+she would not listen to them. Then the two goslings went away and found
+a man who had a load of hay. They said to him: "Good man, do us the
+kindness to give us a little of that hay to build a house with, so that
+the wolf shall not eat us!" "Yes, yes, yes, take some, take some!" And
+he gave them as much as they wanted. The goslings, well pleased, thanked
+the man and carried the hay to a meadow and built a very pretty little
+house, prettier than the other. The middle-sized gosling said to the
+smallest: "Listen. I am going now to see whether one is comfortable in
+this house; but I will not act like our sister, you know!" She entered
+the house and said to herself: "Oh! how comfortable it is here! I don't
+want my sister! I am very comfortable here alone." So she went and
+fastened the door with a padlock, and went out on the balcony and said
+to her sister: "Oh! how comfortable it is in this house! I don't want
+you here! go away, go away!" The poor gosling began to weep and beg her
+sister to open to her, for she was alone, and did not know where to go,
+and if the wolf found her he would eat her; but it did no good: she shut
+the balcony and stayed in the house.
+
+Then the gosling, full of fear, went away and found a man who had a load
+of iron and stones and said to him: "Good man, do me the favor to give
+me a few of those stones and a little of that iron to build me a house
+with, so that the wolf shall not eat me!" The man pitied the gosling so
+much that he said: "Yes, yes, good gosling, or rather I will build your
+house for you." Then they went away to a meadow, and the man built a
+very pretty house, with a garden and everything necessary, and very
+strong, for it was lined with iron, and the balcony and door of iron
+also. The gosling, well pleased, thanked the man and went into the house
+and remained there.
+
+Now let us go to the wolf.
+
+The wolf looked everywhere for these goslings, but could not find them.
+After a time he learned that they had built three houses. "Good, good!"
+he said; "wait until I find you!" Then he started out and journeyed and
+journeyed until he came to the meadow where the first house was. He
+knocked at the door and the gosling said: "Who is knocking at the door?"
+"Come, come," said the wolf; "open, for it is I." The gosling said: "I
+will not open for you, because you will eat me." "Open, open! I will not
+eat you, be not afraid. Very well," said the wolf, "if you will not open
+the door I will blow down your house." And indeed he did blow down the
+house and ate up the gosling. "Now that I have eaten one," he said, "I
+will eat the others too." Then he went away and came at last to the
+house of the second gosling, and everything happened as to the first,
+the wolf blew down the house and ate the gosling. Then he went in search
+of the third and when he found her he knocked at the door, but she would
+not let him in. Then he tried to blow the house down, but could not;
+then he climbed on the roof and tried to trample the house down, but in
+vain. "Very well," he said to himself, "in one way or another I will eat
+you." Then he came down from the roof and said to the gosling: "Listen,
+gosling. Do you wish us to make peace? I don't want to quarrel with you
+who are so good, and I have thought that to-morrow we will cook some
+macaroni and I will bring the butter and cheese and you will furnish the
+flour." "Very good," said the gosling, "bring them then." The wolf, well
+satisfied, saluted the gosling and went away. The next day the gosling
+got up early and went and bought the meal and then returned home and
+shut the house. A little later the wolf came and knocked at the door and
+said: "Come, gosling, open the door, for I have brought you the butter
+and cheese!" "Very well, give it to me here by the balcony." "No indeed,
+open the door!" "I will open when all is ready." Then the wolf gave her
+the things by the balcony and went away. While he was gone the gosling
+prepared the macaroni, and put it on the fire to cook in a kettle full
+of water. When it was two o'clock the wolf came and said: "Come,
+gosling, open the door." "No, I will not open, for when I am busy I
+don't want any one in the way; when it is cooked, I will open and you
+may come in and eat it." A little while after, the gosling said to the
+wolf: "Would you like to try a bit of macaroni to see whether it is well
+cooked?" "Open the door! that is the better way." "No, no; don't think
+you are coming in; put your mouth to the hole in the shelf and I will
+pour the macaroni down." The wolf, all greedy as he was, put his mouth
+to the hole and then the gosling took the kettle of boiling water and
+poured the boiling water instead of the macaroni through the hole into
+the wolf's mouth; and the wolf was scalded and killed. Then the gosling
+took a knife and cut open the wolf's stomach, and out jumped the other
+goslings, who were still alive, for the wolf was so greedy that he had
+swallowed them whole. Then these goslings begged their sister's pardon
+for the mean way in which they had treated her, and she, because she was
+kind-hearted, forgave them and took them into her house, and there they
+ate their macaroni and lived together happy and contented.[20]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A curious variant of the above story is found in the same collection (p.
+69) under the title:
+
+
+LXXXVII. THE COCK.
+
+Once upon a time there was a cock, and this cock flew here and flew
+there, and flew on an arbor, and there he found a letter. He opened the
+letter and saw: "Cock, steward,"----and that he was invited to Rome by
+the Pope.
+
+The cock started on his journey, and after a time met the hen: "Where
+are you going, Friend Cock?" said the hen. "I flew," said he, "upon an
+arbor and found a letter, and this letter said that I was invited to
+Rome by the Pope." "Just see, friend," said the hen, "whether I am there
+too." "Wait a bit." Then he turned the letter, and saw written there:
+"Cock, steward; Hen, stewardess." "Come, friend, for you are there too."
+"Very well!"
+
+Then the two started off, and soon met the goose, who said: "Where are
+you going, Friend Cock and Friend Hen?" "I flew," said the cock, "upon
+an arbor, and I found a letter, and this letter said that we were
+invited to Rome by the Pope." "Just look, friend, whether I am there
+too." Then the cock opened the letter, read it, and saw that there was
+written: "Cock, steward; Hen, stewardess; Goose, abbess." "Come, come,
+friend; you are there too." So they took her along, and all three went
+their way.
+
+[After a time they found the duck, and the cock saw written in the
+letter: "Cock, steward; Hen, stewardess; Goose, abbess; Duck, countess."
+They next met a little bird, and found he was down in the letter as
+"little man-servant." Finally they came across the wood-louse, whom they
+found mentioned in the letter as "maid-servant." On their journey they
+came to a forest, and saw a wolf at a distance. The cock, hen, goose,
+and duck plucked out their feathers and built houses to shelter
+themselves from the wolf. The poor bug, that had no feathers, dug a hole
+in the ground and crept into it. The wolf came, and as in the last
+story, blew down the four houses and devoured their occupants. Then he
+tried to get at the bug in the same way; but blew so hard that he burst,
+and out came the cock, hen, goose, and duck, safe and sound, and began
+to make a great noise. The bug heard it and came out of her hole, and
+after they had rejoiced together, they separated and each returned home
+and thought no more of going to Rome to the Pope.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is a version from the Marches (Gianandrea, p. 21), called, "The
+Marriage of Thirteen." The animals are the same as in the last story. On
+their journey they meet the wolf, who accompanies them, although his
+name is not in the letter. After a time the wolf becomes hungry, and
+exclaims: "I am hungry." The cock answers: "I have nothing to give you."
+"Very well; then I will eat you;" and he swallows him whole. And so he
+devours one after the other, until the bird only remains. The bird flies
+from tree to tree and bush to bush, and around the wolf's head, until he
+drives him wild with anger. At last along comes a woman with a basket on
+her head, carrying food to the reapers. The bird says to the wolf that
+if he will spare his life he will get him something to eat from the
+basket. The wolf promises, and the bird alights near the woman, who
+tries to catch him; the bird flies on a little way, and the woman puts
+down her basket and runs after him. Meanwhile the wolf draws near the
+basket and begins eating its contents. When the woman sees that, she
+cries: "Help!" and the reapers run up with sticks and scythes, and kill
+the wolf, and the animals that he had devoured all came out of his
+stomach, safe and sound.[21]
+
+There are two Sicilian versions of the story of "The Cock." One (Pitrè,
+No. 279), "The Wolf and the Finch," opens like the Venetian. The animals
+are: Cock, king; Hen, queen; Viper, chambermaid; Wolf, Pope; and Finch,
+keeper of the castle. The wolf then proceeds to confess the others, and
+eats them in turn until he comes to the finch, which plays a joke on him
+and flies away. The conclusion of the story is disfigured, nothing being
+said of the wolf's punishment or the recovery of the other animals.
+
+The other Sicilian version is in Gonzenbach (No. 66). We give it,
+however, for completeness and because it recalls a familiar story in
+Grimm.[22] It is entitled:
+
+
+LXXXVIII. THE COCK THAT WISHED TO BECOME POPE.
+
+It occurred once to the cock to go to Rome and have himself elected
+Pope. So he started out, and on the way found a letter, which he took
+with him. The hen met him, and asked: "Mr. Cock, where are you going?"
+"I am going to Rome, to be Pope." "Will you take me with you?" she
+asked. "First I must look in my letter," said the cock, and looked at
+his letter. "Come along; if I become Pope, you can be the Popess." So
+Mr. Cock and Mrs. Hen continued their journey and met a cat, who said:
+"Mr. Cock and Mrs. Hen, where are you going?" "We are going to Rome, and
+wish to be Pope and Popess." "Will you take me with you?" "Wait until I
+look in my letter," said the cock, and glanced at it. "Very well; come
+along; you can be our lady's-maid." After a while they met a weasel, who
+asked: "Where are you going, Mr. Cock, Mrs. Hen, and Mrs. Cat?" "We are
+going to Rome, where I intend to become Pope," answered the cock. "Will
+you take me with you?" "Wait until I look in my letter," said he. When
+the cock looked in his letter, he said: "Very well; come along."
+
+So the three animals continued their journey together towards Rome. At
+night-fall they came to a little house where lived an old witch, who had
+just gone out. So each animal chose a place to suit him. The weasel sat
+himself in the cupboard, the cat on the hearth in the warm ashes, and
+the cock and the hen flew up on the beam over the door.
+
+When the old witch came home she wanted to get a light out of the
+cupboard, and the weasel struck her in the face with his tail. Then she
+wanted to light the candle, and went to the hearth. She took the bright
+eyes of the cat for live coals and tried to light the match by them, and
+hit the cat in the eyes. The cat jumped in her face and scratched her
+frightfully. When the cock heard all the noise he began to crow loudly.
+Then the witch saw that they were no ghosts, but harmless domestic
+animals, and took a stick and drove all four out of the house.
+
+The cat and the weasel had no longer any desire to prolong their
+journey; but the cock and hen continued their way.
+
+When they reached Rome they entered an open church, and the cock said
+to the sexton: "Have all the bells rung, for now I will be Pope."
+"Good!" answered the sexton; "that may be, but just come in here." Then
+he led the cock and the hen into the sacristry, shut the door, and
+caught them both. After he had caught them he twisted their necks and
+put them in the pot. Then he invited his friends, and they ate with
+great glee Mr. Cock and Mrs. Hen.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+STORIES AND JESTS.
+
+
+Until the Reformation, Europe was, by its religion and the culture
+growing out of it, a homogeneous state. Not only, however, did the
+legends of the Church find access to the people everywhere, but the
+stories imported from the Orient were equally popular and wide-spread.
+The absence of other works of entertainment and the monotonous character
+of the legends increased the popularity of tales which were amusing and
+interesting. We have considered in other places the fairy tales and
+those stories which are of more direct Oriental origin. In the present
+chapter we shall examine those stories which are of the character of
+jests or amusing stories, some of which are also Oriental, but may more
+appropriately be classed in this chapter. The first story we shall
+mention is familiar to the reader from the ballad of "King John and the
+Abbot of Canterbury," in Percy and Bürger's poem of _Der Kaiser und der
+Abt_. There are two popular versions in Italian, as well as several
+literary ones. The shortest is from Milan (Imbriani, _Nov. fior._ p.
+621), and is entitled:
+
+
+XCI. THE COOK.
+
+There was once a lord whose name was
+"Abbot-who-eats-and-drinks-without-thinking." The king went there and
+saw this name on the door, and said that if he had nothing to think of,
+he would give him something to think of. He told him that he must do in
+a week the three things which he told him. First, to tell him how many
+stars there were in heaven, how many fathoms of rope it would take to
+reach to heaven, and what he, the king, was thinking of. The cook saw
+that his master was sad, and sat with his head bent over the table, and
+asked him what was the matter, and his master told him everything. The
+cook promised to settle the matter if he would give him half of his
+property. He also asked for the skin of a dead ass, a cart-load of rope,
+and his master's hat and cloak. Then the cook went to the king, who said
+to him: "Well, how many stars are there in heaven?" The cook answered:
+"Whoever counts the hairs on this ass' skin will know how many stars
+there are in heaven." Then the king told him to count them, and he
+answered that his share was already counted, and that it was for the
+king to count now. Then the king asked him how many fathoms of rope it
+would take to reach to heaven, and the cook replied: "Take this rope and
+go to heaven, and then come back and count how many fathoms there are."
+Finally the king asked: "What am I thinking of?" "You are thinking that
+I am the abbot; instead of that, I am the cook, and I have here the
+stew-pan to try the broth."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The version in Pitrè (No. 97) is much better. It is called:
+
+
+XCII. THE THOUGHTLESS ABBOT.
+
+There was once in a city a priest who became an abbot, and who had his
+carriages, horses, grooms, steward, secretary, valet, and many other
+persons on account of the wealth that he had. This abbot thought only of
+eating, drinking, and sleeping. All the priests and laymen were jealous
+of him, and called him the "Thoughtless Abbot."
+
+One day the king happened to pass that way, and stopped, and all the
+abbot's enemies went to him straightway, and accused the abbot, saying:
+"Your Majesty, in this town there is a person happier than you, very
+rich, and lacking nothing in the world, and he is called the
+'Thoughtless Abbot.'"
+
+After reflection the king said to the accusers: "Gentlemen, depart in
+peace, for I will soon make this abbot think." The king sent directly
+for the abbot, who had his carriage made ready, and went to the king in
+his coach and four. The king received him kindly, made him sit at his
+side, and talked about various things with him. Finally he asked him why
+they called him the "Thoughtless Abbot," and he replied that it was
+because he was free from care, and that his servants attended to his
+interests.
+
+Then the king said: "Well, then, Sir Abbot, since you have nothing to
+do, do me the favor to count all the stars in the sky, and this within
+three days and three nights; otherwise you will surely be beheaded." The
+poor "Thoughtless Abbot" on hearing these words began to tremble like a
+leaf, and taking leave of the king, returned home, in mortal fear for
+his neck.
+
+When meal-time came, he could not eat on account of his great anxiety,
+and went at once out on the terrace to look at the sky, but the poor man
+could not see a single star. When it grew dark, and the stars came out,
+the poor abbot began to count them and write it down. But it grew dark
+and light again, without the abbot succeeding in his task. The cook, the
+steward, the secretaries, the grooms, the coachmen, and all the persons
+in the house became thoughtful when they saw that their master did not
+eat or drink, and always watched the sky. Not knowing what else to
+think, they believed that he had gone mad. To make the matter short, the
+three days passed without the abbot counting the stars, and the poor man
+did not know how to present himself to the king, for he was sure he
+would behead him. Finally, the last day, an old and trusty servant
+begged him so long, that he told him the whole matter, and said: "I have
+not been able to count the stars, and the king will cut my head off this
+morning." When the servant had heard all, he said: "Do not fear, leave
+it to me; I will settle everything."
+
+He went and bought a large ox-hide, stretched it on the ground, and cut
+off a piece of the tail, half an ear, and a small piece out of the side,
+and then said to the abbot: "Now let us go to the king; and when he asks
+your excellency how many stars there are in heaven, your excellency
+will call me; I will stretch the hide on the ground, and your excellency
+will say: 'The stars in heaven are as many as the hairs on this hide;
+and as there are more hairs than stars, I have been obliged to cut off
+part of the hide.'"
+
+After the abbot had heard him, he felt relieved, ordered his carriage,
+and took his servant to the king. When the king saw the abbot, he
+saluted him, and then said: "Have you fulfilled my command?" "Yes, your
+Majesty," answered the abbot, "the stars are all counted."
+
+"Then tell me how many they are." The abbot called his servant, who
+brought the hide, and spread it on the ground, while the king, not
+knowing how the matter was going to end, continued his questioning.
+
+When the servant had stretched out the hide, the abbot said to the king:
+"Your Majesty, during these three days I have gone mad counting the
+stars, and they are all counted." "In short, how many are they?" "Your
+Majesty, the stars are as many as the hairs of this hide, and those that
+were in excess, I have had to cut off, and they are so many hundreds of
+millions; and if you don't believe me, have them counted, for I have
+brought you the proof."
+
+Then the king remained with his mouth open, and had nothing to answer;
+he only said: "Go and live as long as Noah, without thoughts, for your
+mind is enough for you;" and so speaking, he dismissed him, thanking
+him, and remaining henceforth his best friend.
+
+The abbot returned home with his servant, delighted and rejoicing. He
+thanked his servant, made him his steward and intimate friend, and gave
+him more than an ounce of money a day to live on.[1]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In another Sicilian version referred to by Pitrè, vol. IV., p. 437, the
+Pope, instead of the king, wishes to know from the abbot: "What is the
+distance from heaven to earth; what God is doing in heaven; what the
+Pope is thinking of." The cook, disguised as the abbot, answers: "As
+long as this ball of thread. Rewarding the good, and punishing the
+wicked. He thinks he is speaking with the abbot, and on the contrary, is
+talking to the cook."
+
+The following story from Venice (Bernoni, _Fiabe_, No. 6) is a
+combination of the two stories in Grimm, "Clever Alice" and the "Clever
+People." It is called:
+
+
+XCIII. BASTIANELO.
+
+Once upon a time there was a husband and wife who had a son. This son
+grew up, and said one day to his mother: "Do you know, mother, I would
+like to marry!" "Very well, marry! whom do you want to take?" He
+answered: "I want the gardener's daughter." "She is a good girl; take
+her; I am willing." So he went, and asked for the girl, and her parents
+gave her to him. They were married, and when they were in the midst of
+the dinner, the wine gave out. The husband said: "There is no more
+wine!" The bride, to show that she was a good housekeeper, said: "I will
+go and get some." She took the bottles and went to the cellar, turned
+the cock, and began to think: "Suppose I should have a son, and we
+should call him Bastianelo, and he should die. Oh! how grieved I should
+be! oh! how grieved I should be!" And thereupon she began to weep and
+weep; and meanwhile the wine was running all over the cellar.
+
+When they saw that the bride did not return, the mother said: "I will go
+and see what the matter is." So she went into the cellar, and saw the
+bride, with the bottle in her hand, and weeping, while the wine was
+running over the cellar. "What is the matter with you, that you are
+weeping?" "Ah! my mother, I was thinking that if I had a son, and should
+name him Bastianelo, and he should die, oh! how I should grieve! oh! how
+I should grieve!" The mother, too, began to weep, and weep, and weep;
+and meanwhile the wine was running over the cellar.
+
+When the people at the table saw that no one brought the wine, the
+groom's father said: "I will go and see what is the matter. Certainly
+something wrong has happened to the bride." He went and saw the whole
+cellar full of wine, and the mother and bride weeping. "What is the
+matter?" he said; "has anything wrong happened to you?" "No," said the
+bride, "but I was thinking that if I had a son and should call him
+Bastianelo, and he should die, oh! how I should grieve! oh! how I should
+grieve!" Then he, too, began to weep, and all three wept; and meanwhile
+the wine was running over the cellar.
+
+When the groom saw that neither the bride, nor the mother, nor the
+father came back, he said: "Now I will go and see what the matter is
+that no one returns." He went into the cellar and saw all the wine
+running over the cellar. He hastened and stopped the cask, and then
+asked: "What is the matter, that you are all weeping, and have let the
+wine run all over the cellar?" Then the bride said: "I was thinking that
+if I had a son and called him Bastianelo and he should die, oh! how I
+should grieve! oh! how I should grieve!" Then the groom said: "You
+stupid fools! are you weeping at this, and letting all the wine run into
+the cellar? Have you nothing else to think of? It shall never be said
+that I remained with you! I will roam about the world, and until I find
+three fools greater than you I will not return home."
+
+He had a bread-cake made, took a bottle of wine, a sausage, and some
+linen, and made a bundle, which he put on a stick and carried over his
+shoulder. He journeyed and journeyed, but found no fool. At last he
+said, worn out: "I must turn back, for I see I cannot find a greater
+fool than my wife." He did not know what to do, whether to go on or to
+turn back. "Oh!" he said, "it is better to try and go a little farther."
+So he went on and shortly he saw a man in his shirt-sleeves at a well,
+all wet with perspiration and water. "What are you doing, sir, that you
+are so covered with water and in such a sweat?" "Oh! let me alone," the
+man answered, "for I have been here a long time drawing water to fill
+this pail and I cannot fill it." "What are you drawing the water in?" he
+asked him. "In this sieve," he said. "What are you thinking about, to
+draw water in that sieve? Just wait!" He went to a house near by, and
+borrowed a bucket, with which he returned to the well and filled the
+pail. "Thank you, good man, God knows how long I should have had to
+remain here!" "Here is one who is a greater fool than my wife."
+
+He continued his journey and after a time he saw at a distance a man in
+his shirt who was jumping down from a tree. He drew near, and saw a
+woman under the same tree holding a pair of breeches. He asked them what
+they were doing, and they said that they had been there a long time, and
+that the man was trying on those breeches and did not know how to get
+into them. "I have jumped, and jumped," said the man, "until I am tired
+out and I cannot imagine how to get into those breeches." "Oh!" said the
+traveller, "you might stay here as long as you wished, for you would
+never get into them in this way. Come down and lean against the tree."
+Then he took his legs and put them in the breeches, and after he had put
+them on, he said: "Is that right?" "Very good, bless you; for if it had
+not been for you, God knows how long I should have had to jump." Then
+the traveller said to himself: "I have seen two greater fools than my
+wife."
+
+Then he went his way and as he approached a city he heard a great noise.
+When he drew near he asked what it was, and was told it was a marriage,
+and that it was the custom in that city for the brides to enter the city
+gate on horseback, and that there was a great discussion on this
+occasion between the groom and the owner of the horse, for the bride was
+tall and the horse high, and they could not get through the gate; so
+that they must either cut off the bride's head or the horse's legs. The
+groom did not wish his bride's head cut off, and the owner of the horse
+did not wish his horse's legs cut off, and hence this disturbance. Then
+the traveller said: "Just wait," and came up to the bride and gave her a
+slap that made her lower her head, and then he gave the horse a kick,
+and so they passed through the gate and entered the city. The groom and
+the owner of the horse asked the traveller what he wanted, for he had
+saved the groom his bride, and the owner of the horse his horse. He
+answered that he did not wish anything and said to himself: "Two and one
+make three! that is enough; now I will go home." He did so and said to
+his wife: "Here I am, my wife; I have seen three greater fools then you;
+now let us remain in peace and think about nothing else." They renewed
+the wedding and always remained in peace. After a time the wife had a
+son whom they named Bastianelo, and Bastianelo did not die, but still
+lives with his father and mother.[2]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is a Sicilian version of this story (Pitrè, No. 148) called, "The
+Peasant of Larcàra," in which the bride's mother imagines that her
+daughter has a son who falls into the cistern. The groom (they are not
+yet married) is disgusted and sets out on his travels with no fixed
+purpose of returning if he finds some fools greater than his
+mother-in-law, as in the Venetian tale. The first fool he meets is a
+mother, whose child, in playing the game called _nocciole_,[R] tries to
+get his hand out of the hole while his fist is full of stones. He
+cannot, of course, and the mother thinks they will have to cut off his
+hand. The traveller tells the child to drop the stones, and then he
+draws out his hand easily enough. Next he finds a bride who cannot enter
+the church because she is very tall and wears a high comb. The
+difficulty is settled as in the former story.
+
+[Footnote R: A game played with peach-pits, which are thrown into holes
+made in the ground and to which certain numbers are attached.]
+
+After a while he comes to a woman who is spinning and drops her spindle.
+She calls out to the pig, whose name is Tony, to pick it up for her. The
+pig does nothing but grunt, and the woman in anger cries: "Well, you
+won't pick it up? May your mother die!"
+
+The traveller, who had overheard all this, takes a piece of paper, which
+he folds up like a letter, and then knocks at the door. "Who is there?"
+"Open the door, for I have a letter for you from Tony's mother, who is
+ill and wishes to see her son before she dies." The woman wonders that
+her imprecation has taken effect so soon, and readily consents to Tony's
+visit. Not only this, but she loads a mule with everything necessary for
+the comfort of the body and soul of the dying pig.
+
+The traveller leads away the mule with Tony, and returns home so pleased
+with having found that the outside world contains so many fools that he
+marries as he had first intended.
+
+The credulity of the woman in the last version, in allowing Tony to
+visit his sick mother, finds a parallel in a Neapolitan story (Imbriani,
+_Pomiglianesi_, p. 226) called:
+
+
+XCIV. CHRISTMAS.
+
+Once upon a time there was a husband who had a wife who was a little
+foolish. One day he said to her: "Come, put the house in order, for
+Christmas is coming." As soon as he left the house his wife went out on
+the balcony and asked every one who passed if his name was Christmas.
+All said No; but finally, one--to see why she asked--said Yes. Then she
+made him come in, and gave him everything that she had (in order to
+clean out the house). When her husband returned he asked her what she
+had done with things. She responded that she had given them to
+Christmas, as he had ordered. Her husband was so enraged at what he
+heard that he seized her and gave her a good beating.
+
+Another time she asked her husband when he was going to kill the pig. He
+answered: "At Christmas." The wife did as before, and when she spied the
+man called Christmas she called him and gave him the pig, which she had
+adorned with her earrings and necklace, saying that her husband had so
+commanded her. When her husband returned and learned what she had done,
+he gave her a sound thrashing; and from that time he learned to say
+nothing more to his wife.[3]
+
+In the Sicilian version, Pitrè, No. 186, "Long May,"[S] the wife, who is
+very anxious to make more room in her house by getting rid of the grain
+stored in it, asks her husband when they shall clean out the house. He
+answers: "When Long May comes." The wife asks the passers-by if they are
+Long May; and at last a swindler says he is, and receives as a gift all
+the grain. The swindler was a potter, and the woman told him that he
+ought to give her a load of pots. He did so, and the wife knocked a hole
+in the bottom of each, and strung them on a rope stretched across the
+room. It is needless to say that when the husband returned the wife
+received a beating "that left her more dead than alive."
+
+[Footnote S: There is a Sicilian phrase: "Long as the month of May," to
+indicate what is very long.]
+
+Another story about foolish people is the following Venetian tale
+(Bernoni, _Fiabe_, xiii.), entitled:
+
+
+XCV. THE WAGER.
+
+There was once a husband and a wife. The former said one day to the
+latter: "Let us have some fritters." She replied: "What shall we do for
+a frying-pan?" "Go and borrow one from my godmother." "You go and get
+it; it is only a little way off." "Go yourself; I will take it back when
+we are done with it." So she went and borrowed the pan, and when she
+returned said to her husband: "Here is the pan, but you must carry it
+back." So they cooked the fritters, and after they had eaten, the
+husband said: "Now let us go to work, both of us, and the one who speaks
+first shall carry back the pan." Then she began to spin and he to draw
+his thread,--for he was a shoemaker,--and all the time keeping silence,
+except that when he drew his thread he said: "_Leulerò, leulerò_;" and
+she, spinning, answered: "_Picicì, picicì, piciciò_." And they said not
+another word.
+
+Now there happened to pass that way a soldier with a horse, and he asked
+a woman if there was any shoemaker in that street. She said that there
+was one near by, and took him to the house. The soldier asked the
+shoemaker to come and cut his horse a girth, and he would pay him. The
+latter made no answer but: "_Leulerò, leulerò_," and his wife: "_Picicì,
+picicì, piciciò_." Then the soldier said: "Come and cut my horse a
+girth, or I will cut your head off!" The shoemaker only answered:
+"_Leulerò, leulerò_," and his wife: "_Picicì, picicì, piciciò_." Then
+the soldier began to grow angry, and seized his sword and said to the
+shoemaker: "Either come and cut my horse a girth, or I will cut your
+head off!"
+
+But to no purpose. The shoemaker did not wish to be the first one to
+speak, and only replied: "_Leulerò, leulerò_," and his wife: "_Picicì,
+picicì, piciciò_." Then the soldier got mad in good earnest, seized the
+shoemaker's head, and was going to cut it off. When his wife saw that,
+she cried out: "Ah! don't, for mercy's sake!" "Good!" exclaimed her
+husband, "good! Now you go and carry the pan back to my godmother, and I
+will go and cut the horse's girth." And so he did, and won the wager.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In a Sicilian story with the same title (Pitrè, No. 181), the husband
+and wife fry some fish, and then set about their respective
+work,--shoemaking and spinning,--and the one who finishes first the
+piece of work begun is to eat the fish. While they were singing and
+whistling at their work, a friend comes along, who knocks at the door,
+but receives no answer. Then he enters and speaks to them, but still no
+reply; finally, in anger, he sits down at the table and eats up all the
+fish himself.[4]
+
+One of our most popular stories illustrating woman's obstinacy is found
+everywhere in Italy. The following is the Sicilian version:
+
+
+XCVI. SCISSORS THEY WERE.
+
+Once upon a time there was a husband and a wife. The husband was a
+tailor; so was the wife, and in addition was a good housekeeper. One
+day the husband found some things in the kitchen broken,--pots, glasses,
+plates. He asked: "How were they broken?" "How do I know?" answered the
+wife. "What do you mean by saying 'how do I know?' Who broke them?" "Who
+broke them? I, with the scissors," said the wife, in anger. "With the
+scissors?" "With the scissors!" "Are you telling the truth? I want to
+know what you broke them with. If you don't tell me, I will beat you."
+"With the scissors!" (for she had the scissors in her hand). "Scissors,
+do you say?" "Scissors they were!" "Ah! what do you mean? Wait a bit; I
+will make you see whether it was you with the scissors." So he tied a
+rope around her and began to lower her into the well, saying: "Come, how
+did you break them? You see I am lowering you into the well." "It was
+the scissors!" The husband, seeing her so obstinate, lowered her into
+the well; and she, for all that, did not hold her tongue. "How did you
+break them?" said the husband. "It was the scissors." Then her husband
+lowered her more, until she was half way down. "What did you do it
+with?" "It was the scissors." Then he lowered her until her feet touched
+the water. "What did you do it with?" "It was the scissors!" Then he let
+her down into the water to her waist. "What did you do it with?" "It was
+the scissors!" "Take care!" cried her husband, enraged at seeing her so
+obstinate, "it will take but little to put you under the water. You had
+better tell what you did it with; it will be better for you. How is it
+possible to break pots and dishes with the scissors! What has become of
+the pieces, if they were cut?" "It was the scissors! the scissors!" Then
+he let go the rope. Splash! his wife is all under the water. "Are you
+satisfied now? Do you say any longer that it was with the scissors?" The
+wife could not speak any more, for she was under the water; but what did
+she do? She stuck her hand up out of the water, and with her fingers
+began to make signs as if she were cutting with the scissors. What could
+the poor husband do? He said: "I am losing my wife, and then I shall
+have to go after her. I will pull her out now, and she may say that it
+was the scissors or the shears." Then he pulled her out, and there was
+no way of making her tell with what she had broken all those things in
+the kitchen.[5]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Another familiar story is:
+
+
+XCVII. THE DOCTOR'S APPRENTICE.
+
+Once upon a time there was a doctor who took his apprentice with him
+when he made his visits. One day while visiting a patient, the doctor
+said: "Why do you not listen to my orders that you are not to eat
+anything?" The invalid said: "Sir, I assure you that I have eaten
+nothing." "That is not true," answered the doctor, "for I have found
+your pulse beating like that of a person who has eaten grapes." The
+patient, convicted, said: "It is true that I have eaten some grapes; but
+it was only a little bunch." "Very well; do not risk eating again, and
+don't think you can fool me."
+
+The poor apprentice, who was with the doctor, was amazed to see how his
+master guessed from the pulse that his patient had eaten grapes; and as
+soon as they had left the house he asked: "Master, how did you perceive
+that he had eaten grapes?" "Listen," said the doctor. "A person who
+visits the sick must never pass for a fool. As soon as you enter, cast
+your eyes on the bed and under the bed, too, and from the crumbs that
+you see you can guess what the patient has eaten. I saw the stalk of the
+grapes, and from that I inferred that he had eaten grapes."
+
+The next day there were many patients in the town, and the doctor, not
+being able to visit them all, sent his apprentice to visit a few. Among
+others, the apprentice went to see the man who had eaten the grapes; and
+wishing to play the part of an expert like his master, to show that he
+was a skilful physician, when he perceived that there were bits of straw
+under the bed, said angrily: "Will you not understand that you must not
+eat?" The invalid said: "I assure you that I have not even tasted a
+drop of water." "Yes, sir, you have," answered the apprentice; "you have
+been eating straw, for I see the bits under the bed." The sick man
+replied at once: "Do you take me for an ass like yourself?" And so the
+apprentice cut the figure of the fool that he was.[6]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There are two figures in Sicilian folk-lore around whom many jokes have
+gathered which are, in other parts of Italy, told of some nameless
+person or attributed to the continental counterparts of the insular
+heroes. These two are Firrazzanu and Giufà. The former is the practical
+joker; the second, the typical booby found in the popular literature of
+all peoples.
+
+The following stories of Firrazzanu (unless otherwise indicated) are
+from Pitrè, No. 156.
+
+
+XCVIII. FIRRAZZANU'S WIFE AND THE QUEEN.
+
+Firrazzanu was the valet of a prince in Palermo, on whom he also played
+his tricks; but as Firrazzanu was known and everybody was amused by him,
+the prince overlooked them.
+
+The queen was once in Palermo, and wished to know Firrazzanu. He went to
+see her, and amused her somewhat. The queen said: "Are you married, or
+single?" "Married, your Majesty." "I wish to make your wife's
+acquaintance." "How can that be, your Majesty, for my wife is deaf?"
+(Firrazzanu made this up out of his own head, for it was not true.) "No
+matter; when I speak with her I will scream. Go, have your wife come
+here."
+
+Firrazzanu went home. "Fanny, the queen wants to know you; but you must
+remember that she is a little hard of hearing, and if you wish to speak
+to her, you must raise your voice."
+
+"Very well," said his wife, "let us go." When they arrived at the palace
+she said to the queen, in a loud voice: "At your Majesty's feet!" The
+queen said to herself: "You see, because she is deaf, she screams as if
+everybody else were deaf!" Then she said to her, loudly: "Good day, my
+friend; how do you do?" "Very well, your Majesty!" answered Firrazzanu's
+wife, still louder. The queen, to make herself heard, raised her voice
+and screamed, also, and Fanny, for her part, cried out louder and
+louder, so that it seemed as if they were quarrelling. Firrazzanu could
+contain himself no longer, and began to laugh, so that the queen
+perceived the joke; and if Firrazzanu had not run away, perhaps she
+would have had him arrested, and who knows how the matter had ended?[7]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The second story, "The Tailor who twisted his Mouth," has already been
+mentioned in Chapter III.
+
+On one occasion (No. 7) the viceroy gave a feast, and needed some
+partridges. Now the word _pirnicana_ means both partridge and humpback;
+so Firrazzanu said he would get the viceroy as many _pirnicani_ as he
+wanted, although they were very scarce. The viceroy said twenty would
+do. Firrazzanu then collected a score of humpbacks and introduced them
+into the viceroy's kitchen, sending word to the viceroy that the
+_pirnicani_ were ready. His excellency wished to see them, and
+Firrazzanu led his troop to his apartment. When they were all in,
+Firrazzanu said: "Here they are." The viceroy looked around and said:
+"Where?" "Here. You wanted _pirnicani_, and these are _pirnicani_." The
+viceroy laughed, gave each of the humpbacks a present, and dismissed
+them.[8]
+
+Another time, while the prince was at dinner, Firrazzanu led a number of
+asses under his window, and made them bray so that the poor prince was
+driven almost to distraction. The author of the joke, as usual, took to
+his heels, and escaped.
+
+Once a very wealthy prince, having a great number of rents to collect,
+and not succeeding, thought of making Firrazzanu collector. "Here," said
+he to him, "take my authority, and collect for me, and I will give you
+twenty per cent." Firrazzanu went into the places where the rents were
+to be collected, and called together all the debtors. What do you
+suppose he did? He made them pay his share, that is, twenty per cent.,
+and nothing more. "The rest," he said, "you can pay another year to the
+prince; now you may depart."
+
+Then he went back to the prince. "What have you done, Firrazzanu? Have
+you collected all the rents?" "What are you talking about collecting! I
+had hard work to collect my share." "What do you mean?" "I collected
+with difficulty the twenty per cent. that belonged to me; your share
+will be paid next year." The prince was obliged to laugh at last, and
+Firrazzanu went away happy and satisfied.[9]
+
+Another time the prince went hunting, and ordered Firrazzanu, when it
+was convenient, to tell the princess that he should not be home to
+dinner that day. Firrazzanu did not find it convenient to deliver the
+message for a week, when he said that the prince would not be home to
+dine that day. On the first occasion, of course, the princess waited for
+her husband in great anxiety until midnight; on the second she went out
+to pay visits, and when the prince returned, he found his wife out, and
+no dinner prepared. Firrazzanu, when scolded, excused himself by saying
+that the prince told him to deliver the message when convenient.
+
+This recalls the story in Straparola (XIII. 6) where a master orders his
+lazy servant to go to market and buy some meat, and says to him,
+sarcastically: "Go and stay a year!" which command the servant obeys to
+the letter.
+
+The viceroy at last, angry at one of Firrazzanu's jokes, banished him to
+the town of Murriali. When Firrazzanu grew tired of the place, he had a
+cart filled with the earth of the town, and rode into Palermo on it. The
+viceroy had him arrested as soon as he saw him, but Firrazzanu protested
+that he had not broken the viceroy's command, for he was still on the
+earth of Murriali.
+
+The same story is told of Gonnella, the Italian counterpart of
+Firrazzanu, by Sacchetti (Nov. 27), and Bandello (IV. 18).
+
+The prince desired once to give Firrazzanu a lesson that would correct
+him of his fondness for jokes; so he told the commandant of the castle
+that he would send him one day a servant of his with a letter, and that
+he, the commandant, should carry out the orders contained in it.
+
+A week after, the prince called Firrazzanu and said: "Go to the
+commandant of the castle and ask him to give you what this letter says."
+
+Firrazzanu went, turning over the letter and in doubt about the matter.
+Just then he met another servant and said to him: "Carry this letter for
+me to the commandant of the castle, and tell him to give you what he has
+to give you. When you return, we will have a good drink of wine."
+
+The servant went and delivered the letter to the commandant, who opened
+it, and read: "The commandant will give my servant, who is a rascal, a
+hundred lashes, and then send him back to me." The order was carried
+out, and the poor servant returned to the palace more dead than alive.
+When Firrazzanu saw him, he burst out laughing, and said: "My brother,
+for me and for you, better you than me."
+
+This story is told in Gonzenbach (No. 75) as the way in which the queen
+tried to punish Firrazzanu for the joke he played on her by telling her
+his wife was deaf.
+
+There are other stories told of Firrazzanu, but they do not deserve a
+place here, and we can direct our attention at once to Giufà, the
+typical booby, who appears in the various provinces of Italy under
+different names.[10]
+
+The first story told of him in Pitrè's collection (No. 190) is:
+
+
+XCIX. GIUFÀ AND THE PLASTER STATUE.
+
+Once upon a time there was a very poor woman who had a son called Giufà,
+who was stupid, lazy, and cunning. His mother had a piece of cloth, and
+said one day to Giufà: "Take this cloth, and go and sell it in a distant
+town, and take care to sell it to those who talk little." So Giufà set
+out, with the cloth on his shoulder.
+
+When he came to a town, he began to cry: "Who wants cloth?" The people
+called him, and began to talk a great deal; one thought it coarse,
+another dear. Giufà thought they talked too much, and would not sell it
+to them. After walking a long way, he entered a court-yard where he
+found nothing but a plaster image. Giufà said to it: "Do you want to buy
+the cloth?" The statue said not a word, and Giufà, seeing that it spoke
+little, said: "Now I must sell you the cloth, for you speak little;" and
+he took the cloth and hung it on the statue, and went away, saying:
+"To-morrow I will come for the money."
+
+The next day he went after the money, and found the cloth gone. "Give me
+the money for the cloth." The statue said nothing. "Since you will not
+give me the money, I will show you who I am;" and he borrowed a mattock,
+and struck the statue until he overthrew it, and inside of it he found a
+jar of money. He put the money in a bag, and went home to his mother,
+and told her that he had sold the cloth to a person who did not speak,
+and gave him no money; that he had killed him with a mattock, and thrown
+him down, and he had given him the money which he had brought home. His
+mother, who was wise, said to him: "Say nothing about it, and we will
+eat this money up little by little."[11]
+
+Another time his mother said to him: "Giufà, I have this piece of cloth
+to be dyed; take it and leave it with the dyer, the one who dyes green
+and black." Giufà put it on his shoulder, and went off. On his way he
+saw a large, beautiful snake, and because it was green he said to it:
+"My mother has sent me with this cloth which she wants dyed. To-morrow I
+will come for it." And there he left it.
+
+He went home and told his mother, who began to tear her hair. "Ah!
+shameless fellow! how you ruin me! Hasten and see whether it is there
+still!" Giufà went back, but the cloth had disappeared.[12]
+
+
+C. GIUFÀ AND THE JUDGE.
+
+One day Giufà went out to gather herbs, and it was night before he
+returned. On his way back the moon rose through the clouds, and Giufà
+sat down on a stone and watched the moon appear and disappear behind the
+clouds, and he exclaimed constantly: "It appears, it appears! it sets,
+it sets!"
+
+Now there were near the way some thieves, who were skinning a calf which
+they had stolen, and when they heard: "It appears, it sets!" they feared
+that the officers of justice were coming, so they ran away and left the
+meat. When Giufà saw the thieves running away, he went to see what it
+was and found the calf skinned. He took his knife and cut off flesh
+enough to fill his sack and went home. When he arrived there his mother
+asked him why he came so late. He said it was because he was bringing
+some meat which she was to sell the next day, and the money was to be
+kept for him. The next day his mother sent him into the country and sold
+the meat.
+
+In the evening Giufà returned and asked his mother: "Did you sell the
+meat?" "Yes, I sold it to the flies on credit." "When will they give you
+the money?" "When they get it." A week passed and the flies brought no
+money, so Giufà went to the judge and said to him: "Sir, I want justice.
+I sold the flies meat on credit and they have not come to pay me." The
+judge said: "I pronounce this sentence on them: wherever you see them
+you may kill them." Just then a fly lighted on the judge's nose, and
+Giufà dealt it such a blow that he broke the judge's head.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The anecdote of the fly in the latter part of the story is found
+independently in a version from Palermo. "The flies plagued Giufà and
+stung him. He went to the judge and complained of them. The judge
+laughed and said: 'Wherever you see a fly you can strike it.' While the
+judge was speaking a fly rested on his face and Giufà dealt it such a
+blow that he broke the judge's nose."
+
+This story, which, as we shall see, has variants in different parts of
+Italy, is of Oriental origin and is found in the _Pantschatantra_. A
+king asked his pet monkey to watch over him while he slept. A bee
+settled on the king's head; the monkey could not drive it away, so he
+took the king's sword and killed the bee--and the king, too. A similar
+parable is put into the mouth of Buddha. A bald carpenter was attacked
+by a mosquito. He called his son to drive it away; the son took the axe,
+aimed a blow at the insect, but split his father's head in two, in
+killing the mosquito. In the _Anvar-i-Suhaili_, the Persian translation
+of the _Pantschatantra_, it is a tame bear who keeps the flies from the
+sleeping gardener by throwing a stone at his head.[13]
+
+The only popular European versions of this story, as far as we know, are
+found in Italy. Besides those from Sicily, there are versions from
+Florence, Leghorn, and Venice. The first is called:
+
+
+CI. THE LITTLE OMELET.
+
+Once upon a time there was a little woman who had a little room and a
+little hen. The hen laid an egg and the little woman took it and made a
+little omelet of it, and put it to cool in the window. Along came a fly
+and ate it up. Imagine what an omelet that must have been! The little
+woman went to the magistrate and told him her story. He gave her a club
+and told her to kill the fly with it wherever she saw it. At that moment
+a fly lighted on the magistrate's nose, and the woman, believing it to
+be the same fly, gave it a blow and broke the magistrate's nose.
+
+
+The versions from Leghorn and Venice are in almost the same words.[14]
+
+The literary versions are quite abundant, four or five being found in
+Italy, and a number in France, the best known of which is La Fontaine's
+fable of "The Bear and the Amateur Gardener," Book VIII. 10.[15]
+
+One morning, before Giufà was up, he heard a whistle and asked his
+mother who was passing. She answered that it was the morning-singer. One
+day Giufà, tired of the noise, went out and killed the man who was
+blowing the whistle, and came back and told his mother that he had
+killed the morning-singer. His mother went out and brought the body into
+the house and threw it into the well, which happened to be dry. Then she
+remembered that she had a lamb, which she killed and also threw in the
+well.
+
+Meanwhile the family of the murdered man had learned of the murder and
+had gone to the judge, with their complaint, and all together went to
+Giufà's house to investigate the matter. The judge said to Giufà: "Where
+did you put the body?" Giufà, who was silly, replied: "I threw it in the
+well." Then they tied Giufà to a rope and lowered him into the well.
+When he reached the bottom he began to feel around and touched wool, and
+cried out to the son of the murdered man: "Did your father have wool?"
+"My father did not have wool." "This one has wool; he is not your
+father." Then he touched the tail: "Did your father have a tail?" "My
+father did not have a tail." "Then it's not your father." Then he felt
+four feet and asked: "How many feet did your father have?" "My father
+had two feet." Giufà said: "This one has four feet; he is not your
+father." Then he felt the head and said: "Did your father have horns?"
+"My father did not have horns." Giufà replied: "This one has horns; he
+is not your father." Then the judge said: "Giufà, bring him up either
+with the horns or with the wool." So they drew up Giufà with the lamb on
+his shoulder, and when the judge saw that it was a real lamb, they set
+Giufà at liberty.
+
+In a variant of the above story Giufà's mother, to get rid of him, one
+day tells him to take his gun and go off and shoot a cardinal-bird.
+Giufà asks what a cardinal is, and his mother tells him that it is one
+that has a red head. Giufà, of course, shoots a cardinal and carries him
+home. The remainder of the story is as above. In another variant Giufà's
+mother has a cock which she cooks one day, and Giufà, who had never
+eaten anything of the kind before, likes it greatly and asks what it
+is. His mother tells him it is the night-singer. One evening Giufà saw a
+poor man singing behind a door, and thinking he was a night-singer,
+killed him and carried him home. The rest of the story is like the first
+version.[16]
+
+Giufà is not without an occasional gleam of wit, as is shown in the
+following story (Pitrè No. 190, § 8), entitled:
+
+
+CII. EAT, MY CLOTHES!
+
+As Giufà was half a simpleton no one showed him any kindness, such as to
+invite him to his house or give him anything to eat. Once Giufà went to
+a farm-house for something, and the farmers, when they saw him looking
+so ragged and poor, came near setting the dogs on him, and made him
+leave in a hurry. When his mother heard it she procured for him a fine
+coat, a pair of breeches, and a velvet vest. Giufà dressed up like an
+overseer, went to the same farm-house, and then you should see what
+great ceremonies they made! they invited him to dine with them. While at
+the table all were very attentive to him. Giufà, on the one hand, filled
+his stomach, and on the other, put into his pockets, coat, and hat
+whatever was left over, saying: "Eat, my clothes, for you were invited!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is interesting to note that this story is told of no less a person
+than Dante, about whom cluster more popular traditions than many are
+aware of. It is the subject of one of Sercambi's novels, and will be
+found with many other interesting traditions of the great poet in
+Papanti's _Dante secondo la Tradizione e i Novellatori_, Leghorn,
+1873.[17]
+
+Giufà was not a very safe person to leave alone in the house. Once his
+mother went to church and told him to make some porridge for his little
+sister. Giufà made a great kettle of boiling porridge and fed it to the
+poor child and burned her mouth so that she died. On another occasion
+his mother, on leaving home, told him to feed the hen that was sitting
+and put her back on the nest, so that the eggs should not get cold.
+Giufà stuffed the hen with the food until he killed her, and then sat on
+the eggs himself until his mother returned.[18]
+
+Giufà's mother went to mass once and said to him: "Pull the door to!"
+When his mother had gone out Giufà took hold of the door and began to
+pull it, and pulled and pulled until it came off. Giufà put it on his
+back and carried it to the church, and threw it down before his mother,
+saying: "There is the door!"[19]
+
+A number of other stories about Giufà are found in Gonzenbach (No. 37)
+which we give here for completeness.
+
+
+CIII. GIUFÀ'S EXPLOITS.
+
+After Giufà had scalded his little sister to death, his mother drove him
+from the house, and he entered the service of a priest. "What wages do
+you want?" asked the priest. "One egg a day, and as much bread as I can
+eat with it; and you must keep me in your service until the screech-owl
+cries in the ivy." The priest was satisfied and thought he could not
+find such a cheap servant again. The next morning Giufà received his egg
+and a loaf of bread. He opened the egg and ate it with a pin, and every
+time he licked off the pin he ate a great piece of bread. "Bring me a
+little more bread," he cried; "this is not enough;" and the priest had
+to get him a large basket of bread.
+
+So it was every morning. "Alas for me!" cried the priest; "in a few
+weeks he will reduce me to beggary." It was winter then and would be
+several months until the screech-owl cried in the ivy. In despair the
+priest said to his mother: "This evening you must hide in the ivy and
+scream like an owl." The old woman did as she was told and began to cry:
+"Miu, miu!" "Do you hear, Giufà?" said the priest, "the screech-owl is
+crying in the ivy; we must part." So Giufà took his bundle and was going
+to return to his mother.
+
+As he was going by the place where the priest's mother was still crying
+"Miu, miu," he exclaimed: "O you cursed screech-owl suffer punishment
+and sorrow!" and threw stones into the ivy and killed the old woman.
+
+Giufà's mother would not allow him to remain at home, and made him take
+service as a swineherd with a farmer, who sent him into the woods to
+keep the swine until they were fat and then drive them back. So Giufà
+lived several months in the woods until the swine were fat. As he was
+driving them home he met a butcher and said to him: "Would you like to
+buy these swine? I will sell them to you at half price if you will give
+me back the ears and tails." The butcher bought the whole herd, and paid
+Giufà the money, together with the ears and tails.
+
+Giufà then went to a bog near by and planted two ears close together and
+three spans off a tail, and so with all of them. Then he ran in great
+trouble to the farmer and cried: "Sir, imagine what a great misfortune
+has happened to me. I had fattened your swine beautifully and was
+driving them home when they fell into a bog and are all swallowed up in
+it. The ears and tails only are still sticking out." The farmer hastened
+with all his people to the bog, where the ears and tails still stuck
+out. They tried to pull the swine out, but whenever they seized an ear
+or a tail it came right off and Giufà exclaimed: "You see how fat the
+swine were: they have disappeared in the marsh from pure fatness." The
+farmer was obliged to return home without his swine, while Giufà took
+the money home to his mother and remained a time with her.
+
+One day his mother said to him: "Giufà, we have nothing to eat to-day;
+what shall we do?" "Leave it to me," said he, and went to a butcher.
+"Gossip, give me half a _rotulu_ of meat; I will give you the money
+to-morrow." The butcher gave him the meat and he went in the same way to
+the baker, the oil-merchant, the wine-dealer, and the cheese-merchant
+and took home to his mother the meat, macaroni, bread, oil, wine, and
+cheese which he had bought on credit, and they ate together merrily.
+
+The next day Giufà pretended he was dead and his mother wept and
+lamented. "My son is dead, my son is dead!" He was put in an open
+coffin and carried to the church and the priests sang the mass for the
+dead over him. When, however, every one in the city heard that Giufà was
+dead, the butcher, the baker, the oil-merchant, and the wine-dealer
+said: "What we gave him yesterday is as good as lost. Who will pay us
+for it now?" The cheese-dealer, however, thought: "Giufà, it is true,
+owes me only four _grani_[T] but I will not give them to him. I will go
+and take his cap from him." So he crept into the church, but there was
+still a priest there praying over Giufà's coffin. "As long as the priest
+is there, it is not fitting for me to take his cap," thought the
+cheese-merchant, and hid himself behind the altar. When it was night the
+last priest departed and the cheese-merchant was on the point of coming
+out from his hiding-place when a band of thieves rushed into the church.
+They had stolen a large bag of money and were going to divide it in the
+dark church. They quarrelled over the division and began to cry out and
+make a noise. Thereupon Giufà sat up in his coffin and exclaimed: "Out
+with you!" The thieves were greatly frightened when the dead man rose
+up, and believed he was calling to the other dead, so they ran out in
+terror, leaving the sack behind. As Giufà was picking up the sack, the
+cheese-merchant sprang from his hiding-place and claimed his share of
+the money. Giufà, however, kept crying: "Your share is four _grani_."
+The thieves outside thought he was dividing the money among the dead and
+said to each other: "How many he must have called if they receive but
+four _grani_ apiece!" and ran away as fast as they could run. Giufà took
+the money home to his mother, after he had given the cheese-merchant a
+little to say nothing about what had happened.
+
+[Footnote T: About a cent and a half.]
+
+Giufà's mother once bought a large stock of flax and said to her son:
+"Giufà, you can surely spin a little so as to be doing something." Giufà
+took a skein from time to time, and instead of spinning it put it in the
+fire and burned it. Then his mother became angry and beat him. What did
+Giufà do then? He took a bundle of twigs and wound it with flax like a
+distaff; then he took a broom for a spindle and sat himself on the roof
+and began to spin. While he was sitting there three fairies came by and
+said: "Just see how nicely Giufà is sitting there and spinning. Shall we
+not give him something?" The first fairy said: "I will enable him to
+spin as much flax in a night as he touches." The second said: "I will
+enable him to weave in a night as much yarn as he has spun." The third
+said: "I will enable him to bleach all the linen he has woven in one
+night." Giufà heard this and at night when his mother had gone to bed,
+he got behind her stock of flax, and as often as he touched a skein it
+was at once spun. When the flax was all gone he began to weave, and as
+soon as he touched the loom the linen began to roll from it. Finally he
+spread the linen out and had scarcely wet it a little when it was
+bleached. The next morning Giufà showed his mother the fine pieces of
+linen, and she sold them and earned much money. Giufà continued this for
+several nights; finally he grew tired and wanted to go out to service
+again.
+
+He found a place with a smith, whose bellows he was to blow. He blew
+them so hard, however, that he put the fire out. The smith said: "Leave
+off blowing and hammer the iron on the anvil." But Giufà pounded on the
+anvil so hard that the iron flew into a thousand pieces. Then the smith
+became angry, but he could not send him away, for he had agreed to keep
+him a year. So he went to a poor man and said: "I will make you a
+handsome present if you will tell Giufà that you are Death, and that you
+have come to take him away." The poor man met Giufà one day, and said
+what the smith had told him. Giufà was not slow. "What, are you Death?"
+cried he, seized the poor man, put him in his sack, and carried him to
+the smithy. There he laid him on the anvil and began to hammer away on
+him. "How many years shall I yet live?" he asked, while he was
+hammering. "Twenty years," cried the man in the sack. "That is not near
+enough." "Thirty years, forty years, as long as you will," screamed the
+man; but Giufà kept on hammering until the poor man was dead.
+
+The bishop once announced to the whole town that every goldsmith should
+make him a crucifix, and he would pay four hundred ounces for the most
+beautiful one. Whoever brought a crucifix that did not please him must
+lose his head. So a goldsmith came and brought him a handsome crucifix,
+but the bishop said it did not please him and had the poor man's head
+cut off, but kept the crucifix. The next day a second goldsmith came,
+who brought a still handsomer crucifix, but it went no better with him
+than with the first. This lasted for some time and many a poor man lost
+his head. When Giufà heard of this he went to a goldsmith and said:
+"Master, you must make me a crucifix with a very thick body, but
+otherwise as fine as you can make it." When the crucifix was done Giufà
+took it on his arm and carried it to the bishop. Scarcely had the bishop
+seen it when he cried out: "What are you thinking of, to bring me such a
+monster? Wait, you shall pay me for it!" "Ah, worthy sir," said Giufà,
+"just hear me and learn what has happened to me. This crucifix was a
+model of beauty when I started with it; on the way it began to swell
+with anger and the nearer your house I came the more it swelled, most of
+all when I was mounting your stairs. The Lord is angry with you on
+account of the innocent blood that you have shed, and if you do not at
+once give me the four hundred ounces and an annuity to each of the
+goldsmiths' widows, you, too, will swell in the same way, and God's
+wrath will visit you." The bishop was frightened and gave him the four
+hundred ounces, and bade him send all the widows to him so that he could
+give each of them a yearly pension. Giufà took the money and went to
+each widow and said: "What will you give me if I will procure you an
+annuity from the bishop?" Each gave him a handsome sum and Giufà took
+home to his mother a great heap of money.
+
+One day Giufà's mother sent him to another town, where there was a fair.
+On the way some children met him, who asked: "Where are you going,
+Giufà?" "To the fair." "Will you bring me back a whistle?" "Yes!" "And
+me, too?" "Yes!" "Me, too?" "Me, too?" asked one after the other, and
+Giufà said "Yes" to all. At last there was a child who said: "Giufà,
+bring me a whistle, too. Here is a penny." When Giufà came back from the
+fair, he brought one whistle only and gave it to the last boy. "Giufà,
+you promised each of us one," cried the other children. "You did not
+give me a penny to buy it with," answered Giufà.[20]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The counterpart of Giufà is found in a Venetian story (Bernoni, _Fiabe_,
+No. 11) entitled "The Fool," which is, in substance, as follows:
+
+
+CIV. THE FOOL.
+
+Once upon a time there was a mother who had a son with little brains.
+One morning she said: "We must get up early, for we have to make bread."
+So they both rose early and began to make bread. The mother made the
+loaves, but took no pains to make them the same size. Her son said to
+her finally: "How small you have made this loaf, mother!" "Oh!" said
+she, "it does not matter whether they are big or little; for the proverb
+says: 'Large and small, all must go to mass.'" "Good, good!"
+
+When the bread was made, instead of carrying it to the baker's, the son
+took it to the church, for it was the hour for mass, saying: "My mother
+said that, 'Large and small, all must go to mass.'" So he threw the
+loaves down in the middle of the church. Then he went home to his mother
+and said: "I have done what you told me to do." "Good! did you take the
+bread to the baker's?" "Oh! mother, if you had seen how they all looked
+at me!" "You might also have cast an eye on them in return," said his
+mother. "Wait, wait, I will cast an eye at them, too," he exclaimed, and
+went to the stable and cut out the eyes of all the animals, and putting
+them in a handkerchief, went to the church and when any man or woman
+looked at him he threw an eye at them.
+
+When his mother learned what he had done she took to her bed and sent
+her son for a physician. When the doctor came he felt her pulse and
+said: "Oh! how weak this poor woman is!" Then he told the son that he
+must take good care of his mother and make her some very thin broth and
+give her a bowlful every minute. The son promised to obey him and went
+to the market and bought a sparrow and put on the fire a pail of water.
+When it boiled he put in the sparrow and waited until it boiled up two
+or three times, and then took a bowl of the broth to his mother, and
+repeated the dose as fast as he could.
+
+The next day the physician found the poor woman weaker than ever, and
+told her son he must put something heavy on her so as to throw her into
+a perspiration. When the doctor had gone the son piled all the heavy
+furniture in the room on her, and when she could no longer breathe he
+ran for the doctor again. This time the doctor saw that nothing was to
+be done, and advised her son to have her confess and prepare for death.
+So her son dressed her and carried her to church and sat her in the
+confessional and told the priest that some one was waiting for him and
+then went home. The priest soon saw that the woman was dead and went to
+find her son. When the son heard that his mother was dead, he declared
+that the priest had killed her, and began to beat him.[21]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There are many stories in Italy which turn on the tricks played by a
+sharper on his credulous friends; a good specimen of the class is the
+following from Sicily (Pitrè, No. 157):
+
+
+CV. UNCLE CAPRIANO.
+
+There was once a husband and wife who had a daughter. The man's name was
+Uncle Capriano and he owned near the town a piece of property, where he
+always worked. One day thirteen robbers happened to pass that way, saw
+Uncle Capriano, dismounted, and began to talk with him, and soon formed
+a friendship for him. After this they frequently went to divert
+themselves with him. When they arrived they always saluted him with:
+"Good day, Uncle Capriano," and he answered: "Your servant, gentlemen;
+what are your worships doing?" "We have come to amuse ourselves. Go,
+Uncle Capriano, go and lunch, for we will do the work meanwhile." So he
+went and ate and they did his work for him. Finally, what do you suppose
+Uncle Capriano tried to do? He sought to invent some way to get money
+from the robbers. When he went home he said to his wife: "I am on
+friendly terms with the robbers and I would like to see whether I can
+get a little money out of them, and I have invented this story to tell
+them: that we have a rabbit, which I send home alone every evening with
+fire-wood and things for soup, which my wife cooks." Then he said to his
+daughter: "When I come with the thieves, you bathe the rabbit in water
+and come out of the door to meet me and say: 'Is that the way to load
+the poor little rabbit so that it comes home tired to death?'"
+
+When the thieves heard that he had a rabbit that carried things, they
+wanted it, saying: "If we had it we could send it to carry money, food,
+and other things to our houses." Uncle Capriano said to them one day: "I
+should like to have you come to my house to-day." There were thirteen of
+the thieves; one said Yes, another said No. The captain said: "Let us go
+and see the rabbit." When they arrived at the house the daughter came to
+the door and said: "Is that the way to load the poor little rabbit so
+that it comes home tired to death?" When they entered the house all felt
+of the rabbit and exclaimed: "Poor little animal! poor little animal! it
+is all covered with sweat." When the thieves saw this they looked at
+each other and said: "Shall we ask him to give us this little rabbit?"
+Then they said: "Uncle Capriano, you must give us the rabbit without any
+words, and we will pay you whatever you ask." He answered: "Ask me for
+anything except this rabbit, for if I give you that I shall be ruined."
+They replied: "You must give it to us without further words, whether you
+are ruined or not." Finally Uncle Capriano let them have the rabbit for
+two hundred ounces, and they gave him twenty besides to buy himself a
+present with. After the thieves had got possession of the rabbit, they
+went to a house in the country to try it. They each took a bag of money
+and said: "Let us send a bag to each of our houses." The captain said:
+"First, carry a bag to mine." So they took the rabbit to load it, and
+after they had put the bags on it, the rabbit could not move and one of
+the thieves struck it on the haunch with a switch. Then the rabbit ran
+away instantly. The thieves went in great anger to Uncle Capriano and
+said: "Did you have the boldness to play such a trick on us, to sell us
+a rabbit that could not stir when we put a few bags of money on it?"
+"But, gentlemen," said the old man, "did you beat it?" "Of course,"
+answered one of the thieves, "my companion struck it with a switch on
+the haunch." The old man asked: "But where did you strike it, on the
+right or on the left haunch?" "On the left." "That is why the rabbit ran
+away," said the old man. "You should have hit it on the right. If you
+did not observe these conditions, what fault is it of mine?" "This is
+true," said the thieves, "Uncle Capriano is right; so go and eat and we
+will attend to the work." And so their friendship was not broken this
+time.
+
+After a time Uncle Capriano said to his wife: "We must get some more
+money from the thieves." "In what way?" "To-morrow you must buy a new
+pot, and then you must cook in an old pot somewhere in the house, and at
+Ave Maria, just before I come home, you must empty the old pot into the
+new one, and put it on the hearth without any fire. To-morrow I will
+tell the thieves that I have a pot that cooks without any fire."
+
+The next evening Uncle Capriano persuaded the thieves to go home with
+him. When they saw the pot they looked at one another and said: "We must
+ask him to give it to us." After some hesitation, he sold it to them for
+four hundred ounces, and twenty over as before.
+
+When the thieves arrived at their house in the country, they killed a
+fine kid, put it into the pot, and set it on the hearth, without any
+fire, and went away. In the evening they all ran and tried to see who
+would arrive first, and find the meat cooked. The one who arrived first
+took out a piece of meat, and saw that it was as they had left it. Then
+he gave the pot a kick, and broke it in two. When the others came and
+found the meat not cooked, they started for Uncle Capriano's, and
+complained to him that he had sold them a pot that cooked everything,
+and that they had put meat into it, and found it raw. "Did you break the
+pot?" asked Uncle Capriano. "Of course we broke it." "What kind of a
+hearth did you have, high or low?" One of the thieves answered: "Rather
+high." "That was why the pot did not cook; it should have been low. You
+did not observe the conditions and broke the pot; what fault is that of
+mine?" The thieves said: "Uncle Capriano is right; go, Uncle Capriano,
+and eat, for we will do your work."
+
+Some time after, Uncle Capriano said again to his wife: "We must get
+some more money out of them." "But how can we manage it?" "You know that
+we have a whistle in the chest; have it put in order, and to-morrow go
+to the butcher's, and get a bladder of blood, and fix it about your
+neck, and put on your mantilla; and when I return home, let me find you
+sitting down and angry, and the candle not lighted. I will bring my
+friends with me, and when I find the candle not lighted, I will begin to
+cry out, and you will not utter a word; then I will take my knife and
+cut your throat. You will fall down on the floor; the blood will run out
+of the bladder, and the thieves will believe that you are dead. You"
+(turning to his daughter)--"what I say I mean, when I tell you: 'Get the
+whistle'--get it and give it to me. When I blow it three times, you"
+(speaking to his wife) "will get up from the floor. When the thieves see
+this operation they will want the whistle, and we will get another six
+hundred ounces from them."
+
+[Everything took place as Uncle Capriano had arranged; the thieves paid
+him six hundred ounces, and twenty over as usual, and then went home and
+killed their wives, to try the whistle on them. The rage of the thieves
+can be imagined when they found they had been deceived again. In order
+to avenge themselves, they took a sack and went to Uncle Capriano, and
+without any words seized him, put him in it, and taking him on a horse,
+rode away. They came after a time to a country-house, where they stopped
+to eat, leaving Uncle Capriano outside in the bag.]
+
+Uncle Capriano, who was in the bag, began to cry: "They want to give me
+the king's daughter, and I don't want her!" There happened to be near by
+a herdsman, who heard what he was saying about the king's daughter, and
+he said to himself: "I will go and take her myself." So he went to Uncle
+Capriano and said: "What is the matter with you?" "They want to give me
+the king's daughter, and I don't want her, because I am married." The
+herdsman said: "I will take her, for I am single; but how can we arrange
+it?" Uncle Capriano answered: "Take me out, and get into the bag
+yourself." "That is a good idea," said the herdsman; so he set Uncle
+Capriano at liberty, and got into the bag himself. Uncle Capriano tied
+him fast, took his crook, and went to tend the sheep. The herdsman soon
+began to cry: "They want to give me the king's daughter. I will take
+her, I will take her!" In a little while the thieves came and put the
+bag on a horse, and rode away to the sea, the herdsman crying out all
+the time: "They want to give me the king's daughter. I will take her, I
+will take her!" When they came to the sea, they threw the bag in, and
+returned home. On their way back, they happened to look up on the
+mountain, and exclaimed: "See there! is that not Uncle Capriano?" "Yes,
+it is." "How can that be; did we not throw him into the sea, and is he
+there now?" Then they went to him and said: "How is this, Uncle
+Capriano, didn't we throw you in the sea?" "Oh! you threw me in near the
+shore, and I found these sheep and oxen; if you had thrown me in farther
+out, I would have found many more." Then they asked Uncle Capriano to
+throw them all in, and they went to the sea, and he began to throw them
+in, and each said: "Quick, Uncle Capriano, throw me in quickly before my
+comrades get them all!" After he had thrown them all in, Uncle Capriano
+took the horses and sheep and oxen, and went home and built palaces, and
+became very rich, and married his daughter, and gave a splendid
+banquet.[22]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A very interesting class of stories is found in Pitrè (Nos. 246-270)
+illustrating proverbial sayings. The first, on the text "The longer one
+lives, the more one learns," relates that a child came to an old man and
+asked for some coals to light a fire with. The old man said he would
+willingly give them, but the child had nothing to carry them in. The
+child, however, filled his palm with ashes, put a coal on them, and went
+away. The old man gave his head a slap, and exclaimed: "With all my
+years and experience, I did not know this thing. 'The longer one lives,
+the more one learns.'" And from that time these words have remained for
+a proverb.
+
+Another (No. 252) recalls one of Giufà's pranks. A husband, to test his
+wife and friend, who is a bailiff, throws a goat's head into the well,
+and tells the wife that he has killed a person and cut off the head to
+prevent the body from being recognized. The wife promises secrecy, but
+soon tells the story to her friend, who denounces the supposed murderer
+to the judge. The house is entered by an arbor, from which they climb
+into a window, and the husband is arrested and taken to the well, which
+a bailiff descends, and finds the goat's head. The husband explains his
+trick, which gave rise to the saying: "Do not confide a secret to a
+woman; do not make a bailiff your friend, and do not rent a house with
+an arbor."[23]
+
+Another shows how the stories of classic times survive among the people.
+Nero, a wicked king, goes about in disguise to hear what the people say
+of him. One day he meets an old woman in the field, and when Nero's name
+is mentioned, instead of cursing him as others do, she says: "May God
+preserve him." She explains her words by saying that they have had
+several kings, each worse than the other, and now they have Nero, who
+tears every son from his mother, wherefore may God guard and preserve
+him, for "There is no end to evil."[24]
+
+There was once a whimsical prince who thought he could arrange the world
+and animals as he pleased and overcome Nature. He taught his horse to
+devour flesh and his dogs to eat grass. He trained an ass to dance and
+accompany himself by his braying: in short, the prince boasted that by
+means of Art one could rule Nature. Among other things he trained a cat
+to stand on the table and hold a lighted candle while he was eating. No
+matter what was brought on the table, the cat never moved, but held the
+candle as if it had been a statue of wood. The prince showed the cat to
+his friends and said, boastingly: "Nature is nothing; my art is more
+powerful and can do this and other things." His friends often said that
+everything must be true to its nature; "Art departs and Nature
+prevails." The prince invited them to make any trial they wished,
+asserting that the cat would never forget the art he had taught it. One
+of his friends caught a mouse one day and wrapped it up in a
+handkerchief and carried it with him to the prince's. When the cat heard
+and saw the mouse, it dropped the candlestick and ran after the mouse.
+The friend began to laugh, and said to the prince, who stood with his
+mouth wide open with amazement: "Dear prince, I always told you Art
+departs and Nature prevails!"
+
+This story is told of Dante and Cecco d' Ascoli, the former playing the
+rôle of the prince.[25]
+
+To counterbalance the stories of foolish people which have been related
+above, we will conclude this chapter with some stories of clever people,
+stories which were popular as long ago as the Middle Ages.
+
+The first is from Sicily (Gonz., No. 50) and is called:
+
+
+CVII. THE CLEVER PEASANT.
+
+There was once a king who, while hunting, saw a peasant working in the
+fields and asked him: "How much do you earn in a day?" "Four _carlini_,
+your Majesty," answered the peasant. "What do you do with them?"
+continued the king. The peasant said: "The first I eat; the second I
+put out at interest; the third I give back, and the fourth I throw
+away."
+
+The king rode on, but after a time the peasant's answer seemed very
+curious to him, so he returned and asked him: "Tell me, what do you mean
+by eating the first _carlino_, putting the second out to interest,
+giving back the third, and throwing away the fourth?" The peasant
+answered: "With the first I feed myself; with the second I feed my
+children, who must care for me when I am old; with the third I feed my
+father, and so repay him for what he has done for me, and with the
+fourth I feed my wife, and thus throw it away, because I have no profit
+from it." "Yes," said the king, "you are right. Promise me, however,
+that you will not tell any one this until you have seen my face a
+hundred times." The peasant promised and the king rode home well
+pleased.
+
+While sitting at table with his ministers, he said: "I will give you a
+riddle: A peasant earns four _carlini_ a day; the first he eats; the
+second he puts out at interest; the third he gives back, and the fourth
+he throws away. What is that?" No one was able to answer it.
+
+One of the ministers remembered finally that the king had spoken the day
+before with the peasant, and he resolved to find the peasant and obtain
+from him the answer. When he saw the peasant he asked him for the answer
+to the riddle, but the peasant answered: "I cannot tell you, for I have
+promised the king to tell no one until I have seen his face a hundred
+times." "Oh!" said the minister, "I can show you the king's face," and
+drew a hundred coins from his purse and gave them to the peasant. On
+every coin the king's face was to be seen of course. After the peasant
+had looked at each coin once, he said: "I have now seen the king's face
+a hundred times, and can tell you the answer to the riddle," and told
+him it.
+
+The minister went in great glee to the king and said: "Your Majesty, I
+have found the answer to the riddle; it is so and so." The king
+exclaimed: "You can have heard it only from the peasant himself," had
+the peasant summoned, and took him to task. "Did you not promise me not
+to tell it until you had seen my face a hundred times?" "But, your
+Majesty," answered the peasant, "your minister showed me your picture a
+hundred times." Then he showed him the bag of money that the minister
+had given him. The king was so pleased with the clever peasant that he
+rewarded him, and made him a rich man for the rest of his life.[26]
+
+
+CVIII. THE CLEVER GIRL.
+
+Once upon a time there was a huntsman who had a wife and two children, a
+son and a daughter; and all lived together in a wood where no one ever
+came, and so they knew nothing about the world. The father alone
+sometimes went to the city and brought back the news. The king's son
+once went hunting and lost himself in that wood, and while he was
+seeking his way it became night. He was weary and hungry. Imagine how he
+felt! But all at once he saw a light shining at a distance. He followed
+it and reached the huntsman's house and asked for lodging and something
+to eat. The huntsman recognized him at once and said: "Highness, we have
+already supped on our best. But if we can find anything for you, you
+must be satisfied with it. What can we do? We are so far from the towns,
+that we cannot procure what we need every day." Meanwhile he had a capon
+cooked for him. The prince did not wish to eat it alone, but called all
+the huntsman's family, and gave the head of the capon to the father, the
+back to the mother, the legs to the son, and the wings to the daughter,
+and ate the rest himself. In the house there were only two beds, in the
+same room. In one the husband and wife slept, in the other the brother
+and sister. The old people went and slept in the stable, giving up their
+bed to the prince. When the girl saw that the prince was asleep, she
+said to her brother: "I will wager that you do not know why the prince
+divided the capon among us in the manner he did." "Do you know? Tell me
+why." "He gave the head to papa because he is the head of the family,
+the back to mamma because she has on her shoulders all the affairs of
+the house, the legs to you because you must be quick in performing the
+errands which are given you, and the wings to me to fly away and catch a
+husband." The prince pretended to be asleep; but he was awake and heard
+these words, and perceived that the girl had much judgment; and as she
+was also pretty, he fell in love with her.
+
+The next morning he left the huntsman's; and as soon as he reached the
+court, he sent him, by a servant, a purse of money. To the young girl he
+sent a cake in the form of a full moon, thirty patties, and a cooked
+capon, with three questions: "Whether it was the thirtieth of the month
+in the wood, whether the moon was full, and whether the capon crowed in
+the night." The servant, although a trusty one, was overcome by his
+gluttony and ate fifteen of the patties, and a good slice of the cake,
+and the capon. The young girl, who had understood it all, sent back word
+to the prince that the moon was not full but on the wane; that it was
+only the fifteenth of the month and that the capon had gone to the mill;
+and that she asked him to spare the pheasant for the sake of the
+partridge. The prince, too, understood the metaphor, and having summoned
+the servant, he cried: "Rogue! you have eaten the capon, fifteen
+patties, and a good slice of the cake. Thank that girl who has
+interceded for you; if she had not, I would have hung you."
+
+A few months after this, the huntsman found a gold mortar, and wished to
+present it to the prince. But his daughter said: "You will be laughed at
+for this present. You will see that the prince will say to you: 'The
+mortar is fine and good, but, peasant, where is the pestle?'" The father
+did not listen to his daughter; but when he carried the mortar to the
+prince, he was greeted as his daughter had foretold. "My daughter told
+me so," said the huntsman. "Ah! if I had only listened to her!" The
+prince heard these words and said to him: "Your daughter, who pretends
+to be so wise, must make me a hundred ells of cloth out of four ounces
+of flax; if she does not I will hang you and her." The poor father
+returned home weeping, and sure that he and his daughter must die, for
+who could make a hundred ells of cloth with four ounces of flax. His
+daughter came out to meet him, and when she learned why he was weeping,
+said: "Is that all you are weeping for? Quick, get me the flax and I
+will manage it." She made four small cords of the flax and said to her
+father: "Take these cords and tell him that when he makes me a loom out
+of these cords I will weave the hundred ells of cloth." When the prince
+heard this answer he did not know what to say, and thought no more about
+condemning the father or the daughter.
+
+The next day he went to the wood to visit the girl. Her mother was dead,
+and her father was out in the fields digging. The prince knocked, but no
+one opened. He knocked louder, but the same thing. The young girl was
+deaf to him. Finally, tired of waiting, he broke open the door and
+entered: "Rude girl! who taught you not to open to one of my rank? Where
+are your father and mother?" "Who knew it was you? My father is where he
+should be and my mother is weeping for her sins. You must leave, for I
+have something else to do than listen to you." The prince went away in
+anger and complained to the father of his daughter's rude manners, but
+the father excused her. The prince, at last seeing how wise and cunning
+she was, married her.
+
+The wedding was celebrated with great splendor, but an event happened
+which came near plunging the princess into misfortune. One Sunday two
+peasants were passing a church; one of them had a hand-cart and the
+other was leading a she-ass ready to foal. The bell rang for mass and
+they both entered the church, one leaving his cart outside and the other
+tying the ass to the cart. While they were in the church the ass foaled,
+and the owner of the ass and the owner of the cart both claimed the
+colt. They appealed to the prince, and he decided that the colt belonged
+to the owner of the cart, because, he said, it was more likely that the
+owner of the ass would tie her to the cart in order to lay a false claim
+to the colt than that the owner of the cart would tie it to the ass.
+The owner of the ass had right on his side, and all the people were in
+his favor, but the prince had pronounced sentence and there was nothing
+to say. The poor man then applied to the princess, who advised him to
+cast a net in the square when the prince passed. When the prince saw the
+net, he said: "What are you doing, you fool? Do you expect to find fish
+in the square?" The peasant, who had been advised by the princess,
+answered: "It is easier for me to find fish in the square than for a
+cart to have foals." The prince revoked the sentence, but when he
+returned to the palace, knowing that the princess had suggested the
+answer to the peasant, he said to her: "Prepare to return to your own
+home within an hour. Take with you what you like best and depart." She
+was not at all saddened by the prospect, but ate a better dinner than
+usual, and made the prince drink a bottle of wine in which she had put a
+sleeping potion; and when he was as sound asleep as a log, she had him
+put in a carriage and took him with her to her house in the wood. It was
+in January, and she had the roof of the house uncovered and it snowed on
+the prince, who awoke and called his servants: "What do you wish?" said
+the princess. "I command here. Did you not tell me to take from your
+house the thing I liked best? I have taken you, and now you are mine."
+The prince laughed and they made peace.[27]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next story is the Italian version of the tale familiar to the
+readers of Grimm by the title of "Doctor Knowall." There is a Sicilian
+version in Pitrè, No. 167, in which our story forms one of several
+episodes. It is found, however, independently in the Mantuan collection
+from which we take it, changing the name slightly to suit the conclusion
+of the story.
+
+
+CIX. CRAB.
+
+There was once a king who had lost a valuable ring. He looked for it
+everywhere, but could not find it. So he issued a proclamation that if
+any astrologer could tell him where it was he would be richly rewarded.
+A poor peasant by the name of Crab heard of the proclamation. He could
+neither read nor write, but took it into his head that he wanted to be
+the astrologer to find the king's ring. So he went and presented himself
+to the king, to whom he said: "Your Majesty must know that I am an
+astrologer, although you see me so poorly dressed. I know that you have
+lost a ring and I will try by study to find out where it is." "Very
+well," said the king, "and when you have found it, what reward must I
+give you?" "That is at your discretion, your Majesty." "Go, then, study,
+and we shall see what kind of an astrologer you turn out to be."
+
+He was conducted to a room, in which he was to be shut up to study. It
+contained only a bed and a table on which were a large book and writing
+materials. Crab seated himself at the table and did nothing but turn
+over the leaves of the book and scribble the paper so that the servants
+who brought him his food thought him a great man. They were the ones who
+had stolen the ring, and from the severe glances that the peasant cast
+at them whenever they entered, they began to fear that they would be
+found out. They made him endless bows and never opened their mouths
+without calling him "Mr. Astrologer." Crab, who, although illiterate,
+was, as a peasant, cunning, all at once imagined that the servants must
+know about the ring, and this is the way his suspicions were confirmed.
+He had been shut up in his room turning over his big book and scribbling
+his paper for a month, when his wife came to visit him. He said to her:
+"Hide yourself under the bed, and when a servant enters, say: 'That is
+one;' when another comes, say: 'That is two;' and so on." The woman hid
+herself. The servants came with the dinner, and hardly had the first one
+entered when a voice from under the bed said: "That is one." The second
+one entered; the voice said: "That is two;" and so on. The servants were
+frightened at hearing that voice, for they did not know where it came
+from, and held a consultation. One of them said: "We are discovered; if
+the astrologer denounces us to the king as thieves, we are lost." "Do
+you know what we must do?" said another. "Let us hear." "We must go to
+the astrologer and tell him frankly that we stole the ring, and ask him
+not to betray us, and present him with a purse of money. Are you
+willing?" "Perfectly."
+
+So they went in harmony to the astrologer, and making him a lower bow
+than usual, one of them began: "Mr. Astrologer, you have discovered that
+we stole the ring. We are poor people and if you reveal it to the king,
+we are undone. So we beg you not to betray us, and accept this purse of
+money." Crab took the purse and then added: "I will not betray you, but
+you must do what I tell you, if you wish to save your lives. Take the
+ring and make that turkey in the court-yard swallow it, and leave the
+rest to me." The servants were satisfied to do so and departed with a
+low bow. The next day Crab went to the king and said to him: "Your
+Majesty must know that after having toiled over a month I have succeeded
+in discovering where the ring has gone to." "Where is it, then?" asked
+the king. "A turkey has swallowed it." "A turkey? very well, let us
+see."
+
+They went for the turkey, opened it, and found the ring inside. The
+king, amazed, presented the astrologer with a large purse of money and
+invited him to a banquet. Among the other dishes, there was brought on
+the table a plate of crabs. Crabs must then have been very rare, because
+only the king and a few others knew their name. Turning to the peasant
+the king said: "You, who are an astrologer, must be able to tell me the
+name of these things which are in this dish." The poor astrologer was
+very much puzzled, and, as if speaking to himself, but in such a way
+that the others heard him, he muttered: "Ah! Crab, Crab, what a plight
+you are in!" All who did not know that his name was Crab rose and
+proclaimed him the greatest astrologer in the world.[28]
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+[1] There are some popular tales, chiefly Oriental in their origin, in
+the _Cente novelle antiche_ (see the notes to Chapter III.), and
+Boccaccio and his imitators undoubtedly made use of popular material.
+These popular elements, however, are almost exclusively of the class of
+jests. The fairy tale, which constitutes by far the largest and most
+important class of popular tales, is not found in European literature
+until Straparola. For a few earlier traces of fairy tales in mediæval
+literature, see an article by the writer, "Two Mediæval Folk-Tales," in
+the _Germania_, XVIII. [New Series], p. 203.
+
+[2] The little that is known of Straparola and a very complete
+bibliography of his _Piacevoli Notti_ will be found in an excellent
+monograph entitled, _Giovan Francesco Straparola da Caravaggio_,
+Inaugural-Dissertation von F. W. J. Brakelmann aus Soest, Göttingen,
+1867. Straparola's work, especially the unexpurgated editions, is
+scarce, and the student will ordinarily be obliged to consult it in the
+French translation of Louveau and Larivey, of which there is an
+excellent edition in the _Bibliothèque Elzevirienne_ of P. Jannet,
+Paris, 1857. There is a German translation with valuable notes of the
+_märchen_ contained in the _Piacevoli Notti_ by F. W. Val. Schmidt,
+Berlin, 1817. Schmidt used, without knowing it, an expurgated edition,
+and translated eighteen instead of twenty-two popular tales.
+
+[3] The reader will find all the necessary references to Straparola's
+borrowed materials in Liebrecht's translation of Dunlop's History of
+Fiction, pp. 283, 493; in Brakelmann's dissertation above cited; in the
+French version in the _Bib. Elzevir._; and in Grimm, II. 477.
+
+[4] A comparison of Straparola's tales with those of Grimm, and an
+analysis of those lacking in Schmidt's translation, will be found in
+Grimm, II. 477-481.
+
+[5] The imitations of Straparola will be found in Dunlop-Liebrecht, p.
+284. It is impossible to say with absolute certainty that Perrault
+borrowed his "_Chat Botté_" and "_Peau d'Ane_" from Straparola. It is,
+however, quite likely. Perrault's stories appeared 1694-97, and twelve
+editions of the French translation of Straparola had been issued before
+that date.
+
+[6] The few details of Basile's life will be found in Grimm, II. 481,
+Liebrecht's translation, II. p. 316, and Taylor's translation, p. v. An
+article in a recent number of the periodical named from Basile, vol. II.
+p. 17, gives the conflicting testimony of a number of Italian writers as
+to Basile's birth and death. The writer has discovered a mention of
+Basile's burial in the church of St. Sophia at Giugliano, near Naples,
+and in a record of deaths kept in the same town, an entry stating that
+Basile died there on the 23d of February, 1632. The following are all
+the editions of which I can find mention: Naples, 1637, 8vo, 1644, 12mo,
+1645, 1674, 1694 (Graesse), 1697 (Pitrè), 1714, 1722, 1728, 1747, 1749
+(Liebrecht), 1788, _Collezione di Tutti i Poemi_, etc.; Rome, 1679, 1797
+(Pitrè). Italian translations appeared at Naples in 1754, 1769, 1784,
+and 1863, and in Bolognese at Bologna, 1742, 1813, 1872, and at Venice
+in 1813. The editions used in the preparation of this work will be found
+in the Bibliography. In spite of the numerous editions above cited, the
+_Pentamerone_ is a very scarce work, and the scholar will usually have
+to content himself with Liebrecht's excellent translation. Thirty-one of
+the fifty stories have been admirably translated by John Edward Taylor,
+London, 1848, 1850. The _Pentamerone_ suffered the same fate as the
+_Piacevoli Notti_. It was not known, for instance, in Germany, until
+Fernow described it in his _Römische Studien_, Zürich, 1808, vol. III.
+pp. 316, 475, although Wieland had taken the material for his "Pervonte"
+from the third story of the first day.
+
+[7] The frame of the _Pentamerone_ is the story of the "False Bride:"
+see Gonz., Nos. 11, 12; Pitrè, No. 13; Imbriani, "_'E Sette
+Mane-Mozze_;" and Hahn, Nos. 12, 49. Grimm, II. p. 483, gives the
+stories in the _Pent._ which have parallels among his own _Kinder- und
+Hausmärchen_. The notes to Liebrecht's translation are to be
+supplemented by the same author's additional notes in his translation of
+Dunlop, p. 515.
+
+[8] This story is usually printed with Perrault's tales, but its author
+was really Mlle. Lhéritier. See the latest edition of Perrault's tales,
+_Les Contes de Charles Perrault_, par André Lefèvre, Paris, Lemerre,
+1875, p. xli.
+
+[9] See Dunlop-Liebrecht, p. 408 _et seq._; and Grimm, II. p. 489 _et
+seq._
+
+[10] References to four of the five stories will be found as follows:
+I., Pitrè, vol. IV. pp. 372, 375; II., Pitrè, _ibid._ p. 381; III.,
+_Nov. fior._ pp. 93, 112, Pitrè, No. 36; V., Pitrè, vol. IV. p. 391. The
+two editions of Naples, 1684 and 1751, are extremely scarce and the
+student will be obliged to have recourse to the edition of 1789,
+contained in the _Collezione di tutti li poeti in lingua Napoletana_.
+
+[11] Pitrè, vol. I. p. xliii., mentions some other names, as, _rumanzi_
+by the inhabitants of Termini, and _pugaret_ by the Albanian colonists.
+To these may be added another Milanese appellation, _panzanega_.
+
+[12] Other endings are given by Imbriani, _Pomiglianesi_, p. 129:--
+
+    Cuccurucù,
+    No' noe n' cchiù.
+
+(Cuccurucù, there is no more.)
+
+    Cuccurucù.
+    Sa' 'o vuo' cchiù bello, t' o dice tu.
+
+(Cuccurucù, if you want it finer, tell it yourself.) See also Pitrè,
+vol. I. p. 196, note 2. The most curious introductions and endings are
+those in De Nino, _Usi e Costumi abruzzesi_, vol. III. There is no
+general formula, but each _fiaba_ has one of its own. Some are
+meaningless jingles, but others are quite extensive poems on religious
+subjects. Among these may be found legends of various saints, St.
+Nicholas, p. 335, etc.
+
+[13] An interesting article might be written on the Italian
+story-tellers, generally illiterate women, from whose lips the stories
+in the modern collections have been taken down. Some details may be
+found in Pitrè, vol. I. p. xvii. (repeated in Ralston's article in
+_Fraser's Magazine_).
+
+[14] Any attempt at an explanation of these facts would lead into the
+vexed question of the origin and diffusion of popular tales in general.
+We cannot refrain, however, from calling attention to a remark by
+Nerucci in the preface to his _Nov. pop. montalesi_, p. v. He thinks
+that the Italian popular tale will be found to have much the same origin
+as the Italian popular poetry, that is, that very much is of a literary
+origin which has usually been deemed popular. This is undoubtedly true
+of many stories; but may not two versions of a given story, a popular
+and a literary one, have had a source common to both? A very interesting
+study might be made of the Italian popular tales in their relation to
+literary versions which may be the originals.
+
+The most valuable contributions to the question of the origin of Italian
+popular tales are those by Pitrè in the first volume of his _Fiabe_, pp.
+xli.-cxlv., and in the same author's _Nov. pop. tosc._ pp. v.-xxxviii.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+FAIRY TALES.
+
+[1] This story is a variant of Pitrè, No. 17, _Marvizia_ (the name of
+the heroine who was as small as a _marva_, the mallow plant), in which
+the introduction is wanting. The heroine falls in love with a green bird
+she sees in her garden, and goes in search of it. After many adventures,
+she restores the bird to its former human shape and marries it. Other
+Italian versions of the story in the text are: Sicilian, Pitrè, No.
+281, _Nuovo Saggio_, V.; Gonz., No. 15; Neapolitan, _Pent._ II. 9, V. 4;
+Comp., No. 33 (from the Basilicata); Roman, Busk, p. 99; Tuscan, De
+Gub., _Sto. Stefano_, No. 14; and Tyrolese, Schneller, No. 13.
+
+An important trait in the above class is "Tasks set Wife." Besides in
+the above stories, this trait is also found in those belonging to other
+classes: see De Gub., _Sto. Stefano_, No. 2, and _Nov. fior._ p. 209.
+
+Another important trait is the following: When after a long search the
+wife discovers her husband, it is only to find him in the power of a
+second wife, who, however, by various bribes, is induced to permit the
+first wife to spend a night in her husband's chamber. She is unable to
+awaken her husband, who has been drugged by the second wife. The third
+night she succeeds, makes herself known to him, and they escape. As an
+example of this trait, we give in full De Gub., _Sto. Stefano_, No. 14,
+referred to above.
+
+
+XX. SIR FIORANTE, MAGICIAN.
+
+A woodman had three daughters. Every morning one after the other, in
+turn, carried him his bread to the wood. The father and the daughters
+noticed in a thicket a large snake, which one day asked the old man for
+one of his daughters in marriage, threatening him with death if none of
+them would accept such an offer. The father told his daughters of the
+snake's offer, and the first and second immediately refused. If the
+third had refused too, there would have been no hope of salvation for
+the father; but for his sake she declared at once that snakes had always
+pleased her, and she thought the snake proposed by her father very
+handsome. At this the snake shook his tail in token of great joy, and
+making his bride mount it, carried her away to the midst of a beautiful
+meadow, where he caused a splendid palace to arise while he himself
+became a handsome man, and revealed himself as Sir Fiorante with the red
+and white stockings. But woe to her if she ever disclosed to any one his
+existence and name! She would lose him forever, unless, to obtain
+possession of him again, she wore out a pair of iron shoes, a staff and
+a hat, and filled with her tears seven bottles. The maiden promised; but
+she was a woman; she went to visit her sisters; one of them wished to
+know her husband's name, and was so cunning that at last her sister told
+her, but when the poor girl went back to see her husband, she found
+neither husband nor palace. To find him again, she was obliged in
+despair to do penance. She walked and walked and walked, and wept
+unceasingly. She had already filled one bottle with tears, when she met
+an old woman who gave her a fine walnut to crack in time of need, and
+disappeared. When she had filled four bottles, she met another old
+woman, who gave her a hazel-nut to crack in time of need, and
+disappeared. She had filled all seven bottles when a third old woman
+appeared to her, and left her an almond to be cracked in a third case
+of need, and she, too, disappeared. At last the young girl reached the
+castle of Sir Fiorante, who had taken another wife. The girl broke first
+the walnut, and found in it a beautiful dress which the second wife
+wanted herself. The young girl said: "You may have it if you will let me
+sleep with Sir Fiorante." The second wife consented, but meanwhile she
+gave Sir Fiorante some opium. In the night, the young girl said: "Sir
+Fiorante with the red and white stockings, I have worn out a pair of
+iron shoes, the staff and the hat, and filled seven bottles with tears,
+wherefore you must recognize your first wife."
+
+He made no answer, for he had taken opium. The next day the girl opened
+the hazel-nut, and out came a dress more beautiful than the first; Sir
+Fiorante's second wife wanted this, and obtained it on the same
+condition as the first, but took care that Sir Fiorante should take some
+opium before going to bed. The third day, a faithful servant asked Sir
+Fiorante if he had not heard in the night the cries that were uttered
+near him. Sir Fiorante replied, No, but was careful not to take any
+opium the third night, when, having broken the almond and found in it a
+dress of unapproachable beauty, the young girl obtained the second
+wife's consent to sleep anew with Sir Fiorante. The latter pretended
+this time to take the opium, but did not. Then he feigned to be asleep,
+but remained awake in order to hear the cries of his abandoned wife,
+which he could not resist, and began to embrace her. The next day they
+left that palace to the second wife, and departed together and went to
+live in happiness at another more wonderful castle.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This episode is found in the _Pent._ V. 3, otherwise not belonging to
+this class; and in Comp., No. 51, and _Nov. fior._ p. 168, which
+properly belong to the formula of "Animal Children."
+
+Hahn's formula No. 6, in which a maiden sells herself for three costly
+presents, and is obliged to marry the buyer, is sufficiently illustrated
+by Gonz., No. 18, Pitrè, No. 105, and Nerucci, No. 50. In the last story
+the person to whom the maiden has sold herself refuses to marry her.
+
+The wedding torch is found also in Pitrè, No. 17, and is clearly a
+survival of the classic custom. The episode in which the birth of the
+child is hindered recalls the myths of Latona and Alcmene, see Köhler's
+notes to Gonz., No. 12 (II. p. 210). Other cases of malicious arrest of
+childbirth in popular literature may be found in Child's _English and
+Scottish Pop. Ballads_, Part I. p. 84. Pandora's box is also found in
+_Pent._ V. 4.
+
+Copious references to other Europeans versions of our story will be
+found in Köhler's notes to Gonz., No. 15 (II. 214), and to Bladé,
+_Contes pop. rec. en Agenais_, p. 145, to which may be added the notes
+to the Grimm stories Nos. 88, 113, 127 ("The Soaring Lark," "The Two
+Kings' Children," and "The Iron Stove"), and Benfey, _Pant._ I. p. 255.
+
+[2] The lamp lighted at night to enable the wife to see her husband is
+found in Pitrè, No. 82, and in a Calabrian story in De Gub., _Zoöl.
+Myth._ II. 286-287, where the drop of wax falls on the mirror of the
+sleeping youth. The same incident occurs in the curious story of "The
+Enchanted Palace," in Comp., No. 27, which is simply a reversal of the
+Cupid and Psyche myth, and in which the husband is the curious one, and
+the drop of wax falls on the sleeping wife, and awakens her.
+
+The "iron shoes" are found in Comp., No. 51; Pitrè, No. 56; _Pent._ V.
+4; De Gub., _Sto. Stefano_, No. 14; Gradi, _Vigilia_, p. 26; and Ortoli,
+p. 8. See also Hahn, Nos. 73, 102, and _Basque Legends_, p. 39.
+
+[3] See Köhler to Gonz., No. 16; Dunlop-Liebrecht, p. 406 (_Anmerkung._
+475, and _Nachtrag_, p. 544); Graesse, _Sagen-Kreise_, p. 380; Benfey,
+I. 254; and Simrock, _D.M._ pp. 332, 391, 427.
+
+[4] Other Italian versions of this story are: Nerucci, Nos. 33, 59;
+Comparetti, No. 27 (Monferrato), mentioned already in Note 2; and
+Schneller, No. 13. Pitrè, No. 27, has some points of contact also with
+our story.
+
+[5] Nerucci, No. 1, and _Nov. fior._ p. 319. For the story of "Beauty
+and the Beast" in general, see Ralston's article with this title in the
+_Nineteenth Century_, No. 22, December, 1878; and notes to Schiefner's
+_Tibetan Tales_, London, 1882, p. xxxvii.
+
+[6] The following versions all contain the episodes of the father asking
+his daughters what gifts he shall bring them, and daughter's tardy
+return to the monster: Busk, p. 115; Gradi, _Saggio_, p. 189;
+Comparetti, No. 64 (Montale); and _Zoöl. Myth._ II. p. 382 (Leghorn),
+with which compare _Indian Fairy Tales_, p. 292. In _Fiabe Mant._ No.
+24, we have father's gifts and sympathetic ring; but the danger to
+monster does not depend on the tardiness of his bride. In _Zoöl. Myth._
+II. p. 381 (Piedmont), we have father's gift; but danger to monster
+results from wife's revealing his name to her sisters. Schneller, No.
+25, contains the usual introduction (father's gifts), but the monster, a
+snake, accompanies his bride on her visit home, and while they are
+dancing together she steps on his tail and crushes it, whereupon the
+snake becomes a handsome young man. A Sicilian story, "Zafarana" (Gonz.,
+No. 9), contains both episodes above mentioned, but otherwise differs
+from the class of stories we are now examining.
+
+Closely allied with the formula of "Beauty and the Beast" is that of
+"Animal Children." In the latter class the introduction (father's gift)
+is wanting, and also the episode of visit of wife and tardy return. The
+"animal child" is usually born in accordance with a rash wish of
+childless mother that she might have a son, even if he were like one of
+the animals which she happens to see (Hahn, Formula No. 7). When the
+"animal child" is grown up his parents attempt to obtain a wife for him;
+two of three sisters show their disgust and are killed; the third is
+more prudent, and ultimately disenchants her husband, usually by
+burning his skin, which he puts on and off at pleasure. The typical
+story of this class is Pitrè, No. 56, "The Serpent." To Pitrè's copious
+references may be added: Comparetti, No. 9 (Monferrato), in which the
+prince resumes his shape after his third marriage without any further
+means of disenchantment; No 66 (Monferrato), the prince takes off seven
+skins, and from a dragon becomes a handsome youth. In both these stories
+the prince is enchanted and not born in accordance with mother's wish.
+Gianandrea, p. 15, is a version of Comp., No. 9. Corazzini, p. 429
+(Benevento), belongs more properly to "Beauty and the Beast;" the
+husband disappears on wife's revealing to his mother the secret of his
+being a handsome youth by night. A somewhat similar version is in Prato,
+No. 4, "_Il Re Serpente_." See also Finamore, _Nov. pop. abruzzesi_,
+Nos. 6, 21, and _Archivio_, I. 424 (Piedmont), 531 (Tuscany); II. 403
+(Marches); III. 362 (Abruzzi).
+
+For other references to this class see Köhler's notes to Widter-Wolf,
+_Jahrb._ VII. p. 249; Benfey, _Pant._ I. p. 265 _et seq._; and notes to
+Grimm, Nos. 108 ("Hans the Hedgehog") and 144 ("The Little Ass").
+
+[7] Other Italian versions may be found in Pitrè, No. 38; Gonz., No. 27;
+_Pent._ II. 2; Busk, pp. 46, 57, and 63; _Fiabe Mant._ Nos. 3 and 17;
+_Nov. tosc._ 4; and Schneller, No. 21. _Pent._ II. 5, contains many
+points of resemblance, although it belongs to the class of "Animal
+Children."
+
+Two very close non-Italian versions are Asbj., No. 84, "The Green
+Knight" [_Tales from the Fjeld_, p. 311, "The Green Knight"], and Hahn,
+No. 7, "The Golden Wand."
+
+An important episode in the above stories is "sick prince and secret
+remedy." This is found in stories belonging to other classes, as for
+example in Schneller, 9, 10, 11; in 10 the princess is ill, in 11 there
+is simply the "overheard council of witches;" _Nov. fior._ pp. 599, 601
+(princess ill), and Comp., No. 8 (sick prince).
+
+The above trait is found in the class of stories which may be named
+"True and Untrue," and of which Grimm, No. 107, "The Two Travellers," is
+a good example. Italian versions may be found in Widter-Wolf, No. 1
+(_Jahrb._ VII. p. 3); Nerucci, No. 23; Ive, _Nozze Ive-Lorenzetto_, p.
+31, "_La Curona del Gran Giegno_." Non-Italian versions will be found in
+Köhler's notes to Widter-Wolf, and Ive's notes to above cited story.
+
+[8] This class is named by Hahn from Geneviève de Brabant, whose legend
+may be found in _Dict. des Légendes_, p. 396, and, with copious
+references, in D'Ancona's _Sacre Rappresentazioni_, III. p. 235.
+
+[9] The title of the original is "_Li figghi di lu Cavuliciddaru_," "The
+Herb-gatherer's Daughters."
+
+[10] Another Sicilian version is "_Re Sonnu_," in Pitrè, _Nuovo Saggio_,
+No. 1. To the references in Pitrè, No. 36, and Gonz., No. 5, may be
+added: _Fiabe Mant._ No. 14, only as far as abstraction of children are
+concerned and accusation of murder against the mother; No. 46, a poor
+version, the beginning of which is lost; Comparetti, Nos. 6
+(Basilicata), and 30 (Pisa); No. 17 (Pisa) is a defective version, the
+search for the marvellous objects being omitted; another distorted
+version from Monferrato is found in the same collection, No. 25. See
+also Prato, _Quattro nov. pop. livornesi_, No. 2, and Finamore, No. 39.
+Two of the traits of our story are found in many others; they are:
+"Sympathetic objects," ring, etc., and "Life-giving ointment or leaves."
+For the former, see notes to next two stories, and in general, Brueyre,
+p. 93; for the latter, see Gonz., No. 40; Comparetti, No. 32 (see Note
+12); Bernoni, _Punt._ III. p. 84. In these stories the life-restoring
+substance is an ointment; leaves possessing the same power are found in
+Pitrè, No. 11, _Pent._ I. 7, _La Posillecheata_, No. 1, and
+Coronedi-Berti, No. 14. See also Grimm, No. 16, "The Three
+Snake-Leaves;" _Basque Legends_, p. 117; Benfey, _Pant._ I. 454, Cox,
+_Aryan Myth._ I. 160; and _Germania_, XXI. p. 68. For non-Italian
+versions of the story in the text see Köhler's notes in _Mélusine_, p.
+213, to a Breton version, and _Indian Fairy Tales_, pp. 242, 277.
+
+In the above formula are embraced several somewhat different stories in
+which the persecution of innocent wife proceeds from various persons.
+For instance, in the Italian legends Sta. Guglielma is persecuted by her
+brother-in-law; Sta. Ulila by her father and mother-in-law; and Stella
+by her stepmother. See D'Ancona, _op. cit._, pp. 199, 235, 317. A
+popular version, somewhat distorted, of the second of the
+above-mentioned legends may be found in Nerucci, No. 39; of the third in
+Gonz., No. 24.
+
+More commonly, however, the persecution is on the part of envious
+sisters or wicked stepmother. The important rôle played by the last in
+tales of the North of Europe has its counterpart in those of the South.
+The following story from Siena (Pitrè, _La Scatola di Cristallo_) will
+sufficiently illustrate this class.
+
+
+XXI. THE CRYSTAL CASKET.
+
+There was once a widower who had a daughter. This daughter was between
+ten and twelve years old. Her father sent her to school, and as she was
+all alone in the world commended her always to her teacher. Now, the
+teacher, seeing that the child had no mother, fell in love with the
+father, and kept saying to the girl: "Ask your father if he would like
+me for a wife." This she said to her every day, and at last the girl
+said: "Papa, the school-mistress is always asking me if you will marry
+her." The father said: "Eh! my daughter, if I take another wife, you
+will have great troubles." But the girl persisted, and finally the
+father was persuaded to go one evening to the school-mistress' house.
+When she saw him she was well pleased, and they settled the marriage in
+a few days. Poor child! how bitterly she had to repent having found a
+stepmother so ungrateful and cruel to her! She sent her every day out on
+a terrace to water a pot of basil, and it was so dangerous that if she
+fell she would go into a large river.
+
+One day there came by a large eagle, and said to her: "What are you
+doing here?" She was weeping because she saw how great the danger was of
+falling into the stream. The eagle said to her: "Get on my back, and I
+will carry you away, and you will be happier than with your new mamma."
+After a long journey they reached a great plain, where they found a
+beautiful palace all of crystal; the eagle knocked at the door and said:
+"Open, my ladies, open! for I have brought you a pretty girl." When the
+people in the palace opened the door, and saw that lovely girl, they
+were amazed, and kissed and caressed her. Meanwhile the door was closed,
+and they remained peaceful and contented.
+
+Let us return to the eagle, who thought she was doing a spite to the
+stepmother. One day the eagle flew away to the terrace where the
+stepmother was watering the basil. "Where is your daughter?" asked the
+eagle. "Eh!" she replied, "perhaps she fell from this terrace and went
+into the river; I have not heard from her in ten days." The eagle
+answered: "What a fool you are! I carried her away; seeing that you
+treated her so harshly I carried her away to my fairies, and she is very
+well." Then the eagle flew away.
+
+The stepmother, filled with rage and jealousy, called a witch from the
+city, and said to her: "You see my daughter is alive, and is in the
+house of some fairies of an eagle which often comes upon my terrace; now
+you must do me the favor to find some way to kill this stepdaughter of
+mine, for I am afraid that some day or other she will return, and my
+husband, discovering this matter, will certainly kill me." The witch
+answered: "Oh, you need not be afraid of that: leave it to me."
+
+What did the witch do? She had made a little basketful of sweetmeats, in
+which she put a charm; then she wrote a letter, pretending that it was
+her father, who, having learned where she was, wished to make her this
+present, and the letter pretended that her father was so glad to hear
+that she was with the fairies.
+
+Let us leave the witch who is arranging all this deception, and return
+to Ermellina (for so the young girl was named). The fairies had said to
+her: "See, Ermellina, we are going away, and shall be absent four days;
+now in this time take good care not to open the door to any one, for
+some treachery is being prepared for you by your stepmother." She
+promised to open the door to no one: "Do not be anxious, I am well off,
+and my stepmother has nothing to do with me." But it was not so. The
+fairies went away, and the next day when Ermellina was alone, she heard
+a knocking at the door, and said to herself: "Knock away! I don't open
+to any one." But meanwhile the blows redoubled, and curiosity forced her
+to look out of the window. What did she see? She saw one of the servant
+girls of her own home (for the witch had disguised herself as one of her
+father's servants). "O my dear Ermellina," she said, "your father is
+shedding tears of sorrow for you, because he really believed you were
+dead, but the eagle which carried you off came and told him the good
+news that you were here with the fairies. Meanwhile your father, not
+knowing what civility to show you, for he understands very well that you
+are in need of nothing, has thought to send you this little basket of
+sweetmeats." Ermellina had not yet opened the door; the servant begged
+her to come down and take the basket and the letter, but she said: "No,
+I wish nothing!" but finally, since women, and especially young girls,
+are fond of sweetmeats, she descended and opened the door. When the
+witch had given her the basket, she said: "Eat this," and broke off for
+her a piece of the sweetmeats which she had poisoned. When Ermellina
+took the first mouthful the old woman disappeared. Ermellina had
+scarcely time to close the door, when she fell down on the stairs.
+
+When the fairies returned they knocked at the door, but no one opened it
+for them; then they perceived that there had been some treachery, and
+began to weep. Then the chief of the fairies said: "We must break open
+the door," and so they did, and saw Ermellina dead on the stairs. Her
+other friends who loved her so dearly begged the chief of the fairies to
+bring her to life, but she would not, "for," said she, "she has
+disobeyed me;" but one and the other asked her until she consented; she
+opened Ermellina's mouth, took out a piece of the sweetmeat which she
+had not yet swallowed, raised her up, and Ermellina came to life again.
+
+We can imagine what a pleasure it was for her friends; but the chief of
+the fairies reproved her for her disobedience, and she promised not to
+do so again.
+
+Once more the fairies were obliged to depart. Their chief said:
+"Remember, Ermellina: the first time I cured you, but the second I will
+have nothing to do with you." Ermellina said they need not worry, that
+she would not open to any one. But it was not so; for the eagle,
+thinking to increase her stepmother's anger, told her again that
+Ermellina was alive. The stepmother denied it all to the eagle, but she
+summoned anew the witch, and told her that her stepdaughter was still
+alive, saying: "Either you will really kill her, or I will be avenged on
+you." The old woman, finding herself caught, told her to buy a very
+handsome dress, one of the handsomest she could find, and transformed
+herself into a tailoress belonging to the family, took the dress,
+departed, went to poor Ermellina, knocked at the door and said: "Open,
+open, for I am your tailoress." Ermellina looked out of the window and
+saw her tailoress; and was, in truth, a little confused (indeed, anyone
+would have been so). The tailoress said, "Come down, I must fit a dress
+on you." She replied, "No, no; for I have been deceived once." "But I am
+not the old woman," replied the tailoress, "you know me, for I have
+always made your dresses." Poor Ermellina was persuaded, and descended
+the stairs; the tailoress took to flight while Ermellina was yet
+buttoning up the dress, and disappeared. Ermellina closed the door, and
+was mounting the stairs; but it was not permitted her to go up, for she
+fell down dead.
+
+Let us return to the fairies, who came home and knocked at the door; but
+what good did it do to knock! There was no longer any one there. They
+began to weep. The chief of the fairies said: "I told you that she would
+betray me again; but now I will have nothing more to do with her." So
+they broke open the door, and saw the poor girl with that beautiful
+dress on; but she was dead. They all wept, because they really loved
+her. But there was nothing to do; the chief struck her enchanted wand,
+and commanded a beautiful rich casket all covered with diamonds and
+other precious stones to appear; then the others made a beautiful
+garland of flowers and gold, put it on the young girl, and then laid her
+in the casket, which was so rich and beautiful that it was marvellous to
+behold. Then the old fairy struck her wand as usual and commanded a
+handsome horse, the like of which not even the king possessed. Then they
+took the casket, put it on the horse's back, and led him into the public
+square of the city, and the chief of the fairies said: "Go, and do not
+stop until you find some one who says to you: 'Stop, for pity's sake,
+for I have lost my horse for you.'"
+
+Now let us leave the afflicted fairies, and turn our attention to the
+horse, which ran away at full speed. Who happened to pass at that
+moment? The son of a king (the name of this king is not known); and saw
+this horse with that wonder on its back. Then the king began to spur his
+horse, and rode him so hard that he killed him, and had to leave him
+dead in the road; but the king kept running after the other horse. The
+poor king could endure it no longer; he saw himself lost, and exclaimed:
+"Stop, for pity's sake, for I have lost my horse for you!" Then the
+horse stopped (for those were the words). When the king saw that
+beautiful girl dead in the casket, he thought no more about his own
+horse, but took the other to the city. The king's mother knew that her
+son had gone hunting; when she saw him returning with this loaded horse,
+she did not know what to think. The son had no father, wherefore he was
+all powerful. He reached the palace, had the horse unloaded, and the
+casket carried to his chamber; then he called his mother and said:
+"Mother, I went hunting, but I have found a wife." "But what is it? A
+doll? A dead woman?" "Mother," replied her son, "don't trouble yourself
+about what it is, it is my wife." His mother began to laugh, and
+withdrew to her own room (what could she do, poor mother?).
+
+Now this poor king no longer went hunting, took no diversion, did not
+even go to the table, but ate in his own room. By a fatality it happened
+that war was declared against him, and he was obliged to depart. He
+called his mother, and said: "Mother, I wish two careful chambermaids,
+whose business it shall be to guard this casket; for if on my return I
+find that anything has happened to my casket, I shall have the
+chambermaids killed." His mother, who loved him, said: "Go, my son, fear
+nothing, for I myself will watch over your casket." He wept several days
+at being obliged to abandon this treasure of his, but there was no help
+for it, he had to go.
+
+After his departure he did nothing but commend his wife (so he called
+her) to his mother in his letters. Let us return to the mother, who no
+longer thought about the matter, not even to have the casket dusted; but
+all at once there came a letter which informed her that the king had
+been victorious, and should return to his palace in a few days. The
+mother called the chambermaids, and said to them: "Girls, we are
+ruined." They replied: "Why, Highness?" "Because my son will be back in
+a few days, and how have we taken care of the doll?" They said: "True,
+true; now let us go and wash the doll's face." They went to the king's
+room and saw that the doll's face and hands were covered with dust and
+fly-specks, so they took a sponge and washed her face, but some drops of
+water fell on her dress and spotted it. The poor chambermaids began to
+weep, and went to the queen for advice. The queen said: "Do you know
+what to do! call a tailoress, and have a dress precisely like this
+bought, and take off this one before my son comes." They did so, and the
+chambermaids went to the room and began to unbutton the dress. The
+moment that they took off the first sleeve, Ermellina opened her eyes.
+The poor chambermaids sprang up in terror, but one of the most
+courageous said: "I am a woman, and so is this one; she will not eat
+me." To cut the matter short, she took off the dress, and when it was
+removed Ermellina began to get out of the casket to walk about and see
+where she was. The chambermaids fell on their knees before her and
+begged her to tell them who she was. She, poor girl, told them the whole
+story. Then she said: "I wish to know where I am?" Then the chambermaids
+called the king's mother to explain it to her. The mother did not fail
+to tell her everything, and she, poor girl, did nothing but weep
+penitently, thinking of what the fairies had done for her.
+
+The king was on the point of arriving, and his mother said to the doll:
+"Come here; put on one of my best dresses." In short, she arrayed her
+like a queen. Then came her son. They shut the doll up in a small room,
+so that she could not be seen. The king came with great joy, with
+trumpets blowing, and banners flying for the victory. But he took no
+interest in all this, and ran at once to his room to see the doll; the
+chambermaids fell on their knees before him saying that the doll smelled
+so badly that they could not stay in the palace, and were obliged to
+bury her. The king would not listen to this excuse, but at once called
+two of the palace servants to erect the gallows. His mother comforted
+him in vain: "My son, it was a dead woman." "No, no, I will not listen
+to any reasons; dead or alive, you should have left it for me." Finally,
+when his mother saw that he was in earnest about the gallows, she rang a
+little bell, and there came forth no longer the doll, but a very
+beautiful girl, whose like was never seen. The king was amazed, and
+said: "What is this!" Then his mother, the chambermaids, and Ermellina,
+were obliged to tell him all that had happened. He said: "Mother, since
+I adored her when dead, and called her my wife, now I mean her to be my
+wife in truth." "Yes, my son," replied his mother, "do so, for I am
+willing." They arranged the wedding, and in a few days were man and
+wife.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Sicilian versions of this story may be found in Pitrè, Nos. 57, 58;
+Gonz., Nos. 2-4. To the copious references in the notes to the stories
+just mentioned may be added: _Fiabe Mant._ No. 28; _Tuscan Fairy Tales_,
+No. IX.; _Nov. fior._ pp. 232, 239; De Nino, XLI., XLIX., L.; _Nov.
+tosc._ 9. Other European versions are: Grimm, No. 53, "Little
+Snow-White;" Hahn, No. 103; _Lo Rondallayre_, No. 46: see also Köhler's
+notes to Gonz., Nos. 2-4.
+
+The last class of "stepmother" stories which we shall mention is Hahn's
+Formula 15, "Phryxos and Helle," in which both brother and sister are
+persecuted by stepmother. A good example of this class is Pitrè, No.
+283.
+
+
+XXII. THE STEPMOTHER.
+
+There was once a husband and a wife who had two children, a son and a
+daughter. The wife died, and the husband married a woman who had a
+daughter blind of one eye. The husband was a farmer, and went to work in
+a field. The stepmother hated her husband's children, and to get rid of
+them she baked some bread, and sent it by them to her husband, but
+directed them to the wrong field, so that they might get lost. When the
+children reached a mountain they began to call their father, but no one
+answered. Now the girl was enchanted; and when they came to a spring and
+the brother wanted to drink, she said to him: "Do not drink of this
+fountain, or you will become an ass." Afterwards they found another
+spring, and the brother wanted to drink; but his sister said to him: "Do
+not drink of it, or you will become a calf." However, the boy would
+drink, and became a calf with golden horns. They continued their
+journey, and came to the sea-shore, where there was a handsome villa
+belonging to the prince. When the prince saw the young girl, and beheld
+how beautiful she was, he married her, and afterwards asked her what
+there was about the little calf, and she replied: "I am fond of him
+because I have brought him up."
+
+Let us now return to her father, who, from the great grief he had on
+account of his children's disappearance, had gone out to divert himself,
+and wandered away, gathering fennel. He arrived at last at the villa,
+where was his daughter who had married the king. His daughter looked out
+of the window and said to him: "Come up, friend." His daughter had
+recognized him, and asked: "Friend, do you not know me?" "No, I do not
+recognize you." Then she said: "I am your daughter, whom you believed
+lost." She threw herself at his feet, and said: "Pardon me, dear father;
+I came by chance to this villa, and the king's son was here and married
+me." The father was greatly consoled at finding his daughter so well
+married. "Now, my father," said she, "empty this sack of fennel, for I
+will fill it with gold for you." And then she begged him to bring his
+wife, and the daughter blind of one eye. The father returned home with
+his bag full of money, and his wife asked in terror: "Who gave you this
+money?" He answered: "O wife! do you know that I have found my daughter,
+and she is the king's wife, and filled this bag with money?" She,
+instead of being happy, was angry at hearing that her stepdaughter was
+still alive; however, she said to her husband: "I will go and take my
+daughter." So they went, the husband, the wife, and the blind daughter,
+and came to the husband's daughter, who received her stepmother very
+kindly. But the latter, seeing that the king was away, and that her
+stepdaughter was alone, seized her and threw her from a window into the
+sea; and what did she do then? She took her blind daughter and dressed
+her in the other's clothes, and said to her: "When the king comes and
+finds you here weeping, say to him: 'The little calf has blinded me with
+his horn, and I have only one eye!'" Then the stepmother returned to her
+own house. The king came and found her daughter in bed weeping, and said
+to her: "Why are you weeping?" "The little calf struck me with his horn
+and put out one of my eyes." The king cried at once: "Go call the
+butcher to kill the calf?" When the calf heard that he was to be killed,
+he went out on the balcony and called to his sister in the sea:--
+
+    "Oh! sister,
+    For me the water is heated,
+    And the knives are sharpened."
+
+The sister replied from the sea:--
+
+    "Oh! brother, I cannot help you,
+    I am in the dog-fish's mouth."
+
+When the king heard the calf utter these words, he looked out of the
+window, and when he saw his wife in the sea, he summoned two sailors,
+and had them take her out and bring her up and restore her. Then he took
+the blind girl and killed her and cut her in pieces and salted her like
+tunny-fish, and sent her to her mother. When her husband found it out he
+left her and went to live with his daughter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It may not be amiss to mention here another class of stories which come
+under the formula of "Persecuted Maiden." The class resembles in some
+respects the story of King Lear. The youngest daughter is persecuted by
+her father because he thinks she does not love him as much as her older
+sisters. A good example of this class is Pitrè, No. 10, _L'Acqua e lu
+Sali_.
+
+
+XXIII. WATER AND SALT.
+
+A very fine story is related and told to your worships. Once upon a time
+there was a king with three daughters. These three daughters being at
+table one day, their father said: "Come now, let us see which of you
+three loves me." The oldest said: "Papa, I love you as much as my eyes."
+The second answered: "I love you as much as my heart." The youngest
+said: "I love you as much as water and salt." The king heard her with
+amazement: "Do you value me like water and salt? Quick! call the
+executioners, for I will have her killed immediately." The other sisters
+privately gave the executioners a little dog, and told them to kill it
+and rend one of the youngest sister's garments, but to leave her in a
+cave. This they did, and brought back to the king the dog's tongue and
+the rent garment: "Royal Majesty, here is her tongue and garment." And
+his Majesty gave them a reward. The unfortunate princess was found in
+the forest by a magician, who took her to his house opposite the royal
+palace. Here the king's son saw her and fell desperately in love with
+her, and the match was soon agreed upon. Then the magician came and
+said: "You must kill me the day before the wedding. You must invite
+three kings, your father the first. You must order the servants to pass
+water and salt to all the guests except your father." Now let us return
+to the father of this young girl, who the longer he lived the more his
+love for her increased, and he was sick of grief. When he received the
+invitation he said: "And how can I go with this love for my daughter?"
+And he would not go. Then he thought: "But this king will be offended if
+I do not go, and will declare war against me some time." He accepted and
+went. The day before the wedding they killed the magician and quartered
+him, and put a quarter in each of four rooms, and sprinkled his blood in
+all the rooms and on the stairway, and the blood and flesh became gold
+and precious stones. When the three kings came and saw the golden
+stairs, they did not like to step on them. "Never mind," said the
+prince, "go up: this is nothing." That evening they were married: the
+next day they had a banquet. The prince gave orders: "No salt and water
+to that king." They sat down at table, and the young queen was near her
+father, but he did not eat. His daughter said: "Royal Majesty, why do
+you not eat? Does not the food please you?" "What an idea! It is very
+fine." "Why don't you eat then?" "I don't feel very well." The bride and
+groom helped him to some bits of meat, but the king did not want it, and
+chewed his food over and over again like a goat (as if he could eat it
+without salt!). When they finished eating they began to tell stories,
+and the king told them all about his daughter. She asked him if he could
+still recognize her, and stepping out of the room put on the same dress
+she wore when he sent her away to be killed. "You caused me to be killed
+because I told you I loved you as much as salt and water: now you have
+seen what it is to eat without salt and water." Her father could not say
+a word, but embraced her and begged her pardon. They remained happy and
+contented, and here we are with nothing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Venetian version (Bernoni, No. 14) is translated in the _Cornhill
+Magazine_, July, 1875, p. 80, a Bolognese version may be found in
+Coronedi-Berti, No. 5, and from the Abruzzi in Finamore, Nos. 18, 26.
+Compare also _Pomiglianesi_, p. 42. For transmutation of magician's body
+see _Zoöl. Myth._ I. p. 123, Benfey, _Pant._ I. pp. 477, 478, Ralston,
+_R. F. T._ p. 223, and _Indian Fairy Tales_, p. 164.
+
+Other Sicilian versions are in Gonz., Nos. 48, 49. A Neapolitan is in
+_Pent._ V. 8; a Mantuan, in _Fiabe Mant._ No. 16; a Tuscan, in _Archivio
+per le Trad. pop._ I. p. 44, and one from the Abruzzi in _Archivio_,
+III. 546. The same story is in Grimm, Nos. 11 and 141. "The Little
+Brother and Sister" and "The Little Lamb and the Little Fish." See also
+Hahn, No. 1. The latter part of the story is connected with "False
+Bride." See note 21 of this chapter.
+
+[11] Other Italian versions are: Pitrè, No. 20; _Pent._ II. 1;
+_Pomiglianesi_, pp. 121, 130, 136, 188, 191; Busk, p. 3; _Nov. fior._ p.
+209; Gargiolli, No. 2; _Fiabe Mant._ No. 20; Bernoni, No. 12;
+_Archivio_, I. 525 (Tuscan), III. 368 (Abruzzi), and De Nino, XX. Some
+points of resemblance are found also in _Pent._ V. 4; Coronedi-Berti,
+No. 8; and Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. 12.
+
+Other stories in which children are promised to ogre, demon, etc., are
+to be found in Pitrè, No. 31, Widter-Wolf, No. XIII., and in the various
+versions of the story of "Lionbruno." See Chap. II., note 13.
+
+For other European versions of the story in the text, see Ralston's _R.
+F. T._ p. 141; Grimm, No. 12, "Rapunzel," and _Basque Legends_, p. 59.
+For child promised to demon, see _Romania_, No. 28, p. 531; Grimm, Nos.
+31 ("The Girl Without Hands") 55, ("Rumpelstiltskin") 92, ("The King of
+the Golden Mountain"), and 181 ("The Nix of the Mill-Pond"). See also
+Hahn, I. p. 47, No. 8.
+
+Some of the incidents of this story are found in those belonging to
+other classes. The girl's face changed to that of dog, etc., is in
+Comparetti, No. 3 (furnished with a long beard), and Finamore, _Trad.
+pop. abruzzesi_, No. 1, _Pent._ I. 8 (goat), Nerucci, Nos. 30 (sheep's
+neck), 37 (buffalo), and _Nov. pop. toscani_, in _Archivio per la Trad.
+pop._ No. 1 (goat). For "flight and obstacles," see _Nov. fior._ pp. 12,
+415, _Pent._ II. 1, and stories cited by Pitrè in his notes to No. 13,
+also note 25 to this chapter, _Basque Legends_, p. 120, _Orient und
+Occident_, II. p. 103, and Brueyre, p. 111. For "ladder of hair," see
+_Pomiglianesi_, p. 126.
+
+[12] Other Italian versions are: _Pent._ I, 9; Gonz., Nos. 39, 40;
+Comparetti, No. 46 (Basilicata); De Gub., _Sto. Stefano_, Nos. 17, 18;
+Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. 22; De Nino LXV.; _Nov. fior_, pp.
+375, 387 (Milan); Coronedi-Berti, No. 16; _Fiabe Mant._ No. 19; and
+Schneller, No. 28. This story, as far as the two brothers (not born
+miraculously) and liberation of princess are concerned, is in _Pent._ I.
+7, and Widter-Wolf, No. 8.
+
+References to other European versions may be found in the _Romania_,
+Nos. 19, pp. 336, 339; 28, p. 563; 32, p. 606: _Orient und Occident_,
+II. p. 115 (Köhler to Campbell, No. 4), and Bladé, _Agenais_, No. 2 (p.
+148).
+
+As regards the separate traits, as usual many of them are found in other
+classes of stories: the cloud occurs in Comp., No. 40; children born
+from fish, De Gub., _Zoöl. Myth._ II. 29; for sympathetic objects and
+life-giving ointment, see last two stories. For "kindness to animals,"
+and "thankful beasts," see _Fiabe Mant._ Nos. 37, 26, Gonz., No. 6, and
+the stories belonging to the class "Giant with no heart in his body"
+mentioned below. The gratitude and help of an animal form the subject of
+some independent stories, _e. g._, Strap. III. 1; _Pent._ I. 3; and
+Gonz., No. 6, above mentioned; and are also found in the formula "Animal
+Brothers-in-law." See note 23. For European versions see _Orient und
+Occident_, II. p. 101; Brueyre, p. 98; Ralston, _R. F. T._ p. 98;
+Benfey, _Pant._ I. p. 193 _et seq._; _Basque Legends_, p. 81, and _Zoöl.
+Myth._ I. p. 197; II. 45. For transformation into statues, see stories
+mentioned in note 10, Bernoni, _Punt._ III. p. 89, _Nov. fior._ p. 112,
+and Ortoli, pp. 10, 34.
+
+The most interesting episode, however, is that of "Magician (or Giant)
+with no heart in his body" (see Chap. III., note 8), which is in the
+following Italian tales: Pitrè, No. 81, Busk, p. 158; _Nov. fior._ pp.
+7, 347; Gonz., Nos. 6, 16; _Fiabe Mant._ No. 37; and _Pomiglianesi_, No.
+2, p. 21 (v. p. 41). For other references, see _Basque Legends_, p. 83;
+Brueyre, pp. 81-83; Ralston, _R. F. T._, Am. ed., pp. 119-125; _Orient
+und Occident_, II. p. 101; Hahn, I. p. 56, No. 31; and _Romania_, No.
+22, p. 234. See also note 18 of this chapter.
+
+The story in our text is not a good example of Hahn's Form. 13,
+"Andromeda, or Princess freed from Dragon." Some of the other stories
+cited are much better, notably Widter-Wolf, No. 8, Gonz., Nos. 39, 40,
+and also Strap., X. 3, and Schneller, No. 39. Hahn's Danaë Form. 12 is
+represented by _Nov. tosc._ No. 30. The allied myth of Medusa by _Nov.
+tosc._ No. 1, and _Archivio_, I. p. 57.
+
+[13] Versions of this wide-spread story are in Pitrè, _Otto Fiabe_, No.
+1; Gonz., Nos. 58, 59, 61, 62, 63 (partly), and 64; Köhler, _Italien
+Volksm._ (Sora) No. 1, "_Die drei Brüder und die drei befreiten
+Königstochter_" (_Jahrb._ VIII. p. 241); Widter-Wolf, No. 4 (_Jahrb._
+VII. p. 20); Schneller, No. 39; _Nov. fior._ p. 70, and De Gub., _Zoöl.
+Myth._ II. 187 (Tuscan). Part of our story is also found in Schneller,
+pp. 188-192, and Pitrè, Nos. 83, 84 (var.). To these references, which
+are given by Pitrè, may be added the following: Comparetti, Nos. 19
+(Monferrato) partly, 35 (Monferrato), and 40 (Pisa); De Gub., _Sto.
+Stefano_, No. 19; _Fiabe Mant._ Nos. 18, 32 (the latter part), 49
+(partly); _Tuscan Fairy Tales_, No. 3; Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_,
+No. 29; and _Nov. tosc._ No. 3.
+
+The trait "underground world" is also found in Busk, p. 141. These
+stories illustrate sufficiently Hahn's Form. 40, "Descent into the
+Nether World."
+
+[14] To the stories in Note 13 containing "liberation of hero by eagle"
+may be added Comparetti, No. 24 (Monferrato). See in general: De Gub.,
+_Zoöl. Myth._ II. 186; Benfey, _Pant._ I. pp. 216, 388; _Rivista
+Orientale_, I. p. 27; _Orient und Occident_, II. p. 299; and _Basque
+Legends_, p. 110.
+
+[15] Another version from Avellino is in the same collection, p. 201.
+Other Italian versions are: Pitrè, No. 79; Gonz., No. 51; De Gub., _Sto.
+Stefano_, No. 20; De Nino, No. 2; Comparetti, No. 28 (Monferrato); Ive,
+_Fiabe pop. rovignesi_, p. 20; No. 3, "_El Pumo de uoro_;" Schneller,
+No. 51; and Corazzini, p. 455 (Benevento).
+
+In general see Ive's and Köhler's notes to stories above cited, and
+_Romania_, No. 24, p. 565. The corresponding Grimm story is No. 28, "The
+Singing Bone."
+
+[16] Other Italian versions are: Pitrè, Nos. 41, 42; _Pent._ I. 6; Busk,
+pp. 26, 31; Comp., No. 23 (Pisa); _Fiabe Mant._ No. 45; _Nov. fior._ p.
+162 (Milan); Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. II.; and _Archivio_,
+II. 185 (Sardinia).
+
+Schneller, No. 24, and Bernoni, No. 8, are connecting links between
+"Cinderella" and "Allerleirauh." In the former, Cinderella's father asks
+his three daughters what present he shall make them. Cinderella asks for
+a sword, and shortly after leaves her home and obtains a situation in a
+city as servant. In the palace opposite lives a young count, with whom
+Cinderella falls in love. She obtains a situation in his house. Her
+sword, which is enchanted, gives her beautiful dresses, and she goes to
+the balls as in the other versions. The third evening the count slips a
+costly ring on her finger, which Cinderella uses to identify herself
+with. Bernoni, No. 8, is substantially the same. After the death of
+their mother and father Cinderella's sisters treat her cruelly, and she
+obtains a place as servant in the king's palace, and is aided by the
+fairies, who take pity upon her. She is identified by means of a ring,
+and also by her diamond slipper, which she throws to the servants, who
+are following her to see where she lives.
+
+European versions will be found in the notes to Grimm, No. 21
+("Cinderella"), and W. R. S. Ralston's article, "Cinderella," in the
+_Nineteenth Century_, November, 1879.
+
+[17] Other Italian versions are: Pitrè, No. 43; Gonz., 38; _Pent._ II.
+6; Busk, pp. 66, 84, 90, 91; Comparetti, No. 57. (Montale); De Gub.,
+_Sto. Stefano_, No. 3 (see also _Rivista di Lett. Pop._ I. p. 86);
+Gradi, _Saggio_, p. 141; _Fiabe Mant._ No. 38; _Nov. fior._ p. 158
+(Milan), Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. 3; De Nino, No. 17, and
+_Archivio_, I. 190 (Tuscany), II. 26 (Sardinia). Straparola, I. 4,
+contains the first part of our story, which is also partly found in
+Coronedi-Berti, No. 3, and Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. 13.
+
+The gifts, which in the story in the text are given the day of the
+wedding, in the other versions are bestowed before marriage by father,
+in order to overcome daughter's opposition. The recognition by means of
+ring is found in the last two stories mentioned in Note 16, in _Fiabe
+Mant._ No. 38, above cited, and _Nov. fior._ p. 158 (Milan). See also
+Grimm, Nos. 93 ("The Raven"), 101 ("Bearskin"); Hahn, No. 25; Asbj., No.
+71 (_Tales from the Field_, p. 130); and _Romania_, No. 23, p. 359.
+
+Other European versions of our story will be found mentioned in the
+notes to Grimm, No. 65 ("Allerleirauh"), to Gonz., No. 38 (II. 229);
+_Orient und Occident_, II. 295; D'Ancona, _Sacre Rappresent._ III. 238;
+_Romania_, No. 24, 571; _Basque Legends_, p. 165, and Ralston's _R. F.
+T._ p. 159.
+
+[18] See Gonz., No. 26, and Widter-Wolf, No. 8 (_Jahrb._ VII. p. 128).
+
+For story in general, see notes to stories just cited, and Cox, _Aryan
+Myth._ vol. I. p. 224; II. p. 261, "The Myth of Nisos and Skylla;" Hahn,
+I. p. 52; and De Gub., _Zoöl. Myth._ I. p. 211 _et seq._
+
+[19] Pitrè, in his notes to No. 71, gives two variants of his story, and
+mentions a Piedmontese version yet unpublished. Comparetti, No. 54, an
+analysis of which is given in the text, represents sufficiently Hahn's
+Form. No. 37, "Strong Hans."
+
+[20] In the version in _Pent._ IV. 8, after the seven sons have
+disappeared, their sister goes in search of them, finds them, and they
+all live happily together until by her fault they are changed into
+doves, and she is obliged to go to the house of the Mother of Time and
+learn from her the mode of disenchantment. In a story in Pitrè, No. 73,
+a husband threatens to kill his wife if she does not give birth to a
+male child.
+
+For other European versions of our story, see Grimm, No. 9, "The Twelve
+Brothers;" No. 25, "The Seven Ravens;" and No. 49, "The Six Swans;"
+_Mélusine_, p 419, and _Basque Legends_, p. 186. Part of the story in
+text belongs to the Geneviève formula, see notes 8, 10, of this chapter.
+
+[21] The first trait, "Two Sisters," is also found as an independent
+story, see Chap. II., p. 100, and note 2. "Substitution of false bride"
+is found without "Two Sisters" in Comp., Nos. 53 (Montale) and 68
+(Montale); _Fiabe Mant._ No. 16; and Gradi, _Saggio_, p. 141. See note
+10 of this chapter. The best example of "substitution" is, as we have
+said before, Grimm, No. 89, "The Goose-Girl;" see also _Romania_, No.
+24, p. 546. The same trait is found also in a very extensive and
+interesting class of stories which may be termed, from the usual titles
+of the stories, "The Three Citrons," some of the versions of which
+belong to "Forgotten Bride." We give here, however, a version belonging
+to the class above-mentioned, and which we have taken, on account of its
+rarity, from Ive, _Fiabe pop. rovignesi_, p. 3.
+
+
+XXIV. THE LOVE OF THE THREE ORANGES.
+
+Once upon a time there was a king and queen who had a half-witted son.
+The queen was deeply grieved at this, and she thought to go to the Lord
+and ask counsel of him what she was to do with this son. The Lord told
+her to try and do something to make him laugh. She replied: "I have
+nothing but a jar of oil, unfortunately for me!" The Lord said to her:
+"Well, give this oil away in charity, for there will come many people;
+some bent, some straight, some humpbacked, and it may happen that your
+son will laugh." So the queen proclaimed that she had a jar of oil, and
+that all could come and take some. And everybody, indeed, hurried there
+and took the oil down to the last drop. Last of all came an old witch,
+who begged the queen to give her a little, saying: "Give me a little
+oil, too!" The queen replied: "Ah, it is all gone, there is no more!"
+The queen was angry and full of spite because her son had not yet
+laughed. The old witch said again to the queen: "Let me look in the
+jar!" The queen opened the jar, and the old woman got inside of it and
+was all covered with the dregs of the oil; and the queen's son laughed,
+and laughed, and laughed. The old woman came out, saw the prince
+laughing, and said to him: "May you never be happy until you go and find
+the Love of the three Oranges." The son, all eager, said to his mother:
+"Ah, mother, I shall have no more peace until I go and find the Love of
+the three Oranges." She answered: "My dear son, how will you go and find
+the Love of the three Oranges?" But he would go; so he mounted his horse
+and rode and rode and rode until he came to a large gate. He knocked,
+and some one within asked: "Who is there?" He replied: "A soul created
+by God." The one within said: "In all the years that I have been here no
+one has ever knocked at this gate." The prince repeated: "Open, for I am
+a soul created by God!" Then an old man came down and opened the gate.
+He had eyelids that reached to his feet, and he said: "My son, take down
+those little forks, and lift up my eyelids." The prince did so, and the
+old man asked: "Where are you going, my son, in this direction?" "I am
+going to find the Love of the three Oranges." The old man answered: "So
+many have gone there and never returned! Do you wish not to return, too?
+My son, take these twigs: you will meet some witches who are sweeping
+out their oven with their hands; give them these twigs, and they will
+let you pass." The prince very gratefully took the twigs, mounted his
+horse and rode away. He journeyed a long time, and at last saw in the
+distance the witches of immense size who were coming towards him. He
+threw them the twigs, and they allowed him to pass.
+
+He continued his journey, and arrived at a gate larger than the first.
+Here the same thing occurred as at the first one, and the old man said:
+"Well! since you will go, too, take these ropes, on your way you will
+encounter some witches drawing water with their tresses; throw them
+these ropes, and they will let you pass."
+
+Everything happened as the old man said; the prince passed the witches,
+continued his journey and came to a third gate larger than the second.
+Here an old man with eyelids longer than the other two gave him a bag of
+bread, and one of tallow, saying: "Take this bag of bread; you will meet
+some large dogs; throw them the bread and they will let you pass; then
+you will come to a large gate with many rusty padlocks; then you will
+see a tower, and in it the Love of the three Oranges. When you reach
+that place, take this tallow and anoint well the rusty padlocks; and
+when you have ascended the tower, you will find the oranges hanging from
+a nail. There you will also find an old woman who has a son who is an
+ogre and has eaten all the Christians who have come there; you see, you
+must be very careful!"
+
+The prince, well contented, took the bag of bread and the tallow and
+rode away. After a long journey, he saw at a distance, three great dogs
+with their mouths wide open coming to eat him. He threw them the bread,
+and they let him pass.
+
+He journeyed on until he came to another large gate with many rusty
+padlocks. He dismounted, tied his horse to the gate, and began to anoint
+the locks with the tallow, until, after much creaking, they opened. The
+prince entered, saw the tower, went up and met an old woman who said to
+him: "Dear son, where are you going? What have you come here for? I have
+a son who is an ogre, and will surely eat you up." While she was
+uttering these words, the son arrived. The old woman made the prince
+hide under the bed; but the ogre perceived that there was some one in
+the house, and when he had entered, he began to cry:--
+
+    "_Geîn geîn_, I smell a Christian,
+    _Giàn giàn_, I smell a Christian!"
+
+"Son," his mother said, "there is no one here." But he repeated his cry.
+Then his mother, to quiet him, threw him a piece of meat, which he ate
+like a madman; and while he was busy eating, she gave the three oranges
+to the prince, saying: "Take them, my son, and escape at once, for he
+will soon finish eating his meat, and then he will want to eat you,
+too." After she had given him the three oranges, she repented of it, and
+not knowing what else to do, she cried out: "Stairs, throw him down!
+lock, crush him!" They answered: "We will not, for he gave us tallow!"
+"Dogs, devour him!" "We will not, for he gave us bread!" Then he mounted
+his horse and rode away, and the old woman cried after him: "Witch,
+strangle him!" "I will not, for he gave me ropes!" "Witch, kill him!" "I
+will not, for he gave me twigs!" The prince continued his journey, and
+on the way became very thirsty, and did not know what to do. Finally he
+thought of opening one of the oranges. He did so, and out came a
+beautiful girl, who said to him:
+
+    "Love, give me to drink!"
+
+He replied:
+
+    "Love, I have none!"
+
+And she said:
+
+    "Love, I shall die!"
+
+And she died at once. The prince threw away the orange, and continued
+his journey, and soon became thirsty again. In despair he opened another
+orange, and out sprang another girl more beautiful than the first. She,
+too, asked for water, and died when the prince told her he had none to
+give her. Then he continued his way, saying: "The next time I surely do
+not want to lose her." When he became thirsty again, he waited until he
+reached a well; then he opened the last orange and there appeared a girl
+more beautiful than the first two. When she asked for water, he gave her
+the water of the well; then took her out of the orange, put her on
+horseback with himself, and started for home. When he was nearly there,
+he said to her: "See, I will leave you here for a time under these two
+trees;" one had leaves of gold and silver fruit, and the other gold
+fruit and silver leaves. Then he made her a nice couch, and left her
+resting between the two trees. "Now," said he, "I must go to my mother
+to tell her that I have found you, then I will come for you and we shall
+be married!" Then he mounted his horse and rode away to his mother.
+
+Now while he was gone an old witch approached the girl and said: "Ah,
+dear daughter, let me comb your hair." The young girl replied: "No, the
+like of me do not wish it." Again she said: "Come, my dear daughter, let
+me comb you!" Tired of being asked so often by the old woman, the girl
+at last allowed her to comb her hair, and what did that monster of an
+old witch take it into her head to do. She stuck a pin through the
+girl's temples from side to side, and the girl at once was changed into
+a dove. What did this wretch of an old woman then do? She got into the
+couch in the place of the young girl, who flew away.
+
+Meanwhile the prince reached his mother's house, and she said to him:
+"Dear son, where have you been? how have you spent all this time?" "Ah,
+my mother," said he "what a lovely girl I have for my wife!" "Dear son,
+where have you left her?" "Dear mother, I have left her between two
+trees, the leaves of one are of gold and the fruit is silver, the leaves
+of the other one are silver and the fruit gold."
+
+Then the queen gave a grand banquet, invited many guests, and made ready
+many carriages to go and bring the young girl. They mounted their
+horses, they entered their carriages, they set out, but when they
+reached the trees they saw the ugly old woman, all wrinkled, in the
+couch between the trees, and the white dove on top of them.
+
+The poor prince, you can imagine it! was grieved to the heart, and
+ashamed at seeing the ugly old woman. His father and mother, to satisfy
+him, took the old woman, put her in a carriage, and carried her to the
+palace, where the wedding-feast was prepared. The prince was
+downhearted, but his mother said to him: "Don't think about it, my son,
+for she will become beautiful again." But her son could not think of
+eating or of talking. The dinner was brought on and the guests placed
+themselves at the round table. Meanwhile, the dove flew up on the
+kitchen balcony, and began to sing:
+
+    "Let the cook fall asleep,
+    Let the roast be burned,
+    Let the old witch be unable to eat of it."
+
+The guests waited for the cook to put the roast on the table. They
+waited, and waited and waited, and at last they got up and went to the
+kitchen, and there they found the cook asleep. They called and called
+him, and at last he awoke, but soon became drowsy again. He said he did
+not know what was the matter with him, but he could not stand up. He put
+another roast on the spit, however. Then the dove again flew on the
+balcony and sang:
+
+    "Let the cook fall asleep,
+    Let the roast be burned,
+    Let the old witch be unable to eat of it."
+
+Again the guests waited until they grew weary, and then the groom went
+to see what was the matter. He found the cook asleep again, and said:
+"Cook, good cook, what is the matter with you that you sleep?" Then the
+cook told him that there was a dove that flew on the balcony and
+repeated:--
+
+    "Let the cook fall asleep,
+    Let the roast be burned,
+    Let the old witch be unable to eat of it."--
+
+and that he was immediately seized with drowsiness, and fell asleep at
+once. The bridegroom went out on the balcony, saw the dove, and said to
+it: "_Cuócula_, pretty _cuócula_, come here and let me see you!" The
+dove came near him and he caught it, and while he was caressing it he
+saw the pins planted in its head, one in its forehead, and one in each
+of its temples. What did he do? He pulled out the pin in the forehead!
+Then he caressed it again, and pulled out the pins from its temples.
+Then the dove became a beautiful girl, more beautiful than she was
+before, and the prince took her to his mother and said: "Here, my
+mother, this is my bride!" His mother was delighted to see the beautiful
+girl, and the king, too, was well pleased. When the old witch saw the
+girl, she cried: "Take me away, take me away, I am afraid!" Then the
+fair girl told the whole secret how it was. The guests who were present
+wished to give their opinions as to what should be done with the old
+woman. One of the highest rank said: "Let her be well greased, and
+burned!" "Bravo, bravo!" exclaimed the others, "burn her; she must be
+burned!" So they seized the old woman, had wood brought, and burned her
+in the midst of the city. Then they returned home, and had a finer
+wedding than before.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following are the Italian versions of the above: _Pent._ IV. 9;
+Pitrè, _Otto Fiabe_, II. "_La Bella di li setti Citri_;" Gonz., No. 13;
+Busk, p. 15; _Nov. fior._ pp. 305, 308 (Milan); Comparetti, No. 68 (also
+in Nerucci, p. 111); De Gub., _Sto. Stefano_, Nos. 4, 5; Prato, _Quattro
+nov. pop. livornesi_, No. 1; _Archivio_, I. 525 (Tuscan); II. 204
+(Sardinian); Piedmontese in Mila y Fontanals _Observaciones sobre la
+poesia popular_, Barcelona, 1853, p. 179; Coronedi-Berti, No. 11;
+Corazzini (Benevento), p. 467; and Schneller, No. 19. Part of our story
+is the same as Pitrè, No. 13, "Snow-white-fire-red," given in full in
+our text. See also Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. 15.
+
+Copious references to other European versions will be found in the notes
+of Ive, Köhler, etc., to the above versions; to these may be added, _Lo
+Rondallayre_, Nos. 18, 37, Liebrecht to Simrock's _Deut. Märchen_ in
+_Orient und Occident_, III. p. 378 (Kalliopi), No. 3, and _Indian Fairy
+Tales_, pp. 253, 284.
+
+[22] See _Pent._ IV. 7; Gonz., Nos. 33, 34; Pitrè, Nos. 59, 60 (61);
+_Archivio_, II. 36 (Sardinia); De Nino, No. 19; and Schneller, No. 22.
+The corresponding Grimm story is No. 135, "The White Bride and the Black
+One." For other European references, see Köhler to Gonz., Nos. 33, 34
+(II. p. 225), and _Romania_, No. 24, pp. 546, 561. See also Chapter II.,
+note 1.
+
+[23] The best version is in the _Pent._ IV. 3, where the three
+daughters are married to a falcon, a stag, and a dolphin, who, as in
+our story, assist their brother-in-law, but are disenchanted without his
+aid. Other Italian versions are: Pitrè, No. 16, and _Nov. pop. sicil._,
+Palermo, 1873, No. 1; Gonz., No. 29; Knust (Leghorn), No. 2 (_Jahrb._
+VII. 384); Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. 23; _Nov. fior._ p.
+266; Comparetti, Nos. 4, 58; _Archivio_, II, p. 42 (Tuscan); _Nov.
+tosc._ No. 11.
+
+For other European versions see, besides references in notes to above
+stories, Hahn, No. 25; Grimm, vol. II. p. 510, to Musäus' "_Die drei
+Schwestern_," and No. 197, "The Crystal Ball;" Benfey, _Pant._ I. p.
+534; and Ralston, _R. F. T._ p. 96. See also note 12 of this chapter.
+
+As usual, many of the incidents of our stories are found in those
+belonging to other classes; among the most important are: Prince hidden
+in musical instrument, Pitrè, No. 95; finding princess' place of
+concealment, Pitrè, Nos. 95, 96; Gonz., No. 68; and Grimm, No. 133; "The
+Shoes which were danced to Pieces;" princess recognized among others
+dressed alike, or all veiled; _Nov. fior._ p. 411 (Milan); Grimm, No.
+62, "The Queen Bee," Ralston, _R. F. T._ p. 141, note; _Basque Legends_,
+p. 125; _Orient und Occident_, II. pp. 104, 107-114; tasks set hero to
+win wife, Pitrè, Nos. 21, 95, 96; Gonz., No. 68; De Gub., _Sto.
+Stefano_, No. 8; _Basque Legends_, p. 120; _Orient und Occident_, II.
+103; and _Romania_, No. 28, p. 527. This last incident is found also in
+"Forgotten Bride," see note 25 of this chapter.
+
+[24] For other European references to the first class, "riddle solved by
+suitor," see _Jahrb._ V. 13; Grimm, No. 114, "The Cunning Little
+Tailor," and Hahn, I. p. 54.
+
+Other Italian versions of the second class are: Comparetti, Nos. 26
+(Basilicata), 59 (Monferrato); Nerucci, p. 177 (partly); and
+Widter-Wolf, No. 15 (_Jahrb._ VII. 269). See also Köhler's notes to
+last-mentioned story, and also to Campbell, No. 22, in _Orient und
+Occident_, II. 320; Grimm, No. 22, "The Riddle;" and Prof. F. J. Child,
+_English and Scottish Popular Ballads_, Part II. p. 414.
+
+For other stories containing riddles belonging to other classes than the
+above, see Bernoni, _Punt._ II. p. 54; Gradi, _Vigilia_, p. 8;
+Corazzini, p. 432; Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. 7; and Köhler's
+article, _Das Räthselmärchen von dem ermordeten Geliebten_ in the
+_Rivista di Lett. pop._ I. p. 212. A peculiar version of the second
+class may be found in Ortoli, p. 123, where a riddle very much like the
+one in the text is proposed by suitor to princess' father.
+
+[25] Other Italian versions are: Gonz., Nos. 14, 54, 55; _Pent._ II. 7,
+III. 9 (forgets bride on touching shore); _Pomiglianesi_, p. 136 (the
+first part belongs to the class of "Fair Angiola;") Busk, p. 3 (first
+part same as last story); De Gub., _Sto. Stefano_, No. 5 (see also
+_Rivista di Lett. pop._ I. p. 84); Coronedi-Berti, No. 13 (this is one
+of the few "Three Citrons" stories containing episode of bride forgotten
+at mother's kiss); Schneller, No. 27; Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_,
+No. 4 (mother's kiss); Pitrè, vol. IV. p. 285, gives an Albanian version
+of our story. The imprecation and mother's kiss are also found in
+another of the "Three Citrons" stories, Gonz., No. 13. For obstacles to
+flight, see Note 11 of this chapter.
+
+For other European versions see Köhler's notes to Gonz., No. 14; to
+Campbell, No. 2 (_Orient und Occident_, II. 103); to Kreutzwald-Löwe,
+No. 14; Hahn, I. p. 55; _Romania_, Nos. 19, p. 354, 20, p. 527; Grimm,
+Nos. 56, ("Sweetheart Roland"), 113 ("The Two Kings' Children"), 186
+("The True Bride"), 193 ("The Drummer;") _Basque Legends_, p. 120;
+Ralston, _R. F. T._ pp. 119, 131; Brueyre, p. 111; and B. Schmidt,
+_Griechische Märchen, Sagen und Volkslieder_, Leipzig, 1877, cited by
+Cosquin, _Romania_, No. 28, p. 543. See also in general, Cox, _Aryan
+Myth._ I. p. 158.
+
+[26] The same incident is found in Gonz., No. 6, and Pitrè, No. 61. See
+Köhler's notes to Gonz., No. 6; Grimm, No. 193 ("The Drummer");
+_Romania_, No. 28, p. 527; and Hahn, No. 15.
+
+[27] Another Venetian version is in Bernoni, No. 3. See also _Nov.
+fior._ p. 290; Gradi, _Vigilia_, p. 53; _Fiabe Mant._ No. 39; and
+Schneller, No. 32.
+
+For other European versions, see Grimm, No. 46 ("Fitcher's Bird"),
+Köhler's notes to Widter-Wolf, No. 11 (_Jahrb._ VII. 148); and Ralston,
+_R. F. T._ p. 97.
+
+[28] See Pitrè, No. 19, _Nuovo Saggio_, No. 4; _Nov. fior._ pp. 7, 12;
+and Nerucci, No. 49. Compare also Gonz., Nos. 10 and 22 (already
+mentioned, "The Robber who had a Witch's Head"), and Comparetti, No. 18
+(Pisa).
+
+For other references to this class, see Grimm, No. 40 ("The
+Robber-Bridegroom") and _Romania_, No. 22, p. 236.
+
+[29] See Chap. II., note 4. For other references to this class, see
+Grimm, No. 3 ("Our Lady's Child"), and _Romania_, No. 28, p. 568.
+
+[30] The seventh version is from Bologna and is entitled _La Fola dêl
+Muretein_ ("The Story of the Little Moor"), and was published by
+Coronedi-Berti in the _Rivista Europea_, Florence, 1873. It is briefly
+as follows: A queen has no children and visits a witch who gives her an
+apple to eat, telling her that in due time she will bear a son. One of
+the queen's maids eats the peel and both give birth to sons; the maid's
+being called the Little Moor from resembling the dark red color of the
+apple peel. The two children grow up together, and when the prince goes
+off on his travels his friend the little Moor accompanies him. They
+spend the night in an enchanted castle and the friend hears a voice
+saying that the prince will conquer in a tournament and marry the king's
+daughter, but on their wedding night a dragon will devour the bride, and
+whoever tells of it will become marble. The friend saves the princess'
+life, but is thrown into prison, and when he exculpates himself becomes
+marble. He can only be restored to life by being anointed with the
+blood of a cock belonging to a wild man (_om salvadgh_) living on a
+certain mountain. The prince performs the difficult feat of stealing the
+cock and healing his friend.
+
+For other European versions, see Grimm, No. 6 ("Faithful John"); Hahn,
+No. 29; Wolf, _Proben Port. und Cat. Volksm._ p. 52; _Lo Rondallayre_,
+No. 35 ("_Lo bon criat_"); _Old Deccan Days_, p. 98; and in general,
+Benfey, _Pant._ I. p. 417, and Köhler in _Weimarische Beiträge zur Lit.
+und Kunst_, Weimar, 1865, p. 192 _et seq._
+
+[31] See Pitrè, vol. I. pp. xcix., ciii.; IV. pp. 382, 430, and
+Comparetti, No. 44. A version from the Abruzzi may be found in Finamore,
+No. 38. See also Grimm, No. 191 ("The Robber and his Sons"); _Basque
+Legends_, p. 4; _Dolopathos_ ed. Oesterley, pp. xxii., 65; and in
+general, _Orient und Occident_, II. 120, and Benfey, _Pant._ I. 295.
+
+[32] Another Sicilian version is in Gonz., No. 83. Other versions are:
+_Pent._ III. 7; Nerucci, p. 341; De Nino, No. 30; _Fiabe Mant._ No. 4;
+_Nov. fior._ p. 340 (Milan); and Widter-Wolf, No. 9 (_Jahrb._ VII. p.
+134). There are other similar stories in which a person is forced by
+those envious of him to undertake dangerous enterprises: see Pitrè, Nos.
+34, 35; Comparetti, No. 16; _Tuscan Fairy Tales_, No. 8, De Nino, No.
+39, etc. Strap., I. 2, also offers many points of resemblance to our
+story.
+
+For other versions, see Grimm, No. 192 ("The Master-Thief"), and
+Köhler's notes to Widter-Wolf, No. 9.
+
+[33] The version in _Nov. fior._ p. 574, is from Florence, the others,
+pp. 575 (the story in our text), 577, 578, 579, are from Milan, and
+closely resemble each other.
+
+[34] Compare Pitrè, No. 83, and De Nino, No. 43. Tyrolese versions are
+in Schneller, Nos. 53, 54. See also Widter-Wolf, No. 2 (_Jahrb._ VII.
+13), and _Jahrb._ VIII. p. 246, _Italien. Märchen aus Sora_, No. 2. For
+additional European versions, see _Jahrb. ut supra_, and V. 7;
+_Romania_, Nos. 19, p. 350; 24, p. 562; 28, p. 556; and Grimm, Nos. 20
+("The Valiant Little Taylor"), and 183 ("The Giant and the Tailor") Some
+of the episodes mentioned in the text may be found in a Corsican story
+in Ortoli, p. 204, where, however, instead of a giant, a priest is
+outwitted by his servant.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+FAIRY TALES CONTINUED.
+
+[1] This story is found in the _Pent._ I. 10. In Schneller, No. 29, the
+king falls in love with a frog (from hearing its voice without seeing
+it) which is transformed by the fairies into a beautiful girl. The good
+wishes of the fairies are found in Pitrè, Nos. 61, 94. See also _Pent._
+I. 3; III. 10, and Chap. I. of the present work, note 22. For gifts by
+the fairies, see Pitrè, vol. I. p. 334, and the following note.
+
+[2] This story is often found as an introduction to "False Bride;" see
+Chap. I., note 21. Sicilian versions may be found in Pitrè, Nos. 62, 63;
+Neapolitan, _Pent._ III. 10; from the Abruzzi in Finamore, No. 48; De
+Nino, No. 18; Tuscan, Gradi, _Vigilia_, p. 20, De Gub., _Sto. Stefano_,
+No. 1, _Zoöl. Myth._ II. p. 62, note, _Tuscan Fairy Tales_, pp. 9, 18,
+Corazzini, p. 409, _Nov. tosc._ No. 8, _La Tinchina dell' alto Mare_;
+Venetian, Bernoni, XIX.; and Tyrolese, Schneller, Nos. 7, 8.
+
+In several of the Tuscan versions (Gradi, _Zoöl. Myth., Tuscan Fairy
+Tales_, p. 9, and _Nov. fior._ p. 202, which is composed of "Two
+Sisters" and "True Bride") instead of fairies the sisters find cats who
+bestow the varying gifts.
+
+Other European versions of this story will be found in Grimm, No. 24,
+"Old Mother Holle;" Norwegian in Asbj. & Moe, No. 15; [Dasent, _Pop.
+Tales from the Norse_, p. 103, "The Two Step-Sisters"] French in Bladé,
+_Contes agen._ p. 149, and Cosquin, _Contes pop. lorrains_, No. 48
+(_Romania_, No. 32, p. 564). The Oriental versions are mentioned by
+Cosquin in his notes to the last named story; see also Benfey, _Pant._
+I. p. 219.
+
+[3] Other Tuscan versions are in Gradi, _Saggio di Letture varie_, p.
+125, and _Nov. tosc._ No. 22; Sicilian and Roman versions may be found
+in Pitrè, No. 64, and Busk, p. 96.
+
+French versions will be found in _Mélusine_, pp. 113 (_conte picard_)
+and 241 (_conte de l' Amiénois_). A Japanese version is given in the
+same periodical, p. 161. An Irish version is in Croker, _Fairy Legends_
+etc. (translated in Brueyre, p. 206); and a Turkish version is given in
+_The Wonder World Stories_, New York, Putnam, 1877, p. 139. Other French
+and Oriental versions are noticed in _Mélusine_, pp. 161, 241. A
+somewhat similar German version is in Grimm, No. 182. "The Presents of
+the Little Folk."
+
+[4] This story somewhat resembles Gonz., No. 20, mentioned in Chap. I.,
+note 29. Another Sicilian version is in Pitrè, No. 86. I have been
+unable to find any other Italian parallels. Personification of one's
+Fate maybe found in Gonz., Nos. 52, 55, Pitrè, No. 12; and of Fortune in
+Pitrè, No. 29, and Comparetti, No. 50. See _Indian Fairy Tales_, p. 263.
+
+[5] Sicilian versions are in Pitrè, No. 105, and Gonz., No. 18. In the
+latter version the king drives his daughter from the palace and the
+rejected suitor disguises himself, follows her, and marries her. A
+Neapolitan version is in the _Pent._ IV. 10; Tuscan in Gradi, _Vigilia_,
+p. 97; Nerucci, p. 211; and _Jahrb._ VII. p. 394 (Knust, No. 9).
+
+Other European versions are: Grimm No. 52, "King Thrushbeard;"
+Norwegian, Asbj. & Moe, No. 45, and Grundtwig, III. [1]; French,
+_Romania_, No. 32, p. 552 (_Contes pop. lorrains_, No. 45); and Greek,
+Hahn, No. 113. See also _Tibetan Tales_, London, 1882, Ralston's notes,
+p. lviii.
+
+[6] Other versions of this story are: Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 67, and
+Gonz., No. 28; Tuscan, _Archivio_, I. pp. 41, 65, _Nov. tosc._ No. 7,
+Abruzzi, De Nino, No. 1. For the first part of the story, see _Nov.
+fior._ pp. 332-333.
+
+[7] I have followed in this division Imbriani, _Pomiglianesi_, p. 89.
+
+[8] Another Sicilian version, which, however, does not contain the trait
+"cure by laughing," is in Pitrè, No. 28. Gonz., No. 30, may be mentioned
+here, as it contains a part of our story. The magic gifts in it are a
+carpet that transports the owner wherever he wishes to go, a purse
+always full, and a horn that when one blows in the little end covers the
+sea with ships, when one blows in the big end, the ships disappear.
+Neapolitan versions are in Imbriani, _Pomiglianesi_, pp. 62, 83; Roman
+in Busk, pp. 129, 136, comp. p. 146; and Tuscan in Frizzi, _Novella
+montanina_, Florence, A. Ciardelli e C. 1876, Nerucci, p. 471 _Archivio
+per le Trad. pop._ I. p. 57, and _Nov. tosc._ No. 16. De Gub., _Zoöl.
+Myth._ I. p. 288, n. 3, gives a version from the Marches, and there is a
+Bolognese version in Coronedi-Berti, No. 9. Other versions may be found
+in Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. 30, and Bolognini, p. 21. For
+other European versions, see _Gesta Rom._ ed. Oesterley, cap. cxx.;
+Grimm, No. 122; Campbell, No. 10, "The Three Soldiers" (see Köhler's
+notes to this story in _Orient und Occident_, II. p. 124, and Brueyre,
+p. 138); Cosquin, _Contes pop. lorrains_, Nos. 11 (_Rom._ No. 19, p.
+361) and 42 (_Rom._ No. 28, p. 581); and finally, Kreutzwald,
+_Ehstnische Märchen_, No. 23. Comp. also De Gub., _Zoöl. Myth._ I. p.
+182, and Ralston's notes to Schiefner's _Tibetan Tales_, p. liv.
+
+[9] I have been unable to find any European parallels to this form of
+the story.
+
+[10] Another version of this story is found in the same collection, p.
+359. Other Tuscan versions are found in De Gub., _Sto. Stefano_, No. 21,
+Gradi, _Saggio di Letture varie_, p. 181, _Nov. tosc._ No. 29, and
+Comparetti, No. 7 (Mugello). The other versions are as follows:
+Sicilian, Pitrè, No. 29 (comp. No. 30), Gonz., No. 52; Neapolitan,
+_Pent._ I. 1 (Comp. _Pomiglianesi_, p. 116); Abruzzi, Finamore, No. 37;
+De Nino, No. 6; Ortoli, pp. 171, 178; Venetian, Bernoni, No. 9; the
+Marches, Comp., No. 12; and Tyrolese, Schneller, p. 28.
+
+For the other European parallels, see Grimm, No. 36, "The Table, the
+Ass, and the Stick;" _Mélusine_ (_conte breton_), p. 130; Cosquin,
+_Contes pop. lorrains_, No. 14 (_Rom._ No. 19, p. 333); De Gub., _Zoöl.
+Myth._ II. p. 262 (Russian); Brueyre, p. 48 (B. Gould, Yorkshire,
+Appendix to Henderson's _Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties of
+England_); Asbj. & Moe, No. 7 [Dasent, _Pop. Tales from the Norse_, p.
+261, "The Lad who went to the North Wind"], and _Old Deccan Days_, No.
+12.
+
+[11] Another Sicilian version is in Gonz., No. 65, with same title and
+contents. A Neapolitan version is in the _Pent._ II. 4, where the fox
+is replaced by a cat. This is also the case in the versions from the
+Abruzzi, Finamore, No. 46, De Nino, No. 53; in the Florentine versions
+in _Nov. fior._ p. 145, _Nov. tosc._ No. xii. var.; and in the Tyrolese
+given by Schneller, p. 122 ("_Il Conte Martin dalla gatta_"). In another
+story in Schneller, p. 124 ("_L'Anello_"), a youth possesses a magic
+ring and a dog and cat which recover the ring when stolen from its
+owner. Older and more interesting than the above versions is the one in
+Straparola, XI. 1. We give it here in full in order that our readers may
+compare with it the version in our text and Perrault's "Puss in Boots,"
+which is the form in which the story has become popular all over Europe.
+The following translation is from the edition of 1562 (Venice).
+
+
+XXXIV. PUSS IN BOOTS.
+
+     SORIANA DIES AND LEAVES THREE SONS: DUSOLINO, TESIFONE, AND
+     CONSTANTINE THE LUCKY, WHO, BY VIRTUE OF A CAT, ACQUIRES A
+     POWERFUL KINGDOM.
+
+There was once in Bohemia a very poor lady named Soriana, who had three
+sons: one was called Dusolino, the other Tesifone, and the third
+Constantine the Lucky. She owned nothing valuable in the world but three
+things: a kneading-trough, a rolling-board, and a cat. When Soriana,
+laden with years, came to die, she made her last testament, and left to
+Dusolino, her eldest son, the kneading-trough, to Tesifone the
+rolling-board, and to Constantine the cat. When the mother was dead and
+buried, the neighbors, as they had need, borrowed now the
+kneading-trough, now the rolling-board; and because they knew that the
+owners were very poor, they made them a cake, which Dusolino and
+Tesifone ate, giving none to Constantine, the youngest brother. And if
+Constantine asked them for anything, they told him to go to his cat,
+which would get it for him. Wherefore poor Constantine and his cat
+suffered greatly. Now the cat, which was enchanted, moved to compassion
+for Constantine, and angry at the two brothers who treated him so
+cruelly, said: "Constantine, do not be downcast, for I will provide for
+your support and my own." And leaving the house, the cat went out into
+the fields, and, pretending to sleep, caught a hare that passed and
+killed it. Thence, going to the royal palace and seeing some of the
+courtiers, the cat said that she wished to speak with the king, who,
+when he heard that a cat wished to speak to him, had her shown into his
+presence, and asked her what she wished. The cat replied that her
+master, Constantine, had sent him a hare which he had caught. The king
+accepted the gift, and asked who this Constantine was. The cat replied
+that he was a man who had no superior in goodness, beauty, and power.
+Wherefore the king treated the cat very well, giving her to eat and
+drink bountifully. When the cat had satisfied her hunger, she slyly
+filled with her paw (unseen by any one) the bag that hung at her side,
+and taking leave of the king, carried it to Constantine. When the
+brothers saw the food over which Constantine exulted, they asked him to
+share it with them; but he refused, rendering them tit for tat. On which
+account there arose between them great envy, that continually gnawed
+their hearts. Now Constantine, although handsome in his face,
+nevertheless, from the privation he had suffered, was covered with scabs
+and scurf, which caused him great annoyance. But going with his cat to
+the river, she licked him carefully from head to foot, and combed his
+hair, and in a few days he was entirely cured.
+
+The cat (as we said above) continued to carry gifts to the royal palace,
+and thus supported her master. But after a time she wearied of running
+up and down so much, and feared that she would annoy the king's
+courtiers; so she said to her master: "Sir, if you will do what I order,
+I will make you rich in a short time." "How?" said her master. The cat
+replied: "Come with me, and do not ask any more, for I am ready to
+enrich you." So they went together to the stream, which was near the
+royal palace, and the cat stripped her master, and with his agreement
+threw him into the river, and then began to cry out in a loud voice:
+"Help! help! Messer Constantine is drowning." The king hearing this, and
+remembering that he had often received presents from him, sent his
+people at once to aid him. When Messer Constantine was taken out of the
+water and dressed in fine clothes, he was taken to the king, who
+received him cordially, and asked him why he had been thrown into the
+river. Constantine could not answer for grief; but the cat, which was
+always at his side, said: "Know, O king, that some robbers learned from
+spies that my master was loaded with jewels, which he was coming to
+present to you. They robbed him of all, and threw him into the river,
+thinking to kill him, but thanks to these gentlemen he has escaped from
+death." The king, hearing this, ordered that he should be well cared
+for; and seeing that he was handsome, and knowing him to be wealthy, he
+concluded to give him Elisetta, his daughter, for a wife, endowing her
+with jewels and most beautiful garments. After the wedding festivities
+had been ended, the king had ten mules loaded with money, and five with
+costly apparel, and sent his daughter to her husband's home, accompanied
+by a great retinue. Constantine, seeing that he had become so wealthy
+and honored, did not know where to lead his wife, and took counsel with
+his cat, which said: "Do not fear, my master, for we shall provide for
+everything." So they all set out gayly on horseback, and the cat ran
+hastily before them; and having left the company some distance behind,
+met some horsemen, to whom she said: "What are you doing here, wretched
+men? Depart quickly, for a large band of people are coming, and will
+take you prisoners. They are near by: you can hear the noise of the
+neighing horses." The horsemen said in terror: "What must we do, then?"
+The cat replied: "Do this,--if you are asked whose horsemen you are,
+answer boldly, Messer Constantine's, and you will not be molested." Then
+the cat went on, and found a large flock of sheep, and did the same with
+their owners, and said the same thing to all those whom she found in the
+road. The people who were escorting Elisetta asked the horsemen: "Whose
+knights are you," and "whose are so many fine flocks?" and all with one
+accord replied: "Messer Constantine's." Then those who accompanied the
+bride said: "So then, Messer Constantine, we are beginning to enter your
+territory." And he nodded his head, and replied in like manner to all
+that he was asked. Wherefore the company judged him to be very wealthy.
+At last the cat came to a very fine castle, and found there but few
+servants, to whom she said: "What are you doing, good men; do you not
+perceive the destruction which is impending?" "What?" asked the
+servants. "Before an hour passes, a host of soldiers will come here and
+cut you to pieces. Do you not hear the horses neighing? Do you not see
+the dust in the air? If you do not wish to perish, take my advice and
+you will be saved. If any one asks you whose this castle is, say, Messer
+Constantine's." So they did; and when the noble company reached the
+handsome castle they asked the keepers whose it was, and all answered
+boldly Messer Constantine the Lucky's. Then they entered, and were
+honorably entertained. Now the castellan of that place was Signor
+Valentino, a brave soldier, who, a short time before, had left the
+castle to bring home the wife he had lately married; and to his
+misfortune, before he reached the place where his wife was he was
+overtaken on the way by a sudden and fatal accident, from which he
+straightway died, and Constantine remained master of the castle. Before
+long, Morando, King of Bohemia, died, and the people elected for their
+king Constantine the Lucky because he was the husband of Elisetta, the
+dead king's daughter, to whom the kingdom fell by right of succession.
+And so Constantine, from being poor and a beggar, remained Lord and
+King, and lived a long time with his Elisetta, leaving children by her
+to succeed him in the kingdom.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For copious references to other European versions, see Köhler's notes to
+Gonz., No. 65 (II. p. 242), and Benfey, _Pant._ I. p. 222.
+
+[12] The earliest Italian versions are in the _Cento nov. ant., Testo
+Papanti_ (_Romania_, No. 10, p. 191), and Straparola, XI. 2. Later
+popular versions, besides the Istrian one in the text, are: Nerucci, p.
+430, and Bernoni, III. p. 91, both of which are much distorted. Some of
+the episodes are found in other stories, as, for instance, the division
+of the property, including the wife, which occurs in Gonz., No. 74. "The
+Thankful Dead" is also the subject of an Italian novel, _Novella di
+Messer Danese e di Messer Gigliotto_, Pisa, 1868 (privately printed),
+and of a popular poem, _Istoria bellissima di Stellante Costantina_
+composta da Giovanni Orazio Brunetto.
+
+The extensive literature of this interesting story can best be found in
+D'Ancona's notes to the version in the _Cento nov. ant._, cited above.
+To these may be added: Ive's notes to the story in the text, Cosquin's
+notes to No. 19 of the _Contes pop. lorrains_ (_Rom._ No. 24, p. 534),
+and Nisard, _Hist. des Livres pop._ II. p. 450. Basque and Spanish
+versions have been published recently, the former in Webster's _Basque
+Legends_, pp. 146, 151, and the latter in Caballero, _Cuentos,
+oraciones_, etc., Leipzig, 1878, p. 23. A version from Mentone may be
+found in the _Folk-Lore Record_, vol. III. p. 48, "John of Calais."
+
+[13] In the original it is _la Voria_, which in Sicilian means "breeze,"
+but I take it to be the same as _Boria_ in Italian (Lat. _Boreas -æ_),
+the North Wind.
+
+[14] Other Italian versions are: _Nov. fior._ p. 440; _Archivio_, III.
+542 (Abruzzi); Pitrè, No. 31; _Tuscan Fairy Tales_, No. 10, p. 102; De
+Nino, No. 69; and Widter-Wolf, No. 10 (_Jahrbuch_, VII. 139). See also
+Prato, _Una nov. pop. monferrina_, Como, 1882; and Finamore, _Trad. pop.
+abruzzesi_, Nos. 17, 19.
+
+References to other European versions will be found in Köhler's notes to
+Widter-Wolf, No. 10. See also Grimm, No. 92; Ralston's _R. F. T._ p.
+132, and Chap. I., note 11, of the present work.
+
+[15] A work of this kind, similar in scope to Nisard's _Hist. des Livres
+populaires_, is greatly to be desired, and ought to be undertaken before
+the great changes in the social condition of Italy shall have rendered
+such a task difficult, if not impossible.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+STORIES OF ORIENTAL ORIGIN.
+
+[1] There are three Italian translations of the _Pantschatantra_, all of
+the XVI. century. Two, _Discorsi degli Animali_, by Angelo Firenzuola,
+1548, and _La Filosofia Morale_, by Doni, 1552, represent the Hebrew
+translation by Rabbi Joel (1250), from which they are derived through
+the _Directorium humanae vitae_ of Johannes de Capua (1263-78); the
+third, _Del Governo de' Regni_, by G. Nuti, 1583, is from the Greek
+version of Simeon Seth (1080). A full account of the various
+translations of the _Pantschatantra_ may be found in Max Müller's
+_Chips_, Vol. IV. p. 165, "The Migration of Fables." See also Benfey,
+_Pant._ I. pp. 1-19, _Buddhist Birth Stories_; or, _Jataka Tales_, By
+V. Fausböll and T. W. Rhys Davids, Boston, 1880, p. xciii., and Landau,
+_Die Quellen des Decamerone_, mentioned in the following note.
+
+_The Seven Wise Masters_ was also translated into Italian at an early
+date. One version, _Il Libro dei Sette Savj di Roma_, Pisa, 1864, edited
+by Prof. A. D'Ancona, is a XIII. century translation from a French prose
+version (Cod. 7974, _Bib. nat._); another, of the same date, _Storia d'
+una crudele Matrigna_, Bologna, 1862, is from an uncertain source, from
+which is probably derived a third version, _Il Libro dei Sette Savi di
+Roma tratto da un codice del secolo XIV._ per cura di Antonio Cappelli,
+Bologna, 1865. The MS. from which the version edited by Della Lucia in
+1832 (reprinted at Bologna, 1862) was taken has been recently discovered
+and printed in _Operette inedite o rare, Libreria Dante_, Florence,
+1883, No. 3. A fourth version of the end of the XIII. or the beginning
+of the XIV. century is still inedited, it is mentioned by D'Ancona in
+the _Libro dei Sette Savj_, p. xxviii., and its contents given. The
+latest and most curious version is _I Compassionevoli Avvenimenti di
+Erasto_, a work of the XVI. century (first edition, Venice, 1542) which
+contains four stories found in no other version of the Seven Wise
+Masters. The popularity of this version, the source of which is unknown,
+was great. See D'Ancona, _op. cit._, pp. xxxi.-xxxiv.
+
+The _Disciplina Clericalis_ was not known, apparently, in Italy as a
+collection, but the separate stories were known as early as Boccaccio,
+who borrowed the outlines of three of his stories from it (VII. 4; VIII.
+10: X. 8). Three of the stories of the _Disc. Cler._ are also found in
+the Ital. trans. of Frate Jacopo da Cessole's book on Chess
+(_Volgarizzamento del libro de' Costumi e degli offizii de' nobili sopra
+il giuoco degli Scachi_, Milan, 1829) and reprinted in _Libro di Novelle
+Antiche_, Bologna, 1868, Novelle III., IV., and VI. This translation is
+of the XII. century. Other stories from the _Disc. Cler._ are found in
+the _Cento nov. ant._, Gualt., LIII., XXXI., LXVI., Borg., LXXIV.
+(_Cent. nov._, Biagi, pp. 226, 51, 58); and in Cintio, _Gli Ecatommiti_,
+I, 3; VII. 6.
+
+[2] It has been generally supposed that the Oriental element was
+introduced into European literature from Spain through the medium of the
+French. We shall see later that this was the case with the famous
+collection of tales just mentioned, the _Disciplina Clericalis_.
+Oriental elements are also found in the French _fabliaux_ which are
+supposed to have furnished Boccaccio with the plots of a number of his
+novels. See Landau, _Die Quellen des Decamerone_, 2d ed., Vienna, 1884,
+p. 107. Professor Bartoli in his _I Precursori del Boccaccio e alcune
+delle sue Fonti_, Florence, 1876, endeavors to show that Boccaccio may
+have taken the above mentioned novels from sources common to them and
+the French _fabliaux_. It is undeniable that there was in the Middle
+Ages an immense mass of stories common to the whole western world, and
+diffused by oral tradition as well as by literary means, and it is very
+unsafe to say that any one literary version is taken directly from
+another. Sufficient attention has not been paid to the large Oriental
+element in European entertaining literature prior to the Renaissance. In
+early Italian literature besides Boccaccio, the _Cento novelle antiche_
+abound in Oriental elements. See D'Ancona, _Le Fonti del Novellino_, in
+the _Romania_, vol. III. pp. 164-194, since republished in _Studj di
+Critica e Storia Letteraria_, Bologna, 1880, pp. 219-359.
+
+[3] See Introduction, Notes 3, 7.
+
+[4] In the _Pantschatantra_ (Benfey's trans, vol. II. p. 120) this story
+is as follows: A merchant confides to a neighbor some iron scales or
+balances for safe-keeping. When he wishes them back he is told that the
+mice have eaten them up. The merchant is silent, and some time after
+asks his neighbor to lend him his son to aid him in bathing. After the
+bath the merchant shuts the boy up in a cave, and when the father asks
+where he is, is told that a falcon has carried him off. The neighbor
+exclaimed: "Thou liar, how can a falcon carry away a boy?" The merchant
+responded: "Thou veracious man! If a falcon cannot carry away a boy,
+neither can mice eat iron scales. Therefore give me back my scales if
+you desire your son." See also Benfey, _Pant._ I. p. 283. La Fontaine
+has used the same story for his fable of _Le Dépositaire infidèle_
+(livre IX. 1): see also references in _Fables inédites_, vol. II. p.
+193.
+
+[5] The fables in Pitrè of non-Oriental origin may be mentioned here;
+they are: No. 271, "_Brancaliuni_," found also in Straparola, X. 2; No.
+272, "The Two Mice," compare Aesop, ed. Furia, 198, and Schneller, No.
+59; No. 274, "Wind, Water, and Honor," found in Straparola, XI. 2; No.
+275, "Godfather Wolf and Godmother Fox"; No. 276, "The Lion, the Wolf,
+and the Fox," Aesop, ed. Furia, 233; No. 277, "The Fox," see _Roman du
+Renart_, Paris, 1828, I. p. 129, and _Nov. tosc._ No. 69; No. 278,
+"L'Acidduzzu (Pretty Little Bird)," compare Asbj. & Moe, No. 42,
+Bernoni, _Punt._ III. p. 69, "_El Galo_," Nerucci, _Cincelle da
+Bambini_, p. 38; No. 279, "The Wolf and the Finch," Gonz., No. 66, _Nov.
+tosc._ No. 52 (add to Köhler's references: Asbj. & M., Nos. 42, 102,
+[Dasent, _Tales from the Fjeld_, p. 35, "The Greedy Cat,"] and Bernoni,
+_Punt._ III. p. 69); and finally No. 280, "The Cricket and the Ants,"
+see Aesop, ed. Furia, 121, La Fontaine, _La Cigale et la Fourmi_, livre
+I. 1: see copious references in Robert, _Fables inédites_, I. p. 2. For
+Bernoni, III. p. 69, "_El Galo_," and Pitrè, No. 279, see Chap. V. pp.
+270, 272.
+
+There are two fables in Coronedi-Berti's collection: No. 20: "_La Fola
+del Corov_," and No. 21, "_La Fola dla Vôulp_." The first is the
+well-known fable of the crow in the peacock's feathers; for copious
+references see Robert, _Fables inédites_, I. p. 247, to La Fontaine's
+_Le Geai paré des plumes du Paon_, livre IV, fab. IX., and Oesterley to
+Kirchhof's _Wendunmuth_, 7, 52. In the second fable the fox leaves her
+little ones at home, bidding them admit no one without a counter-sign.
+The wolf learns it from the simple little foxes themselves, gains
+admission, and eats two of them up. The mother takes her revenge in
+almost the same way as does the fox in Pitrè's fable, No. 277.
+
+[6] This fable is also found in Pitrè, No. 273, "The Man, the Wolf, and
+the Fox," and in Gonz., No. 69, "Lion, Horse, and Fox:" see Benfey,
+_Pant._ I. 113, and Köhler's references to Gonz., No. 69.
+
+There is also a version of this fable in Morosi, p. 75, which is as
+follows:--
+
+
+XLIX. THE MAN, THE SERPENT, AND THE FOX.
+
+There was once a huntsman, who, in passing a quarry, found a serpent
+under a large stone. The serpent asked the hunter to liberate him, but
+the latter said: "I will not free you, for you will eat me." The serpent
+replied: "Liberate me, for I will not eat you." When the hunter had set
+the serpent at liberty, the latter wanted to devour him, but the hunter
+said: "What are you doing? Did you not promise me that you would not eat
+me?" The serpent replied that hunger did not observe promises. The
+hunter then said: "If you have no right to eat me, will you do it?"
+"No," answered the serpent. "Let us go, then," said the hunter, "and ask
+three times." They went into the woods and found a greyhound, and asked
+him, and he replied: "I had a master, and I went hunting and caught
+hares, and when I carried them home my master had nothing too good to
+give me to eat; now, when I cannot overtake even a tortoise, because I
+am old, my master wishes to kill me; for this reason I condemn you to be
+eaten by the serpent; for he who does good finds evil." "Do you hear? We
+have one judge," said the serpent. They continued their journey, and
+found a horse, and asked him, and he too replied that the serpent was
+right to eat the man, "for," he said, "I had a master, who fed me when I
+could travel; now that I can do so no longer, he would like to hang me."
+The serpent said: "Behold, two judges!" They went on, and found a fox.
+The huntsman said: "Fox, you must aid me. Listen: I was passing a
+quarry, and found this serpent dying under a large stone, and he asked
+aid from me, and I released him, and now he wants to eat me." The fox
+answered: "I will be the judge. Let us return to the quarry, to see how
+the serpent was." They went there, and put the stone on the serpent, and
+the fox asked: "Is that the way you were?" "Yes," answered the serpent.
+"Very well, then, stay so always!" said the fox.
+
+[7] The individual stories of the _Thousand and One Nights_ were known
+in Europe long before the collection, which was not translated into
+French until 1704-1717. This is shown by the fact that some of the XIII.
+century _fabliaux_ embody stories of the _Thousand and One Nights_. See
+Note 10. An interesting article by Mr. H. C. Coote on "Folk-Lore, the
+source of some of M. Galland's Tales," will be found in the _Folk-Lore
+Record_, vol. III. pp. 178-191.
+
+[8] The Sicilian versions are in Pitrè, No. 81. The version from
+Palermo, of which Pitrè gives only a _résumé_, is printed entire in F.
+Sabatini, _La Lanterna, Nov. pop. sicil._ Imola, 1878. The Roman
+version, "How Cajusse was married," is in Busk, p. 158; and the Mantuan
+in Visentini, No. 35. Tuscan versions may be found in the _Rivista di
+Lett. pop._ p. 267; De Nino, No. 5; and a version from Bergamo in the
+same periodical, p. 288. For the episode of the "Magician with no heart
+in his body," see Chap. I. note 12.
+
+[9] See Pitrè, No. 36, and Gonz., No. 5, with Köhler's copious
+references. As this story is found in Chap. I. p. 17, it is only
+mentioned here for the sake of completeness.
+
+There is another complete version of "The Forty Thieves" in Nerucci, No.
+54, _Cicerchia, o i ventidua Ladri_. The thieves are twenty-two, and
+_cicerchia_ is the magic word that opens and shuts the robbers' cave. A
+version in Ortoli, p. 137, has seven thieves.
+
+[10] Pitrè, No. 164, "The Three Hunchbacks;" Straparola, V. 3. It is
+also found in the _fabliau_, _Les Trois Bossus_, Barbazan-Méon, III.
+245; for copious references see Von der Hagen, _Gesammtabenteuer_, III.
+p. xxxv. _et seq._ Pitrè, No. 165, "_Fra Ghiniparu_," is a variation of
+the above theme, and finds its counterpart in the _fabliau_ of _Le
+Sacristain de Cluni_: see _Gesammtabenteuer_, _ut sup._ Other versions
+are in Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. 9, and _Nov. tosc._ No. 58.
+
+[11] The story is, properly speaking, in the introduction to the
+_Thousand and One Nights_: see Lane, _The Thousand and One Nights_,
+London, 1865, I. 10. See Straparola, XII. 3, and _Schmipf und Ernst_ von
+Johannes Pauli, herausgegeben von Hermann Oesterley (_Bibliothek des
+litt. Vereins_, LXXXV.), Stuttgart, 1866, No. 134, "_Ein bösz weib
+tugenhaft zemachen_."
+
+[12] For the first story, see _Thousand and One Nights_ (ed. Breslau),
+IX. 129; _Pent._ V. 7; Gonz., No. 45; Hahn, No. 47; and Grimm, No. 129.
+For the second, see _Thousand and One Nights_ (ed. Breslau), II. 196;
+ed. Lane, III. 41.
+
+[13] See Lane, I. 140, and, for the transformations, p. 156. This story
+is also in Straparola, VIII. 5. It is well known in the North of Europe
+from the Grimm tale (No. 68), "The Thief and his Master," To the
+references in Grimm, II. p. 431, may be added: _Revue Celtique_, I. 132,
+II.; Benfey, _Pant._ I. p. 410; Brueyre, 253; Ralston, _R. F. T._ 229;
+Asbj. & M., No. 57 [Dasent, _Pop. Tales_, No. XXXIX.] (comp. Nos. 9, 46
+[Dasent, _Pop. Tales_, Nos. XXIII., IX.]); Hahn, No. 68; Bernhauer,
+_Vierzig Viziere_, p. 195; _Orient und Occident_, II. 313; III. 374;
+Grundtvig, I. 248; Jülg, _Kalmükische Märchen, Einleitung_, p. 1; and F.
+J. Child, _English and Scottish Popular Ballads_, Part II. p. 399, "The
+Twa Magicians."
+
+[14] The principal sources of information in regard to the _Disciplina
+Clericalis_ and its author are the two editions of Paris and Berlin:
+_Disciplina Clericalis_: auctore Petro Alphonsi, Ex-Judæo Hispano,
+Parisiis, MDCCCXXIV. 2 vols. (Société des Bibliophiles français); Petri
+Alfonsi Disciplina Clericalis, zum ersten Mal herausgegeben mit
+Einleitung und Anmerkungen von Fr. Wilh. Val. Schmidt, Berlin, 1827. The
+first edition was edited by J. Labouderie, Vicar-general of Avignon, and
+as only two hundred and fifty copies were printed, it is now very
+scarce. Schmidt even had not seen it: and when he published his own
+edition, three years later, thought it the first. The Paris edition
+contains the best text, and has besides two Old-French translations, one
+in prose, the other in verse. The Berlin edition is, however, more
+valuable on account of the notes.
+
+[15] This is the story shortly after mentioned, Pitrè, No. 138, "The
+Treasure." The date of the _Cento nov. ant._ cannot be accurately fixed;
+the compilation was probably made at the end of the XIII. cent.,
+although individual stories may be of an earlier date.
+
+[16] See _Disciplina Cler._ ed. Schmidt, pp. 63 and 142. For copious
+references see Oesterley's _Gesta Rom._ cap. 106.
+
+[17] There are several literary Italian versions of this story: one in
+Casalicchio, VI., I., VI.; and in Cintio, _Ecatommiti_, I. 3. There is
+another popular version in Imbriani's _Nov. fior._ p. 616, "The Three
+Friends."
+
+[18] See _Disc. Cler._ ed. Schmidt, pp. 50 and 128. The version in the
+_Cento nov. ant._ ed. Gualt, No. 31, is as follows: Messer Azzolino had
+a story-teller, whom he made tell stories during the long winter nights.
+It happened one night that the story-teller had a great mind to sleep,
+and Azzolino asked him to tell stories. The story-teller began to relate
+a story about a peasant who had a hundred bezants. He went to market to
+buy sheep, and had two for a bezant. Returning home with his sheep, a
+river that he had crossed was greatly swollen by a heavy rain that had
+fallen. Standing on the bank he saw a poor fisherman with an exceedingly
+small boat, so small that it would only hold the peasant and one sheep
+at a time. Then the peasant began to cross with one sheep, and began to
+row: the river was wide. He rows and crosses. And the story-teller
+ceased relating. Azzolino said: "Go on." And the story-teller answered:
+"Let the sheep cross, and then I will tell the story." For the sheep
+would not be over in a year, so that meanwhile he could sleep at his
+leisure.
+
+The story passed from the _Disc. Cler._ into the Spanish collection _El
+Libro de los Enxemplos_, No. 85. A similar story is also found in Grimm,
+No. 86, "The Fox and the Geese."
+
+[19] The word translated bank (_bancu_) is here used to indicate a
+buried treasure. The most famous of these concealed treasures was that
+of Ddisisa, a hill containing caves, and whose summit is crowned by the
+ruins of an Arab castle. This treasure is mentioned also in Pitrè, No.
+230, "The Treasure of Ddisisa," where elaborate directions are given for
+finding it.
+
+[20] See Pitrè, vol. IV. p. 401, and _Nov. fior._ p. 572.
+
+[21] See _Disc. Cler._ ed. Schmidt, pp. 64 and 147, where the story is
+as follows: A certain tailor to the king had, among others, an
+apprentice named Nedui. On one occasion the king's officers brought warm
+bread and honey, which the tailor and his apprentices ate without
+waiting for Nedui, who happened to be absent. When one of the officers
+asked why they did not wait for Nedui, the tailor answered that he did
+not like honey. When Nedui returned, and learned what had taken place,
+he determined to be revenged; and when he had a chance he told the
+officer who superintended the work done for the king that the tailor
+often went into a frenzy and beat or killed the bystanders. The officer
+said that if they could tell when the attack was coming on, they would
+bind him, so that he could not injure any one. Nedui said it was easy to
+tell; the first symptoms were the tailor's looking here and there,
+beating the ground with his hands, and getting up and seizing his seat.
+The next day Nedui securely hid his master's shears, and when the latter
+began to look for them, and feel about on the floor, and lift up his
+seat, the officer called in the guard and had the tailor bound, and, for
+fear he should beat any one, soundly thrashed. At last the poor tailor
+succeeded in obtaining an explanation; and when he asked Nedui: "When
+did you know me to be insane?" the latter responded: "When did you know
+me not to eat honey?" See also references in Kirchhof's _Wendunmuth_, I.
+243.
+
+[22] In the original the admonitions are in the form of a verse, as
+follows:--
+
+    "_Primu:_ Cu' cancia la via vecchia pi la nova,
+              Le guai ch' 'un circannu ddà li trova.
+     _Secunnu:_ Vidi assai e parra pocu.
+     _Terzu:_ Pensa la cosa avanti chi la fai,
+              Ca la cosa pinsata è bedda assai."
+
+
+
+[23] See _Disc. Cler._ ed. Schmidt, pp. 61 and 141. This story is also
+found in the _Gesta Romanorum_, cap. 103; Gonz., No. 81, where copious
+references by Oesterley and Köhler may be found; in Nerucci, No. 53; and
+in a distorted version in Ortoli, p. 118: see also _Giornale Napoletano
+della Domenica_, August 20, 1882; Pitrè, "_I Tre Pareri_," and _Notes
+and Queries_, London, February 7, March 14, 1885.
+
+[24] See Note 1 of this chapter.
+
+[25] In the original, what the husband, wife, and king, say, is in
+verse, as follows:--
+
+    "Vigna era e Vigna son,
+      Amata era e più non son;
+    E non so per qual cagion,
+      Che la Vigna à perso la so stagion."
+
+    "Vigna eri e Vigna sei,
+      Amata eri e più non sei:
+    Per la branca del leon
+      La Vigna à perso la so stagion."
+
+    "Ne la Vigna io son intrato,
+      Di quei pampani n' ò tocato;
+    Ma lo guiro per la corona che porto in capo,
+      Che de quel fruto no ghe n' ò gustato."
+
+This story is also found in Pitrè, No. 76, "_Lu Bracceri di manu manca_"
+("The Usher on the Left Hand," _i. e._, of the king, who also had one on
+his right hand); _Pomiglianesi_, No. 6, "_Villa_;" and, in the shape of
+a poetical dialogue, in Vigo, _Raccolta amplissima di Canti popolari
+siciliani_. Secunda ediz. Catania, 1870-1874, No. 5145.
+
+The story is told of Pier delle Vigne by Jacopo d'Aqui (XIII. cent.) in
+his _Chronicon imaginis mundi_, and of the Marchese di Pescara by
+Brantôme, _Vie des Dames galantes_. These versions will be found with
+copious references in Pitrè and Imbriani as cited above: see also,
+_Cantilene e Ballate, Strambotti e Madrigali nei Secoli XIII. e XIV._, A
+cura di Giosuè Carducci, Pisa, 1871, p. 26. The story is discussed in an
+exhaustive manner by S. Prato in the _Romania_, vol. XII. p. 535; XIV.
+p. 132, "_L' Orma del Leone_."
+
+[26] For the Oriental versions see _Essai sur les Fables indiennes_,
+_par_ A. Loiseleur Deslongchamps, Paris, 1838, p. 96; _Das Buch von den
+sieben weisen Meistern_, aus dem Hebräischen und Griechischen zum ersten
+Male übersetzt von H. Sengelmann, Halle, 1842, p. 40 (_Mischle
+Sandabâr_), p. 87 (_Syntipas_), _Tausend und Eine Nacht_, Deutsch von
+Max Habicht, Von der Hagen und Schall, Breslau, 1836, vol. XV. p. 112
+(Arabic); _Li Romans des Sept Sages_, nach der Pariser Handschrift
+herausgegeben von H. A. Keller, Tübingen, 1836, p. cxxxviii.;
+_Dyocletianus Leben_, von Hans von Bühel, herausgegeben von A. Keller,
+Quedlinburg und Leipzig, 1841, p. 45. All students of this subject are
+acquainted with Domenico Comparetti's masterly essay _Ricerche intorno
+al Libro di Sindibâd_, Milan, 1869, which has recently been made
+accessible to English readers in a version published by the English
+Folk-Lore Society in 1882. The Persian and Arabic texts may be consulted
+in an English translation, reprinted with valuable introduction and
+notes in the following work: _The Book of Sindibad; or, The Story of
+the King, his Son, the Damsel, and the Seven Vazirs_, From the Persian
+and Arabic, with Introduction, Notes, and an Appendix, by W. A.
+Clouston. Privately printed, 1884 [Glasgow], pp. xvii.-lvi.
+
+[27] For the original version in the various forms of the Western _Seven
+Wise Masters_, see Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, p. 162; Keller, _Romans_, p.
+ccxxix., and _Dyocletianus_, p. 63; and D'Ancona, _Il Libro dei Sette
+Savi di Roma_, p. 121. To the references in D'Ancona may be added: _Deux
+Rédactions du Roman des Sept Sages_, G. Paris, Paris, 1876, pp. 47, 162;
+Benfey, in _Orient und Occident_, III. 420; _Romania_, VI. p. 182;
+_Mélusine_, p. 384; and _Basque Legends_, collected by Rev. W. Webster,
+London, 1879, pp. 136, 137.
+
+[28] See Grimm, No. 33, "The Three Languages;" Hahn, No. 33; _Basque
+Legends_, p. 137; and _Mélusine_, p. 300. There is a verbose version in
+the _Fiabe Mantovane_, No. 23, "_Bobo_."
+
+[29] See Herodotus, with a commentary by J. W. Blakesley, London, 1854,
+I. p. 254, n. 343. For the literature of this story, and for various
+other Italian versions, see _La Leggenda del Tesoro di Rampsinite_,
+Stanislao Prato, Como, 1882; and Ralston's notes to Schiefner's _Tibetan
+Tales_, p. xlvii.
+
+[30] For the story in the _Seven Wise Masters_, see D'Ancona, _op. cit._
+p. 108; Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, p. 146; Keller, _Romans_, p. cxciii.,
+and _Dyoclet_. p. 55.
+
+Besides the popular versions in Italian, the story is also found in
+Bandello, I., XXV., who follows Herodotus closely.
+
+[31] For the story in the _Seven Wise Masters_ see D'Ancona, _op. cit._
+p. 120; Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, p. 158; Keller, _Romans_, p. ccxxxvii.,
+and _Dyoclet._ p. 61. Literary versions of this story are in Straparola,
+II. 11; _Pecorone_, II. 2; Malespini, 53; Bandello, I. 3; and Sercambi,
+XIII. See Pitrè, IV. pp. 407, 442.
+
+[32] The literature of this famous collection of tales will best be
+found in an article by Wilhelm Pertsch, "_Ueber Nachschabî's
+Papagaienbuch_" in the _Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen
+Gesellschaft_, Bd. XXI. pp. 505-551. Prof. H. Brockhaus discovered that
+the eighth night of Nachschabî's version was nothing but a version of
+the _Seven Wise Masters_ containing seven stories. Nachschabî, in
+preparing his work, used probably the oldest version of the _Seven Wise
+Masters_ of which we have any knowledge. Professor Brockhaus made this
+discovery known in a brief pamphlet entitled: _Die Sieben Weisen Meister
+von Nachschabî_, Leipzig, 1843, of which only twelve copies were
+printed. The above, except the Persian text, was reprinted in the
+_Blätt. für lit. Unterhaltung_, 1843, Nos. 242, 243 (pp. 969 _et seq._);
+and, in an Italian translation, in D'Ancona's _Il Libro dei Sette Savi
+di Roma_.
+
+The Persian version of Qâdirî (a compend of Nachschabî's) is the one
+most frequently translated. The German translation: _Toutinameh_. Eine
+Sammlung pers. Märchen, von C. J. L. Iken, mit einem Anhange von J. G.
+L. Kosegarten, Stuttgart, 1822, is easily found. The Turkish version is
+elegantly translated by G. Rosen: _Tuti-nameh, das Papagaienbuch_, eine
+Sammlung orientalischer Erzählungen nach der türkischen Bearbeitung zum
+ersten Male übersetzt von G. Rosen, Leipzig, 1858, 2 vols.
+
+[33] The preservation of the frame of the _Çukasaptati_ in Italian
+popular tales is only paralleled, to our knowledge, by the preservation
+of the _Seven Wise Masters_ in a Magyar popular tale. See _La Tradizione
+dei Sette Savi nelle Novelline magiare_. Lettera al Prof. A. D'Ancona di
+E. Teza, Bologna, 1864.
+
+It is possible that the Italian stories containing the frame of the
+_Çukasaptati_ may have been developed from the story in the _Seven Wise
+Masters_ which is found in both the Oriental and Occidental versions.
+The spirit of Folk-tales seems to us averse to expansion, and that
+condensation is the rule. We think it more likely that it was by way of
+oral tradition, or from some now lost collection of Oriental tales once
+known in Italy.
+
+[34] It is in the work by Teza mentioned in the last note, p. 52.
+
+[35] See Pitrè, vol. I. p. 23. The three stories in one are called
+_Donna Viulanti_ (Palermo) and _Lu Frati e lu Soru_ (Salaparuta).
+
+[36] See Chapter I. note 7.
+
+[37] The Italian versions are: Pitrè, No. 78, "_Lu Zu Viritati_" ("Uncle
+Truth"); Gonz., No. 8, "_Bauer Wahrhaft_" ("Farmer Truth"); _XII. Conti
+Pomiglianesi_, p. 1, "_Giuseppe 'A Veretà_" ("Truthful Joseph," the
+version translated by us); p. 6, another version from same place and
+with same name; and in Straparola, III. 5. References to Oriental
+sources maybe found in Köhler's notes to Gonz., No. 8, and Oesterley's
+notes to _Gesta Rom._ cap. 111.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In addition to the Oriental elements mentioned in the third chapter,
+Stanislao Prato has discovered the story of Nala in a popular tale from
+Pitigliano (Tuscany), see S. Prato, _La Leggenda indiana di Nala in una
+novella popolare pitiglianese_, Como, 1881. (Extracted from _I Nuovi
+Goliardi_.)
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+LEGENDS AND GHOST STORIES.
+
+[1] It is the LXXV. novel of the _Testo_ Gualteruzzi (Biagi, p. 108):
+_Qui conta come Domeneddio s' accompagnò con un giullare_. The Lord once
+went in company with a jester. One day the former went to a funeral, and
+the latter to a marriage. The Lord called the dead to life again, and
+was richly rewarded. He gave the jester some of the money with which he
+bought a kid, roasted it and ate the kidneys himself. His companion
+asked where they were, and the jester answered that in that country the
+kids had none. The next time the Lord went to a wedding and the jester
+to a funeral, but he could not revive the dead, and was considered a
+deceiver, and condemned to the gallows. The Lord wished to know who ate
+the kidneys, but the other persisted in his former answer; but in spite
+of this the Lord raises the dead, and the jester is set at liberty. Then
+the Lord said he wished to dissolve their partnership, and made three
+piles of money, one for himself, another for the jester, and the third
+for the one who ate the kidneys. Then the jester said: "By my faith, now
+that you speak thus, I will tell you that I ate them; I am so old that
+I ought not to tell lies now." So some things are proved by money, which
+a man would not tell to escape from death. For the sources and
+imitations of this story see D'Ancona, _Le Fonti del Novellino_, in the
+_Romania_, No. 10, p. 180, (_Studj_, p. 333). To D'Ancona's references
+may be added the following: Grimm, 147, "The Old Man made young again";
+Asbjørnsen and Moe, No. 21 [Dasent, _Pop. Tales_, No. XIV.], _Ny Samm._
+No. 101 [Dasent, _Tales from the Fjeld_, p. 94, "Peik"]; Ralston, _R. F.
+T._ p. 350; Simrock's _Deutsche Märchen_, Nos. 31^b (p. 148), 32;
+_Romania_, No. 24, p. 578, "_Le Foie de Mouton_" (E. Cosquin, _Contes
+pop. lorrains_, No. 30); Brueyre, p. 330; and an Italian version, which
+is simply an amplification of the one in the _Cento nov. ant._, in the
+recently published _Sessanta Nov. pop. montalesi_, Nerucci, No. 31.
+
+[2] See _Jahrbuch_, VII. pp. 28, 396. The professional pride of the
+smith finds a parallel in an Irish story in Kennedy, "How St. Eloi was
+punished for the sin of Pride." Before the saint became religious he was
+a goldsmith, but sometimes amused himself by shoeing horses, and boasted
+that he had never found his master in anything. One day a stranger
+stopped at his forge and asked permission to shoe his horse. Eloi
+consented, and was very much surprised to see the stranger break off the
+horse's leg at the shoulder, carry it into the smithy and shoe it. Then
+the stranger put on again the horse's leg, and asked Eloi if he knew any
+one who could do such a good piece of work. Eloi tries himself, and
+fails miserably. The stranger, who is Eloi's guardian angel, cures the
+horse, reproves the smith for his pride, and disappears. See Brueyre, p.
+329, and Bladé, _Agenais_, p. 61, and Köhler's notes, p. 157.
+
+[3] Bernoni, _Punt._ I. p. 1, "_I cinque brazzi de Tela_." See Benfey,
+_Pant._ I. p. 497, where the same story (without the coarseness of the
+Italian version) is related of Buddha, who tells the hospitable woman
+that "what she begins shall not end until sunset." She begins to measure
+linen and it lengthens in her hands so that she continues to measure it
+all day. The envious neighbor receives the same gift, but before she
+begins to measure the linen, she thinks she will water the swine; the
+bucket does not become empty until evening, and the whole neighborhood
+is inundated. See Benfey's parallels, _ut. sup._ pp. 497-98, and Grimm,
+No. 87, notes.
+
+[4] These four legends are in Pitrè, _Cinque Novelline popolari
+siciliane_, Palermo, 1878. In the third story, "_San Pietru e sò
+cumpari_," St. Peter gets something to eat from a stingy man by a play
+on the word _mussu_, "snout," and _cu lu mussu_, "to be angry." For a
+similar story see Pitrè, III. 312. A parallel to the first of the above
+legends may be found in Finamore, No. 34, IV., where are also some other
+legends of St. Peter.
+
+Since the above note was written, some similar legends have been
+published by Salomone Marino in the _Archivio per lo Studio delle
+Tradizioni popolari_, vol. II. p. 553. One "The Just suffers for the
+Sinner" ("_Chianci lu giustu pri lu piccaturi_") relates how St. Peter
+complained to our Lord that the innocent were punished with the guilty.
+Our Lord made no answer, but shortly after commanded St. Peter to pick
+up a piece of honey-comb filled with bees, and put it in the bosom of
+his dress. One of the bees stung him, and St. Peter in his anger killed
+them all, and when the Lord rebuked him, excused himself by saying: "How
+could I tell among so many bees which one stung me?" The Lord answered:
+"Am I wrong then, when I punish men likewise? _Chianci lu giustu pri lu
+piccaturi._"
+
+Another legend relates the eagerness of St. Peter's sister to marry.
+Thrice she sent her brother to our Lord to ask his consent, and thrice
+the Lord, with characteristic patience, answered: "Tell her to do what
+she wishes."
+
+A third legend explains why some are rich and some are poor in this
+world. Adam and Eve had twenty-four children, and one day the Lord
+passed by the house, and the parents concealed twelve of their children
+under a tub. The Lord, at the parents' request, blessed the twelve with
+riches and happiness. After he had departed, the parents realized what
+they had done, and called the Master back. When he heard that they had
+told him a falsehood about the number of their children, he replied that
+the blessing was bestowed and there was no help for it. "Oh!" said Adam
+in anguish, "what will become of them?" The Lord replied: "Let those who
+are not blessed serve the others, and let those who are blessed support
+them." "And this is why in the world half are rich and half are poor,
+and the latter serve the former, and the former support the latter."
+
+The last of these legends which I shall mention is entitled: "All things
+are done for money." ("_Tutti cosi su' fatti pri dinari._") There once
+died a poor beggar who had led a pious life, and was destined for
+paradise. When his soul arrived at the gate and knocked, St. Peter asked
+who he was and told him to wait. The poor soul waited two months behind
+the gate, but St. Peter did not open it for him. Meanwhile, a wealthy
+baron died and went, exceptionally, to paradise. His soul did not need
+even to knock, for the gate was thrown open, and St. Peter exclaimed:
+"Throw open the gate, let the baron pass! Come in Sir Baron, your
+servant, what an honor!" The soul of the beggar squeezed in, and said to
+himself: "The world is not the only one who worships money; in heaven
+itself there is this law, that all things are done for money."
+
+[5] Pitrè, No. 126, where other Sicilian versions are mentioned. A
+version from Siena is in T. Gradi, _Proverbi e Modi di dire_, p. 23,
+repeated in the same author's _Saggio di Letture varie_, p. 52, and
+followed by an article by Tommaseo, originally printed in the
+_Institutore_ of Turin, in which Servian and Greek parallels are given.
+Besides the Venetian variant mentioned in the text, there are versions
+from Umbria and Piedmont cited by Pitrè, a Tuscan one in _Nov. tosc._
+No. 26, and one from the Tyrol in Schneller, No. 4. Pitrè, in his notes
+to _Nov. tosc._ No. 26, mentions several other versions from Piedmont,
+Friuli, and Benevento. An exact version is also found in Corsica: see
+Ortoli, p. 235.
+
+[6] This reminds one of the "Sabbath of the Damned:" see Douhet,
+_Dictionnaire des Légendes_, Paris, 1855, p. 1040.
+
+[7] Pitrè, in a note to this story, mentions several proverbial sayings
+in which Pilate's name occurs: "To wash one's hands of the matter like
+Pilate," and "To come into a thing like Pilate in the Creed," to express
+engaging in a matter unwillingly, or to indicate something that is _mal
+à propos_.
+
+[8] Pitrè, I. p. cxxxvii., and Pitrè, _Appunti di Botanica popolare
+siciliana_, in the _Rivista Europea_, May, 1875, p. 441.
+
+[9] Pitrè, I. p. cxxxviii.
+
+[10] This legend is mentioned in a popular Sicilian legend in verse, see
+Pitrè, _Canti pop. sic._ II. p. 368, and is the subject of a chap-book,
+the title of which is given by Pitrè, _Fiabe_, vol. IV. p. 397.
+
+[11] _Preghiere pop. veneziane_ raccolte da Dom. Giuseppe Bernoni, p.
+18.
+
+[12] Pitrè, I. p. cxxxiii. For earlier appearances of the Wandering Jew
+in Italian literature, see A. D'Ancona, _La Leggenda dell' Ebreo
+errante, Nuova Antologia_, serie II. vol. XXIII. 1880, p. 425;
+_Romania_, vol. X. p. 212, _Le Juif errant en Italia au XIII^e siècle_,
+G. Paris and A. D'Ancona; vol. XII. p. 112, _Encore le Juif errant en
+Italie_, A. D'Ancona, and _Giornale Storico_, vol. III. p. 231, R.
+Renier, where an Italian text of the XVIII. cent. is printed for the
+first time. The myth of the Wandering Jew can best be studied in the
+following recent works: G. Paris, _Le Juif Errant, Extrait de
+l'Encyclopédie des Sciences Religieuses_, Paris, 1880; Dr. L. Neubaur,
+_Die Sage vom ewigen Juden_, Leipzig, 1884; P. Cassel, _Ahasverus, die
+Sage vom ewigen Juden_, Berlin, 1885. The name Buttadeu (Buttadæus in
+the Latin texts of the XVII. cent.) has been explained in various ways.
+It is probably from the Ital. verb _buttare_, to thrust away, and _dio_,
+God.
+
+[13] Crivòliu is a corruption of Gregoriu, Gregory, and the legend is,
+as Köhler says, a peculiar transformation of the well-known legend of
+"Gregory on the Stone." For the legend in general, see A. D'Ancona's
+Introduction to the _Leggenda di Vergogna e la Leggenda di Giuda_,
+Bologna, 1869, and F. Lippold, _Ueber die Quelle des Gregorius
+Hartmann's von Aue_, Leipzig, 1869, p. 50 _et seq._ See also Pitrè's
+notes to No. 117. An example of this class of stories from Cyprus may be
+found in the _Jahrb._ XI. p. 357.
+
+[14] See Köhler's notes to Gonz., No. 90, and _Sacre Rappresentazioni
+dei Secoli XIV.-XVI._ raccolte e illustrate di A. D'Ancona, Florence,
+1872, III. p. 435. There is another legend of St. James of Galicia in
+Busk, p. 208, entitled "The Pilgrims." A husband and wife make the usual
+vow to St. James that if he will give them children they will make the
+pilgrimage to Santiago. When the children are fifteen and sixteen the
+parents start on the pilgrimage, taking with them the son, and leaving
+the daughter in charge of a priest, who wrote slanderous letters about
+her, whereupon the son returned suddenly, slew his sister, and threw her
+body in a ditch. A king's son happened to pass by, found the body, and
+discovered that it still contained life. He had her cured, and married
+her, and they afterwards became king and queen. While the king was once
+at war, the viceroy tempted the queen, and when she would not listen to
+him, killed her two children and slandered her to the king. The queen
+took the bodies of the children and wandered about until she met the
+Madonna, who took the children, and the queen went to Galicia. The king
+and viceroy also made a pilgrimage to the same place where the queen's
+parents had dwelt since the supposed death of their daughter. All met at
+the saint's shrine and forgave each other, and the Madonna restored the
+children alive and well.
+
+There are two or three other stories in Pitrè and Gonz. in which saints
+appear in the _rôle_ of good fairies, aiding the hero when in trouble.
+One of these stories, "The Thankful Dead" (Gonz., No. 74), has already
+been mentioned in Chapter II. p. 131; two others may be briefly
+mentioned here. The first is Gonz., No. 74, "Of one who by the help of
+St. Joseph won the king's daughter." A king proclaims that he will give
+his daughter to any one who builds a ship that will go by land and
+water. The youngest of three brothers constructs such a vessel by the
+help of St. Joseph, after his two brothers have failed. The saint, who
+is not known to the youth, accompanies him on the voyage on the
+condition that he shall receive the half of everything that the youth
+receives. During the voyage they take on board a man who can fill a sack
+with mist, one who can tear up half a forest and carry the trees on his
+back, a man who can drink up half a river, one who can always hit what
+he shoots at, and one who walks with such long steps that when one foot
+is in Catania the other is in Messina. The king refuses to give his
+daughter to the youth in spite of the ship that goes by land and water.
+The youth, however, by the help of his wonderful servants and St.
+Joseph, fulfils all the king's requirements, and carries away the
+princess. When the youth returned home with his bride and treasures, St.
+Joseph called on him to fulfil his promise to him. The youth gives him
+half of his treasures, and even half of the crown he had won. The saint
+reminds him that the best of his possessions yet remains undivided,--his
+bride. The youth determines to keep his promise, draws his sword, and is
+about to cut his bride in two, when St. Joseph reveals himself, blesses
+the pair, and disappears.
+
+This story is sometimes found as a version of the "Thankful Dead," see
+Chapter II. note 12. The second story is Pitrè, No. 116, "St. Michael
+the Archangel and one of his devotees," of which there is a version in
+Gonz., No. 76, called, "The Story of Giuseppino." In the first version a
+child, Pippino, is sold by his parents to the king in order to obtain
+the means to duly celebrate the feast of St. Michael, to whom they were
+devoted. The child is brought up in the palace as the princess's
+playmate; but when he grows up the king is anxious to get rid of him,
+and so sends him on a voyage in an unseaworthy vessel. St. Michael
+appears to the lad, and tells him to load the ship with salt. They set
+sail, and the rotten ship is about to go to pieces, when the saint
+appears and changes the ship into a vessel all of gold. They sell the
+cargo to a king who has never tasted salt before, and return to their
+own country wealthy. The next voyage Pippino, by the saint's advice,
+takes a cargo of cats, which they sell to the king of a country overrun
+by mice. Pippino returns and marries the king's daughter. In the version
+in Gonz., Giuseppino is a king's son, who leaves his home to see the
+world, and becomes the stable-boy of the king whose daughter he marries.
+The three cargoes are: salt, cats, and uniforms. On the last voyage,
+Giuseppino captures a hostile fleet, and makes his prisoners put on the
+uniforms he has in his ship. With this army he returns, and compels the
+king to give him his daughter. St. Joseph acts the same part in this
+version as St. Michael in Pitrè's.
+
+The story of "Whittington and his Cat" will at once occur to the reader.
+See Pitrè's notes to No. 116, and vol. IV. p. 395, and Köhler to Gonz.,
+No. 76.
+
+[15] Köhler has no note on this legend, and I have been unable to find
+in the list of saints any name of which Onirià or Nerià may be a
+corruption.
+
+[16] The references to this story will best be found in Pauli's _Schimpf
+und Ernst_, ed. Oesterley, No. 682, and in the same editor's notes to
+the _Gesta Romanorum_, cap. 80. To these may be added a story by De
+Trueba in his _Narraciones populares_, p. 65, entitled, "_Las Dudas de
+San Pedro_;" Luzel, _Légendes Chrétiennes_, I. 282, II. 4; _Fiore di
+Virtù_, Naples, 1870, p. 68; Etienne de Bourbon, No. 396 (_Anecdotes
+historiques, légendes et apologues tirés du Receuil inédit d'Etienne de
+Bourbon_), pub. pour la Société de l'Hist. de France par A. Lecoy de la
+Marche, Paris, 1877.
+
+Since the above was written, several important contributions to the
+literature of this story have been made. The first in point of time and
+importance is a paper by Gaston Paris in the _Comptes Rendus_ of the
+Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, vol. VIII. pp. 427-449
+(reprinted in _La Poésie du Moyen Age_, Leçons et Lectures par Gaston
+Paris, Paris, 1885). Next may be mentioned "_The Literary History of
+Parnell's Hermit_," by W. E. A. Axon, London, 1881 (reprinted from the
+Seventh Volume of the Third Series of _Memoirs of the Manchester
+Literary and Philosophical Society, Session 1879-80_). An Icelandic
+version is in _Islendzk Aeventyri, Isländische Legenden, Novellen und
+Märchen_, herausgegeben von Hugo Gering, Halle, 1884, vol. II. p. 247.
+The legend is clearly shown by Gaston Paris to be of Jewish origin.
+
+[17] There is another version of this story in Gonz., No. 86, "_Von dem
+frommen Kinde_" ("The Pious Child"), Köhler in his notes cites Grimm's
+_Children's Legends_, No. 9, and Schneller, No. 1. In this last story a
+pious child is cruelly treated by his step-mother, and leaves his home
+to live in a convent. One day he notices in a corner a neglected
+crucifix covered with dust and cobwebs. He sees how thin the figure is,
+and at meal-time brings his food where the crucifix is and begins to
+feed the image, which opens its mouth and eats with appetite. As the
+image grows stouter the pious child grows thinner. The Superior learns
+one day the fact, and tells the child to ask the Lord to invite him and
+the Superior to his table. The next day both die suddenly after mass.
+
+In a story in Gonz., No. 47, "Of the pious youth who went to Rome," the
+youth talks to the image on the crucifix in a familiar way, and receives
+information about questions put to him by various persons. The youth
+also dies suddenly at the end of the story.
+
+[18] Pitrè, No. 111. Another Sicilian version is in Gonz., No. 88, "The
+Story of Spadònia." Spadònia is the son of a king, who every day has
+bread baked and sent to the souls in purgatory by means of an ass sent
+for that purpose by the Lord. Spadònia becomes king, and sends one of
+his servants, Peppe, to see where the ass goes. Peppe crosses a river of
+clear water, one of milk, and one of blood. Then he sees the thin oxen
+in a rich pasture, and the reverse; in addition he beholds a forest with
+small and large trees together, and a handsome youth cutting down now a
+large tree, now a small one, with a single stroke of a bright axe. Then
+he passed through a door with the ass, and sees St. Joseph, and St.
+Peter, and all the saints, and among them God the Father. Farther on
+Peppe sees many saints, and among them the parents of Spadònia. Finally
+Peppe comes where the Saviour and his Mother are on a throne. The Lord
+says to him that Spadònia must marry a maiden named Sècula, and open an
+inn, in which any one may eat and lodge without cost. The Lord then
+explains what Peppe has seen. The river of water is the good deeds of
+men which aid and refresh the poor souls in purgatory; the river of milk
+is that with which Christ was nourished; and the river of blood that
+shed for sinners. The thin cattle are the usurers, the fat, the poor who
+trust in God, the youth felling the trees is Death.
+
+Peppe returns and tells his master all he had seen, and Spadònia wanders
+forth in search of a maiden called Sècula. He finds at last a poor girl
+so called, and marries her, and opens an inn as he had been directed.
+After a time the Lord and his Apostles visit the inn, and the king and
+his wife wait on them, and treat them with the utmost consideration. The
+next day after they had departed Spadònia and his wife find out who
+their guests were, and hasten after them in spite of a heavy storm. When
+they overtake the Lord they ask pardon for their sins, and eternal
+happiness for all belonging to them. The Lord grants their request, and
+tells them to be prepared at Christmas, when he will come for them. They
+return home, give all their property to the poor, and at Christmas they
+confess, take communion, and die peacefully near each other, together
+with Sècula's old parents.
+
+This curious legend has no parallels in Italy out of Sicily. It is,
+however, found in the rest of Europe, the best parallel being _L'Homme
+aux dents rouges_, in Bladé, _Agenais_, p. 52. Köhler cites Bladé,
+_Contes et proverbes pop. rec. en Armagnac_, p. 59, and Asbjørnsen, No.
+62 [Dasent, _Tales from the Fjeld_, p. 160, "Friends in Life and
+Death"]. To these may be added the story in Schneller, p. 215, and the
+references given by Köhler in his notes to Gonz., No. 88.
+
+[19] See Champfleury, _De la littérature populaire en France. Recherches
+sur les origines et les variations de la légende du bonhomme Misère_,
+Paris, 1861. It contains a reprint of the oldest yet known edition of
+the chap-book, that of 1719. The most valuable references to the legend
+in general will be found (besides the above work, and Grimm's notes to
+Nos. 81, 82) in the _Jahrb._ V. pp. 4, 23; VII. 128, 268; and in Pitrè's
+notes, vol. III. p. 63, and IV. pp. 398, 439. All the Italian versions
+are mentioned in the text or following notes. To the stories from the
+various parts of Europe mentioned in the articles above cited, may be
+added Webster, _Basque Legends_, pp. 195, 199. Since this note was
+written another Tuscan version has been published by Pitrè in his _Nov.
+tosc._ No. 28, who cites in his notes: Ortoli, p. 1, § 1, No. XXII.
+(Corsica); and two literary versions in Cintio de' Fabritii, Venice,
+1726, _Origine de' volgari proverbi_, and Domenico Batacchi in his
+_Novelle galanti: La Vita e la Morte di Prete Ulivo_.
+
+[20] See Pitrè, No. 125.
+
+[21] See Busk, p. 178.
+
+[22] See Busk, p. 183.
+
+[23] _Novelline di Sto. Stefano_, No. XXXII. A version from Monferrato
+is found in Comparetti, No. 34, entitled, "_La Morte Burlata_" ("Death
+Mocked"), in which a schoolmaster, who is a magician, tells one of his
+scholars that he will grant him every day any favor he may ask. The
+first day the scholar asks that any one who climbs his pear-tree must
+remain there; the second day he asks that whoever approaches his
+fireplace to warm himself must stay there; and finally he asks to win
+always with a pack of cards that he has. When the possessor of these
+favors has lived a hundred years Death comes for him, but is made to
+climb the tree, and is forced to grant the owner another hundred years
+of life. The fireplace procures another respite, and then the man dies
+and goes to paradise; but the Lord will not admit him, for he had not
+asked for mercy. Hell will not receive him, for he had been a good man;
+so he goes to the gate of purgatory and begins playing cards, with souls
+for stakes, and wins enough to form a regiment. Then he goes to
+paradise, and the Lord tells him he can enter alone. But he persists in
+going in with all those who are attached to him; so all the souls enter
+too.
+
+[24] _Novelline di Sto. Stefano_, No. 33. A similar story, told in
+greater detail, is in Schneller, No. 17, "_Der Stöpselwirth_" ("The
+Tapster"). A generous host ruins himself by his hospitality, and borrows
+money of the Devil for seven years; if he cannot repay it his soul is to
+belong to the lender. The host continues his liberality, and at the end
+of seven years is poorer than before. The Lord, St. Peter, and St. John
+come to the tavern and tell the landlord to ask three favors. He asks
+that whoever climbs his fig-tree may remain there; whoever sits on his
+sofa must stay there; and finally, whoever puts his hands in a certain
+chest must keep them there. The Devil first sends his eldest son after
+the money. The host sends him up the fig-tree, and then gives him a
+sound beating. Then the Devil sends his second son, whom the landlord
+invites to sit on his sofa, and gives him a sound thrashing too. Finally
+the Devil himself comes, and the host tells him to get his money himself
+out of the chest. The Devil sticks fast, and is set free only on
+condition of renouncing all claims to the landlord's soul.
+
+The conclusion of the story is like that of "Beppo Pipetta."
+
+There is another story about a bargain with the Devil in the _Novelline
+di Sto. Stefano_, No. 35, "_Le Donne ne sanno un punto più del diavolo_"
+("Women know a point more than the Devil"). A fowler sells his soul to
+the Devil for twelve years of life and plenty of birds. When the time is
+nearly up the fowler's wife persuades him to alter his bargain with the
+Devil a little. The latter is to give up his claim if the former can
+find a bird unknown to the Devil. The Devil consents, and comes the last
+day and recognizes easily every bird, until finally the fowler's wife,
+disguised with tar and feathers, comes out of a case and frightens the
+fowler and the Devil so that he runs away.
+
+The mysterious bird recalls the one in Grimm, No. 46, "Fitcher's Bird."
+
+[25] _Jahrbuch_, VII. 121. The wonderful sack occurs in another Venetian
+story, Widter-Wolf, No. 14, "_Der Höllenpförtner_" ("The Porter of
+Hell"). The gifts are: a gun that never misses, a violin that makes
+every one dance, and a sack into which every one must spring when
+commanded by the owner. See Köhler's notes to this story, _Jahrb_. VII.
+268. A Corsican version is in Ortoli, p. 155. The episode of the Devil
+beaten in the sack is also found in Comparetti, No. 49, "_Il Ramaio_." A
+wandering smith gives alms to St. Peter and the Lord, and receives in
+return a pouch like the above. When the Devil comes to fetch him he
+wishes him in his sack, and gives him a good pounding. When the smith
+dies he gets into paradise by throwing his bag inside and wishing
+himself in it.
+
+There are two other stories in which the Devil gets worsted: they are
+Gianandrea, No. VI, "_Quattordici_" ("Fourteen"), and _Fiabe Mantovane_,
+No. II, "_Pacchione_" In these stories a cunning person is sent to the
+Devil to bring back a load of gold. The cunning person takes a long pair
+of tongs, catches the Devil by the nose, loads his horse, and returns in
+safety.
+
+The first part of the story of "_Quattordici_" is found in the Basque
+Legend of "Fourteen:" see Webster, p. 195.
+
+[26] Another Venetian version is in Widter-Wolf, No. 3, "_Der Gevatter
+Tod_" ("Godfather Death"). There are also two Sicilian versions: Pitrè,
+No. 109, "_La Morti e sò figghiozzu_" ("Death and her Godson"); and
+Gonz., No. 19, "_Gevatter Tod_," which do not differ materially from the
+version given in our text. References to European parallels may be found
+in Köhler's notes to Widter-Wolf, No. 3, _Jahrb._ VII. p. 19; to Gonz.,
+No. 19, and in Grimm's notes to No. 44.
+
+[27] Widter-Wolf, No. 16, "_Der standhafter Büsser_" ("The Constant
+Penitent"), _Jahrb._ VII. p. 273. For parallels, see Köhler's article,
+_Die Legende von dem Ritter in der Capelle_, _Jahrb._ VI. p. 326.
+
+[28] Bernoni, _Legg. fant._ p. 3. The translation in text, as well as
+that of the two following stories, I have taken from _The Cornhill
+Magazine_, July, 1875, "Venetian Popular Legends," p. 86.
+
+Another story illustrating the same point is found in Pitrè, No. 110,
+_Li Cumpari di S. Giuvanni_, which is translated as follows by Ralston
+in _Fraser's Magazine_, April, 1876, "Sicilian Fairy Tales," p. 424.
+
+
+LXXII. THE GOSSIPS OF ST. JOHN.
+
+Once upon a time there lived a husband and wife, and they were both
+bound in gossipry with a certain man. The husband got arrested, and was
+taken away to prison. Now the gossip was very fond of his cummer, and
+used often to go and visit her. One day she said to him: "Gossip, shall
+we go and see my husband?" "_Gnursi, cummari_" ("Certainly, cummer"),
+said her gossip; so off they went. On the way they bought a large
+melon--for it was the melon season--to take to the poor prisoner. We are
+but flesh and blood! The gossip and his cummer sinned against St. John.
+In short, they brought things to a pretty pass. St. John wasn't going to
+let that pass unpunished. When they had come to the prison and had
+visited the prisoner, before going away they wanted to make a present to
+the jailer; so they gave him the melon. He cut it open before their
+eyes. Horror of horrors! When the melon was cut open, there was found in
+the middle of it a head! Now this was the head of St. John, which had
+slipped itself in there for the purpose of bringing home their sin to
+the minds of the gossips. The matter immediately came to the ears of
+justice, and they were arrested. They confessed the wrong they had done.
+The husband was set at liberty, and the gossip and his cummer were sent
+to the gallows.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In regard to Saint John and the relationship of godfather, see Pitrè's
+note in vol. I. p. 73.
+
+[29] Bernoni, p. 7; _Cornhill Magazine_, p. 88.
+
+[30] Bernoni, p. 17; _Cornhill Magazine_, p. 89.
+
+[31] Bernoni, p. 19. There are prose versions of the closely related
+story of Don Juan in Busk, p. 202, "_Don Giovanni_," and in _Nov. tosc._
+No. 21, "_Don Giovanni_." There are poetical versions of this legend in
+G. Ferraro, _Canti popolari raccolti a Pontelagoscuro_, No. 19; "_La
+Testa di Morto_," in _Rivista di Filologia Romanza_, vol. II. p. 204;
+Ive, _Canti pop. istriani_, Turin, 1877, cap. xxv. No. 6, "_Lionzo_;"
+Salomone-Marino, _Leggende pop. sicil._ XXVII. "_Lionziu_."
+
+[32] Pitrè, No. 128. The version in the text is Ralston's condensation,
+taken from _Fraser's Magazine_, p. 433. As Pitrè notes, there is some
+slight resemblance between this story and that of "_Cattarinetta_" in
+Schneller, No. 5, which has a close parallel in Bernoni, _Trad. pop.
+venez. Punt._ III. p. 76, "_Nono Cocon_" and one not so close in
+Papanti, _Nov. pop. livor_, No. 1, "_La Mencherina_," p. 7. There is a
+close parallel to the Sicilian story in a Tuscan tale, "_La Gamba_"
+("The Leg"), in _Novelline pop. toscane_, pubb. da G. Pitrè, p. 12. In a
+note Pitrè mentions a variant from Pratovecchio in which the leg is of
+gold. He also gives copious references to versions from all parts of
+Europe. The English reader will recall at once Halliwell's story of
+"Teeny-Tiny" (_Nursery Tales_, p. 25). To the above references may be
+added: "_Le Pendu_" in Cosquin, _Contes pop. lorrains_, No. 41, in
+_Romania_, No. 28, p. 580. Since the above note was written, another
+Tuscan version has been published by Pitrè, _Nov. tosc._ No. 19.
+
+[33] Pitrè, No. 203. The parallels to this story may best be found in J.
+Grimm's _Kleinere Schriften_, III. p. 414, _Der Traum von dem Schatz auf
+der Brücke_. To Grimm's references may be added: Graesse, _Sagenschatz
+Sachsen's_, No. 587; Wolf, _Hesseche Sagen_, No. 47; Kuhn, _Westfalische
+Sagen_, No. 169; and _Vierzig Veziere_, p. 270.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+NURSERY TALES.
+
+[1] The verse in this story is given somewhat differently by Bolza,
+_Canzoni pop. Comasche_, Vienna, 1866, Note 9:--
+
+    "La storia de Sior Intento,
+    Che dura molto tempo,
+    Che mai no se destriga;
+    Volè che ve la diga?"
+
+The story of Mr. Attentive, which lasts a long time, which is never
+explained, do you wish me to tell it?
+
+There are in Bernoni, _Punt._ II. pp. 53, 54, two or three other rhymes
+of this class that may be given here.
+
+
+ONCE UPON A TIME.
+
+Once upon a time--that I remember--into a blind-man's eye--a fly
+went--and I thought--that it was a quail--wretched blind-man--go away
+from here!
+
+
+ONE AND ANOTHER.
+
+Fiaba, aba--Questa xe una--Muro e malta--Questa xe un' altra, Story,
+ory--This is one--Wall and mud--This is another.
+
+    "A long one and a short one,
+    Do you wish me to tell you a long one?
+    This is the finger and this is the nail.
+    Do you wish me to tell you a short one?
+    This is the finger and this the end of it."
+
+[2] Pitrè, No. 141. In the notes to this story are given some more of
+this class.
+
+"Once upon a time there was a page who drew three carts: one of wine,
+one of bread, and one of relishes.... And once upon a time there was a
+page."
+
+Some poetical versions are given in the same place from various parts of
+Italy.
+
+    "Once upon a time,
+    An old man and an old woman
+    Were on top of a mountain...
+    Be quiet, for I am going to tell you it."
+
+    --Naples.
+
+
+    "Once upon a time there was a man
+    Behind the church
+    With a basket on his back...
+    But be still if I am to tell you it!"
+
+    --Milan, _Nov. fior._ p. 570.
+
+Some more rhymes of this class may be found in Papanti, _Nov. pop.
+livor_, p. 17: "Once upon a time there was a man, whose name was
+Boccabella, who skinned his wife to make a skirt; and skinned his
+children to make some towels."
+
+    "Once upon a time there was a man,
+    A woman, and a little bottle...
+    Listen to this!"
+
+    "Once upon a time there was a king
+    Who ate more than you;
+    He ate bread and cheese,
+    Pull, pull this nose."
+
+Here the speaker pulls the child's nose.
+
+    "Once upon a time there was a rich poor man
+    Who had seven daughters to marry:
+    On one hand there came a felon,
+    And on the other seven blisters."
+
+[3] _Rivista di Letteratura popolare_, vol. I. p. 161 (1878). "_Una
+Variante toscana della Novella del Petit Poucet_." Versions from the
+Marches, the Abruzzi, and Tuscany may now be found in _Giornale di
+Filologia romanza_, II. p. 23; Finamore, _Tradizioni popolari
+abruzzesi_, 1882, No. 47, p. 233; and _Nov. tosc._ No. 42.
+
+[4] The myth of "Tom Thumb" has been thoroughly examined in an admirable
+monograph: _Le Petit Poucet et la Grande Ourse_ par Gaston Paris, Paris,
+1875. The author says in conclusion (p. 52): "Si nous cherchons enfin
+quels sont les peuples qui nous offrent soit ce conte, soit cette
+dénomination, nous voyons qu'ils comprennent essentiellement les peuples
+slaves (lithuanien, esclavon) et germaniques (allemand, danois, suédois,
+anglais). Les contes des Albanais, des Roumains et des Grecs modernes
+sont sans doute empruntés aux Slaves, comme une très-grande partie de la
+mythologie populaire de ces nations. Le nom wallon et le conte forézien
+nous montrent en France (ainsi que le _titre_ du conte de Perrault) la
+légende de Poucet: mais elle a pu fort bien, comme tant d'autres récits
+semblables, y être apportée par les Germains. Ni en Italie, ni en
+Espagne, ni dans les pays celtiques je n'ai trouvé trace du conte ou du
+nom." This latter statement must now, of course, be modified. To the
+references in Paris' book may be added: _Romania_, No. 32, p. 59
+(Cosquin, No. 53), and Köhler in _Zeit. f. rom. Phil._ III. p. 617.
+
+The transformation of the chick-peas into children has a parallel in the
+Greek story of "Pepper-Corn" shortly to be mentioned.
+
+[5] The discussion of this point may best be found in the following
+works: Halliwell's _Nursery Rhymes of England_ (_Percy Soc._ IV.),
+London, 1842, pp. 2, 159; _Romania_, I. p. 218; and _Un Canto popolare
+piemontese e un Canto religioso popolare israelitico_. Note e confronti
+di Cesare Foa, Padova, 1879. The references to the other European
+versions of this story may be found in _Romania_, No. 28, p. 546
+(Cosquin, No. 34), and Köhler in _Zeit. f. rom. Phil._ III. 156.
+
+[6] Halliwell's _Nursery Rhymes_, p. 160.
+
+[7] There is a poetical version of this story in Vigo, _Raccolta
+amplissima di Canti pop. sicil._ 2^{da} ediz. Catania, 1870-1874, No.
+4251, beginning:--
+
+    "Susi, Bittudda
+    Va scupa la casa.
+    --Signura, non pozzu
+    Mi doli lu cozzu," etc.
+
+The ending, however, is incomplete.
+
+[8] Imbriani, _Pomiglianesi_, p. 232, "_Micco_."
+
+[9] The version from Siena is in _Saggio di Letture varie per i Giovani_
+di T. Gradi, Torino, 1865, p. 175, "_La Novella di Petuzzo_;" the Tuscan
+(Florence) version is in Imbriani, _Nov. fior._ p. 548, "_Petruzzo_."
+Another Tuscan version may be found in Nerucci, _Cincelle da Bambini_,
+No. 7; and one from Apulia in _Archivio_, III. p. 69.
+
+[10] Bernoni, _Punt._ III. p. 72, "_Petin-Petele_."
+
+[11] The first part of this story is found also in a Tuscan version
+given by Corazzini in his _Componimenti minori_, p. 412, "_Il Cecio_"
+("The Chick-pea"). The chick-pea is swallowed by a cock, that is eaten
+by a pig, that is killed by a calf, that is killed and cooked by an
+innkeeper's wife for her sick daughter, who recovers, and is given in
+marriage to the owner of the chick-pea.
+
+The sexton's doubt as to how he shall invest the money he has found is a
+frequent trait in Italian stories, and is found in several mentioned in
+this chapter. See notes in Papanti, _Nov. pop. livor._ p. 29. Copious
+references to this class of stories may be found in the _Romania_, Nos.
+24, p. 576, and 28, p. 548; Köhler in _Zeitschrift für rom. Phil._ II.
+351; Grimm, No. 80; _Orient und Occident_, II. 123; Bladé, _Agenais_,
+No. 5; _Mélusine_, 148, 218, 426; and Brueyre, p. 376. See also
+Halliwell, p. 33, "The Cat and the Mouse."
+
+[12] This version is a variant of a story in the same collection, p.
+236, which cannot well be translated, as it is mostly in rhyme. There is
+another version from Montella in the _Principato Ulteriore_, p. 241,
+"_Lo Haddro e lo Sorece_" ("The Cock and the Mouse"), which has a
+satirical ending. The beginning is like that of the other versions: the
+cock and the mouse go to gather pears; one falls and wounds the mouse's
+head. The mouse goes to the physician, who demands rags, the ragman asks
+for the tail of the dog. The dog demands bread, the baker wood, the
+mountain an axe; the iron-monger says: "Go to the _galantuomo_
+(gentleman, wealthy person), get some money, and I will give you the
+axe." The mouse goes to the _galantuomo_, who says: "Sit down and write,
+and then I will give you the money." So the mouse begins to write for
+the _galantuomo_, but his head swells and he dies. A similar story is
+found in Corsica, see Ortoli, p. 237.
+
+[13] It remains to mention two poetical versions: one in Corazzini, from
+Verona, _op. cit._ p. 139, which begins:--
+
+    "Cos' è questo?
+    La camera del Vesco.
+    Cos' è dentro?
+    Pan e vin," etc.
+
+"What is this? The bishop's chamber. What is in it? Bread and wine.
+Where is my share? The cat has eaten it. Where is the cat? The stick has
+beaten him. Where is the stick? The fire has burned it. Where is the
+fire? The water has quenched it. Where is the water? The ox has drunk
+it. Where is the ox? Out in the fields. Who is behind there? My friend
+Matthew. What has he in his hand? A piece of bread. What has he on his
+feet? A pair of torn shoes. What has he on his back? A whale. What has
+he in his belly? A balance. What has he on his head? A cap upside down."
+
+The choice of objects is determined by the rhyme, _e. g._:--
+
+    "Cosa g'àlo in schena?
+    Na balena.
+    Cosa g'àlo in panza?
+    Una balanza."
+
+The second poetical version is from Turin, and is given by Foa, _op.
+cit._ p. 5. It begins:--
+
+    1. "A j'era' na crava
+        C' a pasturava,
+        A m' a rout 'l bout
+        Oh 'l bon vin c'a j'era' nt 'l me bout
+        L' è la crava c' a' m l' a rout!
+
+    2. "A j'è riva-ie l' luv
+        L' a mangià la crava
+        C' a pasturava
+        C' a m' ha rout 'l bout," etc. (_ut supra._)
+
+The following is a literal prose translation of this curious version.
+
+"There was a goat that was feeding, it has broken my bottle. Oh, the
+good wine that was in my bottle, it is the goat that has broken it! Then
+came the wolf that ate the goat that was feeding, that broke my bottle,
+etc. Then came the dog, that barked at the wolf, that ate the goat, etc.
+Then came the stick that beat the dog, that barked at the wolf, etc.
+Then came the fire that burned the stick, that beat the dog, etc. Then
+came the water that quenched the fire, that burned the stick, etc. Then
+came the ox, that drank the water, that quenched the fire, etc. Then
+came the butcher that killed the ox, that drank the water, etc. Then
+came the hangman that hung the butcher, that killed the ox, etc. Then
+came death, and carried away the hangman, that hung the butcher, etc.
+Then came the wind, that carried away death, that carried away the
+hangman," etc.
+
+A variant of this song reminds one more closely of the prose versions.
+
+"Then came the hangman that hung the butcher, etc. Then came the rat
+that gnawed the cord, that hung the butcher, etc. Then came the cat that
+ate the rat, that gnawed the cord, etc. Then came the dog that caught
+the cat, that ate the rat, that gnawed the cord," etc.
+
+The above Italian version, it will be clearly seen, is only a popular
+rendition of the Jewish hymn in the _Sepher Haggadah_. Foa, in the work
+above cited, gives another version from Orio Canarese, and also a number
+of Italian versions of the "Song of the Kid." His conclusion is the same
+as that of Gaston Paris in the _Romania_, I. p. 224, that the "Song of
+the Kid" is not of Jewish origin, but was introduced into the _Haggadah_
+from the popular song or story.
+
+[14] A version of this story is found in Morosi's _Studi sui Dialetti
+greci_, Lecce, 1870.
+
+
+LXXXIX. THE GOAT AND THE FOX.
+
+Once upon a time a goat entered the den of the fox while the latter was
+absent. At night the fox returned home, and finding the goat fled
+because frightened by the horns. A wolf passed by, and was also
+terrified. Then came a hedgehog and entered the den, and pricked the
+goat with its quills. The goat came out, and the wolf killed it, and the
+fox ate it.
+
+[15] Grimm, No. 30. Another version from the North of Europe is in
+Asbjørnsen, No. 103 [Dasent, _Tales from the Fjeld_, p. 30, "The Death
+of Chanticleer"]. Several French versions may be found in the _Romania_,
+No. 22, p. 244, and _Mélusine_, p. 424. There is a Spanish version in
+Caballero's _Cuentos_, etc., Leipzig, 1878, p. 3, "_La Hormiguita_"
+("The Little Ant"). There is a curious version in Hahn's _Griechische
+und Albanesische Märchen_, Leipzig, 1864, No. 56, "Pepper-Corn." The
+story is from Smyrna, and is as follows:--
+
+
+PEPPER-CORN.
+
+Once upon a time there was an old man and an old woman who had no
+children; and one day the old woman went into the fields and picked a
+basket of beans. When she had finished, she looked into the basket and
+said: "I wish all the beans were little children." Scarcely had she
+uttered these words when a whole crowd of little children sprang out of
+the basket and danced about her. Such a family seemed too large for the
+old woman, so she said: "I wish you would all become beans again."
+Immediately the children climbed back into the basket and became beans
+again, all except one little boy, whom the old woman took home with her.
+
+He was so small that everybody called him little Pepper-Corn, and so
+good and charming that everybody loved him.
+
+One day the old woman was cooking her soup and little Pepper-Corn
+climbed up on the kettle and looked in to see what was cooking, but he
+slipped and fell into the boiling broth and was scalded to death. The
+old woman did not notice until meal-time that he was missing, and looked
+in vain for him everywhere to call him to dinner.
+
+At last they sat down to the table without little Pepper-Corn, and when
+they poured the soup out of the kettle into the dish the body of little
+Pepper-Corn floated on top.
+
+Then the old man and the old woman began to mourn and cry: "Dear
+Pepper-Corn is dead, dear Pepper-Corn is dead."
+
+When the dove heard it she tore out her feathers, and cried: "Dear
+Pepper-Corn is dead. The old man and the old woman are mourning."
+
+When the apple-tree saw that the dove tore out her feathers it asked her
+why she did so, and when it learned the reason it shook off all its
+apples.
+
+In like manner, the well near by poured out all its water, the queen's
+maid broke her pitcher, the queen broke her arm, and the king threw his
+crown on the ground so that it broke into a thousand pieces; and when
+his people asked him what the matter was, he answered: "Dear Pepper-Corn
+is dead, the old man and the old woman mourn, the dove has torn out her
+feathers, the apple-tree has shaken off all its apples, the well has
+poured out all its water, the maid has broken her pitcher, the queen has
+broken her arm, and I, the king, have lost my crown; dear Pepper-Corn is
+dead."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+See also Benfey, _Pant._ I. p. 191. There is also a version in Morosi,
+_op. cit._, given by Imbriani in _Pomiglianesi_, p. 268; and mention is
+made of one from the Abruzzi in Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, p.
+244.
+
+[16] In addition to the versions mentioned in the text, Imbriani
+(_Pomiglianesi_, pp. 250, 252) gives two versions from Lecco.
+
+The following version is found in Morosi, p. 73.
+
+
+XC. THE ANT AND THE MOUSE.
+
+There was once an ant who, while sweeping her house one day, found three
+_quattrini_, and began to say: "What shall I buy? What shall I buy?
+Shall I buy meat? No, because meat has bones, and I should choke. Shall
+I buy fish? No, for fish has bones, and I should be scratched." After
+she had mentioned many other things, she concluded to buy a red ribbon.
+She put it on, and sat in the window. An ox passed by and said: "How
+pretty you are! do you want me for your husband?" She said: "Sing, so
+that I may hear your voice." The ox with great pride raised his voice.
+After the ant had heard it, she said: "No, no, you frighten me."
+
+A dog passed by, and the same happened to him as to the ox. After many
+animals had passed, a little mouse went by and said: "How pretty you
+are! do you want me for your husband?" She said: "Let me hear you sing."
+The mouse sang, and went, _pi, pi, pi!_ His voice pleased the ant, and
+she took him for her husband.
+
+Sunday came, and while the ant was with her friends, the mouse said: "My
+dear little ant, I am going to see whether the meat that you have put on
+the fire is done." He went, and when he smelled the odor of the meat, he
+wanted to take a little; he put in one paw and burned it; he put in the
+other, and burned that too; he stuck in his nose, and the smoke drew him
+into the pot, and the poor little mouse was all burned. The ant waited
+for him to eat. She waited two, she waited three hours, the mouse did
+not come. When she could wait no longer, she put the dinner on the
+table. But when she took out the meat, out came the mouse dead. When she
+saw him the ant began to weep, and all her friends; and the ant remained
+a widow, because he who is a mouse must be a glutton. If you don't
+believe it, go to her house and you will see her.
+
+[17] Other Italian versions are: Pitrè, No. 136, "_Li Vecchi_" ("The Old
+Folks"); and _Nov. fior._ p. 567, "The Story of Signor Donato."
+
+[18] There are two versions of this story in Pitrè, No. 139, and notes.
+They differ but little from the one we have translated. An Istrian
+version is in Ive, _Fiabe pop. rovignesi_, 1878, No. 4, "_I tri fardai_"
+and a Corsican one in Ortoli, p. 278.
+
+[19] Other Italian versions are: Coronedi-Berti, p. 49, "_La Fola d'
+Zanninein_;" and Bernoni, _Trad. pop._ p. 79, "_Rosseto_."
+
+[20] There is another Italian version in _Fiabe Mantovane_, No. 31, "The
+Wolf." The only parallel I can find to this story out of Italy is a
+negro story in _Lippincott's Magazine_, December, 1877, "Folk-Lore of
+the Southern Negroes," p. 753, "Tiny Pig." Allusion is made to the
+Anglo-Saxon story of the "Three Blue Pigs," but I have been unable to
+find it.
+
+[21] A Sicilian version is in Pitrè, No. 278, "_L'Acidduzzu_" ("Little
+Bird"), and one from Tuscany in Nerucci, _Cincelle da Bambini_, No. 12.
+
+[22] Köhler, in his notes to this story, gives parallels from various
+parts of Europe. To these may be added Asbjørnsen and Moe, Nos. 42, 102
+[Dasent, _Tales from the Fjeld_, p. 35, "The Greedy Cat"]. Comp.
+Halliwell, p. 29, "The story of Chicken-licken." A French version is in
+the _Romania_, No. 32, p. 554 (Cosquin, No. 45), where copious
+references to this class of stories may be found. Add to these those by
+Köhler in _Zeitschrift für rom. Phil._ III. p. 617.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+STORIES AND JESTS.
+
+[1] A well-known literary version of this story is Sachetti, Nov. IV.
+Copious references to this popular story will be found in Oesterley's
+notes to Pauli's _Schimpf und Ernst_, No. 55; see also Pitrè, IV. pp.
+392, 437. The entire literature of the subject is summed up in a
+masterly manner by Professor F. J. Child in _English and Scottish
+Popular Ballads_, Part II. p. 403.
+
+[2] There is a version from Siena in Gradi, _Saggio di Letture varie_,
+p. 179, "_Teà, Tècla e Teopista_;" and from Rome in Busk, pp. 357, 367.
+References to other European versions of this story may be found in
+Grimm, Nos. 34, 104; Schneller, No. 56, "_Die närrischen Weiber_;"
+Zingerle, _Märchen_, I. No. 14; Dasent's _Tales from the Norse_, p. 191,
+"Not a Pin to choose between Them" (Asbj. & M., No. 10); Ralston, _R. F.
+T._ pp. 52-54; _Jahrbuch_, V. 3, Köhler to Cénac Moncaut's _Contes pop.
+de la Gascogne_, p. 32, "_Maître Jean l'habile Homme_;" _Orient und
+Occident_, II. p. 319; Köhler to Campbell, No. 20, "The Three Wise Men,"
+p. 686, to No. 48, "Sgire Mo Chealag."
+
+[3] This story is sometimes found as one of the episodes of the last
+tale, as for example in Schneller, No. 56. Imbriani, _Pomiglianesi_, p.
+227, cites as parallels: Coronedi-Berti, XII. "_La fola dla Patalocca_;"
+Beroaldo di Verville, _Le Moyen de Parvenir_, LXXVIII.; and a story in
+_La Civiltà italiana_, 1865, No. 13. See also _Romania_, VI. p. 551 (E.
+Cosquin, _Contes pop. lorrains_, No. 22), and _Jahrb._ VIII. 267, Köhler
+to the above cited story in the _Civiltà ital._ from Calabria. It is
+also the story of "The Miser and his Wife" in Halliwell, p. 31.
+
+[4] There is a literary version in Straparola, VIII. 1. Other literary
+versions are cited in Pitrè, IV. p. 443.
+
+[5] Pitrè, No. 257, where references to other Italian versions may be
+found. See also Pitrè, IV. pp. 412 and 447; and Köhler's notes to Bladé,
+_Contes pop. recueillis en Agenais_, p. 155, for other European
+versions. Additional references may be found in Oesterley's notes to
+Pauli's _Schimpf und Ernst_, No. 595. A similar story is in Pitrè's
+_Nov. tosc._ No. 67.
+
+[6] Pitrè, No. 180. A literary version is in Straparola, VIII. 6. For
+other references see Schmidt, Straparola, p. 329; and Oesterley's notes
+to Pauli's _Schimpf und Ernst_, No. 357.
+
+[7] This story is found in Gonz., No. 75, "_Von Firrazzanu_," and is
+(with the queen's attempt to punish him for it) the only joke in that
+collection relating to Firrazzanu. A literary version is in Bandello,
+_Novelle_, IV. 27.
+
+[8] See Pitrè, No. 156, var. 5 (III. p. 181).
+
+[9] Imbriani in his notes to Pitrè (IV. p. 417) gives a French version
+of this joke entitled: _Un Neveu pratique_.
+
+[10] The name Giufà is retained in many localities with slight phonetic
+changes. Thus it is Giucà in Trapani; Giuchà in the Albanian colonies in
+Sicily; in Acri, Giuvali; and in Tuscany, Rome, and the Marches, Giucca.
+Pitrè, III. p. 371, adds that the name Giufà is the same as that of an
+Arab tribe. The best known continental counterparts of Giufà are
+Bertoldino and Cacasenno (see Olindo Guerrini, _La Vita e le Opere di
+Giulio Cesare Croce_, Bologna, 1879, pp. 257-279). Tuscan versions of
+the stories of Giufà given in the text may be found in _Nov. tosc._ pp.
+179-193.
+
+[11] The same story is told by Miss Busk, "The Booby," p. 371, and is in
+the _Pent._ I. 4. It is probably founded on the well-known fable of
+Aesop, "_Homo fractor simulacri_" (ed. Furia, No. 21), which seems very
+widely spread. A Russian version, from Afanasieff, is in De Gub., _Zoöl.
+Myth._ I. p. 176. See also Benfey, _Pant._ I. p. 478; and Köhler to
+Gonz., No. 37.
+
+[12] In Gonz., No. 37, Giufà takes the cloth, and on his way to the
+dyer's sits down to rest on a heap of stones in a field. A lizard creeps
+out from the stones, and Giufà, taking it for the dyer, leaves the cloth
+on the stones and returns home. His mother, of course, sends him
+immediately back for the cloth, but it has disappeared, as well as the
+lizard. Giufà cries: "Dyer, if you don't give me back my cloth I will
+tear down your house." Then he begins to pull down the heap of stones,
+and finds a pot of money which had been hidden there. He takes it home
+to his mother, who gives him his supper and sends him to bed, and then
+buries the money under the stairs. Then she fills her apron with figs
+and raisins, climbs upon the roof, and throws figs and raisins down the
+chimney into Giufà's mouth as he lies in his bed. Giufà is well pleased
+with this, and eats his fill. The next morning he tells his mother that
+the Christ child has thrown him figs and raisins from heaven the night
+before. Giufà cannot keep the pot of money a secret, but tells every one
+about it, and finally is accused before the judge. The officers of
+justice go to Giufà's mother and say: "Your son has everywhere told that
+you have kept a pot of money which he found. Do you not know that money
+that is found must be delivered up to the court?" The mother protests
+that she knows nothing about the money, and that Giufà is always telling
+stupid stories. "But mother," said Giufà, "don't you remember when I
+brought you home the pot, and in the night the Christ child rained figs
+and raisins from heaven into my mouth?" "There, you see how stupid he
+is," says the mother, "and that he does not know what he says." The
+officers of justice go away thinking, "Giufà is too stupid!"
+
+Köhler, in his Notes to Gonz., No. 37, cites as parallels to the above,
+_Pent._ I. 4, and _Thousand and One Nights_, Breslau trans. XI.
+
+144. For the rain of figs and raisins he refers to _Jahrb._ VIII. 266
+and 268; and to Campbell, II. 385, for a shower of milk porridge. See
+Note 16 of this chapter, and _Indian Fairy Tales_, p. 257.
+
+[13] See Max Müller's _Chips_, II. p. 229, and Benfey, _Pant._ I. p.
+293.
+
+[14] See Imbriani, _Nov. fior._ p. 545; Papanti, _Nov. pop. livor._ No.
+3; and Bernoni, _Punt._ III. p. 83.
+
+[15] See Robert, _Fables inédites_, II. p. 136. The Italian literary
+versions are: Morlini, XXI., Straparola, XIII. 4; and two stories
+mentioned by Imbriani in his _Nov. fior._ pp. 545, 546.
+
+[16] This episode is in Strap. XIII. 4; Pitrè, IV. p. 291, gives a
+version from the Albanian colony of Piana de' Greci, sixteen miles from
+Palermo. In the same vol., p. 444, he gives a variant from Erice in
+which, after Giufà has killed the "_canta-la-notti_," his mother climbs
+a fig-tree and rains down figs into the mouth of Giufà, who is standing
+under. In this way she saves herself from the accusation of having
+thrown a murdered man into the well. See Note 12. For another Sicilian
+version of this episode see Gonz., No. 37 (I. p. 252).
+
+[17] Papanti, p. 65. Copious references will be found in Papanti, pp.
+72-81; Oesterley to Pauli, _Schimpf und Ernst_, No. 416; and Kirchof,
+_Wendunmuth_, I. 122; and Köhler's notes to Sercambi's Novels in
+_Jahrb._ XII. p. 351.
+
+[18] Köhler, in his notes to Gonz., No. 37 (II. p. 228), cites for this
+story: _Thousand and One Days_, V. 119; _Pent._ I. 4; Grimm, II. 382;
+Morlini, No. 49; Zingerle, I. 255; Bebelius, _Facetiæ_, I. 21; Bladé,
+_Contes et Proverbes_, Paris, 1867, p. 21; and Bertoldino (Florence,
+Salani), p. 31, "_Bertoldino entra nella cesta dell' oca a covare in
+cambio di lei_." In the story in the _Fiabe Mant._ No. 44, "_Il Pazzo_"
+("The Fool"), the booby kills his own mother by feeding her too much
+macaroni when she is ill.
+
+[19] See Pitrè, No. 190, var. 9; _Jahrb._ V. 18; Simrock, _Deutsche
+Märchen_, No. 18 (_Orient und Occident_, III. p. 373); Hahn, No. 34;
+_Jahrb._ VIII. 267; _Mélusine_, p. 89; _Nov. fior._ p. 601; _Romania_,
+VI. p. 551; Busk, pp. 369, 374; and _Fiabe Mant._ No. 44.
+
+In the Sicilian stories Giufà simply takes the door off its hinges and
+carries it to his mother, who is in church. In the other Italian
+versions the booby takes the door with him, and at night carries it up
+into a tree. Robbers come and make a division of their booty under the
+tree, and the booby lets the door fall, frightens them away, and takes
+their money himself.
+
+[20] See Köhler's notes to Gonz., II. p. 228. To these may be added, for
+the story of Giufà planting the ears and tails of the swine in the
+marsh: Ortoli, p. 208; _Mélusine_, p. 474; and _Romania_, VII. p. 556,
+where copious references to parallels from all of Europe may be found.
+In the story in Ortoli, cited above, the priest's mother is killed, as
+in text.
+
+[21] For the literal throwing of eyes, see: _Jahrb._ V. p. 19; Grimm,
+No. 32 (I. p. 382); _Nov. fior._ p. 595; Webster, _Basque Legends_, p.
+69; _Orient und Occident_, II. 684 (Köhler to Campbell, No. 45).
+
+[22] See Gonz., Nos. 70, 71, and Köhler's notes, II. p. 247. Other
+Italian versions are: De Gub., _Sto. Stefano_, No. 30; Widter-Wolf, No.
+18, and Köhler's notes (_Jahrb._ VII. 282); Strap., I. 3: _Nov. fior._
+p. 604; _Fiabe Mant._ No. 13. To these may be added: _Romania_, V. p.
+357; VI. p. 539; and VIII. p. 570.
+
+[23] See Pitrè's notes, IV. pp. 124, 412; and F. Liebrecht in the
+_Academy_, vol. IV. p. 421.
+
+[24] See Pitrè's notes, IV. pp. 140, 448; Wright's _Latin Stories_, pp.
+49, 226.
+
+[25] Pitrè, No. 290. See Papanti, _op. cit._ p. 197, where other
+versions are cited. To these may be added the story in Marcolf, see
+Guerrini, _Vita di G. C. Croce_, p. 215; and _Marcolphus, Hoc est
+Disputationis_, etc., in _Epistolæ obscuror, virorum_, Frankf. a. M.,
+1643, p. 593.
+
+There is another story in Pitrè (No. 200) which is also attributed to
+Dante. It is called:--
+
+
+CVI. PETER FULLONE AND THE EGG.
+
+Once upon a time Peter Fullone, the stone-cutter, was working at the
+cemetery, near the church of Santo Spirito; a man passed by and said:
+"Peter, what is the best mouthful?" Fullone answered: "An egg;" and
+stopped.
+
+A year later Fullone was working in the same place, sitting on the
+ground and breaking stones. The man who had questioned him the year
+before passed by again and said: "Peter, with what?" meaning: what is
+good to eat with an egg. "With salt," answered Peter Fullone. He had
+such a wise head that after a year he remembered a thing that a
+passer-by had said.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The cemetery alluded to, Pitrè says, is beyond the gate of St. Agatha,
+near the ancient church of Sto. Spirito, where the Sicilian Vespers
+began. An interesting article on Peter Fullone may be found in Pitrè,
+_Studi di Poesia popolare_, p. 109, "_Pietro Fullone e le Sfide popolari
+siciliane_."
+
+The sight-seer in Florence has noticed, on the east side of the square
+in which the cathedral stands, a block of stone built into the wall of a
+house, and bearing the inscription, "_Sasso di Dante_." The guide-books
+inform the traveller that this is the stone on which the great poet was
+wont to sit on summer evenings. Tradition says that an unknown person
+once accosted Dante seated in his favorite place, and asked: "What is
+the best mouthful?" Dante answered: "An egg." A year after, the same
+man, whom Dante had not seen meanwhile, approached and asked: "With
+what?" Dante immediately replied: "With salt."
+
+A poet, Carlo Gabrielli, put this incident into rhyme, and drew from it
+the following moral (_senso_):--
+
+    "L'acuto ingegno grande apporta gloria;
+    Maggior, se v'è congiunta alta memoria."
+
+See Papanti, _op. cit._ pp. 183, 205.
+
+[26] This story is told in almost the same words in Pitrè, No. 297, "The
+Peasant and the King." There are several Italian literary versions, the
+best known being in the _Cento nov. ant._ ed. Borghini, Nov. VI.: see
+D'Ancona's notes to this novel in the _Romania_, III. p. 185, "_Le Fonti
+del Novellino_." It is also found in the _Gesta Romanorum_, cap. 57, see
+notes in Oesterley's edition; and in Simrock's _Deutsche Märchen_, No.
+8, see Liebrecht's notes in _Orient und Occident_, III. p. 372. To the
+above may, finally, be added Köhler's notes to Gonz., No. 50 (II. p.
+234).
+
+[27] Comparetti, No. 43, "_La Ragazza astuta_" (Barga). The first part
+of the story, dividing the fowl, and sending the presents, which are
+partly eaten on the way, is found in Gonz., No. 1, "_Die Kluge
+Bauerntochter_" ("The Peasant's Clever Daughter"). See Köhler's notes to
+Gonz., No. 1 (II. 205); and to Nasr-eddin's _Schwänke_ in _Orient und
+Occident_, I. p. 444. Grimm, No. 94, "The Peasant's Wise Daughter,"
+contains all the episodes of the Italian story except the division of
+the fowl. An Italian version in the _Fiabe Mant._ No. 36, "_La giovane
+accorta_," contains the episode of the mortar. The king sends word to
+the clever daughter that she must procure for him some _ahimè_ (sneeze)
+salad. She sent him some ordinary salad with some garlic sprinkled over
+it, and when he touched it he sneezed (and formed the sound represented
+by the word _ahimè_). The rest of the story contains the episode lacking
+in the other popular Italian versions, but found in Grimm, and
+technically known as "_halb geritten_." For this episode see _Gesta
+Romanorum_, ed. Oesterley, cap. 124, and Pauli, 423.
+
+Another Italian version from Bergamo may be found in Corazzini, p. 482,
+"_La Storia del Pestu d' or_" ("The Story of the Gold Pestle"), which is
+like the version in the text from the episode of the mortar on. In the
+story from Bergamo it is a gold pestle, and not a mortar, that is found,
+and the story of "_halb geritten_" is retained. The episode of the foal
+is changed into a sharp answer made (at the queen's suggestion) by the
+king's herdsman to his master, who had failed to pay him for his
+services. A version from Montale, Nerucci, p. 18, "_Il Mortajo d'oro_"
+("The Golden Mortar"), contains all the episodes of the story in the
+text (including "_halb geritten_") except the division of the fowl. The
+first part of the story is found in a tale from Cyprus, in the _Jahrb._
+XI. p. 360.
+
+A parallel to the story in our text may also be found in Ralston's _R.
+F. T._ p. 30. The literature of the story of "The Clever Girl" may be
+found in Child's _English and Scottish Popular Ballads_, Part I. p. 6,
+"The Elfin Knight."
+
+[28] _Fiabe Mantovane_, No. 41, "_Gàmbara_." The Italian for crab is
+_gambero_. There is a Tuscan story (_Nov. pop. tosc._ p. 8), "_Il Medico
+grillo_" ("Doctor Cricket"), with reference perhaps to the other meaning
+of _grillo_, whim, fancy, which reminds one of the story in the text.
+The pretended doctor cures a king's daughter by making her laugh so hard
+that she dislodges a fish-bone that had stuck in her throat. Doctor
+Cricket becomes so popular that the other doctors starve, and finally
+ask the king to kill him. The king refuses, but sets him a difficult
+task to do, namely, to cure all the patients in the hospital; failing to
+accomplish this, he is to be killed or dismissed. Doctor Cricket has a
+huge cauldron of water heated, and then goes into the wards and tells
+the patients that when the water is hot they are all to be put into it,
+but if any one wishes to depart he can go away then. Of course they all
+run away in haste, and when the king comes the hospital is empty. The
+doctor is then richly rewarded, and returns to his home.
+
+For parallels to our story see Pitrè's notes, vol. IV. p. 442, and to
+the Tuscan story above-mentioned.
+
+Another Tuscan version has recently been published in _Nov. tosc._ No.
+60. See also Grimm, No. 98; Asbjørnsen, _Ny Sam._ No. 82 [Dasent, _Tales
+from the Fjeld_, p. 139, "The Charcoal Burner"]; Caballero, _Cuentos_,
+p. 68; _Orient und Occident_, I. 374; and Benfey, _Pant._ I. 374. There
+is a story in Straparola (XIII. 6) that recalls the story in our text. A
+mother sends her stupid son to find "good day" (_il buon dì_). The youth
+stretched himself in the road near the city gate where he could observe
+all those who entered or left the town. Now it happened that three
+citizens had gone out into the fields to take possession of a treasure
+that they had discovered. On their return they greeted the youth in the
+road with "good day." The youth said, when the first one saluted him: "I
+have one of them," meaning one of the good days, and so on with the
+other two. The citizens who had found the treasure, believing that they
+were discovered, and that the youth would inform the magistrates of the
+find, shared the treasure with him.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF WORKS MOST FREQUENTLY REFERRED TO IN THE NOTES.
+
+(_For works relating directly to Italian Popular Tales, see
+Bibliography._)
+
+
+Asbjørnsen: Norske Folke-Eventyr fortalte af P. Chr. Asbjørnsen. Ny
+Samling. Christiania, 1871. 8^o. [English version in Tales from the
+Fjeld. A second series of Popular Tales from the Norse of P. Chr.
+Asbjørnsen. By G. W. Dasent, London, 1874.]
+
+Asbjørnsen and Moe: Norse Folke-Eventyr fortalte af P. Chr. Asbjørnsen
+og Jørgen Moe. 5^{te} Udgave. Christiania, 1874. 8^o. [Partly translated
+by G. W. Dasent in Popular Tales from the Norse. 2d ed. Edinburgh, 1859.
+New York, 1859.]
+
+Basque Legends: collected, chiefly in the Labourd, by the Rev. Wentworth
+Webster. London, 2d ed. 1879. 8^o.
+
+Benfey, Pantschatantra: Fünf Bücher indischer Fabeln, Märchen und
+Erzählungen. Aus dem Sanskrit übersetzt mit Einleitung und Anmerkungen
+von Theodor Benfey. Erster Theil, Einleitung. Leipzig, 1859. 8^o.
+
+Bladé: Contes populaires recueillis en Agenais par M. Jean-François
+Bladé suivis de notes comparatives par M. Reinhold Köhler. Paris, 1874.
+8^o.
+
+Brueyre: Contes populaires de la Grande-Bretagne par Loys Brueyre.
+Paris, 1875. 8^o.
+
+Cosquin, Emmanuel: Contes populaires lorrains recueillis dans un village
+du Barrois, à Montiers-sur-Baulx (Meuse), _Romania_, V. 83, 133; VI.
+212, 529; VII. 527; VIII. 545; IX. 377; X. 117, 543.
+
+Cox: The Mythology of the Aryan Nations. By G. W. Cox. 2 vols. London,
+1870. 8^o.
+
+Dunlop-Liebrecht: Geschichte der Prosadichtung. Aus dem englischen von
+F. Liebrecht. Berlin, 1851. 8^o.
+
+Folk-Lore Record, London, 1879-1882. 5 vols. 8^o.
+
+Gesammtabenteuer. Von F. H. von der Hagen. 3 vols. Stuttgart und
+Tübingen, 1850. 8^o.
+
+Gesta Romanorum von Herm. Oesterley. Berlin, 1872. 8^o.
+
+Graesse, J. G. T.: Die grossen Sagenkreise des Mittelalters. Dresden und
+Leipzig, 1842. 8^o.
+
+Grimm, The Brothers: Grimm's Household Tales. With the Author's Notes
+translated from the German and edited by M. Hunt. With an Introduction
+by A. Lang, M. A. In two volumes. London: G. Bell & Sons. 1884. (Bohn's
+Standard Library.) [This excellent version contains all the stories and
+notes of the third edition of the original text, Göttingen, 1856, the
+third volume of which, containing the notes, is rather scarce. The
+numbers of the stories correspond in the German and English editions,
+and the latter will be cited for the convenience of the reader.]
+
+Grundtwig: Danske Folkeminder, Viser, Sagn og Eventyr. Udgivne af Svend
+Grundtwig. Kjøbenhavn, 1861. 1^{ste}-3^{die} Samling. 8^o.
+
+Hahn: Griechische und Albanesische Märchen. Gesammelt, übersetzt und
+erläutert von J. G. von Hahn. Leipzig, 1864. 2 vols. 8^o.
+
+Halliwell, J. O.: Popular Rhymes and Nursery Tales. London, 1849. 12^o.
+
+Kreutzwald: Ehstnische Märchen. Aufgezeichnet von Friedrich Kreutzwald.
+Halle, 1869. 8^o.
+
+Luzel: Contes bretons recueillis et traduits par F. M. Luzel. Quimperlé,
+1870. 8^o.
+
+Mélusine: Revue de Mythologie, Litt. pop., Traditions et usages, dirigée
+par MM. H. Gaidoz et E. Rolland. Paris, 1877, 1884. 4^o.
+
+Nisard, Ch.: Histoire des Livres populaires. Paris, 1854. 2 vols. 8^o.
+
+Novelle Ant. Biagi: Le Novelle Antiche dei codici
+Panciatichiano-Palatino 138 e Laurenziano-Gaddiano 193, con una
+introduzione etc per Guido Biagi. Florence, 1880. 8^o.
+
+Novelle Ant. Borg: Le Cento Novelle Antiche secondo l'edizione del
+MDXXV. corrette ed illustrate con note. Milano, 1825. 8^o.
+
+Novelle Ant. Gualt.: Cento Novelle Antiche. Libro di Novelle e di Bel
+parlar gentile (Gualteruzzi da Fano). Florence (Naples), 1727. 8^o.
+
+Novelle Ant. Papanti. _Romania_, vol. III. p. 189.
+
+Old Deccan Days, or Hindoo Fairy Legends. Collected by M. Frere.
+Philadelphia: Lippincott & Co. 1868.
+
+Orient und Occident insbes. in ihren gegenwärtigen Beziehungen.
+Forschungen und Mittheilungen. Eine Vierteljahrschrift herausgegeben von
+Theodor Benfey. Vols I.-III. Göttingen, 1860-1864. 8^o.
+
+Ralston: Russian Folk-Tales. By W. R. S. Ralston. London, 1873. 8^o.
+[There is an American reprint, without date.]
+
+Robert: Fables inédites des XII^e, XIII^e, XIV^e Siècles et Fables de La
+Fontaine. Par A. C. M. Robert. 2 vols. Paris, 1825. 8^o.
+
+Romania: Recueil Trimestriel consacré à l'étude des langues et des
+litteratures romanes. Publié par P. Meyer et G. Paris. Paris, 1872,
+still in course of publication.
+
+Rondallayre, lo: Quentos populars catalans coleccionats per F. Maspons y
+Labros. Barcelona, 1871. 18^o.
+
+Schiefner, F. Anton von: Tibetan Tales, done into English from the
+German, with an Introduction by W. R. S. Ralston, M. A. London, 1882
+(Trübner's Oriental Series).
+
+Stokes, Maive: Indian Fairy Tales. With notes by Mary Stokes, and an
+Introduction by W. R. S. Ralston, M. A. London, 1880.
+
+Sacre Rappresentazioni dei Secoli XIV., XV., XVI. Raccolte e illustrate
+per cura di Alessandro D'Ancona. Florence, 1872. 3 vols. 16^o.
+
+Schimpf und Ernst: J. Pauli. Herausgegeben von Herm. Oesterley.
+Bibliothek des Litt. Vereins in Stuttgart. Bd. LXXXV. Stuttgart, 1866.
+8^o.
+
+Tausend und Eine Nacht. Arabische Erzählungen. Deutsch von M. Habicht,
+von der Hagen und C. Schall. Breslau, 1836. 15 vols. 8^o.
+
+Wendunmuth: Hans Wilhelm Kirchhof, Wendunmuth. Herausgegeben von Herm.
+Oesterley. Bibliothek des Litt. Vereins in Stuttgart. Bd. XCV.-XCIX. 5
+vols. 8^o. Tübingen, 1869.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+Admonitions, the Three, story of, 157.
+
+Andromeda, or Princess freed from Dragon, 335.
+
+Angiola, the Fair, story of, 26.
+
+Animal brothers-in-law, 60;
+  animal children, 324;
+  animals, dispute of, settled by hero, 31.
+
+Ant and the Mouse, story of the, 376.
+
+Apple, unequally divided, indicates true friend, 204
+
+Ass, story of the, 190.
+
+Ass that lays Money, story of the, 123.
+
+
+Baker's Apprentice, story of the, 212.
+
+Barber, story of the, 241.
+
+Basile, Giambattista, xi.
+
+Bastianelo, story of, 279.
+
+Beauty and the Beast, 7.
+
+Beppo Pipetta, story of, 222.
+
+Bierde, story of, 68.
+
+Bird, magic, bestowing gifts, 43;
+  bird, transformation into, 2, 13.
+
+Blood of children restores uncle to life, 87.
+
+Bluebeard, 77.
+
+Bone of hero as musical instrument discovering murderers, 41;
+  human bone to be eaten, 81.
+
+Bonhomme Misère, 215, 222, 367.
+
+Boots, magic, faster than wind, 143.
+
+Bottles, seven, filled with tears, 322.
+
+Bride, the Forgotten, 58, 71.
+
+Bride, the True, 57, 71, 102.
+
+Brother Giovannone, story of, 217.
+
+Brothers, three, born from mother eating magic fish, 30.
+
+Buchettino, story of, 265.
+
+Bucket, story of the, 100.
+
+Buddha, parable of, 294.
+
+Buttadeu, story of, 197.
+
+
+Capon divided in peculiar manner, 311.
+
+Cat and the Mouse, story of the, 257.
+
+Catherine and her Fate, story of, 105.
+
+Cento Novelle Antiche, 154, 188.
+
+Chess, winning at, disposes of princess's hand, 123.
+
+Chick-Pea, Little, story of, 242.
+
+Children born from chick-peas, 243;
+  from fish, 30, 335;
+  apple-peel, 344;
+  Children promised to witches, 25;
+  to Devil, 136.
+
+Christmas, story of, 283.
+
+Cinderella, story of, 42.
+
+Cistern, story of the, 36.
+
+Clever Girl, story of the, 311.
+
+Clever Peasant, story of the, 309.
+
+Cloak that renders invisible, 123, 1.
+
+Cloud, story of the, 30.
+
+Cobbler, the, story of, 94.
+
+Cock, story of the, 270.
+
+Cock and the Mouse, story of the, 252.
+
+Cock that wished to become Pope, story of the, 272.
+
+Constantine's leprosy healed by St. Silvester, 202.
+
+Cook, story of the, 275.
+
+Crab, story of, 314.
+
+Crivòliu, story of, 198.
+
+Cross protects child against Devil, 137.
+
+Crumb in the Beard, story of the, 110.
+
+Crystal Casket, story of the, 326.
+
+Çukasaptati, Oriental collection of tales, 167, 359.
+
+Cupid and Psyche, 1, 77.
+
+Cure by laughing, 119, 347.
+
+Curse of the Seven Children, story of the, 54.
+
+Cymbal, prince concealed in, 64.
+
+
+Danaë, 336.
+
+Dante, 309, 381.
+
+Daughters, two, good and bad, 100.
+
+Der Kaiser und der Abt, Bürger's poem of, 275.
+
+Devil, how the, married Three Sisters, story of, 78.
+
+Disciplina Clericalis of Petrus Alphonsi, 154, 157, 352, 355.
+
+Doctor's Apprentice, story of the, 287.
+
+Dog's face, by witch's imprecation, 29;
+  dogs substituted for queen's children, 19.
+
+Doll which moves, sees, and dresses itself, 114;
+  king's son in love with, 117, 180.
+
+Don Firiulieddu, story of, 241.
+
+Don Joseph Pear, story of, 127.
+
+Don Juan, 235.
+
+Don Quixote, 155.
+
+Doves recall forgotten bride, 75;
+  indicate future Pope, 200.
+
+
+Eagle carries hero up from cave, 40.
+
+Eat, My Clothes! story of, 296.
+
+Egg which kills fairy, 32.
+
+Eyes, diseased, cured by feather of griffin, 40.
+
+
+Fables of Oriental origin, 150, 353.
+
+Fabliaux, French, 149, 352.
+
+Fair Brow, story of, 131.
+
+Fairies' gifts, 19, 99, 100, 102.
+
+Fate personified, 105.
+
+Feast Day, a, story of, 261.
+
+Figs producing horns, 121.
+
+Fiorita, the Fair, story of, 61.
+
+Firrazzanu, stories of, 289, 290;
+  Firrazzanu's Wife and the Queen, 288.
+
+Flesh of hero given to eagle, 40.
+
+Flight of lovers and pursuit by witch, 28, 74, 335.
+
+Fool, story of the, 302.
+
+Forbidden chamber, 77, 79.
+
+Fountain of wine and oil, 72.
+
+Fox as Puss in Boots, 127.
+
+
+Gentleman who kicked a Skull, story of the, 236.
+
+Gesta Romanorum, 183.
+
+Giant with no heart in his body, 32, 335, 355;
+  giant outwitted by men, 89, 94, 95.
+
+Giufà's Exploits, story of, 297.
+
+Giufà and the Judge, story of, 293.
+
+Giufà and the Plaster Statue, story of, 291.
+
+Goat and the Fox, story of the, 375.
+
+Goat, the Iron, 256.
+
+Godfather and Godmother of St. John who made love, story of, 228.
+
+Godfather Misery, story of, 221.
+
+Godmother Fox, 254.
+
+Gold, magician's body turned to, 333.
+
+Gossips of St. John, story of the, 369.
+
+Gregory on the Stone, 198, 363.
+
+Griffin, story of the, 40.
+
+Grimm's Tales cited in text:
+  Allerleirauh, 42;
+  Brother Lustig, 215;
+  Clever Alice, 279;
+  Clever People, 279;
+  Doctor Knowall, 314;
+  Faithful John, 85;
+  Feather Bird [Fitcher's Bird], 77;
+  Golden Goose, 261;
+  Goose-Girl, 57;
+  Handless Maiden, 25;
+  King Thrushbeard, 109;
+  Little Mouse, Little Bird, and the Sausage, 260;
+  Master Thief, 215;
+  Robber Bridegroom, 77;
+  Spider and the Flea, 256;
+  White and the Black Bride, 58;
+  Wood-cutter's Child [Our Lady's Child], 77.
+
+Groomsman, story of the, 231.
+
+
+Hair, tresses used as ladder, 3, 27, 72, 83, 335.
+
+Hands, clasped, prevent child's birth, 6.
+
+Heart of saint eaten by maiden produces child, 208.
+
+Hermit as adviser, 7, 14, 20.
+
+Horn that blows out soldiers, 123.
+
+House that Jack built, 247.
+
+Humpbacks, the Two, story of, 103.
+
+Hump removed by fairies, 103;
+  added to humpback, 104.
+
+
+In this World one weeps and another laughs, story of, 190.
+
+Ingrates, story of the, 150.
+
+
+Joseph and his Brethren, 211.
+
+Journey of our Saviour on Earth, 189.
+
+Judas, story of, 195.
+
+Just Man, story of the, 226.
+
+
+King Bean, story of, 12.
+
+King, Crystal, story of the, 6.
+
+King John and the Abbot of Canterbury, Percy's poem of, 275.
+
+King Lear, 333.
+
+King of Love, story of the, 1.
+
+King who wanted a Beautiful Wife, story of the, 97.
+
+Kiss of mother makes hero forget bride, 71, 74, 343.
+
+
+La Fontaine, fables of, cited, 149, 294.
+
+Language of Animals, story of the, 161.
+
+Leprosy healed by human blood, 207.
+
+Life-giving ointment or leaves, 326.
+
+Lionbruno, story of, 136.
+
+Long May, 284.
+
+Lord, St. Peter, and the Apostles, story of the, 186.
+
+Lord, St. Peter, and the Blacksmith, story of the, 188.
+
+Lord's Will, 192.
+
+Love of the Three Oranges, story of the, 338.
+
+
+Malchus at the Column, story of, 197.
+
+Malchus, Desperate, story of, 196.
+
+Man, the Serpent, and the Fox, story of the, 354.
+
+Maria Wood, Fair, story of, 48.
+
+Mason and his Son, story of the, 163.
+
+Massariol, domestic spirit of the Venetians, 237.
+
+Medusa, 336.
+
+Melusina, 1.
+
+Mother-in-law ill-treats son's wife, 56;
+  killed by boiling oil, 57.
+
+Mr. Attentive, story of, 240.
+
+
+Nala, story of, in an Italian popular tale, 360
+
+Nero, 308.
+
+
+Occasion, story of, 215.
+
+Old Deccan Days, stories from, cited, 85.
+
+Omelet, Little, story of the, 294.
+
+Oraggio and Bianchinetta, story of, 58.
+
+Oriental elements in Italian popular tales, 149, 352.
+
+Orlanda, the Fairy, story of, 114.
+
+
+Pandora's box, 5.
+
+Pantschatantra, Italian versions of, 351.
+
+Parish Priest of San Marcuola, story of, 234.
+
+Parnell's Hermit, 210, 365.
+
+Parrot, story of the, first version, 168;
+  second version, 169;
+  third version, 173.
+
+Peasant and the Master, story of the, 150.
+
+Penance, Knight's, 227.
+
+Pentamerone, xi.
+
+Pepper-Corn, story of, 375.
+
+Perrault, Charles, xii.
+
+Persecution of innocent wife, 326.
+
+Peter Fullone and the Egg, story of, 381.
+
+Physician, wife disguised as, 15;
+  princess disguised as, 170.
+
+Pier delle Vigne, 159.
+
+Pig, little, that would not go over the stile, 247.
+
+Pilate, story of, 194.
+
+Pitidda, story of, 248.
+
+Polyphemus, myth of, 89.
+
+Pot that cooks without any fire, 305.
+
+Proverbial sayings, 308, 309.
+
+Purse always full of money, 19, 120, 143.
+
+Puss in Boots, story of, 348.
+
+
+Rabbit that carries things, 304.
+
+Rain of figs and raisins, 380.
+
+Rampsinitus, treasure house of, 163.
+
+Riddle, bride won by solving, 66;
+  proposed by suitor, 68;
+  in general, 343.
+
+Ring, as means of recognition, 51;
+  turns red and stops steamer at owner's forgetfulness, 114;
+  ring which causes sneezing, 119.
+
+Rose discovers concealed princess, 65.
+
+Ruby, magic, does all that owner asks, 138.
+
+
+Saddaedda, story of, 238.
+
+St. James of Galicia, story of, 202.
+
+St. Onirià or Nerià, 208.
+
+St. Peter and the Robbers, 185.
+
+St. Peter's Mamma, 192.
+
+St. Peter and his Sisters, story of, 193.
+
+Sanctuary, privilege of, 38.
+
+Sarnelli, Pompeo, Bishop of Bisceglie, xii.
+
+Scissors they were, story of, 285.
+
+Sepher Haggadah, Jewish hymn in, 375.
+
+Seven Wise Masters, the, 159, 160, 161, 167, 168;
+  Italian versions of, 351;
+  in general, 358;
+  Magyar version, 359.
+
+Sexton's Nose, story of the, 250.
+
+Shepherd, story of the, 156.
+
+Shepherd who made the King's Daughter laugh, story of the, 119.
+
+Shoes, iron, worn out in search of husband, 7, 322;
+  in search of wife, 142.
+
+Sick prince and secret remedy, 325.
+
+Silence of princess disenchants brothers, 55.
+
+Sir Fiorante, Magician, story of, 322.
+
+Sisters' envy, 7, 17.
+
+Sisters, Two, 58, 338.
+
+Skein of silk outweighs king's treasures, 108.
+
+Sleep, magic, 82.
+
+Slipper, lost by Cinderella, 46.
+
+Snake, youngest daughter marries, 322.
+
+Snow-White-Fire-Red, story of, 72.
+
+Star on daughter's brow, 18, 101.
+
+Statue, in love with, story of, 85.
+
+Statue, transformation into, 22, 34, 86.
+
+Stepmother, story of the, 331.
+
+Stepmother persecutes daughter-in-law, 326, 331.
+
+Stick, magic, beats thief, 125.
+
+Straparola, Giovan Francesco, x.
+
+Sultan's daughter, 132.
+
+Swan-maidens, 76.
+
+Sympathetic objects: ring, 11, 19;
+  fish-bone, 30;
+  in general, 326.
+
+
+Tablecloth, magic, producing food, 120, 125.
+
+Tasks, 5, 7, 30;
+  set suitor by father-in law, 65.
+
+Thankful Dead, episode of, 131, 350, 364.
+
+Thirteenth, story of, 90.
+
+Thoughtless Abbot, story of the, 276.
+
+Thousand and One Nights, stories from in Italian popular tales, 151;
+  Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp, 152;
+  Forty Thieves, 152;
+  Third Calendar, 153;
+  Two Envious Sisters, 153;
+  The Hunchback, 153;
+  The Ass, the Ox, and the Peasant, 153;
+  Prince Ahmed and the Fairy Peribanu, 153;
+  Sindbad's Fourth Voyage, 153;
+  The Second Royal Mendicant, 153.
+
+Three Brothers, story of the, 263.
+
+Three Goslings, story of the, 267.
+
+Tobit, 211.
+
+Tokens, magic: apple, pomegranate, crown, 36.
+
+Tom Thumb, 242, 372.
+
+Torches, nuptial, 6.
+
+Transformation of hero into bird, 2, 13;
+  eagle, 32;
+  ant, 32;
+  lion, 33.
+  See _Statue_.
+
+Treasure, story of the, 156.
+
+Treasure stories, 238.
+
+True and Untrue, 325.
+
+Truthful Joseph, story of, 184.
+
+Turk, in Sicilian tales, 1, 2, 178.
+
+Turkish corsairs, 132.
+
+Tûtî-Nâmeh, 167, 359.
+
+
+Uncle Capriano, story of, 303.
+
+
+Vineyard I was and Vineyard I am, story of, 159.
+
+
+Wager, story of the, 284.
+
+Wandering Jew, 197, 363.
+
+Water and Salt, story of, 332.
+
+Water, Dancing, the Singing Apple, and the Speaking Bird, story of the, 17.
+
+Water of life, 53.
+
+Whistle that brings dead to life, 306;
+  whistle which makes people dance, 120.
+
+Whittington and his Cat, 365.
+
+Witches' council under tree, 14;
+  imprecation, 338.
+
+Wooden dress, disguise of heroine, 48.
+
+
+Zelinda and the Monster, story of, 7.
+
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Italian Popular Tales, by Thomas Frederick Crane</title>
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Italian Popular Tales, by Thomas Frederick
+Crane</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Italian Popular Tales</p>
+<p>Author: Thomas Frederick Crane</p>
+<p>Release Date: November 26, 2007  [eBook #23634]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ITALIAN POPULAR TALES***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>E-text prepared by Cathy Smith, Chloe P. H. Lewis, Josephine Paolucci,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net.)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="notes">Transcriber's Note:<br />
+<br />
+Minor typographical errors have been corrected.<br />
+<br />
+This book has two types of notes. Footnotes are in the text and
+are indicated by a letter. These have been moved to the end of
+the appropriate paragraph. Endnotes are indicated by a number,
+and the notes for all the chapters are at the end of the stories.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h1>ITALIAN POPULAR TALES</h1>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>THOMAS FREDERICK CRANE, A. M.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">
+PROFESSOR OF THE ROMANCE LANGUAGES<br />
+IN CORNELL UNIVERSITY<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+BOSTON AND NEW YORK<br />
+HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY<br />
+<i>The Riverside Press, Cambridge</i><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Copyright, 1885,<br />
+<span class="smcap">By THOMAS FREDERICK CRANE.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>All rights reserved.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.</i><br />
+Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton &amp; Company.<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>To</h4>
+
+<h2>GIUSEPPE PITR&Egrave;.</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The growing interest in the popular tales of Europe has led me to
+believe that a selection from those of Italy would be entertaining to
+the general reader, and valuable to the student of comparative
+folk-lore.</p>
+
+<p>The stories which, with but few exceptions, are here presented for the
+first time to the English reader, have been translated from recent
+Italian collections, and are given exactly as they were taken down from
+the mouths of the people, and it is in this sense, belonging to the
+people, that the word popular is used in the title of this work. I have
+occasionally changed the present to the past tense, and slightly
+condensed by the omission of tiresome repetitions;<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> but otherwise my
+versions follow the original closely, too closely perhaps in the case of
+the Sicilian tales, which, when recited, are very dramatic, but seem
+disjointed and abrupt when read.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Other condensations are indicated by brackets.</p></div>
+
+<p>The notes are intended to supplement those of Pitr&egrave; and K&ouml;hler by citing
+the stories published since the <i>Fiabe, Novelle e Racconti</i>, and the
+<i>Sicilianische M&auml;rchen</i>, and also to furnish easy reference to the
+parallel stories of the rest of Europe. As the notes are primarily
+intended for students I have simply pointed out the most convenient
+sources of information and those to which I have had access.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> My space
+has obliged me to restrict my notes to what seemed to me the most
+important, and I have as a rule given only references which I have
+verified myself.</p>
+
+<p>My object has been simply to present to the reader and student
+unacquainted with the Italian dialects a tolerably complete collection
+of Italian popular tales; with theories as to the origin and diffusion
+of popular tales in general, or of Italian popular tales in particular,
+I have nothing to do at present either in the text or notes. It is for
+others to draw such inferences as this collection seems to warrant.</p>
+
+<p>It was, of course, impossible in my limited space to do more than give a
+small selection from the class of Fairy Tales numbering several hundred;
+of the other classes nearly everything has been given that has been
+published down to the present date. The Fairy Tales were selected to
+represent as well as possible typical stories or classes, and I have
+followed in my arrangement, with some modification and condensation,
+Hahn's <i>M&auml;rchen- und Sagformeln</i> (<i>Griechische und Albanesische
+M&auml;rchen</i>, vol. i. p. 45), an English version of which may be found in W.
+Henderson's <i>Notes on the Folk-lore of the Northern Counties of England
+and the Borders. With an Appendix on Household Stories</i>, by S.
+Baring-Gould. London, 1866.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, I must express my many obligations to Dr. Giuseppe Pitr&egrave;,
+of Palermo, without whose admirable collection this work would hardly
+have been undertaken, and to the library of Harvard College, which so
+generously throws open its treasures to the scholars of less favored
+institutions.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">T. F. CRANE.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ithaca, N. Y.</span>, <i>September 9, 1885</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Bibliography</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_xix">xix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">List of Stories</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>I. <span class="smcap">Fairy Tales</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>II. <span class="smcap">Fairy Tales Continued</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>III. <span class="smcap">Stories of Oriental Origin</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>IV. <span class="smcap">Legends and Ghost Stories</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>V. <span class="smcap">Nursery Tales</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>VI. <span class="smcap">Stories and Jests</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Notes</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_319">319</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">List of Books referred to</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_384">384</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_387">387</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p>
+<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>By popular tales we mean the stories that are handed down by word of
+mouth from one generation to another of the illiterate people, serving
+almost exclusively to amuse and but seldom to instruct. These stories
+may be roughly divided into three classes: nursery tales, fairy stories,
+and jests. In countries where the people are generally educated, the
+first two classes form but one; where, on the other hand, the people
+still retain the credulity and simplicity of childhood, the stories
+which with us are confined to the nursery amuse the fathers and mothers
+as well as the children. These stories were regarded with contempt by
+the learned until the famous scholars, the brothers Grimm, went about
+Germany some sixty years ago collecting this fast disappearing
+literature of the people. The interesting character of these tales, and
+the scientific value attributed to them by their collectors, led others
+to follow their footsteps, and there is now scarcely a province of
+Germany that has not one or more volumes devoted to its local popular
+tales. The impulse given by the Grimms was not confined to their own
+country, but extended over all Europe, and within the last twenty years
+more than fifty volumes have been published containing the popular tales
+of Iceland, Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Germany, England,
+Scotland, France, Biscay, Spain, Portugal, and Greece. Asia and Africa
+have contributed stories from India, China, Japan, and South Africa. In
+addition to these we have now to mention what has been done in this
+field in Italy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>From their very nature the stories we are now considering were long
+confined to the common people, and were preserved and transmitted solely
+by oral tradition. It did not occur to any one to write them down from
+the lips of the people until within the present century. The existence
+of these stories is, however, revealed by occasional references, and
+many of them have been preserved, but not in their original form, in
+books designed to entertain more cultivated readers.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> The earliest
+literary collection of stories having a popular origin was made in the
+sixteenth century by an Italian, Giovan Francesco Straparola, of
+Caravaggio.<a name="FNanchor_2_1" id="FNanchor_2_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_1" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> It is astonishing that a person of Straparola's
+popularity should have left behind him nothing but a name. We only know
+that he was born near the end of the fifteenth century at Caravaggio,
+now a small town half way between Milan and Cremona, but during the
+Middle Ages an important city belonging to the duchy of Milan. In 1550
+he published at Venice a collection of stories in the style of the
+<i>Decameron</i>, which was received with the greatest favor. It passed
+through sixteen editions in twenty years, was translated into French and
+often printed in that language, and before the end of the century was
+turned into German. The author feigns that Francesca Gonzaga, daughter
+of Ottaviano Sforza, Duke of Milan, on account of commotions in that
+city, retires to the island of Murano, near Venice, and surrounded by a
+number of distinguished ladies and gentlemen, passes the time in
+listening to stories related by the company. Thirteen nights are spent
+in this way, and seventy-four stories are told, when the approach of
+Lent cuts short the diversion. These stories are of the most varied form
+and origin; many are borrowed without acknowledgment from other writers,
+twenty-four, for example, from the little known Morlini, fifteen from
+Boccaccio, Sachetti, Brevio, Ser Giovanni, the Old-French <i>fabliaux</i>,
+the Golden Legend, and the <i>Romance of Merlin</i>. Six others are of
+Oriental origin, and may be found in the <i>Pantschatantra</i>, <i>Forty
+Viziers</i>, <i>Siddhi K&ucirc;r</i>, and <i>Thousand and One Nights</i>.<a name="FNanchor_3_1" id="FNanchor_3_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_1" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> There remain,
+then, twenty-nine stories,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span> the property of Straparola, of which
+twenty-two are <i>m&auml;rchen</i>, or popular tales. We say "the property" of
+Straparola: we mean they had never appeared before in the <i>literature</i>
+of Europe, but they were in no sense original with Straparola, being the
+common property which the Occident has inherited from the Orient. There
+is no need of mentioning in detail here these stories as they are
+frequently cited in the notes of the present work, and one, the original
+of the various modern versions of "Puss in Boots," is given at length in
+the notes to Chapter I.<a name="FNanchor_4_1" id="FNanchor_4_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_1" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Two of Straparola's stories have survived
+their author's oblivion and still live in Perrault's "<i>Peau d'Ane</i>" and
+"<i>Le Chat Bott&eacute;</i>," while others in the witty versions of Madame D'Aulnoy
+delighted the romance-loving French society of the seventeenth
+century.<a name="FNanchor_5_1" id="FNanchor_5_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_1" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> Straparola's work had no influence on contemporary Italian
+literature, and was soon forgotten,&mdash;an unjust oblivion, for to him
+belongs the honor of having introduced the Fairy Tale into modern
+European literature. He has been criticised for his style and blamed for
+his immorality. The former, it seems to us, is not bad, and the latter
+no worse than that of many contemporaneous writers who have escaped the
+severe judgment meted out to Straparola.</p>
+
+<p>We find no further traces of popular tales until nearly a century later,
+when the first edition of the celebrated <i>Pentamerone</i> appeared at
+Naples in 1637. Its author, Giambattista Basile (known as a writer by
+the anagram of his name, Gian Alesio Abbattutis), is but little better
+known to us than Straparola. He spent his youth in Crete, became known
+to the Venetians, and was received into the <i>Academia degli
+Stravaganti</i>. He followed his sister Adriana, a celebrated cantatrice,
+to Mantua, enjoyed the duke's favor, roamed much over Italy, and finally
+returned to Naples, near where he died in 1632.<a name="FNanchor_6_1" id="FNanchor_6_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_1" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> The <i>Pentamerone</i>, as
+its title implies, is a collection of fifty stories in the Neapolitan
+dialect, supposed to be narrated, during five days, by ten old women,
+for the entertainment of the person (Moorish slave) who has usurped the
+place of the rightful princess.<a name="FNanchor_7_1" id="FNanchor_7_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_1" class="fnanchor">[7]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span> Basile's work enjoyed the greatest
+popularity in Italy, and was translated into Italian and into the
+dialect of Bologna. It is worthy of notice that the first fairy tale
+which appeared in France, and was the <i>avant-coureur</i> of the host that
+soon followed under the lead of Charles Perrault, "<i>L'Adroite
+Princesse</i>," is found in the <i>Pentamerone</i>.<a name="FNanchor_8_1" id="FNanchor_8_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_1" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> We know nothing of the
+sources of Basile's work, but it contains the most popular and extended
+of all European tales, and must have been in a great measure drawn
+directly from popular tradition. The style is a wonderful mass of
+conceits, which do not, however, impair the interest in the material,
+and it is safe to say that no people in Europe possesses such a monument
+of its popular tales as the <i>Pentamerone</i>. Its influence on Italian
+literature was not greater than that of Straparola's <i>Piacevoli Notti</i>.
+From the <i>Pentamerone</i> Lorenzo Lippi took the materials for the second
+<i>cantare</i> of his <i>Malmantile Racquistato</i>, and Carlo Gozzi drew on it
+for his curious <i>fiabe</i>, the earliest dramatizations of fairy tales,
+which, in our day, after amusing the nursery, have again become the
+vehicles of spectacular dramas. Although there is no proof that Mlle.
+Lh&eacute;ritier and Perrault took their stories from Straparola and the
+<i>Pentamerone</i>, there is little doubt that the French translation of the
+former, which was very popular (Jannet mentions fourteen editions
+between 1560 and 1726) awakened an interest in this class of stories,
+and was thus the origin of that copious French fairy literature, which,
+besides the names mentioned above, includes such well-known writers as
+Mde. D'Aulnoy, the Countess Murat, Mlle. De La Force, and Count Caylus,
+all of whom drew on their Italian prototypes more or less.<a name="FNanchor_9_1" id="FNanchor_9_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_1" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>Popular as were the two collections above mentioned they produced but
+one imitation, <i>La Posillecheata</i>, a collection of five stories in the
+Neapolitan dialect and in the style of the <i>Pentamerone</i>, by Pompeo
+Sarnelli, Bishop of Bisceglie, whose anagram is Masillo Reppone. The
+first edition appeared at Naples in 1684, and it has been republished
+twice since then at the same place. The work<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span> is exceedingly coarse, and
+has fallen into well-deserved oblivion.<a name="FNanchor_10_1" id="FNanchor_10_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_1" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<p>Nearly two centuries elapsed before another collection of Italian tales
+made its appearance. The interest that the brothers Grimm aroused in
+Germany for the collection and preservation of popular traditions did
+not, for obvious reasons, extend to Italy. A people must first have a
+consciousness of its own nationality before it can take sufficient
+interest in its <i>popular</i> literature to inspire even its scholars to
+collect its traditions for the sake of science, to say nothing of
+collections for entertainment. In 1860, Temistocle Gradi, of Siena,
+published in his <i>Vigilia di Pasqua di Ceppo</i>, eight, and in his <i>Saggio
+di Letterature varie</i>, 1865, four popular tales, as related in Siena.
+These were collected without any other aim than that of entertainment,
+but are valuable for purposes of comparison. No attempt at a scientific
+collection of tales was made until 1869, when Professor De Gubernatis
+published the <i>Novelline di Santo Stefano</i>, containing thirty-five
+stories, preceded by an introduction on the relationship of the myth to
+the popular tale. This was the forerunner of numerous collections from
+the various provinces of Italy, which will be found noted in the
+Bibliography. The attention of strangers was early directed to Italian
+tales, and the earliest scientific collection was the work of two
+Germans, Georg Widter and Adam Wolf, who published a translation of
+twenty-one Venetian tales in the <i>Jahrbuch f&uuml;r romanische und englische
+Literatur</i>, Vol. VII. (1866), pp. 1-36, 121-154, 249-290, with
+comparative notes by R. K&ouml;hler. In the same volume were published, pp.
+381-400, twelve tales from Leghorn, collected by Hermann Knust; and
+finally the eighth volume of the same periodical, pp. 241-260, contains
+three stories from the neighborhood of Sora, in Naples. In 1867
+Schneller published at Innsbruck a German translation of sixty-nine
+tales, collected by him in the Italian Tyrol. Of much greater interest
+and importance than any of the above are the two volumes of Sicilian
+tales, collected and translated into German by Laura Gonzenbach,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span>
+afterwards the wife of the Italian general, La Racine. There are but two
+other collections of Italian stories by foreigners: Miss Busk's
+<i>Folk-Lore of Rome</i>, and the anonymous <i>Tuscan Fairy Tales</i> recently
+published.</p>
+
+<p>The number of stories published, in German and English, is about twice
+as many as those published in Italian before Pitr&egrave;'s collection, being
+over four hundred. Pitr&egrave; contains more than all the previous Italian
+publications together, embracing over three hundred tales, etc., besides
+those previously published by him in periodicals and elsewhere. Since
+Pitr&egrave;'s collection, the three works of Comparetti, Visentini, and
+Nerucci, have added one hundred and eighty tales, not to speak of
+wedding publications, containing from one to five stories. It is, of
+course, impossible to examine separately all these collections,&mdash;we will
+mention briefly the most important. To Imbriani is due the first
+collection of tales taken down from the mouths of the people and
+compared with previously published Italian popular tales. In 1871
+appeared his <i>Novellaja fiorentina</i>, and in the following year the
+<i>Novellaja milanese</i>. These two have been combined, and published as a
+second edition of the <i>Novellaja fiorentina</i>, containing fifty
+Florentine and forty-five Milanese tales, besides a number of stories
+from Straparola, the <i>Pentamerone</i>, and the Italian novelists, given by
+way of illustration. The stories are accompanied by copious references
+to the rest of Italy, and Liebrecht's references to other European
+parallels. It is an admirable work, but one on which we have drawn but
+seldom, restricting ourselves to the stories in the various dialects as
+much as possible. The Milanese stories are in general very poor versions
+of the typical tales, being distorted and fragmentary. In 1873 Dr.
+Giuseppe Pitr&egrave;, of Palermo, well known for his collection of popular
+Sicilian songs, published three specimens of a collection of Sicilian
+popular tales, and two years later gave to the world his admirable work,
+<i>Fiabe, Novelle e Racconti</i>, forming vols. IV.-VII. of the <i>Biblioteca
+delle Tradizioni populari Siciliane</i> per cura di Giuseppe Pitr&egrave;. It is
+not, however, numerically<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span> that Pitr&egrave;'s collection surpasses all that
+has previously been done in this field. It is a monument of patient,
+thorough research and profound study. Its arrangement is almost
+faultless, the explanatory notes full, while the grammar and glossary
+constitute valuable contributions to the philology of the Italian
+dialects. In the Introduction the author, probably for the first time,
+makes the Sicilian public acquainted with the fundamental principles of
+comparative mythology and its relation to folk-lore, and gives a good
+account of the Oriental sources of the novel. He has, it seems to us,
+very properly confined his notes and comparisons entirely to Italy, with
+references of course to Gonzenbach and K&ouml;hler's notes to Widter-Wolf
+when necessary. In other words, his work is a contribution to <i>Italian</i>
+folk-lore, and the student of comparative Aryan folk-lore must make his
+own comparisons: a task no longer difficult, thanks to the works of
+Grimm, Hahn, K&ouml;hler, Cox, De Gubernatis, etc. The only other collection
+that need be mentioned here is the one in the <i>Canti e Racconti del
+Popolo italiano</i>, consisting of the first volume of the <i>Novellino pop.
+ital.</i> pub. ed ill. da Dom. Comparetti, and of Visentini's <i>Fiabe
+Mantovane</i>. The stories in both of the above works are translated into
+Italian. In the first there is no arrangement by locality or subject;
+and the annotations, instead of being given with each story, are
+reserved for one of the future volumes,&mdash;an unhandy arrangement, which
+detracts from the value of the work.</p>
+
+<p>We will now turn our attention from the collections themselves to the
+stories they contain, and examine these first as to their form, and
+secondly as to their contents.</p>
+
+<p>The name applied to the popular tale differs in various provinces, being
+generally a derivative of the Latin <i>fabula</i>. So these stories are
+termed <i>favuli</i> and <i>fr&agrave;uli</i> in parts of Sicily, <i>favole</i> in Rome,
+<i>fiabe</i> in Venice, <i>foe</i> in Liguria, and <i>fole</i> in Bologna. In Palermo
+and Naples they are named <i>cunti</i>, <i>novelle</i> and <i>novelline</i> in Tuscany,
+<i>esempi</i> in Milan, and <i>storie</i> in Piedmont.<a name="FNanchor_11_1" id="FNanchor_11_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_1" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> There are few
+peculiarities of form, and they refer almost exclusively to the
+beginning<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span> and ending of the stories. Those from Sicily begin either
+with the simple "<i>cc'era</i>" (there was), or "<i>'na vota cc'era</i>" (there
+was one time), or "<i>si raccunta chi'na vota cc'era</i>" (it is related that
+there was one time). Sometimes the formula is repeated, as, "<i>si cunta e
+s' arricunta</i>" (it is related and related again), with the addition at
+times of "<i>a lor signuri</i>" (to your worships), or the story about to be
+told is qualified as "<i>stu bellissimu cuntu</i>" (this very fine story).
+Ordinarily they begin, as do our own, with the formula, "once upon a
+time there was." The ending is also a variable formula, often a couplet
+referring to the happy termination of the tale and the relatively
+unenviable condition of the listeners. The Sicilian ending usually is:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Iddi arristaru filici e cuntenti,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">E nu&agrave;tri semu senza nenti."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>(They remained happy and contented, and we are without anything.) The
+last line often is "<i>E nui semu cc&agrave; munnamu li denti</i>" (And here we are
+picking our teeth), or "<i>Ma a nui 'un ni d&egrave;sinu nenti</i>" (But to us they
+gave nothing), which corresponds to a Tuscan ending:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Se ne stettero e se la goderono<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">E a me nulla mi diedero."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>(They stayed and enjoyed it, and gave nothing to me.) A common Tuscan
+ending is:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"In santa pace pia<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dite la vostra, ch'io detto la mia."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>(In holy pious peace tell yours, for I have told mine.) In some parts of
+Sicily (Polizzi) a similar conclusion is found:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Favula scritta, favula ditta;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Diciti la vostra, ca la mia &egrave; ditta."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>(Story written, story told; tell yours, for mine is told.) So in
+Venice,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Longa la tua, curta la mia;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Conta la tua, ch&egrave; la mia x&egrave; fin&igrave;a."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>(Long yours, short mine; tell yours, for mine is ended.) The first line
+is sometimes as follows:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Stretto il viuolo, stretta la via;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dite la vostra, ch'io detto la mia."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>(Narrow the path, narrow the way; tell yours, for I have told mine.) The
+most common form of the above Tuscan ending is:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Stretta &egrave; la foglia &egrave; larga &egrave; la via,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dite la vostra ch&egrave; ho detto la mia."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>(Narrow is the leaf, broad is the way, etc.) This same ending is also
+found in Rome.<a name="FNanchor_12_1" id="FNanchor_12_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_1" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> These endings have been omitted in the present work
+as they do not constitute an integral part of the story, and are often
+left off by the narrators themselves. The narrative is usually given in
+the present tense, and in most of the collections is animated and
+dramatic. Very primitive expedients are employed to indicate the lapse
+of time, either the verb indicating the action is repeated, as, "he
+walked, and walked, and walked," a proceeding not unknown to our own
+stories, or such expressions as the following are used: <i>Cuntu 'un porta
+tempu</i>, or <i>lu cuntu 'un metti tempu</i>, or <i>'Ntra li cunti nun cc'&egrave;
+tempu</i>, which are all equivalent to, "The story takes no note of time."
+These Sicilian expressions are replaced in Tuscany by the similar one:
+<i>Il tempo delle novelle passa presto</i> ("Time passes quickly in
+stories"). Sometimes the narrator will bring himself or herself into the
+story in a very naive manner; as, for example, when a name is wanted. So
+in telling a Sicilian story which is another version of "The Fair
+Angiola" given in our text, the narrator, Gna Sabbedda, continues: "The
+old woman met her once, and said: 'Here, little girl, whose daughter are
+you?' 'Gna Sabbedda's', for example; I mention myself, but, however, I
+was not there."<a name="FNanchor_13_1" id="FNanchor_13_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_1" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p>If we turn our attention now to the contents of our stories we shall
+find that they do not differ materially from those of the rest of
+Europe, and the same story is found, with trifling variations, all over
+Italy.<a name="FNanchor_14_1" id="FNanchor_14_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_1" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> There is but little local coloring in the fairy tales, and
+they are chiefly interesting for purposes of comparison. We have given
+in our text such a copious selection from all parts of the country<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></span> that
+the reader can easily compare them for himself with the tales of other
+lands in their more general features. If they are not strikingly
+original they will still, we trust, be found interesting variations of
+familiar themes; and we shall perhaps deem less strange to us a people
+whose children are still amused with the same tales as our own.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">[Pg xix]</a></span></p>
+<h2>BIBLIOGRAPHY.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Archivio</span> per lo Studio delle Tradizioni popolari. Rivista trimestrale
+diretta da G. Pitr&egrave; e S. Salomone-Marino. Palermo, 1882-1885. 8vo.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The following popular tales have been published in the
+Archivio: <i>Novelle popolari toscane</i>, edited by G. Pitr&egrave;, vol.
+I. pp. 35-69, 183-205, 520-540; vol. II. pp. 157-172. <i>La
+Storia del Re Crin</i>, collected by A. Arietti [Piedmont], vol.
+I. pp. 424-429. <i>Cuntu di lu Ciropiddhu, novellina popolare
+messinese</i>, collected by T. Cannizzaro, vol. I. pp. 518-519.
+<i>Novelle popolari sarde</i>, collected by P. E. Guarnerio, vol.
+II. pp. 19-38, 185-206, 481-502; vol. III. pp. 233-240. <i>La
+Cenerentola a Parma e a Camerino</i>, collected by Caterina
+Pigorini-Beri, vol. II. pp. 45-58. <i>Fiabe popolari crennesi</i>
+[<i>provincia di Milano</i>], collected by V. Imbriani, vol. II. pp.
+73-81. <i>Fiaba veneziana</i> [= Pitr&egrave;, xxxix.], collected by
+Cristoforo Pasqualigo, vol. II. pp. 353-358. <i>Il Re Porco,
+novellina popolare marchigiana</i>, collected by Miss R. H. Busk,
+vol. II. pp. 403-409. <i>Tre novellini pugliesi di Cerignola</i>,
+collected by N. Zingarelli, vol. III. pp. 65-72. <i>La Bona Fia,
+fiaba veneziana</i>, collected by A. Dalmedico, vol. III. pp.
+73-74. <i>Tradizioni popolari abruzzesi, Novelle</i>, collected by
+G. Finamore, vol. III. pp. 359-372, 331-350. <i>I Tre Maghi
+ovverosia Il Merlo Bianco, novella popolare montalese</i>,
+collected by G. Nerucci, vol. III. pp. 373-388, 551-568.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bartoli, A., e G. Sansoni.</span></p>
+
+<p>Una novellina e una poesia popolare gragnolesi. Florence, 1881. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp.
+15. Per le Nozze Biagi-Piroli. Edizione di 100 copie numerate.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The <i>novellina</i> is a version of Pitr&egrave;, Nos. 159, 160 ("The
+Treasure of Rhampsinitus").</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Basile, Giambattista</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Lo Cunto de li Cunti. Overo Lo Trattenemiento de Peccerille.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[Pg xx]</a></span> De Gian
+Alesio Abbattutis. Iornate Cinco. Naples, Per Camillo Cavallo. 1644.
+12<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Il conto de' conti trattenimento a' fanciulli. Trasportato dalla
+Napolitana all' Italiana favella, ed adornato di bellissime Figure.
+Naples, 1784.</p>
+
+<p>La Chiaqlira dla Banzola o per dir m&igrave;i Fol divers tradutt dal parlar
+Napulitan in lengua Bulgnesa per rimedi innucent dla sonn, e dla
+malincunj. Dedic&agrave; al merit singular dl gentilessem sgnori d' Bulogna.
+Bologna, 1813. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Der Pentamerone oder: Das M&auml;rchen aller M&auml;rchen von Giambattista Basile.
+Aus dem Neapolitanischen &uuml;bertragen von Felix Liebrecht. Nebst einer
+Vorrede von Jacob Grimm. 2 vols. Breslau, 1846. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>The Pentamerone, or the Story of Stories, Fun for the Little Ones. By
+Giambattista Basile. Translated from the Neapolitan by John Edward
+Taylor. With Illustrations by George Cruikshank. Second edition. London,
+1850. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Archiv f&uuml;r das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen.
+Herausgegeben von Ludwig Herrig. Vol. XLV. p. 1. Eine neapolitanische
+M&auml;rchen-sammlung aus der ersten H&auml;lfte des XVII.
+Jahrhunderts&mdash;Pentamerone des Giambattista Basile.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Basile, Giambattista</span>. Archivio di Letteratura popolare. Naples, 1883-85.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>A monthly periodical devoted to popular literature. The volumes
+which have already appeared contain a large number of popular
+tales collected at Naples or in the vicinity.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bernoni, Dom. Giuseppe</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Fiabe popolari veneziane raccolte da Dom. Giuseppe Bernoni. Venice,
+1875. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Leggende fantastiche popolari veneziane raccolte da Dom. Giuseppe
+Bernoni. Venice, 1873. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Le Strighe: Leggende popolari veneziane raccolte da Dom. Giuseppe
+Bernoni. Venice, 1874. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Tradizioni popolari veneziane raccolte da Dom. Giuseppe Bernoni. Puntate
+I.-IV. Venice, 1875-77.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bolognini, Dr. Nepomuceno</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Fiabe e Legende della Valle di Rendena nel Trentino. Rovereto, 1881.
+8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 50. [Estratto dal VII. Annuario della Societ&agrave; degli Alpinisti
+Tridentini.]<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">[Pg xxi]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Busk, R. H.</span></p>
+
+<p>Household Stories from the Land of Hofer; or, Popular Myths of Tirol,
+including the Rose-Garden of King Lareyn. London, 1871. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>The Folk-Lore of Rome. Collected by word of mouth from the people. By R.
+H. Busk. London, 1874. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Canti e Racconti del Popolo Italiano</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>See Comparetti and Visentini.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Comparetti, Domenico</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Novelline popolari italiane pubblicate ed illustrate da Domenico
+Comparetti. Vol. I. Turin, 1875. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>In Canti e Racconti del Popolo italiano. Pubblicati per cura di D.
+Comparetti ed A. D'Ancona. Vol. VI.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Coote, Henry Charles</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Some Italian Folk-Lore, Folk-Lore Record, I., pp. 187-215.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Notice of Comparetti's Nov. pop. ital., with translations.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Corazzini, Francesco</span>.</p>
+
+<p>I Componimenti minori della letteratura popolare italiana nei principali
+dialetti o saggio di letteratura dialettale comparata. Benevento, 1877.
+8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Novelle toscane, beneventane, apicese (Benvento), bolognese,
+bergamasca e vicentina. Pp. 409-489.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Coronedi-Berti, Carolina</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Novelle popolari bolognesi raccolte da Carolina Coronedi-Berti. Bologna,
+1874. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>La Fola d&ecirc;l Muretein, Novellina popolare Bolognese. Estratto dalla
+Rivista Europea. Florence, 1873. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 9.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Crane, T. F.</span></p>
+
+<p>A Nursery Tale. The Cornell Review, May, 1876, pp. 337-347.</p>
+
+<p>Italian Fairy Tales. St. Nicholas, December, 1878, pp. 101-107.</p>
+
+<p>Italian Popular Tales. North American Review, July, 1876, pp. 25-60.</p>
+
+<p>Le Novelle Popolari Italiane. In Giornale di Sicilia. Palermo. Nos.
+186-188, 190, 195, 206, 207, 216, 225, 236, 239, 240. Aug.-Oct., 1877.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Italian translation of above Article.</p></div>
+
+<p>Recent Italian Popular Tales. The Academy, London, March 22, 1879, pp.
+262-263.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">[Pg xxii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sicilian Folk-Lore. Lippincott's Magazine, October, 1876, pp. 433-443.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Devoted to Pitr&egrave;'s collection.</p></div>
+
+<p>La Novellistica Popolare di Sicilia per T. F. Crane. Versione dall'
+Inglese per F. Polacci Nuccio. Estratto dalle Nuove Effemeridi
+Siciliane, Vol. VI. Palermo, 1877. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 26.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Italian translation of above Article.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">De Gubernatis, A.</span></p>
+
+<p>Le Novelline di Santo Stefano raccolte da Angelo De Gubernatis e
+precedute da una introduzione sulla parentela del mito con la novella.
+Turin, 1869. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>See Rivista di Letteratura Popolare.</p></div>
+
+<p>Zo&ouml;logical Mythology, or the Legends of Animals. By Angelo De
+Gubernatis. 2 vols. London, 1872. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">De Nino, Antonio.</span></p>
+
+<p>Usi e Costumi Abruzzesi. Vol. III. Fiabe. Florence, 1883. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Finamore, Gennaro.</span></p>
+
+<p>Tradizioni popolari abruzzesi. Vol. I. Novelle. Prima Parte, Lanciano,
+1882. 8<sup>o</sup>. Parte seconda, Lanciano, 1885.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frizzi, Giuseppe.</span></p>
+
+<p>Novella montanina, Florence, 1876. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 36. Edizione di 150
+esemplari.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gargiolli, Carlo.</span></p>
+
+<p>Novelline e Canti popolari delle Marche. Fano, 1878. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 18.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Per le Nozze Imbriani-Rosnati.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gianandrea, Antonio.</span></p>
+
+<p>Biblioteca delle Tradizioni popolari marchigiane. Novelline e Fiabe
+popolari marchigiane raccolte e annotate da Antonio Gianandrea. Jesi,
+1878. 12<sup>o</sup>. Punt. I. pp. 32.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>See Academy, March 22, 1879, p. 262.</p></div>
+
+<p>Della novella del Petit Poucet. In Giornale di Filologia Romanza, II.,
+pp. 231-234.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>A few copies were printed separately.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gonzenbach, Laura.</span></p>
+
+<p>Sicilianische M&auml;rchen. Aus dem Volksmund gesammelt von Laura Gonzenbach.
+Mit Anmerkungen Reinhold K&ouml;hler's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">[Pg xxiii]</a></span> und einer Einleitung herausgegeben
+von Otto Hartwig. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1870. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gradi, Temistocle.</span></p>
+
+<p>Saggio di Letture varie per i Giovani di Temistocle Gradi da Siena.
+Turin, 1865. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>La Vigilia di Pasqua di Ceppo. Otto Novelle di Temistocle Gradi. Coll'
+aggiunta di due racconti. Turin, 1860. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Guarnerio, P. E.</span></p>
+
+<p>Una novellina nel dialetto di Luras in Gallura (Sardinia). Milan, 1884.
+Per le Nozze Vivante-Ascoli. Edizione di soli L. esemplari.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>An incomplete version of the Cupid and Psyche myth.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Imbriani, Vittorio.</span></p>
+
+<p>La Novellaja fiorentina cio&egrave; fiabe e novelline stenografate in Firenze
+dal dettato popolare e corredate di qualche noterella da Vittorio
+Imbriani. Naples, 1871. Esemplari 150. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>La Novellaja milanese, esempii e panzane lombarde raccolte nel Milanese
+da Vittorio Imbriani. Bologna, 1872. Esemplari 40. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Paralipomeni alla Novellaja Milanese. Bologna, pp. 9. Tratura a parte
+del Propugnatore, Vol. VI. Esemplari 30.</p>
+
+<p>'A 'Ndriana Fata. Cunto pomiglianese. Per nozze. Pomigliano d' Arco,
+1875. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 14. 250 esemplari fuori di commercio.</p>
+
+<p>Due Fiabe Toscane annotate da V. I. Esemplari 100. Naples, 1876. 8<sup>o</sup>.
+Pp. 23.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>These <i>fiabe</i> are also in Nerucci, pp. 10, 18.</p></div>
+
+<p>Dodici conti pomiglianesi con varianti avellinesi, montellesi,
+bagnolesi, milanesi, toscane, leccesi, ecc. Illustrati da Vittorio
+Imbriani. Naples, 1877. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>'E Sette Mane-Mozze. In dialetto di Avellino. Principato Ulteriore.
+Pomigliano d'Arco, 1877. 8<sup>o</sup>. Per le nozze Pitr&egrave;-Vitrano. Esemplari cc.
+Fuori commercio.</p>
+
+<p>La Novellaja Fiorentina. Fiabe e Novelline stenografate in Firenze dal
+dettato popolare da Vittorio Imbriani. Ristampa accresciuta di molte
+novelle inedite, di numerosi riscontri e di note, nelle quali &egrave; accolta
+integralmente La Novellaja Milanese dello stesso raccoglitore. Leghorn,
+1877. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ive, Antonio.</span></p>
+
+<p>Fiabe popolari rovignesi. Per le Nozze Ive-Lorenzetto,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv">[Pg xxiv]</a></span> XXVIII.
+Novembre, 1877. Vienna, 1877. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 32. Edizione fuori di commercio
+di soli 100 esemplari.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>See Academy, March 22, 1879, p. 262.</p></div>
+
+<p>Fiabe popolari rovignesi raccolte ed annotate da Antonio Ive. Per le
+Nozze Ive-Rocco. Vienna, 1878. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 26. Edizione fuori di commercio
+di soli 100 esemplari.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>See Academy, March 22, 1879, p. 262</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Kaden, Woldemar.</span></p>
+
+<p>Unter den Olivenb&auml;umen. S&uuml;ditalienische Volksm&auml;rchen. Nacherz&auml;hlt,
+Leipzig, 1880. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Of the forty-four stories in this work thirty-four are
+translated from Pitr&egrave;'s Fiabe, six from Comparetti's Nov. pop.
+ital., and three from Imbriani's XII. Conti pomig., without any
+acknowledgment. This plagiarism was first exposed by R. K&ouml;hler
+in the Literarisches Centralblatt, 1881, vol. XXXII. p. 337,
+and afterwards by Pitr&egrave; in the Nuove Effemeridi siciliane,
+1881.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Knust, Hermann.</span></p>
+
+<p>Italienische M&auml;rchen. (Leghorn.) In Jahrbuch f&uuml;r romanische und
+englische Literatur. Leipzig, 1866. Vol. VII. Pp. 381-401.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Koehler, Reinhold.</span></p>
+
+<p>Italienische Volksm&auml;rchen. (Sora). In Jahrbuch f&uuml;r romanische und
+englische Literatur. Leipzig, 1867. Vol. VIII. Pp. 241-260.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Marc-Monnier.</span></p>
+
+<p>Les Contes de Nourrice de la Sicile, d'apr&egrave;s des recueils nouveaux
+publi&eacute;s r&eacute;cemment in Italie. Revue des Deux Mondes, 15 Aug., 1875.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Devoted to Pitr&egrave;'s collection.</p></div>
+
+<p>Les Contes de Pomigliano et la filiation des Mythes populaires. Revue
+des Deux Mondes, 1 Nov., 1877.</p>
+
+<p>Contes populaires de l'Italie. Les Contes de Toscane et de Lombardie.
+Revue des Deux Mondes, 1 Dec., 1879.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Devoted to the Novellaja Fiorentina of Imbriani.</p></div>
+
+<p>Les Contes populaires en Italie. Paris, 1880. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Reprint of the above articles.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Morosi, Prof. Dott. Giuseppe.</span></p>
+
+<p>Studi sui Dialetti Greci della Terra d' Otranto. Preceduto da una
+raccolta di Canti, Leggende, Proverbi, e Indovinelli. Lecce, 1870. 4<sup>o</sup>.
+Leggende, pp. 73-77.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxv" id="Page_xxv">[Pg xxv]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nerucci, Prof. Gherardo.</span></p>
+
+<p>Sessanta novelle popolari montalesi (Circondario di Pistoja). Florence,
+1880. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Cincelle da Bambini in nella stietta parlatura rustica d' i' Montale
+Pistolese. Pistoia, 1881. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ortoli, J. B. Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric.</span></p>
+
+<p>Les Contes populaires de l'Ile de la Corse. Paris, 1883. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Vol. XVI. of Litt&eacute;ratures populaires de toutes les Nations,
+Paris, Maisonneuve.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Panzanega d' on re.</span></p>
+
+<p>In dialetto di Crenna [Provincia di Milano]. Rome, 1876. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 15.
+200 esemplari fuori di commercio.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Papanti, Giovanni.</span></p>
+
+<p>Novelline popolari livornesi raccolte e annotate da Giovanni Papanti.
+Leghorn, 1877. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 29.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Per le nozze Pitr&egrave;-Vitrano. Edizione fuori di commercio di soli
+150 esemplari.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pellizzari, P.</span></p>
+
+<p>Fiabe e Canzoni popolari del Contado di Maglie in Terra d' Otranto.
+Fasc. I. Maglie, 1884. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 143.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pitr&egrave;, Giuseppe.</span></p>
+
+<p>Saggio (Primo) di Fiabe e Novelle popolari Siciliane raccolte da
+Giuseppe Pitr&egrave;. Palermo, 1873. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 16.</p>
+
+<p>Nuovo Saggio (Secundo) di Fiabe e Novelle popolari Siciliane raccolte ed
+illustrate da Giuseppe Pitr&egrave;. Estratto dalla Rivista di Filologia
+Romanza, vol. I., fasc. II. e III. Imola, 1873. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 34.</p>
+
+<p>Otto Fiabe (Terzo Saggio) e Novelle Siciliane raccolte dalla bocca del
+Popolo ed annotate da Giuseppe Pitr&egrave;. Bologna, 1873. Estratto dal
+Propugnatore, Vol. VI. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 42.</p>
+
+<p>Novelline popolari siciliane raccolte in Palermo ed annotate da Giuseppe
+Pitr&egrave;. Palermo, 1873. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Edizione di soli 100 esemplari.</p></div>
+
+<p>Fiabe, Novelle e Racconti. 4 vols. Palermo, 1875. 8<sup>o</sup>.<a name="FNanchor_A_2" id="FNanchor_A_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_2" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Biblioteca delle tradizioni popolari siciliane per cura di
+Giuseppe Pitr&egrave;. Vols. IV.-VII.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_2" id="Footnote_A_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_2"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> When Pitr&egrave; is mentioned without any other qualification
+than that of a numeral, this work is understood.</p></div>
+
+<p>La Scatola di Cristallo. Novellina popolare senese raccolta da Giuseppe
+Pitr&egrave;. Palermo, 1875. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Per le Nozze Montuoro-Di Giovanni.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxvi" id="Page_xxvi">[Pg xxvi]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Cinque novelline popolari siciliane ora per la prima volta pubblicate da
+G. Pitr&egrave;. Palermo, 1878. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Per le Nozze Salomone Marino-Abate. Ediz. di 50 esemplari. See
+Academy, March 22, 1879, p. 262.</p></div>
+
+<p>Novelline popolari toscane ora per la prima volta pubblicate da G.
+Pitr&egrave;. Il Medico grillo. Vocaboli. La Gamba. Serpentino. Palermo, 1878.
+8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 16.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Per le Nozze Imbriani-Rosnati. Tirato a soli 25 esemplari.</p></div>
+
+<p>Una variante toscana della novella del Petit Poucet. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 6.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Estratto dalla Rivista di Lett. Pop. Vol. I. pp. 161-166.</p></div>
+
+<p>La Tinchina dell' alto Mare. Fiaba toscana raccolta ed illustrata da
+Giuseppe Pitr&egrave;. Quattrasteriscopoli, 1882. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 14.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Per le Nozze Papanti-Giraudini. Esemplari novanta.</p></div>
+
+<p>Il Zoccolo di Legno, Novella popolare fiorentina. In Giornale Napoletano
+della Domenica, 2 July, 1882. [= Pitr&egrave;, Fiabe, No. XIII.]</p>
+
+<p>I tre pareri. Novella popolare toscana di Pratovecchio nel Cosentino. In
+Giornale Napoletano della Domenica, 20 August, 1882. [= Pitr&egrave;, Fiabe,
+No. CXCVII.]</p>
+
+<p>Novelle popolari toscane. Florence, 1885. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Collected by Giovanni Siciliano. A few of the stories in this
+collection have already been published in the Archivio per lo
+Studio delle Tradizioni popolari.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Prato, Stanislao.</span></p>
+
+<p>La Leggenda Indiana di Nala in una Novellina popolare Pitiglianese. 8<sup>o</sup>.
+Pp. 8. Extract from I Nuovi Goliardi.</p>
+
+<p>La Leggenda del Tesoro di Rampsinite nelle varie redazioni Italiane e
+Straniere. Como, 1882. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. xii., 51. Edizione di soli 100 esemplari
+numerati.</p>
+
+<p>Una Novellina popolare monferrina. Como, 1882. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 67. Edizione di
+soli 80 esemplari.</p>
+
+<p>Quattro Novelline popolare livornesi accompagnate da varianti umbre
+raccolte, pubblicate ed illustrate con note comparative. Spoleto, 1880.
+Gr. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 168.</p>
+
+<p>L' Uomo nella Luna. Fol. pp. 4. Estratto dalla rivista di Ancona: Il
+Preludio, del 30 gennaio, 1881.</p>
+
+<p>L' Orma del Leone, un racconto orientale nella tradizione popolare.
+Romania XII., pp. 535-565.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxvii" id="Page_xxvii">[Pg xxvii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ralston, W. R. S.</span></p>
+
+<p>Sicilian Fairy Tales. Fraser's Magazine, New Series, vol. XIII. 1876,
+pp. 423-433.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rivista di Letteratura Popolare diretta da G. Pitr&egrave;, F. Sabatini.</span> Rome,
+1877.</p>
+
+<p>Vol. I., pp. 81-86, contains <i>Novelline di Sto. Stefano di Calcinaia</i> in
+continuation of <i>Le Novelline di Santo Stefano</i>, see De Gubernatis; p.
+161, G. Pitr&egrave;, <i>Una variante toscana della novella del Petit Poucet</i>; p.
+213, R. K&ouml;hler <i>Das R&auml;thselm&auml;rchen von dem ermordeten Geliebten</i>; p.
+266, G. Pitr&egrave;, <i>La Lucerna, nov. pop. tosc.</i>; p. 288, F. Sabatini, <i>La
+Lanterna, nov. pop. bergamasca</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Romane, quattro novelline popolari.</span> Nel giornale Il Manzoni (Spoleto),
+No. 1, 1 Marzo, 1880.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sabatini, Francesco.</span></p>
+
+<p>La Lanterna. Novella popolare siciliana pubblicata ed illustrata a cura
+di Francesco Sabatini. Imola, 1878. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 19.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Per le nozzi Salomone-Marino-Abate. Edizione di soli 180
+esemplari. See Academy, March 22, 1879, p. 262.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sarnelli, Pompeo, Bishop of Bisceglie.</span></p>
+
+<p>La Posillecheata de Masillo Reppone di Gnanopole. Naples, 1789. In
+Collezione di tutti li poeti in lingua Napoletana. 28 vols. 12<sup>o</sup>.
+Naples, 1789.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Scalageri della Fratta, Camillo.</span></p>
+
+<p>Sette novellette, non pi&ugrave; ristampate da oltre due secoli, ripubblicate
+da V. Imbriani. Pomigliano d'Arco, 1875. 8<sup>o</sup>. Pp. 15. Soli 150
+esemplari.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Schneller, Christian.</span></p>
+
+<p>M&auml;rchen und Sagen aus W&auml;lschtirol. Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Sagenkunde.
+Gesammelt von Christian Schneller. Innsbruck, 1867. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Somma, Michele.</span></p>
+
+<p>Cento Racconti per divertire gli amici nelle ore oziose e nuovi brindisi
+per spasso nelle tavole e nelle conversazioni. Messina, 1883. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The book really contains one hundred and thirty-one stories,
+and deserves mention here solely for its relation to the class
+of stories discussed in Chapter VI.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Straparola, Giovan Francesco.</span></p>
+
+<p>Piacevoli Notti di M. Giovan Francesco Straparola da Caravaggio, Nelle
+quali si contengono le Favole con i loro Enimmi da dieci donne, et da
+duo giovani raccontate. 2 vols. Venice, Per Comin da Trino di
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxviii" id="Page_xxviii">[Pg xxviii]</a></span>Monferrato, 1562. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Le Tredici Piacevolissime Notte di M. Gio: Francesco Straparola da
+Caravaggio. Divise in due libri... con licenza de' superiori. Venice,
+1604. Appresso Zanetto Zanetti. 8<sup>o</sup>. Con figure.</p>
+
+<p>Les Facetieuses Nuits de Straparole. Traduites par Jean Louveau et
+Pierre de Larivey. 2 vols. Paris, 1857. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Biblioth&egrave;que elzeverienne.</p></div>
+
+<p>Die M&auml;rchen des Straparola. Aus dem Italienischen, mit Anmerkungen von
+Dr. F. W. V. Schmidt. Berlin, 1817. 8<sup>o</sup>. In M&auml;rchen-Saal. Sammlung alter
+M&auml;rchen mit Anmerkungen; herausgegeben von Dr. F. W. V. Schmidt. Erster
+Band.</p>
+
+<p>Giovan Francesco Straparola da Caravaggio. Inaugural-Dissertation zur
+Erlangung der philosophischen Doctorw&uuml;rde in G&ouml;ttingen von F. W. J.
+Brakelmann. G&ouml;ttingen, 1867. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Teza, E.</span></p>
+
+<p>La Tradizione dei Sette Savi nelle novelline magiare di E. Teza.
+Bologna, 1874. Pp. 56. Contains: <i>Mila e Buccia, novellina veneziana</i>,
+p. 26; <i>La Novellina del Papagallo, novellina toscana</i>, p. 52.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tuscan Fairy Tales</span> (Taken down from the Mouths of the People). With
+sixteen illustrations by J. Stanley, engraved by Edmund Evans. London,
+1880. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Venetian Popular Legends.</span></p>
+
+<p>The Cornhill Magazine, July, 1875, pp. 80-90.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Devoted to Bernoni's collections.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Visentini, Isaia.</span></p>
+
+<p>Fiabe Mantovane raccolte da Isaia Visentini. Turin, 1879. In Canti e
+Racconti del Popolo italiano. Vol. VII.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Widter-Wolf.</span></p>
+
+<p>Volksm&auml;rchen aus Venetian. Gesammelt und herausgegeben von Georg Widter
+und Adam Wolf. Mit Nachweisen und Vergleichungen verwandter M&auml;rchen von
+Reinhold K&ouml;hler. In Jahrbuch f&uuml;r romanische und englische Literatur.
+Leipzig, 1866. VII. vol., pp. 1-36; 121-154; 249-290.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxix" id="Page_xxix">[Pg xxix]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>LIST OF STORIES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Those marked with an * are translated from the dialect; those in italics
+are found in the notes.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>I.</td><td align='left'>* The King of Love. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 18, <i>Lu Re d'Amuri</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_1'>1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>II.</td><td align='left'>Zelinda and the Monster. (Tuscan, Nerucci, No. 1, <i>Zelinda e il Mostro</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_7'>7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>III.</td><td align='left'>* King Bean. (Venetian, Bernoni, <i>Fiabe</i>, No. 17, <i>El Re de Fava</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_12'>12</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>IV.</td><td align='left'>* The Dancing Water, the Singing Apple and the Speaking Bird. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 36, <i>Li Figghi di lu Cavuliciddaru</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_17'>17</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>V.</td><td align='left'>The Fair Angiola. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No. 53, <i>Von der sch&ouml;nen Angiola</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_26'>26</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>VI.</td><td align='left'>The Cloud. (Tuscan, Comparetti, No. 32, <i>La Nuvolaccia</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_30'>30</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>VII.</td><td align='left'>* The Cistern. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 80, <i>La Jisterna</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_36'>36</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>VIII.</td><td align='left'>* The Griffin. (Neapolitan, Imbriani, <i>Pomiglianesi</i>, p. 195, <i>L'Auciello Crifone</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_40'>40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>IX.</td><td align='left'>Cinderella. (Tuscan, <i>Novellaja fiorentina</i>, p. 151, <i>La Cenerentola</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_42'>42</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>X.</td><td align='left'>* Fair Maria Wood. (Vincenza, Corazzini, p. 484, <i>La Bela Maria del Legno</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_48'>48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XI.</td><td align='left'>* The Curse of the Seven Children. (Bolognese, Coronedi-Berti, No. 19, <i>La Maledizi&ocirc;n di S&egrave;t Fi&ugrave;</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_54'>54</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XII.</td><td align='left'>Oraggio and Bianchinetta. (Tuscan, <i>Novellaja fiorentina</i>, p. 314, <i>Oraggio e Bianchinetta</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_58'>58</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XIII.</td><td align='left'>The Fair Fiorita. (Basilicata, Comparetti, No. 20, <i>La Bella Fiorita</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_61'>61</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XIV.</td><td align='left'>* Bierde. (Istrian, Ive, 1877, p. 13, <i>Bierde</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XV.</td><td align='left'>* Snow-white-fire-red. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 13, <i>Bianca-comu-nivi-russa-comu-focu</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_72'>72</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XVI.</td><td align='left'>How the Devil married Three Sisters. (Venetian, Widter-Wolf, No. 11, <i>Der Teufel heirathet drei Schwestern</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_78'>78</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XVII.</td><td align='left'>In Love with a Statue. (Piedmontese, Comparetti, No. 29, <i>L'Innamorato d'una Statua</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_85'>85</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XVIII.</td><td align='left'>* Thirteenth. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 33, <i>Tridicinu</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_90'>90</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XIX.</td><td align='left'>* The Cobbler. (Milanese, <i>Novellaja fiorentina</i>, p. 575, <i>El Sciavattin</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_94'>94</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XX.</td><td align='left'><i>Sir Fiorante, Magician.</i> (Tuscan, De Gubernatis, <i>Sto. Stefano</i>, No. 14, <i>Sor Fiorante mago</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_322'>322</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXI.</td><td align='left'><i>The Crystal Casket.</i> (Tuscan, <i>La Scatola di Cristallo raccolta da</i> G. Pitr&egrave;)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_326'>326</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXII.</td><td align='left'>* <i>The Stepmother.</i> (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 283, <i>La Parrastra</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_331'>331</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXIII.</td><td align='left'>* <i>Water and Salt.</i> (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 10, <i>L'Acqua e lu Sali</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_333'>333</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXIV.</td><td align='left'>* <i>The Love of the Three Oranges.</i> (Istrian, Ive, 1878, p. 3, <i>L'Amur dei tri Naran&ccedil;i</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_338'>338</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXV.</td><td align='left'>The King who wanted a Beautiful Wife. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No. 73, <i>Von dem K&ouml;nige, der eine sch&ouml;ne Frau wollte</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_97'>97</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXVI.</td><td align='left'>* The Bucket. (Milanese, <i>Novellaja fiorentina</i>, p. 190, <i>El Sidellin</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_100'>100</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXVII.</td><td align='left'>The Two Humpbacks. (Tuscan, <i>Novellaja fiorentina</i>, p. 559, <i>I due Gobbi</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_103'>103</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXVIII.</td><td align='left'>The Story of Catherine and her Fate. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No. 21, <i>Die Geschichte von Caterina und ihrem Schicksal</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_105'>105</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXIX.</td><td align='left'>* The Crumb in the Beard. (Bolognese, Coronedi-Berti, No. 15, <i>La Fola d' Brisla in Barba</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_110'>110</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXX.</td><td align='left'>* The Fairy Orlanda. (Neapolitan, <i>Novellaja fiorentina</i>, p. 333, <i>'A Fata Orlanna</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_114'>114</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXXI.</td><td align='left'>The Shepherd who made the King's Daughter laugh. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No. 31, <i>Von dem Sch&auml;fer der die K&ouml;nigstochter zum Lachen brachte</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_119'>119</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXXII.</td><td align='left'>The Ass that lays Money. (Tuscan, Nerucci, No. 43, <i>Il Ciuchino caca-zecchini</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_123'>123</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXXIII.</td><td align='left'>* Don Joseph Pear. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 88, <i>Don Giuseppi Piru</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_127'>127</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXXIV.</td><td align='left'><i>Puss in Boots.</i> (Straparola, XI. 1.)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_348'>348</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXXV.</td><td align='left'>* Fair Brow. (Istrian, Ive, 1877, p. 19, <i>Biela Fronte</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_131'>131</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXXVI.</td><td align='left'>Lionbruno. (Basilicata, Comparetti, No. 41, <i>Lionbruno</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_136'>136</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXXVII.</td><td align='left'>* The Peasant and the Master. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 194, <i>Lu Burgisi e lu Patruni</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_150'>150</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXXVIII.</td><td align='left'>The Ingrates. (Piedmontese, Comparetti, No. 67, <i>Gli Ingrati</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_150'>150</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXXIX.</td><td align='left'>* The Treasure. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 138, <i>La Truvatura</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_156'>156</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XL.</td><td align='left'>* The Shepherd. (Milanese, <i>Novellaja fiorentina</i>, p. 572, <i>El Pegor&eacute;e</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_156'>156</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XLI.</td><td align='left'>* The Three Admonitions. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 197, <i>Li tri Rigordi</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_157'>157</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XLII.</td><td align='left'>* Vineyard I was and Vineyard I am. (Venetian, Bernoni, <i>Trad. pop. venez., Punt.</i> I. p. 11, <i>Vigna era e Vigna son</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_159'>159</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XLIII.</td><td align='left'>The Language of Animals. (Piedmontese, Comparetti, No. 56, <i>Il Linguaggio degli Animali</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_161'>161</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XLIV.</td><td align='left'>* The Mason and his Son. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 160, <i>Lu Muraturi e s&ograve; Figghiu</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_163'>163</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XLV.</td><td align='left'>The Parrot. First Version. (Tuscan, Comparetti, No. 1, <i>Il Pappagallo</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_168'>168</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XLVI.</td><td align='left'>The Parrot. Second Version. (Tuscan, Teza, <i>La Tradizione dei Sette Savi</i>, etc., p. 52, <i>La Novellina del Papagallo</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_169'>169</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XLVII.</td><td align='left'>* The Parrot which tells Three Stories. Third Version. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 2, <i>Lu Pappagaddu chi cunta tri cunti</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_173'>173</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;First Story of the Parrot</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_175'>175</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Second Story of the Parrot</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_178'>178</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Third Story of the Parrot</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_180'>180</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XLVIII.</td><td align='left'>* Truthful Joseph. (Neapolitan, <i>Pomiglianesi</i>, p. 1, <i>Giuseppe 'A Veret&agrave;</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_184'>184</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XLIX.</td><td align='left'><i>The Man, the Serpent, and the Fox.</i> (Otranto, Morosi, p. 75)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_354'>354</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>L.</td><td align='left'>* The Lord, St. Peter, and the Apostles. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 123, <i>Lu Signuri, S. Petru e li Apostuli</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_186'>186</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LI.</td><td align='left'>The Lord, St. Peter, and the Blacksmith. (Venetian, Widter-Wolf, No. 5, <i>Der Herrgott, St. Peter und der Schmied</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_188'>188</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LII.</td><td align='left'>* In this World one weeps and another laughs. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, <i>Cinque nov. pop. sicil.</i>, p. 7, <i>A stu munnu cu' chianci e cu' ridi</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_190'>190</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LIII.</td><td align='left'>* The Ass. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, <i>Cinque nov. pop. sicil.</i>, p. 8, <i>Lu Sceccu</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_190'>190</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LIV.</td><td align='left'>St. Peter and his Sisters. (Tyrolese, Schneller, p. 6, <i>St. Petrus und seine Schwestern</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_193'>193</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LV.</td><td align='left'>* Pilate. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 119, <i>Pilatu</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_194'>194</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LVI.</td><td align='left'>* The Story of Judas. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, vol. I. p. cxxxviii., <i>Lu Cuntu di Giuda</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_195'>195</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LVII.</td><td align='left'>* Desperate Malchus. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 120, <i>Marcu dispiratu</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_196'>196</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LVIII.</td><td align='left'>* Malchus at the Column. (Venetian, Bernoni, <i>Preghiere pop. veneziane</i>, p. 18, <i>Malco a la Colona</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_197'>197</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LIX.</td><td align='left'>* The Story of Buttadeu. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, vol. I. p. cxxxiii., <i>La Storia di Buttadeu</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_197'>197</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LX.</td><td align='left'>The Story of Criv&ograve;liu. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No. 85, <i>Vom Criv&ograve;liu</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_198'>198</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXI.</td><td align='left'>The Story of St. James of Galicia. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No. 90, <i>Die Geschichte von San Japicu alla Lizia</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_202'>202</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXII.</td><td align='left'>* The Baker's Apprentice. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 111, <i>Lu Giuvini di lu Furnaru</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_212'>212</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXIII.</td><td align='left'>* Occasion. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 124, <i>Accaci&ugrave;ni</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_215'>215</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXIV.</td><td align='left'>* Brother Giovannone. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 125, <i>Fra Giugannuni</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_217'>217</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXV.</td><td align='left'>Godfather Misery. (Tuscan, De Gubernatis, <i>Sto. Stefano</i>, No. 32, <i>Compar Miseria</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_221'>221</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXVI.</td><td align='left'>Beppo Pipetta. (Venetian, Widter-Wolf, No. 7, <i>Beppo Pipetta</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_222'>222</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXVII.</td><td align='left'>* The Just Man. (Venetian, Bernoni, <i>Trad. pop. venez., Punt.</i> I. p. 6, <i>El Giusto</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_226'>226</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXVIII.</td><td align='left'>* Of a Godfather and a Godmother of St. John who made love. (Venetian, Bernoni, <i>Leggende</i>, p. 3, <i>De una comare e un compare de San Zuane che i conversava in fra de lori</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_228'>228</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXIX.</td><td align='left'>* The Groomsman. (Venetian, Bernoni, <i>Leggende</i>, p. 7, <i>De un compare de l' anelo ch' el g&agrave; struc&agrave; la man a la sposa co cativa intenzion</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_231'>231</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXX.</td><td align='left'>* The Parish Priest of San Marcuola. (Venetian, Bernoni, <i>Leggende</i>, p. 17, <i>De un piovan de San Marcuola, che g&agrave; dito che i morti in dove che i x&egrave; i resta</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_234'>234</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXI.</td><td align='left'>* The Gentleman who kicked a Skull. (Venetian, Bernoni, <i>Leggende</i>, p. 19, <i>De un signor che g&agrave; d&agrave; 'na peada a un cragno da morto</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_236'>236</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXII.</td><td align='left'>* <i>The Gossips of St. John.</i> (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 110, <i>Li Cumpari di S. Giuvanni</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_369'>369</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXIII.</td><td align='left'>* Saddaedda. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 128, <i>Saddaedda</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_238'>238</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXIV.</td><td align='left'>* Mr. Attentive. (Venetian, Bernoni, <i>Punt.</i> II. p. 53, <i>Sior Intento</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_240'>240</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXV.</td><td align='left'>* The Story of the Barber. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 141, <i>Lu Cuntu di lu Varveri</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_241'>241</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXVI.</td><td align='left'>* Don Firriulieddu. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 130, <i>Don Firriulieddu</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_241'>241</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXVII.</td><td align='left'>Little Chick-Pea. (Tuscan, <i>Rivista di Lett. pop.</i> I. p. 161, <i>Cecino</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_242'>242</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXVIII.</td><td align='left'>* Pitidda. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 131, <i>Pitidda</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_248'>248</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXIX.</td><td align='left'>* The Sexton's Nose. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 135, <i>Lu Nasu di lu Sagristanu</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_250'>250</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXX.</td><td align='left'>* The Cock and the Mouse. (Principato Ulteriore, Imbriani, <i>Pomiglianesi</i>, p. 239, <i>'O Gallo e 'o Sorece</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_252'>252</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXXI.</td><td align='left'>* Godmother Fox. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 132, <i>Cummari Vurpidda</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_254'>254</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXXII.</td><td align='left'>* The Cat and the Mouse. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 134, <i>La Gatta e lu Surci</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_257'>257</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXXIII.</td><td align='left'>* A Feast Day. (Venetian, Bernoni, <i>Fiabe</i>, No. 4, <i>'Na Giornada de Sagra</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_261'>261</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXXIV.</td><td align='left'>* The Three Brothers. (Venetian, Bernoni, <i>Trad. pop. venez., Punt.</i> I. p. 18, <i>I tre Fradei</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_263'>263</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXXV.</td><td align='left'>Buchettino. (Tuscan, Papanti, <i>Novelline pop. livornesi</i>, p. 25, <i>Buchettino</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_265'>265</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXXVI.</td><td align='left'>* The Three Goslings. (Venetian, Bernoni, <i>Trad. pop. venez., Punt.</i> III. p. 65, <i>Le Tre Ochete</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_267'>267</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXXVII.</td><td align='left'>* The Cock. (Venetian, Bernoni, <i>Trad. pop. venez., Punt.</i> III. p. 69, <i>El Galo</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_270'>270</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXXVIII.</td><td align='left'>The Cock that wished to become Pope. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No. 66, <i>Von dem Hahne, der Pabst werden wollte</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_272'>272</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXXIX.</td><td align='left'><i>The Goat and the Fox.</i> (Otranto, Morosi, p. 73)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_375'>375</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XC.</td><td align='left'><i>The Ant and the Mouse.</i> (Otranto, Morosi, p. 73)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_376'>376</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XCI.</td><td align='left'>* The Cook. (Milan, <i>Novellaja fiorentina</i>, p. 621, <i>El Coeugh</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_275'>275</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XCII.</td><td align='left'>* The Thoughtless Abbot. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 97, <i>L' Abbati senza Pinseri</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_276'>276</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XCIII.</td><td align='left'>* Bastianelo. (Venetian, Bernoni, <i>Fiabe</i>, No. 6, <i>Bastianelo</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_279'>279</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XCIV.</td><td align='left'>* Christmas. (Neapolitan, Imbriani, <i>Pomiglianesi</i>, p. 226, <i>Natale</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_283'>283</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XCV.</td><td align='left'>* The Wager. (Venetian, Bernoni, <i>Fiabe</i>, No. 13, <i>La Scomessa</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_284'>284</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XCVI.</td><td align='left'>* Scissors They Were. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 257, <i>F&ograve;rfici f&ocirc;ro</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_285'>285</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XCVII.</td><td align='left'>* The Doctor's Apprentice. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 180, <i>L' Apprinnista di lu Medicu</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_287'>287</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XCVIII.</td><td align='left'>* Firrazzanu's Wife and the Queen. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 156, <i>La Mugghieri di Firrazzanu e la Riggina</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_288'>288</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XCIX.</td><td align='left'>* Giuf&agrave; and the Plaster Statue. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 190, I, <i>Giuf&agrave; e la statua di ghissu</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_291'>291</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>C.</td><td align='left'>* Giuf&agrave; and the Judge. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 190, 3, <i>Giuf&agrave; e lu Judici</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_293'>293</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>CI.</td><td align='left'>The Little Omelet. (Tuscan, <i>Novellaja fiorentina</i>, p. 545, <i>La Frittatina</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_294'>294</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>CII.</td><td align='left'>* Eat, my Clothes! (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 190, 9, <i>Manciati, rubbiceddi mei!</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_296'>296</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>CIII.</td><td align='left'>Giuf&agrave;'s Exploits. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No. 37, <i>Giuf&agrave;</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_297'>297</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>CIV.</td><td align='left'>* The Fool. (Venetian, Bernoni, <i>Fiabe</i>, No. 11, <i>El Mato</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_302'>302</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>CV.</td><td align='left'>* Uncle Capriano. (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 157, <i>Lu Zu Crapianu</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_303'>303</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>CVI.</td><td align='left'>* <i>Peter Fullone and the Egg.</i> (Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 200, <i>Petru Fudduni e l' ovu</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_381'>381</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>CVII.</td><td align='left'>The Clever Peasant. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No. 50, <i>Vom Klugen Bauer</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_309'>309</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>CVIII.</td><td align='left'>The Clever Girl. (Tuscan, Comparetti, No. 43, <i>La Ragazza astuta</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_311'>311</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>CIX.</td><td align='left'>Crab. (Mantuan, Visentini, No. 41, <i>G&agrave;mbara)</i></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_314'>314</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>ITALIAN POPULAR TALES</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<h3>FAIRY TALES.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The most wide-spread and interesting class of Fairy Tales is the one in
+which a wife endeavors to behold the face of her husband, who comes to
+her only at night. She succeeds, but her husband disappears, and she is
+not reunited to him until she has expiated her indiscretion by weary
+journeys and the performance of difficult tasks. This class, which is
+evidently the popular form of the classic myth of Cupid and Psyche, may
+for convenience be divided into four classes. The first turns on the
+punishment of the wife's curiosity; the second, on the husband's
+(Melusina); in the third the heroine is married to a monster, is
+separated from him by her disobedience, but finally is the means of his
+recovering his human form; the fourth class is a variant of the first
+and third, the husband being an animal in form, and parted from his wife
+by the curiosity or disobedience of the latter or of her envious
+sisters.</p>
+
+<p>To illustrate the first class, we select, from the large number of
+stories before us, a Sicilian tale (Pitr&egrave;, No. 18) entitled:</p>
+
+
+<h3>I. THE KING OF LOVE.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a man with three daughters, who earned his
+living by gathering wild herbs. One day he took his youngest daughter
+with him. They came to a garden, and began to gather vegetables. The
+daughter saw a fine radish, and began to pull it up, when suddenly a
+Turk<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> appeared, and said: "Why have you opened my master's door? You
+must come in now, and he will decide on your punishment."</p>
+
+<p>They went down into the ground, more dead than alive; and when they were
+seated they saw a green bird come in and bathe in a pan of milk, then
+dry itself, and become a handsome youth. He said to the Turk: "What do
+these persons want?" "Your worship, they pulled up a radish, and opened
+the door of the cave." "How did we know," said the father, "that this
+was Your Excellency's house? My daughter saw a fine radish; it pleased
+her, and she pulled it up." "Well, if that's the case," said the master,
+"your daughter shall stay here as my wife; take this sack of gold and
+go; when you want to see your daughter, come and make yourself at home."
+The father took leave of his daughter and went away.</p>
+
+<p>When the master was alone with her, he said: "You see, Rosella
+(Rusidda), you are now mistress here," and gave her all the keys. She
+was perfectly happy (literally, "was happy to the hairs of her head").
+One day, while the green bird was away, her sisters took it into their
+heads to visit her, and asked her about her husband. Rosella said she
+did not know, for he had made her promise not to try to find out who he
+was. Her sisters, however, persuaded her, and when the bird returned and
+became a man, Rosella put on a downcast air. "What is the matter?" asked
+her husband. "Nothing." "You had better tell me." She let him question
+her a while, and at last said: "Well, then, if you want to know why I am
+out of sorts, it is because I wish to know your name." Her husband told
+her that it would be the worse for her, but she insisted on knowing his
+name. So he made her put the gold basins on a chair, and began to bathe
+his feet. "Rosella, do you really want to know my name?" "Yes." And the
+water came up to his waist, for he had become a bird, and had got into
+the basin. Then he asked her the same question again, and again she
+answered yes, and the water was up to his mouth. "Rosella, do you really
+want to know my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> name?" "Yes, yes, yes!" "Then know that I am called <span class="smcap">The
+King of Love</span>!" And saying this he disappeared, and the basins and the
+palace disappeared likewise, and Rosella found herself alone out in an
+open plain, without a soul to help her. She called her servants, but no
+one answered her. Then she said: "Since my husband has disappeared, I
+must wander about alone and forlorn to seek him!"</p>
+
+<p>The poor woman, who expected before long to become a mother, began her
+wanderings, and at night arrived at another lonely plain; then she felt
+her heart sink, and, not knowing what to do, she cried out:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Ah! King of Love,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">You did it, and said it.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">You disappeared from me in a golden basin,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And who will shelter to-night<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This poor unfortunate one?"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>When she had uttered these words an ogress appeared and said: "Ah!
+wretch, how dare you go about seeking my nephew?" and was going to eat
+her up; but she took pity on her miserable state, and gave her shelter
+for the night. The next morning she gave her a piece of bread, and said:
+"We are seven sisters, all ogresses, and the worst of all is your
+mother-in-law; look out for her!"</p>
+
+<p>To be brief, the poor girl wandered about six days, and met all six of
+the ogresses, who treated her in the same way. The seventh day, in great
+distress, she uttered her usual lament, and the sister of the King of
+Love appeared and said, "Rosella, while my mother is out, come up!" and
+she lowered the braids of her hair, and pulled her up. Then she gave her
+something to eat, and told her how to seize and pinch her mother until
+she cried out: "Let me alone for the sake of my son, the King of Love!"</p>
+
+<p>Rosella did as she was told, but the ogress was so angry she was going
+to eat her. But her daughters threatened to abandon her if she did.
+"Well, then, I will write a letter, and Rosella must carry it to my
+friend." Poor Rosella was disheartened when she saw the letter, and,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+descending, found herself in the midst of a plain. She uttered her usual
+complaint, when the King of Love appeared, and said: "You see your
+curiosity has brought you to this point!" Poor thing! when she saw him
+she began to cry, and begged his pardon for what she had done. He took
+pity on her, and said: "Now listen to what you must do. On your way you
+will come to a river of blood; you must bend down and take some up in
+your hands, and say: 'How beautiful is this crystal water! such water as
+this I have never drunk!' Then you will come to another stream of turbid
+water, and do the same there. Then you will find yourself in a garden
+where there is a great quantity of fruit; pick some and eat it, saying:
+'What fine pears! I have never eaten such pears as these.' Afterward,
+you will come to an oven that bakes bread day and night, and no one buys
+any. When you come there, say: 'Oh, what fine bread! bread like this I
+have never eaten,' and eat some. Then you will come to an entrance
+guarded by two hungry dogs; give them a piece of bread to eat. Then you
+will come to a doorway all dirty and full of cobwebs; take a broom and
+sweep it clean. Half-way up the stairs you will find two giants, each
+with a dirty piece of meat by his side; take a brush and clean it for
+them. When you have entered the house, you will find a razor, a pair of
+scissors, and a knife; take something and polish them. When you have
+done this, go in and deliver your letter to my mother's friend. When she
+wants to make you enter, snatch up a little box on the table, and run
+away. Take care to do all the things I have told you, or else you will
+never escape alive."</p>
+
+<p>Rosella did as she was told, and while the ogress was reading the letter
+Rosella seized the box and ran for her life. When the ogress had
+finished reading her letter, she called: "Rosella! Rosella!" When she
+received no answer, she perceived that she had been betrayed, and cried
+out: "Razor, Scissors, Knife, cut her in pieces!" They answered: "As
+long as we have been razor, scissors, and knife, when did you ever deign
+to polish us? Rosella came<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> and brightened us up." The ogress, enraged,
+exclaimed: "Stairs, swallow her up!" "As long as I have been stairs,
+when did you ever deign to sweep me? Rosella came and swept me." The
+ogress cried in a passion: "Giants, crush her!" "As long as we have been
+giants, when did you ever deign to clean our food for us? Rosella came
+and did it."</p>
+
+<p>Then the furious ogress called on the entrance to bury her alive, the
+dogs to devour her, the furnace to burn her, the fruit-tree to fall on
+her, and the rivers to drown her; but they all remembered Rosella's
+kindness, and refused to injure her.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Rosella continued her way, and at last became curious to know
+what was in the box she was carrying. So she opened it, and a great
+quantity of little puppets came out; some danced, some sang, and some
+played on musical instruments. She amused herself some time with them;
+but when she was ready to go on, the little figures would not return to
+the box. Night approached, and she exclaimed, as she had so often
+before:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Ah! King of Love," etc.</p>
+
+<p>Then her husband appeared and said, "Oh, your curiosity will be the
+death of you!" and commanded the puppets to enter the box again. Then
+Rosella went her way, and arrived safely at her mother-in-law's. When
+the ogress saw her she exclaimed: "You owe this luck to my son, the King
+of Love!" and was going to devour poor Rosella, but her daughters said:
+"Poor child! she has brought you the box; why do you want to eat her?"
+"Well and good. You want to marry my son, the King of Love; then take
+these six mattresses, and go and fill them with birds' feathers!"
+Rosella descended, and began to wander about, uttering her usual lament.
+When her husband appeared Rosella told him what had happened. He
+whistled and the King of the Birds appeared, and commanded all the birds
+to come and drop their feathers, fill the six beds, and carry them back
+to the ogress, who again said that her son had helped Rosella. However,
+she went and made up her son's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> bed with the six mattresses, and that
+very day she made him marry the daughter of the King of Portugal. Then
+she called Rosella, and, telling her that her son was married, bade her
+kneel before the nuptial bed, holding two lighted torches. Rosella
+obeyed, but soon the King of Love, under the plea that Rosella was not
+in a condition to hold the torches any longer, persuaded his bride to
+change places with her. Just as the queen took the torches in her hands,
+the earth opened and swallowed her up, and the king remained happy with
+Rosella.</p>
+
+<p>When the ogress heard what had happened she clasped her hands over her
+head, and declared that Rosella's child should not be born until she
+unclasped her hands. Then the King of Love had a catafalque erected, and
+stretched himself on it as though he were dead, and had all the bells
+tolled, and made the people cry, "How did the King of Love die?" The
+ogress heard it, and asked: "What is that noise?" Her daughters told her
+that their brother was dead from her fault. When the ogress heard this
+she unclasped her hands, saying, "How did my son die?" At that moment
+Rosella's child was born. When the ogress heard it she burst a
+blood-vessel (in her heart) and died. Then the King of Love took his
+wife and sisters, and they remained happy and contented.<a name="FNanchor_1_2" id="FNanchor_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_2" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>There is another version of this story in Pitr&egrave; (No. 281) entitled, "The
+Crystal King," which resembles more closely the classic myth.</p>
+
+<p>A father marries the youngest of his three daughters to a cavalier (the
+enchanted son of a king) who comes to his wife at night only. The
+cavalier once permits his wife to visit her sisters, and they learn from
+her that she has never seen her husband's face. The eldest gives her a
+wax candle, and tells her to light it when her husband is asleep, and
+then she can see him and tell them what he is like. She did so, and
+beheld at her side a handsome youth; but while she was gazing at him
+some of the melted wax fell on his nose. He awoke, crying, "Treason!
+treason!"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> and drove his wife from the house. On her wanderings she
+meets a hermit, and tells him her story. He advises her to have made a
+pair of iron shoes, and when she has worn them out in her travels she
+will come to a palace where they will give her shelter, and where she
+will find her husband. The remainder of the story is of no interest
+here.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the second class of stories belonging to this myth it is the
+curiosity of the husband which is punished, the best known example of
+this class, out of Italy, being the beautiful French legend of
+Melusina.<a name="FNanchor_3_2" id="FNanchor_3_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_2" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> A Sicilian story in Gonzenbach, No. 16, "The Story of the
+Merchant's Son Peppino," is a very close counterpart of "The King of
+Love," above given. Peppino is wrecked on a rock in the sea; the rock
+opens, fair maidens come out and conduct Peppino to a beautiful castle
+in the cave. There a maiden visits him at night only. After a time
+Peppino wishes to see his parents, and his wife allows him to depart,
+with the promise to return at a certain date. His parents, after hearing
+his story, give him a candle with which to see his wife. Everything
+happens as in the first story; the castle disappears, and Peppino finds
+himself on the top of a snow-covered mountain. He recovers his wife only
+after the lapse of many years and the accomplishment of many difficult
+tasks.<a name="FNanchor_4_2" id="FNanchor_4_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_2" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>The third class, generally known by the title of "Beauty and the Beast,"
+is best represented by a story from Montale (near Pistoja), called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>II. ZELINDA AND THE MONSTER.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a poor man who had three daughters; and as the youngest
+was the fairest and most civil, and had the best disposition, her other
+two sisters envied her with a deadly envy, although her father, on the
+contrary, loved her dearly. It happened that in a neighboring town, in
+the month of January, there was a great fair, and that poor man was
+obliged to go there to lay in the provisions necessary for the support
+of his family; and before departing he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> asked his three daughters if
+they would like some small presents in proportion, you understand, to
+his means. Rosina wished a dress, Marietta asked him for a shawl, but
+Zelinda was satisfied with a handsome rose. The poor man set out on his
+journey early the next day, and when he arrived at the fair quickly
+bought what he needed, and afterward easily found Rosina's dress and
+Marietta's shawl; but at that season he could not find a rose for his
+Zelinda, although he took great pains in looking everywhere for one.
+However, anxious to please his dear Zelinda, he took the first road he
+came to, and after journeying a while arrived at a handsome garden
+inclosed by high walls; but as the gate was partly open he entered
+softly. He found the garden filled with every kind of flowers and
+plants, and in a corner was a tall rose-bush full of beautiful
+rose-buds. Wherever he looked no living soul appeared from whom he might
+ask a rose as a gift or for money, so the poor man, without thinking,
+stretched out his hand, and picked a rose for his Zelinda.</p>
+
+<p>Mercy! scarcely had he pulled the flower from the stalk when there arose
+a great noise, and flames darted from the earth, and all at once there
+appeared a terrible Monster with the figure of a dragon, and hissed with
+all his might, and cried out, enraged at that poor Christian: "Rash man!
+what have you done? Now you must die at once, for you have had the
+audacity to touch and destroy my rose-bush." The poor man, more than
+half dead with terror, began to weep and beg for mercy on his knees,
+asking pardon for the fault he had committed, and told why he had picked
+the rose; and then he added: "Let me depart; I have a family, and if I
+am killed they will go to destruction." But the Monster, more wicked
+than ever, responded: "Listen; one must die. Either bring me the girl
+that asked for the rose or I will kill you this very moment." It was
+impossible to move him by prayers or lamentations; the Monster persisted
+in his decision, and did not let the poor man go until he had sworn to
+bring him there in the garden his daughter Zelinda.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Imagine how downhearted that poor man returned home! He gave his oldest
+daughters their presents and Zelinda her rose; but his face was
+distorted and as white as though he had arisen from the dead; so that
+the girls, in terror, asked him what had happened and whether he had met
+with any misfortune. They were urgent, and at last the poor man, weeping
+bitterly, related the misfortunes of that unhappy journey and on what
+condition he had been able finally to return home. "In short," he
+exclaimed, "either Zelinda or I must be eaten alive by the Monster."
+Then the two sisters emptied the vials of their wrath on Zelinda. "Just
+see," they said, "that affected, capricious girl! She shall go to the
+Monster! She who wanted roses at this season. No, indeed! Papa must stay
+with us. The stupid creature!" At all these taunts Zelinda, without
+growing angry, simply said: "It is right that the one who has caused the
+misfortune should pay for it. I will go to the Monster's. Yes, Papa,
+take me to the garden, and the Lord's will be done."</p>
+
+<p>The next day Zelinda and her sorrowful father began their journey and at
+nightfall arrived at the garden gate. When they entered they saw as
+usual no one, but they beheld a lordly palace all lighted and the doors
+wide open. When the two travellers entered the vestibule, suddenly four
+marble statues, with lighted torches in their hands, descended from
+their pedestals, and accompanied them up the stairs to a large hall
+where a table was lavishly spread. The travellers, who were very hungry,
+sat down and began to eat without ceremony; and when they had finished,
+the same statues conducted them to two handsome chambers for the night.
+Zelinda and her father were so weary that they slept like dormice all
+night.</p>
+
+<p>At daybreak Zelinda and her father arose, and were served with
+everything for breakfast by invisible hands. Then they descended to the
+garden, and began to seek the Monster. When they came to the rose-bush
+he appeared in all his frightful ugliness. Zelinda, on seeing him,
+became pale with fear, and her limbs trembled, but the Monster<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> regarded
+her attentively with his great fiery eyes, and afterward said to the
+poor man: "Very well; you have kept your word, and I am satisfied. Now
+depart and leave me alone here with the young girl." At this command the
+old man thought he should die; and Zelinda, too, stood there half
+stupefied and her eyes full of tears; but entreaties were of no avail;
+the Monster remained as obdurate as a stone, and the poor man was
+obliged to depart, leaving his dear Zelinda in the Monster's power.</p>
+
+<p>When the Monster was alone with Zelinda he began to caress her, and make
+loving speeches to her, and managed to appear quite civil. There was no
+danger of his forgetting her, and he saw that she wanted nothing, and
+every day, talking with her in the garden, he asked her: "Do you love
+me, Zelinda? Will you be my wife?" The young girl always answered him in
+the same way: "I like you, sir, but I will never be your wife." Then the
+Monster appeared very sorrowful, and redoubled his caresses and
+attentions, and, sighing deeply, said: "But you see, Zelinda, if you
+should marry me wonderful things would happen. What they are I cannot
+tell you until you will be my wife."</p>
+
+<p>Zelinda, although in her heart not dissatisfied with that beautiful
+place and with being treated like a queen, still did not feel at all
+like marrying the Monster, because he was too ugly and looked like a
+beast, and always answered his requests in the same manner. One day,
+however, the Monster called Zelinda in haste, and said: "Listen,
+Zelinda; if you do not consent to marry me it is fated that your father
+must die. He is ill and near the end of his life, and you will not be
+able even to see him again. See whether I am telling you the truth."
+And, drawing out an enchanted mirror, the Monster showed Zelinda her
+father on his death-bed. At that spectacle Zelinda, in despair and half
+mad with grief, cried: "Oh, save my father, for mercy's sake! Let me be
+able to embrace him once more before he dies. Yes, yes, I promise you I
+will be your faithful and constant wife, and that without delay. But
+save my father from death."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Scarcely had Zelinda uttered these words when suddenly the Monster was
+transformed into a very handsome youth. Zelinda was astounded by this
+unexpected change, and the young man took her by the hand, and said:
+"Know, dear Zelinda, that I am the son of the King of the Oranges. An
+old witch, touching me, changed me into the terrible Monster I was, and
+condemned me to be hidden in this rose-bush until a beautiful girl
+consented to become my wife."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The remainder of the story has no interest here. Zelinda and her husband
+strive to obtain his parents' consent to his marriage. They refuse and
+the young couple run away from the royal palace and fall into the power
+of an ogre and his wife, from whom they at last escape.<a name="FNanchor_5_2" id="FNanchor_5_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_2" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>A characteristic trait of this class of stories is omitted in the above
+version, but found in a number of others. In a Sicilian version (Pitr&egrave;,
+No. 39, "The Empress Rosina") the monster permits Rosina to visit her
+family, but warns her that if she does not return at the end of nine
+days he will die. He gives her a ring the stone of which will grow black
+in that event. The nine days pass unheeded, and when Rosina looks at her
+ring it is as black as pitch. She returns in haste, and finds the
+monster writhing in the last agony under the rose-bush. Four days she
+rubbed him with some ointment she found in the palace, and the monster
+recovered. As in the last story, he resumes his shape when Rosina
+consents to marry him. In one of Pitr&egrave;'s variants the monster allows
+Elizabeth to visit her dying father, if she will promise not to tear her
+hair. When her father dies she forgets, in her grief, her promise, and
+tears out her hair. When she returns to the palace the monster has
+disappeared. She seeks him, exclaiming:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Fierce animal mine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If I find thee alive<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I will marry thee although an animal."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>She finds him at last, and he resumes his form.<a name="FNanchor_6_2" id="FNanchor_6_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_2" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>The fourth class consists of stories more or less distantly connected
+with the first and third classes above mentioned,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> and which turn on the
+heroine's separation from, and search after, her lost husband, usually
+an animal in form.</p>
+
+<p>The example we have selected from this class is from Venice (Bernoni,
+XVII.), and is as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<h3>III. KING BEAN.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once an old man who had three daughters. One day the youngest
+called her father into her room, and requested him to go to King Bean
+and ask him whether he wished her for his wife. The poor old man said:
+"You want me to go, but what shall I do; I have never been there?" "No
+matter," she answered; "I wish you to obey me and go." Then he started
+on his way, and asked (for he did not know) where the king lived, and
+they pointed out the palace to him. When he was in the king's presence
+he said: "Your Majesty's servant." The king replied: "What do you want
+of me, my good old man?" Then he told him that his daughter was in love
+with him, and wanted to marry him. The king answered: "How can she be in
+love with me when she has never seen or known me?" "She is killing
+herself with weeping, and cannot stand it much longer." The king
+replied: "Here is a white handkerchief; let her dry her tears with it."</p>
+
+<p>The old man took back the handkerchief and the message to his daughter,
+who said: "Well, after three or four days you must go back again, and
+tell him that I will kill myself or hang myself if he will not marry
+me."</p>
+
+<p>The old man went back, and said to the king: "Your Majesty, do me the
+favor to marry my daughter; if not, she will make a great spectacle of
+herself." The king replied: "Behold how many handsome portraits I have
+here, and how many beautiful young girls I have, and not one of them
+suits me." The old man said: "She told me also to say to you that if you
+did not marry her she would kill herself or hang herself." Then the king
+gave him a knife and a rope, and said: "Here is a knife if she wants to
+kill herself, and here is a rope if she wants to hang herself."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The old man bore this message back to his daughter, who told her father
+that he must go back to the king again, and not leave him until he
+obtained his consent. The old man returned once more, and, falling on
+his knees before the king, said: "Do me this great favor: take my
+daughter for your wife; do not say no, for the poor girl is beside
+herself." The king answered: "Rise, good old man, and I will consent,
+for I am sorry for your long journeys. But hear what your daughter must
+do first. She must prepare three vessels: one of milk and water, one of
+milk, and one of rose-water. And here is a bean; when she wants to speak
+with me, let her go out on the balcony and open the bean, and I will
+come."</p>
+
+<p>The old man returned home this time more satisfied, and told his
+daughter what she must do. She prepared the three vessels as directed,
+and then opened the bean on the balcony, and saw at once something
+flying from a distance towards her. It flew into the room by the
+balcony, and entered the vessel of water and milk to bathe; then it
+hastened into the vessel of milk, and finally into that containing the
+rose-water. And then there came out the handsomest youth that was ever
+seen, and made love to the young girl. Afterward, when they were tired
+of their love-making, he bade her good-night, and flew away.</p>
+
+<p>After a time, when her sisters saw that she was always shut up in her
+room, the oldest said: "Why does she shut herself up in her room all the
+time?" The other sister replied: "Because she has King Bean, who is
+making love to her." The oldest said: "Wait until she goes to church,
+and then we will see what there is in her room." One day the youngest
+locked her door, and went to church. Then the two sisters broke open the
+door, and saw the three vessels prepared, and said: "This is the vessel
+in which the king goes to bathe." The oldest said: "Let us go down into
+the store, and get some broken glass, and put a little in each of the
+three vessels; and when the king bathes in them, the glass will pierce
+him and cut all his body."</p>
+
+<p>They did so, and then left the room looking as it did<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> first. When the
+youngest sister returned, she went to her room, and wished to talk with
+her husband. She opened the balcony, and then she opened the bean, and
+saw at once her husband come flying from a distance, with his arms open
+to embrace her. He flew on to the balcony, and threw himself into the
+vessel of milk and water, and the pieces of glass pierced his body; then
+he entered the vessel of milk and that of rose-water, and his body was
+filled with the fragments of glass. When he came out of the rose-water,
+he flew away. Then his wife hastened out on the balcony, and saw a
+streak of blood wherever he had flown. Then she looked into the vessels,
+and saw all three full of blood, and cried: "I have been betrayed! I
+have been betrayed!"</p>
+
+<p>She called her father, and told him that she had been betrayed by her
+sisters, and that she wished to go away and see whether she could cure
+her husband. She departed, and had not gone far when she found herself
+in a forest. There she saw a little house, with a little bit of a door,
+at which she knocked, and heard a voice saying, "Are you Christians?"
+She replied, "Yes." Then the door opened, and she saw a holy hermit, who
+said: "Blessed one, how did you get here? In a moment the witches will
+come who might bewitch you." She replied: "Father, I am seeking King
+Bean, who is ill." The hermit said: "I know nothing about him. Climb
+that tree; the witches will soon come, and you will learn something from
+them. If you want anything afterward, come to me, and I will give it to
+you."</p>
+
+<p>When she was up the tree she heard a loud noise and the words, "Here we
+are! here we are!" and all the witches run and seat themselves on the
+ground in the midst of the forest, and begin to say: "The cripple is not
+here! Where has that cursed cripple gone?" Some one answered: "Here she
+is coming!" Another said: "You cursed cripple, where have you been?" The
+cripple answered: "Be still; I will tell you now. But wait a moment
+until I shake this tree to see whether there is any one in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> it." The
+poor girl held on firmly so as not to fall down. After she had shaken it
+this cripple said to her companions: "Do you want me to tell you
+something? King Bean has only two hours to live." Another witch said:
+"What is the matter with him?" The cripple answered: "He had a wife, and
+she put some broken glass in the three vessels, and he filled his body
+with it." Another witch asked: "Is there nothing that can cure him?" The
+cripple replied: "It is very difficult." Another said: "What would be
+necessary?" The cripple said: "Listen to what it needs. One of us must
+be killed, and her blood put in a kettle, and have added to it the blood
+of one of these doves flying about here. When this blood is well mixed,
+it must be heated, and with this blood the whole body of the king must
+be anointed. Another thing yet is necessary. Under the stone you see
+there is a flask of water. The stone must be removed, a bottle of the
+water must be poured over the king, and all the bits of glass will come
+out of him, and in five minutes he will be safe and sound."</p>
+
+<p>Then the witches ate and drank until they were intoxicated and tired,
+and then threw themselves down on the ground to sleep. When the young
+girl saw that they were asleep, she descended quietly from the tree,
+knocked at the hermit's door, told him what the witches had said, and
+asked him for a kettle, knife, and bottle. He gave them to her, and
+caught a dove, which he killed, bled, and put the blood in a kettle.</p>
+
+<p>The young girl did not know which one of the witches to kill, but
+finally she decided to kill the cripple who had spoken, and put her
+blood in the kettle. Afterward she lifted the stone, found the flask of
+water, and filled her bottle with it. She then returned to the hermit,
+and told him all she had done. He gave her a physician's dress, which
+she put on, and went to the palace of King Bean. There she asked the
+guards to let her pass, for she was going, she said, to see about curing
+the king. The guards refused at first, but, seeing her so confident,
+allowed her to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> enter. The king's mother went to her at once and said:
+"My good physician, if you can cure my son, you shall mount the throne,
+and I will give you my crown." "I have come in haste from a distance,"
+said the physician, "and will cure him." Then the physician went to the
+kitchen, put the kettle on the fire, and afterward entered the room of
+the king, who had but a few minutes to live, anointed his whole body
+with the blood, and then poured the bottle of water all over him. Then
+the glass came out of his body, and in five minutes he was safe and
+sound. The king said: "Here, physician, is my crown. I wish to put it on
+your head." The physician answered: "How did your Majesty come to have
+this slight trouble?" The king said: "On account of my wife. I went to
+make love to her, and she prepared for me three vessels of water and
+milk, of milk, and of rose-water, and put broken glass in them, so that
+I had my body full of it." Said the physician: "See whether it was your
+wife who worked you this treason! Could it not have been some one else?"
+"That is impossible," said the king; "for no one entered her room." "And
+what would you do," said the physician, "if you had her now in your
+hands?" "I would kill her with a knife." "You are right," said the
+physician; "because, if it is true that she has acted thus, she deserves
+nothing but death."</p>
+
+<p>Then the physician said he must depart; but the king's mother said: "No,
+no! It shall never be said that after saving my son's life you went
+away. Here you are, and here I wish you to stay; and, on account of the
+promise I made you, I wish my crown to come upon your head." "I want but
+one thing," said the physician. "Command, doctor; only say what you
+desire." "I wish the king to write on the palm of one of my hands my
+name and surname, and on the other his name and surname." The king did
+so, and the physician said: "Now I am going to make some visits, then I
+will return."</p>
+
+<p>Instead of returning, the pretended physician went to her own home, and
+threw away the water and milk in the three<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> vessels, and put in other
+pure water and milk and rose-water. Then she went out on the balcony,
+and opened the bean. The king, who felt his heart opened, seized his
+dagger, and hastened to his wife to kill her. When she saw the dagger,
+she raised her hands, and the king beheld his name and hers. Then he
+threw his dagger away, bathed in the three vessels, and then threw his
+arms about his wife's neck, and exclaimed: "If you are the one who did
+me so much harm, you are also the one who cured me." She answered: "It
+was not I. I was betrayed by my sisters." "If that is so," said he,
+"come at once to my parents' house, and we will be married there." When
+she arrived at the king's palace, she related everything to his parents,
+and showed them her hands with her name and surname. Then the king's
+parents embraced her, and gave her a wedding, and she and the king loved
+each other as long as they lived.<a name="FNanchor_7_2" id="FNanchor_7_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_2" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The next class to which we shall direct our attention is the one in
+which jealous relatives (usually envious sisters or mother-in-law),
+steal a mother's new-born children, who are exposed and afterwards
+rescued and brought up far from their home by some childless person; or
+the mother is accused of having devoured them, and is repudiated or
+punished, and finally delivered and restored to her former position by
+her children, who are discovered by their father.<a name="FNanchor_8_2" id="FNanchor_8_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_2" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>The following story, belonging to this class, is from Pitr&egrave; (No. 36),
+slightly condensed.</p>
+
+
+<h3>IV. THE DANCING WATER, THE SINGING APPLE, AND THE SPEAKING BIRD.<a name="FNanchor_9_2" id="FNanchor_9_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_2" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>
+</h3>
+<p>There was once an herb-gatherer who had three daughters who earned their
+living by spinning. One day their father died and left them all alone in
+the world. Now the king had a habit of going about the streets at night,
+and listening at the doors to hear what the people said of him.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> One
+night he listened at the door of the house where the three sisters
+lived, and heard them disputing about something. The oldest said: "If I
+were the wife of the royal butler, I would give the whole court to drink
+out of one glass of water, and there would be some left." The second
+said: "If I were the wife of the keeper of the royal wardrobe, with one
+piece of cloth I would clothe all the attendants, and have some left."
+The youngest said: "Were I the king's wife, I would bear him three
+children: two sons with apples in their hands, and a daughter with a
+star on her brow."</p>
+
+<p>The king went back to his palace, and the next morning sent for the
+sisters, and said to them: "Do not be frightened, but tell me what you
+said last night." The oldest told him what she had said, and the king
+had a glass of water brought, and commanded her to prove her words. She
+took the glass, and gave all the attendants to drink, and there was some
+water left. "Bravo!" cried the king, and summoned the butler. "This is
+your husband. Now it is your turn," said the king to the next sister,
+and commanded a piece of cloth to be brought, and the young girl at once
+cut out garments for all the attendants, and had some cloth left.
+"Bravo!" cried the king again, and gave her the keeper of the wardrobe
+for her husband. "Now it is your turn," said the king to the youngest.
+"Your Majesty, I said that were I the king's wife, I would bear him
+three children: two sons with apples in their hands, and a daughter with
+a star on her brow." The king replied: "If that is true, you shall be
+queen; if not, you shall die," and straightway he married her.</p>
+
+<p>Very soon the two older sisters began to be envious of the youngest.
+"Look," said they: "she is going to be queen, and we must be servants!"
+and they began to hate her. A few months before the queen's children
+were to be born, the king declared war, and was obliged to depart; but
+he left word that if the queen had three children: two sons with apples
+in their hands and a girl with a star on her brow, the mother was to be
+respected as queen; if not,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> he was to be informed of it, and would tell
+his servants what to do. Then he departed for the war.</p>
+
+<p>When the queen's children were born, as she had promised, the envious
+sisters bribed the nurse to put little dogs in the place of the queen's
+children, and sent word to the king that his wife had given birth to
+three puppies. He wrote back that she should be taken care of for two
+weeks, and then put into a tread-mill.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the nurse took the little babies, and carried them out of
+doors, saying: "I will make the dogs eat them up," and she left them
+alone. While they were thus exposed, three fairies passed by and
+exclaimed: "Oh how beautiful these children are!" and one of the fairies
+said: "What present shall we make these children?" One answered: "I will
+give them a deer to nurse them." "And I a purse always full of money."
+"And I," said the third fairy, "will give them a ring which will change
+color when any misfortune happens to one of them."</p>
+
+<p>The deer nursed and took care of the children until they grew up. Then
+the fairy who had given them the deer came and said: "Now that you have
+grown up, how can you stay here any longer?" "Very well," said one of
+the brothers, "I will go to the city and hire a house." "Take care,"
+said the deer, "that you hire one opposite the royal palace." So they
+all went to the city and hired a palace as directed, and furnished it as
+if they had been royal personages. When the aunts saw these three
+youths, imagine their terror! "They are alive!" they said. They could
+not be mistaken, for there were the apples in their hands, and the star
+on the girl's brow. They called the nurse and said to her: "Nurse, what
+does this mean? are our nephews and niece alive?" The nurse watched at
+the window until she saw the two brothers go out, and then she went over
+as if to make a visit to the new house. She entered and said: "What is
+the matter, my daughter; how do you do? Are you perfectly happy? You
+lack nothing. But do you know what is necessary to make you really
+happy? It is the Dancing Water. If your brothers love<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> you, they will
+get it for you!" She remained a moment longer and then departed.</p>
+
+<p>When one of the brothers returned, his sister said to him: "Ah! my
+brother, if you love me go and get me the Dancing Water." He consented,
+and next morning saddled a fine horse, and departed. On his way he met a
+hermit, who asked him, "Where are you going, cavalier?" "I am going for
+the Dancing Water." "You are going to your death, my son; but keep on
+until you find a hermit older than I." He continued his journey until he
+met another hermit, who asked him the same question, and gave him the
+same direction. Finally he met a third hermit, older than the other two,
+with a white beard that came down to his feet, who gave him the
+following directions: "You must climb yonder mountain. On top of it you
+will find a great plain and a house with a beautiful gate. Before the
+gate you will see four giants with swords in their hands. Take heed; do
+not make a mistake; for if you do that is the end of you! When the
+giants have their eyes closed, do not enter; when they have their eyes
+open, enter. Then you will come to a door. If you find it open, do not
+enter; if you find it shut, push it open and enter. Then you will find
+four lions. When they have their eyes shut, do not enter; when their
+eyes are open, enter, and you will see the Dancing Water." The youth
+took leave of the hermit, and hastened on his way.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the sister kept looking at the ring constantly, to see whether
+the stone in it changed color; but as it did not, she remained
+undisturbed.</p>
+
+<p>A few days after leaving the hermit the youth arrived at the top of the
+mountain, and saw the palace with the four giants before it. They had
+their eyes shut, and the door was open. "No," said the youth, "that
+won't do." And so he remained on the lookout a while. When the giants
+opened their eyes, and the door closed, he entered, waited until the
+lions opened their eyes, and passed in. There he found the Dancing
+Water, and filled his bottles with it, and escaped when the lions again
+opened their eyes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The aunts, meanwhile, were delighted because their nephew did not
+return; but in a few days he appeared and embraced his sister. Then they
+had two golden basins made, and put into them the Dancing Water, which
+leaped from one basin to the other. When the aunts saw it they
+exclaimed: "Ah! how did he manage to get that water?" and called the
+nurse, who again waited until the sister was alone, and then visited
+her. "You see," said she, "how beautiful the Dancing Water is! But do
+you know what you want now? The Singing Apple." Then she departed. When
+the brother who had brought the Dancing Water returned, his sister said
+to him: "If you love me you must get for me the Singing Apple." "Yes, my
+sister, I will go and get it."</p>
+
+<p>Next morning he mounted his horse, and set out. After a time he met the
+first hermit, who sent him to an older one. He asked the youth where he
+was going, and said: "It is a difficult task to get the Singing Apple,
+but hear what you must do: Climb the mountain; beware of the giants, the
+door, and the lions; then you will find a little door and a pair of
+shears in it. If the shears are open, enter; if closed, do not risk it."
+The youth continued his way, found the palace, entered, and found
+everything favorable. When he saw the shears open, he went in a room and
+saw a wonderful tree, on top of which was an apple. He climbed up and
+tried to pick the apple, but the top of the tree swayed now this way,
+now that. He waited until it was still a moment, seized the branch, and
+picked the apple. He succeeded in getting safely out of the palace,
+mounted his horse, and rode home, and all the time he was carrying the
+apple it kept making a sound.</p>
+
+<p>The aunts were again delighted because their nephew was so long absent;
+but when they saw him return, they felt as though the house had fallen
+on them. Again they summoned the nurse, and again she visited the young
+girl, and said: "See how beautiful they are, the Dancing Water and the
+Singing Apple! But should you see the Speaking Bird, there would be
+nothing left for you to see." "Very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> well," said the young girl; "we
+will see whether my brother will get it for me."</p>
+
+<p>When her brother came she asked him for the Speaking Bird, and he
+promised to get it for her. He met, as usual on his journey, the first
+hermit, who sent him to the second, who sent him on to a third one, who
+said to him: "Climb the mountain and enter the palace. You will find
+many statues. Then you will come to a garden, in the midst of which is a
+fountain, and on the basin is the Speaking Bird. If it should say
+anything to you, do not answer. Pick a feather from the bird's wing, dip
+it into a jar you will find there, and anoint all the statues. Keep your
+eyes open, and all will go well."</p>
+
+<p>The youth already knew well the way, and soon was in the palace. He
+found the garden and the bird, which, as soon as it saw him, exclaimed:
+"What is the matter, noble sir; have you come for me? You have missed
+it. Your aunts have sent you to your death, and you must remain here.
+Your mother has been sent to the tread-mill." "My mother in the
+tread-mill?" cried the youth, and scarcely were the words out of his
+mouth when he became a statue like all the others.</p>
+
+<p>When the sister looked at her ring she saw that it had changed its color
+to blue. "Ah!" she exclaimed, and sent her other brother after the
+first. Everything happened to him as to the first. He met the three
+hermits, received his instructions, and soon found himself in the
+palace, where he discovered the garden with the statues, the fountain,
+and the Speaking Bird.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the aunts, who saw that both their nephews were missing, were
+delighted; and the sister, on looking at her ring, saw that it had
+become clear again.</p>
+
+<p>Now when the Speaking Bird saw the youth appear in the garden it said to
+him: "What has become of your brother? Your mother has been sent to the
+tread-mill." "Alas, my mother in the tread-mill!" And when he had spoken
+these words he became a statue.</p>
+
+<p>The sister looked at her ring, and it had become black.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> Poor child! not
+having anything else to do, she dressed herself like a page and set out.</p>
+
+<p>Like her brothers, she met the three hermits, and received their
+instructions. The third concluded thus: "Beware, for if you answer when
+the bird speaks you will lose your life." She continued her way,
+followed exactly the hermit's directions, and reached the garden in
+safety. When the bird saw her it exclaimed: "Ah! you here, too? Now you
+will meet the same fate as your brothers. Do you see them? one, two, and
+you make three. Your father is at the war. Your mother is in the
+tread-mill. Your aunts are rejoicing." She did not reply, but let the
+bird sing on. When it had nothing more to say it flew down, and the
+young girl caught it, pulled a feather from its wing, dipped it into the
+jar, and anointed her brothers' nostrils, and they at once came to life
+again. Then she did the same with all the other statues, with the lions
+and the giants, until all became alive again. Then she departed with her
+brothers, and all the noblemen, princes, barons, and kings' sons
+rejoiced greatly. Now when they had all come to life again the palace
+disappeared, and the hermits disappeared, for they were the three
+fairies.</p>
+
+<p>The day after the brothers and sister reached the city where they lived,
+they summoned a goldsmith, and had him make a gold chain, and fasten the
+bird with it. The next time the aunts looked out they saw in the window
+of the palace opposite the Dancing Water, the Singing Apple, and the
+Speaking Bird. "Well," said they, "the real trouble is coming now!"</p>
+
+<p>The bird directed the brothers and sister to procure a carriage finer
+than the king's, with twenty-four attendants, and to have the service of
+their palace, cooks and servants, more numerous and better than the
+king's. All of which the brothers did at once. And when the aunts saw
+these things they were ready to die of rage.</p>
+
+<p>At last the king returned from the war, and his subjects told him all
+the news of the kingdom, and the thing they talked about the least was
+his wife and children. One day<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> the king looked out of the window and
+saw the palace opposite furnished in a magnificent manner. "Who lives
+there?" he asked, but no one could answer him. He looked again and saw
+the brothers and sister, the former with the apples in their hands, and
+the latter with the star on her brow. "Gracious! if I did not know that
+my wife had given birth to three puppies, I should say that those were
+my children," exclaimed the king. Another day he stood by the window and
+enjoyed the Dancing Water and the Singing Apple, but the bird was
+silent. After the king had heard all the music, the bird said: "What
+does your Majesty think of it?" The king was astonished at hearing the
+Speaking Bird, and answered: "What should I think? It is marvellous."
+"There is something more marvellous," said the bird; "just wait." Then
+the bird told his mistress to call her brothers, and said: "There is the
+king; let us invite him to dinner on Sunday. Shall we not?" "Yes, yes,"
+they all said. So the king was invited and accepted, and on Sunday the
+bird had a grand dinner prepared and the king came. When he saw the
+young people, he clapped his hands and said: "I cannot persuade myself;
+they seem my children."</p>
+
+<p>He went over the palace and was astonished at its richness. Then they
+went to dinner, and while they were eating the king said: "Bird, every
+one is talking; you alone are silent." "Ah! your Majesty, I am ill; but
+next Sunday I shall be well and able to talk, and will come and dine at
+your palace with this lady and these gentlemen." The next Sunday the
+bird directed his mistress and her brothers to put on their finest
+clothes; so they dressed in royal style and took the bird with them. The
+king showed them through his palace and treated them with the greatest
+ceremony: the aunts were nearly dead with fear. When they had seated
+themselves at the table, the king said: "Come, bird, you promised me you
+would speak; have you nothing to say?" Then the bird began and related
+all that had happened from the time the king had listened at the door
+until his poor wife had been sent to the tread-mill; then<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> the bird
+added: "These are your children, and your wife was sent to the mill, and
+is dying." When the king heard all this, he hastened to embrace his
+children, and then went to find his poor wife, who was reduced to skin
+and bones and was at the point of death. He knelt before her and begged
+her pardon, and then summoned her sisters and the nurse, and when they
+were in his presence he said to the bird: "Bird, you who have told me
+everything, now pronounce their sentence." Then the bird sentenced the
+nurse to be thrown out of the window, and the sisters to be cast into a
+cauldron of boiling oil. This was at once done. The king was never tired
+of embracing his wife. Then the bird departed and the king and his wife
+and children lived together in peace.<a name="FNanchor_10_2" id="FNanchor_10_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_2" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We next pass to the class of stories in which children are promised by
+their parents to witches or the Evil One. The children who are thus
+promised are often unborn, and the promise is made by the parents either
+to escape some danger with which they are threatened by witch or demon,
+or in return for money. Sometimes there is a misunderstanding, as in
+Grimm's story of the "Handless Maiden," where the Miller in return for
+riches promises the Evil One to give him "what stands behind his mill."
+The Miller supposes his apple-tree is meant, but it is his daughter, who
+happened to be behind the mill when the compact was made. The most usual
+form of the story in Italian is this: A woman who expects to give birth
+to a child is seized with a great longing for some herb or fruit
+(generally parsley) growing in the witch's garden. The witch (ogress)
+catches her picking it, and only releases her on condition that she
+shall give her the child after it is born and has reached a definite
+age. The following Sicilian story from Gonzenbach (No. 53) will
+illustrate this class sufficiently:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>V. THE FAIR ANGIOLA.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there were seven women, neighbors, all of whom were
+seized with a great longing for some jujubes which only grew in a garden
+opposite the place where they all lived, and which belonged to a witch.
+Now this witch had a donkey that watched the garden and told the old
+witch when any one entered. The seven neighbors, however, had such a
+desire for the jujubes that they entered the garden and threw the donkey
+some nice soft grass, and while he was eating it they filled their
+aprons with jujubes and escaped before the witch appeared. This they did
+several times, until at last the witch noticed that some one had been in
+her garden, for many of the jujubes were gone. She questioned the
+donkey, but he had eaten the nice grass and noticed nothing. Then she
+resolved the third day to remain in the garden herself. In the middle of
+it was a hole, in which she hid and covered herself with leaves and
+branches, leaving only one of her long ears sticking out. The seven
+neighbors once more went into the garden and began picking jujubes, when
+one of them noticed the witch's ear sticking out of the leaves and
+thought it was a mushroom and tried to pick it. Then the witch jumped
+out of the hole and ran after the women, all of whom escaped but one.
+The witch was going to eat her, but she begged hard for pardon and
+promised never to enter the garden again. The witch finally forgave her
+on the condition that she would give her her child, yet unborn, whether
+a boy or girl, when it was seven years old. The poor woman promised in
+her distress, and the witch let her go.</p>
+
+<p>Some time after the woman had a beautiful little girl whom she named
+Angiola. When Angiola was six years old, her mother sent her to school
+to learn to sew and knit. On her way to school she had to pass the
+garden where the witch lived. One day, when she was almost seven, she
+saw the witch standing in front of her garden. She beckoned to Angiola
+and gave her some fine fruits and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> said: "You see, fair Angiola, I am
+your aunt. Tell your mother you have seen your aunt, and she sends her
+word not to forget her promise." Angiola went home and told her mother,
+who was frightened and said to herself: "Ah! the time has come when I
+must give up my Angiola." Then she said to the child: "When your aunt
+asks you to-morrow for an answer, tell her you forgot her errand." The
+next day she told the witch as she was directed. "Very well," she
+replied, "tell her to-day, but don't forget." Thus several days passed;
+the witch was constantly on the watch for Angiola when she went to
+school, and wanted to know her mother's answer, but Angiola always
+declared that she had forgotten to ask her. One day, however, the witch
+became angry and said: "Since you are so forgetful, I must give you some
+token to remind you of your errand." Then she bit Angiola's little
+finger so hard that she bit a piece out. Angiola went home in tears and
+showed her mother her finger. "Ah!" thought her mother, "there is no
+help for it. I must give my poor child to the witch, or else she will
+eat her up in her anger." The next morning as Angiola was going to
+school, her mother said to her: "Tell your aunt to do with you as she
+thinks best." Angiola did so, and the witch said: "Very well, then come
+with me, for you are mine."</p>
+
+<p>So the witch took the fair Angiola with her and led her away to a tower
+which had no door and but one small window. There Angiola lived with the
+witch, who treated her very kindly, for she loved her as her own child.
+When the witch came home after her excursions, she stood under the
+window and cried: "Angiola, fair Angiola, let down your pretty tresses
+and pull me up!" Now Angiola had beautiful long hair, which she let down
+and with which she pulled the witch up.</p>
+
+<p>Now it happened one day when Angiola had grown to be a large and
+beautiful maiden, that the king's son went hunting and chanced to come
+where the tower was. He was astonished at seeing the house without any
+door, and wondered how the people got in. Just then the old witch<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+returned home, stood under the window, and called: "Angiola, fair
+Angiola, let down your beautiful tresses and pull me up." Immediately
+the beautiful tresses fell down, and the witch climbed up by them. This
+pleased the prince greatly, and he hid himself near by until the witch
+went away again. Then he went and stood under the window and called:
+"Angiola, fair Angiola, let down your beautiful tresses and pull me up."
+Then Angiola let down her tresses and drew up the prince, for she
+believed it was the witch. When she saw the prince, she was much
+frightened at first, but he addressed her in a friendly manner and
+begged her to fly with him and become his wife.</p>
+
+<p>She finally consented, and in order that the witch should not know where
+she had gone she gave all the chairs, tables, and cupboards in the house
+something to eat; for they were all living beings and might betray her.
+The broom, however, stood behind the door, so she did not notice it, and
+gave it nothing to eat. Then she took from the witch's chamber three
+magic balls of yarn, and fled with the prince. The witch had a little
+dog that loved the fair Angiola so dearly that it followed her.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after they had fled, the witch came back, and called: "Angiola,
+fair Angiola, let down your beautiful tresses and draw me up." But the
+tresses were not let down for all she called, and at last she had to get
+a long ladder and climb in at the window. When she could not find
+Angiola, she asked the tables and chairs and cupboards: "Where has she
+fled?" But they answered: "We do not know." The broom, however, called
+out from the corner: "The fair Angiola has fled with the king's son, who
+is going to marry her." Then the witch started in pursuit of them and
+nearly overtook them. But Angiola threw down behind her one of the magic
+balls of yarn, and there arose a great mountain of soap. When the witch
+tried to climb it she slipped back, but she persevered until at last she
+succeeded in getting over it, and hastened after the fugitives. Then
+Angiola threw down the second ball of yarn, and there arose a great
+mountain covered all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> over with nails small and large. Again the witch
+had to struggle hard to cross it; when she did she was almost flayed.
+When Angiola saw that the witch had almost overtaken them again, she
+threw down the third ball, and there arose a mighty torrent. The witch
+tried to swim across it, but the stream kept increasing in size until
+she had at last to turn back. Then in her anger she cursed the fair
+Angiola, saying: "May your beautiful face be turned into the face of a
+dog!" and instantly Angiola's face became a dog's face.</p>
+
+<p>The prince was very sorrowful and said: "How can I take you home to my
+parents? They would never allow me to marry a maiden with a dog's face."
+So he took her to a little house, where she was to live until the
+enchantment was removed. He himself returned to his parents; but
+whenever he went hunting he visited poor Angiola. She often wept
+bitterly over her misfortunes, until one day the little dog that had
+followed her from the witch's said: "Do not weep, fair Angiola. I will
+go to the witch and beg her to remove the enchantment." Then the little
+dog started off and returned to the witch and sprang up on her and
+caressed her. "Are you here again, you ungrateful beast?" cried the
+witch, and pushed the dog away. "Did you leave me to follow the
+ungrateful Angiola?" But the little dog caressed her until she grew
+friendly again and took him up on her lap. "Mother," said the little
+dog, "Angiola sends you greeting; she is very sad, for she cannot go to
+the palace with her dog's face and cannot marry the prince." "That
+serves her right," said the witch. "Why did she deceive me? She can keep
+her dog's face now!" But the dog begged her so earnestly, saying that
+poor Angiola was sufficiently punished, that at last the witch gave the
+dog a flask of water, and said: "Take that to her and she will become
+the fair Angiola again." The dog thanked her, ran off with the flask,
+and brought it safely to poor Angiola. As soon as she washed in the
+water, her dog's face disappeared and she became beautiful again, more
+beautiful even than she had been before. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> prince, full of joy, took
+her to the palace, and the king and queen were so pleased with her
+beauty that they welcomed her, and gave her a splendid wedding, and all
+remained happy and contented.<a name="FNanchor_11_2" id="FNanchor_11_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_2" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>An interesting class of stories is the one in which the heroes are twin
+brothers (sometimes three born at the same time, or a larger number) who
+are born in some unusual manner, generally in consequence of the
+mother's partaking of some magic fruit or fish. One of the brothers
+undertakes some difficult task (liberation of princess, etc.) and falls
+into great danger; the other brother discovers the fact from some
+sympathetic object and proceeds to rescue him. The following story from
+Pisa (Comparetti, No. 32) will give a good idea of the Italian stories
+of this class:</p>
+
+
+<h3>VI. THE CLOUD.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a fisherman who had a wife and many children.
+Now it happened that the fisherman did not catch any fish for a time and
+did not know how to support his family. One day he cast his net and drew
+out a large fish which began to talk: "Let me go and cast in your net
+again and you will catch as many fish as you wish." The fisherman did so
+and caught more fish than he remembered to have taken before. But in a
+few days the fish were gone and the fisherman cast his net again, and
+again caught the big fish, which said: "I see clearly that I must die,
+so kill me now, and cut me into pieces. Give half to the king, a piece
+to your wife, one to your dog; and one to your horse; the bones you will
+tie to the kitchen rafters; your wife will bear sons, and when anything
+happens to one of them the fish-bone will sweat drops of blood." The
+fisherman did as he was told, and in due time his wife gave birth to
+three sons, the dog to three puppies, and the horse to three colts. The
+boys grew up and went to school and learned much and prospered. One day
+the oldest said: "I want to go and see a little of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> world," and took
+one of the dogs, one of the horses, and some money, and set out, after
+receiving his father's and mother's blessing. He arrived at a forest,
+and there saw a lion, an eagle, and an ant which had found a dead ass
+that they wanted to divide among themselves, but could not agree and so
+were quarrelling. They saw the youth, and called on him to make the
+division. He was afraid at first, but took heart and gave the lean meat
+to the eagle, the brains to the ant, and the rest to the lion. They were
+all satisfied, and the youth continued his way. After he had gone a few
+steps the animals called him back, and the lion said: "You have settled
+our dispute, and we wish to reward you; when you wish to become a lion,
+you have only to say: 'No more a man, a lion, with the strength of a
+hundred lions!'" The eagle said: "When you wish to become an eagle, say:
+'No more a man, an eagle, with the strength of a hundred eagles!'" The
+ant, also, gave him power to transform himself into an ant in the same
+way. The youth thanked them and departed. As he was passing along the
+shore of the sea, he saw a dog-fish that was out of the water; he put it
+back into the sea. The fish said: "When you need me, come to the sea and
+cry: 'Dog-fish, help me!'"</p>
+
+<p>The youth continued his way and arrived at a city all hung with
+mourning. "What is the matter?" the young man asked. "There is here,"
+they told him, "a big cloud (it was a fairy) that every year must have a
+young girl. This year the lot has fallen on the king's daughter. If they
+do not give her up, the cloud will throw so many things into the city
+that we shall all be killed." The youth asked if he could see how the
+thing went, and they told him he could. The ceremony began with muffled
+drums and an escort of soldiers; the king and queen in tears accompanied
+their daughter, who was taken to the top of a mountain, placed in a
+chair, and left alone. The youth, who had followed them, hid himself
+behind a bush. Then the cloud came, took the young girl in her lap, took
+her finger in her mouth, and began to suck her blood. This was what the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+cloud lived on. The princess remained half dead, like a log, and then
+the cloud carried her away. The youth, who had seen all this, cried: "No
+more a man, an eagle, with the strength of a hundred eagles!" Then he
+became an eagle and flew after the cloud. They arrived at a palace, the
+doors flew open and the cloud entered and carried the princess
+up-stairs. The eagle alighted on a tree opposite and saw a large room
+all full of young girls in bed. When the cloud entered they exclaimed:
+"Mamma! here is our mamma!" The poor girls were always in bed, because
+the fairy half killed them. She put the princess in a bed, and said to
+the girls: "I am going to leave you for a few days." She went away and
+left the girls. The youth was near and heard everything; he said: "No
+more an eagle, an ant, with the force of a hundred ants!" He became an
+ant, entered the palace unseen, and went to the room where the young
+girls were. There he resumed his shape, and the girls were astonished at
+seeing a man appear so suddenly, and one of them said to him: "Take
+care, there is a fairy here; if she finds you on her return she will
+kill you." "Do not be troubled," he answered, "for I wish to see about
+setting you all free." Then he went to the bed of the king's daughter
+and asked her if she had some token to send her mother. She gave him a
+ring, and the youth took it and went to the queen, told her where her
+daughter was, and asked her to send some food to the poor girl. She did
+so, and the youth retraced his steps, reached the palace, informed the
+girls, and drew up the food with ropes. He then said to the girls: "When
+the fairy returns, ask her what you shall do when she dies; thus you
+will find out how to kill her." Then he hid himself, and when the fairy
+returned the girls asked her the question; but she answered: "I shall
+never die." They urged her to tell them, and the next day she took them
+out on a terrace, and said: "Do you see that mountain far off there? On
+that mountain is a tigress with seven heads. If you wish me to die, a
+lion must fight that tigress and tear off all seven of her heads. In her
+body is an egg, and if any one hits me with it in the middle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> of my
+forehead I shall die; but if that egg falls into my hands the tigress
+will come to life again, resume her seven heads, and I shall live."
+"Good!" said the young girls; "certainly our mamma can never die." But
+in their hearts they were discouraged. When the fairy had departed, the
+youth came forth and they told him all. "Do not be disheartened," he
+said, and straightway went to the princess' father, asked him for a
+room, a pan of bread, a barrel of good wine, and a child seven years
+old. He took all these things and shut himself up in the room, and said
+to the child: "Do you want to see something, my child? I am going to
+turn into a lion." Then he turned into a lion, and the child was afraid;
+but the youth persuaded him that it was only himself after all, and the
+child fed him, and was no longer frightened. As soon as he had
+instructed the child, he took all the things and went to the mountain
+where the tigress was. Then he filled the pan with bread and wine and
+said to the child: "I am going to become a lion; when I return give me
+something to eat." Then he became a lion, and went to fight the tigress.
+Meanwhile the fairy returned home, saying: "Alas! I feel ill!" The young
+girls said to themselves, in delight: "Good!" The youth fought until
+night, and tore off one of the tigress' heads; the second day another,
+and so on until six heads were gone. The fairy kept losing her strength
+all the time. The youth rested two days before tearing off the last
+head, and then resumed the fight. At evening the last head was torn off,
+and the dead tigress disappeared, but the youth was not quick enough to
+catch the egg, which rolled from her body into the sea and was swallowed
+by the dog-fish. Then the youth went to the sea: "Dog-fish, help me!"
+The fish appeared: "What do you want?" "Have you found an egg?" "Yes."
+"Give it to me;" and the fish gave him the egg. He took it and went in
+search of the fairy, and suddenly appeared before her with the egg in
+his hand. The fairy wanted him to give her the egg, but he made her
+first restore all the young girls to health and send them home in
+handsome carriages. Then the youth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> took the egg, struck it on the
+fairy's forehead, and she fell down dead. When the youth saw that she
+was really dead, he entered a carriage with the king's daughter and
+drove to the palace. When the king and queen saw their daughter again,
+they wept for joy, and married her to her deliverer. The wedding took
+place with great magnificence, and there were great festivities and
+rejoicings in the city.</p>
+
+<p>A few days after, the husband looked out of the window and saw at the
+end of the street a dense fog; he said to his wife: "I will go and see
+what that fog is." So he dressed for the chase and went away with his
+dog and horse. After he had passed through the mist, he saw a mountain
+on which were two beautiful ladies. They came to meet him, and invited
+him to their palace. He accepted and they showed him into a room, and
+one of the ladies asked: "Would you like to play a game of chess?" "Very
+well," he answered, and began to play and lost. Then they took him into
+a garden where there were many marble statues, and turned him into one,
+together with his dog and horse. These ladies were sisters of the fairy,
+and this was the way they avenged her death.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the princess waited and her husband did not return. One
+morning the father and brothers of the youth found the kitchen full of
+blood, which dropped from the fish-bone. "Something has happened to
+him," they said, and the second brother started in search of him with
+another one of the dogs and horses. He passed by the palace of the
+princess, who was at the window, and those brothers looked so much alike
+that when she saw him she thought it was her husband and called him. He
+entered and she spoke to him of the fog, but he did not understand her;
+he let her talk on, however, imagining that his brother was mixed up in
+that affair. The next morning he arose and went to see the fog with his
+dog and horse. He passed through the fog, found the mountain and the two
+ladies, and, to make the story short, the same thing happened to him
+that happened to his brother, and he became stone. And the queen waited,
+and in the father's kitchen the bone dropped blood faster than ever.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The third brother too set out with his dog and horse. When he came to
+the palace, the princess saw him from the window, took him for her
+husband, and called him in. He entered and she reproved him for having
+made her wait so long, and spoke of the mist; but he did not understand
+her and said: "I did not see very clearly what was in the mist, and I
+wish to go there again." He departed, and when he had passed through the
+mist he met an old man who said to him: "Where are you going? Take care,
+your brothers have been turned into statues. You will meet two ladies;
+if they ask you to play chess with them, here are two pawns, say that
+you cannot play except with your own pawns. Then make an agreement with
+them that, if you win, you can do with them what you please; if they
+win, they can do what they please with you. If you win, and they beg for
+mercy, command them to restore to life all the stone statues with which
+the palace is filled, and when they have done so, you can do what you
+will with these ladies."</p>
+
+<p>The youth thanked the old man, departed, followed his directions, and
+won. The two ladies begged for their lives, and he granted their prayer
+on condition of restoring to life all those stone statues. They took a
+wand, touched the statues, and they became animated; but no sooner were
+they all restored to life than they fell on the two ladies and cut them
+into bits no larger than their ears.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the three brothers were reunited. They related their adventures,
+and returned to the palace. The princess was astonished when she saw
+them, and did not know which was her husband. But he made himself known,
+told her that these were his brothers, and they had their parents come
+there, and they all lived happily together, and thus the story is
+ended.<a name="FNanchor_12_2" id="FNanchor_12_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_2" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We now pass to the class of stories in which one of several brothers
+succeeds in some undertaking where the others fail, and thereby draws
+down on himself the hatred of the others, who either abandon him in a
+cavern, or kill<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> him and hide his body, which is afterwards discovered
+by a musical instrument made of one of the bones or of the reeds growing
+over the grave. The former treatment is illustrated by a Sicilian tale
+(Pitr&egrave;, No. 80) called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>VII. THE CISTERN.</h3>
+
+<p>There were once three king's sons. Two of them were going hunting one
+day, and did not want to take their youngest brother with them. Their
+mother asked them to let him go with them, but they would not. The
+youngest brother, however, followed them, and they had to take him with
+them. They came to a beautiful plain, where they found a fine cistern,
+and ate their lunch near it. After they had finished, the oldest said:
+"Let us throw our youngest brother into the cistern, for we cannot take
+him with us." Then he said to his brother: "Salvatore, would you like to
+descend into this cistern, for there is a treasure in it?" The youngest
+consented, and they lowered him down. When he reached the bottom, he
+found three handsome rooms and an old woman, who said to him: "What are
+you doing here?" "I am trying to find my way out; tell me how to do it."
+The old woman answered: "There are here three princesses in the power of
+the magician; take care." "Never mind, tell me what to do; I am not
+afraid." "Knock at that door." He did so and a princess appeared: "What
+has brought you here?" "I have come to liberate you; tell me what I have
+to do." "Take this apple and pass through that door; my sister is there,
+who can give you better directions than I can."</p>
+
+<p>She gave him the apple as a token. He knocked at that door, another
+princess appeared, who gave him a pomegranate for a remembrance and
+directed him to knock at a third door. It opened and the last princess
+appeared. "Ah! Salvatore" (for she knew who he was), "what have you come
+for?" "I have come to liberate you; tell me what to do." She gave him a
+crown, and said: "Take this; when you are in need, say: 'I command! I
+command!' and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> the crown will obey you. Now enter and eat; take this
+bottle; the magician, you see, is about rising; hide yourself behind
+this door, and when he awakens he will ask you: 'What are you here for?'
+You will answer: 'I have come to fight you; but you must agree to take
+smaller horse and sword than mine, because I am smaller than you.' You
+will see there a fountain which will invite you to drink; do not risk
+it, for all the statues you see there are human beings who have become
+statues drinking that water; when you are thirsty drink secretly from
+this bottle."</p>
+
+<p>With these directions the youth went and knocked at the door. Just then
+the magician arose and said: "What are you here for?" "I have come to
+fight with you." And he added what the princess had told him. The
+fountain invited him to drink, but he would not. They began to fight,
+and at the first blow the youth cut off the magician's head. He took the
+head and sword, and went to the princesses and said: "Get your things
+together, and let us go, for my brothers are still waiting at the mouth
+of the cistern."</p>
+
+<p>Let us now return to the brothers. After they had lowered their youngest
+brother into the cistern, they turned around and went back to the royal
+palace. The king asked: "Where is your brother?" "We lost him in a wood,
+and could not find him." "Quick!" said the king, "go and find my son, or
+I will have your heads cut off." So they departed, and on their way
+found a man with a rope and a bell, and took them with them. When they
+reached the cistern, they lowered the rope with the bell, saying among
+themselves: "If he is alive he will hear the bell and climb up; if he is
+dead, what shall we do with our father?" When they lowered the rope,
+Salvatore made the princesses ascend one by one. As the first appeared,
+who was the oldest, the oldest brother said: "Oh, what a pretty girl!
+This one shall be my wife." When the second appeared, the other brother
+said: "This is mine." The youngest princess did not wish to ascend, and
+said to Salvatore: "You go up, Salvatore, first; if you do not, your
+brothers will leave you here." He said he would not; she said he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> must;
+finally he prevailed, and she ascended. When she appeared the two
+brothers took her, and left Salvatore in the cistern, and returned to
+the palace. When they arrived there, they said to their father: "We have
+looked for Salvatore, but we could not find him; but we have found these
+three young girls, and now we wish to marry them." "I," said the oldest
+brother, "will take this one." "And I," said the second, "take this one.
+The other sister we will marry to some other youth."</p>
+
+<p>Now let us return to Salvatore, who, when he found himself alone and
+disconsolate, felt in his pockets and touched the apple. "O my apple,
+get me out of this place!" And at once he found himself out of the
+cistern. He went to the city where he lived, and met a silversmith, who
+took him as an apprentice, feeding and clothing him. While he was with
+the silversmith, the king commanded the latter to make a crown for his
+oldest son, who was to be married: "You must make me a royal crown for
+my son, and to-morrow evening you must bring it to me."</p>
+
+<p>He gave him ten ounces and dismissed him. When he reached home, the
+silversmith was greatly disturbed, for he had such a short time to make
+the crown in. Salvatore said: "Grandfather, why are you so disturbed?"
+The master replied: "Take these ten ounces, for now I am going to seek
+refuge in a church, for there is nothing else for me to do." (For in
+olden times the church had the privilege that whoever robbed or killed
+fled to the church, and they could not do anything with him.) The
+apprentice replied: "Now I will see if I can make this crown. My master
+would take refuge in a church for a trifle." So he began to make the
+crown. What did he do? He took out the apple and commanded it to make a
+very beautiful crown. He hammered away, but the apple made the crown.
+When it was finished he gave it to the wife of the silversmith, who took
+it to her husband. When the latter saw that he need not flee to the
+church, he went to the king, who, well pleased, invited him to the feast
+in the evening. When he told this at home, the apprentice said:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> "Take
+me to the feast." "How can I take you when you have no clothes fit to
+wear? I will buy you some, and when there is another feast I will take
+you." When it struck two, the silversmith departed, and Salvatore took
+the apple and said: "O my apple, give me clothes and carriages and
+footmen, for I am going to see my brother married." Immediately he was
+dressed like a prince, and went to the palace, where he hid in the
+kitchen, saw his brother married, and then took a big stick and gave the
+silversmith a sound beating. When the latter reached home, he cried: "I
+am dying! I am dying!" "What is the matter?" asked the apprentice, and
+when he learned what had happened, he said: "If you had taken me with
+you to the feast this would not have happened."</p>
+
+<p>A few days after, the king summoned the silversmith again to make
+another crown within twenty-four hours. Everything happened as before:
+the apprentice made a crown handsomer than the first, with the aid of
+the pomegranate. The smith took it to the king, but after the feast came
+home with his shoulders black and blue from the beating he received.</p>
+
+<p>After a time they wanted to marry the third sister, but she said: "Who
+wishes me must wait a year, a month, and a day." And she had no peace
+wondering why Salvatore did not appear for all he had the apple, the
+pomegranate, and the crown. After a year, a month, and a day, the
+wedding was arranged, and the smith had orders to make another crown
+more beautiful than the first two. (This was so that no one could say
+that because the young girl was a foreigner they treated her worse than
+the others.) Again the smith was in despair, and the apprentice had to
+make, by the aid of his magic crown, a better and larger crown than the
+others. The king was astonished when he saw the beautiful crown, and
+again invited the silversmith to the feast. The smith returned home
+sorrowful, for fear that he should again receive a beating, but he would
+not take his apprentice with him.</p>
+
+<p>After Salvatore had seen him depart, he took his magic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> crown and
+ordered splendid clothes and carriages. When he reached the palace, he
+did not go to the kitchen, but before the bride and groom could say
+"yes," "Stop!" said Salvatore. He took the apple and said: "Who gave me
+this?" "I did," replied the wife of the oldest brother. "And this?"
+showing the pomegranate. "I, my brother-in-law," said the wife of the
+second brother. Then he took out the crown. "Who gave me that?" "I, my
+husband," said the young girl whom they were marrying. And at once she
+married Salvatore, "for," said she, "he freed me from the magician."</p>
+
+<p>The bridegroom was fooled and had to go away, and the astonished
+silversmith fell on his knees, begging for pity and mercy.<a name="FNanchor_13_2" id="FNanchor_13_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_2" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In some of the versions of the above story, the hero, after he is
+abandoned by his brothers in the cistern or cave, is borne into the
+upper world by an eagle. The rapacious bird on the journey demands from
+the young man flesh from time to time. At last the stock of flesh with
+which he had provided himself is exhausted and he is obliged to cut off
+and give the eagle a piece of his own flesh. In one version (Pitr&egrave;, ii.
+p. 208) he gives the eagle his leg; and when the journey is concluded
+the bird casts it up, and the hero attaches it again to his body, and
+becomes as sound as ever.<a name="FNanchor_14_2" id="FNanchor_14_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_2" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<p>The class of stories in which the brother is killed and his death made
+known by a musical instrument fashioned from his body is sufficiently
+illustrated by a short Neapolitan story (Imbriani, <i>Pomiglianesi</i>, p.
+195) entitled:</p>
+
+
+<h3>VIII. THE GRIFFIN.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a king who had three sons. His eyes were diseased, and he
+called in a physician who said that to cure them he needed a feather of
+the griffin. Then the king said to his sons: "He who finds this feather
+for me shall have my crown." The sons set out in search of it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> The
+youngest met an old man, who asked him what he was doing. He replied:
+"Papa is ill. To cure him a feather of the griffin is necessary. And
+papa has said that whoever finds the feather shall have his crown." The
+old man said: "Well, here is some corn. When you reach a certain place,
+put it in your hat. The griffin will come and eat it. Seize him, pull
+out a feather, and carry it to papa." The youth did so, and for fear
+that some one should steal it from him, he put it into his shoe, and
+started all joyful to carry it to his father. On his way he met his
+brothers, who asked him if he had found the feather. He said No; but his
+brothers did not believe him, and wanted to search him. They looked
+everywhere, but did not find it. Finally they looked in his shoe and got
+it. Then they killed the youngest brother and buried him, and took the
+feather to their father, saying that they had found it. The king healed
+his eyes with it. A shepherd one day, while feeding his sheep, saw that
+his dog was always digging in the same place, and went to see what it
+was, and found a bone. He put it to his mouth, and saw that it sounded
+and said: "Shepherd, keep me in your mouth, hold me tight, and do not
+let me go! For a feather of the griffin, my brother has played the
+traitor, my brother has played the traitor."</p>
+
+<p>One day the shepherd, with this whistle in his mouth, was passing by the
+king's palace, and the king heard him, and called him to see what it
+was. The shepherd told him the story, and how he had found it. The king
+put it to his mouth, and the whistle said: "Papa! papa! keep me in your
+mouth, hold me tight, and do not let me go. For a feather of the
+griffin, my brother has played the traitor, my brother has played the
+traitor." Then the king put it in the mouth of the brother who had
+killed the youngest, and the whistle said: "Brother! brother! keep me in
+your mouth, hold me fast, and do not let me go. For a feather of the
+griffin, you have played the traitor, you have played the traitor." Then
+the king understood the story and had his two sons put to death. And
+thus they killed their brother and afterwards were killed
+themselves.<a name="FNanchor_15_2" id="FNanchor_15_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_2" class="fnanchor">[15]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The feminine counterpart of "Boots," or the successful youngest brother,
+is Cinderella, the youngest of three sisters who despise and ill-treat
+her. Her usual place is in the chimney-corner, and her name is derived
+from the grime of cinders and ashes (her name in German is
+<i>Aschenputtel</i>). Assisted by some kind fairy who appears in various
+forms, she reveals herself in her true shape, captivates the prince, who
+finally recognizes her by the slipper. There are two branches of this
+story: the one just mentioned, and one where the heroine assumes a
+repulsive disguise in order to escape the importunities of a father who
+wishes to marry her. This second branch may be distinguished by the name
+of "Allerleirauh," the well-known Grimm story of this class. For the
+first branch of this story we have selected a Florentine story
+(<i>Novellaja fior.</i> p. 151) called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>IX. CINDERELLA.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a man who had three daughters. He was once
+ordered to go away to work, and said to them: "Since I am about making a
+journey, what do you want me to bring you when I return?" One asked for
+a handsome dress; the other, a fine hat and a beautiful shawl. He said
+to the youngest: "And you, Cinderella, what do you want?" They called
+her Cinderella because she always sat in the chimney-corner. "You must
+buy me a little bird Verdeli&ograve;." "The simpleton! she does not know what
+to do with the bird! Instead of ordering a handsome dress, a fine shawl,
+she takes a bird. Who knows what she will do with it!" "Silence!" she
+says, "it pleases me." The father went, and on his return brought the
+dress, hat, and shawl for the two sisters, and the little bird for
+Cinderella. The father was employed at the court, and one day the king
+said to him: "I am going to give three balls; if you want to bring your
+daughters, do so; they will amuse themselves a little." "As you wish,"
+he replies, "thanks!" and accepts. He went home and said: "What do you
+think, girls? His Majesty wishes you to attend his ball." "There,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> you
+see, Cinderella, if you had only asked for a handsome dress! This
+evening we are going to the ball." She replied: "It matters nothing to
+me! You go; I am not coming." In the evening, when the time came, they
+adorned themselves, saying to Cinderella: "Come along, there will be
+room for you, too." "I don't want to go; you go; I don't want to."
+"But," said their father, "let us go, let us go! Dress and come along;
+let her stay." When they had gone, she went to the bird and said: "O
+Bird Verdeli&ograve;, make me more beautiful than I am!" She became clothed in
+a sea-green dress, with so many diamonds that it blinded you to behold
+her. The bird made ready two purses of money, and said to her: "Take
+these two purses, enter your carriage, and away!" She set out for the
+ball, and left the bird Verdeli&ograve; at home. She entered the ball-room.
+Scarcely had the gentlemen seen this beautiful lady (she dazzled them on
+all sides), when the king, just think of it, began to dance with her the
+whole evening. After he had danced with her all the evening, his Majesty
+stopped, and she stood by her sisters. While she was at her sisters'
+side, she drew out her handkerchief, and a bracelet fell out. "Oh,
+Signora," said the eldest sister, "you have dropped this." "Keep it for
+yourself," she said. "Oh, if Cinderella were only here, who knows what
+might not have happened to her?" The king had given orders that when
+this lady went away they should find out where she lived. After she had
+remained a little, she left the ball. You can imagine whether the
+servants were on the lookout! She entered her carriage and away! She
+perceives that she is followed, takes the money and begins to throw it
+out of the window of the carriage. The greedy servants, I tell you,
+seeing all that money, thought no more of her, but stopped to pick up
+the money. She returned home and went up-stairs. "O Bird Verdeli&ograve;, make
+me homelier than I am!" You ought to see how ugly, how horrid, she
+became, all ashes. When the sisters returned, they cried:
+"Cin-der-ella!" "Oh, leave her alone," said her father; "she is asleep
+now, leave her alone!" But they went up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> and showed her the large and
+beautiful bracelet. "Do you see, you simpleton? You might have had it."
+"It matters nothing to me." Their father said: "Let us go to supper, you
+little geese."</p>
+
+<p>Let us return to the king, who was awaiting his servants, who had not
+the courage to appear, but kept away. He calls them. "How did the matter
+go?" They fall at his feet. "Thus and thus! She threw out so much
+money!" "Wretches, you are nothing else," he said, "were you afraid of
+not being rewarded? Well! to-morrow evening, attention, under pain of
+death." The next evening the usual ball. The sisters say: "Will you come
+this evening, Cinderella?" "Oh," she says, "don't bother me! I don't
+want to go." Their father cries out to them: "How troublesome you are!
+Let her alone!" So they began to adorn themselves more handsomely than
+the former evening, and departed. "Good-by, Cinderella!" When they had
+gone, Cinderella went to the bird and said: "Little Bird Verdeli&ograve;, make
+me more beautiful than I am!" Then she became clothed in sea-green,
+embroidered with all the fish of the sea, mingled with diamonds more
+than you could believe. The bird said: "Take these two bags of sand, and
+when you are followed, throw it out, and so they will be blinded." She
+entered her carriage and set out for the ball. As soon as his Majesty
+saw her he began to dance with her and danced as long as he could. After
+he had danced as long as he could (she did not grow weary, but he did),
+she placed herself near her sisters, drew out her handkerchief, and
+there fell out a beautiful necklace all made of coal. The second sister
+said: "Signora, you have dropped this." She replied: "Keep it for
+yourself." "If Cinderella were here, who knows what might not happen to
+her! To-morrow she must come!" After a while she leaves the ball. The
+servants (just think, under pain of death!) were all on the alert, and
+followed her. She began to throw out all the sand, and they were
+blinded. She went home, dismounted, and went up-stairs. "Little Bird
+Verdeli&ograve;, make me homelier than I am!" She became<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> frightfully homely.
+When her sisters returned they began from below: "Cin-der-ella! if you
+only knew what that lady gave us!" "It matters nothing to me!" "But
+to-morrow evening you must go!" "Yes, yes! you would have had it!" Their
+father says: "Let us go to supper and let her alone; you are really
+silly!"</p>
+
+<p>Let us return to his Majesty, who was waiting for his servants to learn
+where she lived. Instead of that they were all brought back blinded, and
+had to be accompanied. "Rogue!" he exclaimed, "either this lady is some
+fairy or she must have some fairy who protects her."</p>
+
+<p>The next day the sisters began: "Cinderella, you must go this evening!
+Listen; it is the last evening; you must come." The father: "Oh let her
+alone! you are always teasing her!" Then they went away and began to
+prepare for the ball. When they were all prepared, they went to the ball
+with their father. When they had departed, Cinderella went to the bird:
+"Little Bird Verdeli&ograve;, make me more beautiful than I am!" Then she was
+dressed in all the colors of the heavens; all the comets, the stars, and
+moon on her dress, and the sun on her brow. She enters the ball-room.
+Who could look at her! for the sun alone they lower their eyes, and are
+all blinded. His Majesty began to dance, but he could not look at her,
+because she dazzled him. He had already given orders to his servants to
+be on the lookout, under pain of death; not to go on foot, but to mount
+their horses that evening. After she had danced longer than on the
+previous evenings she placed herself by her father's side, drew out her
+handkerchief, and there fell out a snuff-box of gold, full of money.
+"Signora, you have dropped this snuff-box." "Keep it for yourself!"
+Imagine that man: he opens it and sees it full of money. What joy! After
+she had remained a time she went home as usual. The servants followed
+her on horseback, quickly; at a distance from the carriage; but on
+horseback that was not much trouble. She perceived that she had not
+prepared anything to throw that evening. "Oh!" she cried, "what shall I
+do?" She left the carriage quickly, and in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> her haste lost one of her
+slippers. The servants picked it up, took the number of the house, and
+went away. Cinderella went up-stairs and said: "Little Bird Verdeli&ograve;,
+make me more homely than I am!" The bird does not answer. After she had
+repeated it three or four times, it answered: "Rogue! I ought not to
+make you more homely, but..." and she became homely and the bird
+continued: "What are you going to do now? You are discovered." She began
+to weep in earnest. When her sisters returned, they cried:
+"Cin-der-ella!" You can imagine that she did not answer them this
+evening. "See what a beautiful snuff-box. If you had gone you might have
+had it." "I do not care! Go away!" Then their father called them to
+supper.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now turn to the servants who went back with the slipper and the
+number of the house. "To-morrow," said his Majesty, "as soon as it is
+day, go to that house, take a carriage, and bring that lady to the
+palace." The servants took the slipper and went away. The next morning
+they knocked at the door. Cinderella's father looked out and exclaimed:
+"Oh, Heavens! it is his Majesty's carriage; what does it mean?" They
+open the door and the servants ascend. "What do you want of me?" asked
+the father. "How many daughters have you?" "Two." "Well, show them to
+us." The father made them come in there. "Sit down," they said to one of
+them. They tried the slipper on her; it was ten times too large for her.
+The other one sat down; it was too small for her. "But tell me, good
+man, have you no other daughters? Take care to tell the truth! because
+his Majesty wishes it, under pain of death!" "Gentlemen, there is
+another one, but I do not mention it. She is all in the ashes, the
+coals; if you should see her! I do not call her my daughter from shame."
+"We have not come for beauty, or for finery; we want to see the girl!"</p>
+
+<p>Her sisters began to call her: "Cin-der-ella!" but she did not answer.
+After a time she said: "What is the matter?" "You must come down! there
+are some gentlemen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> here who wish to see you." "I don't want to come."
+"But you must come, you see!" "Very well; tell them I will come in a
+moment." She went to the little bird: "Ah little Bird Verdeli&ograve;, make me
+more beautiful than I am!" Then she was dressed as she had been the last
+evening, with the sun, and moon, and stars, and in addition, great
+chains all of gold everywhere about her. The bird said: "Take me away
+with you! Put me in your bosom!" She puts the bird in her bosom and
+begins to descend the stairs. "Do you hear her?" said the father, "do
+you hear her? She is dragging with her the chains from the
+chimney-corner. You can imagine how frightful she will look!" When she
+reached the last step, and they saw her, "Ah!" they exclaimed, and
+recognized the lady of the ball. You can imagine how her father and
+sisters were vexed. They made her sit down, and tried on the slipper,
+and it fitted her. Then they made her enter the carriage, and took her
+to his Majesty, who recognized the lady of the other evenings. And you
+can imagine that, all in love as he was, he said to her: "Will you
+really be my wife?" You may believe she consents. She sends for her
+father and sisters, and makes them all come to the palace. They
+celebrate the marriage. Imagine what fine festivals were given at this
+wedding! The servants who had discovered where Cinderella lived were
+promoted to the highest positions in the palace as a reward.<a name="FNanchor_16_2" id="FNanchor_16_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_2" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In the second class of stories alluded to above, the heroine flees in
+disguise from her home to avoid a marriage with her father or brother.
+The remainder of the story resembles Cinderella: the heroine reveals
+herself from time to time in her true form, and finally throws off her
+disguise. The following story, which illustrates this class, is from the
+province of Vicenza (Corazzini, p. 484), and is entitled:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>X. FAIR MARIA WOOD.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a husband and wife who had but one child, a daughter. Now
+it happened that the wife fell ill and was at the point of death. Before
+dying she called her husband, and said to him, weeping: "I am dying; you
+are still young; if you ever wish to marry again, be mindful to choose a
+wife whom my wedding ring fits; and if you cannot find a lady whom it
+fits well, do not marry." Her husband promised that he would do so. When
+she was dead he took off her wedding ring and kept it until he desired
+to marry again. Then he sought for some one to please him. He went from
+one to another, but the ring fitted no one. He tried so many but in
+vain. One day he thought of calling his daughter, and trying the ring on
+her to see whether it fitted her. The daughter said: "It is useless,
+dear father; you cannot marry me, because you are my father." He did not
+heed her, put the ring on her finger, and saw that it fitted her well,
+and wanted to marry his daughter <i>nolens volens</i>. She did not oppose
+him, but consented. The day of the wedding, he asked her what she
+wanted. She said that she wished four silk dresses, the most beautiful
+that could be seen. He, who was a gentleman, gratified her wish and took
+her the four dresses, one handsomer than the other, and all the
+handsomest that had ever been seen. "Now, what else do you want?" said
+he. "I want another dress, made of wood, so that I can conceal myself in
+it." And at once he had this wooden dress made. She was well pleased.
+She waited one day until her husband was out of sight, put on the wooden
+dress, and under it the four silk dresses, and went away to a certain
+river not far off, and threw herself in it. Instead of sinking and
+drowning, she floated, for the wooden dress kept her up.</p>
+
+<p>The water carried her a long way, when she saw on the bank a gentleman,
+and began to cry: "Who wants the fair Maria Wood?" That gentleman who
+saw her on the water, and whom she addressed, called her and she came to
+the bank and saluted him. "How is it that you are thus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> dressed in wood,
+and come floating on the water without drowning?" She told him that she
+was a poor girl who had only that dress of wood, and that she wanted to
+go out to service. "What can you do?" "I can do all that is needed in a
+house, and if you would only take me for a servant you would be
+satisfied."</p>
+
+<p>He took her to his house, where his mother was, and told her all that
+had happened, saying: "If you, dear mother, will take her as a servant,
+we can try her." In short, she took her and was pleased with this woman
+dressed in wood.</p>
+
+<p>It happened that there were balls at that place which the best ladies
+and gentlemen attended. The gentleman who had the servant dressed in
+wood prepared to go to the ball, and after he had departed, the servant
+said to his mother: "Do me this kindness, mistress: let me go to the
+ball too, for I have never seen any dancing." "What, you wish to go to
+the ball so badly dressed that they would drive you away as soon as they
+saw you!" The servant was silent, and when the mistress was in bed,
+dressed herself in one of her silk dresses and became the most beautiful
+woman that was ever seen. She went to the ball, and it seemed as if the
+sun had entered the room; all were dazzled. She sat down near her
+master, who asked her to dance, and would dance with no one but her. She
+pleased him so much that he fell in love with her. He asked her who she
+was and where she came from. She replied that she came from a distance,
+but told him nothing more.</p>
+
+<p>At a certain hour, without any one perceiving it, she went out and
+disappeared. She returned home and put on her wooden dress again. In the
+morning the master returned from the ball, and said to his mother: "Oh!
+if you had only seen what a beautiful lady there was at the ball! She
+appeared like the sun, she was so beautiful and well dressed. She sat
+down near me, and would not dance with any one but me." His mother then
+said: "Did you not ask her who she was and where she came from?" "She
+would only tell me that she came from a distance;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> but I thought I
+should die; I wish to go again this evening." The servant heard all this
+dialogue, but kept silent, pretending that the matter did not concern
+her.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening he prepared himself again for the ball, and the servant
+said to him: "Master, yesterday evening I asked your mamma to let me,
+too, go to the ball, for I have never seen dancing, but she would not;
+will you have the kindness to let me go this evening?" "Be still, you
+ugly creature, the ball is no place for you!" "Do me this favor," she
+said, weeping, "I will stand out of doors, or under a bench, or in a
+corner so no one shall see me; but let me go!" He grew angry then, and
+took a stick and began to beat the poor servant. She wept and remained
+silent.</p>
+
+<p>After he had gone, she waited until his mother was in bed, and put on a
+dress finer than the first, and so rich as to astonish, and away to the
+ball! When she arrived all began to gaze at her, for they had never seen
+anything more beautiful. All the handsomest young men surround her and
+ask her to dance; but she would have nothing to do with any one but her
+master. He again asked her who she was, and she said she would tell him
+later. They danced and danced, and all at once she disappeared. Her
+master ran here and there, asked one and another, but no one could tell
+him where she had gone. He returned home and told his mother all that
+had passed. She said to him: "Do you know what you must do? Take this
+diamond ring, and when she dances with you give it to her; and if she
+takes it, it is a sign that she loves you." She gave him the ring. The
+servant listened, saw everything, and was silent.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening the master prepared for the ball and the servant again
+asked him to take her, and again he beat her. He went to the ball, and
+after midnight, as before, the beautiful lady returned more beautiful
+than before, and as usual would dance only with her master. At the right
+moment he took out the diamond ring, and asked her if she would accept
+it. She took it and thanked him, and he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> was happy and satisfied.
+Afterward he asked her again who she was and where from. She said that
+she was of that country</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">That when they speak of going to a ball,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They are beaten on the head;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>and said no more. At the usual hour she stopped dancing and departed. He
+ran after her, but she went like the wind, and reached home without his
+finding out where she went. But he ran so in all directions, and was in
+such suffering, that when he reached home he was obliged to go to bed
+more dead than alive. Then he fell ill and grew worse every day, so that
+all said he would die. He did nothing but ask his mother and every one
+if they knew anything of that lady, and that he would die if he did not
+see her. The servant heard everything; and one day, when he was very
+ill, what did she think of? She waited until her mistress' eye was
+turned, and dropped the diamond ring in the broth her master was to eat.
+No one saw her, and his mother took him the broth. He began to eat it,
+when he felt something hard, saw something shine, and took it out....
+You can imagine how he looked at it and recognized the diamond ring!
+They thought he would go mad. He asked his mother if that was the ring
+and she swore that it was, and all happy, she said that now he would see
+her again.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the servant went to her room, took off her wooden dress, and
+put on one all of silk, so that she appeared a beauty, and went to the
+room of the sick man. His mother saw her and began to cry: "Here she is;
+here she is!" She went in and saluted him, smiling, and he was so beside
+himself that he became well at once. He asked her to tell him her
+story,&mdash;who she was, where she came from, how she came, and how she knew
+that he was ill. She replied: "I am the woman dressed in wood who was
+your servant. It is not true that I was a poor girl, but I had that
+dress to conceal myself in, for underneath it I was the same that I am
+now. I am a lady; and although you treated me so badly when I asked to
+go to the ball, I saw that you loved<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> me, and now I have come to save
+you from death." You can believe that they stayed to hear her story.
+They were married and have always been happy and still are.<a name="FNanchor_17_2" id="FNanchor_17_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_2" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In the various stories thus far mentioned which involve the family
+relations, we have had examples of treachery on the part of brothers,
+ill-treatment of step-children, etc. It remains now to notice the trait
+of treachery on the part of sister or mother towards brother or son. The
+formula as given by Hahn (No. 19) is as follows: The hero, who is
+fleeing with his sister (or mother), overcomes a number of dragons or
+giants. The only survivor makes love to the sister (or mother), and
+causes her, for fear of discovery, to send her brother, in order to
+destroy him, on dangerous adventures, under the pretence of obtaining a
+cure for her illness. The hero survives the dangers, discovers the
+deception, and punishes the guilty ones. Traces of this formula are
+found in several Italian stories,<a name="FNanchor_18_2" id="FNanchor_18_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_2" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> but it constitutes only two entire
+stories: one in Pitr&egrave; (No. 71) the other in Comparetti (No. 54, "The
+Golden Hair," from Monferrato, Piedmont). The latter is in substance as
+follows: A king with three sons marries again in his old age. The
+youngest son falls in love with his step-mother and the jealous father
+tries to poison her. The son and wife flee together, and fall in with
+some robbers whom they kill, and set at liberty a princess who has the
+gift of curing blindness and other diseases. They afterward find a cave
+containing rooms and all the necessaries of life, but see no one. They
+spend the night there, and the next morning the youth goes hunting; and
+as soon as he has departed a giant appears and solicits the
+step-mother's love, saying that if she will marry him, she will always
+be healthy and never lose her youth. But first it will be necessary to
+remove from her step-son's head a golden hair, and then he will become
+so weak that he can be killed by a blow. She was unwilling at first,
+because he had saved her life, but finally yielded. First she tried to
+get rid of him by pretending to be ill, and sending him for some water
+from a fountain near which was a lion.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> He obtained the water safely.
+Then his step-mother, pretending to comb his hair, cut off the golden
+hair, and the giant dragged him by the feet fifty miles, and let him
+fall first in the bushes and then on the ground. From the wounds in his
+head he became blind, but recovered his sight by means of the princess
+mentioned in the first part of the story, whom he married. After his
+golden lock had grown out again he returned to the cave and killed the
+giant, punishing his step-mother by leaving her there without even
+looking at her.</p>
+
+<p>The story in Pitr&egrave; (No. 71, "The Cyclops") is more detailed. A queen who
+has been unfaithful to her husband is put in confinement, gives birth to
+a son, and afterward, through his aid, escapes. They encounter some
+cyclops, a number of whom the son kills; but one becomes secretly the
+mother's lover. To get rid of her son, she sends him for the water of a
+certain fountain, which he brings back safely. Finally the mother binds
+the son fast, under the pretence of playing a game, and delivers him to
+the cyclops, who kills him and cuts him into small bits, which he loads
+on his horse and turns him loose. The youth is, however, restored to
+life by the same water that he had brought back, and kills the cyclops
+and his mother, finally marrying the princess to whom he owes his
+life.<a name="FNanchor_19_2" id="FNanchor_19_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_2" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<p>In marked contrast to the above class is the one in which a number of
+brothers owe their deliverance from enchantment to the self-sacrifice of
+a sister. Generally the sister is the innocent cause of her brothers'
+transformation. They live far from home, and their sister is not aware
+for a long time of their existence. When she learns it she departs in
+search of them, finds them, and, after great risk to herself, delivers
+them. But two versions of this story have yet been published in Italy:
+one from Naples (Pent. IV. 8), the other from Bologna (Coronedi-Berti,
+No. 19). The latter version we give at length.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>XI. THE CURSE OF THE SEVEN CHILDREN.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a king and a queen who had six children, all sons. The
+queen was about to give birth to another child, and the king said that
+if it was not a daughter all seven children would be cursed. Now it
+happened that the king had to go away to war; and before departing he
+said to the queen, "Listen. If you have a son, hang a lance out of the
+window; if a daughter, a distaff; so that I can see as soon as I arrive
+which it is." After the king had been gone a month, the queen gave birth
+to the most beautiful girl that was ever seen. Imagine how pleased the
+queen was at having a girl. She could scarcely contain herself for joy,
+and immediately gave orders to hang the distaff out of the window; but
+in the midst of the joyful confusion, a mistake was made, and they put
+out a lance. Shortly after, the king returned and saw the sign at the
+window, and cursed all his seven sons; but when he entered the house and
+the servants crowded around him to congratulate him and tell him about
+his beautiful daughter, then the king was amazed and became very
+melancholy. He entered the queen's room and looked at the child, who
+seemed exactly like one of those wax dolls to be kept in a box; then he
+looked about him and saw nothing of his sons, and his eyes filled with
+tears, for those poor youths had wandered out into the world.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the girl grew, and when she was large she saw that her parents
+caressed her, but always with tears in their eyes. One day she said to
+her mother: "What is the matter with you, mother, that I always see you
+crying?" Then the queen told her the story, and said that she was afraid
+that some day she would see her disappear too. When the girl heard how
+it was, what did she do? One night she rose softly and left the palace,
+with the intention of going to find her brothers. She walked and walked,
+and at last met a little old man, who said to her: "Where are you going
+at this time of the night?" She answered: "I am in search of my
+brothers." The old man said: "It will be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> difficult to find them, for
+you must not speak for seven years, seven months, seven weeks, seven
+days, seven hours, and seven minutes." She said: "I will try." Then she
+took a bit of paper which she found on the ground, wrote on it the day
+and the hour with a piece of charcoal, and left the old man and hastened
+on her way. After she had run a long time, she saw a light and went
+towards it, and when she was near it, she saw that it was over the door
+of a palace where a king lived. She entered and sat down on the
+stairway, and fell asleep. The servants came later to put out the light,
+and saw the pretty girl asleep on the stone steps; they awakened her,
+asking her what she was doing there. She began to make signs, asking
+them to give her a lodging. They understood her, and said they would ask
+the king. They returned shortly to tell her to enter, for the king
+wished to see her before she was shown to her room. When the king saw
+the beautiful girl, with hair like gold, flesh like milk and wine, teeth
+white as pearls, and little hands that an artist could not paint as
+beautiful as they were, he suddenly imagined that she must be the
+daughter of some lord, and gave orders that she should be treated with
+all possible respect. They showed her to a beautiful room; then a maid
+came and undressed her and put her to bed. Next morning, Diana, for so
+she was called, arose, saw a frame with a piece of embroidery in it, and
+began to work at it. The king visited her, and asked if she needed
+anything, and she made signs that she did not. The king was so pleased
+with the young girl that he ended by falling in love with her, and after
+a year had passed he thought of marrying her. The queen-mother, who was
+an envious person, was not content with the match, because, said she, no
+one knows where she came from, and, besides, she is dumb, something that
+would make people wonder if a king should marry her. But the king was so
+obstinate that he married her; and when his mother saw that there was no
+help, she pretended to be satisfied. Shortly after, the queen-mother put
+into the king's hands a letter which informed him of an imminent war, in
+which, if he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> did not take part, he would run the risk of losing his
+realm. The king went to the war, in fact, with great grief at leaving
+his wife; and before departing, he commended her earnestly to his
+mother, who said: "Do not be anxious, my son, I shall do all that I can
+to make her happy." The king embraced his wife and mother, and departed.</p>
+
+<p>Scarcely had the king gone when the queen-mother sent for a mason, and
+made him build a wall near the kitchen-sink, so that it formed a sort of
+box. Now you must know that Diana expected soon to become a mother, and
+this afforded the queen-mother a pretext to write to her son that his
+wife had died in giving birth to a child. She took her and put her in
+the wall she had had built, where there was neither light nor air, and
+where the wicked woman hoped that she would die. But it was not so. The
+scullion went every day to wash the dishes at the sink near where poor
+Diana was buried alive. While attending to his business, he heard a
+lamentation, and listened to see where it could come from. He listened
+and listened, until at last he perceived that the voice came from the
+wall that had been newly built. What did he do then? He made a hole in
+the wall, and saw that the queen was there. The scullion asked how she
+came there; but she only made signs that she was about to give birth to
+a child. The poor scullion had his wife make a fine cushion, on which
+Diana reposed as well as she could, and gave birth to the most beautiful
+boy that could be seen. The scullion's wife went to see her every
+moment, and carried her broth, and cared for the child; in short, this
+poor woman, as well as her husband, did everything she could to
+alleviate the poor queen, who tried to make them understand by signs
+what she needed. One day it came into Diana's head to look into her
+memorandum book and see how long she still had to keep silent, and she
+saw that only two minutes yet remained. As soon as they had passed, she
+told the scullion all that had happened. At that moment the king
+arrived, and the scullion drew the queen from out the hole, and showed
+her to the king. You can imagine how delighted he was to see again<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> his
+Diana, whom he believed to be dead. He embraced her, and kissed her and
+the child; in short, such was his joy that it seemed as if he would go
+mad. Diana related everything to him: why she had left her home, and why
+she had played dumb so long, and finally how she had been treated by the
+queen-mother, and what she had suffered, and how kind those poor people
+had been to her. When he had heard all this, he said: "Leave the matter
+to me; I will arrange it."</p>
+
+<p>The next day the king invited all the nobles and princes of his realm to
+a great banquet. Now it happened that in setting the tables the servants
+laid six plates besides the others; and when the guests sat down, six
+handsome youths entered, who advanced and asked what should be given to
+a sister who had done so and so for her brothers. Then the king sprang
+up and said: "And I ask what shall be done to a mother who did so and so
+to her son's wife?" and he explained everything. One said: "Burn her
+alive." Another: "Put her in the pillory." Another: "Fry her in oil in
+the public square." This was agreed to. The youths had been informed by
+that same old man whom Diana had met, and who was a magician, where
+their sister was and what she had done for them. Then they made
+themselves known, and embraced Diana and their brother-in-law the king,
+and after the greatest joy, they all started off to see their parents.
+Imagine the satisfaction of the king and queen at seeing again all their
+seven children. They gave the warmest reception to the king, Diana's
+husband, and after they had spent some days together, Diana returned
+with her husband to their city. And all lived there afterward in peace
+and contentment.<a name="FNanchor_20_2" id="FNanchor_20_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_2" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We shall now turn our attention to another wide-spread story, which may
+be termed "The True Bride," although the Grimm story of that name is not
+a representative of it. One of the simplest versions is Grimm's "The
+Goose-Girl," in which a queen's daughter is betrothed to a king's son
+who lives far away. When the daughter grew up she was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> sent to the
+bridegroom, with a maid to wait upon her. On the journey the maid takes
+the place of the princess, who becomes a poor goose-girl. The true bride
+is of course discovered at last, and the false one duly punished. "The
+White and the Black Bride," of the same collection, is a more
+complicated version of the same theme. The first part is the story of
+two sisters (step-sisters) who receive different gifts from fairies,
+etc.; the second part, that of the brother who paints his sister's
+portrait, which the king sees and desires to marry the original. The
+sister is sent for, but on the journey the ugly step-sister pushes the
+bride into a river or the sea, and takes her place. The true bride is
+changed into a swan (or otherwise miraculously preserved), and at last
+resumes her lawful place. In the above stories the substitution of the
+false bride is the main incident in the story; but there are many other
+tales in which the same incident occurs, but it is subordinate to the
+others. Examples of this latter class will be given as soon as we reach
+the story of "The Forgotten Bride."</p>
+
+<p>The first class mentioned is represented in Italy by two versions also.
+The first is composed of the two traits: "Two Sisters" and "True Bride";
+the second, of "Brother who shows beautiful sister's portrait to king."
+This second version sometimes shows traces of the first. It is with this
+second version that we now have to do, as in it only is the substitution
+of the false bride the main incident. Examples of the first version will
+be found in the notes.<a name="FNanchor_21_2" id="FNanchor_21_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_2" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> The story we have selected to illustrate the
+second version of this story is from Florence (<i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 314), and
+is entitled:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XII. ORAGGIO AND BIANCHINETTA.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a lady who had two children: the boy was called Oraggio,
+the girl, Bianchinetta. By misfortunes they were reduced from great
+wealth to poverty. It was decided that Oraggio should go out to service,
+and indeed he found a situation as <i>valet de chambre</i> to a prince. After
+a time the prince, satisfied with his service, changed it, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> set him
+to work cleaning the pictures in his gallery. Among the various
+paintings was one of a very beautiful lady, which was constantly
+Oraggio's admiration. The prince often surprised him admiring the
+portrait. One day he asked him why he spent so much time before that
+picture. Oraggio replied that it was the very image of his sister, and
+having been away from her some time, he felt the need of seeing her
+again. The prince answered that he did not believe that picture
+resembled his sister, because he had a search made, and it had not been
+possible to find any lady like the portrait. He added: "Have her come
+here, and if she is as beautiful as you say, I will make her my wife."</p>
+
+<p>Oraggio wrote at once to Bianchinetta, who immediately set out on her
+journey. Oraggio went to the harbor to await her, and when he perceived
+the ship at a distance, he called out at intervals: "Mariners of the
+high sea, guard my sister Bianchina, so that the sun shall not brown
+her." Now, on the ship where Bianchinetta was, was also another young
+girl with her mother, both very homely. When they were near the harbor,
+the daughter gave Bianchinetta a blow, and pushed her into the sea. When
+they landed, Oraggio could not recognize his sister; and that homely
+girl presented herself, saying that the sun had made her so dark that
+she could no longer be recognized. The prince was surprised at seeing
+such a homely woman, and reproved Oraggio, removing him from his
+position and setting him to watch the geese. Every day he led the geese
+to the sea, and every day Bianchinetta came forth and adorned them with
+tassels of various colors. When the geese returned home, they said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Cr&ograve;! cr&ograve;!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From the sea we come,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We feed on gold and pearls.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oraggio's sister is fair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She is fair as the sun;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She would suit our master well."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The prince asked Oraggio how the geese came to repeat those words every
+day. He told him that his sister, thrown<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> into the sea, had been seized
+by a fish, which had taken her to a beautiful palace under the water,
+where she was in chains. But that, attached to a long chain, she was
+permitted to come to the shore when he drove the geese there. The prince
+said: "If what you relate is true, ask her what is required to liberate
+her from that prison."</p>
+
+<p>The next day Oraggio asked Bianchinetta how it would be possible to take
+her from there and conduct her to the prince. She replied: "It is
+impossible to take me from here. At least, the monster always says to
+me: 'It would require a sword that cuts like a hundred, and a horse that
+runs like the wind.' It is almost impossible to find these two things.
+You see, therefore, it is my fate to remain here always." Oraggio
+returned to the palace, and informed the prince of his sister's answer.
+The latter made every effort, and succeeded in finding the horse that
+ran like the wind, and the sword that cut like a hundred. They went to
+the sea, found Bianchinetta, who was awaiting them. She led them to her
+palace. With the sword the chain was cut. She mounted the horse, and
+thus was able to escape. When they reached the palace the prince found
+her as beautiful as the portrait Oraggio was always gazing at, and
+married her. The other homely one was burned in the public square, with
+the accustomed pitch-shirt; and they lived content and happy.<a name="FNanchor_22_2" id="FNanchor_22_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_2" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We have already encountered the trait of "Thankful Animals," who assist
+the hero in return for kindness he has shown them. What is merely an
+incident in the stories above alluded to constitutes the main feature of
+a class of stories which may be termed "Animal Brothers-in-law." The
+usual formula in these stories is as follows: Three princes, transformed
+into animals, marry the hero's sisters. The hero visits them in turn;
+they assist him in the performance of difficult tasks, and are by him
+freed from their enchantment. This formula varies, of course. Sometimes
+there are but two sisters, and the brothers-in-law are freed from their
+enchantment in some other way than by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> hero. A good specimen of this
+class is from the south of Italy, Basilicata (Comparetti, No. 20), and
+is called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XIII. THE FAIR FIORITA.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a king who had four children: three daughters and a son,
+who was the heir to the throne. One day the king said to the prince: "My
+son, I have decided to marry your three sisters to the first persons who
+pass our palace at noon." At that time there first passed a swine-herd,
+then a huntsman, and finally a grave-digger. The king had them all three
+summoned to his presence, and told the swine-herd that he wished to give
+him his oldest daughter for a wife, the second to the huntsman, and the
+third to the grave-digger. Those poor creatures thought they were
+dreaming. But they saw that the king spoke seriously, or rather
+commanded. Then, all confused, but well pleased, they said: "Let your
+Majesty's will be done." The prince, who loved his youngest sister
+dearly, was deeply grieved that she should become a grave-digger's wife.
+He begged the king not to make this match, but the king would not listen
+to him.</p>
+
+<p>The prince, grieved at his father's caprice, would not be present at his
+sisters' wedding, but took a walk in the garden at the foot of the
+palace. Now, while the priest in the marriage hall was blessing the
+three brides, the garden suddenly bloomed with the fairest flowers, and
+there came forth from a white cloud a voice which said: "Happy he who
+shall have a kiss from the lips of the fair Fiorita!" The prince
+trembled so that he could hardly stand; and afterward, leaning against
+an olive-tree, he began to weep for the sisters he had lost, and
+remained buried in thought many hours. Then he started, as if awakening
+from a dream, and said to himself: "I must flee from my father's house.
+I will wander about the world, and will not rest until I have a kiss
+from the lips of the fair Fiorita."</p>
+
+<p>He travelled over land and sea, over mountains and plains, and found no
+living soul that could give him word of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> the fair Fiorita. Three years
+had elapsed, when one day, leaving a wood and journeying through a
+beautiful plain, he arrived at a palace before which was a fountain, and
+drew near to drink. A child two years old, who was playing by the
+fountain, seeing him approach, began to cry and call its mother. The
+mother, when she saw the prince, ran to meet him, embraced him, and
+kissed him, crying: "Welcome, welcome, my brother!" The prince at first
+did not recognize her; but looking at her closely in the face, he saw
+that it was his oldest sister, and embracing her in turn, exclaimed:
+"How glad I am to see you, my sister!" and they rejoiced greatly. The
+sister invited him to enter the palace, which was hers, and led him to
+her husband, who was much pleased to see him, and all three overwhelmed
+with caresses the child who, by calling his mother, had been the cause
+of all that joy.</p>
+
+<p>The prince then asked about his other two sisters, and his
+brother-in-law replied that they were well, and lived in a lordly way
+with their husbands. The prince was surprised, and his brother-in-law
+added that the fortunes of the three husbands of his sisters had changed
+since they had been enchanted by a magician. "And cannot I see my other
+two sisters?" asked the prince. The brother-in-law replied: "Direct your
+journey towards sunrise. After a day you will find your second sister;
+after two days, the third." "But I must seek the way to the fair
+Fiorita, and I do not know whether it is towards sunrise or sunset." "It
+is precisely towards sunrise; and you are doubly fortunate: first,
+because you will see your two sisters again; secondly, because from the
+last you can receive information about the fair Fiorita. But before
+departing I wish to give you a remembrance. Take these hog's bristles.
+The first time you encounter any danger from which you cannot extricate
+yourself, throw them on the ground, and I will free you from the
+danger." The prince took the bristles, and after he had thanked his
+brother-in-law, resumed his journey.</p>
+
+<p>The next day he arrived at the palace of his second sister; was received
+there also with great joy, and this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> brother-in-law, too, wished to give
+him a memento before he departed; and because he had been a huntsman,
+presented him with a bunch of birds' feathers, telling him the same
+thing that the other brother-in-law had. He thanked him and departed.
+The third day he came to his youngest sister's, who, seeing the brother
+who had always loved her more dearly than his other sisters, welcomed
+him more warmly, as did also her husband. The latter gave him a little
+human bone, giving him the same advice as the other brothers-in-law had.
+His sister then told him that the fair Fiorita lived a day's journey
+from there, and that he could learn more about her from an old woman who
+was indebted to her, and to whom she sent him.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the prince arrived at the fair Fiorita's country (she was the
+king's daughter), he went to the old woman. When she heard that he was
+the brother of the one who had been so kind to her, she received him
+like a son. Fortunately, the old woman's house was exactly opposite that
+side of the king's palace where there was a window to which the fair
+Fiorita came every day at dawn. Now one morning at that hour she
+appeared at the window, scarcely covered by a white veil. When the
+prince saw that flower of beauty, he was so agitated that he would have
+fallen had not the old woman supported him. The old woman attempted to
+dissuade him from the idea of marrying the fair Fiorita, saying that the
+king would give his daughter only to him who should discover a hidden
+place, and that he killed him who could not find it, and that already
+many princes had lost their lives for her. But, notwithstanding, he
+answered that he should die if he could not obtain possession of the
+fair Fiorita. Having learned afterward from the old woman that the king
+bought for his daughter the rarest musical instruments, hear what he
+devised! He went to a cymbal-maker and said: "I want a cymbal that will
+play three tunes, and each tune to last a day, and to be made in such a
+way that a man can be hidden inside of it; and I will pay you a thousand
+ducats for it. When it is finished I will get in it; and you must go
+and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> play it in front of the king's palace; and if the king wishes to
+buy it you will sell it to him on condition that you shall take it every
+three days to fix it." The cymbal-maker consented, and did all that the
+prince commanded him. The king purchased the cymbal with the maker's
+condition, had it carried to his daughter's bed-chamber, and said to
+her: "See, my daughter, I do not wish you to lack any diversion, even
+when you are in bed and cannot sleep."</p>
+
+<p>Next to the fair Fiorita's chamber slept her maids of honor. In the
+night when all were asleep, the prince, who was hidden in the cymbal,
+came out and called: "Fair Fiorita! fair Fiorita!" She awoke in a fright
+and cried: "Come, my maids of honor, I hear some one calling me." The
+maids of honor came quickly, but found no one, for the prince hid
+himself suddenly in the instrument. The same thing happened twice, and
+the maids coming and finding no one, the fair Fiorita said: "Well, it
+must be my fancy. If I call you again, do not come, I command you." The
+prince, within the cymbal, heard this. Scarcely had the maids of honor
+fallen asleep again, when the prince approached the fair one's bed and
+said: "Fair Fiorita, give me, I beg you, a kiss from your lips; if you
+do not, I shall die." She, all trembling, called her maids; but obeying
+her command, they did not come. Then she said to the prince: "You are
+fortunate and have won. Draw near." And she gave him the kiss, and on
+the prince's lips there remained a beautiful rose. "Take this rose," she
+said, "and keep it on your heart, for it will bring you good luck." The
+prince placed it on his heart, and then told his fair one all his
+history from the time he had left his father's palace until he had
+introduced himself into her chamber by the trick with the cymbal. The
+fair Fiorita was well pleased, and said that she would willingly marry
+him; but to succeed, he must perform many difficult tasks which the king
+would lay upon him. First he must discover the way to a hiding-place
+where the king had concealed her with a hundred damsels; then he must
+recognize her among the hundred damsels, all dressed alike and veiled.
+"But," she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> said, "you need not trouble yourself about these
+difficulties, for the rose you have taken from my lips, and which you
+will always wear over your heart, will draw you like the loadstone,
+first to the hiding-place, and afterward to my arms. But the king will
+set you other tasks, and perhaps terrible ones. These you must think of
+yourself. Let us leave it to God and fortune."</p>
+
+<p>The prince went at once to the king, and asked for the fair Fiorita's
+hand. The king did not refuse it, but made the same conditions, that the
+princess had told him of. He consented, and by the help of the rose
+quickly performed the first tasks. "Bravo!" exclaimed the king, when the
+prince recognized the fair Fiorita among the other damsels; "but this is
+not enough." Then he shut him up in a large room all full of fruit, and
+commanded him, under pain of death, to eat it all up in a day. The
+prince was in despair, but fortunately he remembered the hog's bristles
+and the advice which his first brother-in-law had given him. He threw
+the bristles on the ground, and there suddenly came forth a great herd
+of swine which ate up all the fruit and then disappeared. This task was
+accomplished. But the king proposed another. He wished the prince to
+retire with his bride, and cause her to fall asleep at the singing of
+the birds which are the sweetest to hear and the most beautiful to see.
+The prince remembered the bunch of feathers given him by his
+brother-in-law the huntsman, and threw them on the ground. Suddenly
+there appeared the most beautiful birds in the world, and sang so
+sweetly that the king himself fell asleep. But a servant awakened him at
+once, because he had commanded it, and he said to the prince and his
+daughter: "Now you can enjoy your love at liberty. But to-morrow, on
+arising, you must present me with a child two years old, who can speak
+and call you by name. If not, you will both be killed." "Now let us
+retire, my dear wife," said the prince to the fair Fiorita. "Between now
+and to-morrow some saint will aid us." The next morning the prince
+remembered the bone which his brother-in-law the grave-digger had given
+him. He rose<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> and threw it to the ground, and lo! a beautiful child,
+with a golden apple in his right hand, who cried papa and mamma. The
+king entered the room, and the child ran to meet him, and wished to put
+the golden apple on the crown which the king wore. The king then kissed
+the child, blessed the pair, and taking the crown from his head, put it
+on his son-in-law's, saying: "This is now yours." Then they gave a great
+feast at the court for the wedding, and they invited the prince's three
+sisters, with their husbands. And the prince's father, receiving such
+good news of the son whom he believed lost, hastened to embrace him, and
+gave him his crown too. So the prince and the fair Fiorita became king
+and queen of two realms, and from that time on were always happy.<a name="FNanchor_23_2" id="FNanchor_23_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_2" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In the above story the wife is won by the performance of difficult tasks
+by the suitor. A somewhat similar class of stories is the one in which
+the bride is won by the solution of a riddle. The riddle, or difficult
+question, is either proposed by the bride herself, and the suitor who
+fails to answer it is killed, or the suitor is obliged to propose one
+himself, and if the bride fails to solve it, she marries him; if she
+succeeds, the suitor is killed. The first of the above two forms is
+found in three Italian stories, two of which resemble each other quite
+closely.</p>
+
+<p>In the Pentamerone (I. 5, "The Flea"), the King of High-Hill, "being
+bitten by a flea, caught him by a wonderful feat of dexterity; and
+seeing how handsome and stately he was, he could not in conscience pass
+sentence on him upon the bed of his nail. So he put him into a bottle,
+and feeding him every day with the blood of his own arm, the little
+beast grew at such a rate that at the end of seven months it was
+necessary to shift his quarters, for he was grown bigger than a sheep.
+When the king saw this, he had him flayed, and the skin dressed. Then he
+issued a proclamation, that whoever could tell to what animal this skin
+had belonged should have his daughter to wife." The question is answered
+by an ogre, to whom the king gives his daughter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> rather than break his
+promise. The hapless wife is afterward rescued by an old woman's seven
+sons, who possess remarkable gifts. In Gonz. (No. 22, "The Robber who
+had a Witch's Head"), a king with three daughters fattens a louse and
+nails its skin over the door as in the Pentamerone. A robber, who had a
+witch's head that told him everything he wanted to know, answers the
+question, and receives in marriage the king's eldest daughter. He takes
+her home and leaves her alone for a time, and on his return learns from
+the witch's head that his wife has reviled him. He kills her and marries
+the second sister, whom he kills for the same reason, and marries the
+youngest. She is more discreet, and the witch's head can only praise
+her. One day she finds the head and throws it in the oven; and the
+robber, whose life was in some way connected with it, died. The wife
+then anointed her sisters with a life-giving salve, and all three
+returned to their father's house, and afterward married three handsome
+princes. The third story, from the Tyrol (Schneller, No. 31, "The
+Devil's Wife"), is connected with the Bluebeard story which will be
+mentioned later. A king and queen had an only daughter, who was very
+pretty and fond of dress. One day she found a louse; and as she did not
+know what kind of an animal it was, she ran to her mother and asked her.
+Her mother told her and said: "Shut the louse up in a box and feed it.
+As soon as it is very large, we will have a pair of gloves made of its
+skin; these we will exhibit, and whoever of your suitors guesses from
+the skin of what animal they are made, shall be your husband." The
+successful suitor is no other than the Devil, who takes his wife home
+and forbids her to open a certain room. One day, while he is absent, she
+opens the door of the forbidden chamber, and sees from the flames and
+condemned souls who her husband is. She is so frightened that she
+becomes ill, but manages to send word to her father by means of a
+carrier-pigeon. The king sets out with many brave men to deliver her; on
+the way he meets three men who possess wonderful gifts (far seeing,
+sharp ear, great strength), and with their aid rescues his daughter.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>More frequently, however, this class of stories turns on a riddle
+proposed by the suitor himself, and which the bride is unable to solve.</p>
+
+<p>The following story, which illustrates the latter version, is from
+Istria (Ive, 1877, p. 13), and is entitled:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XIV. BIERDE.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a mother who had a son, who went to school.
+One day he came home and said to his mother: "Mother, I want to go and
+seek my fortune." She replied: "Ah, my son, are you mad? Where do you
+want to seek it?" "I want to wander about the world until I find it."
+Now he had a dog whose name was Bierde. He said: "To-morrow morning bake
+me some bread, put it into a bag, give me a pair of iron shoes, and I
+and Bierde will go and seek our fortune." His mother said: "No, my son,
+don't go, for I shall not see you again!" And she wept him as dead.
+After she was quieted she said to him: "Well, if you will go, to-morrow
+I will bake you some bread, and I will make you a bread-cake." She made
+the bread-cake, and put some poison in it; she put the bread and the
+bread-cake in the bag, and he went away. He walked and walked and walked
+until he felt hungry, and said to the dog: "Ah, poor Bierde, how tired
+you are, and how hungry, too! Wait until we have gone a little farther,
+and then we will eat." He went on, tired as he was, and at last seated
+himself under a tree, with the dog near him. He said: "Oh, here we are;
+now we will eat. Wait, Bierde; I will give you a piece of the bread-cake
+so that you, too, can eat." He broke off a piece of the cake, and gave
+it to him to eat. The dog was so hungry that he ate it greedily. After
+he had eaten it he took two or three turns, and fell dead on the ground,
+with his tongue sticking out. "Ah, poor Bierde!" said his master. "You
+have been poisoned! My mother has done it! The wretch! She has put
+poison in the cake in order to kill me!" He kept weeping and saying:
+"Poor Bierde, you are dead, but you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> have saved my life!" While he was
+weeping three crows passed, alighted, and pecked at the tongue of the
+dog, and all three died. Then he said: "Well, well! <i>Bierde dead has
+killed three crows!</i> I will take them with me." So he took them and
+continued his journey. He saw at a distance a large fire; he approached
+and heard talking and singing, and beheld seven highwaymen, who had
+eaten a great many birds, and who had a great deal of meat still left.
+He said to himself: "Poor me! Now I shall have to die; there is no
+escape; they will certainly take me and kill me!" Then he said: "Enough;
+I will go ahead." As soon as they saw him they cried: "Stop! Your money
+or your life!" The poor fellow said: "Brothers, what would you have me
+give you? Money I have not. I am very hungry. I have nothing but these
+three birds. If you want them I will give them to you." "Very well,"
+they said; "eat and drink; we will eat the birds." They took the birds,
+picked them, skinned them, roasted them over the coals, and said to the
+youth: "We will not give you any of these; you can eat the others." They
+ate them, and all seven fell down dead. When the youth saw that they did
+not stir, but were dead, he said: "Well, well! <i>Bierde dead has killed
+three, and these three have killed seven!</i>" He rose and went away after
+he had made a good meal. On the way he felt hungry again, and sat down
+under a tree, and began to eat. When he got up he saw a beautiful
+canary-bird on the top of another tree. He took up a stone and threw at
+it. The bird flew away. Now, behind this tree was a hare, big with
+young, and it happened that the stone fell on it and killed it. The
+youth went to see where the stone fell, and when he saw the dead hare he
+said: "Well, well! <i>I threw it at the canary-bird and the stone killed
+the hare!</i> I will take it with me. If I had the fire that those robbers
+left I would cook it." He went on until he came to a church, in which he
+found a lighted lamp and a missal. So he skinned the hare, and made a
+fire with the missal, and roasted and ate the hare. Then he continued
+his journey until he came to the foot of a mountain, where the sea was.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+On the shore he saw two persons with a boat, who ferried over those who
+wished to reach the other shore, because one could not go on foot on
+account of the great dust, which was suffocating. The price for crossing
+was three <i>soldi</i>. The youth said to the owners of the bark: "How much
+do you want to set me down on the other bank?" "Three <i>soldi</i>." "Take me
+across, brothers; I will give you two, for I have no more." They
+replied: "<i>Two do not enter if there are not three.</i>" He repeated his
+offer and they made the same answer. Then he said: "Very well. I will
+stay here." And he remained there. In a moment, however, there came up a
+shower, and laid the dust, and he went on. He reached a city, and found
+it in great confusion. He asked: "What is the matter here, that there
+are so many people?" They answered: "It is the governor's daughter, who
+guesses everything. He whose riddle she cannot guess is to marry her;
+but he whose riddle she guesses is put to death." He asked: "Could I,
+too, go there?" "What, you go, who are a foolish boy! So many students
+have abstained, and you, so ignorant, wish to go! You will certainly go
+to your death!" "Well," he said, "my mother told me that she would never
+see me again, so I will go." He presented himself to the governor and
+said: "Sir governor, I wish to go to your daughter and see whether she
+can guess what I have to tell her." "Do you wish," he replied, "to go to
+your death? So many have lost their lives, do you, also, wish to lose
+yours?" He answered: "Let me go and try." He wished to go and see for
+himself. He entered the hall where the daughter was. The governor
+summoned many gentlemen to hear. When they were all there the governor
+again said that the youth should reflect that if she guessed what he had
+to say that he would lose his life. He replied that he had thought of
+that. The room was full of persons of talent, and the youth presented
+himself and said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Bierde dead has killed three."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>She said to herself: "How can it be that one dead should kill three?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"And three have killed seven."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>She said: "Here is nothing but dead and killed; what shall I do?" She
+was puzzled at once, and felt herself perplexed. He continued:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"I threw where I saw, and reached where I did not expect to.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I have eaten that which was born, and that which was not born.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It was cooked with words.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Two do not enter if there are not three;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But the hard passes over the soft."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>When she heard this the governor's daughter could not answer. All the
+others were astonished likewise, and said that she must marry him. Then
+he told them all that had happened, and the marriage took place.<a name="FNanchor_24_2" id="FNanchor_24_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_2" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We shall now direct our attention to a class of stories found in all
+lands, and which may, from one of its most important episodes, be called
+"The Forgotten Bride." In the ordinary version, the hero, in consequence
+of some imprecation, sets out in search of the heroine, who is either
+the daughter or in the custody of ogre or ogress. The hero, by the help
+of the heroine, performs difficult tasks imposed upon him by her father
+or mother, etc., and finally elopes with her. The pursuit of father or
+mother, etc., is avoided by magic obstacles raised in their way, or by
+transformations of the fugitives. The hero leaves his bride, to prepare
+his parents to receive her; but at a kiss, usually from his mother, he
+entirely forgets his bride until she recalls herself to his memory, and
+they are both united. The trait of difficult tasks performed by the hero
+is sometimes omitted, as well as flight with magic obstacles or
+transformations. All the episodes of the above story, down to the
+forgetting bride at mother's kiss, are found in many stories; notably in
+the class "True Bride," already mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>A Sicilian story (Pitr&egrave;, No. 13) will best illustrate this class. It is
+entitled:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>XV. SNOW-WHITE-FIRE-RED.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a king and queen who had no son, and they were always
+making vows to obtain one; and they promised that if they had a son, or
+even a daughter, they would maintain two fountains for seven years: one
+running wine, the other oil. After this vow the queen gave birth to a
+handsome boy.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the child was born, the two fountains were erected, and
+everybody went and took oil and wine. At the end of seven years the
+fountains began to dry up. An ogress, wishing to collect the drops that
+still fell from the fountain, went there with a sponge and pitcher. She
+sopped up the drops with the sponge and then squeezed it in the pitcher.
+After she had worked so hard to fill this pitcher, the little son of the
+king, who was playing ball, from caprice threw a ball and broke the
+pitcher. When the old woman saw this, she said: "Listen. I can do
+nothing to you, for you are the king's son; but I can bestow upon you an
+imprecation: May you be unable to marry until you find
+Snow-white-fire-red!" The cunning child took a piece of paper and wrote
+down the old woman's words, put it away in a drawer, and said nothing
+about it. When he was eighteen the king and queen wished him to marry.
+Then he remembered the old woman's imprecation, took the piece of paper,
+and said: "Ah! if I do not find Snow-white-fire-red I cannot marry!"
+When it seemed fit, he took leave of his father and mother, and began
+his journey entirely alone. Months passed without meeting any one. One
+evening, night overtook him, tired and discouraged, in a plain in the
+midst of which was a large house.</p>
+
+<p>At daybreak he saw an ogress coming, frightfully tall and stout, who
+cried: "Snow-white-fire-red, lower your tresses for me to climb up!"
+When the prince heard this he took heart, and said: "There she is!"
+Snow-white-fire-red lowered her tresses, which seemed never to end, and
+the ogress climbed up by them. The next day the ogress descended, and
+when the prince saw her depart, he came from under the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> tree where he
+had concealed himself, and cried: "Snow-white-fire-red, lower your
+tresses for me to climb up!" She, believing it was her mother (for she
+called the ogress mother), lowered her tresses, and the prince climbed
+boldly up. When he was up, he said: "Ah! my dear little sister, how I
+have labored to find you!" And he told her of the old woman's
+imprecation when he was seven years old.</p>
+
+<p>She gave him some refreshments, and then said: "You see, if the ogress
+returns and finds you here, she will devour you. Hide yourself." The
+ogress returned, and the prince concealed himself.</p>
+
+<p>After the ogress had eaten, her daughter gave her wine to drink, and
+made her drunk. Then she said: "My mother, what must I do to get away
+from here? Not that I want to go, for I wish to stay with you; but I
+want to know just out of curiosity. Tell me!" "What you must do to get
+away from here!" said the ogress. "You must enchant everything that
+there is here, so that I shall lose time. I shall call, and instead of
+you, the chair, the cupboard, the chest of drawers, will answer for you.
+When you do not appear, I will ascend. You must take the seven balls of
+yarn that I have laid away. When I come and do not find you, I shall
+pursue you; when you see yourself pursued, throw down the first ball,
+and then the others. I shall always overtake you until you throw down
+the last ball."</p>
+
+<p>Her daughter heard all that she said, and remembered it. The next day
+the ogress went out, and Snow-white-fire-red and the prince did what
+they had to do. They went about the whole house, saying: "Table, you
+answer if my mother comes; chairs, answer if my mother comes; chest of
+drawers, answer if my mother comes;" and so she enchanted the whole
+house. Then she and the prince departed in such a hurry that they seemed
+to fly. When the ogress returned, she called: "Snow-white-fire-red, let
+down your tresses that I may climb up!" The table answered: "Come, come,
+mother!" She waited a while, and when no one appeared to draw her up,
+she called again: "Snow-white-fire-red,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> lower your tresses for me to
+climb up!" The chair answered: "Come, come, mother!" She waited a while,
+but no one appeared; then she called again, and the chest of drawers
+replied: "Come, come, mother!" Meanwhile the lovers were fleeing. When
+there was nothing left to answer, the ogress cried out: "Treason!
+treason!" Then she got a ladder and climbed up. When she saw that her
+daughter and the balls of yarn were gone, she cried: "Ah, wretch! I will
+drink your blood!" Then she hastened after the fugitives, following
+their scent. They saw her afar off, and when she saw them, she cried:
+"Snow-white-fire-red, turn around so that I can see you." (If she had
+turned around she would have been enchanted.)</p>
+
+<p>When the ogress had nearly overtaken them, Snow-white-fire-red threw
+down the first ball, and suddenly there arose a lofty mountain. The
+ogress was not disturbed; she climbed and climbed until she almost
+overtook the two again. Then Snow-white-fire-red, seeing her near at
+hand, threw down the second ball, and there suddenly appeared a plain
+covered with razors and knives. The ogress, all cut and torn, followed
+after the lovers, dripping with blood.</p>
+
+<p>When Snow-white-fire-red saw her near again, she threw down the third
+ball, and there arose a terrible river. The ogress threw herself into
+the river and continued her pursuit, although she was half dead. Then
+another ball, and there appeared a fountain of vipers, and many other
+things. At last, dying and worn out, the ogress stopped and cursed
+Snow-white-fire-red, saying: "The first kiss that the queen gives her
+son, may the prince forget you!" Then the ogress could stand it no
+longer, and died in great anguish.</p>
+
+<p>The lovers continued their journey, and came to a town near where the
+prince lived. He said to Snow-white-fire-red: "You remain here, for you
+are not provided with proper clothes, and I will go and get what you
+need, and then you can appear before my father and mother." She
+consented, and remained.</p>
+
+<p>When the queen beheld her son, she threw herself on him to kiss him.
+"Mother," said he, "I have made a vow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> not to allow myself to be
+kissed." The poor mother was petrified. At night, while he was asleep,
+his mother, who was dying to kiss him, went and did so. From that moment
+he forgot all about Snow-white-fire-red.</p>
+
+<p>Let us leave the prince with his mother, and return to the poor girl,
+who was left in the street without knowing where she was. An old woman
+met her, and saw the poor girl, as beautiful as the sun, weeping. "What
+is the matter, my daughter?" "I do not know how I came here!" "My
+daughter, do not despair; come with me." And she took her to her house.
+The young girl was deft with her hands, and could work enchantment. She
+made things, and the old woman sold them, and so they both lived. One
+day the maiden said to the old woman that she wanted two bits of old
+cloth from the palace for some work she had to do. The old woman went to
+the palace, and began to ask for the bits, and said so much that at last
+she obtained them. Now the old woman had two doves, a male and a female,
+and with these bits of cloth Snow-white-fire-red dressed the doves so
+prettily that all who saw them marvelled. The young girl took these
+doves, and whispered in their ears: "You are the prince, and you are
+Snow-white-fire-red. The king is at the table, eating; fly and relate
+all that you have undergone."</p>
+
+<p>While the king, queen, prince, and many others were at the table, the
+beautiful doves flew in and alighted on the table. "How beautiful you
+are!" And all were greatly pleased. Then the dove which represented
+Snow-white-fire-red began: "Do you remember when you were young how your
+father promised a fountain of oil and one of wine for your birth?" The
+other dove answered: "Yes, I remember." "Do you remember the old woman
+whose pitcher of oil you broke? do you remember?" "Yes, I remember." "Do
+you remember the imprecation she pronounced on you,&mdash;that you could not
+marry until you found Snow-white-fire-red?" "I remember," replied the
+other dove. In short, the first dove recalled all that had passed, and
+finally said: "Do you remember how you had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> the ogress at your heels,
+and how she cursed you, saying that at your mother's first kiss you must
+forget Snow-white-fire-red?" When the dove came to the kiss, the prince
+remembered everything, and the king and queen were astounded at hearing
+the doves speak.</p>
+
+<p>When they had ended their discourse, the doves made a low bow and flew
+away. The prince cried: "Ho, there! ho, there! see where those doves go!
+see where they go!" The servants looked and saw the doves alight on a
+country house. The prince hastened and entered it, and found
+Snow-white-fire-red. When he saw her he threw his arms about her neck,
+exclaiming: "Ah! my sister, how much you have suffered for me!"
+Straightway they dressed her beautifully and conducted her to the
+palace. When the queen saw her there, she said: "What a beauty!" Things
+were soon settled and the lovers were married.<a name="FNanchor_25_2" id="FNanchor_25_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_2" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>As we have remarked above, this story is often found incomplete, the
+ending&mdash;"forgetfulness of bride"&mdash;being wanting.</p>
+
+<p>Several of these versions are from Milan (<i>Nov. fior.</i> pp. 411, 415,
+417). In the first, "The King of the Sun," a trait occurs that is of
+some interest. The hero plays billiards with the King of the Sun and
+wins his daughter. He goes in search of his bride, and at last finds an
+old man who tells him where the King of the Sun lives, and adds: "In a
+wood near by is a pond where, in the afternoon, the king's three
+daughters bathe. Go and carry away their clothes; and when they come and
+ask for them give them back on condition that they will take you to
+their father." The hero does as he is told, is taken to the king, and
+obliged to choose his bride from among the three, with his eyes
+blindfolded. The remainder of the story consists of the usual flight,
+with the transformations of the lovers. The incident of the maidens who
+bathe, and whose clothes the hero steals, is clearly an example of the
+Swan-maiden myth, and occurs in a few other Italian tales. In a story
+from the North of Italy (Monferrato, Comparetti, No. 50), "The Isle of
+Happiness,"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> a poor boy goes to seek his fortune. He encounters an old
+man who tells him that fortune appears but once in a hundred years, and
+if not taken then, never is. He adds that this is the very time for
+fortune to appear&mdash;that day or the next&mdash;and advises the youth to hide
+himself in a wood near the bank of a stream, and when three beautiful
+girls come and bathe, to carry away the clothes of the middle one. He
+does so, and compels the owner (who is none other than Fortune) to marry
+him. By his mother's fault he loses his bride, as in the Cupid and
+Psyche stories, and is obliged to go in search of her to the Isle of
+Happiness. The same incident occurs in several Sicilian stories. In one
+(Pitr&egrave;, No. 50, "Give me the Veil!") the hero, a poor youth, goes in
+search of his fortune as in the last story, and meets an old woman who
+tells him to go to a certain fountain, where twelve doves will come to
+drink and become twelve maidens "as beautiful as the sun, with veils
+over their faces," and advises the youth to seize the veil of the most
+beautiful girl and keep it; for if she obtains it she will become a dove
+again. The youth does as he is commanded, and takes his wife home,
+giving the veil to his mother to keep for him. She gives it to the wife,
+who becomes a dove again, and disappears. The same thing happens twice;
+the third time the veil is burned, and the wife, who turns out to be the
+enchanted daughter of the king of Spain, remains with her husband.<a name="FNanchor_26_2" id="FNanchor_26_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_2" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p>
+
+<p>There yet remains a large and interesting class of stories to be
+examined. The class may conveniently be termed "Bluebeard," although, as
+we shall see, there are three versions of this story, to only one of
+which the above name properly belongs. These three versions are well
+represented by the three Grimm stories of "The Feather Bird" (No. 46),
+"The Robber Bridegroom" (No. 40), and "The Wood-cutter's Child" (No. 3).
+In the first version, which is, properly speaking, the Bluebeard story,
+two sisters are married in turn and killed by their husband, because
+they open the forbidden chamber. The youngest sister, although she opens
+the forbidden door, manages to escape and deliver<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> her sisters, whom she
+restores to life. In the second version a robber marries several
+sisters, whom he kills for disobeying his commands (the trait of
+forbidden chamber is usually wanting); the youngest sister again manages
+to escape and restores her dead sisters to life. Generally in this
+version the husband makes a desperate effort to be revenged on the
+sister who has escaped from him, but fails in this also. In the third
+version a young girl is under the guardianship of some supernatural
+being, who forbids her to open a certain door. The child disobeys,
+denies her fault, and is sent away in disgrace; she afterward marries
+and her children are taken from her one by one until she confesses her
+fault, or, as is the case in an Italian version, persists in her denial
+to the very end. We shall examine these three versions separately, and
+first give an example of the first, or Bluebeard, class. It is from
+Venice (Widter-Wolf, No. 11, <i>Jahrb.</i> VII. 148), and is entitled:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XVI. HOW THE DEVIL MARRIED THREE SISTERS.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time the Devil was seized with a desire to marry. He
+therefore left hell, took the form of a handsome young man, and built a
+fine large house. When it was completed and furnished in the most
+fashionable style, he introduced himself to a family where there were
+three pretty daughters, and paid his addresses to the eldest of them.
+The handsome man pleased the maiden, her parents were glad to see a
+daughter so well provided for, and it was not long before the wedding
+was celebrated.</p>
+
+<p>When he had taken his bride home, he presented her with a very
+tastefully arranged bouquet, led her through all the rooms of the house,
+and finally to a closed door. "The whole house is at your disposal,"
+said he, "only I must request one thing of you; that is, that you do not
+on any account open this door."</p>
+
+<p>Of course the young wife promised faithfully; but equally, of course,
+she could scarcely wait for the moment to come when she might break her
+promise. When the Devil had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> left the house the next morning, under
+pretence of going hunting, she ran hastily to the forbidden door, opened
+it, and saw a terrible abyss full of fire that shot up towards her, and
+singed the flowers on her bosom. When her husband came home and asked
+her whether she had kept her promise, she unhesitatingly said "Yes;" but
+he saw by the flowers that she was telling a lie, and said: "Now I will
+not put your curiosity to the test any longer. Come with me. I will show
+you myself what is behind the door." Thereupon he led her to the door,
+opened it, gave her such a push that she fell down into hell, and shut
+the door again.</p>
+
+<p>A few months after he wooed the next sister for his wife, and won her;
+but with her everything that had happened with the first wife was
+exactly repeated.</p>
+
+<p>Finally he courted the third sister. She was a prudent maiden, and said
+to herself: "He has certainly murdered my two sisters; but then it is a
+splendid match for me, so I will try and see whether I cannot be more
+fortunate than they." And accordingly she consented. After the wedding
+the bridegroom gave her a beautiful bouquet, but forbade her, also, to
+open the door which he pointed out.</p>
+
+<p>Not a whit less curious than her sisters, she, too, opened the forbidden
+door when the Devil had gone hunting, but she had previously put her
+flowers in water. Then she saw behind the door the fatal abyss and her
+sisters therein. "Ah!" she exclaimed, "poor creature that I am; I
+thought I had married an ordinary man, and instead of that he is the
+Devil! How can I get away from him?" She carefully pulled her two
+sisters out of hell and hid them. When the Devil came home he
+immediately looked at the bouquet, which she again wore on her bosom,
+and when he found the flowers so fresh he asked no questions; but
+reassured as to his secret, he now, for the first time, really loved
+her.</p>
+
+<p>After a few days she asked him if he would carry three chests for her to
+her parents' house, without putting them down or resting on the way.
+"But," she added, "you must<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> keep your word, for I shall be watching
+you." The Devil promised to do exactly as she wished. So the next
+morning she put one of her sisters in a chest, and laid it on her
+husband's shoulders. The Devil, who is very strong, but also very lazy
+and unaccustomed to work, soon got tired of carrying the heavy chest,
+and wanted to rest before he was out of the street on which he lived;
+but his wife called out to him: "Don't put it down; I see you!" The
+Devil went reluctantly on with the chest until he had turned the corner,
+and then said to himself: "She cannot see me here; I will rest a
+little." But scarcely had he begun to put the chest down when the sister
+inside cried out: "Don't put it down; I see you still!" Cursing, he
+dragged the chest on into another street, and was going to lay it down
+on a doorstep, but he again heard the voice: "Don't lay it down, you
+rascal; I see you still!" "What kind of eyes must my wife have," he
+thought, "to see around corners as well as straight ahead, and through
+walls as if they were made of glass!" and thus thinking he arrived, all
+in a perspiration and quite tired out, at the house of his
+mother-in-law, to whom he hastily delivered the chest, and then hurried
+home to strengthen himself with a good breakfast.</p>
+
+<p>The same thing was repeated the next day with the second chest. On the
+third day she herself was to be taken home in the chest. She therefore
+prepared a figure which she dressed in her own clothes, and placed on
+the balcony, under the pretext of being able to watch him better;
+slipped quickly into the chest, and had the maid put it on the Devil's
+back. "The deuce!" said he; "this chest is a great deal heavier than the
+others; and to-day, when she is sitting on the balcony, I shall have so
+much the less chance to rest." So by dint of the greatest exertions he
+carried it, without stopping, to his mother-in-law, and then hastened
+home to breakfast, scolding, and with his back almost broken. But quite
+contrary to custom, his wife did not come out to meet him, and there was
+no breakfast ready. "Margerita, where are you?" he cried; but received
+no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> answer. As he was running through the corridors he at length looked
+out of a window, and saw the figure on the balcony. "Margerita, have you
+gone to sleep? Come down. I am as tired as a dog, and as hungry as a
+wolf." But there was no reply. "If you do not come down instantly I will
+go up and bring you down," he cried, angrily; but Margerita did not
+stir. Enraged, he hastened up to the balcony, and gave her such a box on
+the ear that her head flew off, and he saw that the head was nothing but
+a milliner's form, and the body, a bundle of rags. Raging, he rushed
+down and rummaged through the whole house, but in vain; he found only
+his wife's empty jewel-box. "Ha!" he cried; "she has been stolen from
+me, and her jewels, too!" and he immediately ran to inform her parents
+of the misfortune. But when he came near the house, to his great
+surprise he saw on the balcony above the door all three sisters, his
+wives, who were looking down on him with scornful laughter.</p>
+
+<p>Three wives at once terrified the Devil so much that he took his flight
+with all possible speed.</p>
+
+<p>Since that time he has lost his taste for marrying.<a name="FNanchor_27_2" id="FNanchor_27_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_2" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We have already mentioned, in the class of "Bride Won by Solving
+Riddle," the story in Gonzenbach of "The Robber who had a Witch's Head."
+In this story, after the robber has married the first princess, he takes
+her home, and learns from the witch's head, which hangs over the window
+in a basket, what his wife says of him in his absence. The counterpart
+of the witch's head is found in several very curious Italian stories. In
+these a magician is substituted for the robber, and marries, in the same
+way, several sisters. In the version in Gonzenbach, No. 23 ("The Story
+of Ohim&egrave;"), Ohim&egrave;, the magician, leaves his wife for a few days, and
+before he goes gives her a human bone, telling her she must eat it
+before his return. The wife throws the bone away; but when the magician
+returns he calls out: "Bone, where are you?" "Here I am." "Come here,
+then." Then the bone came, and the magician murdered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> his wife because
+she had not done her duty. The second sister is married and killed in
+the same way. Then the youngest becomes the magician's bride. In her
+perplexity and grief at her husband's command to eat a human arm during
+his absence, she invokes her mother's spirit, which tells her to burn
+the arm to a coal, powder it, and bind it about her body. When the
+magician returns and asks the arm where it is, it replies: "In Maruzza's
+body." Then her husband trusted her, and treated her kindly, showing
+her, among other things, a closet containing flasks of salve which
+restored the dead to life. He forbade her, however, to open a certain
+door. Maruzza could not restrain her curiosity, and the first
+opportunity she had she opened the door, and found in the room a
+handsome young prince murdered. She restored him to life, heard his
+story, and then killed him again, so that her husband would not notice
+it. Then she extracted from her husband the secret of his life: "I
+cannot be killed, but if any one sticks a branch of this herb in my ears
+I shall fall asleep, and not wake up again." Maruzza, of course, throws
+her husband, as soon as possible, into this magic sleep, restores the
+prince, flies with him, and marries him.</p>
+
+<p>Some years after, the branch in the magician's ears withered and fell
+out, and he awakened. Then he desired to be revenged, and travelled
+about until he found where his wife lived. Then he had a silver statue
+made in which he could conceal himself, and in which he placed some
+musical instruments. He shut himself up in it, and had himself and the
+statue taken to the palace where Maruzza and her husband lived. In the
+night, when all were asleep, the magician came out of the statue,
+carried Maruzza to the kitchen, kindled a fire, and put on some oil to
+boil, into which he intended to throw poor Maruzza. But just as he was
+about to do it, the flask which he had laid on the king's bed, and which
+had thrown him into a magic sleep, rolled off, and the king awoke, heard
+Maruzza's cries, saved her, and threw the magician into the boiling oil.
+In spite of his assurances he seems to have been very thoroughly
+killed.<a name="FNanchor_28_2" id="FNanchor_28_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_2" class="fnanchor">[28]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A Florentine story (<i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 290), called "The Baker's Three
+Daughters," is a combination of the Bluebeard and Robber Bridegroom
+stories. The husband forbids his wife to open a certain door with a gold
+key, saying: "You cannot deceive me; the little dog will tell me; and,
+besides, I will leave you a bouquet of flowers, which you must give me
+on my return, and which will wither if you enter that room." The two
+sisters yield to their curiosity, and are killed. The third sister kills
+the treacherous little dog, delivers the prince, as in the last story,
+flies with him, and the story ends much as the last does. In a Milanese
+version of this story, with the same title (<i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 298), the
+robber bridegroom takes his wife home, and informs her that it is her
+duty to watch at night, and open the door to the robbers when they
+return. The poor wife falls asleep, and is murdered. So with the second
+sister. The third remains awake, rescues the prince, and flies with him.
+The rest of the story is as above.</p>
+
+<p>Of the third version of the Bluebeard story there are but two Italian
+examples: one from Sicily (Gonz. No. 20), and one from Pisa (Comparetti,
+No. 38). The former is entitled "The Godchild of St. Francis of Paula,"
+and is, briefly, as follows: A queen, through the intercession of St.
+Francis of Paula, has a girl, whom she names Pauline, from the saint.
+The saint is in the habit of meeting the child on her way to school, and
+giving her candy. One day the saint tells her to ask her mother whether
+it is best to suffer in youth or old age. The mother replies that it is
+better to suffer in youth. Thereupon the saint carries away Pauline, and
+shuts her up in a tower, climbing up and down by her tresses, as in
+other stories we have already mentioned. In the tower the saint
+instructed Pauline in all that belonged to her rank. One day a king
+climbs up by the hair, and persuades Pauline to fly with him. She
+consents and becomes his bride. When her first child was born St.
+Francis came and took it away, rubbed the mother's mouth with blood, and
+deprived her of speech. Three times this happened, and then the queen
+was repudiated and confined<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> in a remote room, where she spent her time
+in praying to St. Francis.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the queen-mother arranged another marriage for her son; but
+during the banquet the saint brought Pauline royal robes, and restored
+her three children to her. Then he led all four to the banquet-hall, and
+the happy family lived thereafter in peace and happpiness.</p>
+
+<p>The "forbidden chamber" is omitted in the above version, but is found in
+the Pisan story, "The Woodman." The main idea of the story, however, is
+curiously distorted. A woodman had three daughters whom he cannot
+support. One day a lady met him in the wood, and offered to take one of
+his daughters for a companion, giving him a purse of money, and assuring
+him that he would always find enough wood. The lady took her home, and
+told her she must not open a certain door during her absence. The girl
+did so, however, and saw her mistress in a bath, with two damsels
+reading a book. She closed the door at once; but when the mistress
+returned and asked her whether she had disobeyed, and what she had seen,
+she confessed her fault, and told what she saw. Then the lady cut her
+head off, hung it by the hair to a beam, and buried the body.</p>
+
+<p>The same thing happened to the second sister, who opened the door, and
+saw the lady sitting at a table with gentlemen. The lady killed her,
+too, and then took the third sister, who, in spite of having seen her
+two sisters' heads, could not control her curiosity, and opened the
+door. She saw her mistress reclining in a beautiful bed. In the evening
+the lady returned and asked her what she had seen; but she answered: "I
+have seen nothing." The lady could extort no other answer from her, and
+finally clothed her in her peasant's dress, and took her back to the
+wood and left her.</p>
+
+<p>The king of the neighboring city happened to pass by, and fell in love
+with her, and married her. When her first child was born the lady
+appeared at her bedside, and said: "Now it is time to tell me what you
+saw." "I saw nothing," replied the young queen. Then the lady carried
+away<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> the child, having first rubbed the mother's mouth with blood. This
+happened a second time, and then the king put her away, and prepared to
+marry again. The first wife was invited to the wedding feast. While at
+the table the lady appeared under it, and pulled the first wife's dress,
+and said: "Will you tell what you saw?" The reply was twice: "Nothing."
+Then the queen fainted. At that moment a carriage drove up to the palace
+with a great lady in it, who asked to see the king. She told him that it
+was she who had carried away his children, and added that from her
+childhood she had been subjected to an enchantment that was to end when
+she found a person who should say that she had seen nothing in that
+room. She then brought back the children, and all lived together in
+peace and joy.<a name="FNanchor_29_2" id="FNanchor_29_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_2" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p>
+
+<p>One of the most beautiful and touching of all fairy tales is the one
+known to the readers of Grimm's collection by the title of "Faithful
+John," and which has such a charming parallel in the story of "Rama and
+Luxman," in Miss Frere's "Old Deccan Days." There are seven Italian
+versions of this interesting story, which we shall mention briefly,
+giving first the shortest entire, as a point of departure. It is from
+the North of Italy (Comparetti, Monferrato, No. 29), and is called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XVII. IN LOVE WITH A STATUE.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a king who had two sons. The eldest did not wish to
+marry, and the youngest, although he went about everywhere, found no
+lady to his taste. Now it happened that he once went to a certain city,
+and there saw a statue with which he fell in love. He bought it, had it
+carried to his room, and every day embraced and kissed it. One day his
+father became aware of this, and said to him: "What are you doing? If
+you want a wife, take one of flesh and bones, and not one of marble." He
+answered that he would take one exactly like the statue, or none at all.
+His older brother, who at this time had nothing to do, went out into the
+world to seek her. On his way he saw in a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> city a man who had a mouse
+which danced so that it seemed like a human being. He said to himself:
+"I will take it home to my brother to amuse himself with." He continued
+his journey, and, arrived in a more distant town, where he found a bird
+that sang like an angel, and bought that, too, for his brother. He was
+on the point of returning home, and was passing through a street, when
+he saw a beggar knocking at a door. A very beautiful girl appeared at
+the window, who resembled in every respect the prince's statue, and
+suddenly withdrew. Then he told the beggar to ask alms again; but the
+beggar refused, because he feared that the magician, who was then
+absent, would return home and eat him up. But the prince gave him so
+much money and other things that he knocked again, and the young girl
+appeared again, and suddenly withdrew. Then the prince went through the
+streets, saying that he mended and sold looking-glasses. The servant of
+the young girl, who heard him, told her mistress to go and see the
+mirrors. She went, but he told her that if she wanted to select the
+mirrors she would have to go on board his ship. When she was there, he
+carried her away, and she wept bitterly and sighed, so that he would let
+her return home, but it was like speaking to the wall.</p>
+
+<p>When they were out at sea, there was heard the voice of a large black
+bird, saying: "<i>Ciri&ugrave;, ciri&ugrave;!</i> what a handsome mouse you have! You will
+take it to your brother; you will turn his head; and if you tell him of
+it, you will become marble. <i>Ciri&ugrave;, ciri&ugrave;!</i> a fine bird you have; you
+will take it to your brother; you will turn his head; and if you tell
+him, you will become marble. <i>Ciri&ugrave;, ciri&ugrave;!</i> a fine lady you have; you
+will take her to your brother; you will turn his head; and if you tell
+him of it, you will become marble." He did not know how he could tell
+his brother, because he was afraid of becoming marble. He landed, and
+took the mouse to his brother; and when he had seen it and wanted it,
+the elder brother cut off its head. Then he showed him the bird that
+sang like an angel, and his brother wanted it; but the elder brother
+again cut off its head. Then he said: "I have something<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> handsomer," and
+he produced the beautiful girl who looked like the statue. And as the
+brother who had brought her said nothing, the other feared that he would
+take her away from him, and had him thrown into prison, where he was a
+long time; and because he continued to keep silence, he was condemned to
+death. Three days before he was to die he asked his brother to come and
+see him, and he consented, although unwillingly. Then the condemned
+brother said: "A large black bird told me that if I brought you back the
+dancing mouse, and spoke, I should become a statue." And saying this, he
+became a statue to the waist. "And if, bringing you the singing bird, I
+spoke, it would be the same." Then he became a statue to his breast.
+"And if, bringing you the lady, I spoke, I should become a statue." Then
+he became a statue all over, and his brother began to lament in despair,
+and tried to restore him to life. All kinds of physicians came, but none
+succeeded. Finally there came one who said that he was capable of
+turning the statue into a man provided they gave him what he needed. The
+king said he would do so, and the physician demanded the blood of the
+king's two children; but the mother would on no account consent. Then
+the king gave a ball, and while his wife was dancing he had the two
+children killed, and bathed with their blood the statue of his brother,
+and the statue straightway became a man and went to the ball. The
+mother, when she beheld him, suddenly thought of her children. She ran
+to them and found them half dead, and fainted away. All around sought to
+console and encourage her; but when she opened her eyes and saw the
+physician, she cried: "Out of my sight, ugly wretch! It is you who have
+caused my children to be killed." He answered: "Pardon me, my lady, I
+have done no harm. Go and see whether your children are there!" She ran
+to see, and found them alive and making a great noise. Then the
+physician said: "I am the magician, your father, whom you forsook, and I
+have wished to show you what it is to love one's children." Then they
+made peace, and remained happy and contented.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In the Venetian version (Teza, <i>La Trad. dei Sette Sari</i>, p. 26), called
+"Mela and Buccia," from the names of the prince and his friend, while
+the two friends are spending the night in a deserted castle, Buccia
+hears a voice foretelling the dangers to which Mela will be exposed. His
+horse will throw him if Buccia does not kill it; a dragon will devour
+him on his wedding night if Buccia does not kill it; and finally, the
+queen's pet dog will mortally wound him if Buccia does not kill it. If,
+however, Buccia reveals what he has heard, he will turn to stone. Buccia
+acts accordingly, and the king forgives him everything but killing the
+queen's pet dog; for that Buccia is condemned to be hung. Then he
+relates all, and gradually turns to stone from his feet up. The king,
+queen, and Buccia's mother are inconsolable until they are informed by
+an old woman that the blood of the little prince will bring the statue
+back to life. The faithful friend is by that means restored, and the
+child also saved. In this version the abduction is wanting, and the last
+danger is not the one usually threatened.</p>
+
+<p>In a version from Siena (Gradi, <i>Vigilia</i>, p. 64), one of two brothers
+goes in search of the "Princess with Blonde Tresses." He also buys a
+parrot and a horse, and the dangers are: he who touches the parrot will
+have his eyes put out; he who mounts the horse will be thrown; he who
+marries the fair one will be devoured by a dragon; and he who reveals
+these dangers will become stone. The remainder of the story is like the
+last version.</p>
+
+<p>The Florentine version (<i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 421) is mixed up with a number
+of other incidents. The dangers from which the prince is saved by his
+faithful servant are: poisoned apples, poisoned pastry, and a lion in
+the royal chamber. The servant is turned to stone and restored, as in
+the other versions.</p>
+
+<p>In a Mantuan story (<i>Fiabe mant</i>, No. 9), the dangers are: parrot,
+horse, and bride; whoever touches these will be devoured by a dragon;
+whoever reveals these dangers will become stone. The conclusion is the
+same as above.</p>
+
+<p>The last version we shall mention here is in the Pentamerone<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> (IV. 9),
+and resembles the one from Monferrato. The elder brother, who goes in
+search of a bride for his younger brother, buys a falcon and a horse.
+The first will pick out the younger brother's eyes; the horse will throw
+him, and finally a dragon will devour him on his wedding night. The
+remainder of the story is as usual.<a name="FNanchor_30_2" id="FNanchor_30_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_2" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p>
+
+<p>We shall conclude this chapter with the class of stories in which giants
+are outwitted by men. The simplest form is found in two stories which
+are interesting examples of the survival of classic myths. Both stories
+are from Sicily, and one was told to Pitr&egrave; by a girl eight years old
+(Pitr&egrave;, No. 51). It is entitled "The Little Monk," and is, in substance,
+as follows: There were once two monks who went begging for the church
+every year. One was large and the other small. They lost their way once
+and came to a large cave, in which was a monster (lit. animal,
+<i>armalu</i>), who was building a fire. The two monks, however, did not
+believe it was a monster, but said: "Let us go and rest there." They
+entered, and saw the monster killing a sheep and roasting it. He had
+already killed and cooked twenty.</p>
+
+<p>"Eat!" said the monster to them. "We don't want to eat; we are not
+hungry." "Eat, I tell you!" After they had eaten the sheep, they lay
+down, and the monster closed the entrance to the cave with a great
+stone. Then he took a sharp iron, heated it in the fire, and stuck it in
+the throat of the larger of the two monks, roasted the body, and wanted
+the other monk to help eat it. "I don't want to eat," said he; "I am
+full." "Get up!" said the monster. "If you don't I will kill you."</p>
+
+<p>The wretched monk arose in fright, seated himself at the table, and
+pretended to eat, but threw the flesh away. In the night the good man
+took the iron, heated it, and plunged it in the monster's eyes. Then the
+monk in his terror slipped into the skin of a sheep. The monster felt
+his way to the entrance of the cave, removed the stone, and let the
+sheep out one by one; and so the good man escaped and returned to
+Trapani, and told his story to some fishermen. The monster went fishing,
+and being blind, stumbled against<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> a rock and broke his head. The other
+version is from the Albanian colony of Piana de' Greci (Comparetti, No.
+70), in Sicily, and is substantially the same as the story just
+given.<a name="FNanchor_31_2" id="FNanchor_31_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_2" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p>
+
+<p>Generally, however, the stories in which giants are outwitted by men are
+more complicated, and may be divided into two classes: one where the
+giant is outwitted by superior cunning, the other where the giant's
+stupidity is deceived by the man's braggadocio. The first class may be
+represented by a Sicilian story (Pitr&egrave;, No. 33), entitled:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XVIII. THIRTEENTH.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a father who had thirteen sons, the youngest of whom was
+named Thirteenth. The father had hard work to support his children, but
+made what he could gathering herbs. The mother, to make the children
+quick, said to them: "The one who comes home first shall have herb
+soup." Thirteenth always returned the first, and the soup always fell to
+his share, on which account his brothers hated him and sought to get rid
+of him.</p>
+
+<p>The king issued a proclamation in the city that he who was bold enough
+to go and steal the ogre's coverlet should receive a measure of gold.
+Thirteenth's brothers went to the king and said: "Majesty, we have a
+brother, named Thirteenth, who is confident that he can do that and
+other things too." The king said: "Bring him to me at once." They
+brought Thirteenth, who said: "Majesty, how is it possible to steal the
+ogre's coverlet? If he sees me he will eat me!" "No matter, you must
+go," said the king. "I know that you are bold, and this act of bravery
+you must perform." Thirteenth departed and went to the house of the
+ogre, who was away. The ogress was in the kitchen. Thirteenth entered
+quietly and hid himself under the bed. At night the ogre returned. He
+ate his supper and went to bed, saying as he did so:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"I smell the smell of human flesh;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where I see it I will swallow it!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>The ogress replied: "Be still; no one has entered here." The ogre began
+to snore, and Thirteenth pulled the coverlet a little. The ogre awoke
+and cried: "What is that?" Thirteenth began to mew like a cat. The
+ogress said: "Scat! scat!" and clapped her hands, and then fell asleep
+again with the ogre. Then Thirteenth gave a hard pull, seized the
+coverlet, and ran away. The ogre heard him running, recognized him in
+the dark, and said: "I know you! You are Thirteenth, without doubt!"</p>
+
+<p>After a time the king issued another proclamation, that whoever would
+steal the ogre's horse and bring it to the king should receive a measure
+of gold. Thirteenth again presented himself, and asked for a silk ladder
+and a bag of cakes. With these things he departed, and went at night to
+the ogre's, climbed up without being heard, and descended to the stable.
+The horse neighed on seeing him, but he offered it a cake, saying: "Do
+you see how sweet it is? If you will come with me, my master will give
+you these always." Then he gave it another, saying: "Let me mount you
+and see how we go." So he mounted it, kept feeding it with cakes, and
+brought it to the king's stable.</p>
+
+<p>The king issued another proclamation, that he would give a measure of
+gold to whoever would bring him the ogre's bolster. Thirteenth said:
+"Majesty, how is that possible? The bolster is full of little bells, and
+you must know that the ogre awakens at a breath." "I know nothing about
+it," said the king. "I wish it at any cost." Thirteenth departed, and
+went and crept under the ogre's bed. At midnight he stretched out his
+hand very softly, but the little bells all sounded. "What is that?" said
+the ogre. "Nothing," replied the ogress; "perhaps it is the wind that
+makes them ring." But the ogre, who was suspicious, pretended to sleep,
+but kept his ears open. Thirteenth stretched out his hand again. Alack!
+the ogre put out his arm and seized him. "Now you are caught! Just wait;
+I will make you cry for your first trick, for your second, and for your
+third." After this he put Thirteenth in a barrel, and began to feed him
+on raisins and figs. After a time he said: "Stick out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> your finger,
+little Thirteenth, so that I can see whether you are fat." Thirteenth
+saw there a mouse's tail, and stuck that out. "Ah, how thin you are!"
+said the ogre; "and besides, you don't smell good! Eat, my son; take the
+raisins and figs, and get fat soon!" After some days the ogre told him
+again to put out his finger, and Thirteenth stuck out a spindle. "Eh,
+wretch! are you still lean? Eat, eat, and get fat soon."</p>
+
+<p>At the end of a month Thirteenth had nothing more to stick out, and was
+obliged to show his finger. The ogre cried out in joy: "He is fat, he is
+fat!" The ogress hastened to the spot: "Quick, my ogress, heat the oven
+three nights and three days, for I am going to invite our relatives, and
+we will make a fine banquet of Thirteenth."</p>
+
+<p>The ogress heated the oven three days and three nights, and then
+released Thirteenth from the barrel, and said to him: "Come here,
+Thirteenth; we have got to put the lamb in the oven." But Thirteenth
+caught her meaning; and when he approached the oven, he said: "Ah,
+mother ogress, what is that black thing in the corner of the oven?" The
+ogress stooped down a little, but saw nothing. "Stoop down again," said
+Thirteenth, "so that you can see it." When she stooped down again,
+Thirteenth seized her by the feet and threw her into the oven, and then
+closed the oven door. When she was cooked, he took her out carefully,
+cut her in two, divided her legs into pieces, and put them on the table,
+and placed her trunk, with her head and arms, in the bed, under the
+sheet, and tied a string to the chin and another to the back of her
+head.</p>
+
+<p>When the ogre arrived with his guests he found the dishes on the table.
+Then he went to his wife's bed and asked: "Mother ogress, do you want to
+dine?" Thirteenth pulled the string, and the ogress shook her head. "How
+are you, tired?" And Thirteenth, who was hidden under the bed, pulled
+the other string and made her nod. Now it happened that one of her
+relatives moved something and saw that the ogress was dead, and only
+half of her was there. She cried in a loud voice: "Treason! treason!"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>
+and all hastened to the bed. In the midst of the confusion Thirteenth
+escaped from under the bed and ran away to the king with the bolster and
+the ogre's most valuable things.</p>
+
+<p>After this, the king said to Thirteenth: "Listen, Thirteenth. To
+complete your valiant exploits, I wish you to bring me the ogre himself,
+in person, alive and well." "How can I, your Majesty?" said Thirteenth.
+Then he roused himself, and added: "I see how, now!" Then he had a very
+strong chest made, and disguised himself as a monk, with a long, false
+beard, and went to the ogre's house, and called out to him: "Do you know
+Thirteenth? The wretch! he has killed our superior; but if I catch him!
+If I catch him, I will shut him up in this chest!" At these words the
+ogre drew near and said: "I, too, would like to help you, against that
+wretch of an assassin, for you don't know what he has done to me." And
+he began to tell his story. "But what shall we do?" said the pretended
+monk. "I do not know Thirteenth. Do you know him?" "Yes, sir." "Then
+tell me, father ogre, how tall is he?" "As tall as I am." "If that is
+so," said Thirteenth, "let us see whether this chest will hold you; if
+it will hold you, it will hold him." "Oh, good!" said the ogre; and got
+into the chest. Then Thirteenth shut the chest and said: "Look
+carefully, father ogre, and see whether there is any hole in the chest."
+"There is none." "Just wait; let us see whether it shuts well, and is
+heavy to carry."</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Thirteenth shut and nailed up the chest, took it on his back,
+and hastened to the city. When the ogre cried: "Enough, now!" Thirteenth
+ran all the faster, and, laughing, sang this song to taunt the ogre:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"I am Thirteenth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who carry you on my back;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I have tricked you and am going to trick you.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I must deliver you to the king."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>When he reached the king, the king had an iron chain attached to the
+ogre's hands and feet, and made him gnaw bones the rest of his miserable
+life. The king gave Thirteenth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> all the riches and treasures he could
+bestow on him, and always wished him at his side, as a man of the
+highest valor.<a name="FNanchor_32_2" id="FNanchor_32_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_2" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The second version of the above story, in which the giant is deceived by
+the hero's braggadocio, is represented by several Italian stories; the
+simplest are some Milanese versions (<i>Nov. fior.</i> pp. 575-580), one of
+which (<i>Ibid.</i> p. 575) is as follows:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XIX. THE COBBLER.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a cobbler who one day was so tired of cobbling that he
+said: "Now I will go and seek my fortune." He bought a little cheese and
+put it on the table. It got full of flies, and he took an old shoe, and
+hit the cheese and killed all the flies. He afterward counted them, and
+five hundred were killed, and four hundred wounded. He then girded on a
+sword, and put on a cocked hat, and went to the court, and said to the
+king: "I am the chief warrior of the flies. Four hundred I have killed,
+and five hundred I have wounded." The king answered: "Since you are a
+warrior, you will be brave enough to climb that mountain there, where
+there are two magicians, and kill them. If you kill them, you shall
+marry my daughter." Then he gave him a white flag to wave when he had
+killed them. "And sound the trumpet, you will put his head in a bag,
+both the heads, to show me." The cobbler then departed, and found a
+house, which was an inn, and the innkeeper and his wife were none other
+than the magician and his wife. He asked for lodging and food, and all
+he needed. Afterward he went to his room; but before going to bed, he
+looked up at the ceiling. There he saw a great stone over the bed.
+Instead of getting into bed, he got into a corner. When a certain hour
+struck, the magicians let the stone drop and it crushed the whole bed.
+The next morning the cobbler went down and said that he could not sleep
+for the noise. They told him they would change his room. The same thing
+happened the next night, and in the morning they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> told him they would
+give him another room. When it was a certain hour, the husband and wife
+went to the forest to cut a bundle of fagots. Then the magician went
+home; and the cobbler, who had made ready a sickle, said: "Wait until I
+help you to take the bundle off your back." Then he gave the magician a
+blow with the sickle and cut off his head. He did the same thing when
+the magician's wife returned. Then he unfurled his flag, and sounded his
+trumpet, and the band went out to meet him. After he had arrived at the
+court, the king said to him: "Now that you have killed the two
+magicians, you shall marry my daughter." But the cobbler had got so used
+to drawing the thread that he did so in his sleep, and kept hitting his
+wife, so that she could not rest. Then the king gave him a great deal of
+money and sent him home.<a name="FNanchor_33_2" id="FNanchor_33_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_2" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A more detailed version is found in a Sicilian story in Gonzenbach, "The
+Brave Shoemaker" (No. 41), the first part of which is like the Milanese
+version. On his way to the giant's, the cobbler makes some balls of
+plaster of Paris and cream-cheese, and puts them in his pocket. When he
+heard the giant coming through the woods, he climbed a tree; but the
+giant scented him, and told him to come down. The cobbler answered that
+if he did not leave him alone he would twist his neck; and to show him
+how strong he was, he crushed the balls of plaster of Paris in his
+hands, telling the giant they were marble. The giant was frightened, and
+invited the cobbler to remain with him, and took him home. After a
+while, the giant asked him to bring some water in a pitcher from the
+well. The cobbler said that if the giant would give him a strong rope he
+would bring the well itself. The giant in terror took the pitcher, and
+drew the water himself. Then the giant asked the cobbler to cut some
+wood, but the latter asked for a strong rope to drag a whole tree to the
+house with. Then the giant proposed a trial of strength, to see which
+could carry a heavy stick the longer. The cobbler said that the giant
+had better wind something about the thick end, for when he, the
+cobbler,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> turned a somersault with it, he might hit the giant. When they
+went to bed, the giant made the cobbler sleep with him; but the latter
+crept under the bed, leaving a pumpkin in his place. The giant, who was
+anxious to get rid of the cobbler, took an iron bar and struck at the
+pumpkin all night, believing it the cobbler's head. After he had beaten
+the pumpkin to pieces, the cobbler, under the bed, gave a sigh. "What is
+the matter with you?" asked the terrified giant. "A flea has just bitten
+my ear," answered the cobbler. The next day the cobbler proposed to the
+giant to cook a great kettle of macaroni, and after they had eaten it,
+he would cut open his stomach to show the giant that he had eaten it
+without chewing it; the giant was to do the same afterward. The cobbler,
+of course, secretly tied a sack about his neck, and put his macaroni in
+it; then he took a knife and ripped open the bag, and the macaroni fell
+out. The giant, in attempting to follow the cobbler's example, killed
+himself. Then the cobbler cut his head off, carried it to the king, and
+claimed his daughter's hand.<a name="FNanchor_34_2" id="FNanchor_34_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_2" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p>
+
+<p>The stories given in this chapter constitute, as we have already said in
+the Introduction, but a small part of Italian fairy tales. They
+represent, however, as well as our space will allow, the great fairy
+cycles, so to speak. As our purpose has been to give only those stories
+which have been taken down from the mouths of the people, we have not
+drawn, except for purposes of reference, upon the Pentamerone, one of
+the most original and charming collections of fairy tales in any
+language. Enough has been given, we trust, to show how the Italians have
+treated the themes familiar to us from childhood, and to furnish the
+scholar with additional material for comparison.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<h3>FAIRY TALES CONTINUED.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The fairy tales given in the last chapter belong to what may be called
+the great fairy tale cycles; that is, to extensive classes that are
+typical forms. It remains to notice in this chapter those stories which
+do not belong to any of these typical classes, but constitute, so to
+speak, independent forms.</p>
+
+<p>The reader has perhaps noticed in the fairy tales of the first chapter
+the conspicuous absence of the fairies to which we are accustomed in
+German or Celtic stories. We have met ogres and magicians with magic
+powers, old men and women, and hermits who have aided the hero and
+heroine, and played the r&ocirc;le of the "good fairy," but the fairy in the
+bright shape in which we see her in French and Irish stories, for
+example, has been wanting. It will not be amiss, then, to give a few
+stories in which the fairies play a more important part. We shall first
+mention a curious story in which the fairies are represented in one of
+their most usual r&ocirc;les&mdash;that of bestowing good gifts. The story is from
+Sicily (Gonz. No. 73), and is entitled:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XXV. THE KING WHO WANTED A BEAUTIFUL WIFE.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a king who wanted to marry. But his wife must be more
+beautiful than the sun, and no matter how many maidens he saw, none was
+beautiful enough to suit him. Then he called his trusty servant, and
+commanded him to seek everywhere and see whether he could find a
+beautiful girl. The servant set out, and wandered through the whole
+land, but found none who seemed handsome enough to him. One day,
+however, after he had run<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> about a great deal and was very thirsty, he
+came to a little house. He knocked and asked for a drink of water. Now
+there dwelt in the house two very old women,&mdash;one eighty and the other
+ninety years old,&mdash;who supported themselves by spinning. When the
+servant asked for water, the one eighty years old rose, opened a little
+wicket in the shutter, and handed him out the water. From spinning so
+much, her hands were very white and delicate; and when the servant saw
+them he thought, "It must be a handsome maiden, for she has such a
+delicate white hand." So he hastened to the king, and said: "Your royal
+Majesty, I have found what you seek; so and so has happened to me."
+"Very well," answered the king, "go once more and try to see her."</p>
+
+<p>The servant returned to the little house, knocked, and asked again for
+some water. The old woman did not open the window, but handed him the
+pitcher through the little opening in the shutter. "Do you live here all
+alone?" asked the servant. "No," she answered. "I live here with my
+sister; we are poor girls and support ourselves by the work of our
+hands." "How old are you, then?" "I am fifteen and my sister twenty."
+The servant went back to the king and told him all, and the king said:
+"I will take the one who is fifteen. Go and bring her to me." When the
+servant returned to the two old women, and told them that the king
+wished to elevate the younger to the position of his wife, she answered:
+"Tell the king I am ready to do his will. Since my birth no ray of the
+sun has ever struck me, and if a ray of the sun or a beam of light
+should strike me now, I would become perfectly black. Ask the king,
+therefore, to send a closed carriage for me at night, and I will come to
+his palace."</p>
+
+<p>When the king heard this he sent royal apparel and a closed carriage,
+and at night the old woman covered her face with a thick veil and rode
+to the palace. The king received her joyfully, and begged her to lay
+aside the veil. She replied: "There are too many lighted candles here;
+their light would make me black." So the king married<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> her without
+having seen her face. When they came into the king's chamber, however,
+and she removed her veil, the king saw for the first time what an ugly
+old woman he had married, and in his rage he opened the window and threw
+her out. Fortunately there was a nail in the wall, on which she caught
+by her clothes, and remained hanging between heaven and earth. Four
+fairies chanced to pass by, and when they saw the old woman hanging
+there, one of them cried: "See, sisters, there is the old woman who
+cheated the king; shall we wish her dress to tear and let her fall?"
+"Oh, no! let us not do that," cried the youngest and most beautiful of
+the fairies. "Let us rather wish her something good. I wish her youth."
+"And I, beauty." "And I, prudence." "And I, a good heart." Thus the
+fairies cried, and while they were yet speaking the old woman became a
+wondrous fair maiden.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning, when the king looked out of the window and saw the
+beautiful girl hanging there, he was terrified, and thought: "Unhappy
+man! What have I done! Had I no eyes last night?" Then he had her
+carefully taken down with long ladders, and begged her pardon, saying:
+"Now we will have a great festival and be right happy." So they
+celebrated a splendid feast, and the young queen was the fairest in the
+whole city.</p>
+
+<p>But one day the sister ninety years old came to the palace to visit the
+queen, her sister. "Who is this ugly creature?" asked the king. "An old
+neighbor of mine who is half-witted," replied the queen, quickly. The
+old woman kept looking at her rejuvenated sister, and asked: "What did
+you do to become so young and lovely? I, too, would like to be young and
+pretty again." She kept asking this the whole day, until the queen
+finally lost her patience, and said: "I had my old skin taken off, and
+this new, smooth skin came to light." The old woman went to a barber and
+said: "I will give you what you will to remove my old skin, so that I
+may become young and handsome again." "But good old woman, you will
+surely die if I skin you." The old woman would not listen to him, and at
+last he had to do<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> her will. He took his knife and made a cut in her
+forehead. "Oh!" cried the old woman.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">"Who will look fair<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Must grief and pain bear,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>answered the barber. "Then skin away, master," said the old woman. The
+barber kept cutting on, until all at once the old woman fell down
+dead.<a name="FNanchor_1_3" id="FNanchor_1_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_3" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>This story leads quite naturally to the class in which gifts, good and
+bad, are bestowed by the fairies on two persons, one of whom is
+deserving of good fortune; the other, of punishment or reproof. The
+simplest form of this story is found in a Milanese tale (<i>Nov. fior.</i> p.
+190).</p>
+
+
+<h3>XXVI. THE BUCKET.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a mother who had two daughters: one was bad and the other
+was very good. But the mother loved the bad one more than the good one.
+She said one day to the bad one: "Go and draw a bucket of water." The
+bad one did not want to go, and so she would not obey her mother. The
+good daughter, however, said: "I will go and draw it." She went to draw
+the water, and the bucket fell down the well. She said: "If I go home
+now without the bucket, who knows what my mother will do to me?" So she
+climbed down the well, and at the bottom found a narrow passage, with a
+door. She knocked at the door. "Have you not found a cord and bucket?"
+There was a saint there, who answered: "No, my child." She continued her
+way and found another door. "Have you not found a cord and bucket?"
+"No!" That was the devil there. He answered her angrily because she was
+a good girl; he did not say: "My child." She knocked at another door.
+"Have you not found a cord and bucket?" It was the Madonna who replied:
+"Yes, my child. Listen. You could do me a pleasure to stay here while I
+am away. I have my little son here, to whom you will give his soup; you
+will sweep and put the house in order. When I come<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> home I will give you
+your bucket." The Madonna went away, and the good girl put the house in
+order, gave the child his broth, swept the house; and while she was
+sweeping, instead of finding dirt, she found coral and other beautiful
+things. She saw that it was not dirt, and put it aside to give the
+Madonna when she returned. When the Madonna came back, she asked: "Have
+you done all I told you to do?" The good girl answered: "Yes, but I have
+kept these things here; I found them on the ground; it is not dirt."
+"Very well; keep them for yourself. Would you like a dress of calico, or
+one of silk?" The girl answered: "No, no! a calico dress." Instead of
+that, the Madonna gave her the silk one. "Do you wish a brass thimble,
+or a silver one?" "Give me the brass one." "No, take the silver thimble.
+Here is the bucket and your cord. When you reach the end of this
+passage, look up in the air." The girl did so, and a beautiful star fell
+on her brow.</p>
+
+<p>She went home, and her mother ran to meet her to scold her for being
+away so long; and was about to strike her, when she saw the star on her
+brow, which shone so that it was beautiful to see, and said: "Where have
+you been until now? Who put that thing on your forehead?" The girl
+answered: "I don't know what there is there." Her mother tried to wash
+it away, but instead of disappearing, it shone more beautiful than ever.
+Then the girl told what had happened to her, and the other sister wished
+to go there, too. She went, and did the same as her sister. She let the
+bucket fall, climbed down, and knocked at the saint's door. "Have you
+not found a cord and bucket?" "No, my child." She knocked at the next
+door. "Have you not found a cord and bucket?" The devil answered: "No, I
+have not found them; but come here, my child, come here." But when she
+heard that he had not found her bucket, she said: "No, I will go on."
+She knocked at the Madonna's door. "Have you not found a cord and
+bucket?" The Madonna said that she had. "I am going away: you will give
+my son his broth, and then you will sweep. When I return I will give you
+your bucket." Instead<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> of giving the broth to the child, the bad girl
+ate it herself. "Oh!" she said, "how good it was!" She swept and found a
+great deal of dirt. "Oh, poor me! My sister found so many pretty
+things!" The Madonna returned. "Have you done what I told you?" "Yes."
+"Do you wish the brass or silver thimble?" "Oh! I want the silver one!"
+She gave her the brass one. "Do you want the calico dress or the silk
+one?" "Give me the silk dress." She gave her the calico dress. "Here is
+your bucket and cord. When you are out of here, look up into the air."
+When she was out she looked up into the air and there fell on her
+forehead a lump of dirt that soiled her whole face. She went home in a
+rage to weep and scold her sister because she had had the star, while
+she had that dirt on her face. Her mother began to wash her face and rub
+it; and the more she did so the less the dirt went away. Then the mother
+said: "I understand; the Madonna has done this to show me that I loved
+the bad girl and neglected the good one."<a name="FNanchor_2_3" id="FNanchor_2_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_3" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In other versions (mentioned in the note to the above story) the two
+sisters receive different gifts from the fairies. In a Sicilian tale
+(Pitr&egrave;, No. 62) it is the children of unlike sisters who receive the
+gifts: the one, beauty. When she combs her hair jewels fall from it;
+when she washes the water becomes full of fishes; when she opens her
+mouth flowers fall out; her cheeks are like apples; and finally she can
+finish her work in a short time. The cousin receives, of course, gifts
+the very reverse of the above. The story ends with the trait of "True
+Bride," mentioned at length in Chapter I.</p>
+
+<p>There is still a third version of the above story, which is popular in
+many lands. The following example is from Florence (<i>Nov. fior.</i> p.
+559), and is entitled:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>XXVII. THE TWO HUMPBACKS.</h3>
+
+<p>There were once two companions who were humpbacks, but one more so than
+the other. They were both so poor that they had not a penny to their
+names. One of them said: "I will go out into the world, for here there
+is nothing to eat; we are dying of hunger. I want to see whether I can
+make my fortune." "Go," said the other. "If you make your fortune,
+return, and I will go and see if I can make mine." So the humpback set
+off on his journey. Now these two humpbacks were from Parma. When the
+humpback had gone a long way, he came to a square where there was a
+fair, at which everything was sold. There was a person selling cheese,
+who cried out: "Eat the little Parmesan!" The poor humpback thought he
+meant him, so he ran away and hid himself in a court-yard. When it was
+one o'clock, he heard a clanking of chains and the words "Saturday and
+Sunday" repeated several times. Then he answered: "And Monday." "Oh,
+heavens!" said they who were singing. "Who is this who has harmonized
+with our choir?" They searched and found the poor humpback hidden. "O
+gentlemen!" he said, "I have not come here to do any harm, you know!"
+"Well! we have come to reward you; you have harmonized our choir; come
+with us!" They put him on a table and removed his hump, healed him, and
+gave him two bags of money. "Now," they said, "you can go." He thanked
+them and went away without his hump. He liked it better, you can
+believe! He returned to his place at Parma, and when the other humpback
+saw him he exclaimed: "Does not that look just like my friend? But he
+had a hump! It is not he! Listen! You are not my friend so and so, are
+you?" "Yes, I am," he replied. "Listen! Were you not a humpback?" "Yes.
+They have removed my hump and given me two bags of money. I will tell
+you why. I reached," he continued, "such and such a place, and I heard
+them beginning to say, '<i>Eat the little Parmesan! eat the little
+Parmesan!</i>' I was so frightened that I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> hid myself." (He mentioned the
+place&mdash;in a court-yard.) "At a certain hour, I heard a noise of chains
+and a chorus singing: '<i>Saturday and Sunday.</i>' After two or three times,
+I said: '<i>And Monday.</i>' They came and found me, saying that I had
+harmonized their chorus, and they wanted to reward me. They took me,
+removed my hump, and gave me two bags of money." "Oh, heavens!" said the
+other humpback. "I want to go there, too!" "Go, poor fellow, go!
+farewell!" The humpback reached the place, and hid himself precisely
+where his companion had. After a while he heard a noise of chains, and
+the chorus: "Saturday and Sunday!" Then another chorus: "And Monday!"
+After the humpback had heard them repeat: "Saturday and Sunday, and
+Monday!" several times, he added: "And Tuesday!" "Where," they
+exclaimed, "is he who has spoiled our chorus? If we find him, we will
+tear him in pieces." Just think! they struck and beat this poor humpback
+until they were tired; then they put him on the same table on which they
+had placed his companion, and said: "Take that hump and put it on him in
+front." So they took the other's hump and fastened it to his breast, and
+then drove him away with blows. He went home and found his friend, who
+cried: "Mercy! is not that my friend? but it cannot be, for this one is
+humpbacked in front. Listen," he said, "are you not my friend?" "The
+same," he answered, weeping. "I did not want to bear my own hump, and
+now I have to carry mine and yours! and so beaten and reduced, you see!"
+"Come," said his friend, "come home with me, and we will eat a mouthful
+together; and don't be disheartened." And so, every day, he dined with
+his friend, and afterward they died, I imagine.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>There are a number of Sicilian stories in which one's fate is
+personified and appears in the r&ocirc;le of a guardian angel, or good and bad
+fairy. In the same way fortune is personified in several stories. The
+best example of the former class, which has also a point of contact with
+the latter, is found in Gonzenbach, No. 21, and is entitled:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>XXVIII. THE STORY OF CATHERINE AND HER FATE.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a merchant who was very rich and had greater treasures
+than the king. In his reception room stood three wonderfully beautiful
+seats. One was of silver, the second of gold, and the third of diamonds.
+This merchant had an only daughter, whose name was Catherine, and who
+was fairer than the sun.</p>
+
+<p>One day as Catherine was sitting in her chamber, the door suddenly
+opened of itself, and there entered a tall, beautiful lady, who held in
+her hand a wheel. "Catherine," said she, "when would you rather enjoy
+your life, in youth or in old age?" Catherine gazed at her in amazement,
+and could make no answer. The beautiful lady again asked: "Catherine,
+when would you rather enjoy your life, in youth or in old age?" Then
+thought Catherine: "If I say in youth, I must suffer for it in old age;
+wherefore I will rather enjoy my life in old age, and in youth God's
+will be done." So she answered: "In old age." "Be it as you have
+wished," said the beautiful woman, turned her wheel once, and
+disappeared. Now this beautiful tall lady was poor Catherine's Fate.</p>
+
+<p>A few days later, her father suddenly received news that some of his
+ships had been wrecked in a storm; a few days after, he learned that
+several more of his ships had foundered; and to cut the matter short,
+scarcely a month had passed when he was himself deprived of all his
+riches. He had to sell all that he had, and this, too, he lost, until at
+last he remained poor and wretched. From grief he fell ill and died.</p>
+
+<p>So poor Catherine remained all alone in the world, without a penny, and
+with no one to give her shelter. She thought: "I will go to another city
+and seek me a place there." So she set out and walked until she came to
+another city. As she was going through the streets a noble lady happened
+to be standing by the window, and asked her: "Where are you going, all
+alone, pretty maiden?" "Ah! noble lady, I am a poor girl, and would like
+to find a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> place to earn my bread. Can you not find use for me?" So the
+noble lady received her, and Catherine served her faithfully.</p>
+
+<p>Some days later the lady said one evening: "Catherine, I must go out for
+a time, and will lock the house door." "Very well," said Catherine, and
+after her mistress had gone she took her work and sat down and sewed.
+Suddenly the door opened, and her Fate entered. "So?" she cried, "are
+you here, Catherine? and do you think now that I am going to leave you
+in peace?" With these words, her Fate ran to all the cupboards, dragged
+out the linen and clothes of Catherine's mistress, and tore everything
+into a thousand pieces. Catherine thought: "Woe is me if my mistress
+returns and finds everything in this condition; she will certainly kill
+me!" And in her anguish she opened the door and fled. Her Fate, however,
+gathered up all the torn and ruined things, made them whole, and laid
+them away in their places. When the mistress returned she called
+Catherine, but Catherine was nowhere to be seen. "Can she have robbed
+me?" she thought; but when she looked about, nothing was gone. She was
+very much astonished, but Catherine did not return, but hastened on
+until she came to another city. As she was passing through the streets,
+another lady, standing by the window, asked her: "Where are you going,
+all alone, pretty maiden?" "Ah! noble lady, I am a poor girl, and would
+like a place to earn my bread. Can you not make use of me?" Then the
+lady took her in, and Catherine served her and thought now she could
+rest in peace. It lasted, however, but a few days. One evening, when her
+mistress was out, her Fate appeared again and addressed her harshly:
+"So, here you are now? Do you think you can escape me?" Then the Fate
+tore and destroyed everything that it found, so that poor Catherine
+again fled, in her anguish of heart. To cut the matter short, poor
+Catherine led this frightful life seven years, flying from one city to
+another, and everywhere attempting to find a place. Her Fate always
+appeared after a few days, and tore and destroyed her employers' things,
+so that the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> poor girl had to flee. As soon as she had left the house
+the Fate restored everything and put it in its place.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, after seven years, her Fate seemed weary of always persecuting
+the unfortunate Catherine. One day Catherine came again to a city and
+saw a lady standing at a window, who asked her: "Where are you going,
+all alone, pretty girl?" "Ah! noble lady, I am a poor girl, and would
+like to find a place to earn my bread. Can you not find use for me?" The
+lady answered: "I will give you a place willingly, but you must perform
+daily a service, and I do not know whether you have strength for it."
+"Tell me what it is," said Catherine, "and if I can, I will do it." "Do
+you see yonder high mountain?" asked the lady. "Every morning you must
+carry up there a large board covered with fresh bread, and cry with a
+loud voice: 'O my mistress' Fate! O my mistress' Fate! O my mistress'
+Fate!' thrice. Then my Fate will appear and receive the bread." "I will
+do that willingly," said Catherine, and the lady took her into her
+service.</p>
+
+<p>Now Catherine remained years with this lady, and every morning she took
+a board with fresh bread and carried it up the mountain, and when she
+had called three times: "O my mistress' Fate!" there appeared a
+beautiful tall lady, who received the bread. Catherine often wept when
+she thought that she, who had once been so rich, must now serve like a
+poor maid. One day her mistress said to her: "Catherine, why do you weep
+so much?" Then Catherine told her how ill it had fared with her, and her
+mistress said: "I will tell you what, Catherine, when you take the bread
+to the mountain to-morrow, ask my Fate to try and persuade your Fate to
+leave you now in peace. Perhaps that will do some good." This advice
+pleased poor Catherine, and the next morning, after she had taken the
+bread to her mistress' Fate, she disclosed her trouble to her, and said:
+"O my mistress' Fate, beg my Fate to persecute me no longer." Then the
+Fate answered: "Ah, poor girl, your Fate is just now covered with seven
+coverlets, so that she cannot hear you; but when you come to-morrow I
+will take<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> you to her." After Catherine had returned home, her mistress'
+Fate went to the young girl's Fate and said: "Dear sister, why are you
+never weary of making poor Catherine suffer? Permit her again to see
+some happy days." The Fate answered: "Bring her to me to-morrow and I
+will give her something that will help her out of all her trouble." When
+Catherine brought the bread the next morning, her mistress' Fate
+conducted her to her own Fate, who was covered with seven coverlets. Her
+Fate gave her a small skein of silk, and said: "Preserve it carefully;
+it will be of use to you." Then Catherine went home and said to her
+mistress: "My Fate has given me a little skein of silk; what shall I do
+with it? It is not worth three <i>grani</i>." "Well," said her mistress,
+"preserve it; who knows of what use it may be?"</p>
+
+<p>Now it happened, some time after this, that the young king was to marry,
+and on that account had royal garments made for himself. As the tailor
+was about to sew a beautiful dress, there was no silk of the same color
+to be found. So the king proclaimed throughout the whole land that
+whoever had such silk should bring it to the court and would be well
+rewarded. "Catherine," said her mistress, "your skein is of that color;
+take it to the king so that he may make you a handsome present." Then
+Catherine put on her best clothes, and went to the Court; and when she
+appeared before the king, she was so beautiful that he could not keep
+his eyes from her. "Royal Majesty," said she, "I have brought you a
+little skein of silk, of the color that could not be found." "I will
+tell you what, royal Majesty," cried one of his ministers, "we will pay
+the maiden for the silk with its weight in gold." The king was satisfied
+and they brought a balance; in one scale the king laid the silk, in the
+other, a gold coin. Now just imagine what happened: no matter how many
+gold coins the king laid in the scale, the silk was always heavier. Then
+the king had a larger balance brought, and threw all his treasures into
+the scale, but the silk still weighed the more. Then the king at last
+took his crown from his head and placed it with all the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> other
+treasures, and behold! the scale with gold sank and weighed exactly as
+much as the silk. "Where did you get this silk?" asked the king. "Royal
+Majesty, it was a present from my mistress," answered Catherine. "No,
+that is impossible," cried the king. "If you do not tell me the truth, I
+will have your head cut off." Then Catherine related all that had
+happened to her since she was a rich maiden.</p>
+
+<p>Now there lived at the court a wise lady, who said: "Catherine, you have
+suffered much, but you will now see happy days; and that it was not
+until the golden crown was put in the scale that the balance was even,
+is a sign that you will be a queen." "If she is to be a queen," cried
+the king, "I will make her one, for Catherine and none other shall be my
+wife." And so it was; the king informed his betrothed that he no longer
+wished her, and married the fair Catherine. And after Catherine in her
+youth had suffered so much, she enjoyed nothing but happiness in her old
+age, and was happy and contented.<a name="FNanchor_4_3" id="FNanchor_4_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_3" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In the class of stories of which "The Bucket" is an example, we have
+seen the good sister rewarded, and the naughty one punished. Another
+well-known moral story is the one in which a king's daughter is punished
+for her pride, in refusing to marry a suitable lover, by being made to
+marry the first one who asks her hand. This is the case in the Grimm
+story "King Thrush-Beard," or rather the king gives his proud daughter
+to the first beggar who comes to the palace gate. The same occurs in one
+of the Italian versions of this story, but usually the haughty princess,
+after refusing a noble suitor, either falls in love with the same
+suitor, who has disguised himself as a person of ignoble rank, or she
+sells herself to the disguised lover for some finery with which he
+tempts her. At all events, her pride is thoroughly humbled. An example
+of the more common version is found in Coronedi-Berti's Bolognese tales
+(No. 15), and is as follows:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>XXIX. THE CRUMB IN THE BEARD.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a king who had a daughter whose name was Stella. She was
+indescribably beautiful, but was so whimsical and hard to please that
+she drove her father to despair. There had been princes and kings who
+had sought her in marriage, but she had found defects in them all and
+would have none of them. She kept advancing in years, and her father
+began to despair of knowing to whom he should leave his crown. So he
+summoned his council, and discussed the matter, and was advised to give
+a great banquet, to which he should invite all the princes and kings of
+the surrounding countries, for, as they said, there cannot fail to be
+among so many, some one who should please the princess, who was to hide
+behind a door, so that she could examine them all as she pleased. When
+the king heard this advice, he gave the orders necessary for the
+banquet, and then called his daughter, and said: "Listen, my little
+Stella, I have thought to do so and so, to see if I can find any one to
+please you; behold, my daughter, my hair is white, and I must have some
+one to leave my crown to." Stella bowed her head, saying that she would
+take care to please him. Princes and kings then began to arrive at the
+court, and when it was time for the banquet, they all seated themselves
+at the table. You can imagine what sort of a banquet that was, and how
+the hall was adorned: gold and silver shone from all their necks; in the
+four corners of the room were four fountains, which continually sent
+forth wine and the most exquisite perfumes. While the gentlemen were
+eating, Stella was behind a door, as has been said, and one of her
+maids, who was near by, pointed out to her now this one, now that one.
+"See, your Majesty, what a handsome youth that is there." "Yes, but he
+has too large a nose." "And the one near your father?" "He has eyes that
+look like saucers." "And that other at the head of the table?" "He has
+too large a mouth; he looks as if he liked to eat." In short, she found
+fault with all but one, who, she said, pleased her, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> that he must be
+a very dirty fellow, for he had a crumb on his beard after eating. The
+youth heard her say this, and swore vengeance. You must know that he was
+the son of the king of Green Hill, and the handsomest youth that could
+be seen. When the banquet was finished and the guests had departed, the
+king called Stella and asked: "What news have you, my child?" She
+replied, that the only one who pleased her was the one with the crumb in
+his beard, but that she believed him to be a dirty fellow and did not
+want him. "Take care, my daughter, you will repent it," answered her
+father, and turned away.</p>
+
+<p>You must know that Stella's chamber looked into a court-yard into which
+opened the shop of a baker. One night, while she was preparing to
+retire, she heard, in the room where they sifted the meal, some one
+singing so well and with so much grace that it went to her heart. She
+ran to the window and listened until he finished. Then she began to ask
+her maid who the person with the beautiful voice could be, saying she
+would like to know. "Leave it to me, your Majesty," said the maid; "I
+will inform you to-morrow." Stella could not wait for the next day; and,
+indeed, early the next day she learned that the one who sang was the
+sifter. That evening she heard him sing again, and stood by the window
+until everything became quiet. But that voice had so touched her heart
+that she told her maid that the next day she would try and see who had
+that fine voice. In the morning she placed herself by the window, and
+soon saw the youth come forth. She was enchanted by his beauty as soon
+as she saw him, and fell desperately in love with him.</p>
+
+<p>Now you must know that this was none other than the prince who was at
+the banquet, and whom Stella had called "dirty." So he had disguised
+himself in such a way that she could not recognize him, and was
+meanwhile preparing his revenge. After he had seen her once or twice he
+began to take off his hat and salute her. She smiled at him, and
+appeared at the window every moment. Then they began to exchange words,
+and in the evening he sang under her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> window. In short, they began to
+make love in good earnest, and when he learned that she was free, he
+began to talk about marrying her. She consented at once, but asked him
+what he had to live on. "I haven't a penny," said he; "the little I earn
+is hardly enough to feed me." Stella encouraged him, saying that she
+would give him all the money and things he wanted. To punish Stella for
+her pride, her father and the prince's father had an understanding, and
+pretended not to know about this love affair, and let her carry away
+from the palace all she owned. During the day Stella did nothing but
+make a great bundle of clothes, of silver, and of money, and at night
+the disguised prince came under the balcony, and she threw it down to
+him. Things went on in this manner some time, and finally one evening he
+said to her: "Listen. The time has come to elope." Stella could not wait
+for the hour, and the next night she quietly tied a cord about her and
+let herself down from the window. The prince aided her to the ground,
+and then took her arm and hastened away. He led her a long ways to
+another city, where he turned down a street and opened the first door he
+met. They went down a long passage; finally they reached a little door,
+which he opened, and they found themselves in a hole of a place which
+had only one window, high up. The furniture consisted of a straw bed, a
+bench, and a dirty table. You can imagine that when Stella saw herself
+in this place she thought she should die. When the prince saw her so
+amazed, he said: "What is the matter? Does the house not please you? Do
+you not know that I am a poor man? Have you been deceived?" "What have
+you done with all the things I gave you?" "Oh, I had many debts, and I
+have paid them, and then I have done with the rest what seemed good to
+me. You must make up your mind to work and gain your bread as I have
+done. You must know that I am a porter of the king of this city, and I
+often go and work at the palace. To-morrow, they have told me, the
+washing is to be done, so you must rise early and go with me there. I
+will set you to work with the other women, and when it is time for them
+to go home<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> to dinner, you will say that you are not hungry, and while
+you are alone, steal two shirts, conceal them under your skirt, and
+carry them home to me." Poor Stella wept bitterly, saying it was
+impossible for her to do that; but her husband replied: "Do what I say,
+or I shall beat you." The next morning her husband rose with the dawn,
+and made her get up, too. He had bought her a striped skirt and a pair
+of coarse shoes, which he made her put on, and then took her to the
+palace with him, conducted her to the laundry and left her, after he had
+introduced her as his wife, saying that she should remember what awaited
+her at home. Then the prince ran and dressed himself like a king, and
+waited at the gate of the palace until it was time for his wife to come.
+Meanwhile poor Stella did as her husband had commanded, and stole the
+shirts. As she was leaving the palace, she met the king, who said:
+"Pretty girl, you are our porter's wife, are you not?" Then he asked her
+what she had under her skirt, and shook her until the shirts dropped
+out, and the king cried: "See there! the porter's wife is a thief; she
+has stolen some shirts." Poor Stella ran home in tears, and her husband
+followed her when he had put on his disguise again. When he reached home
+Stella told him all that had happened and begged him not to send her to
+the palace again; but he told her that the next day they were to bake,
+and she must go into the kitchen and help, and steal a piece of dough.
+Everything happened as on the previous day. Stella's theft was
+discovered, and when her husband returned he found her crying like a
+condemned soul, and swearing that she had rather be killed than go to
+the palace again. He told her, however, that the king's son was to be
+married the next day, and that there was to be a great banquet, and she
+must go into the kitchen and wash the dishes. He added that when she had
+the chance she must steal a pot of broth and hide it about her so that
+no one should see it. She had to do as she was told, and had scarcely
+concealed the pot when the king's son came into the kitchen and told his
+wife she must come to the ball that had followed the banquet. She<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> did
+not wish to go, but he took her by the arm and led her into the midst of
+the festival. Imagine how the poor woman felt at that ball, dressed as
+she was, and with the pot of broth! The king began to poke his sword at
+her in jest, until he hit the pot, and all the broth ran on the floor.
+Then all began to jeer her and laugh, until poor Stella fainted away
+from shame, and they had to go and get some vinegar to revive her. At
+last the king's mother came forward and said: "Enough; you have revenged
+yourself sufficiently." Then turning to Stella: "Know that this is your
+mother, and that he has done this to correct your pride and to be
+avenged on you for calling him dirty." Then she took her by the arm and
+led her to another room, where her maids dressed her as a queen. Her
+father and mother then appeared and kissed and embraced her. Her husband
+begged her pardon for what he had done, and they made peace and always
+lived in harmony. From that day on she was never haughty, and had
+learned to her cost that pride is the greatest fault.<a name="FNanchor_5_3" id="FNanchor_5_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_3" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A curious feature in Italian stories is the part played by dolls or
+puppets. They sometimes serve to represent an absent mistress, or to
+take her place and receive the brunt of the husband's anger. The most
+peculiar of these doll-stories are found in the south of Italy; the one
+that follows is from Naples (<i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 333) and is entitled:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XXX. THE FAIRY ORLANDA.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a merchant who had no children. He was obliged to go away
+for merchandise. His wife said to him: "Here is a ring; put it on your
+finger. You must bring me a doll as large as I am; one that can move,
+sew, and dress herself. If you forget, this ring will turn red, and your
+steamer will go neither forward nor backward." And so it happened. He
+forgot the doll, embarked on the steamer, and it would not move. The
+pilot said: "Sir, have you forgotten anything?" to all the gentlemen
+who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> were there. "No, sir; nothing." At the end of the steamer was this
+merchant. "Sir, have you forgotten anything; for the steamer cannot
+move?" He looked at his hand and replied: "Yes, I have forgotten
+something&mdash;my wife's doll." He landed, got the doll, re&euml;mbarked, and the
+steamer continued its way. On his arrival at Naples, he carried the doll
+to his wife, well dressed and elegant; it seemed like a very handsome
+young girl. His wife, well pleased, talked to the doll, and they both
+worked near the balcony. Opposite lived a king's son, who fell in love
+with the doll, and became ill from his passion. The queen, who saw that
+her son was ill, asked: "My son, what is the matter with you? Tell your
+mamma. To-day or to-morrow we die, and you reign; and if you take an
+illness and die, who will reign?" He answered: "Mamma, I have taken this
+illness because there is a young girl, the daughter of the merchant who
+lives opposite, who is so beautiful that she has enamored me." The queen
+said: "Yes, my son, I shall marry you to her. Were she the daughter of a
+scavenger, you shall marry her." "You would do a good thing. Now let us
+send for the merchant." They sent a servant to the merchant's house.
+"Her Majesty wishes you at the palace!" "What does she want?" "She must
+speak with you." The merchant went to the palace, and asked: "Majesty,
+what do you wish?" "Have you a daughter?" "No, Majesty." "What do you
+mean? My son has fallen ill from the love he has conceived for your
+daughter." "Your Majesty, I tell you it is a doll, and not a human
+being." "I don't want to hear nonsense! If you don't present your
+daughter to me in a fortnight, your head will fall under the
+guillotine." (Do you not know what the guillotine is? It is the gallows.
+He was to be hung if he did not take her his daughter within a
+fortnight.) The merchant went home, weeping. His wife said: "What is the
+matter; what has the king said to you at the palace, to make you weep?"
+"Can you not guess what has happened to me? The king's son has fallen
+ill for the sake of the doll you have!" "He has fallen ill?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> did he not
+see that it was a doll?" "He would not believe it, and says it is my
+daughter, and that if I do not bring her to him within a fortnight, my
+head will fall under the guillotine." "Well," said his wife, "take the
+doll, and carry her out into the country, and see what will happen." He
+did so, and while he was going along, all confused, he met an old man
+who asked him: "Merchant, what are you doing?" "Ah, my old man, why
+should I tell you?" "I know all." Then said the merchant: "Since you
+know all, find some remedy for my life." The old man said: "Exactly. Go
+to such and such a place, where there is a fairy, who is called the
+fairy Orlanda. She has a palace with no doorkeeper, and no stairway.
+Here is a violin and a silk ladder. When you reach this palace, begin to
+play. The fairy and all her twelve maidens will appear at the window.
+This fairy Orlanda can give you help."</p>
+
+<p>The merchant continued his journey, and found the palace without a
+doorkeeper, and with no stairway. He began to play the violin, and the
+fairy and all her twelve damsels appeared and said: "What do you want
+that you call us?" "Ah! fairy Orlanda, help me!" "What help do you
+want?" "I have this doll, and the king's son has fallen in love with it,
+and is ill. What shall I do? If I do not present her to him in a
+fortnight my head will be cut off." The fairy Orlanda said: "Put this
+ladder to the wall. Give me the doll. Wait two hours and I will give her
+back to you again." He waited two hours and then the fairy appeared:
+"Here is your daughter. She will speak to all, to the king, to the
+queen, but not to the prince. Farewell." The fairy Orlanda disappeared
+within, and the merchant departed with his daughter. He took her home to
+his wife. The doll said: "Mamma, how do you do?" "I am very well, my
+daughter. Where have you been?" "I have been into the country with papa,
+and now I have returned." In a fortnight the merchant dressed her
+elegantly and carried her to the palace. As soon as the king saw her he
+said to the queen: "My son was right; she is a beautiful girl!" She went
+into the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> gallery and spoke with the king and queen, but did not speak
+to the prince. The mortified prince thought: "She speaks to papa, she
+speaks to mamma, but not to me! What does it mean? Perhaps she does not
+speak to me from embarrassment." They were married, but even then she
+did not speak to him. So the prince was obliged to separate from her,
+and they lived in two rooms apart. The prince, meanwhile, courted
+another princess. One morning, while he was breakfasting with his
+sweetheart, his wife called a servant: "Come here; is the prince at
+table?" "Yes, Highness." "Wait!" She cut off her two hands and put them
+in the oven, and there came out a roast, with ten sausages. "Carry these
+to the prince." "Prince, the princess sends you this." He asked: "How
+was it made?" The servant replied: "Prince, she cut off her two hands
+and put them in the oven. She amazed me." "Enough," said the prince,
+"let us eat them." His sweetheart said: "I can do it, too." So she cut
+off her hands and put them in the oven; but they were burned and she
+died. "Oh, what have you done to me! you have killed one for me!" said
+the prince. After a time he made love to another. The first time he sat
+at table with her, the princess called another servant: "Servant, where
+are you going?" "I am going, Majesty, to the prince's table." "Wait!"
+She cut off her arms, and put them in the oven, and there came out a
+roast, with two blood-puddings. She said: "Carry it to the prince, at
+table." "Prince!" "Go away, I don't want to hear any nonsense." "But
+listen; let me tell you!" "Well, tell away." So the servant told how the
+princess had cut off her arms (which had grown out again) and put them
+in the oven, and the roast and puddings had come out. The second
+sweetheart tried to do the same and died. After a while the prince fell
+in love with another, and the same thing was repeated. The princess cut
+off her legs and put them in the oven, and a large roast came out, with
+two larded hams. The third sweetheart tried to do the same, and died
+like the others. Then the prince said: "Ah! she has done it to three for
+me! Unhappy me! I will not make love to any more."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>During the night when the princess had gone to bed, the lamp said:
+"Lady, I want to drink." "Oil-cruet, give the lamp a drink." "Lady, it
+has hurt me." "Oil-cruet, why did you hurt the lamp? How beautiful is
+the fairy Orlanda! How beautiful is the fairy Orlanda! How beautiful is
+the fairy Orlanda!" So she did all night until day. All these things
+were enchanted: the lamp and the oil-cruet. The prince, who heard it,
+said one day to a servant: "This evening you must enter the princess'
+room. You must spend the night under her bed. You must see what she does
+in the night." The servant did so, and the same thing was repeated with
+the lamp and the oil-cruet. The servant told the prince, who said:
+"To-night, I will go." At night he crept under his wife's bed. The same
+thing was repeated. The lamp said: "Lady, I want to drink!" "Oil-cruet,
+give the lamp a drink." "Lady, it has hurt me." "Oil-cruet, why have you
+hurt the lamp? How beautiful is the fairy Orlanda!" The whole night she
+repeated: "How beautiful is the fairy Orlanda!" The prince responded:
+"Blessed be the fairy Orlanda!" "Ah!" said the princess, "did it need so
+much to say a word?" Then they embraced and kissed each other, and
+remained contented and happy.<a name="FNanchor_6_3" id="FNanchor_6_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_3" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We now pass to an amusing class of stories, in which the hero comes in
+possession of enchanted objects and loses them, finally regaining them
+in various ways. There are three versions of this class. In the first,
+the hero loses the objects by the cunning of a woman, and regains them
+by means of two kinds of fruits, one of which produces some bodily
+defect and the other cures it. In the second, the episode of the fruits
+is wanting, and the owner regains his property either by preventing the
+princess from cheating him at play or by making her fall in love with
+him. In the third, a person (usually a landlord) substitutes worthless
+objects for two enchanted ones, which are recovered by means of a third
+magic object (usually a stick), which beats until the stolen property is
+restored.<a name="FNanchor_7_3" id="FNanchor_7_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_3" class="fnanchor">[7]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> To illustrate the first version, we will give a Sicilian
+story from Gonzenbach (No. 31), which is entitled:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XXXI. THE SHEPHERD WHO MADE THE KING'S DAUGHTER LAUGH.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a king and a queen who had an only daughter, whom they
+loved very dearly. When she was fifteen years old she became suddenly
+very sad and would not laugh any more. So the king issued a proclamation
+that whoever made his daughter laugh, whether he were a prince, peasant,
+or beggar, should become her husband. Many made the attempt, but none
+succeeded. Now there was a poor woman who had an only son, who was idle
+and would not learn any trade; so finally his mother sent him to a
+farmer to keep his sheep. One day, as he was driving the sheep over the
+fields, he came to a well, and bent over it to drink. As he did so he
+saw a handsome ring on the wheel, and as it pleased him, he put it on
+the ring finger of his right hand. He had scarcely put it on, however,
+when he began to sneeze violently, and could not stop until he had
+accidentally removed the ring. Then his sneezing ceased as suddenly as
+it had begun. "Oh!" thought he, "if the ring has this virtue, I had
+better try my fortune with it, and see whether it will not make the
+king's daughter laugh." So he put the ring on his left hand, and no
+longer had to sneeze. Then he drove the sheep home, took leave of his
+master, and set out toward the city where the king lived. He was
+obliged, however, to pass through a dense forest which was so extensive
+that it grew dark before he left it. He thought: "If the robbers find me
+here they will take away my ring, and then I should be a ruined man. I
+would rather climb a tree and spend the night there." So he climbed a
+tree, tied himself fast with his belt, and soon fell asleep. Before
+long, thirteen robbers came and sat down under the tree, and talked so
+loud that the shepherd awoke. The captain of the robbers said: "Let each
+relate what he has accomplished to-day;" and each exhibited what he had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>
+taken. The thirteenth, however, pulled out a tablecloth, a purse, and a
+whistle, and said: "I have gained to-day the greatest treasures, for
+these three things I have taken from a monk, and each of them has a
+particular virtue. If any one spreads out the tablecloth and says: 'My
+little tablecloth, give me macaroni, or roast meat,' or whatever one
+will, he will find everything there immediately. Likewise the purse will
+give all the money one wants; and whoever hears the whistle must dance
+whether he will or no." The robbers at once put the power of the
+tablecloth to the test, and then went to sleep, the captain laying the
+precious articles near himself. When they were all snoring hard the
+shepherd descended, took the three articles, and crept away.</p>
+
+<p>The next day he came to the city where the king lived, and went straight
+to the palace. "Announce me to the king," said he to the servants; "I
+will try to make the king's daughter laugh." The servants tried to
+dissuade him, but he insisted on being led before the king, who took him
+into a large room, in which was the king's daughter, sitting on a
+splendid throne and surrounded by the whole court. "If I am to make the
+princess laugh," said the shepherd to the king, "you must first do me
+the kindness to put this ring on the ring-finger of your right hand."
+The king had scarcely done so when he began to sneeze violently, and
+could not stop, but ran up and down the room, sneezing all the time. The
+entire court began to laugh, and the king's daughter could not stay
+sober, but had to run away laughing. Then the shepherd went up to the
+king, took off the ring, and said: "Your Majesty, I have made the
+princess laugh; to me belongs the reward." "What! you worthless
+shepherd!" cried the king. "You have not only made me the laughing-stock
+of the whole court, but now you want my daughter for your wife! Quick!
+take the ring from him, and throw him into prison."</p>
+
+<p>While there the wonderful tablecloth provides him and his companions
+with plenty to eat, and when it is discovered and taken from him by the
+king's orders, the purse<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> enables them all to live in comfort. That is
+also discovered, and nothing is left but the whistle. "Well!" thought
+the shepherd, "if we can't eat any more, we will at least dance;" and he
+pulled out his pipe and began to play on it, and all the prisoners began
+to dance, and the guards with them, and between them all they made a
+great noise. When the king heard it he came running there with his
+servants, and had to dance like all the rest, but found breath enough to
+order the pipe to be taken away from the shepherd, and all became quiet
+again.</p>
+
+<p>So now the shepherd had nothing left, and remained in prison some time,
+until he found an old file, and one night filed through the iron bars
+and escaped. He wandered about all day, and at last came to the same
+forest where he had formerly been. All at once he saw a large fig-tree
+bearing the most beautiful fruit,&mdash;on one side black figs, on the other,
+white ones. "That is something I have never seen," thought the
+shepherd,&mdash;"a fig-tree that bears black and white figs at the same time.
+I must try them." Scarcely had he tasted them when he felt something
+move on the top of his head, and putting his hand up, found he had two
+long horns. "Unhappy man!" he cried; "what shall I do?" However, as he
+was very hungry, he picked some of the white figs and ate them, and
+immediately one of the horns disappeared, and also the other after he
+had eaten a few more white figs. "My fortune is made!" he thought. "The
+king will have to give me all my things back, and his daughter in the
+bargain."</p>
+
+<p>The shepherd disguised himself and went to the city with two baskets of
+figs,&mdash;one of the black and one of the white kind, the former of which
+he sold to the king's cook, whom he met in the market place. While the
+king was at the table the servant put the figs before him, and he was
+much pleased with them, and gave some to his wife and daughter; the rest
+he ate himself. Scarcely had they eaten them when they saw with terror
+the long horns that had grown from their heads. The queen and her
+daughter began to weep, and the king, in a rage, called the cook and
+asked<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> him who had sold him the figs. "A peasant in the market,"
+answered the cook. "Go at once and bring him here," cried the king.</p>
+
+<p>The shepherd had remained near the palace, and as the cook came out, he
+went up to him with the basket of white figs in his hand. "What
+miserable figs did you sell me this morning!" cried out the cook to him.
+"As soon as the king, queen, and princess had eaten your figs, great
+horns grew on their heads." "Be quiet," said the shepherd; "I have a
+remedy here, and can soon remove the horns. Take me to the king." He was
+led before the king, who asked him what kind of figs he had sold. "Be
+quiet, your Majesty," said the shepherd, "and eat these figs," at the
+same time giving him a white one; and as soon as the king had eaten it
+one of the horns disappeared. "Now," said the shepherd, "before I give
+you any more of my figs you must give me back my whistle; if not, you
+may keep your horn." The king in his terror gave up the whistle, and the
+shepherd handed the queen a fig. When one of the queen's horns had
+disappeared, he said: "Now give me my purse back, or else I will take my
+figs away." So the king gave him his purse, and the shepherd removed one
+of the princess' horns. Then he demanded his tablecloth; and when he had
+received it he gave the king another fig, so that the second horn
+disappeared. "Now give me my ring," he said; and the king had to give
+him his ring before he would remove the queen's horn. The only one left
+now was the princess, and the shepherd said: "Now fulfil your promise
+and marry me to the princess; otherwise she may keep her horn as long as
+she lives." So the princess had to marry him, and after the wedding he
+gave her another fig to eat, so that her last horn also disappeared.
+They had a merry wedding, and when the old king died the shepherd became
+king, and so they remained contented and happy, and were like a bundle
+of roots.<a name="FNanchor_8_3" id="FNanchor_8_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_3" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The second version of this story is represented by but three examples,
+none of them worth giving at length. In<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> one (<i>Pomiglianesi</i>, p. 110)
+the princess wins the magic objects (purse, cloak that renders
+invisible, and horn that blows out soldiers) at play. The loser
+disguises himself as a priest and confesses the princess when she is
+ill, and makes her give back the objects she has won or stolen. In a
+Florentine version (<i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 349), the owner of the objects, a
+poor shepherd's son, pretends to be the son of the king of Portugal. He
+plays with the princess and wins, but his true origin is discovered and
+he is thrown into prison. There he makes use of the magic tablecloth,
+which he sells to the king for the privilege of passing a night in the
+princess' room. The same payment is asked for the box that fills itself
+with money, and the little organ that makes every one dance. The
+shepherd, of course, becomes the princess' husband and inherits the
+kingdom when the king dies. In the Sicilian story (Pitr&egrave;, No. 26) the
+fairies give Peter the purse, tablecloth, and violin, and he goes to
+play chess with the daughter of the king of Spain, who is to marry
+whoever beats her at the game. She cheats and wins, and Peter is thrown
+into prison. There he uses the tablecloth, and when the princess hears
+of it, she proposes to play for it. Again she cheats by changing a
+chessman while Peter is looking away, and the loser is thrown into
+prison again. They play again for the magic violin, and Peter, who has
+been warned in prison by other losers of the princess' tricks, keeps a
+sharp lookout, detects, and defeats her. They are married, and Peter
+releases all the defeated players from jail, and afterward gets rid of
+them by means of the violin.<a name="FNanchor_9_3" id="FNanchor_9_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_3" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>The third version is the most popular one; the following example of it
+is from Nerucci's collection of Montalese tales (No. 43).</p>
+
+
+<h3>XXXII. THE ASS THAT LAYS MONEY.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a poor widow with an only son, and whose brother-in-law
+was a steward. One day she said to her child: "Go to your uncle and ask
+him to give you something<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> to keep you from starving." The boy went to
+the farm and asked his uncle to help him a little. "We are dying of
+hunger, uncle. My mother earns a little by weaving, and I am too small
+to find anything. Be charitable to us, for we are your relatives." The
+steward answered: "Why not? You should have come sooner and I would have
+helped you the sooner. But now I will give you something to support you
+always, without need of anything more. I will give you this little ass
+that lays money. You have only to put a cloth under him, and he will
+fill it for you with handsome coins. But take care! Don't tell it, and
+don't leave this animal with any one." The youth departed in joy, and
+after he had travelled a long way, he stopped at an inn to sleep, for
+his house was distant. He said to the landlord: "Give me a lodging, but
+look! my ass spends the night with me." "What!" said the landlord, "what
+are you thinking about! It cannot be." The youth replied: "Yes, it can
+be, because my ass does not leave my side." They disputed a while, but
+the landlord finally consented; but he had some suspicions; and when the
+boy and his beast were shut in the room, he looked through the key-hole,
+and saw that wonder of an ass that laid money in abundance. "Bless me!"
+cried the host. "I should be a fool, indeed, if I let this piece of good
+fortune escape my hands!" He at once looked for another ass of the same
+color and size, and while the lad was asleep, exchanged them. In the
+morning the boy paid his bill and departed, but on the way, the ass no
+longer laid any money. The stupefied child did not know what to think at
+first, but afterward examining it more closely, it appeared to him that
+the ass was not his, and straightway he returned to the innkeeper, to
+complain of his deception. The landlord cried out: "I wonder at your
+saying such a thing! We are all honest people here, and don't steal
+anything from anybody. Go away, blockhead, or you will find something to
+remember a while."</p>
+
+<p>The child, weeping, had to depart with his ass, and he went back to his
+uncle's farm, and told him what had happened.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> The uncle said: "If you
+had not stopped at the innkeeper's, you could not have met with this
+misfortune. However, I have another present to help you and your mother.
+But take care! Do not mention it to any one, and take good care of it.
+Here it is. I give you a tablecloth, and whenever you say: '<i>Tablecloth,
+make ready</i>,' after having spread it out, you will see a fine repast at
+your pleasure." The youth took the tablecloth in delight, thanked his
+uncle, and departed; but like the fool he was, he stopped again at the
+same inn. He said to the landlord: "Give me a room and you need not
+prepare anything to eat. I have all I want with me." The crafty
+innkeeper suspected that there was something beneath this, and when the
+lad was in his room, he looked through the key-hole, and saw the
+tablecloth preparing the supper. The host exclaimed: "What good luck for
+my inn! I will not let it escape me." He quickly looked for another
+tablecloth like this one, with the same embroidery and fringe, and while
+the child was sleeping, he exchanged it for the magic one, so that in
+the morning the lad did not perceive the knavery. Not until he had
+reached a forest where he was hungry, did he want to make use of the
+tablecloth. But it was in vain that he spread it out and cried:
+"<i>Tablecloth, make ready.</i>" The tablecloth was not the same one, and
+made nothing ready for him. In despair the boy went back to the
+innkeeper to complain, and the landlord would have thrashed him if he
+had not run away, and he ran until he reached his uncle's. His uncle,
+when he saw him in such a plight, said: "Oh! what is the matter?"
+"Uncle!" said the boy, "the same innkeeper has changed the tablecloth,
+too, for me." The uncle was on the point of giving the dunce a good
+thrashing; but afterward, seeing that it was a child, he calmed his
+anger, and said: "I understand; but I will give you a remedy by which
+you can get back everything from that thief of a landlord. Here it is!
+It is a stick. Hide it under your bolster; and if any one comes to rob
+you of it, say to it, in a low voice: '<i>Beat, beat!</i>' and it will
+continue to do so until you say to it, '<i>Stop</i>.'"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Imagine how joyfully the boy took the stick! It was a handsome polished
+stick, with a gold handle, and delighted one only to see it. So the boy
+thanked his uncle for his kindness, and after he had journeyed a while,
+he came to the same inn. He said: "Landlord, I wish to lodge here
+to-night." The landlord at once drew his conclusions about the stick,
+which the boy carried openly in his hands, and at night when the lad
+appeared to be sound asleep, but really was on the watch, the landlord
+felt softly under the bolster and drew out the stick. The boy, although
+it was dark, perceived the theft and said in a low voice: "<i>Beat, beat,
+beat!</i>" Suddenly blows were rained down without mercy; everything broken
+to pieces, the chest of drawers, the looking-glass, all the chairs, the
+glass in the windows; and the landlord, and those that came at the
+noise, beaten nearly to death. The landlord screamed to split his
+throat: "Save me, boy, I am dead!" The boy answered: "What! I will not
+deliver you, if you do not give me back my property,&mdash;the ass that lays
+gold, and the tablecloth that prepares dinner." And if the landlord did
+not want to die of the blows, he had to consent to the boy's wishes.</p>
+
+<p>When he had his things back, the boy went home to his mother and told
+her what had happened to him, and then said: "Now, we do not need
+anything more. I have an ass that lays money, a tablecloth that prepares
+food at my will, and a stick to defend me from whoever annoys me." So
+that woman and her son, who, from want had become rich enough to cause
+every one envy, wished from pride to invite their relatives to a
+banquet, to make them acquainted with their wealth. On the appointed day
+the relatives came to the woman's new house; but noon strikes, one
+o'clock strikes, it is almost two, and in the kitchen the fire is seen
+extinguished, and there were no provisions anywhere. "Are they playing a
+joke on us?" said the relatives. "We shall have to depart with dry
+teeth." At that moment, however, the clock struck two, and the lad,
+after spreading the cloth on the table, commanded: "Tablecloth, prepare
+a grand banquet." In short, those people had a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> fine dinner and many
+presents in money, and the boy and his mother remained in triumph and
+joy.<a name="FNanchor_10_3" id="FNanchor_10_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_3" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The next story to which we shall direct our attention is "Puss in
+Boots," which, in the form known to our children, is of French origin,
+being one of the tales which Perrault made so popular by his versions.
+Before Perrault, however, two literary versions of this story existed:
+one in Straparola and one in the Pentamerone. There are, besides,
+several popular versions of this story, which are somewhat peculiar. The
+one that follows is from Sicily (Pitr&egrave;, No. 88).</p>
+
+
+<h3>XXXIII. DON JOSEPH PEAR.</h3>
+
+<p>There were once three brothers who owned a pear-tree and lived on the
+pears. One day one of the brothers went to pick these pears, and found
+that they had been gathered. "Oh! my brothers! what shall we do, for our
+pears have been picked?" So the eldest went and remained in the garden
+to guard the pear-tree during the night. He fell asleep, however, and
+the next morning the second brother came and said: "What have you done,
+my brother? Have you been sleeping? Do you not see that the pears have
+been picked? To-night I will stay." That night the second brother
+remained. The next morning the youngest went there and saw more of the
+pears picked, and said: "Were you the one that was going to keep a good
+watch? Go, I will stay here to-night; we shall see whether they can
+cheat me to my face." At night the youngest brother began to play and
+dance under the pear-tree; while he was not playing, a fox, believing
+that the youth had gone to sleep, came out and climbed the tree and
+picked the rest of the pears. When it was coming down the tree, the
+youth quickly aimed his gun at it and was about to shoot. The fox said:
+"Don't shoot me, Don Joseph; for I will have you called Don Joseph Pear,
+and will make you marry the king's daughter." Don Joseph answered: "And
+where shall I see you again? What has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> the king to do with you? With one
+kick that he would give you, you would never appear before him again."
+However, Don Joseph Pear from pity let her escape. The fox went away to
+a forest and caught all sorts of game, squirrels, hares, and quails, and
+carried them to the king; so that it was a sight. "Sir Majesty, Don
+Joseph Pear sends me; you must accept this game." The king said:
+"Listen, little fox, I accept this game; but I have never heard this Don
+Joseph Pear mentioned." The fox left the game there, and ran away to Don
+Joseph. "Softly, Don Joseph, I have taken the first step; I have been to
+the king, and carried him the first game; and he accepted it."</p>
+
+<p>A week later the fox went to the forest, caught the best animals,
+squirrels, hares, birds, and took them to the king. "Sir Majesty, Don
+Joseph Pear sends me to you with this game." The king said to the fox:
+"My daughter, I don't know who this Don Joseph Pear is; I am afraid you
+have been sent somewhere else! I will tell you what: have this Don
+Joseph Pear come here, so that I can make his acquaintance." The fox
+wished to leave the game, and said: "I am not mistaken; my master sent
+me here; and for a token, he said that he wished the princess for his
+wife."</p>
+
+<p>The fox returned to Don Joseph Pear, and said to him: "Softly, things
+are going well; after I have been to the king again, the matter is
+settled." Don Joseph said: "I will not believe you until I have my
+wife."</p>
+
+<p>The fox now went to an ogress and said: "Friend, friend, have we not to
+divide the gold and silver?" "Certainly," said the ogress to the fox;
+"go and get the measure and we will divide the gold from the silver."
+The fox went to the king and did not say: "The ogress wants to borrow
+your measure;" but she said: "Don Joseph Pear wants to borrow, for a
+short time, your measure to separate the gold from the silver." "What!"
+said the king, "has this Don Joseph Pear such great riches? Is he then
+richer than I?" And he gave the fox the measure. When he was alone with
+his daughter he said to her, in the course of his conversation: "It must
+be that this Don<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> Joseph Pear is very rich, for he divides the gold and
+silver." The fox carried the measure to the ogress, who began to measure
+and heap up gold and silver. When she had finished, the fox went to Don
+Joseph Pear and dressed him in new clothes, a watch with diamonds,
+rings, a ring for his betrothed, and everything that was needed for the
+marriage. "Behold, Don Joseph," said the fox, "I am going before you
+now; you go to the king and get your bride and then go to the church."
+Don Joseph went to the king; got his bride, and they went to the church.
+After they were married, the princess got into the carriage and the
+bridegroom mounted his horse. The fox made a sign to Don Joseph and
+said: "I will go before you; you follow me and let the carriages and
+horses come after."</p>
+
+<p>They started on their way, and came to a sheep-farm which belonged to
+the ogress. The boy who was tending the sheep, when he saw the fox
+approach, threw a stone at her, and she began to weep. "Ah!" she said to
+the boy; "now I will have you killed. Do you see those horsemen? Now I
+will have you killed!" The youth, terrified, said: "If you will not do
+anything to me I will not throw any more stones at you." The fox
+replied: "If you don't want to be killed, when the king passes and asks
+you whose is this sheep-farm, you must tell him: 'Don Joseph Pear's,'
+for Don Joseph Pear is his son-in-law, and he will reward you." The
+cavalcade passed by, and the king asked the boy: "Whose is this
+sheep-farm?" The boy replied at once: "Don Joseph Pear's." The king gave
+him some money.</p>
+
+<p>The fox kept about ten paces before Don Joseph, and the latter did
+nothing but say in a low tone: "Where are you taking me, fox? What lands
+do I possess that you can make me believed to be rich? Where are we
+going?" The fox replied: "Softly, Don Joseph, and leave it to me." They
+went on and on, and the fox saw another farm of cattle, with the
+herdsman. The same thing happened there as with the shepherd: the stone
+thrown and the fox's threat. The king passed. "Herdsman, whose is this
+farm<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> of cattle?" "Don Joseph Pear's." And the king, astonished at his
+son-in-law's wealth, gave the herdsman a piece of gold.</p>
+
+<p>Don Joseph was pleased on the one hand, but on the other was perplexed
+and did not know how it was to turn out. When the fox turned around,
+Joseph said: "Where are you taking me, fox? You are ruining me." The fox
+kept on as if she had nothing to do with the matter. Then she came to
+another farm of horses and mares. The boy who was tending them threw a
+stone at the fox. She frightened him, and he told the king, when the
+king asked him, that the farm was Don Joseph Pear's.</p>
+
+<p>They kept on and came to a well, and near it the ogress was sitting. The
+fox began to run and pretended to be in great terror. "Friend, friend,
+see, they are coming! These horsemen will kill us! Let us hide in the
+well, shall we not?" "Yes, friend," said the ogress in alarm. "Shall I
+throw you down first?" said the fox. "Certainly, friend." Then the fox
+threw the ogress down the well, and then entered the ogress' palace. Don
+Joseph Pear followed the fox, with his wife, his father-in-law, and all
+the riders. The fox showed them through all the apartments, displaying
+the riches, Don Joseph Pear contented at having found his fortune, and
+the king still more contented because his daughter was so richly
+settled. There was a festival for a few days, and then the king, well
+satisfied, returned to his own country and his daughter remained with
+her husband. One day the fox was looking out of the window, and Don
+Joseph Pear and his wife were going up to the terrace. Don Joseph Pear
+took up a little dust from the terrace and threw it at the fox's head.
+The fox raised her eyes. "What is the meaning of this, after the good I
+have done you, miserable fellow?" said she to Don Joseph. "Take care or
+I will speak!" The wife said to her husband: "What is the matter with
+the fox, to speak thus?" "Nothing," answered her husband. "I threw a
+little dust at her and she got angry." Don Joseph took up a little more
+dust and threw it at the fox's head. The fox, in a rage, cried: "Joe,
+you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> see I will speak! and I declare that you were the owner of a
+pear-tree!" Don Joseph was frightened, for the fox told his wife
+everything; so he took an earthen jar and threw it at the fox's head,
+and so got rid of her. Thus&mdash;the ungrateful fellow that he was&mdash;he
+killed the one who had done him so much kindness; but nevertheless he
+enjoyed all his wealth with his wife.<a name="FNanchor_11_3" id="FNanchor_11_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_3" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The story we shall next consider is, in some of its versions, legendary
+in its nature, and might more properly, perhaps, have been treated in
+chapter IV. Its legendary character, however, is only accidental, and it
+really belongs to the class of stories discussed in the present chapter.
+The story in general maybe termed "The Thankful Dead," from the most
+important episode in it. The hero shows some respect to a corpse (paying
+the debts it incurred when alive, and so obtaining the right of burial
+for it), the soul of which becomes the hero's good fairy, and assists
+him when in danger, and finally brings about his good fortune. Around
+this nucleus have gathered various episodes, which will be mentioned in
+the notes. As an example of this story, we give, on account of its
+rarity, the Istrian version (Ive, <i>Nozze Ive-Lorenzetto</i>, III. p. 19).</p>
+
+
+<h3>XXXV. FAIR BROW.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a father who had a son. After this son had passed through
+school, his father said to him: "Son, now that you have finished your
+studies, you are of an age to travel. I will give you a vessel, in order
+that you may load it and unload it, buy and sell. Be careful what you
+do; take care to make gains!" He gave him six thousand <i>scudi</i> to buy
+merchandise, and the son started on his voyage. On his journey, without
+having yet purchased anything, he arrived at a town, and on the
+sea-shore he saw a bier, and noticed that those who passed by left there
+some a penny, some two; they bestowed alms on the corpse. The traveller
+went there and asked: "Why do you keep<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> this dead man here? <i>for the
+dead desires the grave</i>." They replied: "Because he owed a world of
+debts, and it is the custom here <i>to bury no one until his debts are
+paid</i>. Until this man's debts are paid by charity we cannot bury him."
+"What is the use of keeping him here?" he said. "Proclaim that all those
+whom he owed shall come to me and be paid." Then they issued the
+proclamation and he paid the debts; and, poor fellow! he did not have a
+farthing left&mdash;not a penny of his capital. So he returned to his
+father's house. "What news, son? What means your return so soon?" He
+replied: "On crossing the sea, we encountered pirates; they have robbed
+me of all my capital!" His father said: "No matter, son; it is enough
+that they have left you your life. Behold, I will give you more money;
+but you must not go again in that direction." He gave him another six
+thousand <i>scudi</i>. The son replied: "Yes, father, don't worry; I will
+change my course." He departed and began his journey. When he was well
+out at sea he saw a Turkish vessel. He said to himself: "Now it is
+better for me to summon them on board than for them to summon us." They
+came on board. He said to them: "Whence do you come?" They answered: "We
+come from the Levant." "What is your cargo?" "Nothing but a beautiful
+girl." "How do you come to have this girl?" "For her beauty; to sell her
+again. We have stolen her from the Sultan, she is so beautiful!" "Let me
+see this girl." When he saw her he said: "How much do you want for her?"
+"We want six thousand <i>scudi</i>!" The money which his father gave him he
+gave to those corsairs, and took the girl and carried her away to his
+ship. But he at once had her become a Christian and married her.</p>
+
+<p>He returned to his father's house; he went up, and his father said to
+him:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Welcome! O my handsome son.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What merchandise of women have you made?"<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"My father, I bring you a handsome ring,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I bring it for your reward;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It cost me neither city nor castle,<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">But the most beautiful woman you have ever seen:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The daughter of the Sultan, who is in Turkey,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her I bring for my first cargo!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>"Ah, you miserable knave!" cried his father. "Is this the cargo you have
+brought?" He ill-treated them both, and drove them from the house. Those
+poor unfortunate ones did not know where to find shelter. They went
+away, and at a short distance from their town there were some rooms at a
+villa. They went to live in one of those. He said: "What shall we do
+here? I do not know how to do anything; I have no profession or
+business!" She said: "Now I can paint beautiful pictures; I will paint
+them, and you shall go and sell them!" He said: "Very well!" "But,
+remember, you must tell no one that I paint them!" "No, no!" he said.</p>
+
+<p>Now let us go to Turkey. The Sultan, meanwhile, had sent out many
+vessels in search of his daughter. These ships went here and there in
+quest of her. Now it happened that one of these vessels arrived in the
+town near where she lived, and many of the sailors went on land. Now one
+day the husband said to his wife: "Make many pictures, for to-day we
+shall sell them!" She made them, and said to him that he should not sell
+them for less than twenty <i>scudi</i> apiece. She made a great many, and he
+carried them to the public square. Some of the Turks came there; they
+gave a glance at the paintings, and said to themselves: "Surely, it must
+be the Sultan's daughter who has painted these." They came nearer, and
+asked the young man how he sold them. He said they were dear; that he
+could not let them go for less than twenty <i>scudi</i>. They said: "Very
+well! we will buy them; but we want some more." He answered: "Come to
+the house of my wife who makes them!" They went there, and when they saw
+the Sultan's daughter, they seized her, bound her, and carried her far
+away to Turkey. This husband, then, unhappy, without wife, without a
+trade, alone in that house, what could he do?</p>
+
+<p>Every day he walked along the beach, to see if he could<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> find a ship
+that would take him on board; but he never saw any. One day he saw an
+old man fishing in a little boat; he cried: "Good old man, how much
+better off you are than I!" The old man asked: "Why, my dear son?" He
+said: "Good old man, will you take me to fish with you?" "Yes, my son,"
+said he; "if you wish to come with me in this boat, I will take you!"
+"Thank heaven!" said he. "Good!" said the old man:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"You with the rod, and I with the boat,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Perhaps we shall catch some fish.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I will go and sell the fish, for I am not ashamed, and we will live
+together!" They ate, and afterward went to sleep; without knowing it,
+there arose in the night a severe storm, and the wind carried them to
+Turkey. The Turks, seeing this boat arrive, went on board, seized them,
+made slaves of them, and took them before the Sultan. He said: "Let one
+of them make bouquets; let the other plant flowers; put them in the
+garden!" They placed the old man there as gardener, and the young man to
+carry flowers to the Sultan's daughter, who with her maids was shut up
+in a very high tower for punishment. They were very comfortable there.
+Every day they went into the garden and made friends with the other
+gardeners. As time went on, the old man made some fine guitars, violins,
+flutes, clarionets, piccolos&mdash;all sorts of instruments he made. The
+young man played them beautifully when he had time. One day his wife,
+who was in the tower, hearing his fine songs,&mdash;Fair Brow had a voice
+which surpassed all instruments,&mdash;said: "Who is playing, who is singing
+so beautifully?" They went out on the balcony, and when she saw Fair
+Brow, she thought at once of having him come up. The Sultan's daughter
+said to one of those who filled the basket with flowers: "Put that young
+man in the basket and cover him with flowers!" He put him in, and the
+maids drew him up. When he was up, he came out of the basket, and beheld
+his wife. He embraced and kissed her and thought about escaping from
+there. Then she told her damsels that she wished to depart without any
+one knowing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> it. So they loaded a large ship with pearls and precious
+stones, with rods of gold and jewels; then they let down Fair Brow
+first, then his wife; finally the damsels. They embarked and departed.
+When they were out at sea the husband remembered that he had forgotten
+the old man and left him on shore. Fair Brow said: "My sister, even if I
+thought I should lose my life, I would turn back, for <i>the word which I
+have given him is the mother of faith</i>!" So they turned back, and saw
+the old man, who was still awaiting them in a cave; they took him with
+them, and put to sea again. When they were near home, the old man said:
+"Now, my son, it is fitting for us to settle our accounts and divide
+things!" "Know, good old man," said Fair Brow to him, "that all the
+wealth that I have belongs half to you and half to me!" "Your wife, too,
+belongs half to me!" He said: "Good old man, I will leave you three
+quarters, and I will take one only, but leave me my wife. Do you want me
+to divide her in two?" Then the old man said: "You must know that I am
+the soul of him whom you had buried; and you have had all this good
+fortune because you did that good action, and converted and baptized
+your wife!" Then he gave him his blessing and disappeared. Fair Brow,
+when he heard this, as you can imagine, came near dying of joy. When
+they reached his city, they fired a salute, for Fair Brow had arrived
+with his wife, the wealthiest gentleman in the world. He sent for his
+father and told him all that had happened to him. He went to live with
+them, and as he was old, he died soon, and all his riches went to Fair
+Brow.<a name="FNanchor_12_3" id="FNanchor_12_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_3" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We have already stated in the preface that it was not our design to
+admit into this work (except for occasional reference) any stories that
+were literary in their character. For this reason we have not drawn on
+the treasures of Straparola or Basile, or even on the more popular
+chap-books, of which there are in Italy, as elsewhere, a great
+profusion. Of some of the stories contained in the last named class of
+works there are purely popular versions. As an example of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> class,
+and for purposes of comparison, we give the story of Leombruno, or
+Lionbruno, one of the oldest and most popular of its kind. The most
+complete version is the one from the Basilicata, given by Comparetti,
+No. 41, which is as follows:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XXXVI. LIONBRUNO.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a mariner who had a wife and three or four children. He
+followed the business of a fisherman, and he and his family lived on his
+fishing. For three or four years there had been a dearth of fish, so
+that he had not been able to catch even a sardine. Poor mariner! From
+this misfortune he had been obliged to sell, little by little, all he
+possessed, to live, and was reduced almost to beggary. One day he was
+fishing, and as you can imagine, poor fellow! he did not haul in even a
+shell. He cursed madonnas and saints. All at once a certain person (it
+was the Enemy) rose in the midst of the sea before his bark. "What is
+the matter, mariner, that you are so angry?" "What should the matter be?
+My bad luck. For three or four years I have been ruining myself, body
+and soul, in this sea with these nets, and I cannot catch even a string
+to hang myself with." "Listen," said the Enemy. "If you will agree to
+give me your wife's next child in thirteen years, from now until you
+deliver it to me I will cause you to catch so much fish that you shall
+become the richest of men by selling it." Then the mariner understood
+that this was the Enemy, and said to himself: "My wife has had no
+children for some years. Will she take it into her head to have another
+just now when I make this agreement with the Enemy? Oh, come! she is old
+now; she will have no more." Then turning to the Enemy, he said: "Well,
+since you wish to make this contract, let us make it. But, remember, you
+must make me rich." "Don't fear," said the Enemy; "let us make the
+agreement and then leave the matter to me." "Softly, we must settle
+another matter first; then we will make the contract." "What is it?"
+"Listen. Suppose my wife should have no children during these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> thirteen
+years?" "Then you will remain rich and give me nothing." "That is what I
+wanted to know. Now we can make the contract." And they settled
+everything at once. Then the Enemy disappeared. The mariner began to
+draw in his nets, and they were full to overflowing of all kinds of
+fish, and he became richer from day to day. In great joy he said: "I
+have played a trick on the devil!"&mdash;and, poor man! he did not know that
+it was the devil who had played a trick on him. Now you must know that
+just when they were making the contract, the mariner's wife, old as she
+was, expected to become a mother again, and the Enemy knew it. In due
+time the wife gave birth to a boy so handsome that he seemed a flower.
+His parents named him Lionbruno. The Enemy suddenly appeared: "Mariner!
+mariner!" "How can I serve you?" replied the poor man, all trembling.
+"The promise is due. Lionbruno is mine." "Yes, you are right. But you
+must obey the contract. Remember that it is in thirteen years. Now only
+a few months have passed." "That is true," replied the Enemy; "farewell,
+then, until the end of the thirteen years." Then he vanished. Meanwhile
+Lionbruno grew every day, and became constantly handsomer, and his
+parents sent him to school. But time passes, and behold the end of the
+thirteen years draws near. One day, before the time agreed upon, the
+Enemy appeared. "Mariner! mariner!" "Oh, poor me!" said the wretched
+man, who recognized him by his horrid voice. But he had to answer. And
+what could he do? The contract was clear and the time come. The poor
+mariner, willingly or unwillingly, was obliged to promise to send the
+boy the next day alone to the sea. The next day the mother sent her son,
+when he returned from school, to carry something to eat to his father.
+The unhappy father had, however, gone far out to sea, so that his son
+could not find him. The poor boy sat down on the beach, and to pass the
+time, took pieces of wood and made little crosses of them, and stuck
+them in the sand around him, so that he was surrounded by them, and held
+one also in his hand, singing all the time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Behold, the Enemy comes to take him, and says to him: "What are you
+doing, boy?" "I am waiting for my father," he replied. The Enemy looked
+and saw that he could not take him, because he was seated in the midst
+of all those little crosses, and moreover had one in his hand. He
+regarded the boy with an ugly look, and cried: "Destroy those crosses,
+miserable boy!" "No, I will not destroy them." "Destroy them at once,
+or&mdash;or"&mdash;and he threatened him and frightened him with his ugly face.
+Then the poor child destroyed the little crosses around him, but still
+held one in his hand. "Destroy the other, quick!" cried the Enemy, more
+enraged than ever. "No, no!" the poor child replied, all in tears; "I
+will not destroy this little cross." The Enemy threatened him again and
+terrified him with his rolling eyes, but the child was firm, and then a
+bright light appeared in the air. The fairy Colina, queen of the
+fairies, came down, took the good boy by the hair, and delivered him
+from the Enemy. Then if you had seen what lightnings and thunder! what
+darts! The Enemy shot fire from his eyes, mouth, nose, ears, everywhere!
+But with all his flames he remained duped, and the fairy carried the
+good boy away to her splendid palace. There Lionbruno grew up in the
+midst of the fairies. Imagine how well off he was there! He lacked
+nothing. Increasing always in beauty, he became a youth whom you should
+have seen! Some years passed. One day Lionbruno said to the fairy
+Colina: "Listen. I want to go and see my mother and father a little. You
+will not refuse me your permission, will you?" "No, I will not refuse
+you it," said the fairy. "I will give you twenty days to go and see your
+family. But do not stay any longer. Remember that I have saved you from
+the Enemy and have brought you up in the midst of great wealth. Now this
+wealth we are to enjoy together, for you, Lionbruno, are to be my
+husband." You can imagine whether the youth wished to say no. He replied
+at once: "I will do your will in all things." Then the fairy said: "My
+Lionbruno, take this ruby; all that you ask of it you shall have." He
+took the ruby. Then all the fairies<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> gave him in turn some token. He
+took them, and thanked them all. Then he embraced his bride and
+departed. Lionbruno travelled better than a prince, magnificently
+dressed, on a superb horse, with guards before him. He arrived at his
+town, went to the square, and a crowd of people surrounded him out of
+curiosity. He asked his way to the house of the mariner who was his
+father. He did not reveal himself to his parents, but asked them for a
+lodging that night. At midnight Lionbruno changed, by virtue of the
+ruby, the wretched hovel into a magnificent palace, and the next day he
+changed himself into the thirteen-year-old Lionbruno and revealed
+himself to his parents, telling them how the fairy Colina had liberated
+him from the Enemy, brought him up, and made him her husband. "For this
+reason, dear father and mother," said he, "I cannot remain with you. I
+have come to see you, to embrace you, to make you rich; but I can stay
+with you a few days only, and then I must leave you." His father and
+mother saw that they could do nothing, and had to be contented. One fine
+morning Lionbruno, by an order to the ruby, which he wore on his finger,
+brought together a great mass of riches, and then called his parents and
+said: "I leave you masters of all this wealth and of this palace. You
+will no longer need anything. Now give me your blessing, for I wish to
+go." The poor people began to weep, and said: "Bless you, my son!" They
+embraced each other in tears, and he departed.</p>
+
+<p>He arrived at a great city,&mdash;like Naples, for example,&mdash;and went to
+lodge at the finest inn. Then he went out to walk and heard a
+proclamation which declared: "Whatever prince or knight, on horse, with
+spear in hand, shall pierce and carry away a gold star, shall marry the
+king's daughter." Imagine how many princes and knights entered the
+lists! Lionbruno, more for braggadocio than for anything else, said to
+himself: "I wish to go and carry away the star;" and he commanded the
+ruby: "My ruby, to-morrow, I wish to carry away the golden star." The
+princes and knights began to assemble and try their skill.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> Every one
+reached the star and touched it with his spear, but there was no talk of
+their carrying it away. Lionbruno came, and with a master-stroke carried
+off the star. Then he quickly escaped with his horse to the inn, so that
+no one should see him. "Who is he?" "Where is the winner?" No one can
+give any news of him. The king was ill-humored about it, and issued the
+proclamation again for the next day. But, to cut the matter short, the
+same thing occurred the next day. Lionbruno duped them a second time.
+Imagine how angry the king was! He issued a third proclamation. But this
+time what does the crafty king do? He posts a large number of soldiers
+at all the places by which one could escape. The princes and knights
+begin their courses. As usual, no one carries away the star, and
+Lionbruno carries it off and rides away. But the soldiers, quicker than
+he, seize him, arrest him, and carry him to the king. "What do you take
+me for, that, not satisfied with duping me twice, you wish to dupe me a
+third time?" Thus spoke the king, who was seated on the throne. "Pardon,
+Majesty. I did not dare to enter your presence." "Then you ought not to
+have undertaken to carry away the star. Now you have done so, and must
+become my daughter's husband." Lionbruno, <i>nolens volens</i>, was obliged
+to marry the princess. The king prepared a magnificent feast for the
+wedding, and invited all the princes, counts, and barons,&mdash;all sorts of
+persons. When the hall was filled with these gentlemen, Lionbruno,
+before marrying the princess, said to the king: "Majesty, it is true
+that your daughter is a very beautiful girl, but I had a bride by whose
+side your daughter could not stand for beauty, grace, everything."
+Imagine how the king felt when he heard these words. The poor princess,
+at this affront in the presence of so many noblemen, became as red as
+fire. The king, greatly disturbed, said: "Well, if it is so, we wish to
+see your wife, if she is as beautiful as you say." "Yes, yes!" cried all
+the noblemen; "we, too, wish to see her; we wish to see her!" Poor
+Lionbruno was in a tight place. What could he do? He had recourse to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>
+the ruby. "Ruby mine, make fairy Colina come here." But this time he was
+mistaken. The ruby could do everything, but it could not compel the
+fairy to come, for it was she who had given it its magic power. The
+summons, however, reached the fairy Colina; but she did not go. "My
+friend has done a pretty thing!" said she. "Bravo! good! Now I will fix
+him as he deserves!" She called the lowest of her servants, and made her
+suddenly appear in the great hall of the king, where all were assembled
+for the wedding. "How beautiful she is! how beautiful she is!" all said
+as soon as they saw her. "Is this, then, your first bride?" "What!"
+answered Lionbruno, "my first bride! This is the lowest of the servants
+of my first bride." "Gracious!" exclaimed the noblemen; "if this is the
+lowest of the servants and is so beautiful, imagine what the mistress
+must be!" "Then," said the king, "if this is not your first bride, I
+wish you to make her come herself." "Yes, yes, herself!" cried the
+others, likewise. Poor Lionbruno! He was obliged to have recourse again
+to the ring. But this time, also, the fairy did not go, but sent instead
+her next servant. Scarcely had they seen her when they all said: "This
+one, oh, this one, is really beautiful! This, now, is certainly your
+first bride, is she not, Lionbruno?" "No, no!" replied Lionbruno; "my
+first bride is a marvel of beauty. Different from this one! This one is
+only the second servant." Then the king, in a threatening tone, said to
+him: "Lionbruno, let us put an end to this! I command you to cause your
+first wife to come here instantly." The matter was growing serious. Poor
+Lionbruno had recourse for the third time to the ruby, and said to it:
+"Ruby mine, if you really wish to help me, now is the moment. You must
+cause the fairy Colina herself to come here." The summons reached her at
+once, and this time she went. When all those great lords and the king
+and his daughter saw that marvel of beauty, they became as so many
+statues. But the fairy Colina approached Lionbruno, pretended to take
+his hand, and drew off his ring, saying: "Traitor! you cannot find me
+until you have worn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> out seven pairs of iron shoes." Then she vanished.
+The king, in fury, said to Lionbruno: "I understand. The power of
+carrying off the star was not yours, but your ruby's. Leave my palace!"
+He had him seized and well beaten and sent away.</p>
+
+<p>And so poor Lionbruno was left without the fairy Colina and the king's
+daughter, and departed from the city in great grief. When he had gone a
+few steps, he heard a great noise. It was a smithy. He entered, and
+called the blacksmith: "Master, I want seven pairs of iron shoes." "I
+will make you twelve if you wish, but it seems to me that you must have
+some agreement with the Eternal to live who knows how many hundred years
+to wear out all these shoes." "What does that matter to you? It is
+enough if I pay you. Make me the shoes and hold your tongue." He made
+them for him at once. Lionbruno paid him, put on one pair, and stuck
+three in one side of his travelling sack and three in the other, and set
+out. After walking a long time, he arrived late at night in a forest.
+All at once three robbers came there. "Good man," said they to
+Lionbruno, "how did you happen here?" "I am a poor pilgrim," he replied;
+"it grew dark and I stopped here to rest. And who are you, gentlemen?"
+"We are travellers." And they all stopped there to rest. The next day
+Lionbruno arose, took leave of the three robbers, and departed. But he
+had scarcely gone a few steps when he heard them quarrelling. Now you
+must know that those robbers had stolen three objects of great value,
+and were now disputing as to how they should divide them. One of them
+said: "Fools that we are! We had here that pilgrim, who could have acted
+as judge and made the division, and we have let him go. Let us call him
+back." "Yes, yes! let us call him," said the others. They called him,
+and he came back. "How can I serve you, gentlemen?" said he. "Listen,
+good man; we have three objects of great value to divide. You must be
+the judge, and give to each one what belongs to him." "Very well; but
+what objects are you talking of?" "Here is a pair of boots, a purse, and
+a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> cloak. The boots have this virtue, that he who has them on runs
+faster than the wind. If you say to the purse, 'open and shut,' it at
+once gives you a hundred ducats. Finally he who puts on the cloak and
+buttons it up, can see and yet not be seen." "Very good. But to act the
+judge well, I must first examine these three objects carefully."
+"Certainly, that is right." Lionbruno put on the boots, tried to run,
+and went marvellously. "What do you think of these boots?" asked the
+thieves. "Excellent, indeed," replied Lionbruno, and kept them on. Then
+he said: "Now let us see the purse." He took it and said: "Purse, open
+and shut," and at once there came forth a hundred silver ducats. "Now
+let us see what this cloak is," he said, at last. He put it on and began
+to button it up. While he was doing so he asked the robbers: "Do you see
+me now?" They answered: "Yes." He kept on buttoning it and asked again:
+"Now do you see me?" "Yes." Finally he reached the last button. "Now do
+you see me?" "No." "If you don't see me now you never will see me
+again." He threw away the iron shoes and cried: "Now for you, boots!"
+And away! faster than the wind. When the three robbers saw themselves
+duped in that way, what a rage they were in! They thrashed each other
+soundly, and especially the one who had called Lionbruno back; and at
+last they all found themselves with broken bones.</p>
+
+<p>Lionbruno, after having cheated the robbers thus, continued his way
+joyfully. After a long journey, he arrived in the midst of a forest. He
+saw at a distance a slight smoke, and among frightful rocks, a little
+old hovel all surrounded by dense wild shrubs, with a little door
+entirely covered with ivy, so that it could scarcely be seen. Lionbruno
+approached the door and knocked softly. "Who is knocking?" asked from
+within an old woman's voice. "I am a poor Christian," replied Lionbruno;
+"night has overtaken me here, and I am seeking a lodging, if it can be
+had." The door opened and Lionbruno entered. "Oh, poor youth! How have
+you been tempted to come and ruin yourself in this remote place?"
+demanded, in great wonder,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> the old woman, who was within, and who was
+Borea.<a name="FNanchor_13_3" id="FNanchor_13_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_3" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> (Do you know who Borea is? No less a person than the mother
+of the winds.) "Oh, dear little old lady, my aunt," replied Lionbruno,
+"I am lost in this great forest, for I have been travelling a long time
+to find my dear bride, the fairy Colina, and I have not yet been able to
+find any trace of her." "My son, you have made a great mistake! What
+shall we do now that my sons are coming home? Perhaps, God help you!
+they will want to eat you." "Oh, wretched me!" cried Lionbruno, then,
+all trembling; "who, my aunt, are these sons of yours who so devour
+Christians?" "My son," replied Borea, "you do not know where you are. Do
+you not know that this house in the midst of these precipices is the
+house of the winds? And I, you do not recognize me; I, my son, am Borea,
+the mother of all the winds." "What shall I do now? Oh, my dear aunt,
+help me; do not let your sons eat me up!" The old woman finally
+concealed him in a chest, telling him not to make the slightest noise
+when her sons returned. Soon a loud noise was heard at a distance: it
+was the winds returning home. The nearer they approached the louder the
+noise grew, and a sound of branches and trees broken off was heard. At
+last the winds arrived, pushed open the door, and entered. "Good
+evening, mamma." "Welcome, my sons!" replied their mother, all smiling.
+And so one after the other all the winds entered, and the last to enter
+was Sirocco, for you must know that Sirocco is the youngest of Borea's
+sons. Scarcely had they entered when they began to say: "What smell of
+human flesh is here? Here Christians, Christians!" "Oh, bad luck to you!
+what fools you are! Where is there any smell of human flesh here? Who do
+you think would risk their lives by coming here?" But her sons would not
+be convinced, especially that obstinate Sirocco. Lionbruno commended his
+soul to God, for he saw death at his heels. But finally Borea succeeded
+in convincing her sons. "Oh, mamma, what is there to eat to-night? We
+have travelled so far, and are so hungry!" "Here, my sons," the mother
+answered, "come<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> here; for a nice polenta is cooking for you. I will
+finish cooking it soon, and put it at once on the table." The next day
+Borea said to her sons: "My sons, when you came you said you smelled
+human flesh. Tell me, should you really see a man now, what would you do
+to him?" "Now, we would not do anything to him. Last night, we should
+have torn him in pieces." "But you would not do anything to him, truly?"
+"Truly." "Well, if you will give me your promise by St. John not to harm
+him, I will show you a live man." "Oh! just see! A man here! Yes, yes,
+mamma, show him to us at once. We swear by St. John! we will not touch a
+hair of his head." Then their mother opened the chest and made Lionbruno
+come forth. If you had heard the winds then! They puffed and blowed
+around him and asked him, first of all, how he had come to that place,
+where no living soul had ever penetrated. Lionbruno said: "Would to
+heaven that my journey ended here! I must go to the palace of the fairy
+Colina; perhaps one of you can tell me where it is?" Then Borea asked
+her sons one by one and each replied that he knew nothing of it. Finally
+she questioned her youngest son: "And you, Sirocco, do you not know
+anything about it?" "I? Should I not know something about it? Am I
+perchance like my brothers who never can find a hiding-place? The fairy
+Colina is love-sick. She says that her lover has betrayed her, and
+continually weeps, and is so reduced by her grief that she can live but
+little longer. And I deserve to be hanged, for I have seen her in this
+condition, and yet I have annoyed her so that I have driven her to
+despair. I amused myself by making a noise about her palace, and more
+than once I burst open windows and turned things upside down, even the
+bed she was resting on." "Oh, my dear Sirocco!" said Lionbruno; "my good
+Sirocco, you must aid me! Since you have given me news of her, you must
+also do me the favor to show me the way to my bride's palace. I, dear
+Sirocco, am the betrothed of the fairy Colina, and it is not true that I
+have betrayed her; on the contrary, if I do not find her, I shall die of
+grief."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> "My son," said Sirocco, "listen; for my part I would take you
+there with all my heart. But I should have to carry you about my neck.
+And the trouble is I cannot do so, for I am wind, I am air, and you
+would slip off. Were you like me the matter would go very well." "Don't
+worry about that," said Lionbruno, "show me the way, and I will not lag
+behind." "He is crazy," said Sirocco to himself; then he said to
+Lionbruno: "Very well, since you feel so strong, to-morrow we will make
+the trial. Meanwhile let us go to bed, for it is late, and to-morrow,
+God willing, we will rise early!" And all went to sleep. In the morning
+early Sirocco arose and cried: "Lionbruno! Lionbruno! get up quickly!"
+And Lionbruno put on his boots in a hurry, seized his purse, fixed his
+cloak carefully, and left the house with Sirocco. "There," said Sirocco,
+"is the way we must take. Be careful! Don't let me out of your sight,
+and leave the rest to me. If a few hours after sunset to-night I don't
+make you find your beauty, you may call me an ass." They started. They
+ran like the wind. Every little while Sirocco called out: "Lionbruno!"
+and he, who was ahead, answered at once: "Oh! don't think I am going to
+lag behind!" and with these questions and answers they finally reached
+the palace of the fairy Colina about two hours after sunset. "Here we
+are," said Sirocco. "Here is your fair one's balcony! See how I am going
+to blow open the window for you. Attention, now! As soon as it is opened
+you give a jump and spring in." And so he did. Before the servants could
+run and shut the balcony window, Lionbruno was already under the fairy
+Colina's bed. Afterwards one of the maids said to the fairy: "My
+mistress, how do you feel now? Do you not feel a little better?"
+"Better? I am half dead. That cursed wind has nearly killed me." "But,
+mistress, will you not take something this evening? A little coffee, or
+chocolate, or broth?" "I wish nothing at all." "Take something, if you
+don't, you will not rest to-night, you have eaten nothing for three or
+four days. Really, you must take something." And the servant said so
+much that to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> get rid of her importunity the fairy said: "Well, bring
+something; if I want it, I will take it." The servant brought a little
+coffee, and left it by the side of the bed. Lionbruno, in his cloak so
+that no one could see him, came from under the bed and drank the coffee
+himself. The servant, believing her mistress had drunk it, brought the
+chocolate too, and Lionbruno drank that as before. Then the servant
+brought the fairy some broth and a pigeon. "Mistress," said she, "since,
+thank God, you have taken the coffee and the chocolate, take this broth
+and a bit of pigeon, and so you will gain strength and be better
+to-morrow." The mistress on hearing all this believed that the servants
+were making fun of her. "Oh, stupid blockheads! What are you saying? Are
+not the cups still here with the coffee and the chocolate? I have
+touched nothing." The servants thought that their mistress was out of
+her mind. Then Lionbruno took off his cloak, came out from under the
+bed, and said: "My bride, do you know me?" "Lionbruno mine, is it you?"
+and she rose from the bed and embraced him. "Then it is not true, my
+Lionbruno, that you have forgotten me?" "If I had forgotten you I should
+not have suffered so much to find you. But do you still love me?" "My
+Lionbruno, if I had not always loved you, you would not have found me at
+the point of death. And now you see I am cured only because I have seen
+you."</p>
+
+<p>Then they ate and drank together, and summoned the servants and made a
+great festival. The next day they arranged everything for the wedding
+and were married with great splendor and joy. In the evening they gave a
+grand ball and a fine banquet, which you should have seen!<a name="FNanchor_14_3" id="FNanchor_14_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_3" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The above story is extremely popular, and has long circulated among the
+people as an independent work in the shape of a chap-book. We have,
+however, given the form which is handed down by oral tradition,
+purposely avoiding the use of any literary materials. Many similar tales
+might be added to this chapter, but the most important and best<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> known
+have been given. To give those tales which cannot be described as fairy
+tales and which are usually found in the shape of chap-books in prose
+and poetry would fall without the scope of the present volume, and would
+belong more appropriately to a work on Italian popular literature.<a name="FNanchor_15_3" id="FNanchor_15_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_3" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<h3>STORIES OF ORIENTAL ORIGIN.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The geographical situation of Italy and its commercial connections
+during the Middle Ages would lead us to expect a large foreign element
+in its popular tales. This foreign element, it is hardly necessary to
+say, is almost exclusively Oriental, and was introduced either by direct
+communication with the East, or indirectly from France, which received
+it from Spain, whither it was brought by the Saracens. Although this
+Oriental element is now perfectly popular, it is, as far as its origin
+is concerned, purely literary. That is to say, the stories we are about
+to examine are to be found in the great Oriental collections of tales
+which were early translated into all the languages of Europe, and either
+passed directly from these translations into circulation among the
+people, or became familiar to them from the novelists who made such
+frequent use of this element.<a name="FNanchor_1_4" id="FNanchor_1_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_4" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> A few stories may have been taken from
+the French <i>fabliaux</i> or from the French translations of the <i>Disciplina
+Clericalis</i>, as we shall afterwards see.<a name="FNanchor_2_4" id="FNanchor_2_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_4" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> The Pentamerone, and
+especially Straparola's tales, may finally be mentioned as the source
+from which many Oriental stories have flowed into popular
+circulation.<a name="FNanchor_3_4" id="FNanchor_3_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_4" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> In this chapter it is proposed to notice briefly only
+those stories the Oriental origin of which is undoubted, and which may
+be found in the great collections above mentioned and in some others
+less known. For convenience, some stories of this class have been
+referred to chapter VI.</p>
+
+<p>The first of this class which we shall mention is well known from the
+version in Lafontaine (IX. 1), <i>Le D&eacute;positaire infid&egrave;le</i>. The only
+Italian version we have found is Pitr&egrave;, No. 194, which is as follows:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>XXXVII. THE PEASANT AND THE MASTER.</h3>
+
+<p>A peasant one day, conversing in the farmhouse with his master and
+others, happened, while speaking of sheep and cheese, to say that he had
+had a present of a little cheese, but the mice had eaten it all up. Then
+the master, who was rich, proud, and fat, called him a fool, and said
+that it was not possible that the mice could have eaten the cheese, and
+all present said the master was right and the peasant wrong. What more
+could the poor man say? Talk makes talk. After a while the master said
+that having taken the precaution to rub with oil his ploughshares to
+keep them from rusting, the mice had eaten off all the points. Then the
+friend of the cheese broke forth: "But, master, how can it be that the
+mice cannot eat my cheese, if they can eat the points of your
+ploughshares?" But the master and all the others began to cry out: "Be
+silent, you fool! Be silent, you fool! the master is right!"<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The above story really belongs to the class of fables of which there are
+but few of Oriental origin in the Italian collections.<a name="FNanchor_5_4" id="FNanchor_5_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_4" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> The following
+version of one of the most famous of the Eastern apologues is from
+Monferrato (Comparetti, No. 67). It is called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XXXVIII. THE INGRATES.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a man who went into the forest to gather wood, and saw a
+snake crushed under a large stone. He raised the stone a little with the
+handle of his axe and the snake crawled out. When it was at liberty it
+said to the man: "I am going to eat you." The man answered: "Softly;
+first let us hear the judgment of some one, and if I am condemned, then
+you shall eat me." The first one they met was a horse as thin as a
+stick, tied to an oak-tree. He had eaten the leaves as far as he could
+reach, for he was famished. The snake said to him: "Is it right for me
+to eat this man who has saved my life?" The nag answered:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> "More than
+right. Just look at me! I was one of the finest horses. I have carried
+my master so many years, and what have I gained? Now that I am so badly
+off that I can no longer work they have tied me to this oak, and after I
+have eaten these few leaves I shall die of hunger. Eat the man, then;
+for he who does good is ill rewarded, and he who does evil must be well
+rewarded. Eat him, for you will be doing a good day's work." They
+afterwards happened to find a mulberry-tree, all holes, for it was eaten
+by old age; and the snake asked it if it was right to eat the man who
+had saved its life. "Yes," the tree answered at once, "for I have given
+my master so many leaves that he has raised from them the finest
+silk-worms in the world; now that I can no longer stand upright, he has
+said that he is going to throw me into the fire. Eat him, then, for you
+will do well." Afterwards they met the fox. The man took her aside and
+begged her to pronounce in his favor. The fox said: "The better to
+render judgment I must see just how the matter has happened." They all
+returned to the spot and arranged matters as they were at first; but as
+soon as the man saw the snake under the stone he cried out: "Where you
+are, there I will leave you." And there the snake remained. The fox
+wished in payment a bag of hens, and the man promised them to her for
+the next morning. The fox went there in the morning, and when the man
+saw her he put some dogs in the bag, and told the fox not to eat the
+hens close by, for fear the mistress of the house would hear it. So the
+fox did not open the bag until she had reached a distant valley; then
+the dogs came out and ate her; and so it is in the world; for who does
+good is ill rewarded and who does evil is well rewarded.<a name="FNanchor_6_4" id="FNanchor_6_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_4" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>It would be surprising if we did not find the fascinating stories of the
+Thousand and One Nights naturalized among the people. It is, of course,
+impossible to tell whether they were communicated to the people directly
+from a literary source, or whether the separate stories came to Italy
+from the Orient by way of oral transmission.<a name="FNanchor_7_4" id="FNanchor_7_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_4" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> These stories have
+circulated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> among the people long enough to be treated as their own
+property and changed to suit their taste. Incidents from other stories
+have been added and the original story remodelled until it is hardly
+recognizable. The story of "Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp," for
+instance, is found from Sicily to Lombardy; but in no one version are
+all the features of the original story preserved. In one of the Sicilian
+versions (Messina) Aladdin does not lose his lamp; in another (Palermo),
+after Aladdin has lost his lamp he goes in search of it, and on his
+journey settles the quarrel of an ant, an eagle, and a lion, who give
+him the power to transform himself into any one of them. He finally
+discovers the magician, who has his life elsewhere than in his own body,
+and who is killed after the usual complicated process. In the Roman
+version the point of the unfinished window in Aladdin's palace is
+missed, the magician requires to be killed, as in the version from
+Palermo, and there are some additional incidents not in the Oriental
+original. In the Mantuan story, instead of a lamp we have a rusty ring,
+which the youngest brother finds inside of a dead cock bequeathed to
+three brothers by their father. After the ring has fallen into the
+possession of the magician and the palace has disappeared, the hero goes
+in search of his wife and ring. On his way he is assisted by the "King
+of the Fishes" and the "King of the Birds." The eagle carries a letter
+to the captive princess, who obtains the ring from the magician, rubs it
+on a stone, and when it asks what she wishes, answers: "I wish this
+palace to return where it first was and the magician to be drowned in
+the sea."<a name="FNanchor_8_4" id="FNanchor_8_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_4" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>Of almost equal popularity is the story of the "Forty Thieves," who are,
+however, in the Italian versions, reduced to thirteen, twelve, or six in
+number. The versions in Pitr&egrave; (No. 23 and variants) contain but one
+incident of the original story, where the robbers are detected in the
+oil-jars, and killed by pouring boiling oil over them. In one of Pitr&egrave;'s
+versions the robbers are hidden in sacks of charcoal, and the cunning
+daughter pierces the bags with a red-hot spit. In another, they are
+hidden in oil-skins, and sold to the abbess<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> of a certain convent for
+oil. One of the nuns has some suspicion of the trick, and invites her
+companions to tap the skins with red-hot irons. Another Sicilian version
+(Gonz. No. 79, "The Story of the Twelve Robbers") contains the first
+part of the Arabian tale, the robbers' cave which opens and closes by
+the words, "Open, door!" and "Shut, door!" The story ends with the death
+of one of the brothers, who entered the cave and was killed by one of
+the robbers who had remained. It is only in the version from Mantua
+(Visentini, No. 7, "The Cunning Maid") that we find the story complete;
+boiling water is used instead of oil in killing the thieves, and the
+servant girl afterwards kills the captain, who had escaped before. The
+story of the "Third Calendar" is told in detail in Comparetti (No. 65,
+"The Son of the King of France") and the "Two Envious Sisters" furnishes
+details for a number of distinct stories.<a name="FNanchor_9_4" id="FNanchor_9_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_4" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> The story of "The
+Hunchback" is found in Pitr&egrave; and Straparola, and as it is also the
+subject of an Old-French <i>fabliau</i>, it may have been borrowed from the
+French, or, what is more likely, both French and Italians took it from a
+common source.<a name="FNanchor_10_4" id="FNanchor_10_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_4" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> The fable of "The Ass, the Ox, and the Peasant,"
+which the Vizier relates to prevent his daughter becoming the Sultan's
+wife, is found in Pitr&egrave; (No. 282) under the title of "The Curious Wife,"
+and is also in Straparola.<a name="FNanchor_11_4" id="FNanchor_11_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_4" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> The beautiful story of "Prince Ahmed and
+the fairy Peribanu" is found in Nerucci, No. 40, "The Three Presents, or
+the Story of the Carpets." The three presents are the magic telescope
+that sees any distance, the carpet that carries one through the air, and
+the magic grapes that bring to life. The Italian version follows closely
+the Oriental original. The same may be said of another story in the same
+collection, No. 48, "The Traveller from Turin," which is nothing but
+Sindbad's "Fourth Voyage."<a name="FNanchor_12_4" id="FNanchor_12_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_4" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> The last story taken from the Arabian
+Nights which we shall mention is that of "The Second Royal Mendicant,"
+found in Comparetti (No. 63, "My Happiness") from the Basilicata, and in
+the collection of Mantuan stories. The latter (No. 8) is entitled:
+"There is no longer any Devil." The magician is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> the devil, and the
+story concludes, after the transformations in which the peasant's son
+kills the devil in the shape of a hen, with the words: "And this is the
+reason why there is no longer any devil."<a name="FNanchor_13_4" id="FNanchor_13_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_4" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p>The first collection of Oriental tales known in Europe as a collection
+was the <i>Disciplina Clericalis</i>, that is, Instruction or Teaching for
+Clerks or Clergymen. It was the work of a converted Spanish Jew, Petrus
+Alphonsi, and was composed before 1106, the date of the baptism of the
+author, the time and place of whose death are not known. The <i>Disciplina
+Clericalis</i> was early translated into French prose and poetry, and was
+the storehouse from which all subsequent story-tellers drew abundant
+material.<a name="FNanchor_14_4" id="FNanchor_14_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_4" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> Precisely how the <i>Disciplina Clericalis</i> became known in
+Italy we cannot tell; but the separate stories must have become popular
+and diffused by word of mouth at a very early date. One of the stories
+of this collection is found in Italian literature as early as the <i>Cento
+Novelle Antiche</i>.<a name="FNanchor_15_4" id="FNanchor_15_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_4" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> Four of the stories in the <i>Disciplina Clericalis</i>
+are found in Pitr&egrave; and other collections of popular tales, and although
+belonging, with one exception, to the class of jests, they are mentioned
+here for the sake of completeness.</p>
+
+<p>In one of the stories of the <i>Disciplina Clericalis</i>, two citizens of a
+certain town and a countryman were making the pilgrimage to Mecca
+together, and on the way ran so short of food that they had only flour
+enough left to make one small loaf. The two citizens in order to cheat
+the countryman out of his share devised the following scheme: While the
+bread was baking they proposed that all three should sleep, and whoever
+should have the most remarkable dream should have the whole loaf. While
+the citizens were asleep, the countryman, who had divined their plan,
+stole the half-cooked bread from the fire, ate it, and then threw
+himself down again. One of the other two pretended to wake up in a
+fright, and told his companion that he had dreamed that two angels had
+led him through the gates of heaven into the presence of God. The other
+declared that he had been led by two angels into the nether-world. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>
+countryman heard all this and still pretended to sleep. When his
+companions aroused him he asked in amazement: "Who are those calling
+me?" They answered: "We are your companions." "What," said he, "have you
+got back already?" "Where have we been to in order to return?" The
+countryman replied: "It seemed to me that two angels led one of you to
+heaven, and afterwards two others conducted the other to hell. From this
+I imagined that neither of you would return, so I got up and ate the
+bread."<a name="FNanchor_16_4" id="FNanchor_16_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_4" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p>
+
+<p>The same story is told in Pitr&egrave; (No. 173) of a monk who was an itinerant
+preacher, and who was accompanied on his journey by a very cunning lay
+brother. One day the monk received a present of some fish which he
+wished to eat himself alone, and therefore proposed to the brother that
+the one of them who dreamed the best dream should have all the fish. The
+dreams and the conclusion are the same as in the original.<a name="FNanchor_17_4" id="FNanchor_17_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_4" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p>
+
+<p>The next story is well known from the use made of it by Cervantes in Don
+Quixote (Part I., chap. xx.) where Sancho relates it to beguile the
+hours of the memorable night when the noise of the fulling-mill so
+terrified the doughty knight and his squire. The version in the
+<i>Disciplina Clericalis</i> is as follows: A certain king had a story-teller
+who told him five stories every night. It happened once that the king,
+oppressed by cares of state, was unable to sleep, and asked for more
+than the usual number of stories. The story-teller related three short
+ones. The king wished for more still, and when the story-teller
+demurred, said: "You have told me several very short ones. I want
+something long, and then you may go to sleep." The story-teller yielded,
+and began thus: "Once upon a time there was a certain countryman who
+went to market and bought two thousand sheep. On his way home a great
+inundation took place, so that he was unable to cross a certain river by
+the ford or bridge. After anxiously seeking some means of getting across
+with his flock, he found at length a little boat in which he could
+convey two sheep over." After the story-teller had got thus far he went
+to sleep. The king roused<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> him and ordered him to finish the story he
+had begun. The story-teller answered: "The flood is great, the boat
+small, and the flock innumerable; let the aforesaid countryman get his
+sheep over, and I will finish the story I have begun."<a name="FNanchor_18_4" id="FNanchor_18_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_4" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<p>The version in Pitr&egrave; (No. 138) lacks all connection and is poor, but we
+give it here, as it is very brief.</p>
+
+
+<h3>XXXIX. THE TREASURE.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a prince who studied and racked his brains so
+much that he learned magic and the art of finding hidden treasures. One
+day he discovered a treasure in a bank, let us say the bank of Ddisisa:
+"Oh, he says, now I am going to get it out." But to get it out it was
+necessary that ten million million ants should cross one by one the
+river Gianquadara (let us suppose it was that one) in a bark made of the
+half shell of a nut. The prince puts the bark in the river and begins to
+make the ants pass over. One, two, three,&mdash;&mdash;and he is still doing it.</p>
+
+<p>Here the person who is telling the story pauses and says: "We will
+finish this story when the ants have finished passing over."<a name="FNanchor_19_4" id="FNanchor_19_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_4" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The version from Milan is still shorter:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XL. THE SHEPHERD.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a shepherd who went to feed his sheep in the
+fields, and he had to cross a stream, and he took the sheep up one by
+one to carry them over....</p>
+
+<p>What then? Go on!</p>
+
+<p>When the sheep are over, I will finish the story.<a name="FNanchor_20_4" id="FNanchor_20_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_4" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In chapter V. we shall meet two popular figures in Sicilian tales, whose
+jokes are repeated elsewhere as detached stories. One of these persons
+is Firrazzanu, the practical joker and knave, who is cunning enough to
+make<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> others bear the penalty of his own boldness. In the story in Pitr&egrave;
+(No. 156, var. 2) Firrazzanu's master wants a tailor for some work, and
+Firrazzanu tells him he knows of one who is good, but subject to fits,
+which always make their approach known by a twitching of the mouth, and
+the only remedy for them is a sound beating. Of course, when the unlucky
+tailor begins to cut his cloth, he twists his mouth, and receives, to
+his amazement, a sudden beating.</p>
+
+<p>In this version there is no reason given why Firrazzanu should play such
+a joke on the innocent tailor. In the original, however, a motive is
+given for the trick.<a name="FNanchor_21_4" id="FNanchor_21_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_4" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p>
+
+<p>The last story we shall mention from the <i>Disciplina Clericalis</i> is the
+one known in Pitr&egrave; (No. 197) as:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XLI. THE THREE ADMONITIONS.</h3>
+
+<p>A man once left his country to go to foreign parts, and there entered
+the service of an abbot. After he had spent some time in faithful
+service, he desired to see his wife and native land. He said to the
+abbot: "Sir, I have served you thus long, but now I wish to return to my
+country." "Yes, my son," said the abbot, "but before departing I must
+give you the three hundred ounces<a name="FNanchor_A_3" id="FNanchor_A_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_3" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> that I have put together for you.
+Will you be satisfied with three admonitions, or with the three hundred
+ounces?" The servant answered: "I will be satisfied with the three
+admonitions." "Then listen: First: When you change the old road for the
+new, you will find troubles which you have not looked for. Second: See
+much and say little. Third: Think over a thing before you do it, for a
+thing deliberated is very fine.<a name="FNanchor_22_4" id="FNanchor_22_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_4" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> Take this loaf of bread and break it
+when you are truly happy."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_3" id="Footnote_A_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_3"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The ounce is equivalent to nearly thirteen francs (12.75).</p></div>
+
+<p>The good man departed, and on his journey met other travellers. These
+said to him: "We are going to take the by-way. Will you come with us?"
+But he remembering the three admonitions of his master answered: "No, my
+friends, I will keep on this road." When he had gone half<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> way, bang!
+bang! he heard some shots. "What was that, my sons?" The robbers had
+killed his companions. "I have gained the first hundred ounces!" he
+said, and continued his journey. On his way he arrived at an inn as
+hungry as a dog and called for something to eat. A large dish of meat
+was brought which seemed to say: "Eat me, eat me!" He stuck his fork in
+it and turned it over, and was frightened out of his wits, for it was
+human flesh! He wanted to ask the meaning of such food and give the
+innkeeper a lecture, but just then he thought: "See much and say
+little;" so he remained silent. The innkeeper came, he settled his bill,
+and took leave. But the innkeeper stopped him and said: "Bravo, bravo!
+you have saved your life. All those who have questioned me about my food
+have been soundly beaten, killed, and nicely cooked." "I have gained the
+second hundred ounces," said the good man, who did not think his skin
+was safe until then.</p>
+
+<p>When he reached his own country he remembered his house, saw the door
+ajar and slipped in. He looked about and saw no one, only in the middle
+of the room was a table, well set with two glasses, two forks, two
+seats, service for two. "How is this?" he said: "I left my wife alone
+and here I find things arranged for two. There is some trouble." So he
+hid himself under the bed to see what went on. A moment after he saw his
+wife enter, who had gone out a short time before for a pitcher of water.
+A little after he saw a sprucely dressed young priest come in and seat
+himself at the table. "Ah, is that he?" and he was on the point of
+coming forth and giving him a sound beating; but there came to his mind
+the final admonition of the abbot: "Think over a thing before you do it,
+for a thing deliberated is very fine;" and he refrained. He saw them
+both sit down at the table, but before eating his wife turned to the
+young priest and said: "My son, let us say our accustomed Paternoster
+for your father." When he heard this he came from under the bed crying
+and laughing for joy, and embraced and kissed them both so that it was
+affecting to see him. Then he remembered the loaf his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> master had given
+him and told him to eat in his happiness; he broke the loaf and there
+fell on the table all the three hundred ounces, which the master had
+secretly put in the loaf.<a name="FNanchor_23_4" id="FNanchor_23_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_4" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We now turn to some stories taken from a collection more famous in some
+respects than those previously mentioned, The Seven Wise Masters, which
+enjoyed during the Middle Ages a popularity second only to that of the
+Bible. Of this collection there are several Italian translations
+reaching back to the fourteenth century.<a name="FNanchor_24_4" id="FNanchor_24_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_4" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> From one of these, or
+possibly from oral tradition, the stories about to be mentioned passed
+into the popular tales of Italy. The first story we shall cite is
+interesting because popular tradition has connected it with Pier delle
+Vigne, the famous chancellor of the Emperor Frederick the Second. The
+Venetian version (Bernoni, <i>Trad. pop. venez.</i> Punt. I. p. 11) is in
+substance as follows:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XLII. VINEYARD I WAS AND VINEYARD I AM.</h3>
+
+<p>A king, averse to marriage, commanded his steward to remain single. The
+latter, however, one day saw a beautiful girl named Vigna, and married
+her secretly. Although he kept her closely confined in her chamber, the
+king became suspicious and sent the steward off on an embassy. After his
+departure the king entered the apartment occupied by him, and saw his
+officer's wife sleeping. He did not disturb her, but, in leaving the
+room, dropped one of his gloves accidentally on the bed. When the
+husband returned he found it, but kept a discreet silence, ceasing,
+however, all demonstrations of affection, believing his wife had been
+faithless. The king, anxious to see again the beautiful woman, made a
+feast and ordered the steward to bring his wife. He denied in vain that
+he had one, but brought her at last, and while every one else was
+talking gayly at the feast she was silent. The king observed it and
+asked her the cause of her silence; and she answered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> with a pun on her
+name: "Vineyard I was and Vineyard I am, I was loved and no longer am: I
+know not for what reason the Vineyard has lost its season." Her husband,
+who heard this, replied: "Vineyard thou wast and Vineyard thou art,
+loved thou wast and no longer art: the Vineyard has lost its season for
+the lion's claw." The king, who understood what he meant, answered: "I
+entered the Vineyard, I touched the leaves, but I swear by my crown that
+I have not tasted the fruit." Then the steward understood that his wife
+was innocent, and the two made peace and always after lived happy and
+contented.<a name="FNanchor_25_4" id="FNanchor_25_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_4" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>This story is found only in the Greek and Hebrew versions of The Seven
+Wise Masters, and in the Arabic Seven Viziers. It did not pass into any
+of the Occidental versions, although it was known to Boccaccio, who
+based on it the fifth novel of the first day of the Decameron. Either,
+then, the story is a late adaptation of the Oriental tale, which is
+unlikely, or it comes from some now lost, but once popular Italian
+version of the Oriental form of The Seven Wise Masters.<a name="FNanchor_26_4" id="FNanchor_26_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_4" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p>
+
+<p>The three following stories are found only in the Western, or European
+versions of the collection. The first, technically called "<i>Vaticinium</i>"
+or "The Prophecy," relates that a son who understood the language of
+birds heard the prediction that his father and mother should come to
+such want that they would not have bread to eat; but that he, the son,
+should rise so high that his father should offer him water to wash his
+hands with. The father, enraged at this prediction, threw his son into
+the sea. He was rescued, and after many adventures, married the daughter
+of the king of Sicily. One day, while riding through Messina, he saw his
+father and mother, meanly dressed, sitting at the door of an inn. He
+alighted from his horse, entered their house, and asked for food. After
+his father and mother had brought him water to wash his hands he
+revealed himself to them and forgave his father for his cruelty.</p>
+
+<p>The only Italian version, and disfigured by some extraneous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> details, is
+in the Mantuan tales (Visentini, No. 50): "Fortune aid me." Here the son
+does not hear the prophecy from the birds, but an angel tells a king,
+who has long desired a son, that he shall have one whom he shall one day
+serve. When the child was ten years old the king was so vexed by the
+prediction that he exposed his son in a wood. The child was found by a
+magician, who brought him up, and from whom he afterwards escaped. He
+went to the court of the king, his father, and won the hand of the
+princess (his own sister) by leaping his horse over a broad ditch. At
+the marriage banquet the king handed his son a glass of wine, and the
+latter recognized him and exclaimed: "Behold, the father serves the
+son." The marriage was of course given up and the previous aversion of
+the sister explained.<a name="FNanchor_27_4" id="FNanchor_27_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_4" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p>
+
+<p>Closely connected with the original story in The Seven Wise Masters is
+the class of stories where the hero is acquainted with the language of
+animals, and attains by means of it some high position (generally
+becoming pope) after he has been driven from home by his father. The
+following version is from Monferrato (Comparetti, No. 56) and is
+entitled:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XLIII. THE LANGUAGE OF ANIMALS.</h3>
+
+<p>A father once had a son who spent ten years in school. At the end of
+that time, the teacher wrote the father to take away his son because he
+could not teach him anything more. The father took the boy home and gave
+a grand banquet in his honor, to which he invited the most noble
+gentlemen of the country. After many speeches by those gentlemen, one of
+the guests said to the host's son: "Just tell us some fine thing that
+you have learned." "I have learned the language of dogs, of frogs, and
+of birds." There was universal laughter on hearing this, and all went
+away ridiculing the pride of the father and the foolishness of the son.
+The former was so ashamed at his son's answer and so angry at him that
+he gave him up to two servants, with orders to take him into a wood and
+kill him and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> to bring back his heart. The two servants did not dare to
+obey this command, and instead of the lad they killed a dog, and carried
+its heart to their master. The youth fled from the country and came to a
+castle a long way off, where lived the treasurer of the prince, who had
+immense treasures. There he asked for and obtained a lodging, but
+scarcely had he entered the house when a multitude of dogs collected
+about the castle. The treasurer asked the young man why so many dogs had
+come, and as the latter understood their language he answered that it
+meant that a hundred assassins would attack the castle that very
+evening, and that the treasurer should take his precautions. The
+castellan made two hundred soldiers place themselves in ambush about the
+castle and at night they arrested the assassins. The treasurer was so
+grateful to the youth that he wished to give him his daughter, but he
+replied that he could not remain now, but that he would return within a
+year and three days. After he left that castle he arrived at a city
+where the king's daughter was very ill because the frogs which were in a
+fountain near the palace gave her no rest with their croaking. The lad
+perceived that the frogs croaked because the princess had thrown a cross
+into the fountain, and as soon as it was removed the girl recovered. The
+king, too, wished the lad to marry her, but he again said that he would
+return within a year and three days. After leaving the king he set out
+for Rome, and on the way met three young men, who became his companions.
+One day it was very warm and all three lay down to sleep under an oak.
+Immediately a great flock of birds flew into the oak and awakened the
+pilgrims by their loud singing. One of them asked: "Why are these birds
+singing so joyfully?" The youth answered: "They are rejoicing with the
+new Pope, who is to be one of us."</p>
+
+<p>And suddenly a dove alighted on his head, and in truth shortly after he
+was made Pope. Then he sent for his father, the treasurer, and the king.
+All presented themselves trembling, for they knew that they had
+committed some sin. But the Pope made them all relate their deeds,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> and
+then turned to his father and said: "I am the son whom you sent to be
+killed because I said I understood the language of birds, of dogs, and
+of frogs. You have treated me thus, and on the other hand a treasurer
+and a king have been very grateful for this knowledge of mine." The
+father, repenting his fault, wept bitterly, and his son pardoned him and
+kept him with him while he lived.<a name="FNanchor_28_4" id="FNanchor_28_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_4" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The next story is doubly interesting because it is found not only in the
+medi&aelig;val collection last mentioned, but also in Greek literature, being
+told of Rampsinitus, King of Egypt, by Herodotus (II. 121), and by
+Pausanias of the two architects Agamedes and Trophonius who robbed the
+treasury of Hyrieus.<a name="FNanchor_29_4" id="FNanchor_29_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_4" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> There are four versions in Italian: two from
+Sicily (Pitr&egrave;, Nos. 159, 160), one from Bologna (Coronedi-Berti, No. 2),
+and one from Monferrato (Comparetti, No. 13). In one of the Sicilian
+versions (Pitr&egrave;, No. 159), and in the other two from Bologna and
+Monferrato, the thieves are two friends. In the other Sicilian version
+they are a father and son. We give a translation of the last named
+version, which is called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XLIV. THE MASON AND HIS SON.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a mason who had a wife and son. One day the king sent for
+the mason to build a country-house in which to put his money, for he was
+very rich and had no place to keep it. The mason set to work with his
+son. In one corner they put in a stone that could be taken out and put
+back, large enough for a man to enter. When the house was finished the
+king paid them and they went home. The king then had his money carted to
+the house and put guards around it. After a few days he saw that no one
+went there and took away the guard. Let us leave the king, who took away
+the guard, and return to the mason. When his money was gone he said to
+his son: "Shall we go to the country-house?" They took a sack and went
+there. When they arrived at the house they took out the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> stone and the
+father entered and filled the bag with gold. When he came out he put the
+stone back as it was before and they departed. The next day the king
+rode out to his house and saw that his pile of gold had diminished. He
+said to his servants: "Who has been taking the money?" The servants
+answered: "It is not possible, your Majesty; for who comes here; where
+could they get in? It may be that the house has settled, being newly
+built." So they took and repaired it. After a while the mason said again
+to his son: "Let us go back there." They took the accustomed sack and
+went there; arriving as usual they took out the stone and the father
+entered, filled the sack, and they departed. The same night they made
+another trip, filled the same sack again, and went away. The next day
+the king visited the house with his soldiers and councillors. When he
+entered he went to see the money and it was very greatly diminished; he
+turned to his councillors and said: "Some one comes here and takes the
+money." The councillors said: "But, your Majesty, while you are saying
+so, one thing can be done; take a few tubs, fill them with melted pitch,
+and place them around the walls on the inside, whoever enters will fall
+in them, and the thief is found."</p>
+
+<p>They took the tubs and put them inside, and the king left sentinels and
+returned to the city. The sentinels remained there a week; but as they
+saw no one, they, too, left.</p>
+
+<p>Let us leave the sentinels, who have departed, and return to the mason.
+He said to his son: "Let us go to the accustomed place." They took the
+sack and went. Arriving there, they took out the stone, and the father
+entered. As he entered he stuck fast in the pitch. He tried to help
+himself and get his feet loose, but his hands stuck fast. Then he said
+to his son: "Do you hear what I tell you, my son? Cut off my head, tear
+my coat to pieces, put back the stone as it was, and throw my head in
+the river, so that I shall not be known." The son did as he was told,
+and returned home. When he told his mother what had become of his
+father, she began to tear her hair. After a few days, the son, who did
+not know any trade, entered the service of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> a carpenter, and told his
+mother not to say anything, as if nothing had happened.</p>
+
+<p>Let us leave these and return to the king, who went the next day with
+his councillors to the country-house. They entered and saw the body, and
+the king said: "But it has no head! How shall we find out who it is?"
+The councillors said: "Take him and carry him through the streets three
+days; where you see weeping you will know who it is." They took the
+body, and called Filippu Carruba and Brasi Vut&ugrave;ru,<a name="FNanchor_A_4" id="FNanchor_A_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_4" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> and made them
+carry it about. When they passed through the street where the mason's
+widow lived, she began to weep. The son, whose shop was near by, heard
+it, and gave himself a blow in the hand with an axe and cut off his
+fingers. The police arrested the mother, saying: "We have found out who
+it is." Meanwhile the son arrived there and said: "She is not weeping
+for that; she is weeping because I have cut off my fingers and can no
+longer work and earn my bread." The police saw it was so, believed him,
+and departed. At night they carried the body to the palace and built
+outside a scaffold to put the body on, because they had to carry it
+around three days. About the scaffold they placed nine sentinels&mdash;eight
+soldiers and a corporal. Now it was in the winter and was very cold; so
+the son took a mule and loaded it with drugged wine, and passed up and
+down. When the soldiers saw him they cried: "Friend, are you selling
+that wine?" He said: "I am." "Wait until we drink, for we are trembling
+with the cold." After they had drunk they threw themselves down and went
+to sleep, and the son took the body, and, after he had buried it outside
+of the town, returned home.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_4" id="Footnote_A_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_4"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Names of two undertakers in Salaparuta, where the story was
+collected.</p></div>
+
+<p>[In the morning the soldiers awoke and told the king what had happened,
+and he issued a proclamation that whoever found the body should receive
+a large sum of money. The body was found and carried about the street
+again, but no one wept. That night new sentinels were appointed, but the
+same thing happened as the night before. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> soldiers were drugged and
+dressed in monks' robes, and the corporal had a cross stuck between his
+legs. The next day another proclamation, the body again found and
+carried about, but no one detected weeping. The story then continues:]</p>
+
+<p>The mason's son (here called for the first time Ninu) could not rest,
+and went to Cianedda.<a name="FNanchor_A_5" id="FNanchor_A_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_5" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> "Will you do me a favor?" "If I can," answered
+Cianedda; "not one, but two. What can I do for you?" "Will you lend me
+your goats this evening?" "I will." Ninu took them, bought four
+<i>rotula</i><a name="FNanchor_B_6" id="FNanchor_B_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_6" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> of candles and an old earthen pot, knocked out the bottom
+and fastened some candles around it. Then he took the goats and fixed
+two candles to the horns of each one and took them where the body was,
+and followed with the pot on his head and the candles lighted. The
+soldiers ran away in terror, and the son took the body and threw it in
+the sea.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_5" id="Footnote_A_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_5"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The name of a goatherd in Salaparuta.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_6" id="Footnote_B_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_6"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> A rotulu = .793 kilos.</p></div>
+
+<p>[The next day the king commanded that the price of meat should be set at
+twelve <i>tari</i><a name="FNanchor_C_7" id="FNanchor_C_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_7" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> a <i>rotulu</i>, and ordered that all the old women of the
+city should assemble at the palace. A hundred came, and he told them to
+go begging about the city and find out who was cooking meat; thinking
+that only the thief could afford to buy meat at that price. Ninu, of
+course, bought some and gave it to his mother to cook. While it was
+cooking, and Ninu absent, one of the old women came begging, and the
+widow gave her a piece of meat. As she was going down-stairs Ninu met
+her and asked her what she was doing. She explained that she was begging
+for some bread. Ninu, suspecting the trick, took her and threw her into
+the well.]</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_7" id="Footnote_C_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_7"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Frs. 5.10.</p></div>
+
+<p>At noon, when the old women were to present themselves to the king, one
+was missing. The king then sent for the butchers, and found that just
+one <i>rotulu</i> of meat had been sold. When the king saw this, he issued a
+proclamation to find out who had done all these wonders, and said: "If
+he is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> unmarried, I will give him my daughter; if he is married, I will
+give him two measures of gold." Ninu presented himself to the king and
+said: "Your Majesty, it was I." The king burst out laughing, and asked:
+"Are you married or single?" He said: "Your Majesty, I am single." And
+the king said: "Will you be satisfied with my daughter, or with two
+measures, of gold?" "Your Majesty," he said, "I want to marry; give me
+your daughter." So he did, and they had a grand banquet.<a name="FNanchor_30_4" id="FNanchor_30_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_4" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The story in The Seven Wise Masters, known as "<i>Inclusa</i>," or "The
+Elopement," is found only in Pitr&egrave; (No. 176), where it is told of a
+tailor who lived next to the king's palace, with which his house
+communicated by a secret door known only to the king and the tailor's
+wife. The tailor, while at work in the palace, imagines he sees his wife
+there, and pretending that he has forgotten his shears, etc., rushes
+home to find his wife there. She finally elopes with the king, leaving
+at her window an image that deceives her husband until she is beyond
+pursuit.<a name="FNanchor_31_4" id="FNanchor_31_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_4" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p>
+
+<p>Far more curious than any of the stories above given is the last one we
+shall mention from The Seven Wise Masters. The story in this collection
+known as "<i>Avis</i>," or "The Talking Bird," is briefly as follows: A
+jealous husband has a talking bird that is a spy upon his wife's
+actions. In order to impair his confidence in the bird, one night while
+he is absent the wife orders a servant to shower water over the bird's
+cage, to make a heavy sound like thunder, and to imitate the flashing of
+lightning with candles. The bird, on its master's return, tells him of
+the terrific storm the night before, and is killed for its supposed
+falsehood. This story is found in both the Eastern and Western versions
+of The Seven Wise Masters, and practically constitutes the framework of
+another famous Oriental collection, the &Ccedil;ukasaptati (from <i>&ccedil;uka</i>, a
+parrot, and <i>saptati</i>, seventy, The Seventy Tales of a Parrot), better
+known by its Persian and Turkish name, T&ucirc;t&icirc;-N&acirc;meh, Tales of a
+Parrot.<a name="FNanchor_32_4" id="FNanchor_32_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_4" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> The
+frame, or groundwork, of the various Oriental<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> versions
+is substantially the same. A husband is obliged to leave home on
+business, and while he is absent his wife engages in a love affair with
+a stranger. A parrot, which the husband has left behind, prevents the
+wife meeting her lover by telling her stories which interest her so much
+that she keeps putting off her appointment until her husband returns. In
+the Turkish version the parrot reconciles the husband and wife; in the
+Persian versions the parrot relates what has happened, and the faithless
+wife is killed.</p>
+
+<p>The Italian versions, as will soon be seen, are not derived from The
+Seven Wise Masters, but from the &Ccedil;ukasaptati; and what is very curious,
+the framework has been retained and filled with stories that are not in
+the original.<a name="FNanchor_33_4" id="FNanchor_33_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_4" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> The most simple version is from Pisa (Comparetti, No.
+1), and is called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XLV. THE PARROT (<span class="smcap">First Version</span>).</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a merchant who had a beautiful daughter, with whom the
+king and the viceroy were both in love. The former knew that the
+merchant would soon have to depart on business, and he would then have a
+chance to speak with the girl. The viceroy knew it, too, and pondered on
+how he could prevent the king succeeding in his plan. He was acquainted
+with a witch, and promised her immunity and a large sum of money if she
+would teach him how to change himself into a parrot. This she did, and
+of course the merchant bought him for his daughter, and departed.</p>
+
+<p>When the parrot thought it was about time for the king to come, he said
+to the girl: "Now, to amuse you, I will tell you a story; but you must
+attend to me and not see any one while I am telling it." Then he began
+his story, and after he had gone a little way in it a servant entered
+and told her mistress that there was a letter for her. "Tell her to
+bring it later," said the parrot, "and now listen to me." "I do not
+receive letters while my father is away," said the mistress, and the
+parrot continued. After a while another interruption. A servant
+announces the visit of an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> aunt. (It was not an aunt, but a woman who
+came from the king.) The parrot said: "Do not receive her; we are in the
+finest part of our story," and the young girl sent word that she did not
+receive any visits while her father was absent, and the parrot went on.
+When his story was ended the girl was so pleased that she would listen
+to no one else until her father returned. Then the parrot disappeared,
+and the viceroy visited the merchant and asked his daughter's hand. He
+consented, and the marriage took place that very day. The wedding was
+scarcely over when a gentleman came to ask the girl's hand for the king;
+but it was too late, and the poor king, who was much in love with her,
+died of a broken heart, and the girl remained the wife of the viceroy,
+who had been more cunning than the king.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We have omitted the story told by the parrot because we shall meet it
+again in the Sicilian version, and substantially in the following
+version from Florence, which we give entire on account of the rarity of
+the work in which it is found, and for its own merits.<a name="FNanchor_34_4" id="FNanchor_34_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_4" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> It is also
+entitled:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XLVI. THE PARROT. (<span class="smcap">Second Version.</span>)</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a merchant who, having to go on a journey,
+gave his wife a parrot to amuse her in her loneliness. The wife, vexed
+that her husband should leave her so soon, threw the bird in a corner
+and thought no more about it. At evening she went to the window and saw
+pass a young man, who fell in love with her as soon as he saw her. On
+the first floor there lived a woman who sold coals, and the young man
+began to tempt her to help him in his love affair. She would not
+promise, because the merchant's wife had been married but a few days,
+and was an honest woman. She added, however, that there was a way; her
+daughter was to be married shortly, she would invite the young wife to
+the wedding, and the young man, being there too, could manage the rest.
+The wife accepted the invitation, dressed herself in her finest clothes,
+and was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> on the point of leaving when the parrot cried from its corner:
+"O mistress, where are you going? I wished to tell you a story; but suit
+yourself." The wife then dismissed the coal-woman, who, not to spoil
+matters, promised to put off the wedding and return for her the next
+day. Then the parrot began:</p>
+
+<p>"Once upon a time there was a king's son whose master was so learned in
+magic that with certain words he could change himself into various
+animals. The prince wanted to learn these words, too; but the magician
+hesitated and refused, although he had to yield at last. Then the prince
+became a crow and flew far away to a distant country and into the garden
+of a king, where he saw a beautiful girl with a mirror in which was set
+her portrait. The crow in wonder snatched the glass from her hands, and
+flew home and resumed his own form, but he fell so deeply in love with
+the unknown girl that he became ill.</p>
+
+<p>"She, meanwhile, who was the daughter of a king, seeing the glass taken
+from her, no longer had any peace of mind, and begged her father until
+he gave her permission to go in search of it. She dressed herself like a
+physician and departed. She came to a city and heard a proclamation by
+the king, that whatever physician should pass that way should be obliged
+to visit and try to cure his daughter. Then the new physician had to go
+to the palace, but she could not discover any remedy for the grave
+disease. At night, while sitting by the princess' bed, the light went
+out, and she left the room to light it, and saw in a little cottage
+three old women sitting around a cauldron boiling over a great fire.
+'Good women, are you washing?' 'What a washing! these are three heads,
+and when they are cooked the princess will die.' 'Bravo, my good women;
+bring the wood and I will help, too.' She remained there some time and
+promised to return. The brighter the fire burned, the nearer the
+princess came to death. The physician consoled the king and had a fine
+supper prepared. The second night she carried food and a great deal of
+wine to the old women, and when they were drunk threw them into the
+fire<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> and lifted off the cauldron with the boiling heads. The princess
+recovered and the king wished to give her to the physician and reward
+him with gems and gold, but the physician would take nothing, and
+departed."</p>
+
+<p>"You know, mistress, it is late and I am tired," interrupted the parrot;
+"I will tell you the rest to-morrow."</p>
+
+<p>The next day the woman who sold coals came again, and the merchant's
+wife was on the point of accompanying her; but the parrot detained her,
+promising to finish the story. So the woman went away in anger, and the
+parrot continued:</p>
+
+<p>"The princess disguised as a physician journeyed until she came to
+another city, and heard a proclamation by the king, that every physician
+who passed that way should be forced to visit and attempt to cure his
+son. The new physician, too, had to go to court; but could find no
+remedy for the severe disease. At night, while sitting at the bedside of
+the prince, she heard a loud noise in the next room: went to the door
+and saw three old women, who were preparing a banquet. Afterwards they
+approached the invalid, anointed him from head to foot, and carried him
+healed to the table; then when they were full of wine and merry, they
+anointed him again and replaced him on his bed worse than before. The
+physician comforted the king, and the second night allowed the witches
+to take the prince to the table, then appeared and frightening the old
+women with threats of the king's anger drove them from the room and
+restored the son to his father. The king, well pleased, wished to
+recompense the physician, who would take nothing, and departed."</p>
+
+<p>"But you know, mistress, it is late and I am weary. I will tell you the
+rest to-morrow."</p>
+
+<p>The next day the woman who sold coals returned, and the merchant's wife
+was on the point of following her; but the parrot detained her,
+promising to finish the story. The woman went away angry, and the parrot
+continued:</p>
+
+<p>"After a long journey the princess disguised as a physician came to
+another city, and heard a proclamation by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> king, that every
+physician who passed that way should be compelled to visit and attempt
+to cure his son. The new physician, too, had to go to court; but she
+could find no remedy for the severe disease. The prince would speak to
+no one, but the physician at last made the invalid disclose the secret
+of his heart, and he told of the mirror and showed the portrait of the
+unknown lady whom he loved desperately. The physician consoled the king;
+had garments and ornaments exactly like those of the young girl in the
+glass prepared; dressed in them, and as she appeared before the prince
+he leaped from his bed, embracing his betrothed in the midst of
+rejoicings."</p>
+
+<p>But here the lady hears her husband arriving. Joy makes her beside
+herself; and she throws from the window the poor parrot, which now seems
+to her only a tiresome companion. The merchant enters and inquires about
+the bird; sees the parrot hurt upon the neighboring roof and picks it up
+kindly. The parrot narrates to him the wiles of the coal-woman and its
+own prudence; assures the husband that his wife is innocent; but
+complains of her being so ungrateful; she had promised him a gold vase,
+and now treats him thus. The merchant consoles the dying bird, and
+afterwards has him embalmed and placed in the gold vase. As for his
+wife, he loved her more than ever.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Another version from Piedmont (Comparetti, No. 2; De Gub. Zo&ouml;l. Myth.
+II. 322) differs materially from the ones just given. A king is obliged
+to go to war and leave behind him his wife, with whom another king is in
+love. Before parting he forbids his wife to leave the palace during his
+absence, and presents her with a parrot. No sooner has the king departed
+than his rival attempts to obtain an interview with the queen by giving
+a feast and inviting her to it. The parrot prevents her going by
+relating the story contained in the first version. They are interrupted
+in the same manner by an old woman sent by the lover, but to no purpose.
+When the story is finished, the husband returns, and the parrot becomes
+a young man, whom the king had engaged to watch over his wife's
+fidelity.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Sicilian version of our story is the most interesting as well as the
+most complete of all; the single story in the continental versions has
+been expanded into three, and the frame is more artistic. The story is
+the second in Pitr&egrave;, and is as follows:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XLVII. THE PARROT WHICH TELLS THREE STORIES.</h3>
+
+<h4>(<span class="smcap">Third Version.</span>)</h4>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a rich merchant who wanted to marry, and who
+happened to find a wife as good as the day was long, and who loved her
+husband desperately. One day she saw him a little annoyed, and said:
+"What makes you feel so?" "What should make me feel so! I have important
+business to attend to, and must go and see to it on the spot." "And are
+you annoyed about that? let us arrange matters thus: you will leave me
+provisions and close up all the doors and windows but one high up; make
+me a wicket, and then depart." "The advice pleases me," said her
+husband, and he laid in at once a large provision of bread, flour, oil,
+coals, and everything; had all the doors and windows closed up but one,
+to take the air, had a wicket made like those in the convents, and
+departed, and the wife remained with her maid. The next day a servant
+called at the wicket to do what was necessary and then went away. After
+ten days the lady began to be oppressed, and had a great mind to cry.
+The maid said: "There is a remedy for everything, my mistress; let us
+draw the table up to the window, and climb up and enjoy the sight of the
+Corso." They did so, and the lady looked out. "Ah! I thank you, sirs!"
+As she uttered the ah! opposite her was a notary's office, and there
+were the notary and a cavalier. They turned and saw this beautiful young
+woman. "Oh! what a handsome woman! I must speak with her!" said the
+cavalier. "No: I will speak first," said the notary. And "I first," and
+"I first." They laid a wager of four hundred ounces as to who would
+speak with her first. The lady perceived them and withdrew from the
+window.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The notary and the cavalier thought about the bet, and had no rest
+running here and there and trying to speak with the lady. At last the
+notary in despair went out into the fields and began to call his demon.
+The demon appeared and the notary told him everything, saying: "And this
+cavalier wishes to have the advantage of speaking with the lady first."
+"What will you give me?" said the demon. "My soul." "Then see what you
+have to do; I will change you into a parrot and you must fly and alight
+on the window of the lady. The maid will take you and have a silver cage
+made for you and put you in it. The cavalier will find an old woman who
+is able to make the lady leave the house. But she will not make her
+leave, you know. You must say: 'My pretty mamma, sit down while I tell
+you a story.' The old woman will come thrice; you must tear out your
+feathers and fly into a passion and say always: 'My pretty mamma, don't
+go with that old woman, she will betray you; sit down while I tell you a
+story.' And then tell her any story you wish."</p>
+
+<p>The demon ended with: "Man you are, become a parrot!" and the parrot
+flew away to the window. The maid saw it and caught it with her
+handkerchief. When the lady saw the parrot she said: "How beautiful you
+are! Now you will be my consolation." "Yes, pretty mamma, I will love
+you, too." The lady had a silver cage made, and shut the parrot up in
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Let us leave the parrot in the cage, and return to the cavalier, who was
+making desperate efforts to see the lady. An old woman met him, and
+asked him what the matter was. "Must I tell you what the matter is?" and
+dismissed her; but the old woman was persistent. At last to get rid of
+her he told her all about the wager. The old woman said: "I am able to
+make you speak with the lady. You must have prepared for me two handsome
+baskets of early fruit." The cavalier was so anxious to see the lady
+that he had the baskets of early fruit prepared and given to her. With
+these things the old woman went to the wicket, pretending that she was
+the lady's grandmother. The lady<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> believed her. One word brings on
+another. "Tell me, my granddaughter, you are always shut up, but don't
+you hear mass Sundays?" "How could I hear it shut up?" "Ah, my daughter,
+you will be damned. No, this is not well. You must hear mass Sundays.
+To-day is a feast day; let us go to mass."</p>
+
+<p>While the lady was being persuaded, the parrot began to lament. When its
+mistress opened the clothespress, the parrot said: "My pretty mamma,
+don't go, for the old woman will betray you. If you don't go I will tell
+you a story." The lady took an idea into her head. "Now, my
+grandmother," she said, "go away, for I cannot come." And the old woman
+went away. When she had gone, the lady went to the parrot, which related
+to her this story:</p>
+
+
+<h4>FIRST STORY OF THE PARROT.</h4>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a king who had an only daughter, who was very
+fond of dolls, and had one that was her delight. She dressed her and
+undressed her and put her to bed, in short did for her what is done for
+children. One day the king wished to go into the country, and the
+princess wished to take the doll. While they were walking about, in a
+moment of forgetfulness, she left her doll on a hedge. It was meal time,
+and after they had eaten they got into the carriage and returned to the
+royal palace. What do you suppose the princess forgot? the doll!</p>
+
+<p>As soon as they arrived at the palace the princess remembered the doll.
+What did she do? Instead of going up-stairs, she turned round and went
+to look for the doll. When she got outdoors, she became lost and
+wandered about like a person bereft of her senses. After a time she came
+to a royal palace and asked who was the king of that palace. "The King
+of Spain," they said. She asked for a lodging. She entered; the king
+gave her lodging and treated her like a daughter. She made herself at
+home in the palace and began to be the mistress. The king had no
+daughters and gave her liberty to do as she pleased in spite<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> of twelve
+royal damsels. Now, as there is envy among equals, the damsels began to
+oppose her. Said they: "Just see! Who knows who she is? and is she to be
+our princess? Now this thing must stop!" The next day they said to the
+princess: "Will you come with us?" "No, because papa does not wish it.
+If he is willing, I will come." "Do you know what you must do to make
+him let you come? tell him: 'By the soul of his daughter he must let you
+go.' When he hears that, he will let you go at once." The princess did
+so, but when the king heard her say: "By the soul of his daughter!" "Ah!
+wretch," exclaimed the king; "quick, throw her down the trap-door!" When
+the princess fell down the trap-door she found a door, then another, and
+another, always feeling her way along. At a certain point she felt with
+her hands like the blind, and found tinder and matches. She then lighted
+a candle which she found there, and saw a beautiful young girl, with a
+padlock on her mouth, so that she could not speak, but she made signs
+that the key to open it with was under the pillow of the bed. The
+princess got it and opened the padlock; then the young girl spoke, and
+said that she was the daughter of the king whom a magician had stolen.
+This magician brought her, every day, something to eat, and then locked
+up her mouth, and she had to wait until the next day to open it again.
+"But tell me," said the princess, "what way is there to free you?" "How
+do I know? I can do nothing but ask the magician when he opens my mouth;
+you hide under the bed and listen, and afterwards think what has to be
+done." "Good! good!" The princess locked her mouth, put the key under
+the pillow, and crawled under the bed. But at midnight a great noise was
+heard; the earth opened, lightning, smoke, and smell of sulphur, and the
+magician appeared in a magician's robe. With the magician was a giant
+with a bowl of food, and two servants with two torches. The magician
+sent away the servants, and locked the doors, took the key, and opened
+the mouth of the king's daughter. While they were eating, she said:
+"Magician, I have a thought: out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> of curiosity I would like to know what
+it would be necessary for me to do to escape from here." "You want to
+know a great deal, my daughter!" "Never mind, I don't care to know."
+"However, I will tell you. It would be necessary to make a mine all
+around the palace, and precisely at midnight, when I am on the point of
+entering, to explode the mine: you will find yourself with your father,
+and I will fly up in the air." "It's as if you had not told any one,"
+said the young girl. The magician dressed himself and went away. After a
+few hours the princess came out from under the bed, took leave of her
+little sister, for she already called her "little sister," and departed.</p>
+
+<p>She went back to the trap-door and, at a certain point, stopped and
+called for help. The king heard her, and had a rope lowered. The
+princess climbed up and related everything to the king. He was
+astounded, and began the mine, which he had filled with shot, powder,
+and balls. When it was full to the brim, the princess descended with a
+watch and went to the king's daughter: "Either both dead, or both
+alive!" When she entered the room, she said: "It is I," took the lock
+from her mouth, talked with her, and then concealed herself under the
+bed. At midnight the magician came, and the king was on the lookout,
+with his watch in his hand. As the clock struck twelve, the princess
+fired the mine: boom! and a great noise was heard: the magician
+vanished, and the two young girls found themselves free and in each
+other's arms. When the king saw them, he exclaimed: "Ah! my daughters!
+your misfortune was your good fortune. My crown belongs to you," said he
+to the princess whom he had adopted. "No, your Majesty, for I am a
+king's daughter, and I, too, have a crown."</p>
+
+<p>This matter spread over the world, and her fame passed through all the
+kingdoms, and every one talked of nothing but the great courage and
+goodness of this princess who had delivered the other princess from the
+magician. And they remained happy and always enjoyed holy peace.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"What do you think, pretty mamma, of this story?" "It is very fine,"
+said the lady to the parrot.</p>
+
+<p>A week passed after the story; the old woman again came with two other
+baskets of fruit to her granddaughter: "Pretty idea!" said the parrot.
+"Take care, pretty mamma; the old woman is coming." The old woman said:
+"Come, my daughter, are you going to mass?" "Yes, my grandmother;" and
+the lady began dressing herself. When the parrot saw her dressing
+herself it began to tear out its feathers and weep: "No, pretty mamma,
+don't go to mass; that old woman will ruin you. If you will stay with
+me, I will tell you another story." "Now go away," said the lady to the
+old woman, "for I cannot kill my dear little parrot, for the sake of the
+mass." "Ah! wicked woman! to lose your soul for an animal!" The old
+woman went away and the parrot told this story:</p>
+
+
+<h4>SECOND STORY OF THE PARROT.</h4>
+
+<p>Well then, my lady, there was once upon a time a king who had an only
+daughter as beautiful as the sun and moon. When she was eighteen a
+Turkish king wished to marry her. When she heard that it was a Turkish
+king she said: "What do I want of Turks!" and refused him. Shortly after
+she became very ill, convulsions, twisting of the body, rolling of her
+eyes to the back of her head, and the doctors did not know what was the
+matter. The poor father in confusion called his council together, and
+said: "Gentlemen, my daughter is losing ground every day; what advice do
+you give me?" The sages said: "Your Majesty, there is a young girl who
+found the daughter of the King of Spain;<a name="FNanchor_A_8" id="FNanchor_A_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_8" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> find her and she will tell
+you what must be done for your daughter." "Bravo! the council has been
+favorable." The king ordered vessels to go for this young girl: "And if
+the King of Spain will not let her go, give him this iron glove and
+declare war!" The vessels departed and reached Spain one morning. They
+fired a salute, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> ambassador landed, presented himself to the king,
+and gave him a sealed letter. The king opened it and after reading it
+began to weep and said: "I prefer war, and I will not give up this
+girl." Meanwhile the girl entered: "What is the matter, your Majesty?
+(and she saw the letter). What are you afraid of? I will go at once to
+this king." "How, my daughter, will you then leave me thus?" "I will
+return. I will go and see what is the matter with this young girl and
+then come back."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_8" id="Footnote_A_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_8"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The princess of the last story.</p></div>
+
+<p>She took leave of her half-sister and departed. When she arrived the
+king went to meet her: "My daughter, if you cure this sick daughter of
+mine, I will give you my crown!" "That makes two crowns!" she said to
+herself. "I have a crown, your Majesty. Let us see what the matter is,
+and never mind the crowns." She went and saw the princess all wasted
+away. She turned to the king and said: "Your Majesty! have some broth
+and substantial things made," and they were prepared at once. "I am
+going to shut myself up with your daughter, and you must not open the
+door, for in three days I will give her to you alive or dead. And listen
+to what I say: even if I should knock you must not open." Everything was
+arranged and the door was fastened with chains and padlocks, but they
+forgot the tinder to light the candle with at night. In the evening
+there was great confusion. The young girl did not wish to knock, and as
+she looked out of the window she saw a light at a distance. So she
+descended by a ladder of silk, taking with her a candle. When she drew
+near the light she saw a large cauldron placed on some stones and a
+furnace under it, and a Turk who was stirring it with a stick. "What are
+you doing, Turk?" "My king wanted the daughter of the king, she did not
+want him, he is bewitching her." "My poor little Turk! You are tired,
+are you not? do you know what you must do? rest yourself a little while
+I stir." "I will, by Mahomet!" He got down; she got up and began to stir
+with the stick. "Am I doing it all right thus?" "Yes, by Mahomet." "Well
+then, you take a nap, and I will stir." When he was asleep, she came<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>
+down, seized him, and threw him into the boiling cauldron, where he
+died. When she saw that he was dead, she lighted her candle and returned
+to the palace. She entered the room and found the invalid had fainted on
+the floor. She brought her to with cologne water (<i>acqua d' oduri</i>) and
+in three days she had recovered. Then she knocked at the door and the
+king entered, beside himself at finding his daughter cured. "Ah! my
+daughter," he said to the young girl who had healed her, "how much we
+owe you! you must remain here with me." "It is impossible; you
+threatened my father with war if he did not allow me to come; now my
+father declares war with you if you do not let me return to him." She
+remained there a fortnight, then departed, and the king gave her
+quantities of riches and jewels. She returned to the king of Spain's
+palace.</p>
+
+<p>And so the story ends.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>"What did you think of the story, pretty mamma?" said the parrot.
+"Beautiful, beautiful." "But you must not go with the old woman, because
+there is treason."</p>
+
+<p>After a week the old woman came with her baskets. "My daughter, you must
+do me this pleasure to-day, come and hear the holy mass." "I will." When
+the parrot heard that, he began to weep and tear out his feathers: "No,
+my pretty mamma, don't go with the old woman. If you will stay, I will
+tell you another story." "Grandmother mine," says she, "I can't come,
+for I don't wish to lose the parrot for your sake." She closed the
+wicket and the old woman went away grumbling and cursing. The lady then
+seated herself near the parrot, which told this story:</p>
+
+
+<h4>THIRD STORY OF THE PARROT.</h4>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a king and a queen who had an only son, whose
+sole diversion was the chase. Once he wished to go hunting at a
+distance, and took with him his attendants. Where do you think he
+happened to go? To the country where the doll was.<a name="FNanchor_A_9" id="FNanchor_A_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_9" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> When he saw the
+doll<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> he said: "I have finished my hunt, let us return home!" He took
+the doll and placed it before him on the horse, and exclaimed every few
+minutes: "How beautiful this doll is! think of its mistress!" When he
+reached the palace he had a glass case made in the wall, and put the
+doll in it, and kept looking at it continually and saying: "How
+beautiful the doll is! think of the mistress!"</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_9" id="Footnote_A_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_9"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The doll of the first story.</p></div>
+
+<p>The young man would not see any one and became so melancholy that his
+father summoned the physicians, who said: "Your Majesty, we know nothing
+of this illness; see what he does with his doll." The king went to see
+his son and found him gazing at the doll, and exclaiming: "Oh! how
+beautiful the doll is! think of the mistress!" The physicians departed
+as wise as when they came. The prince meanwhile did nothing but sit and
+look at the doll, and draw deep breaths, and sigh, and exclaim: "How
+beautiful the doll is! think of the mistress!" The king at last, in
+despair, summoned his council, and said: "See how my son is reduced! He
+has no fever, or pain in his head, but he is wasting away, and some one
+else will enjoy my kingdom! Give me advice." "Majesty, are you
+perplexed? Is there not that young girl who found the King of Spain's
+daughter, and cured the other princess? Send for her. If her father will
+not let her come, declare war with him."</p>
+
+<p>The king sent his ambassadors with the message that the young girl
+should be sent <i>nolens volens</i>. While the ambassadors were in the king's
+presence, his daughter entered, the one who had done the wonders, and
+found her father perplexed: "What is the matter, your Majesty?"
+"Nothing, my daughter. Another occasion has arrived, another king wants
+you. Does he mean that I am no longer your master?" "Never mind, your
+Majesty; let me go; I will soon return."</p>
+
+<p>So she embarked with all her attendants and began her journey. When she
+arrived where the prince was, she saw him drawing such deep breaths that
+it seemed as if he would swallow himself, and always exclaiming: "Oh!
+how<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> beautiful the doll is! think of the mistress!" She said: "You have
+called me none too soon! However, give me a week: bring me ointments,
+food; and in a week, alive and well, or dead."</p>
+
+<p>She shut herself up with him and listened to hear what the prince said,
+for she had not yet heard what he was saying, he was so feeble. When she
+heard him whisper: "Oh! how be-au-ti-ful is the doll; con-sid-er," and
+saw the doll, she cried: "Ah! wretch! it was you who had my doll! Leave
+it to me, I will cure you." When he heard these words he came to himself
+and said: "Are you the doll's mistress?" "I am." Just think! he returned
+to life and she began to give him broth until she had restored him. When
+he was restored she said: "Now tell me how you got the doll," and the
+prince told her everything. To make the matter short, in a week the
+prince was cured, and they declared that they would marry each other.
+The king, beside himself with joy because his son was healed, wrote
+several letters: one to the King of Spain to tell him that his daughter
+had found her doll, another to the other king, her father, to tell him
+that his daughter was found, and another to the king whose daughter she
+had cured. Afterwards all these monarchs came together and made great
+festivals, and the prince married the princess, and they lived together
+in great peace.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>"Has this story pleased you, pretty mamma?" "Yes, my son." "But you must
+not go with the old woman, you know."</p>
+
+<p>After the story was ended a servant came: "My lady, my lady, the master
+is coming!" "Truly!" said the lady. "Now, parrot, listen; I will have a
+new cage made for you." The master arrived, the windows were all opened,
+and he embraced his wife. At dinner they placed the parrot in the middle
+of the table, and when the joy was at its height the bird threw some
+soup in its master's eyes. The master, when he felt it, put his hands to
+his eyes, and the parrot darted at his throat, strangled him, and flew
+away.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He flew away to the country, and saying, "I am a parrot, and I become a
+man," he was changed into a handsome, cunning, and well-kempt man on the
+Corso. He met the cavalier: "Do you know," said this one, "that the poor
+lady's husband is dead? a parrot strangled him!" "Truly? poor woman!
+poor woman!" said the notary, and went his way without speaking of the
+wager. The notary learned that the lady had a mother, and went to her to
+ask her daughter in marriage. After hesitating, the lady finally said
+yes, and they were married. That evening the notary said to the lady:
+"Now tell me, who killed your husband?" "A parrot." "And what about this
+parrot?" The lady told him everything to where the parrot dashed the
+broth in its master's eyes, and then flew away. "True! true!" said the
+notary. "Was I not the parrot?" "It was you! I am amazed." "It was I,
+and I became a parrot for your sake!"</p>
+
+<p>The next day the notary went to the cavalier to get the four hundred
+ounces of the wager, which he enjoyed with his wife.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The three stories related by the parrot are, as has been seen, in
+reality one story, and they are, in fact found as such independent of
+the frame.<a name="FNanchor_35_4" id="FNanchor_35_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_4" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> It has also been seen that the story or stories related
+by the parrot are, substantially, the same in all the versions. The
+Florentine version alone does not contain the episode of the doll. The
+story, as a whole, has no parallels, although it bears a slight
+resemblance to the story in the Pentamerone (II. 2), "Green Meadow." The
+princess as physician, and the secret malady of the prince or princess,
+are traits which abound in all the popular tales of Europe.<a name="FNanchor_36_4" id="FNanchor_36_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_4" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p>
+
+<p>Many single stories of Oriental origin will be found in the chapters
+following. We shall close this one with a story which was popular in
+Europe during the Middle Ages, being found in one of the great
+collections of that period, the <i>Gesta Romanorum</i>. Of the various
+Italian versions we shall select one from Pomigliano d'Arco called:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>XLVIII. TRUTHFUL JOSEPH.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a mother who had a son named Joseph; and
+because he never told a lie she called him Truthful Joseph. One day when
+she was calling him, the king happened to pass by, and hearing her call
+him thus, asked her: "Why do you call him Truthful Joseph?" "Because he
+never tells a lie." Then the king said that he would like to have him in
+his service, and set him to keeping his cows. Every morning Joseph
+presented himself to the king, and said: "Your Majesty's servant." The
+king answered: "Good morning, Truthful Joseph. How are the cows?" "Well
+and fat." "How are the calves?" "Well and handsome." "How is the bull?"
+"The same." So he did every morning. The king praised him so highly in
+the presence of all his courtiers that they became angry at him; and one
+day, to make Joseph a liar, they sent to him a lady, who was to induce
+him by her words to kill the bull. Joseph was urged so strongly that he
+consented; but afterwards he was in great perplexity as to what he
+should tell the king. So he put his cloak on a chair and pretended that
+it was the king, and said: "Your Majesty's servant. Good morning,
+Truthful Joseph. How are the cows? Well and fat. How are the calves?
+Well and handsome. How is the bull? The same. But no; that will not do!
+I am telling a lie! When the king asks me how the bull is, I will tell
+him that it is dead."</p>
+
+<p>He presented himself to the king and said: "Your Majesty's servant."
+"Good morning, Truthful Joseph. How are the cows?" "Well and fat." "How
+are the calves?" "Well and handsome." "How is the bull?" "Your Majesty,
+a lady came and with her manners made me kill the bull. Pardon me." The
+king answered: "Bravo, Truthful Joseph!" He summoned his courtiers and
+showed them that Joseph had not yet told any lie. And so Joseph remained
+always with the king, and the courtiers were duped, because they gained
+nothing that they had expected.<a name="FNanchor_37_4" id="FNanchor_37_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_4" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<h3>LEGENDS AND GHOST STORIES.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The Italian people possess an inexhaustible store of legends which they
+have inherited from the Middle Ages. With the great mass of these
+stories&mdash;legends of the saints or local legends&mdash;we have at present
+nothing to do. It is enough to say that they do not differ materially
+from the legends of the other Catholic peoples of Europe. The class to
+which we shall devote our attention in this chapter is that of popular
+legendary stories which have clustered around the person of our Lord and
+his disciples, and around other favorite characters of medi&aelig;val fancy,
+such as Pilate, The Wandering Jew, etc. To these may be added tales
+relating to the other world and stories which are of a legendary nature.
+The first stories which we shall mention are those referring to mythical
+journeys of our Lord and his apostles.</p>
+
+<p>The first, "St. Peter and the Robbers" (Pitr&egrave;, No. 121), relates that
+once while the Master was journeying with the apostles they found
+themselves at night out in the fields, and took shelter in a cabin
+belonging to some shepherds, who received them very inhospitably and
+gave them nothing to eat. Soon after, a band of robbers attacked the
+flock and robbed the shepherds, who ran away. The robbers came to the
+cabin, and when they heard from the apostles how shabbily they had been
+treated, gave them the supper that the shepherds had prepared for
+themselves, and went their way. "Blessed be the robbers!" said St.
+Peter, "for they treat the hungry poor better than the rich do."
+"Blessed be the robbers!" said the apostles, and ate their fill.</p>
+
+<p>This story, as can easily be seen, is a tradition of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> robbers who
+pretend to have been blessed by Christ. St. Peter is the hero of several
+stories, in which he plays anything but a dignified r&ocirc;le. In one (Pitr&egrave;,
+No. 122), he is sent to buy some wine, and allows himself to be
+persuaded by the wine merchant to eat some fennel-seed. After this he
+cannot distinguish between good and bad wine, and purchases an inferior
+kind. When the Master tasted it he said: "Eh! Peter! Peter! you have let
+yourself be deceived."<a name="FNanchor_A_10" id="FNanchor_A_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_10" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> Peter tasted it again and saw that it was
+sour. Another apostle was sent to get some good wine, and "hence it is
+that when you have to taste wine to see whether it is good, you must not
+eat fennel-seed."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_10" id="Footnote_A_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_10"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> This story is an attempt to explain the origin of the word
+<i>'nfinucchiari</i> (<i>infinocchiare</i>) to impose on one, by the word
+<i>finocchio</i>, fennel-seed.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>L. THE LORD, ST. PETER, AND THE APOSTLES.</h3>
+
+<p>Once, while the Master was on a journey with the thirteen apostles, they
+came to a village where there was no bread. The Master said: "Peter, let
+each one of you carry a stone." They each took up a stone&mdash;St. Peter a
+little bit of a one. The others were all loaded down, but St. Peter went
+along very easily. The Master said: "Now let us go to another village.
+If there is any bread there, we shall buy it; if there is none, I will
+give you my blessing and the stones will become bread."</p>
+
+<p>They went to another town, put the stones down, and rested. The Master
+gave them his blessing, and the stones became bread. St. Peter, who had
+carried a little one, felt his heart grow faint. "Master," he said, "how
+am I going to eat?" "Eh! my brother, why did you carry a little stone?
+The others, who loaded themselves down, have bread enough."</p>
+
+<p>Then they went on, and the Master made them each carry another stone.
+St. Peter was cunning this time and took a large one and all the others
+carried small ones. The Lord said to the others: "Little ones, we will
+have a laugh at Peter's expense." They arrived at another village, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>
+all the apostles threw away their stones because there was bread there;
+and St. Peter was bent double, for he had carried a paving-stone with
+him to no purpose.</p>
+
+<p>On their journey they met a man; and as St. Peter was in advance of the
+others, he said: "The Lord is coming shortly; ask Him a favor for your
+soul." The man drew near and said: "Lord, my father is ill with old age.
+Cure him, Master." The Lord said: "Am I a physician? Do you know what
+you must do? Put him in a hot oven and your father will become a boy
+again." They did so, and his father became a little boy.</p>
+
+<p>The idea pleased St. Peter, and when he found himself alone he went
+about seeking to make some old men young. By chance there met him one
+who was seeking the Master because his mother was at the point of death
+and he wanted her cured. St. Peter said: "What do you want?" "I want the
+Master, for I have an old mother who is very ill, and the Master alone
+can cure her." "Fortunately Peter is here! Do you know what you must do?
+Heat an oven and put her in it, and she will be cured." The poor man
+believed him, for he knew that the Lord loved St. Peter, so he went home
+and immediately put his mother in the hot oven. What more could you
+expect? The old woman was burned to a coal. "Ah! <i>santu di cc&agrave; e di
+dd&agrave;!</i>"<a name="FNanchor_A_11" id="FNanchor_A_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_11" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> cried the son; "that scurvy fellow has made me kill my
+mother!" He hastened to St. Peter. The Master was present, and when he
+heard the story could not control his laughter, and said: "Ah, Peter!
+what have you done?" St. Peter tried to excuse himself, but the poor man
+kept crying for his mother. What must the Master do? He had to go to the
+house of the dead, and with a blessing which he there pronounced he
+brought the old woman to life again, a beautiful young girl, and
+relieved St. Peter of his great embarrassment.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_11" id="Footnote_A_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_11"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> This is the strongest imprecation in Sicily.</p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The last anecdote is quite popular, and is found in a number of popular
+stories, as well as in the <i>Cento Novelle Antiche</i><a name="FNanchor_1_5" id="FNanchor_1_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_5" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> A very amusing
+version is from Venice (Widter-Wolf, No. 5), and is entitled:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LI. THE LORD, ST. PETER, AND THE BLACKSMITH.</h3>
+
+<p>In a little town about as large as Sehio or Thiene once lived a
+master-smith,&mdash;a good, industrious, and skilful man, but so proud of his
+skill that he would not deign to reply to anyone who did not address him
+as "Professor." This pride in a man otherwise so blameless gave
+universal dissatisfaction. One day our Lord appeared in the blacksmith's
+shop, accompanied by St. Peter, whom He was always in the habit of
+taking with Him on such excursions. "Professor," said the Lord, "will
+you be so good as to permit me to do a little work at your forge?" "Why
+not? it is at your service," replied the flattered smith. "What do you
+wish to make?" "That you will soon see," said the Lord, and took up a
+pair of tongs, with which he seized Peter and held him in the forge
+until he was red-hot. Then he drew him out and hammered him on all
+sides, and in less than ten minutes the old bald-headed apostle was
+forged anew into a wonderfully handsome youth with beautiful hair. The
+blacksmith stood speechless with astonishment, while the Lord and St.
+Peter exchanged the most courteous thanks and compliments. Finally the
+master-smith recovered himself and ran straight up to the second story,
+where his sick old father lay in bed. "Father," he cried, "come quickly!
+I have just learned how to make a strong young man of you." "My son,
+have you lost your senses?" said the old man, half terrified. "No; only
+believe me. I have just seen it myself." Finding that the old man
+protested against the attempt, his son seized him forcibly, carried him
+to the shop, and in spite of his shrieks and entreaties, thrust him into
+the forge, but brought nothing out but a piece of charred leg, which
+fell to pieces at the first blow of the hammer. Then he was seized with
+anguish and remorse. He ran quickly in search of the two men, and
+fortunately found them in the market-place. "Sir," he cried,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> "what have
+you done? You have misled me. I wanted to imitate your skill, and I have
+burned my father alive! Come with me quickly, and help me, if you can!"
+Then the Lord smiled graciously, and said: "Go home comforted. You will
+find your father alive and well, but an old man again." And so he did
+find him, to his great joy. From that time his pride disappeared, and
+whenever any one called him "Professor" he would exclaim: "Ah, what
+folly that is! There are gentlemen in Venice and professors in Padua,
+but I am a bungler."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The version in Knust is different. It is called "A Journey of Our
+Saviour on Earth," and is, in substance, as follows: A father whose son
+is a gambler, makes him become a soldier. The son deserts during a
+stormy night and takes refuge in an inn. There he meets a man who seems
+acquainted with his whole life and whose name is Salvatore (Saviour). He
+knows that Peter has deserted and is pursued, but he will save him. To
+gain a livelihood, he proposes to him to travel together and heal the
+sick. An opportunity to do this is soon offered. A rich man is ill, and
+Salvatore promises to heal him in three days. He makes every one
+withdraw, prepares a potion from herbs, and cures the patient. The
+relatives of the rich man offer in their gratitude all manner of costly
+things to Salvatore, who, however, accepts only enough to support life.
+Such an unreasonable proceeding enrages his companion to such a degree
+that he parts from him. He wishes to cure people independently, and
+promises a king to heal his sick daughter at once. But although he does
+everything exactly like Salvatore, the only effect of the potion is to
+kill the princess. As soon as the king learns this, he has Peter thrown
+into prison. On his way there he meets Salvatore, who is ready to help
+him at his request. The latter goes to the king and promises to raise
+his daughter if he will release to him the prisoner. The king consents,
+but threatens Salvatore with death in case of failure. The dead,
+however, comes to life, and in gratitude offers her hand, through her
+father, to Salvatore,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> who declares that it is his vocation to wander
+over the earth. He asks that the maiden be given to his companion.<a name="FNanchor_2_5" id="FNanchor_2_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_5" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>In a story from Venice our Lord and St. Peter are hospitably received by
+a poor woman who has no bed to offer them, but makes up one for them
+from some straw and five ells of linen which she has bought that day.
+When the Lord departs the next morning he bestows on the woman the power
+of doing all day the first thing she does in the morning. She begins by
+taking the linen from the bed of her guests, and pulls off piece after
+piece of linen. A friend of hers learns this and determines to do the
+same, but is punished by the Lord for her selfishness.<a name="FNanchor_3_5" id="FNanchor_3_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_5" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>LII. IN THIS WORLD ONE WEEPS AND ANOTHER LAUGHS.</h3>
+
+<p>Once the Lord, while he was making the world, called one of the apostles
+and told him to look and see what the people were doing. The apostle
+looked and said: "How curious! the people are weeping." The Lord
+answered: "It is not the world yet!" The next day he bade the apostle
+look again and see what the people were doing. The apostle looked and
+saw the people laughing, and said: "The people are laughing." The Lord
+answered: "It is not the world yet." The third day he made him look
+again, and the apostle saw that some were weeping, and some were
+laughing, and said: "Some of the people are weeping, and some are
+laughing." The Lord said: "Now it is the world, because in this world
+one weeps and another laughs."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The next legend accounts for the ass' long ears.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LIII. THE ASS.</h3>
+
+<p>It is related that when the Lord created the world, he also made all the
+animals, and gave each its name. He also created the ass, which said:
+"Lord, what is my name?" "Your name is ass!" The ass went away well
+pleased.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> After a while it forgot its name, and went back to the Lord.
+"Lord, what is my name?" "Ass!" After a while it came back again.
+"Excuse me, Lord, what is my name?" "Ass, ass!" The ass turned and went
+away, but forgot it another time, and came back. "Lord, I have forgotten
+my name." The Lord could not stand it any longer, but seized its ears
+and pulled them sharply, exclaiming: "Ass! Ass! Ass!" The ears were
+pulled so hard that they became long, and that is why the ass has long
+ears, and why we pull a person's ears to keep him from forgetting a
+thing.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Another legend relates that when Christ was journeying through the world
+he happened, dying with thirst, to enter a town. He saw a woman combing
+her hair, and said: "Will you give me a drink of water? for I am dying
+of thirst." "I am busy; it is not the time for water!" Christ said at
+once:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Cursed be the braid<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That is braided Friday."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>And continued his journey. After a time he saw a woman making dough for
+bread. "Good woman, will you give me a drink of water?" "As much as you
+will!" and went and drew some water and gave him. Christ said:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Blessed be the dough<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That is kneaded on Friday."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Hence it is that certain women are accustomed not to comb their hair on
+Friday.</p>
+
+<p>There is a satirical legend, called "The Lord's Will," which relates
+that when Christ came to leave the world, he was in doubt as to whom to
+leave all on the earth. If he left it to the gentlemen, what would the
+nobility do? if to the nobility, what would become of the gentry, and
+the workmen, and the peasants? While He was reflecting, the noblemen
+came and asked the Lord to give them everything, which he did. Then the
+priests came; and when they were told that everything had been given to
+the nobility, "Oh! the devil!" they exclaimed. "Then I leave you the
+devil," said the Lord. To the monks, who, when they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> heard what had been
+done, exclaimed, "Patience!" patience was left. The workmen cried: "What
+a fraud!" and received that for their share. Finally the peasants came
+and said, with resignation: "Let us do the will of God;" and that was
+their portion. And this is the reason why in this world the noblemen
+command, the priests are helped by the devil, the monks are patient,
+workmen fraudulent, and the peasants have to do many things they don't
+want to, and are obliged to submit to the will of God.<a name="FNanchor_4_5" id="FNanchor_4_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_5" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>St. Peter's mother is the subject of a story which has given rise to a
+wide-spread proverb. She was, so runs the story, an avaricious woman,
+who never was known to do good to any one. In fact, during her whole
+life she never gave anything away, except the top of an onion to a
+beggar woman. After her death St. Peter's mother went to hell, and the
+saint begged our Lord to release her. In consideration of her one
+charitable act, an angel was sent to draw her from hell with an
+onion-top. The other lost spirits clutched hold of her skirts, in order
+to escape with her, but the selfish woman tried to shake them off, and
+in her efforts to do so broke the onion-top, and fell back into hell.
+This story has given rise to the saying, "Like St. Peter's mamma," which
+is found, with slight variations, all over Italy.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>A curious version of this story is given in Bernoni (<i>Leggende fant.</i>
+No. 8): After the onion-top was broken and St. Peter's mother had fallen
+back into hell, the story continues: "Out of regard, however, for St.
+Peter, the Lord permitted her once a year, on St. Peter's day, to leave
+hell and wander about the earth a week; and, indeed, she does so every
+year, and during this week she plays all sorts of pranks and causes
+great trouble."<a name="FNanchor_6_5" id="FNanchor_6_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_5" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>St. Peter's sisters are the subject of a story with a moral, contained
+in Schneller, p. 6.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>LIV. ST. PETER AND HIS SISTERS.</h3>
+
+<p>St. Peter had two sisters&mdash;one large, the other small. The little one
+entered a convent and became a nun. St. Peter was delighted at this and
+tried to persuade his big sister to become a nun also. She would not
+listen to him, however, and said: "I would rather marry." After St.
+Peter had suffered martyrdom, he became, as is well known, Porter of
+Heaven. One day the Lord said to him: "Peter, open the gate of heaven
+to-day as wide as you can, and get out all the heavenly ornaments and
+decorations, for to-day a very deserving soul is going to arrive here."
+St. Peter did as he was told with great joy, and thought: "Certainly my
+little sister is dead, and is coming to heaven to-day." When everything
+was ready, there came the soul of &mdash;&mdash; his big sister, who had died and
+left many children, who bitterly lamented her loss. The Lord gave her an
+exalted place in heaven, much to the astonishment of St. Peter, who
+thought: "I never should have imagined this; what shall I have to do
+when the soul of my little sister comes?"</p>
+
+<p>Not long after, the Lord said to him: "Peter, open the gate of heaven
+to-day a little way, but a very little,&mdash;do you hear?" St. Peter did so
+and wondered: "Who is coming to-day?" Then came the soul of his little
+sister, and had so much trouble to squeeze through the gate that she
+hurt herself; and she received a much lower place in heaven than the big
+sister. At first St. Peter was amazed; afterwards he said: "It has
+happened differently from what I imagined; but I see now that every
+profession has its merits, and every one, if he only wishes, can enter
+heaven."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The cycle of stories referring to our Lord would not be complete without
+legends of Pilate, Judas, and the Wandering Jew. A powerful story is
+told of the first in Pitr&egrave;, No. 119, which is as follows:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>LV. PILATE.</h3>
+
+<p>It is said that the following once took place at Rome: A wagon loaded
+with stones was crossing a solitary spot in the country when one of the
+wheels sank into the ground and it was impossible to extricate it for
+some time. Finally they got it out, but there remained a large hole that
+opened into a dark room under ground. "Who wishes to descend into this
+hole?" "I," said the carter. They soon procured a rope and lowered the
+carter into the dark room. We will suppose that this carter's name was
+Master Francis. Well, then, Master Francis, when he was let down, turned
+to the right and saw a door, which he opened, and found himself in
+darkness that you could cut. He turned to the left, the same; he went
+forward, the same; he turned once more and when he opened the door what
+did he see? He saw a man seated before a table; before him, pen, ink,
+and a written paper that he was reading; and when he finished it he
+began over again, and never raised his eyes from the paper. Master
+Francis, who was of incomparable courage, went up to him and said: "Who
+are you?" The man made no answer, but continued to read. "Who are you?"
+said Master Francis again; but not a word. The third time, the man said:
+"Turn around, open your shirt, and I will write who I am on your back.
+When you leave this place, go to the Pope and make him read who I am.
+Remember, however, that the Pope alone must read it." Master Francis
+turned about, opened his shirt, the man wrote on his back, and then sat
+down again. Master Francis was courageous, it is true; but he was not
+made of wood, and in that moment he was frightened to death. He fixed
+his shirt and then asked: "How long have you been here?" but could get
+no answer from him. Seeing that it was time lost to question him, he
+gave the signal to those outside and was drawn up. When they saw him
+they did not recognize him; he had grown entirely white and seemed like
+an old man of ninety. "What was it? What happened?" they all began to
+say. "Nothing, nothing," he replied; "take me to the Pope,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> for I must
+confess." Two of those who were present conducted him to the Pope. When
+he was with him he related what had happened and taking off his shirt,
+said to him: "Read, your Holiness!" His Holiness read: "<span class="smcap">I Am Pilate</span>."
+And as he uttered these words the poor carter became a statue. And it is
+said that that man was Pilate, who was condemned to stay in a cave,
+always reading the sentence that he had pronounced on Jesus Christ,
+without ever being able to take his eyes from the paper. This is the
+story of Pilate who is neither saved nor damned.<a name="FNanchor_7_5" id="FNanchor_7_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_5" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Judas is believed to have hanged himself on a tamarind-tree, which,
+before that time, was a tall, beautiful tree. After Judas's death it
+became the diminutive, shapeless shrub called <i>vruca</i>, which is a
+synonym for all that is worthless. The soul of the traitor is condemned
+to wander through the air, and every time it sees this shrub it pauses,
+and imagines it sees its miserable body dangling from it, the prey of
+birds and dogs.<a name="FNanchor_8_5" id="FNanchor_8_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_5" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> This popular legend is told in the following words:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LVI. THE STORY OF JUDAS.</h3>
+
+<p>You must know that Judas was the one who betrayed Jesus Christ. Now when
+Judas betrayed him, his Master said: "Repent, Judas, for I pardon you."
+But Judas, not at all! he departed with his bag of money, in despair and
+cursing heaven and earth. What did he do? While he was going along thus
+desperate he came across a tamarind-tree. (You must know that the
+tamarind was formerly a large tree, like the olive and walnut.) When he
+saw this tamarind a wild thought entered his mind, remembering the
+treason he had committed. He made a noose in a rope and hung himself to
+the tamarind. And hence it is (because this traitor Judas was cursed by
+God) that the tamarind-tree dried up, and from that time on it ceased
+growing up into a tree and became a short, twisted, and tangled bush;
+and its wood is good for nothing, neither to burn, nor to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> make anything
+out of, and all on account of Judas, who hanged himself on it.</p>
+
+<p>Some say that the soul of Judas went to the lowest hell, to suffer the
+most painful torments; but I have heard, from older persons who can
+know, that Judas's soul has a severer sentence. They say that it is in
+the air, always wandering about the world, without being able to rise
+higher or fall lower; and every day, on all the tamarind shrubs that it
+meets, it sees its body hanging and torn by the dogs and birds of prey.
+They say that the pain he suffers cannot be told, and that it makes the
+flesh creep to think of it. And thus Jesus Christ condemned him for his
+great treason.<a name="FNanchor_9_5" id="FNanchor_9_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_5" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>An interesting legend (Pitr&egrave;, No. 120) is told of the Jew who struck our
+Lord with the palm of his hand (St. John xviii. 22), and whom the
+popular imagination has identified with the Malchus mentioned by St.
+John, xviii. 10. It is called</p>
+
+
+<h3>LVII. DESPERATE MALCHUS.</h3>
+
+<p>This Malchus was one of those Jews who beat our Lord; a Jew more brutal
+than can be told. When Christ was taken to Pilate's house, this Malchus,
+with an iron glove, gave him a blow so heavy that it knocked out all his
+teeth. For the sacrilegious act, the Lord condemned him to walk
+constantly, without ever resting, around a column in an underground
+room. This column is in a round room, and Malchus walks and walks
+without ever having peace or rest. They say that he has walked so much
+that he has worn the ground down many yards and made the column seem
+higher than it was, for this Malchus has led this life ever since our
+Lord's passion and death. It is said that this Malchus is desperate from
+his remorse, and while he walks he beats the column, strikes his head
+against the wall, and rages and laments; but notwithstanding he does not
+die, for the sentence of God is that he must live until the day of
+judgment.<a name="FNanchor_10_5" id="FNanchor_10_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_5" class="fnanchor">[10]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The same legend is found in Bernoni as follows:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LVIII. MALCHUS AT THE COLUMN.</h3>
+
+<p>Malchus was the head of the Jews who killed our Lord. The Lord pardoned
+them all, and likewise the good thief, but he never pardoned Malchus,
+because it was he who gave the Madonna a blow. He is confined under a
+mountain, and condemned to walk around a column, without resting, as
+long as the world lasts. Every time that he walks about the column he
+gives it a blow in memory of the blow he gave the mother of our Lord. He
+has walked around the column so long that he has sunk into the ground.
+He is now up to his neck. When he is under, head and all, the world will
+come to an end, and God will then send him to the place prepared for
+him. He asks all those who go to see him (for there are such) whether
+children are yet born; and when they say yes, he gives a deep sigh and
+resumes his walk, saying: "The time is not yet!" for before the world
+comes to an end there will be no children born for seven years.<a name="FNanchor_11_5" id="FNanchor_11_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_5" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>This legend recalls the Wandering Jew, who is known in Sicilian
+tradition under the name of <i>Buttadeu</i> (from <i>buttari</i>, to thrust away,
+and <i>deu</i>, God) or more commonly as "The Jew who repulsed Jesus Christ."
+He is reported to have appeared in Sicily, and the daughter of a certain
+Antonino Caseio, a peasant of Salaparuta, gives the following account of
+her father's encounter with <i>Buttadeu</i>:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LIX. THE STORY OF BUTTADEU.</h3>
+
+<p>It was in the winter, and my good father was at Scalone, in the
+warehouse, warming himself at the fire, when he saw a man enter, dressed
+differently from the people of that region, with breeches striped in
+yellow, red, and black, and his cap the same way. My good father was
+frightened. "Oh!" he said, "what is this person?" "Do not be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> afraid,"
+the man said. "I am called <i>Buttadeu</i>." "Oh!" said my father, "I have
+heard you mentioned. Be pleased to sit down a while and tell me
+something." "I cannot sit, for I am condemned by my God always to walk."
+And while he was speaking he was always walking up and down and had no
+rest. Then he said: "Listen. I am going away; I leave you, in memory of
+me, this, that you must say a <i>credo</i> at the right hand of our Lord, and
+five other <i>credos</i> at his left, and a <i>salve regina</i> to the Virgin, for
+the grief I suffer on account of her son. I salute you." "Farewell."
+"Farewell, my name is <i>Buttadeu</i>."<a name="FNanchor_12_5" id="FNanchor_12_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_5" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We have only a few legends of the saints to mention. Undoubtedly a large
+number are current among the people (Busk, pp. 196, 202, 203, 213-228,
+gives a good many), but they do not differ materially from the literary
+versions circulated by the Church. Those which we shall cite are purely
+popular and belong to the great medi&aelig;val legend-cycle.</p>
+
+<p>The first is the legend of "Gregory on the Stone," which was so popular
+in the medi&aelig;val epics. There are several Italian versions, but we select
+as the most complete the one in Gonzenbach, No. 85, called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LX. THE STORY OF CRIV&Ograve;LIU.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a brother and sister who had neither father
+nor mother, and lived alone together. They loved each other so much that
+they committed a sin which they should not have committed. When the time
+came the sister gave birth to a boy, which the brother had secretly
+baptized. Then he burnt into his shoulders a cross, with these words:
+"Criv&ograve;liu, who is baptized; son of a brother and sister." After the
+child was thus marked, he put it in a little box and threw it into the
+sea.</p>
+
+<p>Now it happened that a fisherman had just gone out to fish, and saw the
+box floating on the waves. "A ship must have sunk somewhere," he
+thought. "I will get the box,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> perhaps there is something useful in it."
+So he rowed after it and got it. When he opened it and saw the little
+child in it, he had pity on the innocent child, took it home to his
+wife, and said: "My dear wife, our youngest child is already old enough
+to wean; nurse in its place this poor innocent child." So his wife took
+little Criv&ograve;liu and nursed him, and loved him as though he were her own
+child. The boy grew and thrived and became every day larger and
+stronger.</p>
+
+<p>The fisherman's sons, however, were jealous because their parents loved
+the little foundling as well as them, and when they played with Criv&ograve;liu
+and quarrelled, they called him a "foundling." The boy's heart was
+saddened by this and he went to his foster-parents and said: "Dear
+parents, tell me, am I truly not your son?" The fisherman's wife said:
+"How should you not be my son? Have I not nursed you when you were a
+baby?" The fisherman forbade his children very strictly to call little
+Criv&ograve;liu a "foundling."</p>
+
+<p>When the child was larger, the fisherman sent him to school with his
+sons. The children, when they were out of their father's hearing, began
+again to mock little Criv&ograve;liu and to call him "foundling," and the other
+children in the school did the same. Then Criv&ograve;liu went again to his
+foster-parents and asked them if he was not their son. They persuaded
+him out of it, however, and put him off until he was fourteen. Then he
+could no longer stand being called "foundling," and went to the
+fisherman and his wife, and said: "Dear parents, I entreat you to tell
+me whether I am your child or not." Then the fisherman told him how he
+had found him and what was written on his shoulders. "Then I will go
+forth, and do penance for the sins of my parents," said Criv&ograve;liu. The
+fisherman's wife wept and lamented and would not let him go; but
+Criv&ograve;liu would not be detained and wandered out into the wide world.</p>
+
+<p>After he had wandered about a long time, he came one day to a lonely
+place where there was only an inn. He asked the hostess: "Tell me, good
+woman, is there a cave near by, to which you alone know the entrance?"
+She<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> answered: "Yes, my handsome youth, I know such a cave and will take
+you to it willingly." Then Criv&ograve;liu took two <i>grani's</i> worth of bread
+and a little pitcher of water with him and had the hostess show him the
+cave. It was some distance from the inn, and the entrance was so covered
+with thorns and bushes that he could scarcely penetrate into the cave.
+He sent the hostess back, crept into the cave, put the bread and water
+on the ground, knelt with folded arms, and so did penance for the sins
+of his parents.</p>
+
+<p>Many, many years passed, I know not how many, but so many, that his
+knees took root and he grew fast to the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Now it happened that the Pope died at Rome, and a new one was to be
+chosen. The cardinals all assembled, and a white dove was let loose: for
+he on whom it should alight was to be Pope. The white dove made several
+circles in the air, but alighted on no one. Then all the archbishops and
+bishops were summoned, and the dove was again let loose, but it did not
+settle on any one. Then all the priests and monks and hermits were
+collected, but the white dove would not choose any of them. The people
+were in great despair, and the cardinals had to wander forth and search
+the whole country to see whether another hermit was yet to be found, and
+a crowd of people accompanied them.</p>
+
+<p>At last they came to the inn in the lonely neighborhood, and asked the
+hostess whether she knew of any hermit or penitent who was yet unknown
+to the world. The hostess answered: "Many years ago a sorrowful youth
+came here and made me conduct him to a cave to do penance. He is surely
+dead long ago, for he took with him only two <i>grani's</i> worth of bread
+and a pitcher of water." The cardinals said: "We will look, however, and
+see whether he is still alive; take us to him." Then the hostess
+conducted them to the cave; the entrance was scarcely to be recognized,
+so overgrown was it with brambles, and before they could enter the
+attendants had to cut away the brambles and bushes with axes. After they
+had forced their way in, they saw Criv&ograve;liu kneeling in the cave, with
+crossed arms, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> his beard had grown so long that it touched the
+ground, and before him lay the bread, and by it the pitcher of water;
+for in all those years he had not eaten or drunken. When they let the
+white dove loose now, it flew about in a circle for a moment and then
+alighted on the head of the penitent. Then the cardinals perceived that
+he was a saint, and begged him to come with them and be their Pope. As
+they were going to raise him up, they noticed that his knees had grown
+fast, and they had to cut the roots. Then they took him to Rome with
+them and he was made Pope.</p>
+
+<p>Now it happened that at the same time the sister said to her brother:
+"Dear brother, when we were young, we committed a sin that we have not
+yet confessed, for the Pope alone can absolve us from it. Let us go,
+then, to Rome, before death overtakes us, and confess there our sin." So
+they started on their journey to Rome, and when they arrived there they
+entered the church where the Pope sat in the confessional.</p>
+
+<p>When they had confessed in a loud voice, for one always confesses openly
+to the Pope, the Pope said: "Behold, I am your son, for on my shoulder
+is the mark you speak of. I have done penance many years for your sin,
+until it has been forgiven you. I absolve you, therefore, from your sin,
+and you shall stay with me and live in comfort." So they remained with
+him, and when their time came, the Lord called them all three to his
+kingdom.<a name="FNanchor_13_5" id="FNanchor_13_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_5" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>An important episode of the original legend is omitted in the above
+version, but preserved in those in Pitr&egrave; (No. 117) and Knust (No. 7).
+The youth after discovering his origin sets out on his wanderings and
+comes by chance to the country where his mother is living. They meet
+and, not knowing their relation, marry. In the Sicilian story this
+relationship is disclosed the day of the marriage by the son showing his
+mother the box in which he was exposed as a child. In the version of
+Knust (from Leghorn), the child leaves his foster-father and goes in
+search of his parents. He encounters them without knowing it of course,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>
+and they, supposing him to be a beggar boy, give him shelter and care
+for him until he has grown up. Then he marries his mother, who
+recognizes him by a lock of red hair. At the conclusion of the story,
+after the Pope has heard the confession of his parents he reveals
+himself, they all three embrace, and die thus united. The story adds,
+"their tomb is still preserved in St. Peter's at Rome."</p>
+
+<p>Another Pope, Silvester I, is the subject of a legend in Pitr&egrave; (No. 118)
+which contains the well-known myth of Constantine's leprosy healed by
+his baptism at the hands of St. Silvester.</p>
+
+<p>Of greater interest is a legend of St. James the Elder, the patron-saint
+of Spain, a pilgrimage to whose shrine at Santiago in Galicia was so
+popular during the Middle Ages. The only popular version which we have
+found is in a Sicilian story in Gonzenbach, No. 90.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXI. THE STORY OF ST. JAMES OF GALICIA.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a king and queen who had no children, and who longed to
+have a son or daughter. The queen prayed to St. James of Galicia, and
+said: "O St. James! if you will grant me a son, he shall make a
+pilgrimage to your shrine when he is eighteen years old." After a time
+the queen had, through the favor of God and the saint, a beautiful boy
+who was as handsome as if God had made him. The child grew rapidly and
+became larger and fairer every day. When he was twelve years old, the
+king died, and the queen remained alone with this son, whom she loved as
+dearly as her eyes. Many years passed and the time drew near when the
+prince should be eighteen. When the queen thought that she must soon
+part from him to send him alone on the long pilgrimage, she became very
+sorrowful and wept and sighed the whole day.</p>
+
+<p>One day the prince said to her: "Mother, why do you sigh all day?" "It
+is nothing, my son, only some cares of mine," she answered. "What are
+you concerned about?" asked he. "Are you afraid that your farms in the
+Plain (of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> Catania) are badly tilled? Let me go and look after them and
+bring you news of them." The queen consented and the prince rode to the
+Plain, to the property that belonged to them. He found everything in
+good order, and returned to his mother and said: "Dear mother, rejoice,
+and cease your care, for everything is going well on your property; the
+cattle are thriving; the fields are tilled, and the grain will soon be
+ripe." "Very well, my son," answered the queen, but she was not
+cheerful, and the next day began to sigh and weep again. Then the prince
+said to her: "Dear mother, if you do not tell me why you are so sad, I
+will depart, and wander out in the wide world." The queen answered: "Ah,
+my dear son, I am sad because you must now part from me. For before you
+were born, when I longed for you so much, I vowed to St. James of
+Galicia, that if he would grant you to me, you should make a pilgrimage
+to his shrine when you were eighteen years old. And now you will soon be
+eighteen, and I am sad because you must wander away alone, and be gone
+so many years; for to reach the saint, one must journey a whole year."
+"Is it nothing but that, dear mother?" asked her son. "Be not so
+sorrowful. Only the dead return not. If I live, I will soon come back to
+you."</p>
+
+<p>So he comforted his mother, and when he was eighteen he took leave of
+the queen, and said: "Now farewell, dear mother, and, God willing, we
+shall meet again." The queen wept bitterly, and embraced him with many
+tears; then she gave him three apples, and said: "My son, take these
+three apples and give heed to my words. You shall not make the long
+journey alone. When, however, a youth joins you and wishes to accompany
+you, take him with you to the inn, and let him eat with you. After the
+meal cut an apple in two halves, one large and the other small, and
+offer them to the young man. If he takes the larger half, part from him,
+for he will be no true friend to you; but if he takes the smaller half,
+regard him as your brother, and share everything that you have with
+him." After these words she embraced her son and blessed him, and the
+prince departed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He had already travelled a long time, and no one had met him. One day,
+however, he saw a youth coming along the road who joined him and asked:
+"Where are you going, handsome youth?" "I am making a pilgrimage to St.
+James of Galicia;" and he told him of his mother's vow. "I must go
+there, too," said the other, "for the same thing happened to my mother
+as to yours; if we have the same journey to make, we can make it
+together." They continued their journey together, but the prince was not
+confidential towards his companion, for he thought: "I must first make
+the trial with the apple."</p>
+
+<p>As they were passing an inn, the prince said: "I am hungry: shall we not
+have something to eat?" The other was willing, so they went in and ate
+together. After they had eaten, the prince took out the apple, cut it in
+two unequal halves, and offered them to the other, who took the larger
+half. "You are no true friend," thought the prince; and to get rid of
+him, he pretended to be ill, and obliged to remain there. The other
+said: "I cannot wait for you, for I have far to go yet; so farewell."
+"Farewell," said the prince, and was glad to be rid of him.</p>
+
+<p>When he continued his journey again, he thought: "Ah, if God would only
+send me a true friend, so that I should not have to travel alone!"</p>
+
+<p>Not long after, another youth joined him and asked: "Handsome young man,
+where are you going?" The prince answered him as he had done before, and
+everything happened the same as with the first young man. After the
+prince had got rid of him he resumed his journey and thought: "O God,
+let me find a true friend who shall be to me a brother on the long
+journey!" While he was uttering this prayer he saw a youth coming along
+the way, who was a handsome lad, and appeared so friendly that he liked
+him at once, and thought: "Ah, may this be the true friend!" The youth
+joined him, and everything passed as before, except that this time the
+youth took the smaller half of the apple, and the prince rejoiced that
+he had found a true friend. "Fair youth," said he to him, "we must
+consider<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> ourselves as brothers now; what is mine shall be yours also,
+and what is yours, shall be mine. We will travel together, until we come
+to the shrine of the saint; and if one of us dies on the way, the other
+must carry his body there. We will both promise this." They did so, and
+regarded each other as brothers, and continued their journey together.</p>
+
+<p>To reach the shrine of the saint requires a whole year; imagine, then,
+how long the two must travel. One day when they came, weary and
+exhausted, to a large, beautiful city, they said: "We will stay here and
+rest a few days, and afterwards continue our journey." So they took a
+small house, and dwelt in it. Now opposite it was the royal palace, and
+one morning as the king was standing on the balcony, he saw the two
+handsome youths, and thought: "Oh! how handsome these two youths are!
+one is, however, much handsomer than the other. I will give him my
+daughter in marriage." Now the prince was the handsomer of the two. In
+order to attain his aim, the king invited them both to dinner, and when
+they came to the palace received them in a very friendly manner and had
+his daughter called, who was more beautiful than the sun and moon. When
+they retired for the night, the king had a poisonous drink given to the
+prince's companion, who fell down dead; for the king thought: "If his
+friend dies, the other will remain here willingly, and think no more of
+his pilgrimage, but marry my daughter."</p>
+
+<p>The next morning, when the prince awoke, he asked: "Where is my friend?"
+"He died suddenly last night, and is to be buried at once," answered the
+servants. The prince said: "If my friend is dead, I cannot remain here
+longer, but must depart this very hour." "Ah! do remain here," begged
+the king. "I will give you my daughter for your wife." "No," said the
+prince, "I cannot stay here. If you will grant me a wish, give me a
+horse, and let me depart in peace; and when I have completed my
+pilgrimage, I will return and marry your daughter." The king then gave
+him a horse, which the prince mounted, and took his dead friend before
+him on the saddle, and thus completed his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> journey. The young man,
+however, was not dead, but lay only in a deep sleep.</p>
+
+<p>When the prince reached the shrine of St. James of Galicia, he
+dismounted, took his friend in his arms like a child, and entered the
+church and laid the body on the steps of the altar before the saint, and
+prayed: "O St. James of Galicia! behold, I have kept my vow. I have come
+to you and have brought you my friend, also. I confide him now to you;
+if you will restore him to life, we will laud your mercy; but if he is
+not to come to life again, he has at least kept his vow." And behold,
+while he was still praying, his dead friend rose, and became again alive
+and well. Both thanked the saint, and gave him costly presents, and then
+started on their journey home.</p>
+
+<p>When they reached the city where the king lived, they occupied again the
+little house opposite the royal palace. The king was greatly rejoiced to
+see the handsome prince there again, and much handsomer than before; he
+arranged great festivities, and had a splendid marriage celebrated, and
+thus the prince married the fair princess. After the wedding they
+remained several months with her father, and then the prince said: "My
+mother is expecting me at home with great anxiety; therefore I cannot
+stay longer here, but will return to my mother with my wife and my
+friend." The king consented and they prepared for the journey.</p>
+
+<p>Now the king had a deadly hatred against the poor, innocent youth, to
+whom he had before given the fatal drink, and who had nevertheless
+returned alive, and in order to cause him sorrow, he sent him in great
+haste on the morning of the departure into the country with an errand.
+"Hasten," he said. "Your friend will not start until you return." The
+youth hastened away, without taking leave, and performed the king's
+errand. The king, meanwhile, said to the prince: "Hasten your departure,
+otherwise you cannot reach your quarters for the night before evening."
+"I cannot depart without my friend," answered the prince. The king,
+however, said: "Set out on your journey; he will be here within an hour,
+and will soon overtake you on his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> swift horse." The prince allowed
+himself to be persuaded, took leave of his father-in-law, and departed
+with his wife. The poor friend could not fulfil the king's commission
+before several hours, and when he finally returned, the king said to
+him: "Your friend is already far from here; see how you can overtake
+him."</p>
+
+<p>So the poor youth had to leave the palace, and did not even receive a
+horse, and began to run, and ran day and night until he overtook the
+prince. From his great exertions, however, he contracted leprosy, so
+that he looked ill, wretched, and dreadful. The prince, nevertheless,
+received him in a friendly manner and cared for him like a brother.</p>
+
+<p>They finally reached home, where the queen had awaited her son with
+great anxiety, and now embraced him with perfect joy. The prince had a
+bed prepared at once for his sick friend and summoned all the physicians
+of the town and state, but no one could help him. When the poor youth
+grew no better the prince addressed himself to St. James of Galicia and
+said: "O St. James of Galicia! you raised my friend from the dead; help
+him now this time also, and let him recover from his leprosy." While he
+was praying, a servant entered and said: "A strange physician is
+without, who will make the poor youth well again." This physician was
+St. James of Galicia himself, who had heard the prayer of the prince and
+had come to help his friend. You must know now that the prince's wife
+had had a little girl who was a pretty, lovely child.</p>
+
+<p>When the saint approached the bed of the sick youth, he first examined
+him, and then said to the prince: "Do you really wish to see your friend
+well again at any price?" "At any price," answered the prince; "only
+tell me what can help him." "This evening, take your child," said the
+saint, "open all her veins, and anoint with her blood your friend's
+wounds, and he will be healed at once."</p>
+
+<p>The prince was horrified when he heard that he himself must kill his
+dear little daughter, but he answered: "I have promised my friend to
+treat him like my brother; and if there is no other remedy, I will
+sacrifice my child."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At evening he took the child and opened her veins and anointed with the
+blood the sores of the sick youth, who was at once cleansed from his
+foul leprosy. The child became pale and weak, and looked as if it were
+dead. Then they laid it in its cradle and the poor parents were deeply
+grieved, for they believed they had lost their child.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning the physician came and asked after the patient. "He is
+well and sound," answered the prince. "And where have you put your
+child?" asked the saint. "There it lies dead in its cradle," said the
+poor father, sadly. "Just look at her once and see how she is," said the
+saint; and when they hastened to the cradle, they saw the child in it
+alive and well again. Then the saint said: "I am St. James of Galicia,
+and have come to help you, because I have seen what true friendship you
+have displayed. Continue to love one another, and when you are in
+trouble turn to me and I will come to your aid." With these words he
+blessed them and disappeared from their sight. They lived piously and
+did much good to the poor, and were happy and contented.<a name="FNanchor_14_5" id="FNanchor_14_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_5" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>There are several interesting legends found only in Gonzenbach's
+collection. They can be mentioned but briefly here. The first (No. 87)
+is entitled: "The Story of St. Oniri&agrave; or Neri&agrave;." Two huntsmen lost their
+way in a wood and found at night a hut in which was a table set for
+supper, and a fire which emitted a heavenly odor. They examined it and
+found in the coals a heart, which they took with them when they
+departed, the next morning. After they had travelled a while, they
+stopped at an inn, and the pious and virtuous daughter of the innkeeper
+waited on them, and noticed the odor which came from the jacket that one
+of the huntsmen had laid aside on account of the heat. In the pocket she
+found the heart, which she kept for a time on a table in her room. One
+day she was seized with a great longing to eat it. She did so, and it
+soon was evident that she was about to become a mother. Her father
+treated her cruelly, for the shame she was going to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> bring on the
+family, but her godmother interfered, and one night had a strange dream.
+There appeared to her a saint, who said: "I am St. Oniri&agrave;, and was
+consumed by fire. Only my heart was left, so that I might be born again.
+This heart the host's daughter has eaten, and she will, in due time,
+give birth to me." The child was born as predicted, and grew handsomer
+every day. The grandfather, however, could not endure him, and
+ill-treated him as well as his mother.</p>
+
+<p>One day, when the child was five years old, the grandfather took him to
+the city. On the way they passed a place where there was much filth, and
+the child said to his grandfather: "I wish you might wallow in it."
+Afterwards they saw a poor man being carried to the grave on a ladder,
+without any coffin. The child here wished that his grandfather, when he
+died, might be like this one. Next they met the long funeral procession
+of a rich man, and the child wished that his grandfather might not be
+like this rich man. The grandfather, of course, in each case was very
+angry, and was only restrained from beating the child by the mother's
+godfather, who had accompanied them.</p>
+
+<p>After they had finished their business in the city they set out for
+home; and when they came to the spot where they had met the rich man's
+funeral procession, the child made his grandfather put his ear to the
+ground, when he heard a great noise, as if of iron pestles and
+lamentations. The child explained that what he heard were the devils
+tormenting the rich man's soul. When they came where they had seen the
+poor man on the ladder, the grandfather listened again and heard the
+rejoicings of the angels on receiving the poor man's soul.</p>
+
+<p>When they came to the place where the filth was, the child made his
+grandfather dig and find a pot of money which he told him to use better
+than he had done his own. The child then said he was St. Oniri&agrave;,
+exculpated his mother, and said his grandfather would see him again when
+the dead spoke with the living. Then he was taken up into heaven.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Years after, two men spent the night in the inn, and one murdered the
+other and hid the body under the straw, where it was afterwards found by
+other travellers, and the innkeeper accused of the murder. He was
+condemned and was on the scaffold when a beautiful youth came riding in
+hot haste, crying: "Pardon!" The youth led the people into the church,
+before the coffin of the murdered man, and cried: "Rise, dead one, and
+speak with the living, and tell us who murdered you." The dead man
+replied: "The innkeeper is innocent; my treacherous companion killed
+me." Then the youth accompanied the innkeeper home, revealed himself as
+St. Oniri&agrave;, blessed them, and disappeared.<a name="FNanchor_15_5" id="FNanchor_15_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_5" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another legend (No. 92), "The Story of the Hermit," has as its subject
+the mystery of God's Providence, and is familiar to English readers in
+the form of Parnell's Hermit. The substance of the Sicilian version is
+as follows: A hermit sees a man wrongfully accused of theft and
+shockingly maltreated. He thereupon concludes that God is unjust to
+suffer such things, and determines to return to the world. On his way
+back a handsome youth meets him and they journey together. A muleteer
+allows them to ride his beasts, and in return the youth abstracts the
+muleteer's money from his wallet and drops it in the road. A woman who
+keeps an inn receives them hospitably, and on leaving the next morning,
+the youth strangles her child in the cradle. All at once the youth
+becomes a shining angel, and says to the hermit: "Listen to me, O man
+who has been bold enough to murmur against God's decrees;" and then
+explains that the person who had been wrongfully accused of theft had
+years before murdered his father on that very spot; the muleteer's money
+was stolen money, and the child of the hostess, had it lived, would have
+become a robber and murderer. Then the angel says: "Now you see that
+God's justice is more far-sighted than man's. Return, then, to your
+hermitage, and repent if so be that your murmuring be forgiven you." The
+angel disappears and the hermit returns to his mountain, does severer
+penance, and dies a saint.<a name="FNanchor_16_5" id="FNanchor_16_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_5" class="fnanchor">[16]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The legend in Gonzenbach (No. 91) entitled "Joseph the Just" is nothing
+but the story of Joseph and his Brethren, taken from the Bible. In the
+Sicilian version Joseph has only three brothers; otherwise the story
+follows the account in Genesis very closely. Another legend in the same
+collection (No. 89), "The Story of Tobi&agrave; and Tobi&ograve;la," is the story of
+Tobit and Tobias, taken from the apocryphal book of Tobit. The Sicilian
+story differs in the names only.</p>
+
+<p>There are several other Sicilian legends the heroes of which are pious,
+simple youths, the religious counterparts of Giuf&agrave;. One (Pitr&egrave;, No.
+112), called "The Poor Boy," tells the story of a simple youth who asked
+the priest the way to paradise, and was told he must follow the strait
+and narrow way. He took the first one he came to, and reached a convent
+church during a festival, and imagined he had reached paradise. He was
+found in the church when all had departed; but he persisted in
+remaining, and the superior sent him a bowl of soup, which he put on the
+altar; and when he was alone he began to converse confidentially with
+the Lord on the crucifix, and said: "Lord, who put you on the cross?"
+"Your sins!" and so the Lord responded to all his questions. The youth,
+in tears, promised he would sin no more, and invited the Lord to descend
+and partake of his repast with him. The Lord did so, and commanded him
+to tell the monks in the convent that they would be damned unless they
+sold all their property and bestowed it on the poor. If they would do so
+and come and confess to the Lord himself, he would hear their confession
+and give them the communion, and when it was finished they would all
+die, one after the other, and enter the glory of paradise. The poor
+youth went to the superior and gave him the Lord's message. The superior
+sold the property of the convent, and everything turned out as the Lord
+had said. The monks all confessed and died, and all who were present or
+heard of the event were converted and died in the grace of God.<a name="FNanchor_17_5" id="FNanchor_17_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_5" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p>
+
+<p>This legend leads quite naturally to another, in which intercourse with
+the other world is represented as still occasionally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> permitted to
+mortals. It is found only in Sicily, having, curiously enough, parallels
+in the rest of Europe, but none in Italy. It is called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXII. THE BAKER'S APPRENTICE.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a baker who every morning loaded an ounceworth of bread
+on a horse that came to his shop. One day he said: "I give this
+ounceworth of bread to this horse and he renders me no account of it."
+Then he said to his apprentice: "Vincenzo, the horse will come to-morrow
+and I will give him the bread, but you must follow him and see where he
+goes." The next day the horse came and the baker loaded him, and gave
+the apprentice a piece of bread for himself. Vincenzo followed the
+horse, and after a while came to a river of milk, and began to eat bread
+and milk, and could not overtake the horse again. He then returned to
+his master, who, seeing him return to no purpose, said: "To-morrow the
+horse will come again; if you cannot tell me where he goes I will no
+longer have you for my apprentice." The next day the apprentice followed
+the horse again, and came to a river of wine, and began to eat bread and
+wine, and lost sight of the horse. He returned to his master in despair
+at having lost the horse. His master said: "Listen. The first time, one
+pardons; the second time, one condones; the third time, one beats. If
+to-morrow you do not follow the horse I will give you a good thrashing
+and send you home." What did poor Vincenzo do? He followed the horse the
+next day with his eyes open. After a while he came to a river of oil.
+"What shall I do? the horse will get away from me now!" So he tied the
+horse's reins to his girdle and began to eat bread and oil. The horse
+pulled, but Vincenzo said: "When I finish the bread I will come." When
+he had finished the bread he followed the horse, and after a time he
+came to a cattle-farm where the grass was long and thick and the cattle
+so thin that they could scarcely stand on their feet. Vincenzo was
+astonished at seeing the grass so long and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> the cattle so lean. Then he
+came to another farm, and saw that the grass was dry and short, and the
+cattle fatter than you can believe. He said to himself: "Just see!
+There, where the grass was long, the cattle were lean; here, where you
+can hardly see the grass, the cattle are so fat!" The horse kept on, and
+Vincenzo after him. After a while he met a sow with her tail full of
+large knots, and wondered why she had such a tail. Farther on he came to
+a watering-trough, where there was a toad trying to reach a crumb of
+bread, and could not. Vincenzo continued his way, and arrived at a large
+gate. The horse knocked at the gate with his head, and the door opened
+and a beautiful lady appeared, who said she was the Madonna. When she
+saw the youth she asked: "And what are you here for?" Vincenzo replied:
+"This horse comes constantly to my master's to get an ounceworth of
+bread, and my master never has been able to find out where he carries
+it." "Very well; enter," said the lady; "I will show you where he
+carries it." Then the lady began to call all the souls in purgatory: "My
+children, come hither!" The souls then descended; and to some she gave
+the worth of a <i>grano</i> of bread, to some the worth of a <i>baiocco</i>, and
+to others the worth of five <i>grani</i>, and the bread was gone in a moment.
+When the bread had disappeared, the lady said to Vincenzo: "Did you see
+nothing on your way?" "Yes, lady. The first day that my master sent me
+to see where the horse went, I saw a river of milk." The lady said:
+"That is the milk I gave my son." "The second day I saw a river of
+wine." "That," said the lady, "is the wine with which my son was
+consecrated." "The third day I saw a river of oil." "That is the oil
+that they ask of me and of my son. What else did you see the third day?"
+"I saw," answered Vincenzo, "a farm with cattle. There was plenty of
+grass, but the cattle were lean. Afterwards I saw another farm, where
+you could scarcely see the grass, and the cattle were fine and fat."
+"These, my son, are the rich, who are in the midst of wealth; and no
+matter how much they eat, it does no good; and the fat ones, that have
+no grass to eat,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> are the poor, for my son supports and fattens them.
+What else did you see?" "I saw a sow with her tail full of knots."
+"That, my son, is those who repeat their rosaries and do not offer their
+prayers to me or to my son; and my son makes knots in them." "I also saw
+a watering-trough, with a toad that was reaching after a crumb of bread,
+and could not get it." She said: "A poor person asked a woman for a bit
+of bread, and she gave his hand such a blow that she made him drop it.
+And what else did you see, my son?" "Nothing, lady." "Then come with me,
+and I will show you something else." She took him by the hand and led
+him into hell. When the poor youth heard the clanking of chains and saw
+the darkness, he came near dying, and wanted to get out. "You see," said
+the lady, "those who are lamenting and in chains and darkness are those
+who are in mortal sin. Now come, and I will take you to purgatory."
+There they heard nothing, and the darkness was so great that they could
+see nothing. Vincenzo wished to depart, for he felt oppressed by
+anguish. "Now," said the lady, "I will take you to the church of the
+Holy Fathers. Do you see it, my son? This is the church of the Holy
+Fathers, which first was full and now is empty. Come; now I will take
+you to limbo. Do you see these little ones? These are those who died
+unbaptized." The lady wished to show him paradise; but he was too
+confused, so the lady made him look through a window. "Do you see this
+great palace? There are three seats there; one for you, one for your
+master, and one for your mistress." After this she took him to the gate.
+The horse was no longer there. "Now," said Vincenzo, "how shall I find
+my way back? I will follow the tracks of the horse, and so will get
+home." The lady answered: "Close your eyes!" Vincenzo closed his eyes,
+and found himself behind his master's door. When he entered he told all
+that had occurred to his master and mistress. When he had finished his
+story all three died and went to paradise.<a name="FNanchor_18_5" id="FNanchor_18_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_5" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<p>The most famous story of the class we are now considering is, however,
+the one best known by its French title,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> "<i>Bonhomme Mis&egrave;re.</i>" The French
+version was popular as a chap-book as early as 1719, running through
+fifteen editions from that date. The editor of the reprint referred to
+in the note, as well as Grimm (II. 451), believed the story to be of
+Italian origin and that the original would some day be discovered.<a name="FNanchor_19_5" id="FNanchor_19_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_5" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>
+This has proved to be the case, and we have now before us a number of
+versions. These may be divided into two classes: one independent, the
+other constituting a part only of some other story. The latter class is
+generally connected with the cycle of our Lord's journeys upon earth,
+and is represented by "The Master Thief" and "Brother Lustig" in
+Germany, and "Beppo Pipetta" from Venice. The Sicilian versions which we
+shall mention first, although independent stories, are connected with
+the cycle of our Lord's journeys upon earth. We give first two versions
+from Pitr&egrave; (Nos. 124, 125).</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXIII. OCCASION.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a father and a mother who had a little boy.
+They died and the child was left in the street. One of the neighbors had
+pity upon him and took him in. The boy throve well and when he had grown
+up the one who had sheltered him said: "Come now, Occasion (for this was
+the boy's name), you are a man; why do you not think about supporting
+yourself and relieving us from that care?" So the lad made up a bundle
+and departed. He journeyed and journeyed until his clothes were worn out
+and he was almost dead from hunger. One day he saw an inn and entered
+it, and said to the innkeeper: "Do you want me for a servant? I wish
+only a piece of bread for my wages." The host said to his wife: "What do
+you say, Rosella? We have no children; shall we take this lad?" "Yes;"
+and so they took him.</p>
+
+<p>The boy was very attentive and did willingly whatever was commanded him,
+and at last his master and mistress, who had grown to love him like a
+son, went before the judge and adopted him.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Time passed and the innkeeper and his wife died and left all their
+property to the young man, who, when he saw himself in possession of it,
+made known: "That whoever should come to Occasion's inn could have food
+for nothing." You can imagine the people that went there!</p>
+
+<p>Now the Master and his apostles happened once to pass that way, and when
+St. Thomas read this announcement he said: "Unless I see and touch with
+my hands I shall not believe it. Let us go to this inn." They went there
+and ate and drank and Occasion treated them like gentlemen. Before
+leaving St. Thomas said: "Occasion, why don't you ask a favor of the
+Master?" Then Occasion said: "Master, I have before my door this
+fig-tree, and the children do not let me eat one of the figs. Whoever
+goes by climbs up and pulls off some. Now I would like this favor, that
+when any one climbs this tree, he must stay there until I permit him to
+come down." "Your request is granted," said the Lord, and blessed the
+tree.</p>
+
+<p>It was a fine thing! The first who climbed up for figs stuck fast to the
+tree without being able to move; another came, the same thing; and so
+on; all stuck fast, one by the hand, another by the foot, another by the
+head. When Occasion saw them he gave them a sound scolding and let them
+go. The children were frightened and touched the figs no more.</p>
+
+<p>Years passed and Occasion's money was coming to an end; so he called a
+carpenter and told him to cut up the fig-tree and make him a bottle out
+of it. This bottle had the property that Occasion could shut up in it
+whoever he wished. One day Death went to fetch him, for Occasion was now
+very old. Occasion said: "At your service; we will go. But see here,
+Death, first do me a favor. I have this bottle of wine, and there is a
+fly in it, and I don't like to drink from it; just go in there and take
+it out for me, and then we will go." Death very foolishly entered the
+bottle, when Occasion corked it and put it in his wallet, saying: "Stay
+a bit with me."</p>
+
+<p>While Death was shut up no one died; and everywhere<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> you might see old
+men with such long white beards that it was a sight. The apostles,
+seeing this, went to the Master about it several times, and at last he
+visited Occasion. "What is this? Here you have kept Death shut up so
+many years, and the people are falling down from old age without dying!"
+"Master," said Occasion, "do you want me to let Death out? If you will
+give me a place in paradise, I will let him out." The Lord thought:
+"What shall I do? If I don't grant him this favor, he will not leave me
+in peace." So he said: "Your request is granted!" At these words Death
+was set at liberty; Occasion was permitted to live a few years longer,
+and then Death took him. Hence it is "That there is no death without
+Occasion."</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXIV. BROTHER GIOVANNONE.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a convent at Casteltermini which contained
+many monks, one of whom was named Brother Giovannone. At the time when
+the Lord and all his apostles were on their travels they visited this
+convent, and all the monks asked the Lord to pardon their souls; Brother
+Giovannone asked nothing. St. Peter said to him: "Why do you not ask
+pardon for your soul, like the others?" "I don't wish anything." St.
+Peter said: "Nothing? When you come to paradise we will talk about it."
+When the Master had taken his departure and had gone some distance,
+Brother Giovannone began to cry out: "Master, Master, wait! I want a
+favor, and it is that any one I command must get into my pouch." The
+Master said: "This request is granted."</p>
+
+<p>Brother Giovannone was old and one day Death came and said to him:
+"Giovannone, you have three hours to live!" Brother Giovannone replied:
+"When you come for me you must let me know half an hour before." After a
+while Death came and said: "You are a dead man!" Brother Giovannone
+replied: "In the name of Brother Giovannone, into my pouch with you,
+Death!" Then he carried his pouch to a baker and asked him to hang it
+up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> in the chimney until he came for it. For forty years no one died. At
+the end of that time Brother Giovannone went and set Death free, so that
+he might himself die, for he was so old he could do no more. The first
+one that Death killed when he was free was Brother Giovannone, and then
+he destroyed all those who had not died in the forty years.</p>
+
+<p>After he was dead Brother Giovannone went and knocked at the gate of
+paradise and St. Peter said to him: "There is no room for you here."
+"Where must I go, then?" asked Brother Giovannone. "To purgatory,"
+answered St. Peter. So he knocked at purgatory and they told him: "There
+is no place for you here." "Where must I go, then?" "To hell." He
+knocked at hell and Lucifer asked: "Who is there?" "Brother Giovannone."
+Then Lucifer said to his devils: "You take the mace; you, the hammer;
+you, the tongs!" Brother Giovannone asked: "What are you going to do
+with these instruments?" "We are going to beat you." "In the name of
+Brother Giovannone, into my pouch with you, all you devils!" Then he
+hung the pouch about his neck and carried all the devils to a smith who
+had eight apprentices, and the master, nine. "Master-smith, how much do
+you want to hammer this pouch eight days and nights?" They agreed upon
+forty ounces, and hammered day and night and the pouch was not reduced
+to powder, and Brother Giovannone was always present. The last day the
+smiths said: "What the devil are these; for they cannot be pounded
+fine!" Brother Giovannone answered: "They are indeed devils! Pound
+hard!" After they were through hammering, he took the pouch and emptied
+it out in the plain; the devils were so bruised and mangled that they
+could hardly drag themselves back to hell. Then Brother Giovannone went
+and knocked again at paradise. "Who is there?" "Brother Giovannone."
+"There is no room for you." "Peter, if you don't let me in I will call
+you baldhead." "Now that you have called me baldhead," said St. Peter,
+"you shall not enter." Brother Giovannone said: "Ah, what is that you
+say? I will be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> even with you!" So he stood near the gate of paradise
+and said to all the souls who were going to enter: "In the name of
+Brother Giovannone, into my pouch, all you souls!" and no more souls
+entered paradise. One day St. Peter said to the Master: "Why do no more
+souls enter?" The Lord answered: "Because Brother Giovannone is behind
+the gate putting them all in his pouch." "What shall we do?" said St.
+Peter. The Lord answered: "See if you can get hold of the pouch and
+bring them all in together." Brother Giovannone heard all this outside.
+What did he do? He said: "Into the pouch with myself!" and in a moment
+was in his own pouch. When St. Peter looked Brother Giovannone was not
+to be seen, so he seized the pouch and dragged it into paradise and shut
+the gate at once, and opened the pouch. The first one who came out was
+Brother Giovannone himself, who began at once to quarrel with St. Peter
+because St. Peter wished to put him out, and Brother Giovannone did not
+want to go. Then the Lord said: "When one once enters the house of
+Jesus, he does not leave it again."<a name="FNanchor_20_5" id="FNanchor_20_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_5" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>These stories have close parallels in two Roman legends collected by
+Miss Busk. In the first, the innkeeper asks first for the faculty of
+always winning at cards; and second, that any one who climbs his
+fig-tree must stay there. When Death comes the host asks her (Death is
+feminine in Italian) to climb the tree and pick him a few figs. When
+once up the tree, the host refuses to let her down until she promises
+him four hundred years of life. Death has to consent and the host in
+turn promises to go quietly with her when she comes again. At the end of
+the four hundred years Death takes the host to paradise. They pass by
+hell on the way and the host proposes to the devil to play for the newly
+received souls. The host wins fifteen thousand, which he carries with
+him to paradise. St. Peter objects to letting the "rabble" in, and Jesus
+Christ himself says: "The host may come in himself, but he has no
+business with the others." Then the host says that he has made no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>
+difficulty about numbers when Christ has come to his inn With as many as
+he pleased. "That is true! that is right!" answered Jesus Christ. "Let
+them all in! let them all in!"<a name="FNanchor_21_5" id="FNanchor_21_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_5" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the other story, a priest, Pret' Olivo, received from the Lord, in
+reward for his hospitality, the favor of living a hundred years, and
+that when Death came to fetch him he should be able to give her what
+orders he pleased, and that she must obey him. Death called at the end
+of the hundred years, and Pret' Olivo made her sit by the fire while he
+said a mass. The fire grew hotter and hotter, but Death could not stir
+until Pret' Olivo permitted her to, on condition that she should leave
+him alone a hundred years. The second time Death called, Pret' Olivo
+asked her to gather him some figs and commanded her to stay in the tree.
+So Death a second time was obliged to promise him a respite of a hundred
+years. The next time Death called, Pret' Olivo put on his vestments and
+a cope, and took a pack of cards in his hand and went with Death. She
+wanted to take him directly to paradise, but he insisted on going around
+by the way of hell and playing a game of cards with the Devil. The
+stakes were souls, and as fast as Pret' Olivo won, he hung a soul on his
+cope until it was covered with them; then he hung them on his beretta,
+and at last was obliged to stop, for there was no more room to hang any
+souls. Death objected to taking all these souls to paradise, but could
+not take Pret' Olivo without them. When they arrived at paradise St.
+Peter made some objection to admitting them, but the Master gave his
+permission and they all got in.<a name="FNanchor_22_5" id="FNanchor_22_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_5" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Tuscan version, which contains some of the traits of the last story,
+is as follows:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>LXV. GODFATHER MISERY.</h3>
+
+<p>Godfather Misery was old,&mdash;God knows how old! One day Jesus and St.
+Peter, while wandering through the world to name the countries, came to
+Godfather Misery's, who offered his visitors some polenta, and gave them
+his own bed. Jesus, pleased with this reception, gave him some money,
+and granted him these three favors: that whoever sits on his bench near
+the fire cannot get up; that whoever climbs his fig-tree cannot descend;
+and finally, out of regard to St. Peter, the salvation of his soul. One
+day Death came to Godfather Misery, and wanted to carry him off.
+Godfather Misery said: "It is too cold to travel." Death pressed him;
+then he asked her to sit by the fire and warm herself a moment, and he
+would soon be ready. Meanwhile he piled wood on the fire. Death felt
+herself burning, and tried to move, but could not; so she had to grant
+Godfather Misery another hundred years of life. Death was released; the
+hundred years passed, and Death returned. Godfather Misery was at the
+door, pretending to wait for her, and looking at his fig-tree in sorrow.
+He begged Death to pick him a few figs for their journey. So Death
+climbed up, but could not descend until she granted Godfather Misery
+another hundred years. Even these passed, and Death reappeared. This
+time there was no help, he must go. Death gave him time only to recite
+an Ave Maria, and a Paternoster. Godfather Misery, however, could not
+find this time, and said to Death, who was hurrying him: "You have given
+me time, and I am taking it." Then Death had recourse to a stratagem,
+and disguised herself like a Jesuit, and went where Godfather Misery
+lived, and preached. Godfather Misery at first did not attend these
+sermons, but his wife finally persuaded him to go to the church and hear
+a sermon. Just as he entered, the preacher cried out that whoever said
+an Ave Maria should save his soul. Godfather Misery, who recognized
+Death, answered from a distance: "Go away! you will not get me." Then
+Death went away in despair, and never got hold of him again. Godfather
+Misery still lives, since misery never ends.<a name="FNanchor_23_5" id="FNanchor_23_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_5" class="fnanchor">[23]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In another Tuscan story, similar gifts are bestowed upon a smith, who
+had always been a good Christian, to enable him to avoid a contract he
+had made with the Devil, to sell him his soul for two years of life. The
+first time the Devil comes he sits on the bench near the fire, and
+cannot rise again until he extends his contract two years. The next time
+he comes he does not enter the house, but looks in at a window that has
+the power to detain any one who looks through it. Again the contract is
+extended. The third time the Devil is caught in the fig-tree, and then a
+new contract is drawn up, that the Devil and the smith are never to see
+each other again.<a name="FNanchor_24_5" id="FNanchor_24_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_5" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p>
+
+<p>The second class of versions of the story of "<i>Bonhomme Mis&egrave;re</i>" is
+where the legend is merely an episode of some other story. This class
+comprises two stories from the territory of Venice. The first is
+entitled "Beppo Pipetta," from the hero who saved the king's life, which
+is threatened by some robbers. The king was in disguise, and Beppo did
+not know who he was until he was summoned to the palace to be rewarded.
+The king told Beppo that he need not be a soldier any longer, but might
+remain with him or wherever he pleased, and offered to pay for all he
+needed; for he had saved his life. We give the rest of the story in the
+words of the original.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXVI. BEPPO PIPETTA.</h3>
+
+<p>When his first joy at this good fortune was over, Beppo decided to visit
+his relations. There he met a man in the street who entered into
+conversation with him, and they chatted for a long time, until they
+finally went into an inn to refresh themselves with something to eat and
+drink. "How happens it," asked his new friend, who was vastly
+entertained by Beppo's conversation, "that you, a soldier, carry no
+knapsack?" "Hm!" said Beppo, "I don't care to weigh myself down on a
+march with unnecessary things. I have no effects, and if I need
+anything, I have a good master who pays all my bills." "Now," said the
+stranger, "I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> will give you a knapsack, and a very valuable one too; for
+if you say to any one, 'Jump in,' he will jump into the sack." With
+these words the stranger took his leave.</p>
+
+<p>"Wait," thought Beppo; "I will put this to the proof." And, indeed, a
+favorable opportunity offered itself, for just then the landlord
+appeared to demand the payment of his bill. "What do you want?" asked
+Beppo. "My money; you might know that of yourself." "Let me alone! I
+have no money." "What? you ragged soldier"&mdash;"Jump in!" said Beppo; and
+the landlord went over his ears into the sack. Only after long entreaty,
+and on condition that he would never again present his bill, would Beppo
+let him out again. "Just wait, fellow! I'll teach you how to insult
+soldiers," said he to the landlord, as he went out.</p>
+
+<p>Tired and hungry after a long walk, Beppo again turned into an inn.
+There he saw a man who was continually emptying a purse, but never
+finished, for it always became full again. He quickly snatched the purse
+out of the man's hand, and ran out of the inn, but no less quickly did
+the owner run after him; and since he had not walked as far as Beppo,
+who had been wandering about all day, he soon caught up with him. Then
+Beppo cried: "Jump in!" and the owner was in the sack. "Listen," said
+Beppo, after he had somewhat recovered his breath, "listen and be
+reasonable. You have had the purse long enough; give it to me now, or
+else you shall always stay in the sack." What could the man do?
+Willingly or unwillingly, he had to give up the purse in order to get
+out of the accursed sack.</p>
+
+<p>For two years Beppo stayed at home, doing much good with the purse, and
+much mischief with the sack, until at last he began to long for the
+capital again, and returned there; but what was his astonishment at
+seeing everything hung with black, and everybody in mourning. "Do you
+not know what the trouble is?" he was asked, in reply to his questions
+as to the cause of this sorrow; "don't you know that to-morrow the Devil
+is going to carry away the king's daughter, on account of a foolish vow
+that her father once made?" Then he went directly to the king, in order
+to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> console him, but the latter would not put any faith in him. "Your
+Majesty," said he, "you do not know what Beppo Pipetta can do. Only let
+me have my own way."</p>
+
+<p>Then he prepared, in a room of the palace, a large table, with paper,
+pen, and ink, while the princess, in the next room, awaited her sad fate
+in prayer. At midnight a fearful noise was heard, like the roaring of
+the tempest; and at the last stroke of the clock, the Devil came through
+the window into&mdash;the sack which Beppo held open for him, crying, "Jump
+in!" "What are you doing here?" asked Beppo of the raging Devil. "How
+does that concern you?" "I have my reasons," was the bold reply. "Wait a
+little, you rascal!" cried Beppo; "I'll teach you manners!" and he
+seized a stick and belabored the sack until the Devil in anguish called
+upon all the saints. "Are you going to carry off the princess, now?"
+"No, no; only let me out of this infamous sack!" "Do you promise never
+to molest her?" "I promise, only let me out!" "No," said Beppo; "you
+must repeat your promise before witnesses, and also give it in writing."
+Then he called some gentlemen of the court into the room, had the
+promise repeated, and permitted the Devil to stretch one hand out of the
+sack, in order to write as follows: "I, the very Devil, herewith promise
+that I will neither carry away H. R. H., the Princess, nor ever molest
+her in future. <span class="smcap">Satan, Spirit of Hell.</span>"</p>
+
+<p>"Good!" said Beppo; "the affair of the princess is now ended. But now,
+on account of your previous impoliteness, allow me to give you a few
+blows that may serve as reminders of me on your journey." When he had
+done this, he opened the sack, and the Devil went out as he had come in,
+through the window.</p>
+
+<p>Then the king gave a great feast, at which Beppo sat between him and the
+princess; and there was joy throughout the whole kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>After a while Beppo took a pleasure trip and came to a place that
+pleased him so much that he decided to remain there; but the police must
+needs go through certain ceremonies<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> and wanted to know who he was,
+whence he came, and a multitude of other things. Then he answered: "I am
+myself; let that suffice you. If you want to know anything more, write
+to the king." Accordingly they wrote to the king, but he commanded them
+to treat him with respect and not to disturb him.</p>
+
+<p>When he had lived for many years in this place and had grown old, Death
+came and knocked at his door. Beppo opened it and asked: "Who are you?"
+"I am Death," was the answer. "Jump in!" cried Beppo, in great haste,
+and behold! Death was in the sack. "What!" he exclaimed, "shall I, who
+have so much to do, loiter my time away here?" "Just stay where you are,
+you old villain," replied Beppo, and did not let him out for a year and
+a half. Then there was universal satisfaction throughout the world, the
+physicians being especially jubilant, for none of them ever lost a
+patient. Then Death begged so humbly and represented so forcibly what
+would be the consequences of this disorder, that Beppo agreed to let him
+out, on condition that Death should not come back for him unless he was
+willing. Death departed and sought by means of a few wars and
+pestilences to make up for lost time.</p>
+
+<p>At length Beppo grew so old that life became distasteful to him. Then he
+sent for Death, who, however, would not come, fearing that Beppo might
+change his mind. So the latter decided to go himself to Death. Death was
+not at home; but remembering his vacation in the sack, had prudently
+left the order that in case a certain Beppo Pipetta should come, he was
+to be beaten soundly; an order which was executed punctiliously. Beaten
+and cast out by Death, he went sadly to hell; but there the Devil had
+given the porter orders to show him the same attention that he had
+received at Death's abode, and that command also was conscientiously
+obeyed.</p>
+
+<p>Smarting from the blows he had received, and vexed that neither Death
+nor the Devil wanted him, he went to paradise. Here he announced himself
+to St. Peter, but the saint thought that he had better first consult the
+Lord.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Beppo threw his cap over the wall into paradise. After he had
+waited a while, St. Peter reappeared and said: "I am very sorry, but our
+Lord doesn't want you here." "Very well," said Beppo, "but you will at
+least let me get my cap," and with that he slipped through the gate and
+sat down on the cap. When St. Peter commanded him to get up and begone,
+he replied, composedly: "Gently, my dear sir! at present I am sitting on
+my own property, where I do not receive orders from any one!"</p>
+
+<p>And so he remained in paradise.<a name="FNanchor_25_5" id="FNanchor_25_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_5" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The story known to our readers from the Grimm collection, "Godfather
+Death," is found in Sicily and Venice. The version from the latter place
+given in Bernoni (<i>Trad. pop.</i> p. 6) is as follows:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXVII. THE JUST MAN.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a peasant and his wife who had a child that
+they would not baptize until they could find a just man for his
+godfather. The father took the child in his arms and went into the
+street to look for this just man. After he had walked along a while, he
+met a man, who was our Lord, and said to him: "I have this child to
+baptize, but I do not want to give him to any one who is not just; are
+you just?" The Lord answered: "But&mdash;I don't know whether I am just."
+Then the peasant passed on and met a woman, who was the Madonna, and
+said to her: "I have this child to baptize and do not wish to give him
+to any one who is not just; are you just?" "I don't know," said the
+Madonna; "but go on, for you will find some one who is just." He went
+his way and met another woman, who was Death, and said to her: "I have
+been sent to you, for I have been told that you are just, and I have
+this child to baptize, and do not wish to give it to one who is not
+just; are you just?" Death said: "Yes, I believe I am just! Let us
+baptize the child, and then I will show you whether I am just." Then
+they baptized the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> child, and afterwards Death led the peasant into a
+very long room, where there were many lights burning. "Godmother," said
+the man, astonished at seeing all the lights, "what are all these
+lights?" Death said: "These are the lights of all the souls in the
+world. Would you like to see, friend? this is yours and this is your
+son's." When the peasant saw that his light was about to expire, he
+said: "And when the oil is all consumed, godmother?" "Then," answered
+Death, "you must come with me, for I am Death." "Oh! for mercy's sake,"
+cried the peasant, "let me at least take a little oil from my son's lamp
+and put it in mine!" "No, no, godfather," said Death, "I don't do
+anything of that sort; you wished to see a just person, and a just
+person you have found. And now go home and arrange your affairs, for I
+am waiting for you."<a name="FNanchor_26_5" id="FNanchor_26_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_5" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We can mention but briefly another Venetian legend which, like several
+of those already given, reaches back to the Middle Ages. A wealthy
+knight, who has led a wicked life, repents when he grows old, and his
+confessor enjoins on him a three years' penance. The knight refuses, for
+he might die at the end of two years and lose all that amount of
+penance. He refuses in turn a penance of two years, of one year, and
+even of a month, but agrees to do penance for one night. He mounts his
+horse, takes leave of his family, and rides away to the church, which is
+at some distance. After he has ridden for a time, his daughter comes
+running after him and calls him back, for robbers have attacked the
+castle. He will not be diverted from his purpose, and tells her that
+there are servants and soldiers enough to defend the house. Then a
+servant cries out that the castle is in flames, and his own wife calls
+for help against violence. The knight calmly continues his way, leaving
+his servants to act for him, and simply saying: "I have no time for it
+now."</p>
+
+<p>Finally he enters the church and begins his penance. Here he is
+disturbed by the sexton, who bids him depart, so that he can close the
+church; a priest orders him to leave,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> as he is not worthy to hear a
+mass; at midnight twelve watchmen come and order him to go with them to
+the judge, but he will not move for any of them; at two o'clock a band
+of soldiers surround him and order him to depart, and at five o'clock a
+wild throng of people burst into the church and cry: "Let us drive him
+out!" then the church begins to burn, and the knight finds himself in
+the midst of flames, but still he moves not. At last, when the appointed
+hour comes, he leaves the church and rides home to find that none of his
+family had left the castle, but the various persons who had tried to
+divert him from his penance were emissaries of the Devil. Then the
+knight sees how great a sinner he was and declares that he will do
+penance all the rest of his life.<a name="FNanchor_27_5" id="FNanchor_27_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_5" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p>
+
+<p>Bernoni in his <i>Leggende fantastiche</i> gives nine legends, one of which
+is the story of St. Peter's mother, mentioned above. Of the remaining
+ones, several may be classed under ghost stories, and two illustrate the
+great sanctity attached by the Italian to the spiritual relationship
+contracted by godmothers and godfathers, and by groomsmen and the bride.
+It is well known that in the Romish Church a godfather or godmother
+contracts a spiritual relationship with the godson or goddaughter and
+their parents which would prevent marriage between the parties. This
+relationship the popular imagination has extended to the godfather and
+godmother, and any improper intimacy between the two is regarded as the
+most deadly sin. The first of Bernoni's legends is entitled:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXVIII. OF A GODFATHER AND A GODMOTHER OF ST. JOHN WHO MADE LOVE.</h3>
+
+<p>Here in Venice, heaven knows how many centuries ago, there was a
+gentleman and a lady, husband and wife, who were rich people. Well,
+there frequented their house a <i>compare</i> (godfather) of St. John; and it
+came to pass that he and his <i>comare</i> (godmother, <i>i. e.</i> the one who
+had been godmother to the same child to which he had been godfather),<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>
+the lady of the house, made love to each other in secret. This lady had
+a maid, and this maid knew everything. So one day this lady said to the
+maid: "Hold your tongue, and you'll see that you will be satisfied with
+me. When I come to die, you shall have an allowance of a dollar a day."
+So this maid kept always on good terms with the lady. It happened that
+the <i>compare</i> fell very ill. The lady was so desperately sorry, that her
+husband kept saying to her: "Come, will you make yourself ill too? It's
+no use fretting, for it's what we must all come to." At last the
+<i>compare</i> died. And she took it so to heart, that she fell ill in
+earnest. When her husband saw her giving way to such low spirits, he
+began to suspect that there had been something between her and the
+<i>compare</i>; but he never said a word about it to annoy her, but bore it
+like a philosopher. The maid was always by her mistress' bedside, and
+the mistress said to her: "Remember that, if I die, you must watch by me
+quite alone, for I won't have any one else." And the maid promised her
+that she would. Well, that day went by, and the next day, and the next,
+and the lady got worse and worse, until at last she died. You can fancy
+how sorry her husband was. And the maid and the other servants were very
+sorry, too, for she was a very good lady. The other servants offered to
+sit up and watch with the maid; but she said: "No; I must sit up by
+myself, for my mistress said she would have no others." And they said:
+"Very well. If you want anything, ring the bell, and we shall be ready
+to do anything you want." Then the maid had four tapers lighted, and
+placed at the foot of the bed, and she took the Office for the Dead in
+her hand and began to read it.</p>
+
+<p>Just at midnight the door of the room burst open, and she saw the figure
+of the <i>compare</i> come in. Directly she saw him she felt her blood turn
+to water. She tried to cry out, but she was so terrified that she
+couldn't make a sound. Then she got up from her chair and went to ring
+the bell; and the dead man, without saying a word (because, of course,
+dead folks can't talk), gave her a sharp blow on the hand to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> prevent
+her from ringing. And he signed her to take a taper in her hand, and
+come with him to her mistress' bed. She obeyed. When the dead man got to
+the bedside, he took the lady, and sat her up on the bed, and he began
+to put her stockings on her feet, and he dressed her from head to foot.
+When she was dressed, he pulled her out of bed, took her by the arm, and
+they both went out at the door, with the maid going before them to light
+the way. In this palace there was an underground passage&mdash;there are many
+like it in Venice&mdash;and they went down into it. When they got to a
+certain part of it, he gave a great knock to the taper that the maid had
+in her hand, and left her in the dark. The maid was so terrified that
+she fell down on the ground, all rolled up together like a ball, and
+there she lay.</p>
+
+<p>At daybreak the other servants thought they would go and see how the
+maid was getting on, as she had not called them all night. So they went
+and opened the door of the room, and saw nobody there at all, either
+living or dead. They were frightened out of their wits, and ran to their
+master, and said: "Oh, mercy on us, there's nobody left, neither the
+dead woman nor the live one! The room's quite empty." Said the master:
+"You don't say so!" Then he dressed himself as fast as he could, and
+went and looked, and found nobody. And he saw that the clothes his wife
+wore to go out in were gone too. Then he called the servants, and said
+to them: "Here, take these torches, and let us go and look in the
+underground passage." So all the people went down there with lighted
+torches; and after searching about a bit, they found the poor maid, who
+gave no sign of life. The servants took her by one arm; but it was all
+bent up stiff, and wouldn't move. And they tried the other arm, and that
+was the same, and all her body was knotted together quite stiff. Then
+they took up this ball of a woman, and carried her up-stairs, and put
+her on her bed. The master sent for the doctors, to see if they could
+bring back life to her. And by degrees she began to open her eyes and
+move her fingers. But she had had a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> stroke and couldn't speak. But by
+the movements of her fingers they could make out nearly everything she
+wanted to say. Then the master had the torches lighted again, and went
+down again into the underground passage, to see if he could find any
+trace of the dead woman. They looked and looked, but they could find
+nothing but a deep hole. And the master understood directly that that
+was where his wife and her <i>compare</i> had been swallowed up. And upon
+that he went up-stairs again; but he wouldn't stay any longer in that
+palace, nor even in Venice, and he went away to Verona. And in the
+palace he left the maid, with her dollar a day and people to take care
+of her and feed her, for to the end of her days she was bedridden and
+couldn't speak. And the master would have every one free to go and see
+that sight, that it might be a warning to all people who had the evil
+intention of not respecting the baptismal relationship.<a name="FNanchor_28_5" id="FNanchor_28_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_5" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The second of Bernoni's legends turns on the peculiar sanctity of the
+relation of a groomsman (<i>compare de l'anelo</i>) to the bride. The full
+title is: "About a <i>compare de l'anelo</i> who pressed the bride's hand
+with evil intent." It is as follows:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LIX. THE GROOMSMAN</h3>
+
+<p>You must know that we Venetians have a saying that the groomsman is the
+godfather of the first child. Well, in the parish of the Angel Raphael
+it happened that there was a young man and woman who were in love with
+each other. So they agreed to be married, and the bridegroom looked out
+for his best man. According to custom, directly he had chosen his best
+man, he took him to the bride's house, and said to her: "Look here, this
+is your groomsman." Directly the groomsman saw the bride he fell so much
+in love with her that he consented more than willingly to be the best
+man. Well, the wedding day came, and this man went into the church with
+evil thoughts in his heart. When they came out of the church they had a
+collation,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> according to custom, and then in the afternoon they had a
+gondola to go to the tavern, as people used to do on such days. First
+the bride got into the gondola, with the best man, and then the
+bridegroom and the relations. When they were getting into the boat the
+groomsman took the bride's hand to help her in, and he squeezed it, and
+squeezed it so hard that he hurt her severely.</p>
+
+<p>As time went on he saw that the bride thought nothing about him, and he
+began not to care for her, either. But by and by he began to have a sort
+of scruple of conscience about what he had done to his <i>comare</i> on the
+wedding day. And the more he thought of it, the more he felt this
+scruple. So he made up his mind to go to confession, and to tell his
+confessor what he had done, and with what evil intention. "You have
+committed a great sin, my son," said the priest; "I shall give you a
+penance,&mdash;a heavy penance. Will you do it?" "Yes, father," said he;
+"tell me what it is." The priest answered: "Listen. You must make a
+journey in the night-time to a place that I shall tell you of. But mind;
+whatever voices you hear, you must never turn back for an instant! And
+take three apples with you, and you will meet three noblemen, and you
+must give one apple to each of them." Then the priest told him the place
+he was to go to, and the groomsman left him. Well, he waited until
+night-fall, and then he took his three apples and set out. He walked and
+walked and walked, until at last he came to the place the priest had
+told him of, and he heard such a talking and murmuring, you can't think!
+One voice said one thing, and one another. These were all folks who had
+committed great sins against St. John; but he knew nothing about that.
+He heard them calling out: "Turn back! turn back!" But not he! No; he
+went straight on, without ever looking round, let them call ever so
+much. After he had gone on a while he saw the three noblemen, and he
+saluted them and gave them an apple apiece. The last of the three had
+his arm hidden under his cloak, and the <i>compare</i> saw that the gentleman
+had great difficulty in stretching his arm out to take the apple. At
+length he pulled his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> arm from under his cloak, and showed a hand
+swelled up to such a huge size that the <i>compare</i> was frightened to look
+at it. But he gave him the apple, the same as to the others, and they
+all three thanked him and went away. The <i>compare</i> returned home again,
+and went to his confessor and told him all that had happened. Then the
+priest said: "See, now, my son, you are saved. For the first of the
+three noblemen was the Lord, the second was St. Peter, and the third was
+St. John. You saw what a hand he had. Well, that was the hand you
+squeezed on the wedding day; and so, instead of squeezing the bride's
+hand, you really hurt St. John!"<a name="FNanchor_29_5" id="FNanchor_29_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_5" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The third legend is entitled: "Of two <i>compari</i> of St. John who swore by
+the name of St. John." Two <i>compari</i> who had not seen each other for
+some time met one day, and one invited the other to lunch and paid the
+bill. The other declared that he would do the same a week hence. When he
+said this they happened to be standing where two streets crossed. "Then
+we meet a week from to-day at this spot and at this hour!" "Yes." "By
+St. John, I will not fail!" "I swear by St. John that I will be here
+awaiting you!" During the week, however, the <i>compare</i> who had paid for
+the lunch died. The other did not know he was dead, and at the appointed
+time he went to the place to meet him. While there a friend passed, who
+asked: "What are you doing here?" "I am waiting for my <i>compare</i> Tony."
+"You are waiting for your <i>compare</i> Tony! Why, he has been dead three
+days! You will wait a long time!" "You say he is dead? There he is
+coming!" And, indeed, he saw him, but his friend did not. The dead man
+stopped before his <i>compare</i> and said: "You are right in being here at
+this spot, and you can thank God; otherwise, I would teach you to swear
+in the name of St. John!" Then he suddenly disappeared and his <i>compare</i>
+saw him no more, for his oath was only to be at that spot.</p>
+
+<p>The sanctity of an ordinary oath is shown in the fourth story: "Of two
+lovers who swore fidelity in life and death."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> Two young persons made
+love, unknown to the girl's parents. The youth made her swear that she
+would love him in life and death. Some time after, he was killed in a
+brawl. The girl did not know it, and the young man's ghost continued to
+visit her as usual, and she began to grow pale and thin. The father
+discovered the state of the case, and consulted the priest, who learned
+from the girl, in confession, how matters stood, and came with a black
+cat, a stole, and book, to conjure the spirit and save the girl.</p>
+
+<p>The fifth legend is entitled: "The Night of the Dead"; <i>i. e.</i> the eve
+of All Saints' Day. A servant girl, rising early one morning as she
+supposed (it was really midnight), witnesses a weird procession, which
+she unwittingly disturbs by lowering her candle and asking the last
+passer-by to light it. This he does; but when she pulls up her basket
+she finds in it, besides the lighted candle, a human arm. Her confessor
+tells her to wait a year, until the procession passes again, then hold a
+black cat tightly in her arms, and restore the arm to its owner. This
+she does, with the words: "Here, master, take your arm; I am much
+obliged to you." He took the arm angrily, and said: "You may thank God
+you have that cat in your arms; otherwise, what I am, that you would be
+also."</p>
+
+<p>The sixth legend is of an incredulous priest, who believes that where
+the dead are, there they stay. It is as follows:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXX. THE PARISH PRIEST OF SAN MARCUOLA.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a parish priest at San Marcuola, here in
+Venice, who was a very good man. He couldn't bear to see women in church
+with hats or bonnets on their heads, and he had spirit enough to go and
+make them take them off. "For," said he, "the church is the house of
+God; and what is not permitted to men ought not to be permitted to
+women." But when a woman had a shawl over her shoulders he would have
+her throw it over her head, that she might not be stared at and ogled.
+But this priest had one fault: he did not believe in ghosts; and one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>
+day he was preaching a sermon, and in this sermon he said to the people:
+"Listen, now, dearly beloved brethren. This morning, when I came into
+the church here, there comes up to me one of my flock, and she says to
+me, all in a flutter: 'Oh, Father, what a fright I have had this night!
+I was asleep in my bed, and the ghosts came and twitched away my
+coverlet!' But I answered her: 'Dear daughter, that is not possible;
+because <i>where the dead are, there they stay</i>.'" And so he declared
+before all the congregation that it was not true that the dead could
+come back and be seen and heard. In the evening the priest went to bed
+as usual, and about midnight he heard the house-bell ring loudly. The
+servant went out on to the balcony and saw a great company of people in
+the street, and she called out: "Who's there?" and they asked her if the
+Priest of San Marcuola was at home. And she said Yes; but he was in bed.
+Then they said he must come down. But the priest, when he heard about
+it, refused to go. They then began to ring the bell again and tell the
+servant to call her master; and the priest said he wouldn't go anywhere.
+Then all the doors burst open, and the whole company marched up-stairs
+into the priest's bedroom, and bade him get up and dress himself and
+come with them; and he was obliged to do what they said. When they
+reached a certain spot they set him in the midst of them, and they gave
+him so many knocks and cuffs that he didn't know which side to turn
+himself; and then they said: "This is for a remembrance of the poor
+defunct;" and upon that they all vanished away and were seen no more,
+and the poor priest went back home, bruised from head to foot. And so
+the ghosts proved plain enough that it isn't true to say: "<i>Where the
+dead are, there they stay</i>."<a name="FNanchor_30_5" id="FNanchor_30_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_5" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The story of Don Juan appears in the seventh legend, entitled:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>LXXI. THE GENTLEMAN WHO KICKED A SKULL.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a youth who did nothing but eat, drink, and amuse
+himself, because he was immensely wealthy and had nothing to think
+about. He scoffed at every one; he dishonored all the young girls; he
+played all sorts of tricks, and was tired of everything. One day he took
+it into his head to give a grand banquet; and thereupon he invited all
+his friends and many women and all his acquaintances.</p>
+
+<p>While they were preparing the banquet he took a walk, and passed through
+a street where there was a cemetery. While walking he noticed on the
+ground a skull. He gave it a kick, and then he went up to it and said to
+it in jest: "You, too, will come, will you not, to my banquet to-night?"
+Then he went his way, and returned home. At the house the banquet was
+ready and the guests had all arrived. They sat down to the table, and
+ate and drank to the sound of music, and diverted themselves joyfully.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile midnight drew near, and when the clock was on the stroke a
+ringing of bells was heard. The servants went to see who it was, and
+beheld a great ghost, who said to them: "Tell Count Robert that I am the
+one he invited this morning to his banquet." They went to their master
+and told him what the ghost had said. The master said: "I? All those
+whom I invited are here, and I have invited no one else." They said: "If
+you should see him! It is a ghost that is terrifying." Then it came into
+the young man's mind that it might be that dead man; and he said to the
+servants: "Quick! quick! close the doors and balconies, so that he
+cannot enter!" The servants went to close everything; but hardly had
+they done so when the doors and balconies were thrown wide open and the
+ghost entered. He went up where they were feasting, and said: "Robert!
+Robert! was it not enough for you to profane everything? Have you wished
+to disturb the dead, also? The end has come!" All were terrified, and
+fled here and there, some concealing themselves, and some falling on
+their knees. Then the ghost seized Robert by the throat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> and strangled
+him and carried him away with him; and thus he has left this example,
+that it is not permitted to mock the poor dead.<a name="FNanchor_31_5" id="FNanchor_31_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_5" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The ninth and last of Bernoni's legends is a story about Massariol, the
+domestic spirit of the Venetians. A man of family, whose business takes
+him out at night, finds in the street a basket containing an infant. The
+weather is very cold, so the good man carries the foundling home, and
+his wife, who already has a young child, makes the little stranger as
+comfortable as possible. He is cared for and put in the cradle by the
+side of the other child. The husband and wife have to leave the room a
+moment; when they return the foundling has disappeared. The husband asks
+in amazement: "What can it mean?" She answers: "I am sure I don't know;
+can it be Massariol?" Then he goes out on the balcony and sees at a
+distance one who seems like a man, but is not, who is clapping his hands
+and laughing and making all manner of fun of him, and then suddenly
+disappears.</p>
+
+<p>The same mischievous spirit plays many other pranks. Sometimes he cheats
+the ferrymen out of their toll; sometimes he disguises himself like the
+baker's lad, and calls at the houses to take the bread to the oven, and
+then carries it away to some square or bridge; sometimes, when the
+washing is hung out, he carries it off to some distant place, and when
+the owners have at last found their property, Massariol laughs in their
+faces and disappears. The woman who related these stories to Bernoni
+added: "Massariol has never done anything bad; he likes to laugh and
+joke and fool people. He, too, has been shut up, I don't know where, by
+the Holy Office, the same as the witches, fairies, and magicians."</p>
+
+<p>Pitr&egrave;'s collection contains little that falls under the second heading
+of this chapter. The following story, however, is interesting from its
+English parallels:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>LXXIII. SADDAEDDA.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a girl called Saddaedda, who was crazy. One
+day, when her mother had gone into the country and she was left alone in
+the house, she went into a church where the funeral service was being
+read over the body of a rich lady. The girl hid herself in the
+confessional. No one knew she was there; so, when the other people had
+gone, she was left alone with the corpse. It was dressed out in a
+rose-colored robe and everything else becoming, and it had ear-rings in
+its ears and rings on its fingers. These the girl took off, and then she
+began to undress the body. When she came to the stockings she drew off
+one easily, but at the other she had to pull so hard that at last the
+leg came off with it. Saddaedda took the leg, carried it to her lonely
+home, and locked it up in a box. At night came the dead lady and knocked
+at the door. "Who's there?" said the girl. "It is I," answered the
+corpse. "Give me back my leg and stocking!" But Saddaedda paid no heed
+to the request. Next day she prepared a feast and invited some of her
+playfellows to spend the night with her. They came, feasted, and went to
+sleep. At midnight the dead woman began to knock at the door and to
+repeat last night's request. Saddaedda took no notice of the noise but
+her companions, whom it awoke, were horrified, and as soon as they
+could, they ran away. On the third night just the same happened. On the
+fourth she could persuade only one girl to keep her company. On the
+fifth she was left entirely alone. The corpse came, forced open the
+door, strode up to Saddaedda's bed, and strangled her. Then the dead
+woman opened the box, took out her leg and stocking, and carried them
+off with her to her grave.<a name="FNanchor_32_5" id="FNanchor_32_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_5" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>This chapter would be incomplete without reference to treasure stories.
+A number of these are given by Miss Busk in her interesting collection.
+A few are found in Pitr&egrave;, only one of which needs mention here, on
+account of its parallels in other countries. It is called <i>Lu Vicerr&egrave;
+Tunnina</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> "Viceroy Tunny" (<i>tunnina</i> is the flesh of the tunny-fish).
+There was at Palermo a man who sold tunny-fish. One night he dreamed
+that some one appeared to him and said: "Do you wish to find your Fate?
+Go under the bridge <i>di li Testi</i> (of the Heads, so the people call the
+<i>Ponte dell' Ammiraglio</i>, a bridge now abandoned, constructed in 1113 by
+the Admiral Georgios Antiochenos); there you will find it." For three
+nights he dreamed the same thing. The third time, he went under the
+bridge and found a poor man all in rags. The fish-seller was frightened
+and was going away, when the man called him. It was his Fate. He said:
+"To-night, at midnight, where you have placed the barrels of fish, dig,
+and what you find is yours."</p>
+
+<p>The fish-dealer did as he was told; dug, and found a staircase, which he
+descended, and found a room full of money. The fish-dealer became
+wealthy, lent the king of Spain money, and was made viceroy and raised
+to the rank of prince and duke.<a name="FNanchor_33_5" id="FNanchor_33_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_5" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<h3>NURSERY TALES.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The tales we have thus far given, although they may count many young
+people among their auditors, are not distinctly children's stories. The
+few that follow are, and it is greatly to be regretted that their number
+is not larger. That many more exist, cannot be doubted; but collectors
+have probably overlooked this interesting class. Even Pitr&egrave; in his large
+collection gives but eleven (Nos. 130-141), and those in the other
+collections are mostly parallels to Pitr&egrave;'s.</p>
+
+<p>We will begin with those that are advantages taken of children's love
+for stories. The first is from Venice (Bernoni, Punt. II. p. 53) and is
+called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXXIV. MR. ATTENTIVE.</h3>
+
+<p>"Do you want me to tell you the story of Mr. Attentive?"</p>
+
+<p>"Tell me it."</p>
+
+<p>"But you must not say 'tell me it,' for it is</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The story of Mr. Attentive,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Which lasts a long time,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which is never explained:<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Do you wish me to tell it, or relate it?"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>"Relate it."</p>
+
+<p>"But you must not say 'relate it,' for it is</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The story of Mr. Attentive,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Which lasts a long time,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which is never explained:<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Do you wish me to tell it, or relate it?"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>"But come! tell me it."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"But you must not say," etc., etc.<a name="FNanchor_1_6" id="FNanchor_1_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_6" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The following are intended to soothe restless children, and are so short
+that they may be given entire.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXXV. THE STORY OF THE BARBER.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a barber.... Be good and I will tell it to
+you again.<a name="FNanchor_2_6" id="FNanchor_2_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_6" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The next is from the same source.</p>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a king, a pope, and a dwarf.... This king,
+this pope, and this dwarf....</p>
+
+<p>(Then the story-teller begins again).</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>But it is time to give some of the stories that are told to the good
+children. The first is from Pitr&egrave; (No. 130) and is called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXXVI. DON FIRRIULIEDDU.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a farmer who had a daughter who used to take
+his dinner to him in the fields. One day he said to her: "So that you
+may find me I will sprinkle bran along the way; you follow the bran, and
+you will come to me."</p>
+
+<p>By chance the old ogre passed that way, and seeing the bran, said: "This
+means something." So he took the bran and scattered it so that it led to
+his own house.</p>
+
+<p>When the daughter set out to take her father his dinner, she followed
+the bran until she came to the ogre's house. When the ogre saw the young
+girl, he said: "You must be my wife." Then she began to weep. When the
+father saw that his daughter did not appear, he went home in the
+evening, and began to search for her; and not finding her, he asked God
+to give him a son or a daughter.</p>
+
+<p>A year after, he had a son whom they called "<i>Don Firriulieddu</i>." When
+the child was three days old it spoke, and said: "Have you made me a
+cloak? Now give me a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> little dog and the cloak, for I must look for my
+sister." So he set out and went to seek his sister.</p>
+
+<p>After a while he came to a plain where he saw a number of men, and
+asked: "Whose cattle are these?" The herdsman replied: "They belong to
+the ogre, who fears neither God nor the saints, who fears <i>Don
+Firriulieddu</i>, who is three days old and is on the way, and gives his
+dog bread and says: 'Eat, my dog, and do not bark, for we have fine
+things to do.'"</p>
+
+<p>Afterwards he saw a flock of sheep, and asked: "Whose are these sheep?"
+and received the same answer as from the herdsman. Then he arrived at
+the ogre's house and knocked, and his sister opened the door and saw the
+child. "Who are you looking for?" she said. "I am looking for you, for I
+am your brother, and you must return to mamma."</p>
+
+<p>When the ogre heard that <i>Don Firriulieddu</i> was there, he went and hid
+himself up-stairs. <i>Don Firriulieddu</i> asked his sister: "Where is the
+ogre?" "Up-stairs." <i>Don Firriulieddu</i> said to his dog: "Go up-stairs
+and bark, and I will follow you." The dog went up and barked, and
+<i>Firriulieddu</i> followed him, and killed the ogre. Then he took his
+sister and a quantity of money, and they went home to their mother, and
+are all contented.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Certain traits in the above story, as the size of the hero and the bran
+serving to guide the girl to her father, recall somewhat faintly, it is
+true, our own "Tom Thumb." It is only recently that a Tuscan version of
+"Tom Thumb" has been found.<a name="FNanchor_3_6" id="FNanchor_3_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_6" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> It is called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXXVII. LITTLE CHICK-PEA.<a name="FNanchor_A_12" id="FNanchor_A_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_12" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a husband and wife who had no children. The
+husband was a carpenter, and when he came home from his shop he did
+nothing but scold his wife because she had no children, and the poor
+woman was constantly weeping and despairing. She was charitable, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>
+had festivals celebrated in the church; but no children. One day a woman
+knocked at her door and asked for alms; but the carpenter's wife
+answered: "I will not give you any, for I have given alms and had masses
+said, and festivals celebrated for a long time, and have no son." "Give
+me alms and you will have children." "Good! in that case I will do all
+you wish." "You must give me a whole loaf of bread, and I will give you
+something that will bring you children." "If you will, I will give you
+two loaves." "No, no! now, I want only one; you can give me the other
+when you have the children." So she gave her a loaf, and the woman said:
+"Now I will go home and give my children something to eat, and then I
+will bring you what will make you have children." "Very well."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_12" id="Footnote_A_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_12"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> <i>Cecino</i>, dim. of <i>Cece</i>, chick-pea.</p></div>
+
+<p>The woman went home, fed her children, and then took a little bag,
+filled it with chick-peas, and carried it to the carpenter's wife, and
+said: "This is a bag of peas; put them in the kneading-trough, and
+to-morrow they will be as many sons as there are peas." There were a
+hundred peas, and the carpenter's wife said: "How can a hundred peas
+become a hundred sons?" "You will see to-morrow." The carpenter's wife
+said to herself: "I had better say nothing about it to my husband,
+because if by any mischance the children should not come, he would give
+me a fine scolding."</p>
+
+<p>Her husband returned at night and began to grumble as usual; but his
+wife said not a word and went to bed repeating to herself: "To-morrow
+you will see!" The next morning the hundred peas had become a hundred
+sons. One cried: "Papa, I want to drink." Another said: "Papa, I want to
+eat." Another: "Papa, take me up." He, in the midst of all this tumult,
+took a stick and went to the trough and began to beat, and killed them
+all. One fell out (imagine how small they were!) and ran quickly into
+the bedroom and hid himself on the handle of the pitcher. After the
+carpenter had gone to his shop his wife said: "What a rascal! he has
+grumbled so long about my not having children and now he has killed them
+all!" Then the son who had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> escaped said: "Mamma, has papa gone?" She
+said: "Yes, my son. How did you manage to escape? Where are you?" "Hush!
+I am in the handle of the pitcher; tell me: has papa gone?" "Yes, yes,
+yes, come out!" Then the child who had escaped came out and his mamma
+exclaimed: "Oh! how pretty you are! How shall I call you?" The child
+answered: "Cecino." "Very well, bravo, my Cecino! Do you know, Cecino,
+you must go and carry your papa's dinner to him at the shop." "Yes, you
+must put the little basket on my head, and I will go and carry it to
+papa."</p>
+
+<p>The carpenter's wife, when it was time, put the basket on Cecino's head
+and sent him to carry her husband's dinner to him. When Cecino was near
+the shop, he began to cry: "O papa! come and meet me; I am bringing you
+your dinner."</p>
+
+<p>The carpenter said to himself: "Oh! did I kill them all, or are there
+any left?" He went to meet Cecino and said: "O my good boy! how did you
+escape my blows?" "I fell down, ran into the room, and hid myself on the
+handle of the pitcher." "Bravo, Cecino! Listen. You must go around among
+the country people and hear whether they have anything broken to mend."
+"Yes."</p>
+
+<p>So the carpenter put Cecino in his pocket, and while he went along the
+way did nothing but chatter; so that every one said he was mad, because
+they did not know that he had his son in his pocket. When he saw some
+countrymen he asked: "Have you anything to mend?" "Yes, there are some
+things about the oxen broken, but we cannot let you mend them, for you
+are mad." "What do you mean by calling me mad? I am wiser than you. Why
+do you say I am mad?" "Because you do nothing but talk to yourself on
+the road." "I was talking with my son." "And where do you keep your
+son?" "In my pocket." "That is a pretty place to keep your son." "Very
+well, I will show him to you;" and he pulls out Cecino, who was so small
+that he stood on one of his father's fingers.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, what a pretty child! you must sell him to us." "What are you
+thinking about! I sell you my son who is so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> valuable to me!" "Well,
+then, don't sell him to us." What does he do then? He takes Cecino and
+puts him on the horn of an ox and says: "Stay there, for now I am going
+to get the things to mend." "Yes, yes, don't be afraid; I will stay on
+my horn." So the carpenter went to get the things to mend.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile two thieves passed by, and seeing the oxen, one said: "See
+those two oxen there alone. Come, let us go and steal them." When they
+drew near, Cecino cried out: "Papa, look out! there are thieves here!
+they are stealing your oxen!" "Ah! where does that voice come from?" And
+they approached nearer to see; and Cecino, the nearer he saw them come,
+the more he called out: "Look out for your oxen, papa; the thieves are
+stealing them!"</p>
+
+<p>When the carpenter came the thieves said to him: "Good man, where does
+that voice come from?" "It is my son." "If he is not here, where is he?"
+"Don't you see? there he is, up on the horn of one of the oxen." When he
+showed him to them, they said: "You must sell him to us; we will give
+you as much money as you wish." "What are you thinking about! I might
+sell him to you, but who knows how much my wife would grumble about it!"
+"Do you know what you must tell her? that he died on the way."</p>
+
+<p>They tempted him so much that at last he gave him to them for two sacks
+of money. They took their Cecino, put him in one of their pockets, and
+went away. On their journey they saw the king's stable. "Let us take a
+look at the king's stable and see whether we can steal a pair of
+horses." "Very good." They said to Cecino: "Don't betray us." "Don't be
+afraid, I will not betray you."</p>
+
+<p>So they went into the stable and stole three horses, which they took
+home and put in their own stable.</p>
+
+<p>Afterwards they went and said to Cecino: "Listen. We are so tired! save
+us the trouble, go down and give the horses some oats." Cecino went to
+do so, but fell asleep on the halter and one of the horses swallowed
+him. When he did not return, the thieves said: "He must have fallen
+asleep in the stable." So they went there and looked for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> him and
+called: "Cecino, where are you?" "Inside of the black horse." Then they
+killed the black horse; but Cecino was not there. "Cecino, where are
+you?" "In the bay horse." So they killed the bay horse; but Cecino was
+not there. "Cecino, where are you?" But Cecino answered no longer. Then
+they said: "What a pity! that child who was so useful to us is lost."
+Then they dragged out into the fields the two horses that they had cut
+open.</p>
+
+<p>A famished wolf passed that way and saw the dead horses. "Now I will eat
+my fill of horse," and he ate and ate until he had finished and had
+swallowed Cecino.<a name="FNanchor_A_13" id="FNanchor_A_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_13" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> Then the wolf went off until it became hungry again
+and said: "Let us go and eat a goat."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_13" id="Footnote_A_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_13"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> It appears from this that Cecino had been in one of the
+horses all the time, but the thieves had not seen him because he was so
+small.</p></div>
+
+<p>When Cecino heard the wolf talk about eating a goat, he cried out:
+"Goat-herd, the wolf is coming to eat your goats!"</p>
+
+<p>[The wolf supposes that it has swallowed some wind that forms these
+words, hits itself against a stone, and after several trials gets rid of
+the wind and Cecino, who hides himself under a stone, so that he shall
+not be seen.]</p>
+
+<p>Three robbers passed that way with a bag of money. One of them said:
+"Now I will count the money, and you others be quiet or I will kill
+you!" You can imagine whether they kept still! for they did not want to
+die. So he began to count: "One, two, three, four, and five." And
+Cecino: "One, two, three, four, and five." (Do you understand? he
+repeats the robber's words.) "I hear you! you will not keep still. Well,
+I will kill you; we shall see whether you will speak again." He began to
+count the money again: "One, two, three, four, and five." Cecino
+repeats: "One, two, three, four, and five." "Then you will not keep
+quiet! now I will kill you!" and he killed one of them. "Now we shall
+see whether you will talk; if you do I will kill you too." He began to
+count: "One, two, three, four, and five." Cecino repeats: "One, two,
+three, four, and five." "Take care, if I have to tell you again I will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>
+kill you!" "Do you think I want to speak? I don't wish to be killed." He
+begins to count: "One, two, three, four, and five." Cecino repeats:
+"One, two, three, four, and five." "You will not keep quiet either; now
+I will kill you!" and he killed him. "Now I am alone and can count by
+myself and no one will repeat it." So he began again to count: "One,
+two, three, four, and five." And Cecino: "One, two, three, four, and
+five." Then the robber said: "There is some one hidden here; I had
+better run away or he will kill me." So he ran away and left behind the
+sack of money.</p>
+
+<p>When Cecino perceived that there was no one there, he came out, put the
+bag of money on his head, and started for home. When he drew near his
+parents' house he cried: "Oh, mamma, come and meet me; I have brought
+you a bag of money!"</p>
+
+<p>When his mother heard him she went to meet him and took the money and
+said: "Take care you don't drown yourself in these puddles of
+rain-water." The mother went home, and turned back to look for Cecino,
+but he was not to be seen. She told her husband what Cecino had done,
+and they went and searched everywhere for him, and at last found him
+drowned in a puddle.<a name="FNanchor_4_6" id="FNanchor_4_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_6" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The next story is one that has always enjoyed great popularity over the
+whole of Europe, and is a most interesting example of the diffusion of
+nursery tales. It is also interesting from the attempt to show that it
+is of comparatively late date, and has been borrowed from a people not
+of European extraction.<a name="FNanchor_5_6" id="FNanchor_5_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_6" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> The story belongs to the class of what may be
+called "accumulative" stories, of which "The House that Jack built" is a
+good example. It is a version of the story so well known in English of
+the old woman who found a little crooked sixpence, and went to market
+and bought a little pig. As she was coming home the pig would not go
+over the stile. The old woman calls on a dog to bite pig, but the dog
+will not. Then she calls in turn on a stick, fire, water, ox, butcher,
+rope, rat, and cat. They all refuse to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> help her except the cat, which
+promises help in exchange for a saucer of milk. "So away went the old
+woman to the cow. But the cow said to her: 'If you will go to yonder
+hay-stack and fetch me a handful of hay, I'll give you the milk.' So
+away went the old woman to the hay-stack; and she brought the hay to the
+cow. As soon as the cow had eaten the hay, she gave the old woman the
+milk; and away she went with it in a saucer to the cat.</p>
+
+<p>"As soon as the cat had lapped up the milk, the cat began to kill the
+rat; the rat to gnaw the rope; the rope began to hang the butcher; the
+butcher began to kill the ox; the ox began to drink the water; the water
+began to quench the fire; the fire began to burn the stick; the stick
+began to beat the dog; the dog began to bite the pig; the little pig in
+a fright jumped over the stile, and so the old woman got home that
+night."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Italian versions may be divided into two classes: first, where the
+animals and inanimate objects are invoked to punish some human being;
+second, where all the actors are animals. The first version of the first
+class that we shall give is from Sicily, Pitr&egrave;, No. 131, and is called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXXVIII. PITIDDA.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a mother who had a daughter named Pitidda.
+She said to her: "Go sweep the house." "Give me some bread first." "I
+cannot," she answered. When her mother saw that she would not sweep the
+house, she called the wolf. "Wolf, go kill Pitidda, for Pitidda will not
+sweep the house." "I can't," said the wolf. "Dog, go kill the wolf,"
+said the mother, "for the wolf will not kill Pitidda, for Pitidda will
+not sweep the house." "I can't," said the dog. "Stick, go kill the dog,
+for the dog will not kill the wolf, for the wolf won't kill Pitidda, for
+Pitidda won't sweep the house." "I can't," said the stick. "Fire, burn
+stick, for stick won't kill dog, for dog won't kill wolf, for wolf won't
+kill Pitidda, for Pitidda won't sweep the house." "I can't," said the
+fire. "Water, quench fire, for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> fire won't burn stick, for stick won't
+kill dog, for dog won't kill wolf, for wolf won't kill Pitidda, for
+Pitidda won't sweep the house." "I can't." "Cow, go drink water, for
+water won't quench fire, for fire won't burn stick, for stick won't kill
+dog, for dog won't kill wolf, for wolf won't kill Pitidda, for Pitidda
+won't sweep the house." "I can't," said the cow. "Rope, go choke cow,"
+etc.</p>
+
+<p>[Then the mother calls on the mouse to gnaw the rope, the cat to eat the
+mouse, and the story ends.]</p>
+
+<p>The cat runs and begins to eat the mouse, the mouse runs and begins to
+gnaw the rope, the rope to choke the cow, the cow to drink the water,
+the water to quench the fire, the fire to burn the stick, the stick to
+kill the dog, the dog to kill the wolf, the wolf to kill Pitidda,
+Pitidda to sweep the house, and her mother runs and gives her some
+bread.<a name="FNanchor_7_6" id="FNanchor_7_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_6" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Italian story, it will be seen, has a moral. The animals, etc., are
+invoked to punish a disobedient child. In the Neapolitan version a
+mother sends her son to gather some fodder for the cattle. He does not
+wish to go until he has had some macaroni that his mother has just
+cooked. She promises to keep him some, and he departs. While he is gone
+the mother eats up all the macaroni, except a small bit. When her son
+returns, and sees how little is left for him, he begins to cry and
+refuses to eat; and his mother calls on stick, fire, water, ox, rope,
+mouse, and cat to make her son obey, and eat the macaroni.<a name="FNanchor_8_6" id="FNanchor_8_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_6" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> The
+disobedient son is also found in two Tuscan versions, one from Siena,
+and one from Florence, which are almost identical.<a name="FNanchor_9_6" id="FNanchor_9_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_6" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the Venetian version, a naughty boy will not go to school, and his
+mother invokes dog, stick, fire, water, ox, butcher, and soldier.<a name="FNanchor_10_6" id="FNanchor_10_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_6" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Sicilian story of "The Sexton's Nose" (Pitr&egrave;, No. 135) will serve as
+the connecting link between the two classes above mentioned. Properly
+speaking, only the second part of it belongs here; but we will give a
+brief analysis of the first also.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>LXXIX. THE SEXTON'S NOSE.</h3>
+
+<p>A sexton, one day in sweeping the church, found a piece of money (it was
+the fifth of a cent) and deliberated with himself as to what he would
+buy with it. If he bought nuts or almonds, he was afraid of the mice; so
+at last he bought some roasted peas, and ate all but the last pea. This
+he took to a bakery near by, and asked the mistress to keep it for him;
+she told him to leave it on a bench, and she would take care of it. When
+she went to get it, she found that the cock had eaten it. The next day
+the sexton came for the roast pea, and when he heard what had become of
+it, he said they must either return the roast pea or give him the cock.
+This they did, and the sexton, not having any place to keep it, took it
+to a miller's wife, who promised to keep it for him. Now she had a pig,
+which managed to kill the cock. The next day the sexton came for the
+cock, and on finding it dead, demanded the pig, and the woman had to
+give it to him. The pig he left with a friend of his, a pastry-cook,
+whose daughter was to be married the next day. The woman was mean and
+sly, and killed the pig for her daughter's wedding, meaning to tell the
+sexton that the pig had run away. The sexton, however, when he heard it,
+made a great fuss, and declared that she must give him back his pig or
+her daughter. At last she had to give him her daughter, whom he put in a
+bag and carried away. He took the bag to a woman who kept a shop, and
+asked her to keep for him this bag, which he said contained bran. The
+woman by chance kept chickens, and she thought she would take some of
+the sexton's bran and feed them. When she opened the bag she found the
+young girl, who told her how she came there. The woman took her out of
+the sack, and put in her stead a dog. The next day the sexton came for
+his bag, and putting it on his shoulder, started for the sea-shore,
+intending to throw the young girl in the sea. When he reached the shore,
+he opened the bag, and the furious dog flew out and bit his nose. The
+sexton was in great agony, and cried out, while the blood ran down his
+face in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> torrents: "Dog, dog, give me a hair to put in my nose, and heal
+the bite."<a name="FNanchor_A_14" id="FNanchor_A_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_14" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> The dog answered: "Do you want a hair? give me some
+bread." The sexton ran to a bakery, and said to the baker: "Baker, give
+me some bread to give the dog; the dog will give a hair; the hair I will
+put in my nose, and cure the bite." The baker said: "Do you want bread?
+give me some wood." The sexton ran to the woodman. "Woodman, give me
+wood to give the baker; the baker will give me bread; the bread I will
+give to the dog; the dog will give me a hair; the hair I will put in my
+nose, and heal the bite." The woodman said: "Do you want wood? give me a
+mattock." The sexton ran to a smith. "Smith, give me a mattock to give
+the woodman; the woodman will give me wood; I will carry the wood to the
+baker; the baker will give me bread; I will give the bread to the dog;
+the dog will give me a hair; the hair I will put in my nose, and heal
+the bite." The smith said: "Do you want a mattock? give me some coals."
+The sexton ran to the collier. "Collier, give me some coals to give the
+smith; the smith will give me a mattock; the mattock I will give the
+woodman; the woodman will give me some wood; the wood I will give the
+baker; the baker will give me bread; the bread I will give the dog; the
+dog will give me a hair; the hair I will put in my nose, and heal the
+bite." "Do you want coals? give me a cart." The sexton ran to the
+wagon-maker. "Wagon-maker, give me a cart to give the collier; the
+collier will give me some coals; the coals I will carry to the smith;
+the smith will give me a mattock; the mattock I will give the woodman;
+the woodman will give me some wood; the wood I will give the baker; the
+baker will give me bread; the bread I will give to the dog; the dog will
+give me a hair; the hair I will put in my nose, and heal the bite."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_14" id="Footnote_A_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_14"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> As with us the hair of a dog is supposed to heal the bite
+the same dog has inflicted.</p></div>
+
+<p>The wagon-maker, seeing the sexton's great lamentation, is moved to
+compassion, and gives him the cart. The sexton, well pleased, takes the
+cart and goes away to the collier;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> the collier gives him the coals; the
+coals he takes to the smith; the smith gives him the mattock; the
+mattock he takes to the woodman; the woodman gives him wood; the wood he
+carries to the baker; the baker gives him bread; the bread he carries to
+the dog; the dog gives him a hair; the hair he puts in his nose, and
+heals the bite.<a name="FNanchor_11_6" id="FNanchor_11_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_6" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The second class contains the versions in which all the actors are
+animals or personified inanimate objects. The first example we shall
+give is from Avellino in the Principato Ulteriore (Imbriani, p. 239),
+and is called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXXX. THE COCK AND THE MOUSE.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a cock and a mouse. One day the mouse said to
+the cock: "Friend Cock, shall we go and eat some nuts on yonder tree?"
+"As you like." So they both went under the tree and the mouse climbed up
+at once and began to eat. The poor cock began to fly, and flew and flew,
+but could not come where the mouse was. When it saw that there was no
+hope of getting there, it said: "Friend Mouse, do you know what I want
+you to do? Throw me a nut." The mouse went and threw one and hit the
+cock on the head. The poor cock, with its head broken and all covered
+with blood, went away to an old woman. "Old aunt, give me some rags to
+cure my head." "If you will give me two hairs, I will give you the
+rags." The cock went away to a dog. "Dog, give me some hairs; the hairs
+I will give the old woman; the old woman will give me rags to cure my
+head." "If you will give me a little bread," said the dog, "I will give
+you the hairs." The cock went away to a baker. "Baker, give me bread; I
+will give the bread to the dog; the dog will give hairs; the hairs I
+will carry to the old woman; the old woman will give me rags to cure my
+head." The baker answered: "I will not give you bread unless you give me
+some wood!" The cock went away to the forest. "Forest, give me some
+wood; the wood I will carry to the baker;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> the baker will give me some
+bread; the bread I will give to the dog; the dog will give me hairs; the
+hairs I will carry to the old woman; the old woman will give me rags to
+cure my head." The forest answered: "If you will bring me a little
+water, I will give you some wood." The cock went away to a fountain.
+"Fountain, give me water; water I will carry to the forest; forest will
+give wood; wood I will carry to the baker; baker will give bread; bread
+I will give dog; dog will give hairs; hairs I will give old woman; old
+woman will give rags to cure my head." The fountain gave him water; the
+water he carried to the forest; the forest gave him wood; the wood he
+carried to the baker; the baker gave him bread; the bread he gave to the
+dog; the dog gave him the hairs; the hairs he carried to the old woman;
+the old woman gave him the rags; and the cock cured his head.<a name="FNanchor_12_6" id="FNanchor_12_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_6" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>There are other versions from Florence (<i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 551), Bologna
+(Coronedi-Berti, X. p. 16), and Venice (Bernoni, Punt. III. p. 74),
+which do not call for any detailed notice. In the Florentine version a
+cock gives a peck at a mouse's head and the mouse cries out: "Where must
+I go to be cured?" Then follow the various objects which are almost
+identical with those in the other versions. The mouse, however, is
+killed by the ox, to which he goes last. The Venetian version is the
+most elaborate; in it the cock and mouse go nutting together, and while
+the former flies up into the tree and throws the nuts down, the mouse
+eats them all up. When the cock comes down he flies into a passion and
+gives the mouse a peck at his head. The mouse runs off in terror, and
+the rest of the story is as above until the end. The last person the
+mouse calls on is a cooper, to make him a bucket to give to the well, to
+get water, etc. The cooper asks for money, which the mouse finds after a
+while. He gives the money to the cooper and says: "Take and count it;
+meanwhile I am going to drink, for I am dying of thirst." As he is going
+to drink he sees Friend Cock coming along. "Ah, poor me," says he to
+himself,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> "I am a dead mouse!" The cock sees him and goes to meet him
+and says: "Good day, friend, are you still afraid of me? Come, let us
+make peace!" The mouse then takes heart and says: "Oh, yes, yes! let us
+make peace!"</p>
+
+<p>So they made peace, and Friend Mouse said to Friend Cock: "Now that you
+are here you must do me the favor to hold me by the tail while I hang
+over the ditch to drink, and when I say <i>slapo, slapo</i>, pull me back."
+The cock said: "I will do as you wish."</p>
+
+<p>Then the mouse went to the ditch and Friend Cock held him by the tail.
+After the mouse had drunk his fill, he said: "Friend, <i>slapo, slapo</i>!"
+The cock answered: "Friend, and I let you go by the tail!" And in truth
+he did let go his tail, and the poor mouse went to the bottom and was
+never seen or heard of more.<a name="FNanchor_13_6" id="FNanchor_13_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_6" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p>The following story from Sicily (Pitr&egrave;, No. 132) belongs also to a class
+of tales very popular and having only animals for its actors. It is
+called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXXXI. GODMOTHER FOX.<a name="FNanchor_A_15" id="FNanchor_A_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_15" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was Godmother Fox and Godmother Goat.<a name="FNanchor_B_16" id="FNanchor_B_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_16" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> The
+former had a little bit of a house adorned with little chairs, cups, and
+dishes; in short, it was well furnished. One day Godmother Goat went out
+and carried away the little house. Godmother Fox began to lament, when
+along came a dog, barking, that said to her: "What are you crying
+about?" She answered: "Godmother Goat has carried off my house!" "Be
+quiet. I will make her give it back to you." So the dog went and said to
+Godmother Goat: "Give the house back to Godmother Fox." The goat
+answered: "I am Godmother Goat. I have a sword at my side, and with my
+horns I will tear you in pieces." When the dog heard that, he went away.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_15" id="Footnote_A_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_15"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> <i>Cummari Vurpidda</i> (diminutive of Fox).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_16" id="Footnote_B_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_16"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> <i>Cummari Crapazza</i> (diminutive of Goat).</p></div>
+
+<p>Then a sheep passed by and said to the little fox: "What<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> are you crying
+about?" and she told her the same thing. Then the sheep went to
+Godmother Goat and began to reprove her. The goat made the same answer
+she had made the dog, and the sheep went away in fright.</p>
+
+<p>In short, all sorts of animals went to the goat, with the same result.
+Among others the mouse went and said to the little fox: "What are you
+crying about?" "Godmother Goat has carried off my house." "Be still. I
+will make her give it back to you." So the mouse went and said to
+Godmother Goat: "Give Godmother Fox her house back right away." The goat
+answered: "I am Godmother Goat. I have a sword at my side, and with my
+fist and with my horns I will smash you!" The mouse answered at once: "I
+am Godfather Mouse. By my side I have a spit. I will heat it in the fire
+and stick it in your tail."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The inference of course is that Godmother Goat gave back the house. The
+story does not say so, but ends with the usual formula:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Story told, story written,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tell me yours, for mine is said.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Pitr&egrave; (No. 133) gives another version in which a goat gets under a nun's
+bed and she calls on her neighbors, a dog, pig, and cricket, to put the
+goat out. The cricket alone succeeds, with a threat similar to that in
+the last story.</p>
+
+<p>In the Neapolitan version (Imbriani, <i>Dodici Conti Pomiglianesi</i>, p.
+273) an old woman, in sweeping the church, found a piece of money and,
+like the sexton in the story of "The Sexton's Nose," did not know what
+to buy with it. At last she bought some flour and made a hasty-pudding
+of it. She left it on the table and went again to church, but forgot to
+close the window. While she was gone a herd of goats came along, and one
+smelled the pudding, climbed in at the window, and ate it up. When the
+old woman came back and tried to open the door, she could not, for the
+goat was behind it. Then she began to weep and various animals came
+along and tried to enter the house. The goat answered them all: "I am
+the goat, with three horns on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> my head and three in my belly, and if you
+don't run away I will eat you up." The mouse at last replied: "I am
+Godfather Mouse, with the halter, and if you don't run away, I will tear
+your eyes out." The goat ran away and the old woman went in with
+Godfather Mouse, whom she married, and they both lived there together.</p>
+
+<p>The Florentine version (<i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 556) is called "The Iron Goat."
+In it a widow goes out to wash and leaves her son at home, with orders
+not to leave the door open so that the Iron Goat, with the iron mouth
+and the sword tongue, can enter. The boy after a time wanted to go after
+his mother, and when he had gone half way he remembered that he had left
+the door open and went back. When he was going to enter he saw there the
+Iron Goat. "Who is there?" "It is I; I am the Iron Goat, with the iron
+mouth and the sword tongue. If you enter I will slice you like a
+turnip." The poor boy sat down on the steps and wept. A little old woman
+passed by and asked the cause of his tears; he told her and she said she
+would send the goat away for three bushels of grain. The old woman
+tried, with the usual result, and finally said to the boy: "Listen, my
+child. I don't care for those three bushels of grain; but I really
+cannot send the goat away." Then an old man tried his luck, with no
+better success. At last a little bird came by and promised for three
+bushels of millet to drive the goat away. When the goat made its usual
+declaration, the little bird replied: "And I with my beak will peck your
+brains out." The goat was frightened and ran away, and the boy had to
+pay the little bird three bushels of millet.<a name="FNanchor_14_6" id="FNanchor_14_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_6" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<p>The next story affords, like "Pitidda," a curious example of the
+diffusion of nursery tales.</p>
+
+<p>Our readers will remember the Grimm story of "The Spider and the Flea."
+A spider and a flea dwelt together in one house and brewed their beer in
+an egg-shell. One day, when the spider was stirring it up, she fell in
+and scalded herself. Thereupon the flea began to scream. And then the
+door asked: "Why are you screaming, flea?" "Because Little Spider has
+scalded herself in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> beer-tub," replied she. Thereupon the door began
+to creak as if it were in pain, and a broom, which stood in the corner,
+asked: "What are you creaking for, door?"</p>
+
+<p>"May I not creak?" it replied.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The little spider scalded herself,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the flea weeps."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>So a broom sweeps, a little cart runs, ashes burn furiously, a tree
+shakes off its leaves, a maiden breaks her pitcher, and a streamlet
+begins to flow until it swallows up the little girl, the little tree,
+the ashes, the cart, the broom, the door, the flea, and, last of all,
+the spider, all together.<a name="FNanchor_15_6" id="FNanchor_15_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_6" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+
+<p>The first Italian version of this story which we shall mention is from
+Sicily (Pitr&egrave;, No. 134), and is called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXXXII. THE CAT AND THE MOUSE.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a cat that wanted to get married. So she
+stood on a corner, and every one who passed by said: "Little Cat, what's
+the matter?" "What's the matter? I want to marry." A dog passed by and
+said: "Do you want me?" "When I see how you can sing." The dog said:
+"Bow, wow!" "Fy! What horrid singing! I don't want you." A pig passed.
+"Do you want me, Little Cat?" "When I see how you sing." "Uh! uh!" "Fy!
+You are horrid! Go away! I don't want you." A calf passed and said:
+"Little Cat, will you take me?" "When I see how you sing." "Uhm!" "Go
+away, for you are horrid! What do you want of me?" A mouse passed by:
+"Little Cat, what are you doing?" "I am going to get married." "Will you
+take me?" "And how can you sing?" "Ziu, ziu!" The cat accepted him, and
+said: "Let us go and be married, for you please me." So they were
+married.</p>
+
+<p>One day the cat went to buy some pastry, and left the mouse at home.
+"Don't stir out, for I am going to buy some pastry." The mouse went into
+the kitchen, saw the pot on the fire, and crept into it, for he wanted
+to eat the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> beans. But he did not; for the pot began to boil, and the
+mouse stayed there. The cat came back and began to cry; but the mouse
+did not appear. So the cat put the pastry in the pot for dinner. When it
+was ready the cat ate, and put some on a plate for the mouse, also. When
+she took out the pastry she saw the mouse stuck fast in it. "Ah! my
+little mouse! ah! my little mouse!" so she went and sat behind the door,
+lamenting the mouse.</p>
+
+<p>"What is the matter," said the door, "that you are scratching yourself
+so and tearing out your hair?"</p>
+
+<p>The cat said: "What is the matter? My mouse is dead, and so I tear my
+hair."</p>
+
+<p>The door answered: "And I, as door, will slam."</p>
+
+<p>In the door was a window, which said: "What's the matter, door, that you
+are slamming?"</p>
+
+<p>"The mouse died, the cat is tearing her hair, and I am slamming."</p>
+
+<p>The window answered: "And I, as window, will open and shut."</p>
+
+<p>In the window was a tree, that said: "Window, why do you open and shut?"
+The window answered: "The mouse died, the cat tears her hair, the door
+slams, and I open and shut." The tree answered and said: "And I, as
+tree, will throw myself down."</p>
+
+<p>A bird happened to alight in this tree, and said: "Tree, why did you
+throw yourself down?" The tree replied: "The mouse died, the cat tears
+her hair, the door slams, the window opens and shuts, and I, as tree,
+threw myself down." "And I, as bird, will pull out my feathers." The
+bird went and alighted on a fountain, which said: "Bird, why are you
+plucking out your feathers so?" The bird answered as the others had
+done, and the fountain said: "And I, as fountain, will dry up." A cuckoo
+went to drink at the fountain, and asked: "Fountain, why have you dried
+up?" And the fountain told him all that had happened. "And I, as cuckoo,
+will put my tail in the fire." A monk of St. Nicholas passed by, and
+said: "Cuckoo, why is your tail in the fire?" When the monk heard the
+answer he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> said: "And I, as monk of St. Nicholas, will go and say mass
+without my robes." Then came the queen, who, when she heard what the
+matter was, said: "And I, as queen, will go and sift the meal." At last
+the king came by, and asked: "O Queen! why are you sifting the meal?"
+When the queen had told him everything, he said: "And I, as king, am
+going to take my coffee."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>And thus the story abruptly ends. In one of Pitr&egrave;'s variants a sausage
+takes the place of the mouse; in another, a tortoise.</p>
+
+<p>In the version from Pomigliano d'Arco (Imbriani, p. 244), an old woman,
+who finds a coin in sweeping a church, hesitates in regard to what she
+will spend it for, as in the stories above mentioned. She finally
+concludes to buy some paint for her face. After she has put it on, she
+stations herself at the window. A donkey passes, and asks what she
+wants. She answers that she wishes to marry. "Will you take me?" asks
+the donkey. "Let me hear what kind of a voice you have." "<i>Ing&ograve;! Ing&ograve;!
+Ing&ograve;!</i>" "Away! away! you would frighten me in the night!" Then a goat
+comes along, with the same result. Then follows a cat, and all the
+animals in the world; but none pleases the old woman. At last a little
+mouse passes by, and says: "Old Aunt, what are you doing there?" "I want
+to marry." "Will you take me?" "Let me hear your voice." "<i>Zivuz&igrave;!
+zivuz&igrave;! zivuz&igrave;! zivuz&igrave;!</i>" "Come up, for you please me." So the mouse
+went up to the old woman, and stayed with her. One day the old woman
+went to mass, and left the pot near the fire and told the mouse to be
+careful not to fall in it. When she came home she could not find the
+mouse anywhere. At last she went to take the soup from the pot, and
+there she found the mouse dead. She began to lament, and the ashes on
+the hearth began to scatter, and the window asked what was the matter.
+The ashes answered: "Ah! you know nothing. Friend Mouse is in the pot;
+the old woman is weeping, weeping; and I, the ashes, have wished to
+scatter." Then the window opens<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> and shuts, the stairs fall down, the
+bird plucks out its feathers, the laurel shakes off its leaves, the
+servant girl who goes to the well breaks her pitcher, the mistress who
+was making bread throws the flour over the balcony, and finally the
+master comes home, and after he hears the story, exclaims: "And I, who
+am master, will break the bones of both of you!" And therewith he takes
+a stick and gives the servant and her mistress a sound beating.<a name="FNanchor_16_6" id="FNanchor_16_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_6" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p>
+
+<p>There is a curious class of versions of the above story, in which the
+principal actors are a mouse and a sausage, reminding one of the Grimm
+story of "The Little Mouse, the Little Bird, and the Sausage." In the
+Venetian version (Bernoni, Punt. III. p. 81), the beginning is as
+follows: Once upon a time there was a mouse and a sausage, and one day
+the mouse said to the sausage: "I am going to mass; meanwhile get ready
+the dinner." "Yes, yes," answered the sausage. Then the mouse went to
+mass, and when he returned he found everything ready. The next day the
+sausage went to mass and the mouse prepared the dinner. He put on the
+pot, threw in the rice, and then went to taste if it was well salted.
+But he fell in and died. The sausage returned home, knocked at the
+door,&mdash;for there was no bell,&mdash;and no one answered. She called: "Mouse!
+mouse!" But he does not answer. Then the sausage went to a smith and had
+the door broken in, and called again: "Mouse, where are you?" And the
+mouse did not answer. "Now I will pour out the rice, and meanwhile he
+will come." So she went and poured out the rice, and found the mouse
+dead in the pot. "Ah! poor mouse! Oh! my mouse! What shall I do now? Oh!
+poor me!" And she began to utter a loud lamentation. Then the table
+began to go around the room, the sideboard to throw down the plates, the
+door to lock and unlock itself, the fountain to dry up, the mistress to
+drag herself along the ground, and the master threw himself from the
+balcony and broke his neck. "And all this arose from the death of this
+mouse."</p>
+
+<p>The version from the Marches (Gianandrea, p. 11) resembles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> the above
+very closely; the conclusion is as follows: "The mouse, the master of
+this castle, is dead; the sausage weeps, the broom sweeps, the door
+opens and shuts, the cart runs, the tree throws off its leaves, the bird
+plucks out its feathers, the servant breaks her pitcher," etc.</p>
+
+<p>The version from Milan (<i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 552) resembles the one from
+Venice. Instead of the mouse and the sausage we have the big mouse and
+the little mouse. In the version from Leghorn (Papanti, p. 19) called
+"Vezzino and Lady Sausage,"<a name="FNanchor_A_17" id="FNanchor_A_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_17" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> the actors are Lady Sausage and her son
+Vezzino, who falls into the pot on the fire while his mother is at mass.
+The rest of the story does not differ materially from the above
+versions.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_17" id="Footnote_A_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_17"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> <i>Vezzino e Madonna Salciccia. Vezzino</i> is the dim. of
+<i>vezzo</i>, delight, pastime.</p></div>
+
+<p>In the Grimm story of the "Golden Goose," the goose has the power of
+causing anything that touches it to stick fast. This same idea is
+reproduced in several Italian stories. The best is from Venice (Bernoni,
+<i>Fiabe</i>, p. 21) and is called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXXXIII. A FEAST DAY.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a husband and wife; the husband was a
+boatman. One feast day the boatman took it into his head to buy a fowl,
+which he carried home and said: "See here, wife, to-day is a feast day;
+I want a good dinner; cook it well, for my friend Tony is coming to dine
+with us and has said that he would bring a tart." "Very well," she said,
+"I will prepare the fowl at once." So she cleaned it, washed it, put it
+on the fire, and said: "While it is boiling I will go and hear a mass."
+She shut the kitchen door and left the dog and the cat inside. Scarcely
+had she closed the door when the dog went to the hearth and perceived
+that there was a good odor there and said: "Oh, what a good smell!" He
+called the cat, also, and said: "Cat, you come here, too; smell what a
+good odor there is! see if you can push off the cover with your paws."
+The cat went and scratched and scratched and down went<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> the cover.
+"Now," said the dog, "see if you can catch it with your claws." Then the
+cat seized the fowl and dragged it to the middle of the kitchen. The dog
+said: "Shall we eat half of it?" The cat said: "Let us eat it all." So
+they ate it all and stuffed themselves like pigs. When they had eaten it
+they said: "Alas for us! What shall we do when the mistress comes home?
+She will surely beat us both." So they both ran all over the house, here
+and there, but could find no place in which to hide. They were going to
+hide under the bed. "No," they said, "for she will see us." They were
+going under the sofa; but that would not do, for she would see them
+there. Finally the cat looked up and saw under the beams a cobweb. He
+gave a leap and jumped into it. The dog looked at him and said: "Run
+away! you are mad! you can be seen, for your tail sticks out! come down,
+come down!" "I cannot, I cannot, for I am stuck fast!" "Wait, I will
+come and pull you out." He gave a spring to catch him by the tail and
+pull him down. Instead of that he, too, stuck fast to the cat's tail. He
+made every effort to loosen himself, but he could not and there he had
+to stay.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the mistress does not wait until the priest finishes the mass,
+but runs quickly home. She runs and opens the door and is going to skim
+the pot, when she discovers that the fowl is no longer there, and in the
+middle of the kitchen she sees the bones all gnawed. "Ah, poor me! the
+cat and the dog have eaten the fowl. Now I will give them both a
+beating." So she takes a stick and then goes to find them. She looks
+here, she looks there, but does not find them anywhere. In despair she
+comes back to the kitchen, but does not find them there. "Where the
+deuce have they hidden?" Just then she raises her eyes and sees them
+both stuck fast under the beams. "Ah, are you there? now just wait!" and
+she climbs on a table and is going to pull them down, when she sticks
+fast to the dog's tail. She tries to free herself, but cannot.</p>
+
+<p>Her husband knocked at the door. "Here, open!" "I cannot, I am fast."
+"Loosen yourself and open the door!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> where the deuce are you fastened?"
+"I cannot, I tell you." "Open! it is noon." "I cannot, for I am fast."
+"But where are you fast?" "To the dog's tail." "I will give you the
+dog's tail, you silly woman!" He gave the door two or three kicks, broke
+it in, went into the kitchen, and saw cat, dog, and mistress all fast.
+"Ah, you are all fast, are you? just wait, I will loosen you." He went
+to loosen them, but stuck fast himself. Friend Tony comes and knocks.
+"Friend? Open! I have the tart here." "I cannot; my friend, I am fast!"
+"Bad luck to you! Are you fast at this time? You knew I was coming and
+got fast? Come, loosen yourself and open the door!" He said again: "I
+cannot come and open, for I am fast." Finally the friend became angry,
+kicked in the door, went into the kitchen, and saw all those souls stuck
+fast and laughed heartily. "Just wait, for I will loosen you now." So he
+gave a great pull, the cat's tail was loosened, the cat fell into the
+dog's mouth, the dog into his mistress' mouth, the mistress into her
+husband's, her husband into his friend's, and his friend into the mouth
+of the blockheads who are listening to me.<a name="FNanchor_17_6" id="FNanchor_17_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_6" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The following nonsense story from Venice (Bernoni, Punt. I. p. 18) will
+give a good idea of a class that is not very well represented in Italy.
+It is called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXXXIV. THE THREE BROTHERS.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there were three brothers: two had no clothes and one
+no shirt. The weather was very bad and they make up their minds to go
+shooting. So they took down three guns,&mdash;two were broken and one had no
+barrel,&mdash;and walked and walked until they came at last to a meadow,
+where they saw a hare. They began to fire at it, but could not catch it.
+"What shall we do?" said one of them. They remembered that near by a
+godmother of theirs lived; so they went and knocked at her door and
+asked her to lend them a pot to cook the hare they had not caught. The
+godmother was not at home, but nevertheless<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> she answered: "My children,
+go in the kitchen and there you will find three pots, two broken and one
+with no bottom; take whichever you wish." "Thanks, Godmother!" They went
+into the kitchen and chose the one without a bottom and put the hare in
+it to cook. While the hare was cooking, one said: "Let us ask our
+godmother whether she has anything in her garden." So they asked her and
+she said: "Yes, yes, my children, I have three walnut-trees; two are
+dead and one has never borne any nuts; knock off as many as you wish."
+One went and shook the tree that had never borne nuts, and a little nut
+fell on his hat and broke his heel. Thereupon they picked up the nuts
+and went to get the hare, which meanwhile was cooked, and said: "What
+shall we do with so much stuff?" So they went to a village where there
+were many ill, and they put up a notice in the street that whoever
+wished might, at such and such a place, get broth given him in charity.
+Every one went to get some, and they took it in the salad-basket, and it
+was given to them with a skimmer. One who did not belong to the village,
+drank so much of this broth that he was at the point of death. Then they
+sent for three physicians: one was blind, one deaf, and one dumb. The
+blind man went in and said: "Let me look at your tongue." The deaf man
+asked: "How are you?" The dumb said: "Give me some paper, pen and ink."
+They gave them to him and he said:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Go to the apothecary,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For he knows the business;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Buy two cents' worth of I know not what,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Put it wherever you wish.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He will get well I know not when,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I will leave and commend him to you."<a name="FNanchor_18_6" id="FNanchor_18_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_6" class="fnanchor">[18]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>One of the most popular of Italian tales, as the collector tells us, is
+one of which we give the version from Leghorn (Papanti, p. 25). It is
+called:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>LXXXV. BUCHETTINO.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a child whose name was Buchettino. One
+morning his mamma called him and said: "Buchettino, will you do me a
+favor? Go and sweep the stairs." Buchettino, who was very obedient, did
+not wait to be told a second time, but went at once to sweep the stairs.
+All at once he heard a noise, and after looking all around, he found a
+penny. Then he said to himself: "What shall I do with this penny? I have
+half a mind to buy some dates... but no! for I should have to throw away
+the stones. I will buy some apples... no! I will not, for I should have
+to throw away the core. I will buy some nuts... but no, for I should
+have to throw away the shells! What shall I buy, then? I will buy&mdash;I
+will buy&mdash;enough; I will buy a pennyworth of figs." No sooner said than
+done: he bought a pennyworth of figs, and went to eat them in a tree.
+While he was eating, the ogre passed by, and seeing Buchettino eating
+figs in the tree, said:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Buchettino,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My dear Buchettino,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Give me a little fig<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With your dear little hand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If not I will eat you!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Buchettino threw him one, but it fell in the dirt. Then the ogre
+repeated:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Buchettino,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My dear Buchettino,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Give me a little fig<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With your dear little hand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If not I will eat you!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Then Buchettino threw him another, which also fell in the dirt. The ogre
+said again:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Buchettino,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My dear Buchettino,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Give me a little fig<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With your dear little hand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If not I will eat you!"<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span></div></div>
+
+<p>Poor Buchettino, who did not see the trick, and did not know that the
+ogre was doing everything to get him into his net and eat him up, what
+does he do? he leans down and foolishly gives him a fig with his little
+hand. The ogre, who wanted nothing better, suddenly seized him by the
+arm and put him in his bag; then he took him on his back and started for
+home, crying with all his lungs:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Wife, my wife,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Put the kettle on the fire,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For I have caught Buchettino!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wife, my wife,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Put the kettle on the fire,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For I have caught Buchettino!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>When the ogre was near his house he put the bag on the ground, and went
+off to attend to something else. Buchettino, with a knife that he had in
+his pocket, cut the bag open in a trice, filled it with large stones,
+and then:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"My legs, it is no shame<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To run away when there is need."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>When the rascal of an ogre returned he picked up the bag, and scarcely
+had he arrived home when he said to his wife: "Tell me, my wife, have
+you put the kettle on the fire?" She answered at once: "Yes." "Then,"
+said the ogre, "we will cook Buchettino; come here, help me!" And both
+taking the bag, they carried it to the hearth and were going to throw
+poor Buchettino into the kettle, but instead they found only the stones.
+Imagine how cheated the ogre was. He was so angry that he bit his hands.
+He could not swallow the trick played on him by Buchettino and swore to
+find him again and be revenged. So the next day he began to go all about
+the city and to look into all the hiding places. At last he happened to
+raise his eyes and saw Buchettino on a roof, ridiculing him and laughing
+so hard that his mouth extended from ear to ear. The ogre thought he
+should burst with rage, but he pretended not to see it and in a very
+sweet tone he said: "O Buchettino; just tell me, how did you manage to
+climb up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> there?" Buchettino answered: "Do you really want to know? Then
+listen. I put dishes upon dishes, glasses upon glasses, pans upon pans,
+kettles upon kettles; afterwards I climbed up on them and here I am."
+"Ah! is that so?" said the ogre; "wait a bit!" And quickly he took so
+many dishes, so many glasses, pans, kettles, and made a great mountain
+of them; then he began to climb up, to go and catch Buchettino. But when
+he was on the top&mdash;<i>brututum</i>&mdash;everything fell down; and that rascal of
+an ogre fell down on the stones and was cheated again.</p>
+
+<p>Then Buchettino, well pleased, ran to his mamma, who put a piece of
+candy in his little mouth&mdash;See whether there is any more!<a name="FNanchor_19_6" id="FNanchor_19_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_6" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We will end this chapter with two stories in which the chief actors are
+animals. One of these stories will doubtless be very familiar to our
+readers. The first is from Venice (Bernoni, Punt. III. p. 65).</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXXXVI. THE THREE GOSLINGS.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there were three goslings who were greatly afraid of
+the wolf; for if he found them he would eat them. One day the largest
+said to the other two: "Do you know what I think? I think we had better
+build a little house, so that the wolf shall not eat us, and meanwhile
+let us go and look for something to build the house with." Then the
+other two said: "Yes, yes, yes... good! let us go!" So they went and
+found a man who had a load of straw and said to him: "Good man, do us
+the favor to give us a little of that straw to make a house of, so that
+the wolf shall not eat us." The man said: "Take it, take it!" and he
+gave them as much as they wanted. The goslings thanked the man and took
+the straw and went away to a meadow, and there they built a lovely
+little house, with a door, and balconies, and kitchen, with everything,
+in short. When it was finished the largest gosling said: "Now I want to
+see whether one is comfortable in this house." So<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> she went in and said:
+"Oh! how comfortable it is in this house! just wait!" She went and
+locked the door with a padlock, and went out on the balcony and said to
+the other two goslings: "I am very comfortable alone here; go away, for
+I want nothing to do with you."</p>
+
+<p>The two poor little goslings began to cry and beg their sister to open
+the door and let them in; if she did not, the wolf would eat them. But
+she would not listen to them. Then the two goslings went away and found
+a man who had a load of hay. They said to him: "Good man, do us the
+kindness to give us a little of that hay to build a house with, so that
+the wolf shall not eat us!" "Yes, yes, yes, take some, take some!" And
+he gave them as much as they wanted. The goslings, well pleased, thanked
+the man and carried the hay to a meadow and built a very pretty little
+house, prettier than the other. The middle-sized gosling said to the
+smallest: "Listen. I am going now to see whether one is comfortable in
+this house; but I will not act like our sister, you know!" She entered
+the house and said to herself: "Oh! how comfortable it is here! I don't
+want my sister! I am very comfortable here alone." So she went and
+fastened the door with a padlock, and went out on the balcony and said
+to her sister: "Oh! how comfortable it is in this house! I don't want
+you here! go away, go away!" The poor gosling began to weep and beg her
+sister to open to her, for she was alone, and did not know where to go,
+and if the wolf found her he would eat her; but it did no good: she shut
+the balcony and stayed in the house.</p>
+
+<p>Then the gosling, full of fear, went away and found a man who had a load
+of iron and stones and said to him: "Good man, do me the favor to give
+me a few of those stones and a little of that iron to build me a house
+with, so that the wolf shall not eat me!" The man pitied the gosling so
+much that he said: "Yes, yes, good gosling, or rather I will build your
+house for you." Then they went away to a meadow, and the man built a
+very pretty house, with a garden and everything necessary, and very
+strong, for it was lined with iron, and the balcony and door of iron<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span>
+also. The gosling, well pleased, thanked the man and went into the house
+and remained there.</p>
+
+<p>Now let us go to the wolf.</p>
+
+<p>The wolf looked everywhere for these goslings, but could not find them.
+After a time he learned that they had built three houses. "Good, good!"
+he said; "wait until I find you!" Then he started out and journeyed and
+journeyed until he came to the meadow where the first house was. He
+knocked at the door and the gosling said: "Who is knocking at the door?"
+"Come, come," said the wolf; "open, for it is I." The gosling said: "I
+will not open for you, because you will eat me." "Open, open! I will not
+eat you, be not afraid. Very well," said the wolf, "if you will not open
+the door I will blow down your house." And indeed he did blow down the
+house and ate up the gosling. "Now that I have eaten one," he said, "I
+will eat the others too." Then he went away and came at last to the
+house of the second gosling, and everything happened as to the first,
+the wolf blew down the house and ate the gosling. Then he went in search
+of the third and when he found her he knocked at the door, but she would
+not let him in. Then he tried to blow the house down, but could not;
+then he climbed on the roof and tried to trample the house down, but in
+vain. "Very well," he said to himself, "in one way or another I will eat
+you." Then he came down from the roof and said to the gosling: "Listen,
+gosling. Do you wish us to make peace? I don't want to quarrel with you
+who are so good, and I have thought that to-morrow we will cook some
+macaroni and I will bring the butter and cheese and you will furnish the
+flour." "Very good," said the gosling, "bring them then." The wolf, well
+satisfied, saluted the gosling and went away. The next day the gosling
+got up early and went and bought the meal and then returned home and
+shut the house. A little later the wolf came and knocked at the door and
+said: "Come, gosling, open the door, for I have brought you the butter
+and cheese!" "Very well, give it to me here by the balcony." "No indeed,
+open the door!" "I will open when all is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> ready." Then the wolf gave her
+the things by the balcony and went away. While he was gone the gosling
+prepared the macaroni, and put it on the fire to cook in a kettle full
+of water. When it was two o'clock the wolf came and said: "Come,
+gosling, open the door." "No, I will not open, for when I am busy I
+don't want any one in the way; when it is cooked, I will open and you
+may come in and eat it." A little while after, the gosling said to the
+wolf: "Would you like to try a bit of macaroni to see whether it is well
+cooked?" "Open the door! that is the better way." "No, no; don't think
+you are coming in; put your mouth to the hole in the shelf and I will
+pour the macaroni down." The wolf, all greedy as he was, put his mouth
+to the hole and then the gosling took the kettle of boiling water and
+poured the boiling water instead of the macaroni through the hole into
+the wolf's mouth; and the wolf was scalded and killed. Then the gosling
+took a knife and cut open the wolf's stomach, and out jumped the other
+goslings, who were still alive, for the wolf was so greedy that he had
+swallowed them whole. Then these goslings begged their sister's pardon
+for the mean way in which they had treated her, and she, because she was
+kind-hearted, forgave them and took them into her house, and there they
+ate their macaroni and lived together happy and contented.<a name="FNanchor_20_6" id="FNanchor_20_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_6" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A curious variant of the above story is found in the same collection (p.
+69) under the title:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXXXVII. THE COCK.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a cock, and this cock flew here and flew
+there, and flew on an arbor, and there he found a letter. He opened the
+letter and saw: "Cock, steward,"&mdash;&mdash;and that he was invited to Rome by
+the Pope.</p>
+
+<p>The cock started on his journey, and after a time met the hen: "Where
+are you going, Friend Cock?" said the hen. "I flew," said he, "upon an
+arbor and found a letter,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> and this letter said that I was invited to
+Rome by the Pope." "Just see, friend," said the hen, "whether I am there
+too." "Wait a bit." Then he turned the letter, and saw written there:
+"Cock, steward; Hen, stewardess." "Come, friend, for you are there too."
+"Very well!"</p>
+
+<p>Then the two started off, and soon met the goose, who said: "Where are
+you going, Friend Cock and Friend Hen?" "I flew," said the cock, "upon
+an arbor, and I found a letter, and this letter said that we were
+invited to Rome by the Pope." "Just look, friend, whether I am there
+too." Then the cock opened the letter, read it, and saw that there was
+written: "Cock, steward; Hen, stewardess; Goose, abbess." "Come, come,
+friend; you are there too." So they took her along, and all three went
+their way.</p>
+
+<p>[After a time they found the duck, and the cock saw written in the
+letter: "Cock, steward; Hen, stewardess; Goose, abbess; Duck, countess."
+They next met a little bird, and found he was down in the letter as
+"little man-servant." Finally they came across the wood-louse, whom they
+found mentioned in the letter as "maid-servant." On their journey they
+came to a forest, and saw a wolf at a distance. The cock, hen, goose,
+and duck plucked out their feathers and built houses to shelter
+themselves from the wolf. The poor bug, that had no feathers, dug a hole
+in the ground and crept into it. The wolf came, and as in the last
+story, blew down the four houses and devoured their occupants. Then he
+tried to get at the bug in the same way; but blew so hard that he burst,
+and out came the cock, hen, goose, and duck, safe and sound, and began
+to make a great noise. The bug heard it and came out of her hole, and
+after they had rejoiced together, they separated and each returned home
+and thought no more of going to Rome to the Pope.]</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>There is a version from the Marches (Gianandrea, p. 21), called, "The
+Marriage of Thirteen." The animals are the same as in the last story. On
+their journey they meet the wolf, who accompanies them, although his
+name is not in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> the letter. After a time the wolf becomes hungry, and
+exclaims: "I am hungry." The cock answers: "I have nothing to give you."
+"Very well; then I will eat you;" and he swallows him whole. And so he
+devours one after the other, until the bird only remains. The bird flies
+from tree to tree and bush to bush, and around the wolf's head, until he
+drives him wild with anger. At last along comes a woman with a basket on
+her head, carrying food to the reapers. The bird says to the wolf that
+if he will spare his life he will get him something to eat from the
+basket. The wolf promises, and the bird alights near the woman, who
+tries to catch him; the bird flies on a little way, and the woman puts
+down her basket and runs after him. Meanwhile the wolf draws near the
+basket and begins eating its contents. When the woman sees that, she
+cries: "Help!" and the reapers run up with sticks and scythes, and kill
+the wolf, and the animals that he had devoured all came out of his
+stomach, safe and sound.<a name="FNanchor_21_6" id="FNanchor_21_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_6" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p>
+
+<p>There are two Sicilian versions of the story of "The Cock." One (Pitr&egrave;,
+No. 279), "The Wolf and the Finch," opens like the Venetian. The animals
+are: Cock, king; Hen, queen; Viper, chambermaid; Wolf, Pope; and Finch,
+keeper of the castle. The wolf then proceeds to confess the others, and
+eats them in turn until he comes to the finch, which plays a joke on him
+and flies away. The conclusion of the story is disfigured, nothing being
+said of the wolf's punishment or the recovery of the other animals.</p>
+
+<p>The other Sicilian version is in Gonzenbach (No. 66). We give it,
+however, for completeness and because it recalls a familiar story in
+Grimm.<a name="FNanchor_22_6" id="FNanchor_22_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_6" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> It is entitled:</p>
+
+
+<h3>LXXXVIII. THE COCK THAT WISHED TO BECOME POPE.</h3>
+
+<p>It occurred once to the cock to go to Rome and have himself elected
+Pope. So he started out, and on the way found a letter, which he took
+with him. The hen met<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> him, and asked: "Mr. Cock, where are you going?"
+"I am going to Rome, to be Pope." "Will you take me with you?" she
+asked. "First I must look in my letter," said the cock, and looked at
+his letter. "Come along; if I become Pope, you can be the Popess." So
+Mr. Cock and Mrs. Hen continued their journey and met a cat, who said:
+"Mr. Cock and Mrs. Hen, where are you going?" "We are going to Rome, and
+wish to be Pope and Popess." "Will you take me with you?" "Wait until I
+look in my letter," said the cock, and glanced at it. "Very well; come
+along; you can be our lady's-maid." After a while they met a weasel, who
+asked: "Where are you going, Mr. Cock, Mrs. Hen, and Mrs. Cat?" "We are
+going to Rome, where I intend to become Pope," answered the cock. "Will
+you take me with you?" "Wait until I look in my letter," said he. When
+the cock looked in his letter, he said: "Very well; come along."</p>
+
+<p>So the three animals continued their journey together towards Rome. At
+night-fall they came to a little house where lived an old witch, who had
+just gone out. So each animal chose a place to suit him. The weasel sat
+himself in the cupboard, the cat on the hearth in the warm ashes, and
+the cock and the hen flew up on the beam over the door.</p>
+
+<p>When the old witch came home she wanted to get a light out of the
+cupboard, and the weasel struck her in the face with his tail. Then she
+wanted to light the candle, and went to the hearth. She took the bright
+eyes of the cat for live coals and tried to light the match by them, and
+hit the cat in the eyes. The cat jumped in her face and scratched her
+frightfully. When the cock heard all the noise he began to crow loudly.
+Then the witch saw that they were no ghosts, but harmless domestic
+animals, and took a stick and drove all four out of the house.</p>
+
+<p>The cat and the weasel had no longer any desire to prolong their
+journey; but the cock and hen continued their way.</p>
+
+<p>When they reached Rome they entered an open church,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> and the cock said
+to the sexton: "Have all the bells rung, for now I will be Pope."
+"Good!" answered the sexton; "that may be, but just come in here." Then
+he led the cock and the hen into the sacristry, shut the door, and
+caught them both. After he had caught them he twisted their necks and
+put them in the pot. Then he invited his friends, and they ate with
+great glee Mr. Cock and Mrs. Hen.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<h3>STORIES AND JESTS.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Until the Reformation, Europe was, by its religion and the culture
+growing out of it, a homogeneous state. Not only, however, did the
+legends of the Church find access to the people everywhere, but the
+stories imported from the Orient were equally popular and wide-spread.
+The absence of other works of entertainment and the monotonous character
+of the legends increased the popularity of tales which were amusing and
+interesting. We have considered in other places the fairy tales and
+those stories which are of more direct Oriental origin. In the present
+chapter we shall examine those stories which are of the character of
+jests or amusing stories, some of which are also Oriental, but may more
+appropriately be classed in this chapter. The first story we shall
+mention is familiar to the reader from the ballad of "King John and the
+Abbot of Canterbury," in Percy and B&uuml;rger's poem of <i>Der Kaiser und der
+Abt</i>. There are two popular versions in Italian, as well as several
+literary ones. The shortest is from Milan (Imbriani, <i>Nov. fior.</i> p.
+621), and is entitled:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XCI. THE COOK.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a lord whose name was
+"Abbot-who-eats-and-drinks-without-thinking." The king went there and
+saw this name on the door, and said that if he had nothing to think of,
+he would give him something to think of. He told him that he must do in
+a week the three things which he told him. First, to tell him how many
+stars there were in heaven, how many fathoms of rope it would take to
+reach to heaven, and what he, the king, was thinking of.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> The cook saw
+that his master was sad, and sat with his head bent over the table, and
+asked him what was the matter, and his master told him everything. The
+cook promised to settle the matter if he would give him half of his
+property. He also asked for the skin of a dead ass, a cart-load of rope,
+and his master's hat and cloak. Then the cook went to the king, who said
+to him: "Well, how many stars are there in heaven?" The cook answered:
+"Whoever counts the hairs on this ass' skin will know how many stars
+there are in heaven." Then the king told him to count them, and he
+answered that his share was already counted, and that it was for the
+king to count now. Then the king asked him how many fathoms of rope it
+would take to reach to heaven, and the cook replied: "Take this rope and
+go to heaven, and then come back and count how many fathoms there are."
+Finally the king asked: "What am I thinking of?" "You are thinking that
+I am the abbot; instead of that, I am the cook, and I have here the
+stew-pan to try the broth."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The version in Pitr&egrave; (No. 97) is much better. It is called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XCII. THE THOUGHTLESS ABBOT.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once in a city a priest who became an abbot, and who had his
+carriages, horses, grooms, steward, secretary, valet, and many other
+persons on account of the wealth that he had. This abbot thought only of
+eating, drinking, and sleeping. All the priests and laymen were jealous
+of him, and called him the "Thoughtless Abbot."</p>
+
+<p>One day the king happened to pass that way, and stopped, and all the
+abbot's enemies went to him straightway, and accused the abbot, saying:
+"Your Majesty, in this town there is a person happier than you, very
+rich, and lacking nothing in the world, and he is called the
+'Thoughtless Abbot.'"</p>
+
+<p>After reflection the king said to the accusers: "Gentlemen, depart in
+peace, for I will soon make this abbot think." The king sent directly
+for the abbot, who had his carriage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> made ready, and went to the king in
+his coach and four. The king received him kindly, made him sit at his
+side, and talked about various things with him. Finally he asked him why
+they called him the "Thoughtless Abbot," and he replied that it was
+because he was free from care, and that his servants attended to his
+interests.</p>
+
+<p>Then the king said: "Well, then, Sir Abbot, since you have nothing to
+do, do me the favor to count all the stars in the sky, and this within
+three days and three nights; otherwise you will surely be beheaded." The
+poor "Thoughtless Abbot" on hearing these words began to tremble like a
+leaf, and taking leave of the king, returned home, in mortal fear for
+his neck.</p>
+
+<p>When meal-time came, he could not eat on account of his great anxiety,
+and went at once out on the terrace to look at the sky, but the poor man
+could not see a single star. When it grew dark, and the stars came out,
+the poor abbot began to count them and write it down. But it grew dark
+and light again, without the abbot succeeding in his task. The cook, the
+steward, the secretaries, the grooms, the coachmen, and all the persons
+in the house became thoughtful when they saw that their master did not
+eat or drink, and always watched the sky. Not knowing what else to
+think, they believed that he had gone mad. To make the matter short, the
+three days passed without the abbot counting the stars, and the poor man
+did not know how to present himself to the king, for he was sure he
+would behead him. Finally, the last day, an old and trusty servant
+begged him so long, that he told him the whole matter, and said: "I have
+not been able to count the stars, and the king will cut my head off this
+morning." When the servant had heard all, he said: "Do not fear, leave
+it to me; I will settle everything."</p>
+
+<p>He went and bought a large ox-hide, stretched it on the ground, and cut
+off a piece of the tail, half an ear, and a small piece out of the side,
+and then said to the abbot: "Now let us go to the king; and when he asks
+your excellency how many stars there are in heaven, your excellency<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span>
+will call me; I will stretch the hide on the ground, and your excellency
+will say: 'The stars in heaven are as many as the hairs on this hide;
+and as there are more hairs than stars, I have been obliged to cut off
+part of the hide.'"</p>
+
+<p>After the abbot had heard him, he felt relieved, ordered his carriage,
+and took his servant to the king. When the king saw the abbot, he
+saluted him, and then said: "Have you fulfilled my command?" "Yes, your
+Majesty," answered the abbot, "the stars are all counted."</p>
+
+<p>"Then tell me how many they are." The abbot called his servant, who
+brought the hide, and spread it on the ground, while the king, not
+knowing how the matter was going to end, continued his questioning.</p>
+
+<p>When the servant had stretched out the hide, the abbot said to the king:
+"Your Majesty, during these three days I have gone mad counting the
+stars, and they are all counted." "In short, how many are they?" "Your
+Majesty, the stars are as many as the hairs of this hide, and those that
+were in excess, I have had to cut off, and they are so many hundreds of
+millions; and if you don't believe me, have them counted, for I have
+brought you the proof."</p>
+
+<p>Then the king remained with his mouth open, and had nothing to answer;
+he only said: "Go and live as long as Noah, without thoughts, for your
+mind is enough for you;" and so speaking, he dismissed him, thanking
+him, and remaining henceforth his best friend.</p>
+
+<p>The abbot returned home with his servant, delighted and rejoicing. He
+thanked his servant, made him his steward and intimate friend, and gave
+him more than an ounce of money a day to live on.<a name="FNanchor_1_7" id="FNanchor_1_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_7" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In another Sicilian version referred to by Pitr&egrave;, vol. IV., p. 437, the
+Pope, instead of the king, wishes to know from the abbot: "What is the
+distance from heaven to earth; what God is doing in heaven; what the
+Pope is thinking of." The cook, disguised as the abbot, answers: "As
+long as this ball of thread. Rewarding the good, and punishing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> the
+wicked. He thinks he is speaking with the abbot, and on the contrary, is
+talking to the cook."</p>
+
+<p>The following story from Venice (Bernoni, <i>Fiabe</i>, No. 6) is a
+combination of the two stories in Grimm, "Clever Alice" and the "Clever
+People." It is called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XCIII. BASTIANELO.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a husband and wife who had a son. This son
+grew up, and said one day to his mother: "Do you know, mother, I would
+like to marry!" "Very well, marry! whom do you want to take?" He
+answered: "I want the gardener's daughter." "She is a good girl; take
+her; I am willing." So he went, and asked for the girl, and her parents
+gave her to him. They were married, and when they were in the midst of
+the dinner, the wine gave out. The husband said: "There is no more
+wine!" The bride, to show that she was a good housekeeper, said: "I will
+go and get some." She took the bottles and went to the cellar, turned
+the cock, and began to think: "Suppose I should have a son, and we
+should call him Bastianelo, and he should die. Oh! how grieved I should
+be! oh! how grieved I should be!" And thereupon she began to weep and
+weep; and meanwhile the wine was running all over the cellar.</p>
+
+<p>When they saw that the bride did not return, the mother said: "I will go
+and see what the matter is." So she went into the cellar, and saw the
+bride, with the bottle in her hand, and weeping, while the wine was
+running over the cellar. "What is the matter with you, that you are
+weeping?" "Ah! my mother, I was thinking that if I had a son, and should
+name him Bastianelo, and he should die, oh! how I should grieve! oh! how
+I should grieve!" The mother, too, began to weep, and weep, and weep;
+and meanwhile the wine was running over the cellar.</p>
+
+<p>When the people at the table saw that no one brought the wine, the
+groom's father said: "I will go and see what is the matter. Certainly
+something wrong has happened to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> the bride." He went and saw the whole
+cellar full of wine, and the mother and bride weeping. "What is the
+matter?" he said; "has anything wrong happened to you?" "No," said the
+bride, "but I was thinking that if I had a son and should call him
+Bastianelo, and he should die, oh! how I should grieve! oh! how I should
+grieve!" Then he, too, began to weep, and all three wept; and meanwhile
+the wine was running over the cellar.</p>
+
+<p>When the groom saw that neither the bride, nor the mother, nor the
+father came back, he said: "Now I will go and see what the matter is
+that no one returns." He went into the cellar and saw all the wine
+running over the cellar. He hastened and stopped the cask, and then
+asked: "What is the matter, that you are all weeping, and have let the
+wine run all over the cellar?" Then the bride said: "I was thinking that
+if I had a son and called him Bastianelo and he should die, oh! how I
+should grieve! oh! how I should grieve!" Then the groom said: "You
+stupid fools! are you weeping at this, and letting all the wine run into
+the cellar? Have you nothing else to think of? It shall never be said
+that I remained with you! I will roam about the world, and until I find
+three fools greater than you I will not return home."</p>
+
+<p>He had a bread-cake made, took a bottle of wine, a sausage, and some
+linen, and made a bundle, which he put on a stick and carried over his
+shoulder. He journeyed and journeyed, but found no fool. At last he
+said, worn out: "I must turn back, for I see I cannot find a greater
+fool than my wife." He did not know what to do, whether to go on or to
+turn back. "Oh!" he said, "it is better to try and go a little farther."
+So he went on and shortly he saw a man in his shirt-sleeves at a well,
+all wet with perspiration and water. "What are you doing, sir, that you
+are so covered with water and in such a sweat?" "Oh! let me alone," the
+man answered, "for I have been here a long time drawing water to fill
+this pail and I cannot fill it." "What are you drawing the water in?" he
+asked him. "In this sieve," he said. "What are you thinking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> about, to
+draw water in that sieve? Just wait!" He went to a house near by, and
+borrowed a bucket, with which he returned to the well and filled the
+pail. "Thank you, good man, God knows how long I should have had to
+remain here!" "Here is one who is a greater fool than my wife."</p>
+
+<p>He continued his journey and after a time he saw at a distance a man in
+his shirt who was jumping down from a tree. He drew near, and saw a
+woman under the same tree holding a pair of breeches. He asked them what
+they were doing, and they said that they had been there a long time, and
+that the man was trying on those breeches and did not know how to get
+into them. "I have jumped, and jumped," said the man, "until I am tired
+out and I cannot imagine how to get into those breeches." "Oh!" said the
+traveller, "you might stay here as long as you wished, for you would
+never get into them in this way. Come down and lean against the tree."
+Then he took his legs and put them in the breeches, and after he had put
+them on, he said: "Is that right?" "Very good, bless you; for if it had
+not been for you, God knows how long I should have had to jump." Then
+the traveller said to himself: "I have seen two greater fools than my
+wife."</p>
+
+<p>Then he went his way and as he approached a city he heard a great noise.
+When he drew near he asked what it was, and was told it was a marriage,
+and that it was the custom in that city for the brides to enter the city
+gate on horseback, and that there was a great discussion on this
+occasion between the groom and the owner of the horse, for the bride was
+tall and the horse high, and they could not get through the gate; so
+that they must either cut off the bride's head or the horse's legs. The
+groom did not wish his bride's head cut off, and the owner of the horse
+did not wish his horse's legs cut off, and hence this disturbance. Then
+the traveller said: "Just wait," and came up to the bride and gave her a
+slap that made her lower her head, and then he gave the horse a kick,
+and so they passed through the gate and entered the city. The groom and
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> owner of the horse asked the traveller what he wanted, for he had
+saved the groom his bride, and the owner of the horse his horse. He
+answered that he did not wish anything and said to himself: "Two and one
+make three! that is enough; now I will go home." He did so and said to
+his wife: "Here I am, my wife; I have seen three greater fools then you;
+now let us remain in peace and think about nothing else." They renewed
+the wedding and always remained in peace. After a time the wife had a
+son whom they named Bastianelo, and Bastianelo did not die, but still
+lives with his father and mother.<a name="FNanchor_2_7" id="FNanchor_2_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_7" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>There is a Sicilian version of this story (Pitr&egrave;, No. 148) called, "The
+Peasant of Larc&agrave;ra," in which the bride's mother imagines that her
+daughter has a son who falls into the cistern. The groom (they are not
+yet married) is disgusted and sets out on his travels with no fixed
+purpose of returning if he finds some fools greater than his
+mother-in-law, as in the Venetian tale. The first fool he meets is a
+mother, whose child, in playing the game called <i>nocciole</i>,<a name="FNanchor_A_18" id="FNanchor_A_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_18" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> tries to
+get his hand out of the hole while his fist is full of stones. He
+cannot, of course, and the mother thinks they will have to cut off his
+hand. The traveller tells the child to drop the stones, and then he
+draws out his hand easily enough. Next he finds a bride who cannot enter
+the church because she is very tall and wears a high comb. The
+difficulty is settled as in the former story.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_18" id="Footnote_A_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_18"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> A game played with peach-pits, which are thrown into holes
+made in the ground and to which certain numbers are attached.</p></div>
+
+<p>After a while he comes to a woman who is spinning and drops her spindle.
+She calls out to the pig, whose name is Tony, to pick it up for her. The
+pig does nothing but grunt, and the woman in anger cries: "Well, you
+won't pick it up? May your mother die!"</p>
+
+<p>The traveller, who had overheard all this, takes a piece of paper, which
+he folds up like a letter, and then knocks at the door. "Who is there?"
+"Open the door, for I have a letter for you from Tony's mother, who is
+ill and wishes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> to see her son before she dies." The woman wonders that
+her imprecation has taken effect so soon, and readily consents to Tony's
+visit. Not only this, but she loads a mule with everything necessary for
+the comfort of the body and soul of the dying pig.</p>
+
+<p>The traveller leads away the mule with Tony, and returns home so pleased
+with having found that the outside world contains so many fools that he
+marries as he had first intended.</p>
+
+<p>The credulity of the woman in the last version, in allowing Tony to
+visit his sick mother, finds a parallel in a Neapolitan story (Imbriani,
+<i>Pomiglianesi</i>, p. 226) called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XCIV. CHRISTMAS.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a husband who had a wife who was a little
+foolish. One day he said to her: "Come, put the house in order, for
+Christmas is coming." As soon as he left the house his wife went out on
+the balcony and asked every one who passed if his name was Christmas.
+All said No; but finally, one&mdash;to see why she asked&mdash;said Yes. Then she
+made him come in, and gave him everything that she had (in order to
+clean out the house). When her husband returned he asked her what she
+had done with things. She responded that she had given them to
+Christmas, as he had ordered. Her husband was so enraged at what he
+heard that he seized her and gave her a good beating.</p>
+
+<p>Another time she asked her husband when he was going to kill the pig. He
+answered: "At Christmas." The wife did as before, and when she spied the
+man called Christmas she called him and gave him the pig, which she had
+adorned with her earrings and necklace, saying that her husband had so
+commanded her. When her husband returned and learned what she had done,
+he gave her a sound thrashing; and from that time he learned to say
+nothing more to his wife.<a name="FNanchor_3_7" id="FNanchor_3_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_7" class="fnanchor">[3]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the Sicilian version, Pitr&egrave;, No. 186, "Long May,"<a name="FNanchor_A_19" id="FNanchor_A_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_19" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> the wife, who is
+very anxious to make more room in her house by getting rid of the grain
+stored in it, asks her husband when they shall clean out the house. He
+answers: "When Long May comes." The wife asks the passers-by if they are
+Long May; and at last a swindler says he is, and receives as a gift all
+the grain. The swindler was a potter, and the woman told him that he
+ought to give her a load of pots. He did so, and the wife knocked a hole
+in the bottom of each, and strung them on a rope stretched across the
+room. It is needless to say that when the husband returned the wife
+received a beating "that left her more dead than alive."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_19" id="Footnote_A_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_19"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> There is a Sicilian phrase: "Long as the month of May," to
+indicate what is very long.</p></div>
+
+<p>Another story about foolish people is the following Venetian tale
+(Bernoni, <i>Fiabe</i>, xiii.), entitled:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XCV. THE WAGER.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a husband and a wife. The former said one day to the
+latter: "Let us have some fritters." She replied: "What shall we do for
+a frying-pan?" "Go and borrow one from my godmother." "You go and get
+it; it is only a little way off." "Go yourself; I will take it back when
+we are done with it." So she went and borrowed the pan, and when she
+returned said to her husband: "Here is the pan, but you must carry it
+back." So they cooked the fritters, and after they had eaten, the
+husband said: "Now let us go to work, both of us, and the one who speaks
+first shall carry back the pan." Then she began to spin and he to draw
+his thread,&mdash;for he was a shoemaker,&mdash;and all the time keeping silence,
+except that when he drew his thread he said: "<i>Leuler&ograve;, leuler&ograve;</i>;" and
+she, spinning, answered: "<i>Picic&igrave;, picic&igrave;, picici&ograve;</i>." And they said not
+another word.</p>
+
+<p>Now there happened to pass that way a soldier with a horse, and he asked
+a woman if there was any shoemaker in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> that street. She said that there
+was one near by, and took him to the house. The soldier asked the
+shoemaker to come and cut his horse a girth, and he would pay him. The
+latter made no answer but: "<i>Leuler&ograve;, leuler&ograve;</i>," and his wife: "<i>Picic&igrave;,
+picic&igrave;, picici&ograve;</i>." Then the soldier said: "Come and cut my horse a
+girth, or I will cut your head off!" The shoemaker only answered:
+"<i>Leuler&ograve;, leuler&ograve;</i>," and his wife: "<i>Picic&igrave;, picic&igrave;, picici&ograve;</i>." Then
+the soldier began to grow angry, and seized his sword and said to the
+shoemaker: "Either come and cut my horse a girth, or I will cut your
+head off!"</p>
+
+<p>But to no purpose. The shoemaker did not wish to be the first one to
+speak, and only replied: "<i>Leuler&ograve;, leuler&ograve;</i>," and his wife: "<i>Picic&igrave;,
+picic&igrave;, picici&ograve;</i>." Then the soldier got mad in good earnest, seized the
+shoemaker's head, and was going to cut it off. When his wife saw that,
+she cried out: "Ah! don't, for mercy's sake!" "Good!" exclaimed her
+husband, "good! Now you go and carry the pan back to my godmother, and I
+will go and cut the horse's girth." And so he did, and won the wager.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In a Sicilian story with the same title (Pitr&egrave;, No. 181), the husband
+and wife fry some fish, and then set about their respective
+work,&mdash;shoemaking and spinning,&mdash;and the one who finishes first the
+piece of work begun is to eat the fish. While they were singing and
+whistling at their work, a friend comes along, who knocks at the door,
+but receives no answer. Then he enters and speaks to them, but still no
+reply; finally, in anger, he sits down at the table and eats up all the
+fish himself.<a name="FNanchor_4_7" id="FNanchor_4_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_7" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>One of our most popular stories illustrating woman's obstinacy is found
+everywhere in Italy. The following is the Sicilian version:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XCVI. SCISSORS THEY WERE.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a husband and a wife. The husband was a
+tailor; so was the wife, and in addition was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> a good housekeeper. One
+day the husband found some things in the kitchen broken,&mdash;pots, glasses,
+plates. He asked: "How were they broken?" "How do I know?" answered the
+wife. "What do you mean by saying 'how do I know?' Who broke them?" "Who
+broke them? I, with the scissors," said the wife, in anger. "With the
+scissors?" "With the scissors!" "Are you telling the truth? I want to
+know what you broke them with. If you don't tell me, I will beat you."
+"With the scissors!" (for she had the scissors in her hand). "Scissors,
+do you say?" "Scissors they were!" "Ah! what do you mean? Wait a bit; I
+will make you see whether it was you with the scissors." So he tied a
+rope around her and began to lower her into the well, saying: "Come, how
+did you break them? You see I am lowering you into the well." "It was
+the scissors!" The husband, seeing her so obstinate, lowered her into
+the well; and she, for all that, did not hold her tongue. "How did you
+break them?" said the husband. "It was the scissors." Then her husband
+lowered her more, until she was half way down. "What did you do it
+with?" "It was the scissors." Then he lowered her until her feet touched
+the water. "What did you do it with?" "It was the scissors!" Then he let
+her down into the water to her waist. "What did you do it with?" "It was
+the scissors!" "Take care!" cried her husband, enraged at seeing her so
+obstinate, "it will take but little to put you under the water. You had
+better tell what you did it with; it will be better for you. How is it
+possible to break pots and dishes with the scissors! What has become of
+the pieces, if they were cut?" "It was the scissors! the scissors!" Then
+he let go the rope. Splash! his wife is all under the water. "Are you
+satisfied now? Do you say any longer that it was with the scissors?" The
+wife could not speak any more, for she was under the water; but what did
+she do? She stuck her hand up out of the water, and with her fingers
+began to make signs as if she were cutting with the scissors. What could
+the poor husband do? He said: "I am losing my wife, and then I shall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span>
+have to go after her. I will pull her out now, and she may say that it
+was the scissors or the shears." Then he pulled her out, and there was
+no way of making her tell with what she had broken all those things in
+the kitchen.><a name="FNanchor_5_7" id="FNanchor_5_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_7" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Another familiar story is:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XCVII. THE DOCTOR'S APPRENTICE.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a doctor who took his apprentice with him
+when he made his visits. One day while visiting a patient, the doctor
+said: "Why do you not listen to my orders that you are not to eat
+anything?" The invalid said: "Sir, I assure you that I have eaten
+nothing." "That is not true," answered the doctor, "for I have found
+your pulse beating like that of a person who has eaten grapes." The
+patient, convicted, said: "It is true that I have eaten some grapes; but
+it was only a little bunch." "Very well; do not risk eating again, and
+don't think you can fool me."</p>
+
+<p>The poor apprentice, who was with the doctor, was amazed to see how his
+master guessed from the pulse that his patient had eaten grapes; and as
+soon as they had left the house he asked: "Master, how did you perceive
+that he had eaten grapes?" "Listen," said the doctor. "A person who
+visits the sick must never pass for a fool. As soon as you enter, cast
+your eyes on the bed and under the bed, too, and from the crumbs that
+you see you can guess what the patient has eaten. I saw the stalk of the
+grapes, and from that I inferred that he had eaten grapes."</p>
+
+<p>The next day there were many patients in the town, and the doctor, not
+being able to visit them all, sent his apprentice to visit a few. Among
+others, the apprentice went to see the man who had eaten the grapes; and
+wishing to play the part of an expert like his master, to show that he
+was a skilful physician, when he perceived that there were bits of straw
+under the bed, said angrily: "Will you not understand that you must not
+eat?" The invalid said: "I assure<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> you that I have not even tasted a
+drop of water." "Yes, sir, you have," answered the apprentice; "you have
+been eating straw, for I see the bits under the bed." The sick man
+replied at once: "Do you take me for an ass like yourself?" And so the
+apprentice cut the figure of the fool that he was.<a name="FNanchor_6_7" id="FNanchor_6_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_7" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>There are two figures in Sicilian folk-lore around whom many jokes have
+gathered which are, in other parts of Italy, told of some nameless
+person or attributed to the continental counterparts of the insular
+heroes. These two are Firrazzanu and Giuf&agrave;. The former is the practical
+joker; the second, the typical booby found in the popular literature of
+all peoples.</p>
+
+<p>The following stories of Firrazzanu (unless otherwise indicated) are
+from Pitr&egrave;, No. 156.</p>
+
+
+<h3>XCVIII. FIRRAZZANU'S WIFE AND THE QUEEN.</h3>
+
+<p>Firrazzanu was the valet of a prince in Palermo, on whom he also played
+his tricks; but as Firrazzanu was known and everybody was amused by him,
+the prince overlooked them.</p>
+
+<p>The queen was once in Palermo, and wished to know Firrazzanu. He went to
+see her, and amused her somewhat. The queen said: "Are you married, or
+single?" "Married, your Majesty." "I wish to make your wife's
+acquaintance." "How can that be, your Majesty, for my wife is deaf?"
+(Firrazzanu made this up out of his own head, for it was not true.) "No
+matter; when I speak with her I will scream. Go, have your wife come
+here."</p>
+
+<p>Firrazzanu went home. "Fanny, the queen wants to know you; but you must
+remember that she is a little hard of hearing, and if you wish to speak
+to her, you must raise your voice."</p>
+
+<p>"Very well," said his wife, "let us go." When they arrived at the palace
+she said to the queen, in a loud voice: "At your Majesty's feet!" The
+queen said to herself: "You see, because she is deaf, she screams as if
+everybody<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> else were deaf!" Then she said to her, loudly: "Good day, my
+friend; how do you do?" "Very well, your Majesty!" answered Firrazzanu's
+wife, still louder. The queen, to make herself heard, raised her voice
+and screamed, also, and Fanny, for her part, cried out louder and
+louder, so that it seemed as if they were quarrelling. Firrazzanu could
+contain himself no longer, and began to laugh, so that the queen
+perceived the joke; and if Firrazzanu had not run away, perhaps she
+would have had him arrested, and who knows how the matter had ended?<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The second story, "The Tailor who twisted his Mouth," has already been
+mentioned in Chapter III.</p>
+
+<p>On one occasion (No. 7) the viceroy gave a feast, and needed some
+partridges. Now the word <i>pirnicana</i> means both partridge and humpback;
+so Firrazzanu said he would get the viceroy as many <i>pirnicani</i> as he
+wanted, although they were very scarce. The viceroy said twenty would
+do. Firrazzanu then collected a score of humpbacks and introduced them
+into the viceroy's kitchen, sending word to the viceroy that the
+<i>pirnicani</i> were ready. His excellency wished to see them, and
+Firrazzanu led his troop to his apartment. When they were all in,
+Firrazzanu said: "Here they are." The viceroy looked around and said:
+"Where?" "Here. You wanted <i>pirnicani</i>, and these are <i>pirnicani</i>." The
+viceroy laughed, gave each of the humpbacks a present, and dismissed
+them.<a name="FNanchor_8_7" id="FNanchor_8_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_7" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another time, while the prince was at dinner, Firrazzanu led a number of
+asses under his window, and made them bray so that the poor prince was
+driven almost to distraction. The author of the joke, as usual, took to
+his heels, and escaped.</p>
+
+<p>Once a very wealthy prince, having a great number of rents to collect,
+and not succeeding, thought of making Firrazzanu collector. "Here," said
+he to him, "take my authority, and collect for me, and I will give you
+twenty per cent." Firrazzanu went into the places where the rents were
+to be collected, and called together all the debtors.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> What do you
+suppose he did? He made them pay his share, that is, twenty per cent.,
+and nothing more. "The rest," he said, "you can pay another year to the
+prince; now you may depart."</p>
+
+<p>Then he went back to the prince. "What have you done, Firrazzanu? Have
+you collected all the rents?" "What are you talking about collecting! I
+had hard work to collect my share." "What do you mean?" "I collected
+with difficulty the twenty per cent. that belonged to me; your share
+will be paid next year." The prince was obliged to laugh at last, and
+Firrazzanu went away happy and satisfied.<a name="FNanchor_9_7" id="FNanchor_9_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_7" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another time the prince went hunting, and ordered Firrazzanu, when it
+was convenient, to tell the princess that he should not be home to
+dinner that day. Firrazzanu did not find it convenient to deliver the
+message for a week, when he said that the prince would not be home to
+dine that day. On the first occasion, of course, the princess waited for
+her husband in great anxiety until midnight; on the second she went out
+to pay visits, and when the prince returned, he found his wife out, and
+no dinner prepared. Firrazzanu, when scolded, excused himself by saying
+that the prince told him to deliver the message when convenient.</p>
+
+<p>This recalls the story in Straparola (XIII. 6) where a master orders his
+lazy servant to go to market and buy some meat, and says to him,
+sarcastically: "Go and stay a year!" which command the servant obeys to
+the letter.</p>
+
+<p>The viceroy at last, angry at one of Firrazzanu's jokes, banished him to
+the town of Murriali. When Firrazzanu grew tired of the place, he had a
+cart filled with the earth of the town, and rode into Palermo on it. The
+viceroy had him arrested as soon as he saw him, but Firrazzanu protested
+that he had not broken the viceroy's command, for he was still on the
+earth of Murriali.</p>
+
+<p>The same story is told of Gonnella, the Italian counterpart of
+Firrazzanu, by Sacchetti (Nov. 27), and Bandello (IV. 18).</p>
+
+<p>The prince desired once to give Firrazzanu a lesson that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> would correct
+him of his fondness for jokes; so he told the commandant of the castle
+that he would send him one day a servant of his with a letter, and that
+he, the commandant, should carry out the orders contained in it.</p>
+
+<p>A week after, the prince called Firrazzanu and said: "Go to the
+commandant of the castle and ask him to give you what this letter says."</p>
+
+<p>Firrazzanu went, turning over the letter and in doubt about the matter.
+Just then he met another servant and said to him: "Carry this letter for
+me to the commandant of the castle, and tell him to give you what he has
+to give you. When you return, we will have a good drink of wine."</p>
+
+<p>The servant went and delivered the letter to the commandant, who opened
+it, and read: "The commandant will give my servant, who is a rascal, a
+hundred lashes, and then send him back to me." The order was carried
+out, and the poor servant returned to the palace more dead than alive.
+When Firrazzanu saw him, he burst out laughing, and said: "My brother,
+for me and for you, better you than me."</p>
+
+<p>This story is told in Gonzenbach (No. 75) as the way in which the queen
+tried to punish Firrazzanu for the joke he played on her by telling her
+his wife was deaf.</p>
+
+<p>There are other stories told of Firrazzanu, but they do not deserve a
+place here, and we can direct our attention at once to Giuf&agrave;, the
+typical booby, who appears in the various provinces of Italy under
+different names.<a name="FNanchor_10_7" id="FNanchor_10_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_7" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<p>The first story told of him in Pitr&egrave;'s collection (No. 190) is:</p>
+
+
+<h3>XCIX. GIUF&Agrave; AND THE PLASTER STATUE.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a very poor woman who had a son called Giuf&agrave;,
+who was stupid, lazy, and cunning. His mother had a piece of cloth, and
+said one day to Giuf&agrave;: "Take this cloth, and go and sell it in a distant
+town, and take care to sell it to those who talk little." So Giuf&agrave; set
+out, with the cloth on his shoulder.</p>
+
+<p>When he came to a town, he began to cry: "Who wants cloth?" The people
+called him, and began to talk a great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> deal; one thought it coarse,
+another dear. Giuf&agrave; thought they talked too much, and would not sell it
+to them. After walking a long way, he entered a court-yard where he
+found nothing but a plaster image. Giuf&agrave; said to it: "Do you want to buy
+the cloth?" The statue said not a word, and Giuf&agrave;, seeing that it spoke
+little, said: "Now I must sell you the cloth, for you speak little;" and
+he took the cloth and hung it on the statue, and went away, saying:
+"To-morrow I will come for the money."</p>
+
+<p>The next day he went after the money, and found the cloth gone. "Give me
+the money for the cloth." The statue said nothing. "Since you will not
+give me the money, I will show you who I am;" and he borrowed a mattock,
+and struck the statue until he overthrew it, and inside of it he found a
+jar of money. He put the money in a bag, and went home to his mother,
+and told her that he had sold the cloth to a person who did not speak,
+and gave him no money; that he had killed him with a mattock, and thrown
+him down, and he had given him the money which he had brought home. His
+mother, who was wise, said to him: "Say nothing about it, and we will
+eat this money up little by little."<a name="FNanchor_11_7" id="FNanchor_11_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_7" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another time his mother said to him: "Giuf&agrave;, I have this piece of cloth
+to be dyed; take it and leave it with the dyer, the one who dyes green
+and black." Giuf&agrave; put it on his shoulder, and went off. On his way he
+saw a large, beautiful snake, and because it was green he said to it:
+"My mother has sent me with this cloth which she wants dyed. To-morrow I
+will come for it." And there he left it.</p>
+
+<p>He went home and told his mother, who began to tear her hair. "Ah!
+shameless fellow! how you ruin me! Hasten and see whether it is there
+still!" Giuf&agrave; went back, but the cloth had disappeared.<a name="FNanchor_12_7" id="FNanchor_12_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_7" class="fnanchor">[12]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>C. GIUF&Agrave; AND THE JUDGE.</h3>
+
+<p>One day Giuf&agrave; went out to gather herbs, and it was night before he
+returned. On his way back the moon rose through the clouds, and Giuf&agrave;
+sat down on a stone and watched the moon appear and disappear behind the
+clouds, and he exclaimed constantly: "It appears, it appears! it sets,
+it sets!"</p>
+
+<p>Now there were near the way some thieves, who were skinning a calf which
+they had stolen, and when they heard: "It appears, it sets!" they feared
+that the officers of justice were coming, so they ran away and left the
+meat. When Giuf&agrave; saw the thieves running away, he went to see what it
+was and found the calf skinned. He took his knife and cut off flesh
+enough to fill his sack and went home. When he arrived there his mother
+asked him why he came so late. He said it was because he was bringing
+some meat which she was to sell the next day, and the money was to be
+kept for him. The next day his mother sent him into the country and sold
+the meat.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening Giuf&agrave; returned and asked his mother: "Did you sell the
+meat?" "Yes, I sold it to the flies on credit." "When will they give you
+the money?" "When they get it." A week passed and the flies brought no
+money, so Giuf&agrave; went to the judge and said to him: "Sir, I want justice.
+I sold the flies meat on credit and they have not come to pay me." The
+judge said: "I pronounce this sentence on them: wherever you see them
+you may kill them." Just then a fly lighted on the judge's nose, and
+Giuf&agrave; dealt it such a blow that he broke the judge's head.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The anecdote of the fly in the latter part of the story is found
+independently in a version from Palermo. "The flies plagued Giuf&agrave; and
+stung him. He went to the judge and complained of them. The judge
+laughed and said: 'Wherever you see a fly you can strike it.' While the
+judge was speaking a fly rested on his face and Giuf&agrave; dealt it such a
+blow that he broke the judge's nose."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This story, which, as we shall see, has variants in different parts of
+Italy, is of Oriental origin and is found in the <i>Pantschatantra</i>. A
+king asked his pet monkey to watch over him while he slept. A bee
+settled on the king's head; the monkey could not drive it away, so he
+took the king's sword and killed the bee&mdash;and the king, too. A similar
+parable is put into the mouth of Buddha. A bald carpenter was attacked
+by a mosquito. He called his son to drive it away; the son took the axe,
+aimed a blow at the insect, but split his father's head in two, in
+killing the mosquito. In the <i>Anvar-i-Suhaili</i>, the Persian translation
+of the <i>Pantschatantra</i>, it is a tame bear who keeps the flies from the
+sleeping gardener by throwing a stone at his head.<a name="FNanchor_13_7" id="FNanchor_13_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_7" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p>The only popular European versions of this story, as far as we know, are
+found in Italy. Besides those from Sicily, there are versions from
+Florence, Leghorn, and Venice. The first is called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>CI. THE LITTLE OMELET.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a little woman who had a little room and a
+little hen. The hen laid an egg and the little woman took it and made a
+little omelet of it, and put it to cool in the window. Along came a fly
+and ate it up. Imagine what an omelet that must have been! The little
+woman went to the magistrate and told him her story. He gave her a club
+and told her to kill the fly with it wherever she saw it. At that moment
+a fly lighted on the magistrate's nose, and the woman, believing it to
+be the same fly, gave it a blow and broke the magistrate's nose.</p>
+
+
+<p>The versions from Leghorn and Venice are in almost the same words.<a name="FNanchor_14_7" id="FNanchor_14_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_7" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<p>The literary versions are quite abundant, four or five being found in
+Italy, and a number in France, the best known of which is La Fontaine's
+fable of "The Bear and the Amateur Gardener," Book VIII. 10.<a name="FNanchor_15_7" id="FNanchor_15_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_7" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+
+<p>One morning, before Giuf&agrave; was up, he heard a whistle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> and asked his
+mother who was passing. She answered that it was the morning-singer. One
+day Giuf&agrave;, tired of the noise, went out and killed the man who was
+blowing the whistle, and came back and told his mother that he had
+killed the morning-singer. His mother went out and brought the body into
+the house and threw it into the well, which happened to be dry. Then she
+remembered that she had a lamb, which she killed and also threw in the
+well.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the family of the murdered man had learned of the murder and
+had gone to the judge, with their complaint, and all together went to
+Giuf&agrave;'s house to investigate the matter. The judge said to Giuf&agrave;: "Where
+did you put the body?" Giuf&agrave;, who was silly, replied: "I threw it in the
+well." Then they tied Giuf&agrave; to a rope and lowered him into the well.
+When he reached the bottom he began to feel around and touched wool, and
+cried out to the son of the murdered man: "Did your father have wool?"
+"My father did not have wool." "This one has wool; he is not your
+father." Then he touched the tail: "Did your father have a tail?" "My
+father did not have a tail." "Then it's not your father." Then he felt
+four feet and asked: "How many feet did your father have?" "My father
+had two feet." Giuf&agrave; said: "This one has four feet; he is not your
+father." Then he felt the head and said: "Did your father have horns?"
+"My father did not have horns." Giuf&agrave; replied: "This one has horns; he
+is not your father." Then the judge said: "Giuf&agrave;, bring him up either
+with the horns or with the wool." So they drew up Giuf&agrave; with the lamb on
+his shoulder, and when the judge saw that it was a real lamb, they set
+Giuf&agrave; at liberty.</p>
+
+<p>In a variant of the above story Giuf&agrave;'s mother, to get rid of him, one
+day tells him to take his gun and go off and shoot a cardinal-bird.
+Giuf&agrave; asks what a cardinal is, and his mother tells him that it is one
+that has a red head. Giuf&agrave;, of course, shoots a cardinal and carries him
+home. The remainder of the story is as above. In another variant Giuf&agrave;'s
+mother has a cock which she cooks one day, and Giuf&agrave;, who had never
+eaten anything of the kind before,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> likes it greatly and asks what it
+is. His mother tells him it is the night-singer. One evening Giuf&agrave; saw a
+poor man singing behind a door, and thinking he was a night-singer,
+killed him and carried him home. The rest of the story is like the first
+version.<a name="FNanchor_16_7" id="FNanchor_16_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_7" class="fnanchor">[16]7</a></p>
+
+<p>Giuf&agrave; is not without an occasional gleam of wit, as is shown in the
+following story (Pitr&egrave; No. 190, &sect; 8), entitled:</p>
+
+
+<h3>CII. EAT, MY CLOTHES!</h3>
+
+<p>As Giuf&agrave; was half a simpleton no one showed him any kindness, such as to
+invite him to his house or give him anything to eat. Once Giuf&agrave; went to
+a farm-house for something, and the farmers, when they saw him looking
+so ragged and poor, came near setting the dogs on him, and made him
+leave in a hurry. When his mother heard it she procured for him a fine
+coat, a pair of breeches, and a velvet vest. Giuf&agrave; dressed up like an
+overseer, went to the same farm-house, and then you should see what
+great ceremonies they made! they invited him to dine with them. While at
+the table all were very attentive to him. Giuf&agrave;, on the one hand, filled
+his stomach, and on the other, put into his pockets, coat, and hat
+whatever was left over, saying: "Eat, my clothes, for you were invited!"</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>It is interesting to note that this story is told of no less a person
+than Dante, about whom cluster more popular traditions than many are
+aware of. It is the subject of one of Sercambi's novels, and will be
+found with many other interesting traditions of the great poet in
+Papanti's <i>Dante secondo la Tradizione e i Novellatori</i>, Leghorn,
+1873.<a name="FNanchor_17_7" id="FNanchor_17_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_7" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p>
+
+<p>Giuf&agrave; was not a very safe person to leave alone in the house. Once his
+mother went to church and told him to make some porridge for his little
+sister. Giuf&agrave; made a great kettle of boiling porridge and fed it to the
+poor child and burned her mouth so that she died. On another occasion
+his mother, on leaving home, told him to feed the hen that was sitting
+and put her back on the nest, so that the eggs<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span> should not get cold.
+Giuf&agrave; stuffed the hen with the food until he killed her, and then sat on
+the eggs himself until his mother returned.<a name="FNanchor_18_7" id="FNanchor_18_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_7" class="fnanchor">[18]7</a></p>
+
+<p>Giuf&agrave;'s mother went to mass once and said to him: "Pull the door to!"
+When his mother had gone out Giuf&agrave; took hold of the door and began to
+pull it, and pulled and pulled until it came off. Giuf&agrave; put it on his
+back and carried it to the church, and threw it down before his mother,
+saying: "There is the door!"<a name="FNanchor_19_7" id="FNanchor_19_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_7" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<p>A number of other stories about Giuf&agrave; are found in Gonzenbach (No. 37)
+which we give here for completeness.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CIII. GIUF&Agrave;'S EXPLOITS.</h3>
+
+<p>After Giuf&agrave; had scalded his little sister to death, his mother drove him
+from the house, and he entered the service of a priest. "What wages do
+you want?" asked the priest. "One egg a day, and as much bread as I can
+eat with it; and you must keep me in your service until the screech-owl
+cries in the ivy." The priest was satisfied and thought he could not
+find such a cheap servant again. The next morning Giuf&agrave; received his egg
+and a loaf of bread. He opened the egg and ate it with a pin, and every
+time he licked off the pin he ate a great piece of bread. "Bring me a
+little more bread," he cried; "this is not enough;" and the priest had
+to get him a large basket of bread.</p>
+
+<p>So it was every morning. "Alas for me!" cried the priest; "in a few
+weeks he will reduce me to beggary." It was winter then and would be
+several months until the screech-owl cried in the ivy. In despair the
+priest said to his mother: "This evening you must hide in the ivy and
+scream like an owl." The old woman did as she was told and began to cry:
+"Miu, miu!" "Do you hear, Giuf&agrave;?" said the priest, "the screech-owl is
+crying in the ivy; we must part." So Giuf&agrave; took his bundle and was going
+to return to his mother.</p>
+
+<p>As he was going by the place where the priest's mother was still crying
+"Miu, miu," he exclaimed: "O you cursed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> screech-owl suffer punishment
+and sorrow!" and threw stones into the ivy and killed the old woman.</p>
+
+<p>Giuf&agrave;'s mother would not allow him to remain at home, and made him take
+service as a swineherd with a farmer, who sent him into the woods to
+keep the swine until they were fat and then drive them back. So Giuf&agrave;
+lived several months in the woods until the swine were fat. As he was
+driving them home he met a butcher and said to him: "Would you like to
+buy these swine? I will sell them to you at half price if you will give
+me back the ears and tails." The butcher bought the whole herd, and paid
+Giuf&agrave; the money, together with the ears and tails.</p>
+
+<p>Giuf&agrave; then went to a bog near by and planted two ears close together and
+three spans off a tail, and so with all of them. Then he ran in great
+trouble to the farmer and cried: "Sir, imagine what a great misfortune
+has happened to me. I had fattened your swine beautifully and was
+driving them home when they fell into a bog and are all swallowed up in
+it. The ears and tails only are still sticking out." The farmer hastened
+with all his people to the bog, where the ears and tails still stuck
+out. They tried to pull the swine out, but whenever they seized an ear
+or a tail it came right off and Giuf&agrave; exclaimed: "You see how fat the
+swine were: they have disappeared in the marsh from pure fatness." The
+farmer was obliged to return home without his swine, while Giuf&agrave; took
+the money home to his mother and remained a time with her.</p>
+
+<p>One day his mother said to him: "Giuf&agrave;, we have nothing to eat to-day;
+what shall we do?" "Leave it to me," said he, and went to a butcher.
+"Gossip, give me half a <i>rotulu</i> of meat; I will give you the money
+to-morrow." The butcher gave him the meat and he went in the same way to
+the baker, the oil-merchant, the wine-dealer, and the cheese-merchant
+and took home to his mother the meat, macaroni, bread, oil, wine, and
+cheese which he had bought on credit, and they ate together merrily.</p>
+
+<p>The next day Giuf&agrave; pretended he was dead and his mother wept and
+lamented. "My son is dead, my son is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> dead!" He was put in an open
+coffin and carried to the church and the priests sang the mass for the
+dead over him. When, however, every one in the city heard that Giuf&agrave; was
+dead, the butcher, the baker, the oil-merchant, and the wine-dealer
+said: "What we gave him yesterday is as good as lost. Who will pay us
+for it now?" The cheese-dealer, however, thought: "Giuf&agrave;, it is true,
+owes me only four <i>grani</i><a name="FNanchor_A_20" id="FNanchor_A_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_20" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> but I will not give them to him. I will go
+and take his cap from him." So he crept into the church, but there was
+still a priest there praying over Giuf&agrave;'s coffin. "As long as the priest
+is there, it is not fitting for me to take his cap," thought the
+cheese-merchant, and hid himself behind the altar. When it was night the
+last priest departed and the cheese-merchant was on the point of coming
+out from his hiding-place when a band of thieves rushed into the church.
+They had stolen a large bag of money and were going to divide it in the
+dark church. They quarrelled over the division and began to cry out and
+make a noise. Thereupon Giuf&agrave; sat up in his coffin and exclaimed: "Out
+with you!" The thieves were greatly frightened when the dead man rose
+up, and believed he was calling to the other dead, so they ran out in
+terror, leaving the sack behind. As Giuf&agrave; was picking up the sack, the
+cheese-merchant sprang from his hiding-place and claimed his share of
+the money. Giuf&agrave;, however, kept crying: "Your share is four <i>grani</i>."
+The thieves outside thought he was dividing the money among the dead and
+said to each other: "How many he must have called if they receive but
+four <i>grani</i> apiece!" and ran away as fast as they could run. Giuf&agrave; took
+the money home to his mother, after he had given the cheese-merchant a
+little to say nothing about what had happened.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_20" id="Footnote_A_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_20"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> About a cent and a half.</p></div>
+
+<p>Giuf&agrave;'s mother once bought a large stock of flax and said to her son:
+"Giuf&agrave;, you can surely spin a little so as to be doing something." Giuf&agrave;
+took a skein from time to time, and instead of spinning it put it in the
+fire and burned it. Then his mother became angry and beat him. What did
+Giuf&agrave; do then? He took a bundle of twigs and wound it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> with flax like a
+distaff; then he took a broom for a spindle and sat himself on the roof
+and began to spin. While he was sitting there three fairies came by and
+said: "Just see how nicely Giuf&agrave; is sitting there and spinning. Shall we
+not give him something?" The first fairy said: "I will enable him to
+spin as much flax in a night as he touches." The second said: "I will
+enable him to weave in a night as much yarn as he has spun." The third
+said: "I will enable him to bleach all the linen he has woven in one
+night." Giuf&agrave; heard this and at night when his mother had gone to bed,
+he got behind her stock of flax, and as often as he touched a skein it
+was at once spun. When the flax was all gone he began to weave, and as
+soon as he touched the loom the linen began to roll from it. Finally he
+spread the linen out and had scarcely wet it a little when it was
+bleached. The next morning Giuf&agrave; showed his mother the fine pieces of
+linen, and she sold them and earned much money. Giuf&agrave; continued this for
+several nights; finally he grew tired and wanted to go out to service
+again.</p>
+
+<p>He found a place with a smith, whose bellows he was to blow. He blew
+them so hard, however, that he put the fire out. The smith said: "Leave
+off blowing and hammer the iron on the anvil." But Giuf&agrave; pounded on the
+anvil so hard that the iron flew into a thousand pieces. Then the smith
+became angry, but he could not send him away, for he had agreed to keep
+him a year. So he went to a poor man and said: "I will make you a
+handsome present if you will tell Giuf&agrave; that you are Death, and that you
+have come to take him away." The poor man met Giuf&agrave; one day, and said
+what the smith had told him. Giuf&agrave; was not slow. "What, are you Death?"
+cried he, seized the poor man, put him in his sack, and carried him to
+the smithy. There he laid him on the anvil and began to hammer away on
+him. "How many years shall I yet live?" he asked, while he was
+hammering. "Twenty years," cried the man in the sack. "That is not near
+enough." "Thirty years, forty years, as long as you will," screamed the
+man; but Giuf&agrave; kept on hammering until the poor man was dead.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The bishop once announced to the whole town that every goldsmith should
+make him a crucifix, and he would pay four hundred ounces for the most
+beautiful one. Whoever brought a crucifix that did not please him must
+lose his head. So a goldsmith came and brought him a handsome crucifix,
+but the bishop said it did not please him and had the poor man's head
+cut off, but kept the crucifix. The next day a second goldsmith came,
+who brought a still handsomer crucifix, but it went no better with him
+than with the first. This lasted for some time and many a poor man lost
+his head. When Giuf&agrave; heard of this he went to a goldsmith and said:
+"Master, you must make me a crucifix with a very thick body, but
+otherwise as fine as you can make it." When the crucifix was done Giuf&agrave;
+took it on his arm and carried it to the bishop. Scarcely had the bishop
+seen it when he cried out: "What are you thinking of, to bring me such a
+monster? Wait, you shall pay me for it!" "Ah, worthy sir," said Giuf&agrave;,
+"just hear me and learn what has happened to me. This crucifix was a
+model of beauty when I started with it; on the way it began to swell
+with anger and the nearer your house I came the more it swelled, most of
+all when I was mounting your stairs. The Lord is angry with you on
+account of the innocent blood that you have shed, and if you do not at
+once give me the four hundred ounces and an annuity to each of the
+goldsmiths' widows, you, too, will swell in the same way, and God's
+wrath will visit you." The bishop was frightened and gave him the four
+hundred ounces, and bade him send all the widows to him so that he could
+give each of them a yearly pension. Giuf&agrave; took the money and went to
+each widow and said: "What will you give me if I will procure you an
+annuity from the bishop?" Each gave him a handsome sum and Giuf&agrave; took
+home to his mother a great heap of money.</p>
+
+<p>One day Giuf&agrave;'s mother sent him to another town, where there was a fair.
+On the way some children met him, who asked: "Where are you going,
+Giuf&agrave;?" "To the fair." "Will you bring me back a whistle?" "Yes!" "And
+me, too?" "Yes!" "Me, too?" "Me, too?" asked one after<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> the other, and
+Giuf&agrave; said "Yes" to all. At last there was a child who said: "Giuf&agrave;,
+bring me a whistle, too. Here is a penny." When Giuf&agrave; came back from the
+fair, he brought one whistle only and gave it to the last boy. "Giuf&agrave;,
+you promised each of us one," cried the other children. "You did not
+give me a penny to buy it with," answered Giuf&agrave;.<a name="FNanchor_20_7" id="FNanchor_20_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_7" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The counterpart of Giuf&agrave; is found in a Venetian story (Bernoni, <i>Fiabe</i>,
+No. 11) entitled "The Fool," which is, in substance, as follows:</p>
+
+
+<h3>CIV. THE FOOL.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a mother who had a son with little brains.
+One morning she said: "We must get up early, for we have to make bread."
+So they both rose early and began to make bread. The mother made the
+loaves, but took no pains to make them the same size. Her son said to
+her finally: "How small you have made this loaf, mother!" "Oh!" said
+she, "it does not matter whether they are big or little; for the proverb
+says: 'Large and small, all must go to mass.'" "Good, good!"</p>
+
+<p>When the bread was made, instead of carrying it to the baker's, the son
+took it to the church, for it was the hour for mass, saying: "My mother
+said that, 'Large and small, all must go to mass.'" So he threw the
+loaves down in the middle of the church. Then he went home to his mother
+and said: "I have done what you told me to do." "Good! did you take the
+bread to the baker's?" "Oh! mother, if you had seen how they all looked
+at me!" "You might also have cast an eye on them in return," said his
+mother. "Wait, wait, I will cast an eye at them, too," he exclaimed, and
+went to the stable and cut out the eyes of all the animals, and putting
+them in a handkerchief, went to the church and when any man or woman
+looked at him he threw an eye at them.</p>
+
+<p>When his mother learned what he had done she took to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> her bed and sent
+her son for a physician. When the doctor came he felt her pulse and
+said: "Oh! how weak this poor woman is!" Then he told the son that he
+must take good care of his mother and make her some very thin broth and
+give her a bowlful every minute. The son promised to obey him and went
+to the market and bought a sparrow and put on the fire a pail of water.
+When it boiled he put in the sparrow and waited until it boiled up two
+or three times, and then took a bowl of the broth to his mother, and
+repeated the dose as fast as he could.</p>
+
+<p>The next day the physician found the poor woman weaker than ever, and
+told her son he must put something heavy on her so as to throw her into
+a perspiration. When the doctor had gone the son piled all the heavy
+furniture in the room on her, and when she could no longer breathe he
+ran for the doctor again. This time the doctor saw that nothing was to
+be done, and advised her son to have her confess and prepare for death.
+So her son dressed her and carried her to church and sat her in the
+confessional and told the priest that some one was waiting for him and
+then went home. The priest soon saw that the woman was dead and went to
+find her son. When the son heard that his mother was dead, he declared
+that the priest had killed her, and began to beat him.<a name="FNanchor_21_7" id="FNanchor_21_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_7" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>There are many stories in Italy which turn on the tricks played by a
+sharper on his credulous friends; a good specimen of the class is the
+following from Sicily (Pitr&egrave;, No. 157):</p>
+
+
+<h3>CV. UNCLE CAPRIANO.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a husband and wife who had a daughter. The man's name was
+Uncle Capriano and he owned near the town a piece of property, where he
+always worked. One day thirteen robbers happened to pass that way, saw
+Uncle Capriano, dismounted, and began to talk with him, and soon formed
+a friendship for him. After this they frequently went to divert
+themselves with him. When they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> arrived they always saluted him with:
+"Good day, Uncle Capriano," and he answered: "Your servant, gentlemen;
+what are your worships doing?" "We have come to amuse ourselves. Go,
+Uncle Capriano, go and lunch, for we will do the work meanwhile." So he
+went and ate and they did his work for him. Finally, what do you suppose
+Uncle Capriano tried to do? He sought to invent some way to get money
+from the robbers. When he went home he said to his wife: "I am on
+friendly terms with the robbers and I would like to see whether I can
+get a little money out of them, and I have invented this story to tell
+them: that we have a rabbit, which I send home alone every evening with
+fire-wood and things for soup, which my wife cooks." Then he said to his
+daughter: "When I come with the thieves, you bathe the rabbit in water
+and come out of the door to meet me and say: 'Is that the way to load
+the poor little rabbit so that it comes home tired to death?'"</p>
+
+<p>When the thieves heard that he had a rabbit that carried things, they
+wanted it, saying: "If we had it we could send it to carry money, food,
+and other things to our houses." Uncle Capriano said to them one day: "I
+should like to have you come to my house to-day." There were thirteen of
+the thieves; one said Yes, another said No. The captain said: "Let us go
+and see the rabbit." When they arrived at the house the daughter came to
+the door and said: "Is that the way to load the poor little rabbit so
+that it comes home tired to death?" When they entered the house all felt
+of the rabbit and exclaimed: "Poor little animal! poor little animal! it
+is all covered with sweat." When the thieves saw this they looked at
+each other and said: "Shall we ask him to give us this little rabbit?"
+Then they said: "Uncle Capriano, you must give us the rabbit without any
+words, and we will pay you whatever you ask." He answered: "Ask me for
+anything except this rabbit, for if I give you that I shall be ruined."
+They replied: "You must give it to us without further words, whether you
+are ruined or not." Finally Uncle Capriano let them have the rabbit for
+two hundred ounces, and they gave him twenty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> besides to buy himself a
+present with. After the thieves had got possession of the rabbit, they
+went to a house in the country to try it. They each took a bag of money
+and said: "Let us send a bag to each of our houses." The captain said:
+"First, carry a bag to mine." So they took the rabbit to load it, and
+after they had put the bags on it, the rabbit could not move and one of
+the thieves struck it on the haunch with a switch. Then the rabbit ran
+away instantly. The thieves went in great anger to Uncle Capriano and
+said: "Did you have the boldness to play such a trick on us, to sell us
+a rabbit that could not stir when we put a few bags of money on it?"
+"But, gentlemen," said the old man, "did you beat it?" "Of course,"
+answered one of the thieves, "my companion struck it with a switch on
+the haunch." The old man asked: "But where did you strike it, on the
+right or on the left haunch?" "On the left." "That is why the rabbit ran
+away," said the old man. "You should have hit it on the right. If you
+did not observe these conditions, what fault is it of mine?" "This is
+true," said the thieves, "Uncle Capriano is right; so go and eat and we
+will attend to the work." And so their friendship was not broken this
+time.</p>
+
+<p>After a time Uncle Capriano said to his wife: "We must get some more
+money from the thieves." "In what way?" "To-morrow you must buy a new
+pot, and then you must cook in an old pot somewhere in the house, and at
+Ave Maria, just before I come home, you must empty the old pot into the
+new one, and put it on the hearth without any fire. To-morrow I will
+tell the thieves that I have a pot that cooks without any fire."</p>
+
+<p>The next evening Uncle Capriano persuaded the thieves to go home with
+him. When they saw the pot they looked at one another and said: "We must
+ask him to give it to us." After some hesitation, he sold it to them for
+four hundred ounces, and twenty over as before.</p>
+
+<p>When the thieves arrived at their house in the country, they killed a
+fine kid, put it into the pot, and set it on the hearth, without any
+fire, and went away. In the evening<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span> they all ran and tried to see who
+would arrive first, and find the meat cooked. The one who arrived first
+took out a piece of meat, and saw that it was as they had left it. Then
+he gave the pot a kick, and broke it in two. When the others came and
+found the meat not cooked, they started for Uncle Capriano's, and
+complained to him that he had sold them a pot that cooked everything,
+and that they had put meat into it, and found it raw. "Did you break the
+pot?" asked Uncle Capriano. "Of course we broke it." "What kind of a
+hearth did you have, high or low?" One of the thieves answered: "Rather
+high." "That was why the pot did not cook; it should have been low. You
+did not observe the conditions and broke the pot; what fault is that of
+mine?" The thieves said: "Uncle Capriano is right; go, Uncle Capriano,
+and eat, for we will do your work."</p>
+
+<p>Some time after, Uncle Capriano said again to his wife: "We must get
+some more money out of them." "But how can we manage it?" "You know that
+we have a whistle in the chest; have it put in order, and to-morrow go
+to the butcher's, and get a bladder of blood, and fix it about your
+neck, and put on your mantilla; and when I return home, let me find you
+sitting down and angry, and the candle not lighted. I will bring my
+friends with me, and when I find the candle not lighted, I will begin to
+cry out, and you will not utter a word; then I will take my knife and
+cut your throat. You will fall down on the floor; the blood will run out
+of the bladder, and the thieves will believe that you are dead. You"
+(turning to his daughter)&mdash;"what I say I mean, when I tell you: 'Get the
+whistle'&mdash;get it and give it to me. When I blow it three times, you"
+(speaking to his wife) "will get up from the floor. When the thieves see
+this operation they will want the whistle, and we will get another six
+hundred ounces from them."</p>
+
+<p>[Everything took place as Uncle Capriano had arranged; the thieves paid
+him six hundred ounces, and twenty over as usual, and then went home and
+killed their wives, to try the whistle on them. The rage of the thieves
+can be imagined when they found they had been deceived again. In<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> order
+to avenge themselves, they took a sack and went to Uncle Capriano, and
+without any words seized him, put him in it, and taking him on a horse,
+rode away. They came after a time to a country-house, where they stopped
+to eat, leaving Uncle Capriano outside in the bag.]</p>
+
+<p>Uncle Capriano, who was in the bag, began to cry: "They want to give me
+the king's daughter, and I don't want her!" There happened to be near by
+a herdsman, who heard what he was saying about the king's daughter, and
+he said to himself: "I will go and take her myself." So he went to Uncle
+Capriano and said: "What is the matter with you?" "They want to give me
+the king's daughter, and I don't want her, because I am married." The
+herdsman said: "I will take her, for I am single; but how can we arrange
+it?" Uncle Capriano answered: "Take me out, and get into the bag
+yourself." "That is a good idea," said the herdsman; so he set Uncle
+Capriano at liberty, and got into the bag himself. Uncle Capriano tied
+him fast, took his crook, and went to tend the sheep. The herdsman soon
+began to cry: "They want to give me the king's daughter. I will take
+her, I will take her!" In a little while the thieves came and put the
+bag on a horse, and rode away to the sea, the herdsman crying out all
+the time: "They want to give me the king's daughter. I will take her, I
+will take her!" When they came to the sea, they threw the bag in, and
+returned home. On their way back, they happened to look up on the
+mountain, and exclaimed: "See there! is that not Uncle Capriano?" "Yes,
+it is." "How can that be; did we not throw him into the sea, and is he
+there now?" Then they went to him and said: "How is this, Uncle
+Capriano, didn't we throw you in the sea?" "Oh! you threw me in near the
+shore, and I found these sheep and oxen; if you had thrown me in farther
+out, I would have found many more." Then they asked Uncle Capriano to
+throw them all in, and they went to the sea, and he began to throw them
+in, and each said: "Quick, Uncle Capriano, throw me in quickly before my
+comrades get them all!" After he had thrown them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> all in, Uncle Capriano
+took the horses and sheep and oxen, and went home and built palaces, and
+became very rich, and married his daughter, and gave a splendid
+banquet.<a name="FNanchor_22_7" id="FNanchor_22_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_7" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A very interesting class of stories is found in Pitr&egrave; (Nos. 246-270)
+illustrating proverbial sayings. The first, on the text "The longer one
+lives, the more one learns," relates that a child came to an old man and
+asked for some coals to light a fire with. The old man said he would
+willingly give them, but the child had nothing to carry them in. The
+child, however, filled his palm with ashes, put a coal on them, and went
+away. The old man gave his head a slap, and exclaimed: "With all my
+years and experience, I did not know this thing. 'The longer one lives,
+the more one learns.'" And from that time these words have remained for
+a proverb.</p>
+
+<p>Another (No. 252) recalls one of Giuf&agrave;'s pranks. A husband, to test his
+wife and friend, who is a bailiff, throws a goat's head into the well,
+and tells the wife that he has killed a person and cut off the head to
+prevent the body from being recognized. The wife promises secrecy, but
+soon tells the story to her friend, who denounces the supposed murderer
+to the judge. The house is entered by an arbor, from which they climb
+into a window, and the husband is arrested and taken to the well, which
+a bailiff descends, and finds the goat's head. The husband explains his
+trick, which gave rise to the saying: "Do not confide a secret to a
+woman; do not make a bailiff your friend, and do not rent a house with
+an arbor."<a name="FNanchor_23_7" id="FNanchor_23_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_7" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another shows how the stories of classic times survive among the people.
+Nero, a wicked king, goes about in disguise to hear what the people say
+of him. One day he meets an old woman in the field, and when Nero's name
+is mentioned, instead of cursing him as others do, she says: "May God
+preserve him." She explains her words by saying that they have had
+several kings, each worse than the other, and now they have Nero, who
+tears every son from his mother, wherefore may God guard and preserve
+him, for "There is no end to evil."<a name="FNanchor_24_7" id="FNanchor_24_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_7" class="fnanchor">[24]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There was once a whimsical prince who thought he could arrange the world
+and animals as he pleased and overcome Nature. He taught his horse to
+devour flesh and his dogs to eat grass. He trained an ass to dance and
+accompany himself by his braying: in short, the prince boasted that by
+means of Art one could rule Nature. Among other things he trained a cat
+to stand on the table and hold a lighted candle while he was eating. No
+matter what was brought on the table, the cat never moved, but held the
+candle as if it had been a statue of wood. The prince showed the cat to
+his friends and said, boastingly: "Nature is nothing; my art is more
+powerful and can do this and other things." His friends often said that
+everything must be true to its nature; "Art departs and Nature
+prevails." The prince invited them to make any trial they wished,
+asserting that the cat would never forget the art he had taught it. One
+of his friends caught a mouse one day and wrapped it up in a
+handkerchief and carried it with him to the prince's. When the cat heard
+and saw the mouse, it dropped the candlestick and ran after the mouse.
+The friend began to laugh, and said to the prince, who stood with his
+mouth wide open with amazement: "Dear prince, I always told you Art
+departs and Nature prevails!"</p>
+
+<p>This story is told of Dante and Cecco d' Ascoli, the former playing the
+r&ocirc;le of the prince.<a name="FNanchor_25_7" id="FNanchor_25_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_7" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p>
+
+<p>To counterbalance the stories of foolish people which have been related
+above, we will conclude this chapter with some stories of clever people,
+stories which were popular as long ago as the Middle Ages.</p>
+
+<p>The first is from Sicily (Gonz., No. 50) and is called:</p>
+
+
+<h3>CVII. THE CLEVER PEASANT.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a king who, while hunting, saw a peasant working in the
+fields and asked him: "How much do you earn in a day?" "Four <i>carlini</i>,
+your Majesty," answered the peasant. "What do you do with them?"
+continued the king. The peasant said: "The first I eat; the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> second I
+put out at interest; the third I give back, and the fourth I throw
+away."</p>
+
+<p>The king rode on, but after a time the peasant's answer seemed very
+curious to him, so he returned and asked him: "Tell me, what do you mean
+by eating the first <i>carlino</i>, putting the second out to interest,
+giving back the third, and throwing away the fourth?" The peasant
+answered: "With the first I feed myself; with the second I feed my
+children, who must care for me when I am old; with the third I feed my
+father, and so repay him for what he has done for me, and with the
+fourth I feed my wife, and thus throw it away, because I have no profit
+from it." "Yes," said the king, "you are right. Promise me, however,
+that you will not tell any one this until you have seen my face a
+hundred times." The peasant promised and the king rode home well
+pleased.</p>
+
+<p>While sitting at table with his ministers, he said: "I will give you a
+riddle: A peasant earns four <i>carlini</i> a day; the first he eats; the
+second he puts out at interest; the third he gives back, and the fourth
+he throws away. What is that?" No one was able to answer it.</p>
+
+<p>One of the ministers remembered finally that the king had spoken the day
+before with the peasant, and he resolved to find the peasant and obtain
+from him the answer. When he saw the peasant he asked him for the answer
+to the riddle, but the peasant answered: "I cannot tell you, for I have
+promised the king to tell no one until I have seen his face a hundred
+times." "Oh!" said the minister, "I can show you the king's face," and
+drew a hundred coins from his purse and gave them to the peasant. On
+every coin the king's face was to be seen of course. After the peasant
+had looked at each coin once, he said: "I have now seen the king's face
+a hundred times, and can tell you the answer to the riddle," and told
+him it.</p>
+
+<p>The minister went in great glee to the king and said: "Your Majesty, I
+have found the answer to the riddle; it is so and so." The king
+exclaimed: "You can have heard it only from the peasant himself," had
+the peasant summoned, and took him to task. "Did you not promise me<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> not
+to tell it until you had seen my face a hundred times?" "But, your
+Majesty," answered the peasant, "your minister showed me your picture a
+hundred times." Then he showed him the bag of money that the minister
+had given him. The king was so pleased with the clever peasant that he
+rewarded him, and made him a rich man for the rest of his life.<a name="FNanchor_26_7" id="FNanchor_26_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_7" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>CVIII. THE CLEVER GIRL.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was a huntsman who had a wife and two children, a
+son and a daughter; and all lived together in a wood where no one ever
+came, and so they knew nothing about the world. The father alone
+sometimes went to the city and brought back the news. The king's son
+once went hunting and lost himself in that wood, and while he was
+seeking his way it became night. He was weary and hungry. Imagine how he
+felt! But all at once he saw a light shining at a distance. He followed
+it and reached the huntsman's house and asked for lodging and something
+to eat. The huntsman recognized him at once and said: "Highness, we have
+already supped on our best. But if we can find anything for you, you
+must be satisfied with it. What can we do? We are so far from the towns,
+that we cannot procure what we need every day." Meanwhile he had a capon
+cooked for him. The prince did not wish to eat it alone, but called all
+the huntsman's family, and gave the head of the capon to the father, the
+back to the mother, the legs to the son, and the wings to the daughter,
+and ate the rest himself. In the house there were only two beds, in the
+same room. In one the husband and wife slept, in the other the brother
+and sister. The old people went and slept in the stable, giving up their
+bed to the prince. When the girl saw that the prince was asleep, she
+said to her brother: "I will wager that you do not know why the prince
+divided the capon among us in the manner he did." "Do you know? Tell me
+why." "He gave the head to papa because he is the head of the family,
+the back to mamma because she has on her shoulders all the affairs of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span>
+the house, the legs to you because you must be quick in performing the
+errands which are given you, and the wings to me to fly away and catch a
+husband." The prince pretended to be asleep; but he was awake and heard
+these words, and perceived that the girl had much judgment; and as she
+was also pretty, he fell in love with her.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning he left the huntsman's; and as soon as he reached the
+court, he sent him, by a servant, a purse of money. To the young girl he
+sent a cake in the form of a full moon, thirty patties, and a cooked
+capon, with three questions: "Whether it was the thirtieth of the month
+in the wood, whether the moon was full, and whether the capon crowed in
+the night." The servant, although a trusty one, was overcome by his
+gluttony and ate fifteen of the patties, and a good slice of the cake,
+and the capon. The young girl, who had understood it all, sent back word
+to the prince that the moon was not full but on the wane; that it was
+only the fifteenth of the month and that the capon had gone to the mill;
+and that she asked him to spare the pheasant for the sake of the
+partridge. The prince, too, understood the metaphor, and having summoned
+the servant, he cried: "Rogue! you have eaten the capon, fifteen
+patties, and a good slice of the cake. Thank that girl who has
+interceded for you; if she had not, I would have hung you."</p>
+
+<p>A few months after this, the huntsman found a gold mortar, and wished to
+present it to the prince. But his daughter said: "You will be laughed at
+for this present. You will see that the prince will say to you: 'The
+mortar is fine and good, but, peasant, where is the pestle?'" The father
+did not listen to his daughter; but when he carried the mortar to the
+prince, he was greeted as his daughter had foretold. "My daughter told
+me so," said the huntsman. "Ah! if I had only listened to her!" The
+prince heard these words and said to him: "Your daughter, who pretends
+to be so wise, must make me a hundred ells of cloth out of four ounces
+of flax; if she does not I will hang you and her." The poor father
+returned home weeping, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> sure that he and his daughter must die, for
+who could make a hundred ells of cloth with four ounces of flax. His
+daughter came out to meet him, and when she learned why he was weeping,
+said: "Is that all you are weeping for? Quick, get me the flax and I
+will manage it." She made four small cords of the flax and said to her
+father: "Take these cords and tell him that when he makes me a loom out
+of these cords I will weave the hundred ells of cloth." When the prince
+heard this answer he did not know what to say, and thought no more about
+condemning the father or the daughter.</p>
+
+<p>The next day he went to the wood to visit the girl. Her mother was dead,
+and her father was out in the fields digging. The prince knocked, but no
+one opened. He knocked louder, but the same thing. The young girl was
+deaf to him. Finally, tired of waiting, he broke open the door and
+entered: "Rude girl! who taught you not to open to one of my rank? Where
+are your father and mother?" "Who knew it was you? My father is where he
+should be and my mother is weeping for her sins. You must leave, for I
+have something else to do than listen to you." The prince went away in
+anger and complained to the father of his daughter's rude manners, but
+the father excused her. The prince, at last seeing how wise and cunning
+she was, married her.</p>
+
+<p>The wedding was celebrated with great splendor, but an event happened
+which came near plunging the princess into misfortune. One Sunday two
+peasants were passing a church; one of them had a hand-cart and the
+other was leading a she-ass ready to foal. The bell rang for mass and
+they both entered the church, one leaving his cart outside and the other
+tying the ass to the cart. While they were in the church the ass foaled,
+and the owner of the ass and the owner of the cart both claimed the
+colt. They appealed to the prince, and he decided that the colt belonged
+to the owner of the cart, because, he said, it was more likely that the
+owner of the ass would tie her to the cart in order to lay a false claim
+to the colt than that the owner of the cart<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> would tie it to the ass.
+The owner of the ass had right on his side, and all the people were in
+his favor, but the prince had pronounced sentence and there was nothing
+to say. The poor man then applied to the princess, who advised him to
+cast a net in the square when the prince passed. When the prince saw the
+net, he said: "What are you doing, you fool? Do you expect to find fish
+in the square?" The peasant, who had been advised by the princess,
+answered: "It is easier for me to find fish in the square than for a
+cart to have foals." The prince revoked the sentence, but when he
+returned to the palace, knowing that the princess had suggested the
+answer to the peasant, he said to her: "Prepare to return to your own
+home within an hour. Take with you what you like best and depart." She
+was not at all saddened by the prospect, but ate a better dinner than
+usual, and made the prince drink a bottle of wine in which she had put a
+sleeping potion; and when he was as sound asleep as a log, she had him
+put in a carriage and took him with her to her house in the wood. It was
+in January, and she had the roof of the house uncovered and it snowed on
+the prince, who awoke and called his servants: "What do you wish?" said
+the princess. "I command here. Did you not tell me to take from your
+house the thing I liked best? I have taken you, and now you are mine."
+The prince laughed and they made peace.<a name="FNanchor_27_7" id="FNanchor_27_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_7" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The next story is the Italian version of the tale familiar to the
+readers of Grimm by the title of "Doctor Knowall." There is a Sicilian
+version in Pitr&egrave;, No. 167, in which our story forms one of several
+episodes. It is found, however, independently in the Mantuan collection
+from which we take it, changing the name slightly to suit the conclusion
+of the story.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CIX. CRAB.</h3>
+
+<p>There was once a king who had lost a valuable ring. He looked for it
+everywhere, but could not find it. So he issued a proclamation that if
+any astrologer could tell him where<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> it was he would be richly rewarded.
+A poor peasant by the name of Crab heard of the proclamation. He could
+neither read nor write, but took it into his head that he wanted to be
+the astrologer to find the king's ring. So he went and presented himself
+to the king, to whom he said: "Your Majesty must know that I am an
+astrologer, although you see me so poorly dressed. I know that you have
+lost a ring and I will try by study to find out where it is." "Very
+well," said the king, "and when you have found it, what reward must I
+give you?" "That is at your discretion, your Majesty." "Go, then, study,
+and we shall see what kind of an astrologer you turn out to be."</p>
+
+<p>He was conducted to a room, in which he was to be shut up to study. It
+contained only a bed and a table on which were a large book and writing
+materials. Crab seated himself at the table and did nothing but turn
+over the leaves of the book and scribble the paper so that the servants
+who brought him his food thought him a great man. They were the ones who
+had stolen the ring, and from the severe glances that the peasant cast
+at them whenever they entered, they began to fear that they would be
+found out. They made him endless bows and never opened their mouths
+without calling him "Mr. Astrologer." Crab, who, although illiterate,
+was, as a peasant, cunning, all at once imagined that the servants must
+know about the ring, and this is the way his suspicions were confirmed.
+He had been shut up in his room turning over his big book and scribbling
+his paper for a month, when his wife came to visit him. He said to her:
+"Hide yourself under the bed, and when a servant enters, say: 'That is
+one;' when another comes, say: 'That is two;' and so on." The woman hid
+herself. The servants came with the dinner, and hardly had the first one
+entered when a voice from under the bed said: "That is one." The second
+one entered; the voice said: "That is two;" and so on. The servants were
+frightened at hearing that voice, for they did not know where it came
+from, and held a consultation. One of them said: "We are discovered; if
+the astrologer denounces us<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> to the king as thieves, we are lost." "Do
+you know what we must do?" said another. "Let us hear." "We must go to
+the astrologer and tell him frankly that we stole the ring, and ask him
+not to betray us, and present him with a purse of money. Are you
+willing?" "Perfectly."</p>
+
+<p>So they went in harmony to the astrologer, and making him a lower bow
+than usual, one of them began: "Mr. Astrologer, you have discovered that
+we stole the ring. We are poor people and if you reveal it to the king,
+we are undone. So we beg you not to betray us, and accept this purse of
+money." Crab took the purse and then added: "I will not betray you, but
+you must do what I tell you, if you wish to save your lives. Take the
+ring and make that turkey in the court-yard swallow it, and leave the
+rest to me." The servants were satisfied to do so and departed with a
+low bow. The next day Crab went to the king and said to him: "Your
+Majesty must know that after having toiled over a month I have succeeded
+in discovering where the ring has gone to." "Where is it, then?" asked
+the king. "A turkey has swallowed it." "A turkey? very well, let us
+see."</p>
+
+<p>They went for the turkey, opened it, and found the ring inside. The
+king, amazed, presented the astrologer with a large purse of money and
+invited him to a banquet. Among the other dishes, there was brought on
+the table a plate of crabs. Crabs must then have been very rare, because
+only the king and a few others knew their name. Turning to the peasant
+the king said: "You, who are an astrologer, must be able to tell me the
+name of these things which are in this dish." The poor astrologer was
+very much puzzled, and, as if speaking to himself, but in such a way
+that the others heard him, he muttered: "Ah! Crab, Crab, what a plight
+you are in!" All who did not know that his name was Crab rose and
+proclaimed him the greatest astrologer in the world.<a name="FNanchor_28_7" id="FNanchor_28_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_7" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span></p>
+<h2>NOTES.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>INTRODUCTION.</h3>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> There are some popular tales, chiefly Oriental in their
+origin, in the <i>Cente novelle antiche</i> (see the notes to Chapter III.),
+and Boccaccio and his imitators undoubtedly made use of popular
+material. These popular elements, however, are almost exclusively of the
+class of jests. The fairy tale, which constitutes by far the largest and
+most important class of popular tales, is not found in European
+literature until Straparola. For a few earlier traces of fairy tales in
+medi&aelig;val literature, see an article by the writer, "Two Medi&aelig;val
+Folk-Tales," in the <i>Germania</i>, XVIII. [New Series], p. 203.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_1" id="Footnote_2_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_1"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The little that is known of Straparola and a very complete
+bibliography of his <i>Piacevoli Notti</i> will be found in an excellent
+monograph entitled, <i>Giovan Francesco Straparola da Caravaggio</i>,
+Inaugural-Dissertation von F. W. J. Brakelmann aus Soest, G&ouml;ttingen,
+1867. Straparola's work, especially the unexpurgated editions, is
+scarce, and the student will ordinarily be obliged to consult it in the
+French translation of Louveau and Larivey, of which there is an
+excellent edition in the <i>Biblioth&egrave;que Elzevirienne</i> of P. Jannet,
+Paris, 1857. There is a German translation with valuable notes of the
+<i>m&auml;rchen</i> contained in the <i>Piacevoli Notti</i> by F. W. Val. Schmidt,
+Berlin, 1817. Schmidt used, without knowing it, an expurgated edition,
+and translated eighteen instead of twenty-two popular tales.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_1" id="Footnote_3_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_1"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> The reader will find all the necessary references to
+Straparola's borrowed materials in Liebrecht's translation of Dunlop's
+History of Fiction, pp. 283, 493; in Brakelmann's dissertation above
+cited; in the French version in the <i>Bib. Elzevir.</i>; and in Grimm, II.
+477.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_1" id="Footnote_4_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_1"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> A comparison of Straparola's tales with those of Grimm, and
+an analysis of those lacking in Schmidt's translation, will be found in
+Grimm, II. 477-481.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_1" id="Footnote_5_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_1"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The imitations of Straparola will be found in
+Dunlop-Liebrecht, p. 284. It is impossible to say with absolute
+certainty that Perrault borrowed his "<i>Chat Bott&eacute;</i>" and "<i>Peau d'Ane</i>"
+from Straparola. It is, however, quite likely. Perrault's stories
+appeared 1694-97, and twelve editions of the French translation of
+Straparola had been issued before that date.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_1" id="Footnote_6_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_1"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> The few details of Basile's life will be found in Grimm, II.
+481, Liebrecht's translation, II. p. 316, and Taylor's translation, p.
+v. An article in a recent number of the periodical named from Basile,
+vol. II. p. 17, gives the conflicting testimony of a number of Italian
+writers as to Basile's birth and death. The writer has discovered a
+mention of Basile's burial in the church of St. Sophia at Giugliano,
+near Naples, and in a record of deaths kept in the same town, an entry
+stating that Basile died there on the 23d of February, 1632. The
+following are all the editions of which I can find mention: Naples,
+1637, 8vo, 1644, 12mo, 1645, 1674, 1694 (Graesse), 1697 (Pitr&egrave;), 1714,
+1722, 1728, 1747, 1749 (Liebrecht), 1788, <i>Collezione di Tutti i Poemi</i>,
+etc.; Rome, 1679, 1797 (Pitr&egrave;). Italian translations appeared at Naples
+in 1754, 1769, 1784, and 1863, and in Bolognese at Bologna, 1742, 1813,
+1872, and at Venice in 1813. The editions used in the preparation of
+this work will be found in the Bibliography. In spite of the numerous
+editions above cited, the <i>Pentamerone</i> is a very scarce work, and the
+scholar will usually have to content himself with Liebrecht's excellent
+translation. Thirty-one of the fifty stories have been admirably
+translated by John Edward Taylor, London, 1848, 1850. The <i>Pentamerone</i>
+suffered the same fate as the <i>Piacevoli Notti</i>. It was not known, for
+instance, in Germany, until Fernow described it in his <i>R&ouml;mische
+Studien</i>, Z&uuml;rich, 1808, vol. III. pp. 316, 475, although Wieland had
+taken the material for his "Pervonte" from the third story of the first
+day.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_1" id="Footnote_7_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_1"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> The frame of the <i>Pentamerone</i> is the story of the "False
+Bride:" see Gonz., Nos. 11, 12; Pitr&egrave;, No. 13; Imbriani, "<i>'E Sette
+Mane-Mozze</i>;" and Hahn, Nos. 12, 49. Grimm, II. p. 483, gives the
+stories in the <i>Pent.</i> which have parallels among his own <i>Kinder- und
+Hausm&auml;rchen</i>. The notes to Liebrecht's translation are to be
+supplemented by the same author's additional notes in his translation of
+Dunlop, p. 515.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8_1" id="Footnote_8_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_1"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> This story is usually printed with Perrault's tales, but its
+author was really Mlle. Lh&eacute;ritier. See the latest edition of Perrault's
+tales, <i>Les Contes de Charles Perrault</i>, par Andr&eacute; Lef&egrave;vre, Paris,
+Lemerre, 1875, p. xli.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_9_1" id="Footnote_9_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_1"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> See Dunlop-Liebrecht, p. 408 <i>et seq.</i>; and Grimm, II. p.
+489 <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10_1" id="Footnote_10_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_1"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> References to four of the five stories will be found as
+follows: I., Pitr&egrave;, vol. IV. pp. 372, 375; II., Pitr&egrave;, <i>ibid.</i> p. 381;
+III., <i>Nov. fior.</i> pp. 93, 112, Pitr&egrave;, No. 36; V., Pitr&egrave;, vol. IV. p.
+391. The two editions of Naples, 1684 and 1751, are extremely scarce and
+the student will be obliged to have recourse to the edition of 1789,
+contained in the <i>Collezione di tutti li poeti in lingua Napoletana</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_11_1" id="Footnote_11_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_1"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Pitr&egrave;, vol. I. p. xliii., mentions some other names, as,
+<i>rumanzi</i> by the inhabitants of Termini, and <i>pugaret</i> by the Albanian
+colonists. To these may be added another Milanese appellation,
+<i>panzanega</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12_1" id="Footnote_12_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_1"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Other endings are given by Imbriani, <i>Pomiglianesi</i>, p.
+129:&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Cuccuruc&ugrave;,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No' noe n' cchi&ugrave;.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+(Cuccuruc&ugrave;, there is no more.)
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Cuccuruc&ugrave;.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sa' 'o vuo' cchi&ugrave; bello, t' o dice tu.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+(Cuccuruc&ugrave;, if you want it finer, tell it yourself.) See also Pitr&egrave;,
+vol. I. p. 196, note 2. The most curious introductions and endings are
+those in De Nino, <i>Usi e Costumi abruzzesi</i>, vol. III. There is no
+general formula, but each <i>fiaba</i> has one of its own. Some are
+meaningless jingles, but others are quite extensive poems on religious
+subjects. Among these may be found legends of various saints, St.
+Nicholas, p. 335, etc.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_13_1" id="Footnote_13_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_1"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> An interesting article might be written on the Italian
+story-tellers, generally illiterate women, from whose lips the stories
+in the modern collections have been taken down. Some details may be
+found in Pitr&egrave;, vol. I. p. xvii. (repeated in Ralston's article in
+<i>Fraser's Magazine</i>).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_14_1" id="Footnote_14_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_1"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Any attempt at an explanation of these facts would lead
+into the vexed question of the origin and diffusion of popular tales in
+general. We cannot refrain, however, from calling attention to a remark
+by Nerucci in the preface to his <i>Nov. pop. montalesi</i>, p. v. He thinks
+that the Italian popular tale will be found to have much the same origin
+as the Italian popular poetry, that is, that very much is of a literary
+origin which has usually been deemed popular. This is undoubtedly true
+of many stories; but may not two versions of a given story, a popular
+and a literary one, have had a source common to both? A very interesting
+study might be made of the Italian popular tales in their relation to
+literary versions which may be the originals.
+</p><p>
+The most valuable contributions to the question of the origin of Italian
+popular tales are those by Pitr&egrave; in the first volume of his <i>Fiabe</i>, pp.
+xli.-cxlv., and in the same author's <i>Nov. pop. tosc.</i> pp. v.-xxxviii.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER I.</h3>
+
+<h4>FAIRY TALES.</h4>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_2" id="Footnote_1_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_2"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This story is a variant of Pitr&egrave;, No. 17, <i>Marvizia</i> (the
+name of the heroine who was as small as a <i>marva</i>, the mallow plant), in
+which the introduction is wanting. The heroine falls in love with a
+green bird she sees in her garden, and goes in search of it. After many
+adventures, she restores the bird to its former human shape and marries
+it. Other Italian versions of the story in the text are: Sicilian,
+Pitr&egrave;, No.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> 281, <i>Nuovo Saggio</i>, V.; Gonz., No. 15; Neapolitan, <i>Pent.</i>
+II. 9, V. 4; Comp., No. 33 (from the Basilicata); Roman, Busk, p. 99;
+Tuscan, De Gub., <i>Sto. Stefano</i>, No. 14; and Tyrolese, Schneller, No.
+13.
+</p><p>
+An important trait in the above class is "Tasks set Wife." Besides in
+the above stories, this trait is also found in those belonging to other
+classes: see De Gub., <i>Sto. Stefano</i>, No. 2, and <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 209.
+</p><p>
+Another important trait is the following: When after a long search the
+wife discovers her husband, it is only to find him in the power of a
+second wife, who, however, by various bribes, is induced to permit the
+first wife to spend a night in her husband's chamber. She is unable to
+awaken her husband, who has been drugged by the second wife. The third
+night she succeeds, makes herself known to him, and they escape. As an
+example of this trait, we give in full De Gub., <i>Sto. Stefano</i>, No. 14,
+referred to above.
+</p>
+
+<h4>XX. SIR FIORANTE, MAGICIAN.</h4>
+
+<p>
+A woodman had three daughters. Every morning one after the other, in
+turn, carried him his bread to the wood. The father and the daughters
+noticed in a thicket a large snake, which one day asked the old man for
+one of his daughters in marriage, threatening him with death if none of
+them would accept such an offer. The father told his daughters of the
+snake's offer, and the first and second immediately refused. If the
+third had refused too, there would have been no hope of salvation for
+the father; but for his sake she declared at once that snakes had always
+pleased her, and she thought the snake proposed by her father very
+handsome. At this the snake shook his tail in token of great joy, and
+making his bride mount it, carried her away to the midst of a beautiful
+meadow, where he caused a splendid palace to arise while he himself
+became a handsome man, and revealed himself as Sir Fiorante with the red
+and white stockings. But woe to her if she ever disclosed to any one his
+existence and name! She would lose him forever, unless, to obtain
+possession of him again, she wore out a pair of iron shoes, a staff and
+a hat, and filled with her tears seven bottles. The maiden promised; but
+she was a woman; she went to visit her sisters; one of them wished to
+know her husband's name, and was so cunning that at last her sister told
+her, but when the poor girl went back to see her husband, she found
+neither husband nor palace. To find him again, she was obliged in
+despair to do penance. She walked and walked and walked, and wept
+unceasingly. She had already filled one bottle with tears, when she met
+an old woman who gave her a fine walnut to crack in time of need, and
+disappeared. When she had filled four bottles, she met another old
+woman, who gave her a hazel-nut to crack in time of need, and
+disappeared. She had filled all seven bottles when a third old woman
+appeared to her, and left her an almond<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> to be cracked in a third case
+of need, and she, too, disappeared. At last the young girl reached the
+castle of Sir Fiorante, who had taken another wife. The girl broke first
+the walnut, and found in it a beautiful dress which the second wife
+wanted herself. The young girl said: "You may have it if you will let me
+sleep with Sir Fiorante." The second wife consented, but meanwhile she
+gave Sir Fiorante some opium. In the night, the young girl said: "Sir
+Fiorante with the red and white stockings, I have worn out a pair of
+iron shoes, the staff and the hat, and filled seven bottles with tears,
+wherefore you must recognize your first wife."
+</p><p>
+He made no answer, for he had taken opium. The next day the girl opened
+the hazel-nut, and out came a dress more beautiful than the first; Sir
+Fiorante's second wife wanted this, and obtained it on the same
+condition as the first, but took care that Sir Fiorante should take some
+opium before going to bed. The third day, a faithful servant asked Sir
+Fiorante if he had not heard in the night the cries that were uttered
+near him. Sir Fiorante replied, No, but was careful not to take any
+opium the third night, when, having broken the almond and found in it a
+dress of unapproachable beauty, the young girl obtained the second
+wife's consent to sleep anew with Sir Fiorante. The latter pretended
+this time to take the opium, but did not. Then he feigned to be asleep,
+but remained awake in order to hear the cries of his abandoned wife,
+which he could not resist, and began to embrace her. The next day they
+left that palace to the second wife, and departed together and went to
+live in happiness at another more wonderful castle.
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 20%;' />
+<p>
+This episode is found in the <i>Pent.</i> V. 3, otherwise not belonging to
+this class; and in Comp., No. 51, and <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 168, which
+properly belong to the formula of "Animal Children."
+</p><p>
+Hahn's formula No. 6, in which a maiden sells herself for three costly
+presents, and is obliged to marry the buyer, is sufficiently illustrated
+by Gonz., No. 18, Pitr&egrave;, No. 105, and Nerucci, No. 50. In the last story
+the person to whom the maiden has sold herself refuses to marry her.
+</p><p>
+The wedding torch is found also in Pitr&egrave;, No. 17, and is clearly a
+survival of the classic custom. The episode in which the birth of the
+child is hindered recalls the myths of Latona and Alcmene, see K&ouml;hler's
+notes to Gonz., No. 12 (II. p. 210). Other cases of malicious arrest of
+childbirth in popular literature may be found in Child's <i>English and
+Scottish Pop. Ballads</i>, Part I. p. 84. Pandora's box is also found in
+<i>Pent.</i> V. 4.
+</p><p>
+Copious references to other Europeans versions of our story will be
+found in K&ouml;hler's notes to Gonz., No. 15 (II. 214), and to Blad&eacute;,
+<i>Contes pop. rec. en Agenais</i>, p. 145, to which may be added the notes
+to the Grimm stories Nos. 88, 113, 127 ("The Soaring Lark," "The Two
+Kings' Children," and "The Iron Stove"), and Benfey, <i>Pant.</i> I. p.
+255.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The lamp lighted at night to enable the wife to see her
+husband is found in Pitr&egrave;, No. 82, and in a Calabrian story in De Gub.,
+<i>Zo&ouml;l. Myth.</i> II. 286-287, where the drop of wax falls on the mirror of
+the sleeping youth. The same incident occurs in the curious story of
+"The Enchanted Palace," in Comp., No. 27, which is simply a reversal of
+the Cupid and Psyche myth, and in which the husband is the curious one,
+and the drop of wax falls on the sleeping wife, and awakens her.
+</p><p>
+The "iron shoes" are found in Comp., No. 51; Pitr&egrave;, No. 56; <i>Pent.</i> V.
+4; De Gub., <i>Sto. Stefano</i>, No. 14; Gradi, <i>Vigilia</i>, p. 26; and Ortoli,
+p. 8. See also Hahn, Nos. 73, 102, and <i>Basque Legends</i>, p. 39.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_2" id="Footnote_3_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_2"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> See K&ouml;hler to Gonz., No. 16; Dunlop-Liebrecht, p. 406
+(<i>Anmerkung.</i> 475, and <i>Nachtrag</i>, p. 544); Graesse, <i>Sagen-Kreise</i>, p.
+380; Benfey, I. 254; and Simrock, <i>D.M.</i> pp. 332, 391, 427.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_2" id="Footnote_4_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_2"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Other Italian versions of this story are: Nerucci, Nos. 33,
+59; Comparetti, No. 27 (Monferrato), mentioned already in Note 2; and
+Schneller, No. 13. Pitr&egrave;, No. 27, has some points of contact also with
+our story.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_2" id="Footnote_5_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_2"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Nerucci, No. 1, and <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 319. For the story of
+"Beauty and the Beast" in general, see Ralston's article with this title
+in the <i>Nineteenth Century</i>, No. 22, December, 1878; and notes to
+Schiefner's <i>Tibetan Tales</i>, London, 1882, p. xxxvii.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_2" id="Footnote_6_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_2"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> The following versions all contain the episodes of the
+father asking his daughters what gifts he shall bring them, and
+daughter's tardy return to the monster: Busk, p. 115; Gradi, <i>Saggio</i>,
+p. 189; Comparetti, No. 64 (Montale); and <i>Zo&ouml;l. Myth.</i> II. p. 382
+(Leghorn), with which compare <i>Indian Fairy Tales</i>, p. 292. In <i>Fiabe
+Mant.</i> No. 24, we have father's gifts and sympathetic ring; but the
+danger to monster does not depend on the tardiness of his bride. In
+<i>Zo&ouml;l. Myth.</i> II. p. 381 (Piedmont), we have father's gift; but danger
+to monster results from wife's revealing his name to her sisters.
+Schneller, No. 25, contains the usual introduction (father's gifts), but
+the monster, a snake, accompanies his bride on her visit home, and while
+they are dancing together she steps on his tail and crushes it,
+whereupon the snake becomes a handsome young man. A Sicilian story,
+"Zafarana" (Gonz., No. 9), contains both episodes above mentioned, but
+otherwise differs from the class of stories we are now examining.
+</p><p>
+Closely allied with the formula of "Beauty and the Beast" is that of
+"Animal Children." In the latter class the introduction (father's gift)
+is wanting, and also the episode of visit of wife and tardy return. The
+"animal child" is usually born in accordance with a rash wish of
+childless mother that she might have a son, even if he were like one of
+the animals which she happens to see (Hahn, Formula No. 7). When the
+"animal child" is grown up his parents attempt to obtain a wife for him;
+two of three sisters show their disgust and are killed; the third is
+more prudent, and ultimately disenchants her husband,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> usually by
+burning his skin, which he puts on and off at pleasure. The typical
+story of this class is Pitr&egrave;, No. 56, "The Serpent." To Pitr&egrave;'s copious
+references may be added: Comparetti, No. 9 (Monferrato), in which the
+prince resumes his shape after his third marriage without any further
+means of disenchantment; No 66 (Monferrato), the prince takes off seven
+skins, and from a dragon becomes a handsome youth. In both these stories
+the prince is enchanted and not born in accordance with mother's wish.
+Gianandrea, p. 15, is a version of Comp., No. 9. Corazzini, p. 429
+(Benevento), belongs more properly to "Beauty and the Beast;" the
+husband disappears on wife's revealing to his mother the secret of his
+being a handsome youth by night. A somewhat similar version is in Prato,
+No. 4, "<i>Il Re Serpente</i>." See also Finamore, <i>Nov. pop. abruzzesi</i>,
+Nos. 6, 21, and <i>Archivio</i>, I. 424 (Piedmont), 531 (Tuscany); II. 403
+(Marches); III. 362 (Abruzzi).
+</p><p>
+For other references to this class see K&ouml;hler's notes to Widter-Wolf,
+<i>Jahrb.</i> VII. p. 249; Benfey, <i>Pant.</i> I. p. 265 <i>et seq.</i>; and notes to
+Grimm, Nos. 108 ("Hans the Hedgehog") and 144 ("The Little Ass").</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_2" id="Footnote_7_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_2"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Other Italian versions may be found in Pitr&egrave;, No. 38; Gonz.,
+No. 27; <i>Pent.</i> II. 2; Busk, pp. 46, 57, and 63; <i>Fiabe Mant.</i> Nos. 3
+and 17; <i>Nov. tosc.</i> 4; and Schneller, No. 21. <i>Pent.</i> II. 5, contains
+many points of resemblance, although it belongs to the class of "Animal
+Children."
+</p><p>
+Two very close non-Italian versions are Asbj., No. 84, "The Green
+Knight" [<i>Tales from the Fjeld</i>, p. 311, "The Green Knight"], and Hahn,
+No. 7, "The Golden Wand."
+</p><p>
+An important episode in the above stories is "sick prince and secret
+remedy." This is found in stories belonging to other classes, as for
+example in Schneller, 9, 10, 11; in 10 the princess is ill, in 11 there
+is simply the "overheard council of witches;" <i>Nov. fior.</i> pp. 599, 601
+(princess ill), and Comp., No. 8 (sick prince).
+</p><p>
+The above trait is found in the class of stories which may be named
+"True and Untrue," and of which Grimm, No. 107, "The Two Travellers," is
+a good example. Italian versions may be found in Widter-Wolf, No. 1
+(<i>Jahrb.</i> VII. p. 3); Nerucci, No. 23; Ive, <i>Nozze Ive-Lorenzetto</i>, p.
+31, "<i>La Curona del Gran Giegno</i>." Non-Italian versions will be found in
+K&ouml;hler's notes to Widter-Wolf, and Ive's notes to above cited story.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8_2" id="Footnote_8_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_2"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> This class is named by Hahn from Genevi&egrave;ve de Brabant, whose
+legend may be found in <i>Dict. des L&eacute;gendes</i>, p. 396, and, with copious
+references, in D'Ancona's <i>Sacre Rappresentazioni</i>, III. p. 235.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_9_2" id="Footnote_9_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_2"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> The title of the original is "<i>Li figghi di lu
+Cavuliciddaru</i>," "The Herb-gatherer's Daughters."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10_2" id="Footnote_10_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_2"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Another Sicilian version is "<i>Re Sonnu</i>," in Pitr&egrave;, <i>Nuovo
+Saggio</i>, No. 1. To the references in Pitr&egrave;, No. 36, and Gonz., No. 5,
+may be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> added: <i>Fiabe Mant.</i> No. 14, only as far as abstraction of
+children are concerned and accusation of murder against the mother; No.
+46, a poor version, the beginning of which is lost; Comparetti, Nos. 6
+(Basilicata), and 30 (Pisa); No. 17 (Pisa) is a defective version, the
+search for the marvellous objects being omitted; another distorted
+version from Monferrato is found in the same collection, No. 25. See
+also Prato, <i>Quattro nov. pop. livornesi</i>, No. 2, and Finamore, No. 39.
+Two of the traits of our story are found in many others; they are:
+"Sympathetic objects," ring, etc., and "Life-giving ointment or leaves."
+For the former, see notes to next two stories, and in general, Brueyre,
+p. 93; for the latter, see Gonz., No. 40; Comparetti, No. 32 (see Note
+12); Bernoni, <i>Punt.</i> III. p. 84. In these stories the life-restoring
+substance is an ointment; leaves possessing the same power are found in
+Pitr&egrave;, No. 11, <i>Pent.</i> I. 7, <i>La Posillecheata</i>, No. 1, and
+Coronedi-Berti, No. 14. See also Grimm, No. 16, "The Three
+Snake-Leaves;" <i>Basque Legends</i>, p. 117; Benfey, <i>Pant.</i> I. 454, Cox,
+<i>Aryan Myth.</i> I. 160; and <i>Germania</i>, XXI. p. 68. For non-Italian
+versions of the story in the text see K&ouml;hler's notes in <i>M&eacute;lusine</i>, p.
+213, to a Breton version, and <i>Indian Fairy Tales</i>, pp. 242, 277.
+</p><p>
+In the above formula are embraced several somewhat different stories in
+which the persecution of innocent wife proceeds from various persons.
+For instance, in the Italian legends Sta. Guglielma is persecuted by her
+brother-in-law; Sta. Ulila by her father and mother-in-law; and Stella
+by her stepmother. See D'Ancona, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 199, 235, 317. A
+popular version, somewhat distorted, of the second of the
+above-mentioned legends may be found in Nerucci, No. 39; of the third in
+Gonz., No. 24.</p>
+<p>More commonly, however, the persecution is on the part of envious
+sisters or wicked stepmother. The important r&ocirc;le played by the last in
+tales of the North of Europe has its counterpart in those of the South.
+The following story from Siena (Pitr&egrave;, <i>La Scatola di Cristallo</i>) will
+sufficiently illustrate this class.</p>
+
+<h4>XXI. THE CRYSTAL CASKET.</h4>
+
+<p>There was once a widower who had a daughter. This daughter was between
+ten and twelve years old. Her father sent her to school, and as she was
+all alone in the world commended her always to her teacher. Now, the
+teacher, seeing that the child had no mother, fell in love with the
+father, and kept saying to the girl: "Ask your father if he would like
+me for a wife." This she said to her every day, and at last the girl
+said: "Papa, the school-mistress is always asking me if you will marry
+her." The father said: "Eh! my daughter, if I take another wife, you
+will have great troubles." But the girl persisted, and finally the
+father was persuaded to go one evening to the school-mistress'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> house.
+When she saw him she was well pleased, and they settled the marriage in
+a few days. Poor child! how bitterly she had to repent having found a
+stepmother so ungrateful and cruel to her! She sent her every day out on
+a terrace to water a pot of basil, and it was so dangerous that if she
+fell she would go into a large river.
+</p><p>
+One day there came by a large eagle, and said to her: "What are you
+doing here?" She was weeping because she saw how great the danger was of
+falling into the stream. The eagle said to her: "Get on my back, and I
+will carry you away, and you will be happier than with your new mamma."
+After a long journey they reached a great plain, where they found a
+beautiful palace all of crystal; the eagle knocked at the door and said:
+"Open, my ladies, open! for I have brought you a pretty girl." When the
+people in the palace opened the door, and saw that lovely girl, they
+were amazed, and kissed and caressed her. Meanwhile the door was closed,
+and they remained peaceful and contented.
+</p><p>
+Let us return to the eagle, who thought she was doing a spite to the
+stepmother. One day the eagle flew away to the terrace where the
+stepmother was watering the basil. "Where is your daughter?" asked the
+eagle. "Eh!" she replied, "perhaps she fell from this terrace and went
+into the river; I have not heard from her in ten days." The eagle
+answered: "What a fool you are! I carried her away; seeing that you
+treated her so harshly I carried her away to my fairies, and she is very
+well." Then the eagle flew away.
+</p><p>
+The stepmother, filled with rage and jealousy, called a witch from the
+city, and said to her: "You see my daughter is alive, and is in the
+house of some fairies of an eagle which often comes upon my terrace; now
+you must do me the favor to find some way to kill this stepdaughter of
+mine, for I am afraid that some day or other she will return, and my
+husband, discovering this matter, will certainly kill me." The witch
+answered: "Oh, you need not be afraid of that: leave it to me."
+</p><p>
+What did the witch do? She had made a little basketful of sweetmeats, in
+which she put a charm; then she wrote a letter, pretending that it was
+her father, who, having learned where she was, wished to make her this
+present, and the letter pretended that her father was so glad to hear
+that she was with the fairies.
+</p><p>
+Let us leave the witch who is arranging all this deception, and return
+to Ermellina (for so the young girl was named). The fairies had said to
+her: "See, Ermellina, we are going away, and shall be absent four days;
+now in this time take good care not to open the door to any one, for
+some treachery is being prepared for you by your stepmother." She
+promised to open the door to no one: "Do not be anxious, I am well off,
+and my stepmother has nothing to do with me." But it was not so. The
+fairies went away, and the next day when Ermellina was alone, she heard
+a knocking at the door, and said to herself: "Knock<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span> away! I don't open
+to any one." But meanwhile the blows redoubled, and curiosity forced her
+to look out of the window. What did she see? She saw one of the servant
+girls of her own home (for the witch had disguised herself as one of her
+father's servants). "O my dear Ermellina," she said, "your father is
+shedding tears of sorrow for you, because he really believed you were
+dead, but the eagle which carried you off came and told him the good
+news that you were here with the fairies. Meanwhile your father, not
+knowing what civility to show you, for he understands very well that you
+are in need of nothing, has thought to send you this little basket of
+sweetmeats." Ermellina had not yet opened the door; the servant begged
+her to come down and take the basket and the letter, but she said: "No,
+I wish nothing!" but finally, since women, and especially young girls,
+are fond of sweetmeats, she descended and opened the door. When the
+witch had given her the basket, she said: "Eat this," and broke off for
+her a piece of the sweetmeats which she had poisoned. When Ermellina
+took the first mouthful the old woman disappeared. Ermellina had
+scarcely time to close the door, when she fell down on the stairs.
+</p><p>
+When the fairies returned they knocked at the door, but no one opened it
+for them; then they perceived that there had been some treachery, and
+began to weep. Then the chief of the fairies said: "We must break open
+the door," and so they did, and saw Ermellina dead on the stairs. Her
+other friends who loved her so dearly begged the chief of the fairies to
+bring her to life, but she would not, "for," said she, "she has
+disobeyed me;" but one and the other asked her until she consented; she
+opened Ermellina's mouth, took out a piece of the sweetmeat which she
+had not yet swallowed, raised her up, and Ermellina came to life again.
+</p><p>
+We can imagine what a pleasure it was for her friends; but the chief of
+the fairies reproved her for her disobedience, and she promised not to
+do so again.
+</p><p>
+Once more the fairies were obliged to depart. Their chief said:
+"Remember, Ermellina: the first time I cured you, but the second I will
+have nothing to do with you." Ermellina said they need not worry, that
+she would not open to any one. But it was not so; for the eagle,
+thinking to increase her stepmother's anger, told her again that
+Ermellina was alive. The stepmother denied it all to the eagle, but she
+summoned anew the witch, and told her that her stepdaughter was still
+alive, saying: "Either you will really kill her, or I will be avenged on
+you." The old woman, finding herself caught, told her to buy a very
+handsome dress, one of the handsomest she could find, and transformed
+herself into a tailoress belonging to the family, took the dress,
+departed, went to poor Ermellina, knocked at the door and said: "Open,
+open, for I am your tailoress." Ermellina looked out of the window and
+saw her tailoress; and was, in truth, a little confused (indeed, anyone<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span>
+would have been so). The tailoress said, "Come down, I must fit a dress
+on you." She replied, "No, no; for I have been deceived once." "But I am
+not the old woman," replied the tailoress, "you know me, for I have
+always made your dresses." Poor Ermellina was persuaded, and descended
+the stairs; the tailoress took to flight while Ermellina was yet
+buttoning up the dress, and disappeared. Ermellina closed the door, and
+was mounting the stairs; but it was not permitted her to go up, for she
+fell down dead.
+</p><p>
+Let us return to the fairies, who came home and knocked at the door; but
+what good did it do to knock! There was no longer any one there. They
+began to weep. The chief of the fairies said: "I told you that she would
+betray me again; but now I will have nothing more to do with her." So
+they broke open the door, and saw the poor girl with that beautiful
+dress on; but she was dead. They all wept, because they really loved
+her. But there was nothing to do; the chief struck her enchanted wand,
+and commanded a beautiful rich casket all covered with diamonds and
+other precious stones to appear; then the others made a beautiful
+garland of flowers and gold, put it on the young girl, and then laid her
+in the casket, which was so rich and beautiful that it was marvellous to
+behold. Then the old fairy struck her wand as usual and commanded a
+handsome horse, the like of which not even the king possessed. Then they
+took the casket, put it on the horse's back, and led him into the public
+square of the city, and the chief of the fairies said: "Go, and do not
+stop until you find some one who says to you: 'Stop, for pity's sake,
+for I have lost my horse for you.'"
+</p><p>
+Now let us leave the afflicted fairies, and turn our attention to the
+horse, which ran away at full speed. Who happened to pass at that
+moment? The son of a king (the name of this king is not known); and saw
+this horse with that wonder on its back. Then the king began to spur his
+horse, and rode him so hard that he killed him, and had to leave him
+dead in the road; but the king kept running after the other horse. The
+poor king could endure it no longer; he saw himself lost, and exclaimed:
+"Stop, for pity's sake, for I have lost my horse for you!" Then the
+horse stopped (for those were the words). When the king saw that
+beautiful girl dead in the casket, he thought no more about his own
+horse, but took the other to the city. The king's mother knew that her
+son had gone hunting; when she saw him returning with this loaded horse,
+she did not know what to think. The son had no father, wherefore he was
+all powerful. He reached the palace, had the horse unloaded, and the
+casket carried to his chamber; then he called his mother and said:
+"Mother, I went hunting, but I have found a wife." "But what is it? A
+doll? A dead woman?" "Mother," replied her son, "don't trouble yourself
+about what it is, it is my wife." His mother began to laugh, and
+withdrew to her own room (what could she do, poor mother?).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span>
+</p><p>
+Now this poor king no longer went hunting, took no diversion, did not
+even go to the table, but ate in his own room. By a fatality it happened
+that war was declared against him, and he was obliged to depart. He
+called his mother, and said: "Mother, I wish two careful chambermaids,
+whose business it shall be to guard this casket; for if on my return I
+find that anything has happened to my casket, I shall have the
+chambermaids killed." His mother, who loved him, said: "Go, my son, fear
+nothing, for I myself will watch over your casket." He wept several days
+at being obliged to abandon this treasure of his, but there was no help
+for it, he had to go.
+</p><p>
+After his departure he did nothing but commend his wife (so he called
+her) to his mother in his letters. Let us return to the mother, who no
+longer thought about the matter, not even to have the casket dusted; but
+all at once there came a letter which informed her that the king had
+been victorious, and should return to his palace in a few days. The
+mother called the chambermaids, and said to them: "Girls, we are
+ruined." They replied: "Why, Highness?" "Because my son will be back in
+a few days, and how have we taken care of the doll?" They said: "True,
+true; now let us go and wash the doll's face." They went to the king's
+room and saw that the doll's face and hands were covered with dust and
+fly-specks, so they took a sponge and washed her face, but some drops of
+water fell on her dress and spotted it. The poor chambermaids began to
+weep, and went to the queen for advice. The queen said: "Do you know
+what to do! call a tailoress, and have a dress precisely like this
+bought, and take off this one before my son comes." They did so, and the
+chambermaids went to the room and began to unbutton the dress. The
+moment that they took off the first sleeve, Ermellina opened her eyes.
+The poor chambermaids sprang up in terror, but one of the most
+courageous said: "I am a woman, and so is this one; she will not eat
+me." To cut the matter short, she took off the dress, and when it was
+removed Ermellina began to get out of the casket to walk about and see
+where she was. The chambermaids fell on their knees before her and
+begged her to tell them who she was. She, poor girl, told them the whole
+story. Then she said: "I wish to know where I am?" Then the chambermaids
+called the king's mother to explain it to her. The mother did not fail
+to tell her everything, and she, poor girl, did nothing but weep
+penitently, thinking of what the fairies had done for her.
+</p><p>
+The king was on the point of arriving, and his mother said to the doll:
+"Come here; put on one of my best dresses." In short, she arrayed her
+like a queen. Then came her son. They shut the doll up in a small room,
+so that she could not be seen. The king came with great joy, with
+trumpets blowing, and banners flying for the victory. But he took no
+interest in all this, and ran at once to his room<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span> to see the doll; the
+chambermaids fell on their knees before him saying that the doll smelled
+so badly that they could not stay in the palace, and were obliged to
+bury her. The king would not listen to this excuse, but at once called
+two of the palace servants to erect the gallows. His mother comforted
+him in vain: "My son, it was a dead woman." "No, no, I will not listen
+to any reasons; dead or alive, you should have left it for me." Finally,
+when his mother saw that he was in earnest about the gallows, she rang a
+little bell, and there came forth no longer the doll, but a very
+beautiful girl, whose like was never seen. The king was amazed, and
+said: "What is this!" Then his mother, the chambermaids, and Ermellina,
+were obliged to tell him all that had happened. He said: "Mother, since
+I adored her when dead, and called her my wife, now I mean her to be my
+wife in truth." "Yes, my son," replied his mother, "do so, for I am
+willing." They arranged the wedding, and in a few days were man and
+wife.
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 20%;' />
+<p>
+Sicilian versions of this story may be found in Pitr&egrave;, Nos. 57, 58;
+Gonz., Nos. 2-4. To the copious references in the notes to the stories
+just mentioned may be added: <i>Fiabe Mant.</i> No. 28; <i>Tuscan Fairy Tales</i>,
+No. IX.; <i>Nov. fior.</i> pp. 232, 239; De Nino, XLI., XLIX., L.; <i>Nov.
+tosc.</i> 9. Other European versions are: Grimm, No. 53, "Little
+Snow-White;" Hahn, No. 103; <i>Lo Rondallayre</i>, No. 46: see also K&ouml;hler's
+notes to Gonz., Nos. 2-4.
+</p><p>
+The last class of "stepmother" stories which we shall mention is Hahn's
+Formula 15, "Phryxos and Helle," in which both brother and sister are
+persecuted by stepmother. A good example of this class is Pitr&egrave;, No.
+283.
+</p>
+<h4>XXII. THE STEPMOTHER.</h4>
+<p>
+There was once a husband and a wife who had two children, a son and a
+daughter. The wife died, and the husband married a woman who had a
+daughter blind of one eye. The husband was a farmer, and went to work in
+a field. The stepmother hated her husband's children, and to get rid of
+them she baked some bread, and sent it by them to her husband, but
+directed them to the wrong field, so that they might get lost. When the
+children reached a mountain they began to call their father, but no one
+answered. Now the girl was enchanted; and when they came to a spring and
+the brother wanted to drink, she said to him: "Do not drink of this
+fountain, or you will become an ass." Afterwards they found another
+spring, and the brother wanted to drink; but his sister said to him: "Do
+not drink of it, or you will become a calf." However, the boy would
+drink, and became a calf with golden horns. They continued their
+journey, and came to the sea-shore, where there was a handsome villa
+belonging to the prince. When the prince saw the young girl, and beheld
+how beautiful she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span> was, he married her, and afterwards asked her what
+there was about the little calf, and she replied: "I am fond of him
+because I have brought him up."
+</p><p>
+Let us now return to her father, who, from the great grief he had on
+account of his children's disappearance, had gone out to divert himself,
+and wandered away, gathering fennel. He arrived at last at the villa,
+where was his daughter who had married the king. His daughter looked out
+of the window and said to him: "Come up, friend." His daughter had
+recognized him, and asked: "Friend, do you not know me?" "No, I do not
+recognize you." Then she said: "I am your daughter, whom you believed
+lost." She threw herself at his feet, and said: "Pardon me, dear father;
+I came by chance to this villa, and the king's son was here and married
+me." The father was greatly consoled at finding his daughter so well
+married. "Now, my father," said she, "empty this sack of fennel, for I
+will fill it with gold for you." And then she begged him to bring his
+wife, and the daughter blind of one eye. The father returned home with
+his bag full of money, and his wife asked in terror: "Who gave you this
+money?" He answered: "O wife! do you know that I have found my daughter,
+and she is the king's wife, and filled this bag with money?" She,
+instead of being happy, was angry at hearing that her stepdaughter was
+still alive; however, she said to her husband: "I will go and take my
+daughter." So they went, the husband, the wife, and the blind daughter,
+and came to the husband's daughter, who received her stepmother very
+kindly. But the latter, seeing that the king was away, and that her
+stepdaughter was alone, seized her and threw her from a window into the
+sea; and what did she do then? She took her blind daughter and dressed
+her in the other's clothes, and said to her: "When the king comes and
+finds you here weeping, say to him: 'The little calf has blinded me with
+his horn, and I have only one eye!'" Then the stepmother returned to her
+own house. The king came and found her daughter in bed weeping, and said
+to her: "Why are you weeping?" "The little calf struck me with his horn
+and put out one of my eyes." The king cried at once: "Go call the
+butcher to kill the calf?" When the calf heard that he was to be killed,
+he went out on the balcony and called to his sister in the sea:&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Oh! sister,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For me the water is heated,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the knives are sharpened."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+The sister replied from the sea:&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Oh! brother, I cannot help you,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I am in the dog-fish's mouth."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+When the king heard the calf utter these words, he looked out of the
+window, and when he saw his wife in the sea, he summoned two sailors,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span>
+and had them take her out and bring her up and restore her. Then he took
+the blind girl and killed her and cut her in pieces and salted her like
+tunny-fish, and sent her to her mother. When her husband found it out he
+left her and went to live with his daughter.
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 20%;' />
+<p>
+It may not be amiss to mention here another class of stories which come
+under the formula of "Persecuted Maiden." The class resembles in some
+respects the story of King Lear. The youngest daughter is persecuted by
+her father because he thinks she does not love him as much as her older
+sisters. A good example of this class is Pitr&egrave;, No. 10, <i>L'Acqua e lu
+Sali</i>.
+</p>
+<h4>XXIII. WATER AND SALT.</h4>
+<p>
+A very fine story is related and told to your worships. Once upon a time
+there was a king with three daughters. These three daughters being at
+table one day, their father said: "Come now, let us see which of you
+three loves me." The oldest said: "Papa, I love you as much as my eyes."
+The second answered: "I love you as much as my heart." The youngest
+said: "I love you as much as water and salt." The king heard her with
+amazement: "Do you value me like water and salt? Quick! call the
+executioners, for I will have her killed immediately." The other sisters
+privately gave the executioners a little dog, and told them to kill it
+and rend one of the youngest sister's garments, but to leave her in a
+cave. This they did, and brought back to the king the dog's tongue and
+the rent garment: "Royal Majesty, here is her tongue and garment." And
+his Majesty gave them a reward. The unfortunate princess was found in
+the forest by a magician, who took her to his house opposite the royal
+palace. Here the king's son saw her and fell desperately in love with
+her, and the match was soon agreed upon. Then the magician came and
+said: "You must kill me the day before the wedding. You must invite
+three kings, your father the first. You must order the servants to pass
+water and salt to all the guests except your father." Now let us return
+to the father of this young girl, who the longer he lived the more his
+love for her increased, and he was sick of grief. When he received the
+invitation he said: "And how can I go with this love for my daughter?"
+And he would not go. Then he thought: "But this king will be offended if
+I do not go, and will declare war against me some time." He accepted and
+went. The day before the wedding they killed the magician and quartered
+him, and put a quarter in each of four rooms, and sprinkled his blood in
+all the rooms and on the stairway, and the blood and flesh became gold
+and precious stones. When the three kings came and saw the golden
+stairs, they did not like to step on them. "Never mind," said the
+prince, "go up: this is nothing." That evening they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> were married: the
+next day they had a banquet. The prince gave orders: "No salt and water
+to that king." They sat down at table, and the young queen was near her
+father, but he did not eat. His daughter said: "Royal Majesty, why do
+you not eat? Does not the food please you?" "What an idea! It is very
+fine." "Why don't you eat then?" "I don't feel very well." The bride and
+groom helped him to some bits of meat, but the king did not want it, and
+chewed his food over and over again like a goat (as if he could eat it
+without salt!). When they finished eating they began to tell stories,
+and the king told them all about his daughter. She asked him if he could
+still recognize her, and stepping out of the room put on the same dress
+she wore when he sent her away to be killed. "You caused me to be killed
+because I told you I loved you as much as salt and water: now you have
+seen what it is to eat without salt and water." Her father could not say
+a word, but embraced her and begged her pardon. They remained happy and
+contented, and here we are with nothing.
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 20%;' />
+<p>
+A Venetian version (Bernoni, No. 14) is translated in the <i>Cornhill
+Magazine</i>, July, 1875, p. 80, a Bolognese version may be found in
+Coronedi-Berti, No. 5, and from the Abruzzi in Finamore, Nos. 18, 26.
+Compare also <i>Pomiglianesi</i>, p. 42. For transmutation of magician's body
+see <i>Zo&ouml;l. Myth.</i> I. p. 123, Benfey, <i>Pant.</i> I. pp. 477, 478, Ralston,
+<i>R. F. T.</i> p. 223, and <i>Indian Fairy Tales</i>, p. 164.
+</p><p>
+Other Sicilian versions are in Gonz., Nos. 48, 49. A Neapolitan is in
+<i>Pent.</i> V. 8; a Mantuan, in <i>Fiabe Mant.</i> No. 16; a Tuscan, in <i>Archivio
+per le Trad. pop.</i> I. p. 44, and one from the Abruzzi in <i>Archivio</i>,
+III. 546. The same story is in Grimm, Nos. 11 and 141. "The Little
+Brother and Sister" and "The Little Lamb and the Little Fish." See also
+Hahn, No. 1. The latter part of the story is connected with "False
+Bride." See note 21 of this chapter.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_11_2" id="Footnote_11_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_2"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Other Italian versions are: Pitr&egrave;, No. 20; <i>Pent.</i> II. 1;
+<i>Pomiglianesi</i>, pp. 121, 130, 136, 188, 191; Busk, p. 3; <i>Nov. fior.</i> p.
+209; Gargiolli, No. 2; <i>Fiabe Mant.</i> No. 20; Bernoni, No. 12;
+<i>Archivio</i>, I. 525 (Tuscan), III. 368 (Abruzzi), and De Nino, XX. Some
+points of resemblance are found also in <i>Pent.</i> V. 4; Coronedi-Berti,
+No. 8; and Finamore, <i>Trad. pop. abruzzesi</i>, No. 12.
+</p><p>
+Other stories in which children are promised to ogre, demon, etc., are
+to be found in Pitr&egrave;, No. 31, Widter-Wolf, No. XIII., and in the various
+versions of the story of "Lionbruno." See Chap. II., note 13.
+</p><p>
+For other European versions of the story in the text, see Ralston's <i>R.
+F. T.</i> p. 141; Grimm, No. 12, "Rapunzel," and <i>Basque Legends</i>, p. 59.
+For child promised to demon, see <i>Romania</i>, No. 28, p. 531; Grimm, Nos.
+31 ("The Girl Without Hands") 55, ("Rumpelstiltskin") 92, ("The King of
+the Golden Mountain"), and 181 ("The Nix of the Mill-Pond"). See also
+Hahn, I. p. 47, No. 8.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span>
+</p><p>
+Some of the incidents of this story are found in those belonging to
+other classes. The girl's face changed to that of dog, etc., is in
+Comparetti, No. 3 (furnished with a long beard), and Finamore, <i>Trad.
+pop. abruzzesi</i>, No. 1, <i>Pent.</i> I. 8 (goat), Nerucci, Nos. 30 (sheep's
+neck), 37 (buffalo), and <i>Nov. pop. toscani</i>, in <i>Archivio per la Trad.
+pop.</i> No. 1 (goat). For "flight and obstacles," see <i>Nov. fior.</i> pp. 12,
+415, <i>Pent.</i> II. 1, and stories cited by Pitr&egrave; in his notes to No. 13,
+also note 25 to this chapter, <i>Basque Legends</i>, p. 120, <i>Orient und
+Occident</i>, II. p. 103, and Brueyre, p. 111. For "ladder of hair," see
+<i>Pomiglianesi</i>, p. 126.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12_2" id="Footnote_12_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_2"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Other Italian versions are: <i>Pent.</i> I, 9; Gonz., Nos. 39,
+40; Comparetti, No. 46 (Basilicata); De Gub., <i>Sto. Stefano</i>, Nos. 17,
+18; Finamore, <i>Trad. pop. abruzzesi</i>, No. 22; De Nino LXV.; <i>Nov. fior</i>,
+pp. 375, 387 (Milan); Coronedi-Berti, No. 16; <i>Fiabe Mant.</i> No. 19; and
+Schneller, No. 28. This story, as far as the two brothers (not born
+miraculously) and liberation of princess are concerned, is in <i>Pent.</i> I.
+7, and Widter-Wolf, No. 8.
+</p><p>
+References to other European versions may be found in the <i>Romania</i>,
+Nos. 19, pp. 336, 339; 28, p. 563; 32, p. 606: <i>Orient und Occident</i>,
+II. p. 115 (K&ouml;hler to Campbell, No. 4), and Blad&eacute;, <i>Agenais</i>, No. 2 (p.
+148).
+</p><p>
+As regards the separate traits, as usual many of them are found in other
+classes of stories: the cloud occurs in Comp., No. 40; children born
+from fish, De Gub., <i>Zo&ouml;l. Myth.</i> II. 29; for sympathetic objects and
+life-giving ointment, see last two stories. For "kindness to animals,"
+and "thankful beasts," see <i>Fiabe Mant.</i> Nos. 37, 26, Gonz., No. 6, and
+the stories belonging to the class "Giant with no heart in his body"
+mentioned below. The gratitude and help of an animal form the subject of
+some independent stories, <i>e. g.</i>, Strap. III. 1; <i>Pent.</i> I. 3; and
+Gonz., No. 6, above mentioned; and are also found in the formula "Animal
+Brothers-in-law." See note 23. For European versions see <i>Orient und
+Occident</i>, II. p. 101; Brueyre, p. 98; Ralston, <i>R. F. T.</i> p. 98;
+Benfey, <i>Pant.</i> I. p. 193 <i>et seq.</i>; <i>Basque Legends</i>, p. 81, and <i>Zo&ouml;l.
+Myth.</i> I. p. 197; II. 45. For transformation into statues, see stories
+mentioned in note 10, Bernoni, <i>Punt.</i> III. p. 89, <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 112,
+and Ortoli, pp. 10, 34.
+</p><p>
+The most interesting episode, however, is that of "Magician (or Giant)
+with no heart in his body" (see Chap. III., note 8), which is in the
+following Italian tales: Pitr&egrave;, No. 81, Busk, p. 158; <i>Nov. fior.</i> pp.
+7, 347; Gonz., Nos. 6, 16; <i>Fiabe Mant.</i> No. 37; and <i>Pomiglianesi</i>, No.
+2, p. 21 (v. p. 41). For other references, see <i>Basque Legends</i>, p. 83;
+Brueyre, pp. 81-83; Ralston, <i>R. F. T.</i>, Am. ed., pp. 119-125; <i>Orient
+und Occident</i>, II. p. 101; Hahn, I. p. 56, No. 31; and <i>Romania</i>, No.
+22, p. 234. See also note 18 of this chapter.
+</p><p>
+The story in our text is not a good example of Hahn's Form. 13,
+"Andromeda, or Princess freed from Dragon." Some of the other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span> stories
+cited are much better, notably Widter-Wolf, No. 8, Gonz., Nos. 39, 40,
+and also Strap., X. 3, and Schneller, No. 39. Hahn's Dana&euml; Form. 12 is
+represented by <i>Nov. tosc.</i> No. 30. The allied myth of Medusa by <i>Nov.
+tosc.</i> No. 1, and <i>Archivio</i>, I. p. 57.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_13_2" id="Footnote_13_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_2"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Versions of this wide-spread story are in Pitr&egrave;, <i>Otto
+Fiabe</i>, No. 1; Gonz., Nos. 58, 59, 61, 62, 63 (partly), and 64; K&ouml;hler,
+<i>Italien Volksm.</i> (Sora) No. 1, "<i>Die drei Br&uuml;der und die drei befreiten
+K&ouml;nigstochter</i>" (<i>Jahrb.</i> VIII. p. 241); Widter-Wolf, No. 4 (<i>Jahrb.</i>
+VII. p. 20); Schneller, No. 39; <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 70, and De Gub., <i>Zo&ouml;l.
+Myth.</i> II. 187 (Tuscan). Part of our story is also found in Schneller,
+pp. 188-192, and Pitr&egrave;, Nos. 83, 84 (var.). To these references, which
+are given by Pitr&egrave;, may be added the following: Comparetti, Nos. 19
+(Monferrato) partly, 35 (Monferrato), and 40 (Pisa); De Gub., <i>Sto.
+Stefano</i>, No. 19; <i>Fiabe Mant.</i> Nos. 18, 32 (the latter part), 49
+(partly); <i>Tuscan Fairy Tales</i>, No. 3; Finamore, <i>Trad. pop. abruzzesi</i>,
+No. 29; and <i>Nov. tosc.</i> No. 3.
+</p><p>
+The trait "underground world" is also found in Busk, p. 141. These
+stories illustrate sufficiently Hahn's Form. 40, "Descent into the
+Nether World."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_14_2" id="Footnote_14_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_2"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> To the stories in Note 13 containing "liberation of hero by
+eagle" may be added Comparetti, No. 24 (Monferrato). See in general: De
+Gub., <i>Zo&ouml;l. Myth.</i> II. 186; Benfey, <i>Pant.</i> I. pp. 216, 388; <i>Rivista
+Orientale</i>, I. p. 27; <i>Orient und Occident</i>, II. p. 299; and <i>Basque
+Legends</i>, p. 110.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_15_2" id="Footnote_15_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_2"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Another version from Avellino is in the same collection, p.
+201. Other Italian versions are: Pitr&egrave;, No. 79; Gonz., No. 51; De Gub.,
+<i>Sto. Stefano</i>, No. 20; De Nino, No. 2; Comparetti, No. 28 (Monferrato);
+Ive, <i>Fiabe pop. rovignesi</i>, p. 20; No. 3, "<i>El Pumo de uoro</i>;"
+Schneller, No. 51; and Corazzini, p. 455 (Benevento).
+</p><p>
+In general see Ive's and K&ouml;hler's notes to stories above cited, and
+<i>Romania</i>, No. 24, p. 565. The corresponding Grimm story is No. 28, "The
+Singing Bone."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_16_2" id="Footnote_16_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_2"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Other Italian versions are: Pitr&egrave;, Nos. 41, 42; <i>Pent.</i> I.
+6; Busk, pp. 26, 31; Comp., No. 23 (Pisa); <i>Fiabe Mant.</i> No. 45; <i>Nov.
+fior.</i> p. 162 (Milan); Finamore, <i>Trad. pop. abruzzesi</i>, No. II.; and
+<i>Archivio</i>, II. 185 (Sardinia).
+</p><p>
+Schneller, No. 24, and Bernoni, No. 8, are connecting links between
+"Cinderella" and "Allerleirauh." In the former, Cinderella's father asks
+his three daughters what present he shall make them. Cinderella asks for
+a sword, and shortly after leaves her home and obtains a situation in a
+city as servant. In the palace opposite lives a young count, with whom
+Cinderella falls in love. She obtains a situation in his house. Her
+sword, which is enchanted, gives her beautiful dresses, and she goes to
+the balls as in the other versions. The third evening the count slips a
+costly ring on her finger, which Cinderella uses<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> to identify herself
+with. Bernoni, No. 8, is substantially the same. After the death of
+their mother and father Cinderella's sisters treat her cruelly, and she
+obtains a place as servant in the king's palace, and is aided by the
+fairies, who take pity upon her. She is identified by means of a ring,
+and also by her diamond slipper, which she throws to the servants, who
+are following her to see where she lives.
+</p><p>
+European versions will be found in the notes to Grimm, No. 21
+("Cinderella"), and W. R. S. Ralston's article, "Cinderella," in the
+<i>Nineteenth Century</i>, November, 1879.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_17_2" id="Footnote_17_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_2"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Other Italian versions are: Pitr&egrave;, No. 43; Gonz., 38;
+<i>Pent.</i> II. 6; Busk, pp. 66, 84, 90, 91; Comparetti, No. 57. (Montale);
+De Gub., <i>Sto. Stefano</i>, No. 3 (see also <i>Rivista di Lett. Pop.</i> I. p.
+86); Gradi, <i>Saggio</i>, p. 141; <i>Fiabe Mant.</i> No. 38; <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 158
+(Milan), Finamore, <i>Trad. pop. abruzzesi</i>, No. 3; De Nino, No. 17, and
+<i>Archivio</i>, I. 190 (Tuscany), II. 26 (Sardinia). Straparola, I. 4,
+contains the first part of our story, which is also partly found in
+Coronedi-Berti, No. 3, and Finamore, <i>Trad. pop. abruzzesi</i>, No. 13.
+</p><p>
+The gifts, which in the story in the text are given the day of the
+wedding, in the other versions are bestowed before marriage by father,
+in order to overcome daughter's opposition. The recognition by means of
+ring is found in the last two stories mentioned in Note 16, in <i>Fiabe
+Mant.</i> No. 38, above cited, and <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 158 (Milan). See also
+Grimm, Nos. 93 ("The Raven"), 101 ("Bearskin"); Hahn, No. 25; Asbj., No.
+71 (<i>Tales from the Field</i>, p. 130); and <i>Romania</i>, No. 23, p. 359.
+</p><p>
+Other European versions of our story will be found mentioned in the
+notes to Grimm, No. 65 ("Allerleirauh"), to Gonz., No. 38 (II. 229);
+<i>Orient und Occident</i>, II. 295; D'Ancona, <i>Sacre Rappresent.</i> III. 238;
+<i>Romania</i>, No. 24, 571; <i>Basque Legends</i>, p. 165, and Ralston's <i>R. F.
+T.</i> p. 159.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_18_2" id="Footnote_18_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_2"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> See Gonz., No. 26, and Widter-Wolf, No. 8 (<i>Jahrb.</i> VII. p.
+128).
+</p><p>
+For story in general, see notes to stories just cited, and Cox, <i>Aryan
+Myth.</i> vol. I. p. 224; II. p. 261, "The Myth of Nisos and Skylla;" Hahn,
+I. p. 52; and De Gub., <i>Zo&ouml;l. Myth.</i> I. p. 211 <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_19_2" id="Footnote_19_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_2"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Pitr&egrave;, in his notes to No. 71, gives two variants of his
+story, and mentions a Piedmontese version yet unpublished. Comparetti,
+No. 54, an analysis of which is given in the text, represents
+sufficiently Hahn's Form. No. 37, "Strong Hans."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_20_2" id="Footnote_20_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_2"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> In the version in <i>Pent.</i> IV. 8, after the seven sons have
+disappeared, their sister goes in search of them, finds them, and they
+all live happily together until by her fault they are changed into
+doves, and she is obliged to go to the house of the Mother of Time and
+learn from her the mode of disenchantment. In a story in Pitr&egrave;, No. 73,
+a husband threatens to kill his wife if she does not give birth to a
+male child.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span>
+</p><p>
+For other European versions of our story, see Grimm, No. 9, "The Twelve
+Brothers;" No. 25, "The Seven Ravens;" and No. 49, "The Six Swans;"
+<i>M&eacute;lusine</i>, p 419, and <i>Basque Legends</i>, p. 186. Part of the story in
+text belongs to the Genevi&egrave;ve formula, see notes 8, 10, of this
+chapter.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_21_2" id="Footnote_21_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_2"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> The first trait, "Two Sisters," is also found as an
+independent story, see Chap. II., p. 100, and note 2. "Substitution of
+false bride" is found without "Two Sisters" in Comp., Nos. 53 (Montale)
+and 68 (Montale); <i>Fiabe Mant.</i> No. 16; and Gradi, <i>Saggio</i>, p. 141. See
+note 10 of this chapter. The best example of "substitution" is, as we
+have said before, Grimm, No. 89, "The Goose-Girl;" see also <i>Romania</i>,
+No. 24, p. 546. The same trait is found also in a very extensive and
+interesting class of stories which may be termed, from the usual titles
+of the stories, "The Three Citrons," some of the versions of which
+belong to "Forgotten Bride." We give here, however, a version belonging
+to the class above-mentioned, and which we have taken, on account of its
+rarity, from Ive, <i>Fiabe pop. rovignesi</i>, p. 3.
+</p>
+
+<h4>XXIV. THE LOVE OF THE THREE ORANGES.</h4>
+
+<p>
+Once upon a time there was a king and queen who had a half-witted son.
+The queen was deeply grieved at this, and she thought to go to the Lord
+and ask counsel of him what she was to do with this son. The Lord told
+her to try and do something to make him laugh. She replied: "I have
+nothing but a jar of oil, unfortunately for me!" The Lord said to her:
+"Well, give this oil away in charity, for there will come many people;
+some bent, some straight, some humpbacked, and it may happen that your
+son will laugh." So the queen proclaimed that she had a jar of oil, and
+that all could come and take some. And everybody, indeed, hurried there
+and took the oil down to the last drop. Last of all came an old witch,
+who begged the queen to give her a little, saying: "Give me a little
+oil, too!" The queen replied: "Ah, it is all gone, there is no more!"
+The queen was angry and full of spite because her son had not yet
+laughed. The old witch said again to the queen: "Let me look in the
+jar!" The queen opened the jar, and the old woman got inside of it and
+was all covered with the dregs of the oil; and the queen's son laughed,
+and laughed, and laughed. The old woman came out, saw the prince
+laughing, and said to him: "May you never be happy until you go and find
+the Love of the three Oranges." The son, all eager, said to his mother:
+"Ah, mother, I shall have no more peace until I go and find the Love of
+the three Oranges." She answered: "My dear son, how will you go and find
+the Love of the three Oranges?" But he would go; so he mounted his horse
+and rode and rode and rode until he came to a large gate. He knocked,
+and some one within asked: "Who is there?" He replied:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> "A soul created
+by God." The one within said: "In all the years that I have been here no
+one has ever knocked at this gate." The prince repeated: "Open, for I am
+a soul created by God!" Then an old man came down and opened the gate.
+He had eyelids that reached to his feet, and he said: "My son, take down
+those little forks, and lift up my eyelids." The prince did so, and the
+old man asked: "Where are you going, my son, in this direction?" "I am
+going to find the Love of the three Oranges." The old man answered: "So
+many have gone there and never returned! Do you wish not to return, too?
+My son, take these twigs: you will meet some witches who are sweeping
+out their oven with their hands; give them these twigs, and they will
+let you pass." The prince very gratefully took the twigs, mounted his
+horse and rode away. He journeyed a long time, and at last saw in the
+distance the witches of immense size who were coming towards him. He
+threw them the twigs, and they allowed him to pass.
+</p><p>
+He continued his journey, and arrived at a gate larger than the first.
+Here the same thing occurred as at the first one, and the old man said:
+"Well! since you will go, too, take these ropes, on your way you will
+encounter some witches drawing water with their tresses; throw them
+these ropes, and they will let you pass."
+</p><p>
+Everything happened as the old man said; the prince passed the witches,
+continued his journey and came to a third gate larger than the second.
+Here an old man with eyelids longer than the other two gave him a bag of
+bread, and one of tallow, saying: "Take this bag of bread; you will meet
+some large dogs; throw them the bread and they will let you pass; then
+you will come to a large gate with many rusty padlocks; then you will
+see a tower, and in it the Love of the three Oranges. When you reach
+that place, take this tallow and anoint well the rusty padlocks; and
+when you have ascended the tower, you will find the oranges hanging from
+a nail. There you will also find an old woman who has a son who is an
+ogre and has eaten all the Christians who have come there; you see, you
+must be very careful!"
+</p><p>
+The prince, well contented, took the bag of bread and the tallow and
+rode away. After a long journey, he saw at a distance, three great dogs
+with their mouths wide open coming to eat him. He threw them the bread,
+and they let him pass.
+</p><p>
+He journeyed on until he came to another large gate with many rusty
+padlocks. He dismounted, tied his horse to the gate, and began to anoint
+the locks with the tallow, until, after much creaking, they opened. The
+prince entered, saw the tower, went up and met an old woman who said to
+him: "Dear son, where are you going? What have you come here for? I have
+a son who is an ogre, and will surely eat you up." While she was
+uttering these words, the son arrived. The old woman made the prince
+hide under the bed; but the ogre perceived that there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span> was some one in
+the house, and when he had entered, he began to cry:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"<i>Ge&icirc;n ge&icirc;n</i>, I smell a Christian,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Gi&agrave;n gi&agrave;n</i>, I smell a Christian!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>"Son," his mother said, "there is no one here." But he repeated his cry.
+Then his mother, to quiet him, threw him a piece of meat, which he ate
+like a madman; and while he was busy eating, she gave the three oranges
+to the prince, saying: "Take them, my son, and escape at once, for he
+will soon finish eating his meat, and then he will want to eat you,
+too." After she had given him the three oranges, she repented of it, and
+not knowing what else to do, she cried out: "Stairs, throw him down!
+lock, crush him!" They answered: "We will not, for he gave us tallow!"
+"Dogs, devour him!" "We will not, for he gave us bread!" Then he mounted
+his horse and rode away, and the old woman cried after him: "Witch,
+strangle him!" "I will not, for he gave me ropes!" "Witch, kill him!" "I
+will not, for he gave me twigs!" The prince continued his journey, and
+on the way became very thirsty, and did not know what to do. Finally he
+thought of opening one of the oranges. He did so, and out came a
+beautiful girl, who said to him:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Love, give me to drink!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>He replied:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Love, I have none!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>And she said:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Love, I shall die!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>And she died at once. The prince threw away the orange, and continued
+his journey, and soon became thirsty again. In despair he opened another
+orange, and out sprang another girl more beautiful than the first. She,
+too, asked for water, and died when the prince told her he had none to
+give her. Then he continued his way, saying: "The next time I surely do
+not want to lose her." When he became thirsty again, he waited until he
+reached a well; then he opened the last orange and there appeared a girl
+more beautiful than the first two. When she asked for water, he gave her
+the water of the well; then took her out of the orange, put her on
+horseback with himself, and started for home. When he was nearly there,
+he said to her: "See, I will leave you here for a time under these two
+trees;" one had leaves of gold and silver fruit, and the other gold
+fruit and silver leaves. Then he made her a nice couch, and left her
+resting between the two trees. "Now," said he, "I must go to my mother
+to tell her that I have found you, then I will come for you and we shall
+be married!" Then he mounted his horse and rode away to his mother.
+</p><p>
+Now while he was gone an old witch approached the girl and said: "Ah,
+dear daughter, let me comb your hair." The young girl replied: "No, the
+like of me do not wish it." Again she said: "Come, my dear daughter, let
+me comb you!" Tired of being asked so often by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span> the old woman, the girl
+at last allowed her to comb her hair, and what did that monster of an
+old witch take it into her head to do. She stuck a pin through the
+girl's temples from side to side, and the girl at once was changed into
+a dove. What did this wretch of an old woman then do? She got into the
+couch in the place of the young girl, who flew away.
+</p><p>
+Meanwhile the prince reached his mother's house, and she said to him:
+"Dear son, where have you been? how have you spent all this time?" "Ah,
+my mother," said he "what a lovely girl I have for my wife!" "Dear son,
+where have you left her?" "Dear mother, I have left her between two
+trees, the leaves of one are of gold and the fruit is silver, the leaves
+of the other one are silver and the fruit gold."
+</p><p>
+Then the queen gave a grand banquet, invited many guests, and made ready
+many carriages to go and bring the young girl. They mounted their
+horses, they entered their carriages, they set out, but when they
+reached the trees they saw the ugly old woman, all wrinkled, in the
+couch between the trees, and the white dove on top of them.
+</p><p>
+The poor prince, you can imagine it! was grieved to the heart, and
+ashamed at seeing the ugly old woman. His father and mother, to satisfy
+him, took the old woman, put her in a carriage, and carried her to the
+palace, where the wedding-feast was prepared. The prince was
+downhearted, but his mother said to him: "Don't think about it, my son,
+for she will become beautiful again." But her son could not think of
+eating or of talking. The dinner was brought on and the guests placed
+themselves at the round table. Meanwhile, the dove flew up on the
+kitchen balcony, and began to sing:
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Let the cook fall asleep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let the roast be burned,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let the old witch be unable to eat of it."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>The guests waited for the cook to put the roast on the table. They
+waited, and waited and waited, and at last they got up and went to the
+kitchen, and there they found the cook asleep. They called and called
+him, and at last he awoke, but soon became drowsy again. He said he did
+not know what was the matter with him, but he could not stand up. He put
+another roast on the spit, however. Then the dove again flew on the
+balcony and sang:
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Let the cook fall asleep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let the roast be burned,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let the old witch be unable to eat of it."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+Again the guests waited until they grew weary, and then the groom went
+to see what was the matter. He found the cook asleep again, and said:
+"Cook, good cook, what is the matter with you that you sleep?" Then the
+cook told him that there was a dove that flew on the balcony and
+repeated:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span>&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Let the cook fall asleep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let the roast be burned,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let the old witch be unable to eat of it."&mdash;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+and that he was immediately seized with drowsiness, and fell asleep at
+once. The bridegroom went out on the balcony, saw the dove, and said to
+it: "<i>Cu&oacute;cula</i>, pretty <i>cu&oacute;cula</i>, come here and let me see you!" The
+dove came near him and he caught it, and while he was caressing it he
+saw the pins planted in its head, one in its forehead, and one in each
+of its temples. What did he do? He pulled out the pin in the forehead!
+Then he caressed it again, and pulled out the pins from its temples.
+Then the dove became a beautiful girl, more beautiful than she was
+before, and the prince took her to his mother and said: "Here, my
+mother, this is my bride!" His mother was delighted to see the beautiful
+girl, and the king, too, was well pleased. When the old witch saw the
+girl, she cried: "Take me away, take me away, I am afraid!" Then the
+fair girl told the whole secret how it was. The guests who were present
+wished to give their opinions as to what should be done with the old
+woman. One of the highest rank said: "Let her be well greased, and
+burned!" "Bravo, bravo!" exclaimed the others, "burn her; she must be
+burned!" So they seized the old woman, had wood brought, and burned her
+in the midst of the city. Then they returned home, and had a finer
+wedding than before.
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 20%;' />
+<p>
+The following are the Italian versions of the above: <i>Pent.</i> IV. 9;
+Pitr&egrave;, <i>Otto Fiabe</i>, II. "<i>La Bella di li setti Citri</i>;" Gonz., No. 13;
+Busk, p. 15; <i>Nov. fior.</i> pp. 305, 308 (Milan); Comparetti, No. 68 (also
+in Nerucci, p. 111); De Gub., <i>Sto. Stefano</i>, Nos. 4, 5; Prato, <i>Quattro
+nov. pop. livornesi</i>, No. 1; <i>Archivio</i>, I. 525 (Tuscan); II. 204
+(Sardinian); Piedmontese in Mila y Fontanals <i>Observaciones sobre la
+poesia popular</i>, Barcelona, 1853, p. 179; Coronedi-Berti, No. 11;
+Corazzini (Benevento), p. 467; and Schneller, No. 19. Part of our story
+is the same as Pitr&egrave;, No. 13, "Snow-white-fire-red," given in full in
+our text. See also Finamore, <i>Trad. pop. abruzzesi</i>, No. 15.
+</p><p>
+Copious references to other European versions will be found in the notes
+of Ive, K&ouml;hler, etc., to the above versions; to these may be added, <i>Lo
+Rondallayre</i>, Nos. 18, 37, Liebrecht to Simrock's <i>Deut. M&auml;rchen</i> in
+<i>Orient und Occident</i>, III. p. 378 (Kalliopi), No. 3, and <i>Indian Fairy
+Tales</i>, pp. 253, 284.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_22_2" id="Footnote_22_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_2"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> See <i>Pent.</i> IV. 7; Gonz., Nos. 33, 34; Pitr&egrave;, Nos. 59, 60
+(61); <i>Archivio</i>, II. 36 (Sardinia); De Nino, No. 19; and Schneller, No.
+22. The corresponding Grimm story is No. 135, "The White Bride and the
+Black One." For other European references, see K&ouml;hler to Gonz., Nos. 33,
+34 (II. p. 225), and <i>Romania</i>, No. 24, pp. 546, 561. See also Chapter
+II., note 1.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_23_2" id="Footnote_23_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_2"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> The best version is in the <i>Pent.</i> IV. 3, where the three
+daughters<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> are married to a falcon, a stag, and a dolphin, who, as in
+our story, assist their brother-in-law, but are disenchanted without his
+aid. Other Italian versions are: Pitr&egrave;, No. 16, and<i>Nov. pop. sicil.</i>,
+Palermo, 1873, No. 1; Gonz., No. 29; Knust (Leghorn), No. 2 (<i>Jahrb.</i>
+VII. 384); Finamore, <i>Trad. pop. abruzzesi</i>, No. 23; <i>Nov. fior.</i> p.
+266; Comparetti, Nos. 4, 58; <i>Archivio</i>, II, p. 42 (Tuscan); <i>Nov.
+tosc.</i> No. 11.
+</p><p>
+For other European versions see, besides references in notes to above
+stories, Hahn, No. 25; Grimm, vol. II. p. 510, to Mus&auml;us' "<i>Die drei
+Schwestern</i>," and No. 197, "The Crystal Ball;" Benfey, <i>Pant.</i> I. p.
+534; and Ralston, <i>R. F. T.</i> p. 96. See also note 12 of this chapter.
+</p><p>
+As usual, many of the incidents of our stories are found in those
+belonging to other classes; among the most important are: Prince hidden
+in musical instrument, Pitr&egrave;, No. 95; finding princess' place of
+concealment, Pitr&egrave;, Nos. 95, 96; Gonz., No. 68; and Grimm, No. 133; "The
+Shoes which were danced to Pieces;" princess recognized among others
+dressed alike, or all veiled; <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 411 (Milan); Grimm, No.
+62, "The Queen Bee," Ralston, <i>R. F. T.</i> p. 141, note; <i>Basque Legends</i>,
+p. 125; <i>Orient und Occident</i>, II. pp. 104, 107-114; tasks set hero to
+win wife, Pitr&egrave;, Nos. 21, 95, 96; Gonz., No. 68; De Gub., <i>Sto.
+Stefano</i>, No. 8; <i>Basque Legends</i>, p. 120; <i>Orient und Occident</i>, II.
+103; and <i>Romania</i>, No. 28, p. 527. This last incident is found also in
+"Forgotten Bride," see note 25 of this chapter.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_24_2" id="Footnote_24_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_2"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> For other European references to the first class, "riddle
+solved by suitor," see <i>Jahrb.</i> V. 13; Grimm, No. 114, "The Cunning
+Little Tailor," and Hahn, I. p. 54.
+</p><p>
+Other Italian versions of the second class are: Comparetti, Nos. 26
+(Basilicata), 59 (Monferrato); Nerucci, p. 177 (partly); and
+Widter-Wolf, No. 15 (<i>Jahrb.</i> VII. 269). See also K&ouml;hler's notes to
+last-mentioned story, and also to Campbell, No. 22, in <i>Orient und
+Occident</i>, II. 320; Grimm, No. 22, "The Riddle;" and Prof. F. J. Child,
+<i>English and Scottish Popular Ballads</i>, Part II. p. 414.
+</p><p>
+For other stories containing riddles belonging to other classes than the
+above, see Bernoni, <i>Punt.</i> II. p. 54; Gradi, <i>Vigilia</i>, p. 8;
+Corazzini, p. 432; Finamore, <i>Trad. pop. abruzzesi</i>, No. 7; and K&ouml;hler's
+article, <i>Das R&auml;thselm&auml;rchen von dem ermordeten Geliebten</i> in the
+<i>Rivista di Lett. pop.</i> I. p. 212. A peculiar version of the second
+class may be found in Ortoli, p. 123, where a riddle very much like the
+one in the text is proposed by suitor to princess' father.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_25_2" id="Footnote_25_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_2"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Other Italian versions are: Gonz., Nos. 14, 54, 55; <i>Pent.</i>
+II. 7, III. 9 (forgets bride on touching shore); <i>Pomiglianesi</i>, p. 136
+(the first part belongs to the class of "Fair Angiola;") Busk, p. 3
+(first part same as last story); De Gub., <i>Sto. Stefano</i>, No. 5 (see
+also <i>Rivista di Lett. pop.</i> I. p. 84); Coronedi-Berti, No. 13 (this is
+one of the few "Three Citrons" stories containing episode of bride
+forgotten at mother's kiss); Schneller, No. 27; Finamore, <i>Trad. pop.
+abruzzesi</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span> No. 4 (mother's kiss); Pitr&egrave;, vol. IV. p. 285, gives an
+Albanian version of our story. The imprecation and mother's kiss are
+also found in another of the "Three Citrons" stories, Gonz., No. 13. For
+obstacles to flight, see Note 11 of this chapter.
+</p><p>
+For other European versions see K&ouml;hler's notes to Gonz., No. 14; to
+Campbell, No. 2 (<i>Orient und Occident</i>, II. 103); to Kreutzwald-L&ouml;we,
+No. 14; Hahn, I. p. 55; <i>Romania</i>, Nos. 19, p. 354, 20, p. 527; Grimm,
+Nos. 56, ("Sweetheart Roland"), 113 ("The Two Kings' Children"), 186
+("The True Bride"), 193 ("The Drummer;") <i>Basque Legends</i>, p. 120;
+Ralston, <i>R. F. T.</i> pp. 119, 131; Brueyre, p. 111; and B. Schmidt,
+<i>Griechische M&auml;rchen, Sagen und Volkslieder</i>, Leipzig, 1877, cited by
+Cosquin, <i>Romania</i>, No. 28, p. 543. See also in general, Cox, <i>Aryan
+Myth.</i> I. p. 158.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_26_2" id="Footnote_26_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_2"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> The same incident is found in Gonz., No. 6, and Pitr&egrave;, No.
+61. See K&ouml;hler's notes to Gonz., No. 6; Grimm, No. 193 ("The Drummer");
+<i>Romania</i>, No. 28, p. 527; and Hahn, No. 15.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_27_2" id="Footnote_27_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_2"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Another Venetian version is in Bernoni, No. 3. See also
+<i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 290; Gradi, <i>Vigilia</i>, p. 53; <i>Fiabe Mant.</i> No. 39; and
+Schneller, No. 32.
+</p><p>
+For other European versions, see Grimm, No. 46 ("Fitcher's Bird"),
+K&ouml;hler's notes to Widter-Wolf, No. 11 (<i>Jahrb.</i> VII. 148); and Ralston,
+<i>R. F. T.</i> p. 97.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_28_2" id="Footnote_28_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_2"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> See Pitr&egrave;, No. 19, <i>Nuovo Saggio</i>, No. 4; <i>Nov. fior.</i> pp.
+7, 12; and Nerucci, No. 49. Compare also Gonz., Nos. 10 and 22 (already
+mentioned, "The Robber who had a Witch's Head"), and Comparetti, No. 18
+(Pisa).
+</p><p>
+For other references to this class, see Grimm, No. 40 ("The
+Robber-Bridegroom") and <i>Romania</i>, No. 22, p. 236.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_29_2" id="Footnote_29_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_2"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> See Chap. II., note 4. For other references to this class,
+see Grimm, No. 3 ("Our Lady's Child"), and <i>Romania</i>, No. 28, p. 568.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_30_2" id="Footnote_30_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_2"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> The seventh version is from Bologna and is entitled <i>La
+Fola d&ecirc;l Muretein</i> ("The Story of the Little Moor"), and was published
+by Coronedi-Berti in the <i>Rivista Europea</i>, Florence, 1873. It is
+briefly as follows: A queen has no children and visits a witch who gives
+her an apple to eat, telling her that in due time she will bear a son.
+One of the queen's maids eats the peel and both give birth to sons; the
+maid's being called the Little Moor from resembling the dark red color
+of the apple peel. The two children grow up together, and when the
+prince goes off on his travels his friend the little Moor accompanies
+him. They spend the night in an enchanted castle and the friend hears a
+voice saying that the prince will conquer in a tournament and marry the
+king's daughter, but on their wedding night a dragon will devour the
+bride, and whoever tells of it will become marble. The friend saves the
+princess' life, but is thrown into prison, and when he exculpates
+himself becomes marble. He can only be restored to life by being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span>
+anointed with the blood of a cock belonging to a wild man (<i>om
+salvadgh</i>) living on a certain mountain. The prince performs the
+difficult feat of stealing the cock and healing his friend.
+</p><p>
+For other European versions, see Grimm, No. 6 ("Faithful John"); Hahn,
+No. 29; Wolf, <i>Proben Port. und Cat. Volksm.</i> p. 52; <i>Lo Rondallayre</i>,
+No. 35 ("<i>Lo bon criat</i>"); <i>Old Deccan Days</i>, p. 98; and in general,
+Benfey, <i>Pant.</i> I. p. 417, and K&ouml;hler in <i>Weimarische Beitr&auml;ge zur Lit.
+und Kunst</i>, Weimar, 1865, p. 192 <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_31_2" id="Footnote_31_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_2"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> See Pitr&egrave;, vol. I. pp. xcix., ciii.; IV. pp. 382, 430, and
+Comparetti, No. 44. A version from the Abruzzi may be found in Finamore,
+No. 38. See also Grimm, No. 191 ("The Robber and his Sons"); <i>Basque
+Legends</i>, p. 4; <i>Dolopathos</i> ed. Oesterley, pp. xxii., 65; and in
+general, <i>Orient und Occident</i>, II. 120, and Benfey, <i>Pant.</i> I. 295.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_32_2" id="Footnote_32_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_2"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Another Sicilian version is in Gonz., No. 83. Other
+versions are: <i>Pent.</i> III. 7; Nerucci, p. 341; De Nino, No. 30; <i>Fiabe
+Mant.</i> No. 4; <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 340 (Milan); and Widter-Wolf, No. 9
+(<i>Jahrb.</i> VII. p. 134). There are other similar stories in which a
+person is forced by those envious of him to undertake dangerous
+enterprises: see Pitr&egrave;, Nos. 34, 35; Comparetti, No. 16; <i>Tuscan Fairy
+Tales</i>, No. 8, De Nino, No. 39, etc. Strap., I. 2, also offers many
+points of resemblance to our story.
+</p><p>
+For other versions, see Grimm, No. 192 ("The Master-Thief"), and
+K&ouml;hler's notes to Widter-Wolf, No. 9.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_33_2" id="Footnote_33_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_2"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> The version in <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 574, is from Florence, the
+others, pp. 575 (the story in our text), 577, 578, 579, are from Milan,
+and closely resemble each other.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_34_2" id="Footnote_34_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_2"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Compare Pitr&egrave;, No. 83, and De Nino, No. 43. Tyrolese
+versions are in Schneller, Nos. 53, 54. See also Widter-Wolf, No. 2
+(<i>Jahrb.</i> VII. 13), and <i>Jahrb.</i> VIII. p. 246, <i>Italien. M&auml;rchen aus
+Sora</i>, No. 2. For additional European versions, see <i>Jahrb. ut supra</i>,
+and V. 7; <i>Romania</i>, Nos. 19, p. 350; 24, p. 562; 28, p. 556; and Grimm,
+Nos. 20 ("The Valiant Little Taylor"), and 183 ("The Giant and the
+Tailor") Some of the episodes mentioned in the text may be found in a
+Corsican story in Ortoli, p. 204, where, however, instead of a giant, a
+priest is outwitted by his servant.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER II.</h3>
+
+<h4>FAIRY TALES CONTINUED.</h4>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_3" id="Footnote_1_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_3"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This story is found in the <i>Pent.</i> I. 10. In Schneller, No.
+29, the king falls in love with a frog (from hearing its voice without
+seeing it) which is transformed by the fairies into a beautiful girl.
+The good wishes of the fairies are found in Pitr&egrave;, Nos. 61, 94. See also
+<i>Pent.</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span> I. 3; III. 10, and Chap. I. of the present work, note 22. For
+gifts by the fairies, see Pitr&egrave;, vol. I. p. 334, and the following
+note.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_3" id="Footnote_2_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_3"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> This story is often found as an introduction to "False
+Bride;" see Chap. I., note 21. Sicilian versions may be found in Pitr&egrave;,
+Nos. 62, 63; Neapolitan, <i>Pent.</i> III. 10; from the Abruzzi in Finamore,
+No. 48; De Nino, No. 18; Tuscan, Gradi, <i>Vigilia</i>, p. 20, De Gub., <i>Sto.
+Stefano</i>, No. 1, <i>Zo&ouml;l. Myth.</i> II. p. 62, note, <i>Tuscan Fairy Tales</i>,
+pp. 9, 18, Corazzini, p. 409, <i>Nov. tosc.</i> No. 8, <i>La Tinchina dell'
+alto Mare</i>; Venetian, Bernoni, XIX.; and Tyrolese, Schneller, Nos. 7, 8.
+</p><p>
+In several of the Tuscan versions (Gradi, <i>Zo&ouml;l. Myth., Tuscan Fairy
+Tales</i>, p. 9, and <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 202, which is composed of "Two
+Sisters" and "True Bride") instead of fairies the sisters find cats who
+bestow the varying gifts.
+</p><p>
+Other European versions of this story will be found in Grimm, No. 24,
+"Old Mother Holle;" Norwegian in Asbj. &amp; Moe, No. 15; [Dasent, <i>Pop.
+Tales from the Norse</i>, p. 103, "The Two Step-Sisters"] French in Blad&eacute;,
+<i>Contes agen.</i> p. 149, and Cosquin, <i>Contes pop. lorrains</i>, No. 48
+(<i>Romania</i>, No. 32, p. 564). The Oriental versions are mentioned by
+Cosquin in his notes to the last named story; see also Benfey, <i>Pant.</i>
+I. p. 219.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Other Tuscan versions are in Gradi, <i>Saggio di Letture
+varie</i>, p. 125, and <i>Nov. tosc.</i> No. 22; Sicilian and Roman versions may
+be found in Pitr&egrave;, No. 64, and Busk, p. 96.
+</p><p>
+French versions will be found in <i>M&eacute;lusine</i>, pp. 113 (<i>conte picard</i>)
+and 241 (<i>conte de l' Ami&eacute;nois</i>). A Japanese version is given in the
+same periodical, p. 161. An Irish version is in Croker, <i>Fairy Legends</i>
+etc. (translated in Brueyre, p. 206); and a Turkish version is given in
+<i>The Wonder World Stories</i>, New York, Putnam, 1877, p. 139. Other French
+and Oriental versions are noticed in <i>M&eacute;lusine</i>, pp. 161, 241. A
+somewhat similar German version is in Grimm, No. 182. "The Presents of
+the Little Folk."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_3" id="Footnote_4_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_3"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> This story somewhat resembles Gonz., No. 20, mentioned in
+Chap. I., note 29. Another Sicilian version is in Pitr&egrave;, No. 86. I have
+been unable to find any other Italian parallels. Personification of
+one's Fate maybe found in Gonz., Nos. 52, 55, Pitr&egrave;, No. 12; and of
+Fortune in Pitr&egrave;, No. 29, and Comparetti, No. 50. See <i>Indian Fairy
+Tales</i>, p. 263.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_3" id="Footnote_5_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_3"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Sicilian versions are in Pitr&egrave;, No. 105, and Gonz., No. 18.
+In the latter version the king drives his daughter from the palace and
+the rejected suitor disguises himself, follows her, and marries her. A
+Neapolitan version is in the <i>Pent.</i> IV. 10; Tuscan in Gradi, <i>Vigilia</i>,
+p. 97; Nerucci, p. 211; and <i>Jahrb.</i> VII. p. 394 (Knust, No. 9).
+</p><p>
+Other European versions are: Grimm No. 52, "King Thrushbeard;"
+Norwegian, Asbj. &amp; Moe, No. 45, and Grundtwig, III. [1]; French,
+<i>Romania</i>, No. 32, p. 552 (<i>Contes pop. lorrains</i>, No. 45); and Greek,
+Hahn, No. 113. See also <i>Tibetan Tales</i>, London, 1882, Ralston's notes,
+p. lviii.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_3" id="Footnote_6_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_3"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Other versions of this story are: Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 67,
+and Gonz., No. 28; Tuscan, <i>Archivio</i>, I. pp. 41, 65, <i>Nov. tosc.</i> No.
+7, Abruzzi, De Nino, No. 1. For the first part of the story, see <i>Nov.
+fior.</i> pp. 332-333.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_3" id="Footnote_7_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_3"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> I have followed in this division Imbriani, <i>Pomiglianesi</i>,
+p. 89.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8_3" id="Footnote_8_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_3"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Another Sicilian version, which, however, does not contain
+the trait "cure by laughing," is in Pitr&egrave;, No. 28. Gonz., No. 30, may be
+mentioned here, as it contains a part of our story. The magic gifts in
+it are a carpet that transports the owner wherever he wishes to go, a
+purse always full, and a horn that when one blows in the little end
+covers the sea with ships, when one blows in the big end, the ships
+disappear. Neapolitan versions are in Imbriani, <i>Pomiglianesi</i>, pp. 62,
+83; Roman in Busk, pp. 129, 136, comp. p. 146; and Tuscan in Frizzi,
+<i>Novella montanina</i>, Florence, A. Ciardelli e C. 1876, Nerucci, p. 471
+<i>Archivio per le Trad. pop.</i> I. p. 57, and <i>Nov. tosc.</i> No. 16. De Gub.,
+<i>Zo&ouml;l. Myth.</i> I. p. 288, n. 3, gives a version from the Marches, and
+there is a Bolognese version in Coronedi-Berti, No. 9. Other versions
+may be found in Finamore, <i>Trad. pop. abruzzesi</i>, No. 30, and Bolognini,
+p. 21. For other European versions, see <i>Gesta Rom.</i> ed. Oesterley, cap.
+cxx.; Grimm, No. 122; Campbell, No. 10, "The Three Soldiers" (see
+K&ouml;hler's notes to this story in <i>Orient und Occident</i>, II. p. 124, and
+Brueyre, p. 138); Cosquin, <i>Contes pop. lorrains</i>, Nos. 11 (<i>Rom.</i> No.
+19, p. 361) and 42 (<i>Rom.</i> No. 28, p. 581); and finally, Kreutzwald,
+<i>Ehstnische M&auml;rchen</i>, No. 23. Comp. also De Gub., <i>Zo&ouml;l. Myth.</i> I. p.
+182, and Ralston's notes to Schiefner's <i>Tibetan Tales</i>, p. liv.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_9_3" id="Footnote_9_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_3"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> I have been unable to find any European parallels to this
+form of the story.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10_3" id="Footnote_10_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_3"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Another version of this story is found in the same
+collection, p. 359. Other Tuscan versions are found in De Gub., <i>Sto.
+Stefano</i>, No. 21, Gradi, <i>Saggio di Letture varie</i>, p. 181, <i>Nov. tosc.</i>
+No. 29, and Comparetti, No. 7 (Mugello). The other versions are as
+follows: Sicilian, Pitr&egrave;, No. 29 (comp. No. 30), Gonz., No. 52;
+Neapolitan, <i>Pent.</i> I. 1 (Comp. <i>Pomiglianesi</i>, p. 116); Abruzzi,
+Finamore, No. 37; De Nino, No. 6; Ortoli, pp. 171, 178; Venetian,
+Bernoni, No. 9; the Marches, Comp., No. 12; and Tyrolese, Schneller, p.
+28.
+</p><p>
+For the other European parallels, see Grimm, No. 36, "The Table, the
+Ass, and the Stick;" <i>M&eacute;lusine</i> (<i>conte breton</i>), p. 130; Cosquin,
+<i>Contes pop. lorrains</i>, No. 14 (<i>Rom.</i> No. 19, p. 333); De Gub., <i>Zo&ouml;l.
+Myth.</i> II. p. 262 (Russian); Brueyre, p. 48 (B. Gould, Yorkshire,
+Appendix to Henderson's <i>Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties of
+England</i>); Asbj. &amp; Moe, No. 7 [Dasent, <i>Pop. Tales from the Norse</i>, p.
+261, "The Lad who went to the North Wind"], and <i>Old Deccan Days</i>, No.
+12.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_11_3" id="Footnote_11_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_3"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Another Sicilian version is in Gonz., No. 65, with same
+title and contents. A Neapolitan version is in the <i>Pent.</i> II. 4, where
+the fox is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span> replaced by a cat. This is also the case in the versions
+from the Abruzzi, Finamore, No. 46, De Nino, No. 53; in the Florentine
+versions in <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 145, <i>Nov. tosc.</i> No. xii. var.; and in the
+Tyrolese given by Schneller, p. 122 ("<i>Il Conte Martin dalla gatta</i>").
+In another story in Schneller, p. 124 ("<i>L'Anello</i>"), a youth possesses
+a magic ring and a dog and cat which recover the ring when stolen from
+its owner. Older and more interesting than the above versions is the one
+in Straparola, XI. 1. We give it here in full in order that our readers
+may compare with it the version in our text and Perrault's "Puss in
+Boots," which is the form in which the story has become popular all over
+Europe. The following translation is from the edition of 1562 (Venice).
+</p>
+<h4>
+XXXIV. PUSS IN BOOTS.
+</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Soriana dies and leaves three sons: Dusolino, Tesifone, and
+Constantine the Lucky, who, by virtue of a cat, acquires a
+powerful kingdom.</span></p></div>
+<p>
+There was once in Bohemia a very poor lady named Soriana, who had three
+sons: one was called Dusolino, the other Tesifone, and the third
+Constantine the Lucky. She owned nothing valuable in the world but three
+things: a kneading-trough, a rolling-board, and a cat. When Soriana,
+laden with years, came to die, she made her last testament, and left to
+Dusolino, her eldest son, the kneading-trough, to Tesifone the
+rolling-board, and to Constantine the cat. When the mother was dead and
+buried, the neighbors, as they had need, borrowed now the
+kneading-trough, now the rolling-board; and because they knew that the
+owners were very poor, they made them a cake, which Dusolino and
+Tesifone ate, giving none to Constantine, the youngest brother. And if
+Constantine asked them for anything, they told him to go to his cat,
+which would get it for him. Wherefore poor Constantine and his cat
+suffered greatly. Now the cat, which was enchanted, moved to compassion
+for Constantine, and angry at the two brothers who treated him so
+cruelly, said: "Constantine, do not be downcast, for I will provide for
+your support and my own." And leaving the house, the cat went out into
+the fields, and, pretending to sleep, caught a hare that passed and
+killed it. Thence, going to the royal palace and seeing some of the
+courtiers, the cat said that she wished to speak with the king, who,
+when he heard that a cat wished to speak to him, had her shown into his
+presence, and asked her what she wished. The cat replied that her
+master, Constantine, had sent him a hare which he had caught. The king
+accepted the gift, and asked who this Constantine was. The cat replied
+that he was a man who had no superior in goodness, beauty, and power.
+Wherefore the king treated the cat very well, giving her to eat and
+drink bountifully. When the cat had satisfied her hunger, she slyly
+filled with her paw (unseen by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span> any one) the bag that hung at her side,
+and taking leave of the king, carried it to Constantine. When the
+brothers saw the food over which Constantine exulted, they asked him to
+share it with them; but he refused, rendering them tit for tat. On which
+account there arose between them great envy, that continually gnawed
+their hearts. Now Constantine, although handsome in his face,
+nevertheless, from the privation he had suffered, was covered with scabs
+and scurf, which caused him great annoyance. But going with his cat to
+the river, she licked him carefully from head to foot, and combed his
+hair, and in a few days he was entirely cured.
+</p><p>
+The cat (as we said above) continued to carry gifts to the royal palace,
+and thus supported her master. But after a time she wearied of running
+up and down so much, and feared that she would annoy the king's
+courtiers; so she said to her master: "Sir, if you will do what I order,
+I will make you rich in a short time." "How?" said her master. The cat
+replied: "Come with me, and do not ask any more, for I am ready to
+enrich you." So they went together to the stream, which was near the
+royal palace, and the cat stripped her master, and with his agreement
+threw him into the river, and then began to cry out in a loud voice:
+"Help! help! Messer Constantine is drowning." The king hearing this, and
+remembering that he had often received presents from him, sent his
+people at once to aid him. When Messer Constantine was taken out of the
+water and dressed in fine clothes, he was taken to the king, who
+received him cordially, and asked him why he had been thrown into the
+river. Constantine could not answer for grief; but the cat, which was
+always at his side, said: "Know, O king, that some robbers learned from
+spies that my master was loaded with jewels, which he was coming to
+present to you. They robbed him of all, and threw him into the river,
+thinking to kill him, but thanks to these gentlemen he has escaped from
+death." The king, hearing this, ordered that he should be well cared
+for; and seeing that he was handsome, and knowing him to be wealthy, he
+concluded to give him Elisetta, his daughter, for a wife, endowing her
+with jewels and most beautiful garments. After the wedding festivities
+had been ended, the king had ten mules loaded with money, and five with
+costly apparel, and sent his daughter to her husband's home, accompanied
+by a great retinue. Constantine, seeing that he had become so wealthy
+and honored, did not know where to lead his wife, and took counsel with
+his cat, which said: "Do not fear, my master, for we shall provide for
+everything." So they all set out gayly on horseback, and the cat ran
+hastily before them; and having left the company some distance behind,
+met some horsemen, to whom she said: "What are you doing here, wretched
+men? Depart quickly, for a large band of people are coming, and will
+take you prisoners. They are near by: you can hear the noise of the
+neighing horses." The horsemen said in terror:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span> "What must we do, then?"
+The cat replied: "Do this,&mdash;if you are asked whose horsemen you are,
+answer boldly, Messer Constantine's, and you will not be molested." Then
+the cat went on, and found a large flock of sheep, and did the same with
+their owners, and said the same thing to all those whom she found in the
+road. The people who were escorting Elisetta asked the horsemen: "Whose
+knights are you," and "whose are so many fine flocks?" and all with one
+accord replied: "Messer Constantine's." Then those who accompanied the
+bride said: "So then, Messer Constantine, we are beginning to enter your
+territory." And he nodded his head, and replied in like manner to all
+that he was asked. Wherefore the company judged him to be very wealthy.
+At last the cat came to a very fine castle, and found there but few
+servants, to whom she said: "What are you doing, good men; do you not
+perceive the destruction which is impending?" "What?" asked the
+servants. "Before an hour passes, a host of soldiers will come here and
+cut you to pieces. Do you not hear the horses neighing? Do you not see
+the dust in the air? If you do not wish to perish, take my advice and
+you will be saved. If any one asks you whose this castle is, say, Messer
+Constantine's." So they did; and when the noble company reached the
+handsome castle they asked the keepers whose it was, and all answered
+boldly Messer Constantine the Lucky's. Then they entered, and were
+honorably entertained. Now the castellan of that place was Signor
+Valentino, a brave soldier, who, a short time before, had left the
+castle to bring home the wife he had lately married; and to his
+misfortune, before he reached the place where his wife was he was
+overtaken on the way by a sudden and fatal accident, from which he
+straightway died, and Constantine remained master of the castle. Before
+long, Morando, King of Bohemia, died, and the people elected for their
+king Constantine the Lucky because he was the husband of Elisetta, the
+dead king's daughter, to whom the kingdom fell by right of succession.
+And so Constantine, from being poor and a beggar, remained Lord and
+King, and lived a long time with his Elisetta, leaving children by her
+to succeed him in the kingdom.
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 20%;' />
+<p>
+For copious references to other European versions, see K&ouml;hler's notes to
+Gonz., No. 65 (II. p. 242), and Benfey, <i>Pant.</i> I. p. 222.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12_3" id="Footnote_12_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_3"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> The earliest Italian versions are in the <i>Cento nov. ant.,
+Testo Papanti</i> (<i>Romania</i>, No. 10, p. 191), and Straparola, XI. 2. Later
+popular versions, besides the Istrian one in the text, are: Nerucci, p.
+430, and Bernoni, III. p. 91, both of which are much distorted. Some of
+the episodes are found in other stories, as, for instance, the division
+of the property, including the wife, which occurs in Gonz., No. 74. "The
+Thankful Dead" is also the subject of an Italian novel, <i>Novella di
+Messer Danese e di Messer Gigliotto</i>, Pisa, 1868 (privately<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span> printed),
+and of a popular poem, <i>Istoria bellissima di Stellante Costantina</i>
+composta da Giovanni Orazio Brunetto.
+</p><p>
+The extensive literature of this interesting story can best be found in
+D'Ancona's notes to the version in the <i>Cento nov. ant.</i>, cited above.
+To these may be added: Ive's notes to the story in the text, Cosquin's
+notes to No. 19 of the <i>Contes pop. lorrains</i> (<i>Rom.</i> No. 24, p. 534),
+and Nisard, <i>Hist. des Livres pop.</i> II. p. 450. Basque and Spanish
+versions have been published recently, the former in Webster's <i>Basque
+Legends</i>, pp. 146, 151, and the latter in Caballero, <i>Cuentos,
+oraciones</i>, etc., Leipzig, 1878, p. 23. A version from Mentone may be
+found in the <i>Folk-Lore Record</i>, vol. III. p. 48, "John of Calais."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_13_3" id="Footnote_13_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_3"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> In the original it is <i>la Voria</i>, which in Sicilian means
+"breeze," but I take it to be the same as <i>Boria</i> in Italian (Lat.
+<i>Boreas -&aelig;</i>), the North Wind.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_14_3" id="Footnote_14_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_3"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Other Italian versions are: <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 440;
+<i>Archivio</i>, III. 542 (Abruzzi); Pitr&egrave;, No. 31; <i>Tuscan Fairy Tales</i>, No.
+10, p. 102; De Nino, No. 69; and Widter-Wolf, No. 10 (<i>Jahrbuch</i>, VII.
+139). See also Prato, <i>Una nov. pop. monferrina</i>, Como, 1882; and
+Finamore, <i>Trad. pop. abruzzesi</i>, Nos. 17, 19.
+</p><p>
+References to other European versions will be found in K&ouml;hler's notes to
+Widter-Wolf, No. 10. See also Grimm, No. 92; Ralston's <i>R. F. T.</i> p.
+132, and Chap. I., note 11, of the present work.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_15_3" id="Footnote_15_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_3"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> A work of this kind, similar in scope to Nisard's <i>Hist.
+des Livres populaires</i>, is greatly to be desired, and ought to be
+undertaken before the great changes in the social condition of Italy
+shall have rendered such a task difficult, if not impossible.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER III.</h3>
+
+<h4>STORIES OF ORIENTAL ORIGIN.</h4>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_4" id="Footnote_1_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_4"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> There are three Italian translations of the
+<i>Pantschatantra</i>, all of the XVI. century. Two, <i>Discorsi degli
+Animali</i>, by Angelo Firenzuola, 1548, and <i>La Filosofia Morale</i>, by
+Doni, 1552, represent the Hebrew translation by Rabbi Joel (1250), from
+which they are derived through the <i>Directorium humanae vitae</i> of
+Johannes de Capua (1263-78); the third, <i>Del Governo de' Regni</i>, by G.
+Nuti, 1583, is from the Greek version of Simeon Seth (1080). A full
+account of the various translations of the <i>Pantschatantra</i> may be found
+in Max M&uuml;ller's <i>Chips</i>, Vol. IV. p. 165, "The Migration of Fables." See
+also Benfey, <i>Pant.</i> I. pp. 1-19, <i>Buddhist Birth Stories</i>; or,
+<i>J&#257;taka Tales</i>, By V. Fausb&ouml;ll and T. W. Rhys Davids, Boston, 1880,
+p. xciii., and Landau, <i>Die Quellen des Decamerone</i>, mentioned in the
+following note.
+</p><p>
+<i>The Seven Wise Masters</i> was also translated into Italian at an early<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span>
+date. One version, <i>Il Libro dei Sette Savj di Roma</i>, Pisa, 1864, edited
+by Prof. A. D'Ancona, is a XIII. century translation from a French prose
+version (Cod. 7974, <i>Bib. nat.</i>); another, of the same date, <i>Storia d'
+una crudele Matrigna</i>, Bologna, 1862, is from an uncertain source, from
+which is probably derived a third version, <i>Il Libro dei Sette Savi di
+Roma tratto da un codice del secolo XIV.</i> per cura di Antonio Cappelli,
+Bologna, 1865. The MS. from which the version edited by Della Lucia in
+1832 (reprinted at Bologna, 1862) was taken has been recently discovered
+and printed in <i>Operette inedite o rare, Libreria Dante</i>, Florence,
+1883, No. 3. A fourth version of the end of the XIII. or the beginning
+of the XIV. century is still inedited, it is mentioned by D'Ancona in
+the <i>Libro dei Sette Savj</i>, p. xxviii., and its contents given. The
+latest and most curious version is <i>I Compassionevoli Avvenimenti di
+Erasto</i>, a work of the XVI. century (first edition, Venice, 1542) which
+contains four stories found in no other version of the Seven Wise
+Masters. The popularity of this version, the source of which is unknown,
+was great. See D'Ancona, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. xxxi.-xxxiv.
+</p><p>
+The <i>Disciplina Clericalis</i> was not known, apparently, in Italy as a
+collection, but the separate stories were known as early as Boccaccio,
+who borrowed the outlines of three of his stories from it (VII. 4; VIII.
+10: X. 8). Three of the stories of the <i>Disc. Cler.</i> are also found in
+the Ital. trans. of Frate Jacopo da Cessole's book on Chess
+(<i>Volgarizzamento del libro de' Costumi e degli offizii de' nobili sopra
+il giuoco degli Scachi</i>, Milan, 1829) and reprinted in <i>Libro di Novelle
+Antiche</i>, Bologna, 1868, Novelle III., IV., and VI. This translation is
+of the XII. century. Other stories from the <i>Disc. Cler.</i> are found in
+the <i>Cento nov. ant.</i>, Gualt., LIII., XXXI., LXVI., Borg., LXXIV.
+(<i>Cent. nov.</i>, Biagi, pp. 226, 51, 58); and in Cintio, <i>Gli Ecatommiti</i>,
+I, 3; VII. 6.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_4" id="Footnote_2_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_4"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> It has been generally supposed that the Oriental element was
+introduced into European literature from Spain through the medium of the
+French. We shall see later that this was the case with the famous
+collection of tales just mentioned, the <i>Disciplina Clericalis</i>.
+Oriental elements are also found in the French <i>fabliaux</i> which are
+supposed to have furnished Boccaccio with the plots of a number of his
+novels. See Landau, <i>Die Quellen des Decamerone</i>, 2d ed., Vienna, 1884,
+p. 107. Professor Bartoli in his <i>I Precursori del Boccaccio e alcune
+delle sue Fonti</i>, Florence, 1876, endeavors to show that Boccaccio may
+have taken the above mentioned novels from sources common to them and
+the French <i>fabliaux</i>. It is undeniable that there was in the Middle
+Ages an immense mass of stories common to the whole western world, and
+diffused by oral tradition as well as by literary means, and it is very
+unsafe to say that any one literary version is taken directly from
+another. Sufficient attention has not been paid to the large<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> Oriental
+element in European entertaining literature prior to the Renaissance. In
+early Italian literature besides Boccaccio, the <i>Cento novelle antiche</i>
+abound in Oriental elements. See D'Ancona, <i>Le Fonti del Novellino</i>, in
+the <i>Romania</i>, vol. III. pp. 164-194, since republished in <i>Studj di
+Critica e Storia Letteraria</i>, Bologna, 1880, pp. 219-359.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_4" id="Footnote_3_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_4"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> See Introduction, Notes 3, 7.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> In the <i>Pantschatantra</i> (Benfey's trans, vol. II. p. 120)
+this story is as follows: A merchant confides to a neighbor some iron
+scales or balances for safe-keeping. When he wishes them back he is told
+that the mice have eaten them up. The merchant is silent, and some time
+after asks his neighbor to lend him his son to aid him in bathing. After
+the bath the merchant shuts the boy up in a cave, and when the father
+asks where he is, is told that a falcon has carried him off. The
+neighbor exclaimed: "Thou liar, how can a falcon carry away a boy?" The
+merchant responded: "Thou veracious man! If a falcon cannot carry away a
+boy, neither can mice eat iron scales. Therefore give me back my scales
+if you desire your son." See also Benfey, <i>Pant.</i> I. p. 283. La Fontaine
+has used the same story for his fable of <i>Le D&eacute;positaire infid&egrave;le</i>
+(livre IX. 1): see also references in <i>Fables in&eacute;dites</i>, vol. II. p.
+193.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_4" id="Footnote_5_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_4"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The fables in Pitr&egrave; of non-Oriental origin may be mentioned
+here; they are: No. 271, "<i>Brancaliuni</i>," found also in Straparola, X.
+2; No. 272, "The Two Mice," compare Aesop, ed. Furia, 198, and
+Schneller, No. 59; No. 274, "Wind, Water, and Honor," found in
+Straparola, XI. 2; No. 275, "Godfather Wolf and Godmother Fox"; No. 276,
+"The Lion, the Wolf, and the Fox," Aesop, ed. Furia, 233; No. 277, "The
+Fox," see <i>Roman du Renart</i>, Paris, 1828, I. p. 129, and <i>Nov. tosc.</i>
+No. 69; No. 278, "L'Acidduzzu (Pretty Little Bird)," compare Asbj. &amp;
+Moe, No. 42, Bernoni, <i>Punt.</i> III. p. 69, "<i>El Galo</i>," Nerucci,
+<i>Cincelle da Bambini</i>, p. 38; No. 279, "The Wolf and the Finch," Gonz.,
+No. 66, <i>Nov. tosc.</i> No. 52 (add to K&ouml;hler's references: Asbj. &amp; M.,
+Nos. 42, 102, [Dasent, <i>Tales from the Fjeld</i>, p. 35, "The Greedy Cat,"]
+and Bernoni, <i>Punt.</i> III. p. 69); and finally No. 280, "The Cricket and
+the Ants," see Aesop, ed. Furia, 121, La Fontaine, <i>La Cigale et la
+Fourmi</i>, livre I. 1: see copious references in Robert, <i>Fables
+in&eacute;dites</i>, I. p. 2. For Bernoni, III. p. 69, "<i>El Galo</i>," and Pitr&egrave;, No.
+279, see Chap. V. pp. 270, 272.
+</p><p>
+There are two fables in Coronedi-Berti's collection: No. 20: "<i>La Fola
+del Corov</i>," and No. 21, "<i>La Fola dla V&ocirc;ulp</i>." The first is the
+well-known fable of the crow in the peacock's feathers; for copious
+references see Robert, <i>Fables in&eacute;dites</i>, I. p. 247, to La Fontaine's
+<i>Le Geai par&eacute; des plumes du Paon</i>, livre IV, fab. IX., and Oesterley to
+Kirchhof's <i>Wendunmuth</i>, 7, 52. In the second fable the fox leaves her
+little ones at home, bidding them admit no one without a counter-sign.
+The wolf learns it from the simple little foxes themselves, gains<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span>
+admission, and eats two of them up. The mother takes her revenge in
+almost the same way as does the fox in Pitr&egrave;'s fable, No. 277.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_4" id="Footnote_6_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_4"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> This fable is also found in Pitr&egrave;, No. 273, "The Man, the
+Wolf, and the Fox," and in Gonz., No. 69, "Lion, Horse, and Fox:" see
+Benfey, <i>Pant.</i> I. 113, and K&ouml;hler's references to Gonz., No. 69.
+</p><p>
+There is also a version of this fable in Morosi, p. 75, which is as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+<h4>XLIX. THE MAN, THE SERPENT, AND THE FOX.</h4>
+<p>
+There was once a huntsman, who, in passing a quarry, found a serpent
+under a large stone. The serpent asked the hunter to liberate him, but
+the latter said: "I will not free you, for you will eat me." The serpent
+replied: "Liberate me, for I will not eat you." When the hunter had set
+the serpent at liberty, the latter wanted to devour him, but the hunter
+said: "What are you doing? Did you not promise me that you would not eat
+me?" The serpent replied that hunger did not observe promises. The
+hunter then said: "If you have no right to eat me, will you do it?"
+"No," answered the serpent. "Let us go, then," said the hunter, "and ask
+three times." They went into the woods and found a greyhound, and asked
+him, and he replied: "I had a master, and I went hunting and caught
+hares, and when I carried them home my master had nothing too good to
+give me to eat; now, when I cannot overtake even a tortoise, because I
+am old, my master wishes to kill me; for this reason I condemn you to be
+eaten by the serpent; for he who does good finds evil." "Do you hear? We
+have one judge," said the serpent. They continued their journey, and
+found a horse, and asked him, and he too replied that the serpent was
+right to eat the man, "for," he said, "I had a master, who fed me when I
+could travel; now that I can do so no longer, he would like to hang me."
+The serpent said: "Behold, two judges!" They went on, and found a fox.
+The huntsman said: "Fox, you must aid me. Listen: I was passing a
+quarry, and found this serpent dying under a large stone, and he asked
+aid from me, and I released him, and now he wants to eat me." The fox
+answered: "I will be the judge. Let us return to the quarry, to see how
+the serpent was." They went there, and put the stone on the serpent, and
+the fox asked: "Is that the way you were?" "Yes," answered the serpent.
+"Very well, then, stay so always!" said the fox.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_4" id="Footnote_7_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_4"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> The individual stories of the <i>Thousand and One Nights</i> were
+known in Europe long before the collection, which was not translated
+into French until 1704-1717. This is shown by the fact that some of the
+XIII. century <i>fabliaux</i> embody stories of the <i>Thousand and One
+Nights</i>. See Note 10. An interesting article by Mr. H. C. Coote on
+"Folk-Lore, the source of some of M. Galland's Tales," will be found in
+the <i>Folk-Lore Record</i>, vol. III. pp. 178-191.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8_4" id="Footnote_8_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_4"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> The Sicilian versions are in Pitr&egrave;, No. 81. The version from
+Palermo, of which Pitr&egrave; gives only a <i>r&eacute;sum&eacute;</i>, is printed entire in F.
+Sabatini, <i>La Lanterna, Nov. pop. sicil.</i> Imola, 1878. The Roman
+version, "How Cajusse was married," is in Busk, p. 158; and the Mantuan
+in Visentini, No. 35. Tuscan versions may be found in the <i>Rivista di
+Lett. pop.</i> p. 267; De Nino, No. 5; and a version from Bergamo in the
+same periodical, p. 288. For the episode of the "Magician with no heart
+in his body," see Chap. I. note 12.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_9_4" id="Footnote_9_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_4"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> See Pitr&egrave;, No. 36, and Gonz., No. 5, with K&ouml;hler's copious
+references. As this story is found in Chap. I. p. 17, it is only
+mentioned here for the sake of completeness.
+</p><p>
+There is another complete version of "The Forty Thieves" in Nerucci, No.
+54, <i>Cicerchia, o i ventidua Ladri</i>. The thieves are twenty-two, and
+<i>cicerchia</i> is the magic word that opens and shuts the robbers' cave. A
+version in Ortoli, p. 137, has seven thieves.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10_4" id="Footnote_10_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_4"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Pitr&egrave;, No. 164, "The Three Hunchbacks;" Straparola, V. 3.
+It is also found in the <i>fabliau</i>, <i>Les Trois Bossus</i>, Barbazan-M&eacute;on,
+III. 245; for copious references see Von der Hagen, <i>Gesammtabenteuer</i>,
+III. p. xxxv. <i>et seq.</i> Pitr&egrave;, No. 165, "<i>Fra Ghiniparu</i>," is a
+variation of the above theme, and finds its counterpart in the <i>fabliau</i>
+of <i>Le Sacristain de Cluni</i>: see <i>Gesammtabenteuer</i>, <i>ut sup.</i> Other
+versions are in Finamore, <i>Trad. pop. abruzzesi</i>, No. 9, and <i>Nov.
+tosc.</i> No. 58.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_11_4" id="Footnote_11_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_4"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> The story is, properly speaking, in the introduction to the
+<i>Thousand and One Nights</i>: see Lane, <i>The Thousand and One Nights</i>,
+London, 1865, I. 10. See Straparola, XII. 3, and <i>Schmipf und Ernst</i> von
+Johannes Pauli, herausgegeben von Hermann Oesterley (<i>Bibliothek des
+litt. Vereins</i>, LXXXV.), Stuttgart, 1866, No. 134, "<i>Ein b&ouml;sz weib
+tugenhaft zemachen</i>."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12_4" id="Footnote_12_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_4"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> For the first story, see <i>Thousand and One Nights</i> (ed.
+Breslau), IX. 129; <i>Pent.</i> V. 7; Gonz., No. 45; Hahn, No. 47; and Grimm,
+No. 129. For the second, see <i>Thousand and One Nights</i> (ed. Breslau),
+II. 196; ed. Lane, III. 41.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_13_4" id="Footnote_13_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_4"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> See Lane, I. 140, and, for the transformations, p. 156.
+This story is also in Straparola, VIII. 5. It is well known in the North
+of Europe from the Grimm tale (No. 68), "The Thief and his Master," To
+the references in Grimm, II. p. 431, may be added: <i>Revue Celtique</i>, I.
+132, II.; Benfey, <i>Pant.</i> I. p. 410; Brueyre, 253; Ralston, <i>R. F. T.</i>
+229; Asbj. &amp; M., No. 57 [Dasent, <i>Pop. Tales</i>, No. XXXIX.] (comp. Nos.
+9, 46 [Dasent, <i>Pop. Tales</i>, Nos. XXIII., IX.]); Hahn, No. 68;
+Bernhauer, <i>Vierzig Viziere</i>, p. 195; <i>Orient und Occident</i>, II. 313;
+III. 374; Grundtvig, I. 248; J&uuml;lg, <i>Kalm&uuml;kische M&auml;rchen, Einleitung</i>, p.
+1; and F. J. Child, <i>English and Scottish Popular Ballads</i>, Part II. p.
+399, "The Twa Magicians."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_14_4" id="Footnote_14_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_4"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> The principal sources of information in regard to the
+<i>Disciplina<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> Clericalis</i> and its author are the two editions of Paris
+and Berlin: <i>Disciplina Clericalis</i>: auctore Petro Alphonsi, Ex-Jud&aelig;o
+Hispano, Parisiis, <span class="smcap">mdcccxxiv.</span> 2 vols. (Soci&eacute;t&eacute; des Bibliophiles
+fran&ccedil;ais); Petri Alfonsi Disciplina Clericalis, zum ersten Mal
+herausgegeben mit Einleitung und Anmerkungen von Fr. Wilh. Val. Schmidt,
+Berlin, 1827. The first edition was edited by J. Labouderie,
+Vicar-general of Avignon, and as only two hundred and fifty copies were
+printed, it is now very scarce. Schmidt even had not seen it: and when
+he published his own edition, three years later, thought it the first.
+The Paris edition contains the best text, and has besides two Old-French
+translations, one in prose, the other in verse. The Berlin edition is,
+however, more valuable on account of the notes.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_15_4" id="Footnote_15_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_4"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> This is the story shortly after mentioned, Pitr&egrave;, No. 138,
+"The Treasure." The date of the <i>Cento nov. ant.</i> cannot be accurately
+fixed; the compilation was probably made at the end of the XIII. cent.,
+although individual stories may be of an earlier date.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_16_4" id="Footnote_16_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_4"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> See <i>Disciplina Cler.</i> ed. Schmidt, pp. 63 and 142. For
+copious references see Oesterley's <i>Gesta Rom.</i> cap. 106.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_17_4" id="Footnote_17_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_4"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> There are several literary Italian versions of this story:
+one in Casalicchio, VI., I., VI.; and in Cintio, <i>Ecatommiti</i>, I. 3.
+There is another popular version in Imbriani's <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 616, "The
+Three Friends."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_18_4" id="Footnote_18_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_4"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> See <i>Disc. Cler.</i> ed. Schmidt, pp. 50 and 128. The version
+in the <i>Cento nov. ant.</i> ed. Gualt, No. 31, is as follows: Messer
+Azzolino had a story-teller, whom he made tell stories during the long
+winter nights. It happened one night that the story-teller had a great
+mind to sleep, and Azzolino asked him to tell stories. The story-teller
+began to relate a story about a peasant who had a hundred bezants. He
+went to market to buy sheep, and had two for a bezant. Returning home
+with his sheep, a river that he had crossed was greatly swollen by a
+heavy rain that had fallen. Standing on the bank he saw a poor fisherman
+with an exceedingly small boat, so small that it would only hold the
+peasant and one sheep at a time. Then the peasant began to cross with
+one sheep, and began to row: the river was wide. He rows and crosses.
+And the story-teller ceased relating. Azzolino said: "Go on." And the
+story-teller answered: "Let the sheep cross, and then I will tell the
+story." For the sheep would not be over in a year, so that meanwhile he
+could sleep at his leisure.
+</p><p>
+The story passed from the <i>Disc. Cler.</i> into the Spanish collection <i>El
+Libro de los Enxemplos</i>, No. 85. A similar story is also found in Grimm,
+No. 86, "The Fox and the Geese."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_19_4" id="Footnote_19_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_4"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> The word translated bank (<i>bancu</i>) is here used to indicate
+a buried treasure. The most famous of these concealed treasures was that
+of Ddisisa, a hill containing caves, and whose summit is crowned by the
+ruins of an Arab castle. This treasure is mentioned also in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> Pitr&egrave;, No.
+230, "The Treasure of Ddisisa," where elaborate directions are given for
+finding it.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_20_4" id="Footnote_20_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_4"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> See Pitr&egrave;, vol. IV. p. 401, and <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 572.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_21_4" id="Footnote_21_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_4"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> See <i>Disc. Cler.</i> ed. Schmidt, pp. 64 and 147, where the
+story is as follows: A certain tailor to the king had, among others, an
+apprentice named Nedui. On one occasion the king's officers brought warm
+bread and honey, which the tailor and his apprentices ate without
+waiting for Nedui, who happened to be absent. When one of the officers
+asked why they did not wait for Nedui, the tailor answered that he did
+not like honey. When Nedui returned, and learned what had taken place,
+he determined to be revenged; and when he had a chance he told the
+officer who superintended the work done for the king that the tailor
+often went into a frenzy and beat or killed the bystanders. The officer
+said that if they could tell when the attack was coming on, they would
+bind him, so that he could not injure any one. Nedui said it was easy to
+tell; the first symptoms were the tailor's looking here and there,
+beating the ground with his hands, and getting up and seizing his seat.
+The next day Nedui securely hid his master's shears, and when the latter
+began to look for them, and feel about on the floor, and lift up his
+seat, the officer called in the guard and had the tailor bound, and, for
+fear he should beat any one, soundly thrashed. At last the poor tailor
+succeeded in obtaining an explanation; and when he asked Nedui: "When
+did you know me to be insane?" the latter responded: "When did you know
+me not to eat honey?" See also references in Kirchhof's <i>Wendunmuth</i>, I.
+243.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_22_4" id="Footnote_22_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_4"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> In the original the admonitions are in the form of a verse,
+as follows:&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"<i>Primu:</i> Cu' cancia la via vecchia pi la nova,<br /></span>
+<span class="i10">Le guai ch' 'un circannu dd&agrave; li trova.<br /></span>
+<span class="i1"><i>Secunnu:</i> Vidi assai e parra pocu.<br /></span>
+<span class="i1"><i>Terzu:</i> Pensa la cosa avanti chi la fai,<br /></span>
+<span class="i10">Ca la cosa pinsata &egrave; bedda assai."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_23_4" id="Footnote_23_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_4"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> See <i>Disc. Cler.</i> ed. Schmidt, pp. 61 and 141. This story
+is also found in the <i>Gesta Romanorum</i>, cap. 103; Gonz., No. 81, where
+copious references by Oesterley and K&ouml;hler may be found; in Nerucci, No.
+53; and in a distorted version in Ortoli, p. 118: see also <i>Giornale
+Napoletano della Domenica</i>, August 20, 1882; Pitr&egrave;, "<i>I Tre Pareri</i>,"
+and <i>Notes and Queries</i>, London, February 7, March 14, 1885.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_24_4" id="Footnote_24_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_4"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> See Note 1 of this chapter.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_25_4" id="Footnote_25_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_4"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> In the original, what the husband, wife, and king, say, is
+in verse, as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Vigna era e Vigna son,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Amata era e pi&ugrave; non son;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">E non so per qual cagion,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Che la Vigna &agrave; perso la so stagion."<br /></span></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Vigna eri e Vigna sei,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Amata eri e pi&ugrave; non sei:<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">Per la branca del leon<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">La Vigna &agrave; perso la so stagion."<br /></span></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Ne la Vigna io son intrato,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Di quei pampani n' &ograve; tocato;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ma lo guiro per la corona che porto in capo,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Che de quel fruto no ghe n' &ograve; gustato."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>This story is also found in Pitr&egrave;, No. 76, "<i>Lu Bracceri di manu manca</i>"
+("The Usher on the Left Hand," <i>i. e.</i>, of the king, who also had one on
+his right hand); <i>Pomiglianesi</i>, No. 6, "<i>Villa</i>;" and, in the shape of
+a poetical dialogue, in Vigo, <i>Raccolta amplissima di Canti popolari
+siciliani</i>. Secunda ediz. Catania, 1870-1874, No. 5145.
+</p><p>
+The story is told of Pier delle Vigne by Jacopo d'Aqui (XIII. cent.) in
+his <i>Chronicon imaginis mundi</i>, and of the Marchese di Pescara by
+Brant&ocirc;me, <i>Vie des Dames galantes</i>. These versions will be found with
+copious references in Pitr&egrave; and Imbriani as cited above: see also,
+<i>Cantilene e Ballate, Strambotti e Madrigali nei Secoli XIII. e XIV.</i>, A
+cura di Giosu&egrave; Carducci, Pisa, 1871, p. 26. The story is discussed in an
+exhaustive manner by S. Prato in the <i>Romania</i>, vol. XII. p. 535; XIV.
+p. 132, "<i>L' Orma del Leone</i>."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_26_4" id="Footnote_26_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_4"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> For the Oriental versions see <i>Essai sur les Fables
+indiennes</i>, <i>par</i> A. Loiseleur Deslongchamps, Paris, 1838, p. 96; <i>Das
+Buch von den sieben weisen Meistern</i>, aus dem Hebr&auml;ischen und
+Griechischen zum ersten Male &uuml;bersetzt von H. Sengelmann, Halle, 1842,
+p. 40 (<i>Mischle Sandab&acirc;r</i>), p. 87 (<i>Syntipas</i>), <i>Tausend und Eine
+Nacht</i>, Deutsch von Max Habicht, Von der Hagen und Schall, Breslau,
+1836, vol. XV. p. 112 (Arabic); <i>Li Romans des Sept Sages</i>, nach der
+Pariser Handschrift herausgegeben von H. A. Keller, T&uuml;bingen, 1836, p.
+cxxxviii.; <i>Dyocletianus Leben</i>, von Hans von B&uuml;hel, herausgegeben von
+A. Keller, Quedlinburg und Leipzig, 1841, p. 45. All students of this
+subject are acquainted with Domenico Comparetti's masterly essay
+<i>Ricerche intorno al Libro di Sindib&acirc;d</i>, Milan, 1869, which has recently
+been made accessible to English readers in a version published by the
+English Folk-Lore Society in 1882. The Persian and Arabic texts may be
+consulted in an English translation, reprinted with valuable
+introduction and notes in the following work: <i>The Book of Sindib&#257;d;
+or, The Story of the King, his Son, the Damsel, and the Seven Vazirs</i>,
+From the Persian and Arabic, with Introduction, Notes, and an Appendix,
+by W. A. Clouston. Privately printed, 1884 [Glasgow], pp. xvii.-lvi.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_27_4" id="Footnote_27_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_4"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> For the original version in the various forms of the
+Western <i>Seven Wise Masters</i>, see Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, p. 162;
+Keller, <i>Romans</i>, p. ccxxix., and <i>Dyocletianus</i>, p. 63; and D'Ancona,
+<i>Il Libro dei Sette Savi di Roma</i>, p. 121. To the references in D'Ancona
+may be added: <i>Deux R&eacute;dactions du Roman des Sept Sages</i>, G. Paris,
+Paris, 1876, pp. 47, 162; Benfey, in <i>Orient und Occident</i>, III. 420;
+<i>Romania</i>, VI. p. 182; <i>M&eacute;lusine</i>, p. 384; and <i>Basque Legends</i>,
+collected by Rev. W. Webster, London, 1879, pp. 136, 137.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_28_4" id="Footnote_28_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_4"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> See Grimm, No. 33, "The Three Languages;" Hahn, No. 33;
+<i>Basque Legends</i>, p. 137; and <i>M&eacute;lusine</i>, p. 300. There is a verbose
+version in the <i>Fiabe Mantovane</i>, No. 23, "<i>Bobo</i>."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_29_4" id="Footnote_29_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_4"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> See Herodotus, with a commentary by J. W. Blakesley,
+London, 1854, I. p. 254, n. 343. For the literature of this story, and
+for various other Italian versions, see <i>La Leggenda del Tesoro di
+Rampsinite</i>, Stanislao Prato, Como, 1882; and Ralston's notes to
+Schiefner's <i>Tibetan Tales</i>, p. xlvii.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_30_4" id="Footnote_30_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_4"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> For the story in the <i>Seven Wise Masters</i>, see D'Ancona,
+<i>op. cit.</i> p. 108; Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, p. 146; Keller, <i>Romans</i>, p.
+cxciii., and <i>Dyoclet</i>. p. 55.
+</p><p>
+Besides the popular versions in Italian, the story is also found in
+Bandello, I., XXV., who follows Herodotus closely.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_31_4" id="Footnote_31_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_4"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> For the story in the <i>Seven Wise Masters</i> see D'Ancona,
+<i>op. cit.</i> p. 120; Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, p. 158; Keller, <i>Romans</i>, p.
+ccxxxvii., and <i>Dyoclet.</i> p. 61. Literary versions of this story are in
+Straparola, II. 11; <i>Pecorone</i>, II. 2; Malespini, 53; Bandello, I. 3;
+and Sercambi, XIII. See Pitr&egrave;, IV. pp. 407, 442.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_32_4" id="Footnote_32_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_4"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> The literature of this famous collection of tales will best
+be found in an article by Wilhelm Pertsch, "<i>Ueber Nachschab&icirc;'s
+Papagaienbuch</i>" in the <i>Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenl&auml;ndischen
+Gesellschaft</i>, Bd. XXI. pp. 505-551. Prof. H. Brockhaus discovered that
+the eighth night of Nachschab&icirc;'s version was nothing but a version of
+the <i>Seven Wise Masters</i> containing seven stories. Nachschab&icirc;, in
+preparing his work, used probably the oldest version of the <i>Seven Wise
+Masters</i> of which we have any knowledge. Professor Brockhaus made this
+discovery known in a brief pamphlet entitled: <i>Die Sieben Weisen Meister
+von Nachschab&icirc;</i>, Leipzig, 1843, of which only twelve copies were
+printed. The above, except the Persian text, was reprinted in the
+<i>Bl&auml;tt. f&uuml;r lit. Unterhaltung</i>, 1843, Nos. 242, 243 (pp. 969 <i>et seq.</i>);
+and, in an Italian translation, in D'Ancona's <i>Il Libro dei Sette Savi
+di Roma</i>.
+</p><p>
+The Persian version of Q&acirc;dir&icirc; (a compend of Nachschab&icirc;'s) is the one
+most frequently translated. The German translation: <i>Toutinameh</i>. Eine
+Sammlung pers. M&auml;rchen, von C. J. L. Iken, mit einem Anhange von J. G.
+L. Kosegarten, Stuttgart, 1822, is easily found. The Turkish version is
+elegantly translated by G. Rosen: <i>Tuti-nameh, das Papagaienbuch</i>, eine
+Sammlung orientalischer Erz&auml;hlungen nach der t&uuml;rkischen Bearbeitung zum
+ersten Male &uuml;bersetzt von G. Rosen, Leipzig, 1858, 2 vols.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_33_4" id="Footnote_33_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_4"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> The preservation of the frame of the <i>&Ccedil;ukasaptati</i> in
+Italian popular tales is only paralleled, to our knowledge, by the
+preservation of the <i>Seven Wise Masters</i> in a Magyar popular tale. See
+<i>La Tradizione dei Sette Savi nelle Novelline magiare</i>. Lettera al Prof.
+A. D'Ancona di E. Teza, Bologna, 1864.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span>
+</p><p>
+It is possible that the Italian stories containing the frame of the
+<i>&Ccedil;ukasaptati</i> may have been developed from the story in the <i>Seven Wise
+Masters</i> which is found in both the Oriental and Occidental versions.
+The spirit of Folk-tales seems to us averse to expansion, and that
+condensation is the rule. We think it more likely that it was by way of
+oral tradition, or from some now lost collection of Oriental tales once
+known in Italy.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_34_4" id="Footnote_34_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_4"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> It is in the work by Teza mentioned in the last note, p.
+52.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_35_4" id="Footnote_35_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_4"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> See Pitr&egrave;, vol. I. p. 23. The three stories in one are
+called <i>Donna Viulanti</i> (Palermo) and <i>Lu Frati e lu Soru</i>
+(Salaparuta).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_36_4" id="Footnote_36_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_4"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> See Chapter I. note 7.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_37_4" id="Footnote_37_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_4"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> The Italian versions are: Pitr&egrave;, No. 78, "<i>Lu Zu Viritati</i>"
+("Uncle Truth"); Gonz., No. 8, "<i>Bauer Wahrhaft</i>" ("Farmer Truth");
+<i>XII. Conti Pomiglianesi</i>, p. 1, "<i>Giuseppe 'A Veret&agrave;</i>" ("Truthful
+Joseph," the version translated by us); p. 6, another version from same
+place and with same name; and in Straparola, III. 5. References to
+Oriental sources maybe found in K&ouml;hler's notes to Gonz., No. 8, and
+Oesterley's notes to <i>Gesta Rom.</i> cap. 111.
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 20%;' />
+<p>
+In addition to the Oriental elements mentioned in the third chapter,
+Stanislao Prato has discovered the story of Nala in a popular tale from
+Pitigliano (Tuscany), see S. Prato, <i>La Leggenda indiana di Nala in una
+novella popolare pitiglianese</i>, Como, 1881. (Extracted from <i>I Nuovi
+Goliardi</i>.)</p>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER IV.</h3>
+
+<h4>LEGENDS AND GHOST STORIES.</h4>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_5" id="Footnote_1_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_5"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> It is the LXXV. novel of the <i>Testo</i> Gualteruzzi (Biagi, p.
+108): <i>Qui conta come Domeneddio s' accompagn&ograve; con un giullare</i>. The
+Lord once went in company with a jester. One day the former went to a
+funeral, and the latter to a marriage. The Lord called the dead to life
+again, and was richly rewarded. He gave the jester some of the money
+with which he bought a kid, roasted it and ate the kidneys himself. His
+companion asked where they were, and the jester answered that in that
+country the kids had none. The next time the Lord went to a wedding and
+the jester to a funeral, but he could not revive the dead, and was
+considered a deceiver, and condemned to the gallows. The Lord wished to
+know who ate the kidneys, but the other persisted in his former answer;
+but in spite of this the Lord raises the dead, and the jester is set at
+liberty. Then the Lord said he wished to dissolve their partnership, and
+made three piles of money, one for himself, another for the jester, and
+the third for the one who ate the kidneys. Then the jester said: "By my
+faith, now that you speak thus, I will tell you that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> I ate them; I am
+so old that I ought not to tell lies now." So some things are proved by
+money, which a man would not tell to escape from death. For the sources
+and imitations of this story see D'Ancona, <i>Le Fonti del Novellino</i>, in
+the <i>Romania</i>, No. 10, p. 180, (<i>Studj</i>, p. 333). To D'Ancona's
+references may be added the following: Grimm, 147, "The Old Man made
+young again"; Asbj&oslash;rnsen and Moe, No. 21 [Dasent, <i>Pop. Tales</i>, No.
+XIV.], <i>Ny Samm.</i> No. 101 [Dasent, <i>Tales from the Fjeld</i>, p. 94,
+"Peik"]; Ralston, <i>R. F. T.</i> p. 350; Simrock's <i>Deutsche M&auml;rchen</i>, Nos.
+31<sup>b</sup> (p. 148), 32; <i>Romania</i>, No. 24, p. 578, "<i>Le Foie de Mouton</i>" (E.
+Cosquin, <i>Contes pop. lorrains</i>, No. 30); Brueyre, p. 330; and an
+Italian version, which is simply an amplification of the one in the
+<i>Cento nov. ant.</i>, in the recently published <i>Sessanta Nov. pop.
+montalesi</i>, Nerucci, No. 31.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_5" id="Footnote_2_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_5"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> See <i>Jahrbuch</i>, VII. pp. 28, 396. The professional pride of
+the smith finds a parallel in an Irish story in Kennedy, "How St. Eloi
+was punished for the sin of Pride." Before the saint became religious he
+was a goldsmith, but sometimes amused himself by shoeing horses, and
+boasted that he had never found his master in anything. One day a
+stranger stopped at his forge and asked permission to shoe his horse.
+Eloi consented, and was very much surprised to see the stranger break
+off the horse's leg at the shoulder, carry it into the smithy and shoe
+it. Then the stranger put on again the horse's leg, and asked Eloi if he
+knew any one who could do such a good piece of work. Eloi tries himself,
+and fails miserably. The stranger, who is Eloi's guardian angel, cures
+the horse, reproves the smith for his pride, and disappears. See
+Brueyre, p. 329, and Blad&eacute;, <i>Agenais</i>, p. 61, and K&ouml;hler's notes, p.
+157.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_5" id="Footnote_3_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_5"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Bernoni, <i>Punt.</i> I. p. 1, "<i>I cinque brazzi de Tela</i>." See
+Benfey, <i>Pant.</i> I. p. 497, where the same story (without the coarseness
+of the Italian version) is related of Buddha, who tells the hospitable
+woman that "what she begins shall not end until sunset." She begins to
+measure linen and it lengthens in her hands so that she continues to
+measure it all day. The envious neighbor receives the same gift, but
+before she begins to measure the linen, she thinks she will water the
+swine; the bucket does not become empty until evening, and the whole
+neighborhood is inundated. See Benfey's parallels, <i>ut. sup.</i> pp.
+497-98, and Grimm, No. 87, notes.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_5" id="Footnote_4_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_5"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> These four legends are in Pitr&egrave;, <i>Cinque Novelline popolari
+siciliane</i>, Palermo, 1878. In the third story, "<i>San Pietru e s&ograve;
+cumpari</i>," St. Peter gets something to eat from a stingy man by a play
+on the word <i>mussu</i>, "snout," and <i>cu lu mussu</i>, "to be angry." For a
+similar story see Pitr&egrave;, III. 312. A parallel to the first of the above
+legends may be found in Finamore, No. 34, IV., where are also some other
+legends of St. Peter.
+</p><p>
+Since the above note was written, some similar legends have been
+published by Salomone Marino in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span><i>Archivio per lo Studio delle
+Tradizioni popolari</i>, vol. II. p. 553. One "The Just suffers for the
+Sinner" ("<i>Chianci lu giustu pri lu piccaturi</i>") relates how St. Peter
+complained to our Lord that the innocent were punished with the guilty.
+Our Lord made no answer, but shortly after commanded St. Peter to pick
+up a piece of honey-comb filled with bees, and put it in the bosom of
+his dress. One of the bees stung him, and St. Peter in his anger killed
+them all, and when the Lord rebuked him, excused himself by saying: "How
+could I tell among so many bees which one stung me?" The Lord answered:
+"Am I wrong then, when I punish men likewise? <i>Chianci lu giustu pri lu
+piccaturi.</i>"
+</p><p>
+Another legend relates the eagerness of St. Peter's sister to marry.
+Thrice she sent her brother to our Lord to ask his consent, and thrice
+the Lord, with characteristic patience, answered: "Tell her to do what
+she wishes."
+</p><p>
+A third legend explains why some are rich and some are poor in this
+world. Adam and Eve had twenty-four children, and one day the Lord
+passed by the house, and the parents concealed twelve of their children
+under a tub. The Lord, at the parents' request, blessed the twelve with
+riches and happiness. After he had departed, the parents realized what
+they had done, and called the Master back. When he heard that they had
+told him a falsehood about the number of their children, he replied that
+the blessing was bestowed and there was no help for it. "Oh!" said Adam
+in anguish, "what will become of them?" The Lord replied: "Let those who
+are not blessed serve the others, and let those who are blessed support
+them." "And this is why in the world half are rich and half are poor,
+and the latter serve the former, and the former support the latter."
+</p><p>
+The last of these legends which I shall mention is entitled: "All things
+are done for money." ("<i>Tutti cosi su' fatti pri dinari.</i>") There once
+died a poor beggar who had led a pious life, and was destined for
+paradise. When his soul arrived at the gate and knocked, St. Peter asked
+who he was and told him to wait. The poor soul waited two months behind
+the gate, but St. Peter did not open it for him. Meanwhile, a wealthy
+baron died and went, exceptionally, to paradise. His soul did not need
+even to knock, for the gate was thrown open, and St. Peter exclaimed:
+"Throw open the gate, let the baron pass! Come in Sir Baron, your
+servant, what an honor!" The soul of the beggar squeezed in, and said to
+himself: "The world is not the only one who worships money; in heaven
+itself there is this law, that all things are done for money."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Pitr&egrave;, No. 126, where other Sicilian versions are mentioned.
+A version from Siena is in T. Gradi, <i>Proverbi e Modi di dire</i>, p. 23,
+repeated in the same author's <i>Saggio di Letture varie</i>, p. 52, and
+followed by an article by Tommaseo, originally printed in the
+<i>Institutore</i> of Turin, in which Servian and Greek parallels are given.
+Besides<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> the Venetian variant mentioned in the text, there are versions
+from Umbria and Piedmont cited by Pitr&egrave;, a Tuscan one in <i>Nov. tosc.</i>
+No. 26, and one from the Tyrol in Schneller, No. 4. Pitr&egrave;, in his notes
+to <i>Nov. tosc.</i> No. 26, mentions several other versions from Piedmont,
+Friuli, and Benevento. An exact version is also found in Corsica: see
+Ortoli, p. 235.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_5" id="Footnote_6_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_5"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> This reminds one of the "Sabbath of the Damned:" see Douhet,
+<i>Dictionnaire des L&eacute;gendes</i>, Paris, 1855, p. 1040.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_5" id="Footnote_7_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_5"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Pitr&egrave;, in a note to this story, mentions several proverbial
+sayings in which Pilate's name occurs: "To wash one's hands of the
+matter like Pilate," and "To come into a thing like Pilate in the
+Creed," to express engaging in a matter unwillingly, or to indicate
+something that is <i>mal &agrave; propos</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8_5" id="Footnote_8_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_5"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Pitr&egrave;, I. p. cxxxvii., and Pitr&egrave;, <i>Appunti di Botanica
+popolare siciliana</i>, in the <i>Rivista Europea</i>, May, 1875, p. 441.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_9_5" id="Footnote_9_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_5"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Pitr&egrave;, I. p. cxxxviii.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10_5" id="Footnote_10_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_5"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> This legend is mentioned in a popular Sicilian legend in
+verse, see Pitr&egrave;, <i>Canti pop. sic.</i> II. p. 368, and is the subject of a
+chap-book, the title of which is given by Pitr&egrave;, <i>Fiabe</i>, vol. IV. p.
+397.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_11_5" id="Footnote_11_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_5"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> <i>Preghiere pop. veneziane</i> raccolte da Dom. Giuseppe
+Bernoni, p. 18.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12_5" id="Footnote_12_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_5"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Pitr&egrave;, I. p. cxxxiii. For earlier appearances of the
+Wandering Jew in Italian literature, see A. D'Ancona, <i>La Leggenda dell'
+Ebreo errante, Nuova Antologia</i>, serie II. vol. XXIII. 1880, p. 425;
+<i>Romania</i>, vol. X. p. 212, <i>Le Juif errant en Italia au XIII<sup>e</sup> si&egrave;cle</i>,
+G. Paris and A. D'Ancona; vol. XII. p. 112, <i>Encore le Juif errant en
+Italie</i>, A. D'Ancona, and <i>Giornale Storico</i>, vol. III. p. 231, R.
+Renier, where an Italian text of the XVIII. cent. is printed for the
+first time. The myth of the Wandering Jew can best be studied in the
+following recent works: G. Paris, <i>Le Juif Errant, Extrait de
+l'Encyclop&eacute;die des Sciences Religieuses</i>, Paris, 1880; Dr. L. Neubaur,
+<i>Die Sage vom ewigen Juden</i>, Leipzig, 1884; P. Cassel, <i>Ahasverus, die
+Sage vom ewigen Juden</i>, Berlin, 1885. The name Buttadeu (Buttad&aelig;us in
+the Latin texts of the XVII. cent.) has been explained in various ways.
+It is probably from the Ital. verb <i>buttare</i>, to thrust away, and <i>dio</i>,
+God.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_13_5" id="Footnote_13_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_5"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Criv&ograve;liu is a corruption of Gregoriu, Gregory, and the
+legend is, as K&ouml;hler says, a peculiar transformation of the well-known
+legend of "Gregory on the Stone." For the legend in general, see A.
+D'Ancona's Introduction to the <i>Leggenda di Vergogna e la Leggenda di
+Giuda</i>, Bologna, 1869, and F. Lippold, <i>Ueber die Quelle des Gregorius
+Hartmann's von Aue</i>, Leipzig, 1869, p. 50 <i>et seq.</i> See also Pitr&egrave;'s
+notes to No. 117. An example of this class of stories from Cyprus may be
+found in the <i>Jahrb.</i> XI. p. 357.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_14_5" id="Footnote_14_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_5"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> See K&ouml;hler's notes to Gonz., No. 90, and <i>Sacre
+Rappresentazioni dei Secoli XIV.-XVI.</i> raccolte e illustrate di A.
+D'Ancona, Florence,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span> 1872, III. p. 435. There is another legend of St.
+James of Galicia in Busk, p. 208, entitled "The Pilgrims." A husband and
+wife make the usual vow to St. James that if he will give them children
+they will make the pilgrimage to Santiago. When the children are fifteen
+and sixteen the parents start on the pilgrimage, taking with them the
+son, and leaving the daughter in charge of a priest, who wrote
+slanderous letters about her, whereupon the son returned suddenly, slew
+his sister, and threw her body in a ditch. A king's son happened to pass
+by, found the body, and discovered that it still contained life. He had
+her cured, and married her, and they afterwards became king and queen.
+While the king was once at war, the viceroy tempted the queen, and when
+she would not listen to him, killed her two children and slandered her
+to the king. The queen took the bodies of the children and wandered
+about until she met the Madonna, who took the children, and the queen
+went to Galicia. The king and viceroy also made a pilgrimage to the same
+place where the queen's parents had dwelt since the supposed death of
+their daughter. All met at the saint's shrine and forgave each other,
+and the Madonna restored the children alive and well.
+</p><p>
+There are two or three other stories in Pitr&egrave; and Gonz. in which saints
+appear in the <i>r&ocirc;le</i> of good fairies, aiding the hero when in trouble.
+One of these stories, "The Thankful Dead" (Gonz., No. 74), has already
+been mentioned in Chapter II. p. 131; two others may be briefly
+mentioned here. The first is Gonz., No. 74, "Of one who by the help of
+St. Joseph won the king's daughter." A king proclaims that he will give
+his daughter to any one who builds a ship that will go by land and
+water. The youngest of three brothers constructs such a vessel by the
+help of St. Joseph, after his two brothers have failed. The saint, who
+is not known to the youth, accompanies him on the voyage on the
+condition that he shall receive the half of everything that the youth
+receives. During the voyage they take on board a man who can fill a sack
+with mist, one who can tear up half a forest and carry the trees on his
+back, a man who can drink up half a river, one who can always hit what
+he shoots at, and one who walks with such long steps that when one foot
+is in Catania the other is in Messina. The king refuses to give his
+daughter to the youth in spite of the ship that goes by land and water.
+The youth, however, by the help of his wonderful servants and St.
+Joseph, fulfils all the king's requirements, and carries away the
+princess. When the youth returned home with his bride and treasures, St.
+Joseph called on him to fulfil his promise to him. The youth gives him
+half of his treasures, and even half of the crown he had won. The saint
+reminds him that the best of his possessions yet remains undivided,&mdash;his
+bride. The youth determines to keep his promise, draws his sword, and is
+about to cut his bride in two, when St. Joseph reveals himself, blesses
+the pair, and disappears.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span>
+</p><p>
+This story is sometimes found as a version of the "Thankful Dead," see
+Chapter II. note 12. The second story is Pitr&egrave;, No. 116, "St. Michael
+the Archangel and one of his devotees," of which there is a version in
+Gonz., No. 76, called, "The Story of Giuseppino." In the first version a
+child, Pippino, is sold by his parents to the king in order to obtain
+the means to duly celebrate the feast of St. Michael, to whom they were
+devoted. The child is brought up in the palace as the princess's
+playmate; but when he grows up the king is anxious to get rid of him,
+and so sends him on a voyage in an unseaworthy vessel. St. Michael
+appears to the lad, and tells him to load the ship with salt. They set
+sail, and the rotten ship is about to go to pieces, when the saint
+appears and changes the ship into a vessel all of gold. They sell the
+cargo to a king who has never tasted salt before, and return to their
+own country wealthy. The next voyage Pippino, by the saint's advice,
+takes a cargo of cats, which they sell to the king of a country overrun
+by mice. Pippino returns and marries the king's daughter. In the version
+in Gonz., Giuseppino is a king's son, who leaves his home to see the
+world, and becomes the stable-boy of the king whose daughter he marries.
+The three cargoes are: salt, cats, and uniforms. On the last voyage,
+Giuseppino captures a hostile fleet, and makes his prisoners put on the
+uniforms he has in his ship. With this army he returns, and compels the
+king to give him his daughter. St. Joseph acts the same part in this
+version as St. Michael in Pitr&egrave;'s.
+</p><p>
+The story of "Whittington and his Cat" will at once occur to the reader.
+See Pitr&egrave;'s notes to No. 116, and vol. IV. p. 395, and K&ouml;hler to Gonz.,
+No. 76.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_15_5" id="Footnote_15_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_5"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> K&ouml;hler has no note on this legend, and I have been unable
+to find in the list of saints any name of which Oniri&agrave; or Neri&agrave; may be a
+corruption.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_16_5" id="Footnote_16_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_5"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> The references to this story will best be found in Pauli's
+<i>Schimpf und Ernst</i>, ed. Oesterley, No. 682, and in the same editor's
+notes to the <i>Gesta Romanorum</i>, cap. 80. To these may be added a story
+by De Trueba in his <i>Narraciones populares</i>, p. 65, entitled, "<i>Las
+Dudas de San Pedro</i>;" Luzel, <i>L&eacute;gendes Chr&eacute;tiennes</i>, I. 282, II. 4;
+<i>Fiore di Virt&ugrave;</i>, Naples, 1870, p. 68; Etienne de Bourbon, No. 396
+(<i>Anecdotes historiques, l&eacute;gendes et apologues tir&eacute;s du Receuil in&eacute;dit
+d'Etienne de Bourbon</i>), pub. pour la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de l'Hist. de France par A.
+Lecoy de la Marche, Paris, 1877.
+</p><p>
+Since the above was written, several important contributions to the
+literature of this story have been made. The first in point of time and
+importance is a paper by Gaston Paris in the <i>Comptes Rendus</i> of the
+Acad&eacute;mie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, vol. VIII. pp. 427-449
+(reprinted in <i>La Po&eacute;sie du Moyen Age</i>, Le&ccedil;ons et Lectures par Gaston
+Paris, Paris, 1885). Next may be mentioned "<i>The Literary History of
+Parnell's Hermit</i>," by W. E. A. Axon, London, 1881 (reprinted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span> from the
+Seventh Volume of the Third Series of <i>Memoirs of the Manchester
+Literary and Philosophical Society, Session 1879-80</i>). An Icelandic
+version is in <i>Islendzk Aeventyri, Isl&auml;ndische Legenden, Novellen und
+M&auml;rchen</i>, herausgegeben von Hugo Gering, Halle, 1884, vol. II. p. 247.
+The legend is clearly shown by Gaston Paris to be of Jewish origin.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_17_5" id="Footnote_17_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_5"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> There is another version of this story in Gonz., No. 86,
+"<i>Von dem frommen Kinde</i>" ("The Pious Child"), K&ouml;hler in his notes cites
+Grimm's <i>Children's Legends</i>, No. 9, and Schneller, No. 1. In this last
+story a pious child is cruelly treated by his step-mother, and leaves
+his home to live in a convent. One day he notices in a corner a
+neglected crucifix covered with dust and cobwebs. He sees how thin the
+figure is, and at meal-time brings his food where the crucifix is and
+begins to feed the image, which opens its mouth and eats with appetite.
+As the image grows stouter the pious child grows thinner. The Superior
+learns one day the fact, and tells the child to ask the Lord to invite
+him and the Superior to his table. The next day both die suddenly after
+mass.
+</p><p>
+In a story in Gonz., No. 47, "Of the pious youth who went to Rome," the
+youth talks to the image on the crucifix in a familiar way, and receives
+information about questions put to him by various persons. The youth
+also dies suddenly at the end of the story.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_18_5" id="Footnote_18_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_5"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Pitr&egrave;, No. 111. Another Sicilian version is in Gonz., No.
+88, "The Story of Spad&ograve;nia." Spad&ograve;nia is the son of a king, who every
+day has bread baked and sent to the souls in purgatory by means of an
+ass sent for that purpose by the Lord. Spad&ograve;nia becomes king, and sends
+one of his servants, Peppe, to see where the ass goes. Peppe crosses a
+river of clear water, one of milk, and one of blood. Then he sees the
+thin oxen in a rich pasture, and the reverse; in addition he beholds a
+forest with small and large trees together, and a handsome youth cutting
+down now a large tree, now a small one, with a single stroke of a bright
+axe. Then he passed through a door with the ass, and sees St. Joseph,
+and St. Peter, and all the saints, and among them God the Father.
+Farther on Peppe sees many saints, and among them the parents of
+Spad&ograve;nia. Finally Peppe comes where the Saviour and his Mother are on a
+throne. The Lord says to him that Spad&ograve;nia must marry a maiden named
+S&egrave;cula, and open an inn, in which any one may eat and lodge without
+cost. The Lord then explains what Peppe has seen. The river of water is
+the good deeds of men which aid and refresh the poor souls in purgatory;
+the river of milk is that with which Christ was nourished; and the river
+of blood that shed for sinners. The thin cattle are the usurers, the
+fat, the poor who trust in God, the youth felling the trees is Death.
+</p><p>
+Peppe returns and tells his master all he had seen, and Spad&ograve;nia wanders
+forth in search of a maiden called S&egrave;cula. He finds at last a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> poor girl
+so called, and marries her, and opens an inn as he had been directed.
+After a time the Lord and his Apostles visit the inn, and the king and
+his wife wait on them, and treat them with the utmost consideration. The
+next day after they had departed Spad&ograve;nia and his wife find out who
+their guests were, and hasten after them in spite of a heavy storm. When
+they overtake the Lord they ask pardon for their sins, and eternal
+happiness for all belonging to them. The Lord grants their request, and
+tells them to be prepared at Christmas, when he will come for them. They
+return home, give all their property to the poor, and at Christmas they
+confess, take communion, and die peacefully near each other, together
+with S&egrave;cula's old parents.
+</p><p>
+This curious legend has no parallels in Italy out of Sicily. It is,
+however, found in the rest of Europe, the best parallel being <i>L'Homme
+aux dents rouges</i>, in Blad&eacute;, <i>Agenais</i>, p. 52. K&ouml;hler cites Blad&eacute;,
+<i>Contes et proverbes pop. rec. en Armagnac</i>, p. 59, and Asbj&oslash;rnsen, No.
+62 [Dasent, <i>Tales from the Fjeld</i>, p. 160, "Friends in Life and
+Death"]. To these may be added the story in Schneller, p. 215, and the
+references given by K&ouml;hler in his notes to Gonz., No. 88.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_19_5" id="Footnote_19_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_5"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> See Champfleury, <i>De la litt&eacute;rature populaire en France.
+Recherches sur les origines et les variations de la l&eacute;gende du bonhomme
+Mis&egrave;re</i>, Paris, 1861. It contains a reprint of the oldest yet known
+edition of the chap-book, that of 1719. The most valuable references to
+the legend in general will be found (besides the above work, and Grimm's
+notes to Nos. 81, 82) in the <i>Jahrb.</i> V. pp. 4, 23; VII. 128, 268; and
+in Pitr&egrave;'s notes, vol. III. p. 63, and IV. pp. 398, 439. All the Italian
+versions are mentioned in the text or following notes. To the stories
+from the various parts of Europe mentioned in the articles above cited,
+may be added Webster, <i>Basque Legends</i>, pp. 195, 199. Since this note
+was written another Tuscan version has been published by Pitr&egrave; in his
+<i>Nov. tosc.</i> No. 28, who cites in his notes: Ortoli, p. 1, &sect; 1, No.
+XXII. (Corsica); and two literary versions in Cintio de' Fabritii,
+Venice, 1726, <i>Origine de' volgari proverbi</i>, and Domenico Batacchi in
+his <i>Novelle galanti: La Vita e la Morte di Prete Ulivo</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_20_5" id="Footnote_20_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_5"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> See Pitr&egrave;, No. 125.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_21_5" id="Footnote_21_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_5"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> See Busk, p. 178.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_22_5" id="Footnote_22_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_5"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> See Busk, p. 183.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_23_5" id="Footnote_23_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_5"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> <i>Novelline di Sto. Stefano</i>, No. XXXII. A version from
+Monferrato is found in Comparetti, No. 34, entitled, "<i>La Morte
+Burlata</i>" ("Death Mocked"), in which a schoolmaster, who is a magician,
+tells one of his scholars that he will grant him every day any favor he
+may ask. The first day the scholar asks that any one who climbs his
+pear-tree must remain there; the second day he asks that whoever
+approaches his fireplace to warm himself must stay there; and finally he
+asks to win always with a pack of cards that he has. When the possessor
+of these favors has lived a hundred years Death comes for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span> him, but is
+made to climb the tree, and is forced to grant the owner another hundred
+years of life. The fireplace procures another respite, and then the man
+dies and goes to paradise; but the Lord will not admit him, for he had
+not asked for mercy. Hell will not receive him, for he had been a good
+man; so he goes to the gate of purgatory and begins playing cards, with
+souls for stakes, and wins enough to form a regiment. Then he goes to
+paradise, and the Lord tells him he can enter alone. But he persists in
+going in with all those who are attached to him; so all the souls enter
+too.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_24_5" id="Footnote_24_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_5"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> <i>Novelline di Sto. Stefano</i>, No. 33. A similar story, told
+in greater detail, is in Schneller, No. 17, "<i>Der St&ouml;pselwirth</i>" ("The
+Tapster"). A generous host ruins himself by his hospitality, and borrows
+money of the Devil for seven years; if he cannot repay it his soul is to
+belong to the lender. The host continues his liberality, and at the end
+of seven years is poorer than before. The Lord, St. Peter, and St. John
+come to the tavern and tell the landlord to ask three favors. He asks
+that whoever climbs his fig-tree may remain there; whoever sits on his
+sofa must stay there; and finally, whoever puts his hands in a certain
+chest must keep them there. The Devil first sends his eldest son after
+the money. The host sends him up the fig-tree, and then gives him a
+sound beating. Then the Devil sends his second son, whom the landlord
+invites to sit on his sofa, and gives him a sound thrashing too. Finally
+the Devil himself comes, and the host tells him to get his money himself
+out of the chest. The Devil sticks fast, and is set free only on
+condition of renouncing all claims to the landlord's soul.
+</p><p>
+The conclusion of the story is like that of "Beppo Pipetta."
+</p><p>
+There is another story about a bargain with the Devil in the <i>Novelline
+di Sto. Stefano</i>, No. 35, "<i>Le Donne ne sanno un punto pi&ugrave; del diavolo</i>"
+("Women know a point more than the Devil"). A fowler sells his soul to
+the Devil for twelve years of life and plenty of birds. When the time is
+nearly up the fowler's wife persuades him to alter his bargain with the
+Devil a little. The latter is to give up his claim if the former can
+find a bird unknown to the Devil. The Devil consents, and comes the last
+day and recognizes easily every bird, until finally the fowler's wife,
+disguised with tar and feathers, comes out of a case and frightens the
+fowler and the Devil so that he runs away.
+</p><p>
+The mysterious bird recalls the one in Grimm, No. 46, "Fitcher's Bird."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_25_5" id="Footnote_25_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_5"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <i>Jahrbuch</i>, VII. 121. The wonderful sack occurs in another
+Venetian story, Widter-Wolf, No. 14, "<i>Der H&ouml;llenpf&ouml;rtner</i>" ("The Porter
+of Hell"). The gifts are: a gun that never misses, a violin that makes
+every one dance, and a sack into which every one must spring when
+commanded by the owner. See K&ouml;hler's notes to this story, <i>Jahrb</i>. VII.
+268. A Corsican version is in Ortoli, p. 155. The episode<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span> of the Devil
+beaten in the sack is also found in Comparetti, No. 49, "<i>Il Ramaio</i>." A
+wandering smith gives alms to St. Peter and the Lord, and receives in
+return a pouch like the above. When the Devil comes to fetch him he
+wishes him in his sack, and gives him a good pounding. When the smith
+dies he gets into paradise by throwing his bag inside and wishing
+himself in it.
+</p><p>
+There are two other stories in which the Devil gets worsted: they are
+Gianandrea, No. VI, "<i>Quattordici</i>" ("Fourteen"), and <i>Fiabe Mantovane</i>,
+No. II, "<i>Pacchione</i>" In these stories a cunning person is sent to the
+Devil to bring back a load of gold. The cunning person takes a long pair
+of tongs, catches the Devil by the nose, loads his horse, and returns in
+safety.
+</p><p>
+The first part of the story of "<i>Quattordici</i>" is found in the Basque
+Legend of "Fourteen:" see Webster, p. 195.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_26_5" id="Footnote_26_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_5"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Another Venetian version is in Widter-Wolf, No. 3, "<i>Der
+Gevatter Tod</i>" ("Godfather Death"). There are also two Sicilian
+versions: Pitr&egrave;, No. 109, "<i>La Morti e s&ograve; figghiozzu</i>" ("Death and her
+Godson"); and Gonz., No. 19, "<i>Gevatter Tod</i>," which do not differ
+materially from the version given in our text. References to European
+parallels may be found in K&ouml;hler's notes to Widter-Wolf, No. 3, <i>Jahrb.</i>
+VII. p. 19; to Gonz., No. 19, and in Grimm's notes to No. 44.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_27_5" id="Footnote_27_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_5"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Widter-Wolf, No. 16, "<i>Der standhafter B&uuml;sser</i>" ("The
+Constant Penitent"), <i>Jahrb.</i> VII. p. 273. For parallels, see K&ouml;hler's
+article, <i>Die Legende von dem Ritter in der Capelle</i>, <i>Jahrb.</i> VI. p.
+326.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_28_5" id="Footnote_28_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_5"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Bernoni, <i>Legg. fant.</i> p. 3. The translation in text, as
+well as that of the two following stories, I have taken from <i>The
+Cornhill Magazine</i>, July, 1875, "Venetian Popular Legends," p. 86.
+</p><p>
+Another story illustrating the same point is found in Pitr&egrave;, No. 110,
+<i>Li Cumpari di S. Giuvanni</i>, which is translated as follows by Ralston
+in <i>Fraser's Magazine</i>, April, 1876, "Sicilian Fairy Tales," p. 424.
+</p>
+
+<h4>LXXII. THE GOSSIPS OF ST. JOHN.</h4>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there lived a husband and wife, and they were both
+bound in gossipry with a certain man. The husband got arrested, and was
+taken away to prison. Now the gossip was very fond of his cummer, and
+used often to go and visit her. One day she said to him: "Gossip, shall
+we go and see my husband?" "<i>Gnursi, cummari</i>" ("Certainly, cummer"),
+said her gossip; so off they went. On the way they bought a large
+melon&mdash;for it was the melon season&mdash;to take to the poor prisoner. We are
+but flesh and blood! The gossip and his cummer sinned against St. John.
+In short, they brought things to a pretty pass. St. John wasn't going to
+let that pass unpunished. When they had come to the prison and had
+visited the prisoner, before going away they wanted to make a present to
+the jailer;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span> so they gave him the melon. He cut it open before their
+eyes. Horror of horrors! When the melon was cut open, there was found in
+the middle of it a head! Now this was the head of St. John, which had
+slipped itself in there for the purpose of bringing home their sin to
+the minds of the gossips. The matter immediately came to the ears of
+justice, and they were arrested. They confessed the wrong they had done.
+The husband was set at liberty, and the gossip and his cummer were sent
+to the gallows.
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 20%;' />
+<p>
+In regard to Saint John and the relationship of godfather, see Pitr&egrave;'s
+note in vol. I. p. 73.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_29_5" id="Footnote_29_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_5"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Bernoni, p. 7; <i>Cornhill Magazine</i>, p. 88.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_30_5" id="Footnote_30_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_5"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Bernoni, p. 17; <i>Cornhill Magazine</i>, p. 89.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_31_5" id="Footnote_31_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_5"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Bernoni, p. 19. There are prose versions of the closely
+related story of Don Juan in Busk, p. 202, "<i>Don Giovanni</i>," and in
+<i>Nov. tosc.</i> No. 21, "<i>Don Giovanni</i>." There are poetical versions of
+this legend in G. Ferraro, <i>Canti popolari raccolti a Pontelagoscuro</i>,
+No. 19; "<i>La Testa di Morto</i>," in <i>Rivista di Filologia Romanza</i>, vol.
+II. p. 204; Ive, <i>Canti pop. istriani</i>, Turin, 1877, cap. xxv. No. 6,
+"<i>Lionzo</i>;" Salomone-Marino, <i>Leggende pop. sicil.</i> XXVII. "<i>Lionziu</i>."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_32_5" id="Footnote_32_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_5"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Pitr&egrave;, No. 128. The version in the text is Ralston's
+condensation, taken from <i>Fraser's Magazine</i>, p. 433. As Pitr&egrave; notes,
+there is some slight resemblance between this story and that of
+"<i>Cattarinetta</i>" in Schneller, No. 5, which has a close parallel in
+Bernoni, <i>Trad. pop. venez. Punt.</i> III. p. 76, "<i>Nono Cocon</i>" and one
+not so close in Papanti, <i>Nov. pop. livor</i>, No. 1, "<i>La Mencherina</i>," p.
+7. There is a close parallel to the Sicilian story in a Tuscan tale,
+"<i>La Gamba</i>" ("The Leg"), in <i>Novelline pop. toscane</i>, pubb. da G.
+Pitr&egrave;, p. 12. In a note Pitr&egrave; mentions a variant from Pratovecchio in
+which the leg is of gold. He also gives copious references to versions
+from all parts of Europe. The English reader will recall at once
+Halliwell's story of "Teeny-Tiny" (<i>Nursery Tales</i>, p. 25). To the above
+references may be added: "<i>Le Pendu</i>" in Cosquin, <i>Contes pop.
+lorrains</i>, No. 41, in <i>Romania</i>, No. 28, p. 580. Since the above note
+was written, another Tuscan version has been published by Pitr&egrave;, <i>Nov.
+tosc.</i> No. 19.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_33_5" id="Footnote_33_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_5"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Pitr&egrave;, No. 203. The parallels to this story may best be
+found in J. Grimm's <i>Kleinere Schriften</i>, III. p. 414, <i>Der Traum von
+dem Schatz auf der Br&uuml;cke</i>. To Grimm's references may be added: Graesse,
+<i>Sagenschatz Sachsen's</i>, No. 587; Wolf, <i>Hesseche Sagen</i>, No. 47; Kuhn,
+<i>Westfalische Sagen</i>, No. 169; and <i>Vierzig Veziere</i>, p. 270.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER V.</h3>
+
+<h4>NURSERY TALES.</h4>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_6" id="Footnote_1_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_6"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The verse in this story is given somewhat differently by
+Bolza, <i>Canzoni pop. Comasche</i>, Vienna, 1866, Note 9:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"La storia de Sior Intento,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Che dura molto tempo,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Che mai no se destriga;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Vol&egrave; che ve la diga?"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>The story of Mr. Attentive, which lasts a long time, which is never
+explained, do you wish me to tell it?
+</p><p>
+There are in Bernoni, <i>Punt.</i> II. pp. 53, 54, two or three other rhymes
+of this class that may be given here.</p>
+
+<h4>ONCE UPON A TIME.</h4>
+
+<p>Once upon a time&mdash;that I remember&mdash;into a blind-man's eye&mdash;a fly
+went&mdash;and I thought&mdash;that it was a quail&mdash;wretched blind-man&mdash;go away
+from here!</p>
+
+<h4>ONE AND ANOTHER.</h4>
+<p>Fiaba, aba&mdash;Questa xe una&mdash;Muro e malta&mdash;Questa xe un' altra, Story,
+ory&mdash;This is one&mdash;Wall and mud&mdash;This is another.
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"A long one and a short one,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Do you wish me to tell you a long one?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This is the finger and this is the nail.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Do you wish me to tell you a short one?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This is the finger and this the end of it."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_6" id="Footnote_2_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_6"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Pitr&egrave;, No. 141. In the notes to this story are given some
+more of this class.
+</p><p>
+"Once upon a time there was a page who drew three carts: one of wine,
+one of bread, and one of relishes.... And once upon a time there was a
+page."
+</p><p>
+Some poetical versions are given in the same place from various parts of
+Italy.
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Once upon a time,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An old man and an old woman<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Were on top of a mountain...<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Be quiet, for I am going to tell you it."<br /></span></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">&mdash;Naples.<br /></span></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Once upon a time there was a man<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Behind the church<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With a basket on his back...<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But be still if I am to tell you it!"<br /></span></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">&mdash;Milan, <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 570.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span>
+Some more rhymes of this class may be found in Papanti, <i>Nov. pop.
+livor</i>, p. 17: "Once upon a time there was a man, whose name was
+Boccabella, who skinned his wife to make a skirt; and skinned his
+children to make some towels."</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Once upon a time there was a man,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A woman, and a little bottle...<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Listen to this!"<br /></span></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Once upon a time there was a king<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who ate more than you;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He ate bread and cheese,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pull, pull this nose."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>
+Here the speaker pulls the child's nose.
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Once upon a time there was a rich poor man<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who had seven daughters to marry:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On one hand there came a felon,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And on the other seven blisters."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_6" id="Footnote_3_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_6"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>Rivista di Letteratura popolare</i>, vol. I. p. 161 (1878).
+"<i>Una Variante toscana della Novella del Petit Poucet</i>." Versions from
+the Marches, the Abruzzi, and Tuscany may now be found in <i>Giornale di
+Filologia romanza</i>, II. p. 23; Finamore, <i>Tradizioni popolari
+abruzzesi</i>, 1882, No. 47, p. 233; and <i>Nov. tosc.</i> No. 42.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_6" id="Footnote_4_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_6"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> The myth of "Tom Thumb" has been thoroughly examined in an
+admirable monograph: <i>Le Petit Poucet et la Grande Ourse</i> par Gaston
+Paris, Paris, 1875. The author says in conclusion (p. 52): "Si nous
+cherchons enfin quels sont les peuples qui nous offrent soit ce conte,
+soit cette d&eacute;nomination, nous voyons qu'ils comprennent essentiellement
+les peuples slaves (lithuanien, esclavon) et germaniques (allemand,
+danois, su&eacute;dois, anglais). Les contes des Albanais, des Roumains et des
+Grecs modernes sont sans doute emprunt&eacute;s aux Slaves, comme une
+tr&egrave;s-grande partie de la mythologie populaire de ces nations. Le nom
+wallon et le conte for&eacute;zien nous montrent en France (ainsi que le
+<i>titre</i> du conte de Perrault) la l&eacute;gende de Poucet: mais elle a pu fort
+bien, comme tant d'autres r&eacute;cits semblables, y &ecirc;tre apport&eacute;e par les
+Germains. Ni en Italie, ni en Espagne, ni dans les pays celtiques je
+n'ai trouv&eacute; trace du conte ou du nom." This latter statement must now,
+of course, be modified. To the references in Paris' book may be added:
+<i>Romania</i>, No. 32, p. 59 (Cosquin, No. 53), and K&ouml;hler in <i>Zeit. f. rom.
+Phil.</i> III. p. 617.
+</p><p>
+The transformation of the chick-peas into children has a parallel in the
+Greek story of "Pepper-Corn" shortly to be mentioned.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_6" id="Footnote_5_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_6"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The discussion of this point may best be found in the
+following works: Halliwell's <i>Nursery Rhymes of England</i> (<i>Percy Soc.</i>
+IV.), London, 1842, pp. 2, 159; <i>Romania</i>, I. p. 218; and <i>Un Canto
+popolare piemontese e un Canto religioso popolare israelitico</i>. Note e
+confronti di Cesare Foa, Padova, 1879. The references to the other
+European versions of this story may be found in <i>Romania</i>, No. 28, p.
+546 (Cosquin, No. 34), and K&ouml;hler in <i>Zeit. f. rom. Phil.</i> III. 156.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Halliwell's <i>Nursery Rhymes</i>, p. 160.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_6" id="Footnote_7_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_6"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> There is a poetical version of this story in Vigo, <i>Raccolta
+amplissima di Canti pop. sicil.</i> 2<sup>da</sup> ediz. Catania, 1870-1874, No.
+4251, beginning:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Susi, Bittudda<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Va scupa la casa.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&mdash;Signura, non pozzu<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mi doli lu cozzu," etc.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The ending, however, is incomplete.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8_6" id="Footnote_8_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_6"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Imbriani, <i>Pomiglianesi</i>, p. 232, "<i>Micco</i>."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_9_6" id="Footnote_9_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_6"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> The version from Siena is in <i>Saggio di Letture varie per i
+Giovani</i> di T. Gradi, Torino, 1865, p. 175, "<i>La Novella di Petuzzo</i>;"
+the Tuscan (Florence) version is in Imbriani, <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 548,
+"<i>Petruzzo</i>." Another Tuscan version may be found in Nerucci, <i>Cincelle
+da Bambini</i>, No. 7; and one from Apulia in <i>Archivio</i>, III. p. 69.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10_6" id="Footnote_10_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_6"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Bernoni, <i>Punt.</i> III. p. 72, "<i>Petin-Petele</i>."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_11_6" id="Footnote_11_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_6"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> The first part of this story is found also in a Tuscan
+version given by Corazzini in his <i>Componimenti minori</i>, p. 412, "<i>Il
+Cecio</i>" ("The Chick-pea"). The chick-pea is swallowed by a cock, that is
+eaten by a pig, that is killed by a calf, that is killed and cooked by
+an innkeeper's wife for her sick daughter, who recovers, and is given in
+marriage to the owner of the chick-pea.
+</p><p>
+The sexton's doubt as to how he shall invest the money he has found is a
+frequent trait in Italian stories, and is found in several mentioned in
+this chapter. See notes in Papanti, <i>Nov. pop. livor.</i> p. 29. Copious
+references to this class of stories may be found in the <i>Romania</i>, Nos.
+24, p. 576, and 28, p. 548; K&ouml;hler in <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r rom. Phil.</i> II.
+351; Grimm, No. 80; <i>Orient und Occident</i>, II. 123; Blad&eacute;, <i>Agenais</i>,
+No. 5; <i>M&eacute;lusine</i>, 148, 218, 426; and Brueyre, p. 376. See also
+Halliwell, p. 33, "The Cat and the Mouse."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12_6" id="Footnote_12_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_6"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> This version is a variant of a story in the same
+collection, p. 236, which cannot well be translated, as it is mostly in
+rhyme. There is another version from Montella in the <i>Principato
+Ulteriore</i>, p. 241, "<i>Lo Haddro e lo Sorece</i>" ("The Cock and the
+Mouse"), which has a satirical ending. The beginning is like that of the
+other versions: the cock and the mouse go to gather pears; one falls and
+wounds the mouse's head. The mouse goes to the physician, who demands
+rags, the ragman asks for the tail of the dog. The dog demands bread,
+the baker wood, the mountain an axe; the iron-monger says: "Go to the
+<i>galantuomo</i> (gentleman, wealthy person), get some money, and I will
+give you the axe." The mouse goes to the <i>galantuomo</i>, who says: "Sit
+down and write, and then I will give you the money." So the mouse begins
+to write for the <i>galantuomo</i>, but his head swells and he dies. A
+similar story is found in Corsica, see Ortoli, p. 237.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_13_6" id="Footnote_13_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_6"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> It remains to mention two poetical versions: one in
+Corazzini, from Verona, <i>op. cit.</i> p. 139, which begins:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span>&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Cos' &egrave; questo?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">La camera del Vesco.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cos' &egrave; dentro?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pan e vin," etc.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>"What is this? The bishop's chamber. What is in it? Bread and wine.
+Where is my share? The cat has eaten it. Where is the cat? The stick has
+beaten him. Where is the stick? The fire has burned it. Where is the
+fire? The water has quenched it. Where is the water? The ox has drunk
+it. Where is the ox? Out in the fields. Who is behind there? My friend
+Matthew. What has he in his hand? A piece of bread. What has he on his
+feet? A pair of torn shoes. What has he on his back? A whale. What has
+he in his belly? A balance. What has he on his head? A cap upside down."
+</p><p>
+The choice of objects is determined by the rhyme, <i>e. g.</i>:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Cosa g'&agrave;lo in schena?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Na balena.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cosa g'&agrave;lo in panza?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Una balanza."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The second poetical version is from Turin, and is given by Foa, <i>op.
+cit.</i> p. 5. It begins:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">1. "A j'era' na crava<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">C' a pasturava,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">A m' a rout 'l bout<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Oh 'l bon vin c'a j'era' nt 'l me bout<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">L' &egrave; la crava c' a' m l' a rout!<br /></span></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">2. "A j'&egrave; riva-ie l' luv<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">L' a mangi&agrave; la crava<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">C' a pasturava<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">C' a m' ha rout 'l bout," etc. (<i>ut supra.</i>)<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The following is a literal prose translation of this curious version.</p>
+
+<p>"There was a goat that was feeding, it has broken my bottle. Oh, the
+good wine that was in my bottle, it is the goat that has broken it! Then
+came the wolf that ate the goat that was feeding, that broke my bottle,
+etc. Then came the dog, that barked at the wolf, that ate the goat, etc.
+Then came the stick that beat the dog, that barked at the wolf, etc.
+Then came the fire that burned the stick, that beat the dog, etc. Then
+came the water that quenched the fire, that burned the stick, etc. Then
+came the ox, that drank the water, that quenched the fire, etc. Then
+came the butcher that killed the ox, that drank the water, etc. Then
+came the hangman that hung the butcher, that killed the ox, etc. Then
+came death, and carried away the hangman, that hung the butcher, etc.
+Then came the wind, that carried away death, that carried away the
+hangman," etc.
+</p><p>
+A variant of this song reminds one more closely of the prose versions.
+</p><p>
+"Then came the hangman that hung the butcher, etc. Then came<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span> the rat
+that gnawed the cord, that hung the butcher, etc. Then came the cat that
+ate the rat, that gnawed the cord, etc. Then came the dog that caught
+the cat, that ate the rat, that gnawed the cord," etc.
+</p><p>
+The above Italian version, it will be clearly seen, is only a popular
+rendition of the Jewish hymn in the <i>Sepher Haggadah</i>. Foa, in the work
+above cited, gives another version from Orio Canarese, and also a number
+of Italian versions of the "Song of the Kid." His conclusion is the same
+as that of Gaston Paris in the <i>Romania</i>, I. p. 224, that the "Song of
+the Kid" is not of Jewish origin, but was introduced into the <i>Haggadah</i>
+from the popular song or story.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_14_6" id="Footnote_14_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_6"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> A version of this story is found in Morosi's <i>Studi sui
+Dialetti greci</i>, Lecce, 1870.
+</p>
+
+<h4>LXXXIX. THE GOAT AND THE FOX.</h4>
+
+<p>Once upon a time a goat entered the den of the fox while the latter was
+absent. At night the fox returned home, and finding the goat fled
+because frightened by the horns. A wolf passed by, and was also
+terrified. Then came a hedgehog and entered the den, and pricked the
+goat with its quills. The goat came out, and the wolf killed it, and the
+fox ate it.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_15_6" id="Footnote_15_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_6"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Grimm, No. 30. Another version from the North of Europe is
+in Asbj&oslash;rnsen, No. 103 [Dasent, <i>Tales from the Fjeld</i>, p. 30, "The
+Death of Chanticleer"]. Several French versions may be found in the
+<i>Romania</i>, No. 22, p. 244, and <i>M&eacute;lusine</i>, p. 424. There is a Spanish
+version in Caballero's <i>Cuentos</i>, etc., Leipzig, 1878, p. 3, "<i>La
+Hormiguita</i>" ("The Little Ant"). There is a curious version in Hahn's
+<i>Griechische und Albanesische M&auml;rchen</i>, Leipzig, 1864, No. 56,
+"Pepper-Corn." The story is from Smyrna, and is as follows:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<h4>PEPPER-CORN.</h4>
+
+<p>Once upon a time there was an old man and an old woman who had no
+children; and one day the old woman went into the fields and picked a
+basket of beans. When she had finished, she looked into the basket and
+said: "I wish all the beans were little children." Scarcely had she
+uttered these words when a whole crowd of little children sprang out of
+the basket and danced about her. Such a family seemed too large for the
+old woman, so she said: "I wish you would all become beans again."
+Immediately the children climbed back into the basket and became beans
+again, all except one little boy, whom the old woman took home with her.
+</p><p>
+He was so small that everybody called him little Pepper-Corn, and so
+good and charming that everybody loved him.
+</p><p>
+One day the old woman was cooking her soup and little Pepper-Corn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span>
+climbed up on the kettle and looked in to see what was cooking, but he
+slipped and fell into the boiling broth and was scalded to death. The
+old woman did not notice until meal-time that he was missing, and looked
+in vain for him everywhere to call him to dinner.
+</p><p>
+At last they sat down to the table without little Pepper-Corn, and when
+they poured the soup out of the kettle into the dish the body of little
+Pepper-Corn floated on top.
+</p><p>
+Then the old man and the old woman began to mourn and cry: "Dear
+Pepper-Corn is dead, dear Pepper-Corn is dead."
+</p><p>
+When the dove heard it she tore out her feathers, and cried: "Dear
+Pepper-Corn is dead. The old man and the old woman are mourning."
+</p><p>
+When the apple-tree saw that the dove tore out her feathers it asked her
+why she did so, and when it learned the reason it shook off all its
+apples.
+</p><p>
+In like manner, the well near by poured out all its water, the queen's
+maid broke her pitcher, the queen broke her arm, and the king threw his
+crown on the ground so that it broke into a thousand pieces; and when
+his people asked him what the matter was, he answered: "Dear Pepper-Corn
+is dead, the old man and the old woman mourn, the dove has torn out her
+feathers, the apple-tree has shaken off all its apples, the well has
+poured out all its water, the maid has broken her pitcher, the queen has
+broken her arm, and I, the king, have lost my crown; dear Pepper-Corn is
+dead."
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 20%;' />
+<p>
+See also Benfey, <i>Pant.</i> I. p. 191. There is also a version in Morosi,
+<i>op. cit.</i>, given by Imbriani in <i>Pomiglianesi</i>, p. 268; and mention is
+made of one from the Abruzzi in Finamore, <i>Trad. pop. abruzzesi</i>, p.
+244.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_16_6" id="Footnote_16_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_6"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> In addition to the versions mentioned in the text, Imbriani
+(<i>Pomiglianesi</i>, pp. 250, 252) gives two versions from Lecco.
+</p><p>
+The following version is found in Morosi, p. 73.</p>
+
+<h4>XC. THE ANT AND THE MOUSE.</h4>
+
+<p>There was once an ant who, while sweeping her house one day, found three
+<i>quattrini</i>, and began to say: "What shall I buy? What shall I buy?
+Shall I buy meat? No, because meat has bones, and I should choke. Shall
+I buy fish? No, for fish has bones, and I should be scratched." After
+she had mentioned many other things, she concluded to buy a red ribbon.
+She put it on, and sat in the window. An ox passed by and said: "How
+pretty you are! do you want me for your husband?" She said: "Sing, so
+that I may hear your voice." The ox with great pride raised his voice.
+After the ant had heard it, she said: "No, no, you frighten me."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span>
+</p><p>
+A dog passed by, and the same happened to him as to the ox. After many
+animals had passed, a little mouse went by and said: "How pretty you
+are! do you want me for your husband?" She said: "Let me hear you sing."
+The mouse sang, and went, <i>pi, pi, pi!</i> His voice pleased the ant, and
+she took him for her husband.
+</p><p>
+Sunday came, and while the ant was with her friends, the mouse said: "My
+dear little ant, I am going to see whether the meat that you have put on
+the fire is done." He went, and when he smelled the odor of the meat, he
+wanted to take a little; he put in one paw and burned it; he put in the
+other, and burned that too; he stuck in his nose, and the smoke drew him
+into the pot, and the poor little mouse was all burned. The ant waited
+for him to eat. She waited two, she waited three hours, the mouse did
+not come. When she could wait no longer, she put the dinner on the
+table. But when she took out the meat, out came the mouse dead. When she
+saw him the ant began to weep, and all her friends; and the ant remained
+a widow, because he who is a mouse must be a glutton. If you don't
+believe it, go to her house and you will see her.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_17_6" id="Footnote_17_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_6"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Other Italian versions are: Pitr&egrave;, No. 136, "<i>Li Vecchi</i>"
+("The Old Folks"); and <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 567, "The Story of Signor
+Donato."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_18_6" id="Footnote_18_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_6"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> There are two versions of this story in Pitr&egrave;, No. 139, and
+notes. They differ but little from the one we have translated. An
+Istrian version is in Ive, <i>Fiabe pop. rovignesi</i>, 1878, No. 4, "<i>I tri
+fardai</i>" and a Corsican one in Ortoli, p. 278.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_19_6" id="Footnote_19_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_6"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Other Italian versions are: Coronedi-Berti, p. 49, "<i>La
+Fola d' Zanninein</i>;" and Bernoni, <i>Trad. pop.</i> p. 79, "<i>Rosseto</i>."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_20_6" id="Footnote_20_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_6"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> There is another Italian version in <i>Fiabe Mantovane</i>, No.
+31, "The Wolf." The only parallel I can find to this story out of Italy
+is a negro story in <i>Lippincott's Magazine</i>, December, 1877, "Folk-Lore
+of the Southern Negroes," p. 753, "Tiny Pig." Allusion is made to the
+Anglo-Saxon story of the "Three Blue Pigs," but I have been unable to
+find it.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_21_6" id="Footnote_21_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_6"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> A Sicilian version is in Pitr&egrave;, No. 278, "<i>L'Acidduzzu</i>"
+("Little Bird"), and one from Tuscany in Nerucci, <i>Cincelle da Bambini</i>,
+No. 12.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_22_6" id="Footnote_22_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_6"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> K&ouml;hler, in his notes to this story, gives parallels from
+various parts of Europe. To these may be added Asbj&oslash;rnsen and Moe, Nos.
+42, 102 [Dasent, <i>Tales from the Fjeld</i>, p. 35, "The Greedy Cat"]. Comp.
+Halliwell, p. 29, "The story of Chicken-licken." A French version is in
+the <i>Romania</i>, No. 32, p. 554 (Cosquin, No. 45), where copious
+references to this class of stories may be found. Add to these those by
+K&ouml;hler in <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r rom. Phil.</i> III. p. 617.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span></p>
+<h3>CHAPTER VI.</h3>
+
+<h4>STORIES AND JESTS.</h4>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_7" id="Footnote_1_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_7"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> A well-known literary version of this story is Sachetti,
+Nov. IV. Copious references to this popular story will be found in
+Oesterley's notes to Pauli's <i>Schimpf und Ernst</i>, No. 55; see also
+Pitr&egrave;, IV. pp. 392, 437. The entire literature of the subject is summed
+up in a masterly manner by Professor F. J. Child in <i>English and
+Scottish Popular Ballads</i>, Part II. p. 403.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_7" id="Footnote_2_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_7"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> There is a version from Siena in Gradi, <i>Saggio di Letture
+varie</i>, p. 179, "<i>Te&agrave;, T&egrave;cla e Teopista</i>;" and from Rome in Busk, pp.
+357, 367. References to other European versions of this story may be
+found in Grimm, Nos. 34, 104; Schneller, No. 56, "<i>Die n&auml;rrischen
+Weiber</i>;" Zingerle, <i>M&auml;rchen</i>, I. No. 14; Dasent's <i>Tales from the
+Norse</i>, p. 191, "Not a Pin to choose between Them" (Asbj. &amp; M., No. 10);
+Ralston, <i>R. F. T.</i> pp. 52-54; <i>Jahrbuch</i>, V. 3, K&ouml;hler to C&eacute;nac
+Moncaut's <i>Contes pop. de la Gascogne</i>, p. 32, "<i>Ma&icirc;tre Jean l'habile
+Homme</i>;" <i>Orient und Occident</i>, II. p. 319; K&ouml;hler to Campbell, No. 20,
+"The Three Wise Men," p. 686, to No. 48, "Sgire Mo Chealag."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_7" id="Footnote_3_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_7"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> This story is sometimes found as one of the episodes of the
+last tale, as for example in Schneller, No. 56. Imbriani,
+<i>Pomiglianesi</i>, p. 227, cites as parallels: Coronedi-Berti, XII. "<i>La
+fola dla Patalocca</i>;" Beroaldo di Verville, <i>Le Moyen de Parvenir</i>,
+LXXVIII.; and a story in <i>La Civilt&agrave; italiana</i>, 1865, No. 13. See also
+<i>Romania</i>, VI. p. 551 (E. Cosquin, <i>Contes pop. lorrains</i>, No. 22), and
+<i>Jahrb.</i> VIII. 267, K&ouml;hler to the above cited story in the <i>Civilt&agrave;
+ital.</i> from Calabria. It is also the story of "The Miser and his Wife"
+in Halliwell, p. 31.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_7" id="Footnote_4_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_7"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> There is a literary version in Straparola, VIII. 1. Other
+literary versions are cited in Pitr&egrave;, IV. p. 443.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_7" id="Footnote_5_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_7"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Pitr&egrave;, No. 257, where references to other Italian versions
+may be found. See also Pitr&egrave;, IV. pp. 412 and 447; and K&ouml;hler's notes to
+Blad&eacute;, <i>Contes pop. recueillis en Agenais</i>, p. 155, for other European
+versions. Additional references may be found in Oesterley's notes to
+Pauli's <i>Schimpf und Ernst</i>, No. 595. A similar story is in Pitr&egrave;'s
+<i>Nov. tosc.</i> No. 67.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_7" id="Footnote_6_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_7"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Pitr&egrave;, No. 180. A literary version is in Straparola, VIII.
+6. For other references see Schmidt, Straparola, p. 329; and Oesterley's
+notes to Pauli's <i>Schimpf und Ernst</i>, No. 357.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> This story is found in Gonz., No. 75, "<i>Von Firrazzanu</i>,"
+and is (with the queen's attempt to punish him for it) the only joke in
+that collection relating to Firrazzanu. A literary version is in
+Bandello, <i>Novelle</i>, IV. 27.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8_7" id="Footnote_8_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_7"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> See Pitr&egrave;, No. 156, var. 5 (III. p. 181).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_9_7" id="Footnote_9_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_7"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Imbriani in his notes to Pitr&egrave; (IV. p. 417) gives a French
+version of this joke entitled: <i>Un Neveu pratique</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10_7" id="Footnote_10_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_7"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> The name Giuf&agrave; is retained in many localities with slight
+phonetic changes. Thus it is Giuc&agrave; in Trapani; Giu&#967;&agrave; in the
+Albanian colonies in Sicily; in Acri, Giuvali; and in Tuscany, Rome, and
+the Marches, Giucca. Pitr&egrave;, III. p. 371, adds that the name Giuf&agrave; is the
+same as that of an Arab tribe. The best known continental counterparts
+of Giuf&agrave; are Bertoldino and Cacasenno (see Olindo Guerrini, <i>La Vita e
+le Opere di Giulio Cesare Croce</i>, Bologna, 1879, pp. 257-279). Tuscan
+versions of the stories of Giuf&agrave; given in the text may be found in <i>Nov.
+tosc.</i> pp. 179-193.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_11_7" id="Footnote_11_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_7"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> The same story is told by Miss Busk, "The Booby," p. 371,
+and is in the <i>Pent.</i> I. 4. It is probably founded on the well-known
+fable of Aesop, "<i>Homo fractor simulacri</i>" (ed. Furia, No. 21), which
+seems very widely spread. A Russian version, from Afanasieff, is in De
+Gub., <i>Zo&ouml;l. Myth.</i> I. p. 176. See also Benfey, <i>Pant.</i> I. p. 478; and
+K&ouml;hler to Gonz., No. 37.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12_7" id="Footnote_12_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_7"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> In Gonz., No. 37, Giuf&agrave; takes the cloth, and on his way to
+the dyer's sits down to rest on a heap of stones in a field. A lizard
+creeps out from the stones, and Giuf&agrave;, taking it for the dyer, leaves
+the cloth on the stones and returns home. His mother, of course, sends
+him immediately back for the cloth, but it has disappeared, as well as
+the lizard. Giuf&agrave; cries: "Dyer, if you don't give me back my cloth I
+will tear down your house." Then he begins to pull down the heap of
+stones, and finds a pot of money which had been hidden there. He takes
+it home to his mother, who gives him his supper and sends him to bed,
+and then buries the money under the stairs. Then she fills her apron
+with figs and raisins, climbs upon the roof, and throws figs and raisins
+down the chimney into Giuf&agrave;'s mouth as he lies in his bed. Giuf&agrave; is well
+pleased with this, and eats his fill. The next morning he tells his
+mother that the Christ child has thrown him figs and raisins from heaven
+the night before. Giuf&agrave; cannot keep the pot of money a secret, but tells
+every one about it, and finally is accused before the judge. The
+officers of justice go to Giuf&agrave;'s mother and say: "Your son has
+everywhere told that you have kept a pot of money which he found. Do you
+not know that money that is found must be delivered up to the court?"
+The mother protests that she knows nothing about the money, and that
+Giuf&agrave; is always telling stupid stories. "But mother," said Giuf&agrave;, "don't
+you remember when I brought you home the pot, and in the night the
+Christ child rained figs and raisins from heaven into my mouth?" "There,
+you see how stupid he is," says the mother, "and that he does not know
+what he says." The officers of justice go away thinking, "Giuf&agrave; is too
+stupid!"
+</p><p>
+K&ouml;hler, in his Notes to Gonz., No. 37, cites as parallels to the above,
+<i>Pent.</i> I. 4, and <i>Thousand and One Nights</i>, Breslau trans. XI.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span>
+</p><p>
+144. For the rain of figs and raisins he refers to <i>Jahrb.</i> VIII. 266
+and 268; and to Campbell, II. 385, for a shower of milk porridge. See
+Note 16 of this chapter, and <i>Indian Fairy Tales</i>, p. 257.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_13_7" id="Footnote_13_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_7"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> See Max M&uuml;ller's <i>Chips</i>, II. p. 229, and Benfey, <i>Pant.</i>
+I. p. 293.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_14_7" id="Footnote_14_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_7"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> See Imbriani, <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 545; Papanti, <i>Nov. pop.
+livor.</i> No. 3; and Bernoni, <i>Punt.</i> III. p. 83.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_15_7" id="Footnote_15_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_7"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> See Robert, <i>Fables in&eacute;dites</i>, II. p. 136. The Italian
+literary versions are: Morlini, XXI., Straparola, XIII. 4; and two
+stories mentioned by Imbriani in his <i>Nov. fior.</i> pp. 545, 546.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_16_7" id="Footnote_16_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_7"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> This episode is in Strap. XIII. 4; Pitr&egrave;, IV. p. 291, gives
+a version from the Albanian colony of Piana de' Greci, sixteen miles
+from Palermo. In the same vol., p. 444, he gives a variant from Erice in
+which, after Giuf&agrave; has killed the "<i>canta-la-notti</i>," his mother climbs
+a fig-tree and rains down figs into the mouth of Giuf&agrave;, who is standing
+under. In this way she saves herself from the accusation of having
+thrown a murdered man into the well. See Note 12. For another Sicilian
+version of this episode see Gonz., No. 37 (I. p. 252).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_17_7" id="Footnote_17_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_7"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Papanti, p. 65. Copious references will be found in
+Papanti, pp. 72-81; Oesterley to Pauli, <i>Schimpf und Ernst</i>, No. 416;
+and Kirchof, <i>Wendunmuth</i>, I. 122; and K&ouml;hler's notes to Sercambi's
+Novels in <i>Jahrb.</i> XII. p. 351.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_18_7" id="Footnote_18_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_7"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> K&ouml;hler, in his notes to Gonz., No. 37 (II. p. 228), cites
+for this story: <i>Thousand and One Days</i>, V. 119; <i>Pent.</i> I. 4; Grimm,
+II. 382; Morlini, No. 49; Zingerle, I. 255; Bebelius, <i>Faceti&aelig;</i>, I. 21;
+Blad&eacute;, <i>Contes et Proverbes</i>, Paris, 1867, p. 21; and Bertoldino
+(Florence, Salani), p. 31, "<i>Bertoldino entra nella cesta dell' oca a
+covare in cambio di lei</i>." In the story in the <i>Fiabe Mant.</i> No. 44,
+"<i>Il Pazzo</i>" ("The Fool"), the booby kills his own mother by feeding her
+too much macaroni when she is ill.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_19_7" id="Footnote_19_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_7"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> See Pitr&egrave;, No. 190, var. 9; <i>Jahrb.</i> V. 18; Simrock,
+<i>Deutsche M&auml;rchen</i>, No. 18 (<i>Orient und Occident</i>, III. p. 373); Hahn,
+No. 34; <i>Jahrb.</i> VIII. 267; <i>M&eacute;lusine</i>, p. 89; <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 601;
+<i>Romania</i>, VI. p. 551; Busk, pp. 369, 374; and <i>Fiabe Mant.</i> No. 44.
+</p><p>
+In the Sicilian stories Giuf&agrave; simply takes the door off its hinges and
+carries it to his mother, who is in church. In the other Italian
+versions the booby takes the door with him, and at night carries it up
+into a tree. Robbers come and make a division of their booty under the
+tree, and the booby lets the door fall, frightens them away, and takes
+their money himself.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_20_7" id="Footnote_20_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_7"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> See K&ouml;hler's notes to Gonz., II. p. 228. To these may be
+added, for the story of Giuf&agrave; planting the ears and tails of the swine
+in the marsh: Ortoli, p. 208; <i>M&eacute;lusine</i>, p. 474; and <i>Romania</i>, VII. p.
+556, where copious references to parallels from all of Europe may be
+found. In the story in Ortoli, cited above, the priest's mother is
+killed, as in text.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_21_7" id="Footnote_21_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_7"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> For the literal throwing of eyes, see: <i>Jahrb.</i> V. p. 19;
+Grimm, No. 32 (I. p. 382); <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 595; Webster, <i>Basque
+Legends</i>, p. 69; <i>Orient und Occident</i>, II. 684 (K&ouml;hler to Campbell, No.
+45).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_22_7" id="Footnote_22_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_7"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> See Gonz., Nos. 70, 71, and K&ouml;hler's notes, II. p. 247.
+Other Italian versions are: De Gub., <i>Sto. Stefano</i>, No. 30;
+Widter-Wolf, No. 18, and K&ouml;hler's notes (<i>Jahrb.</i> VII. 282); Strap., I.
+3: <i>Nov. fior.</i> p. 604; <i>Fiabe Mant.</i> No. 13. To these may be added:
+<i>Romania</i>, V. p. 357; VI. p. 539; and VIII. p. 570.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_23_7" id="Footnote_23_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_7"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> See Pitr&egrave;'s notes, IV. pp. 124, 412; and F. Liebrecht in
+the <i>Academy</i>, vol. IV. p. 421.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_24_7" id="Footnote_24_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_7"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> See Pitr&egrave;'s notes, IV. pp. 140, 448; Wright's <i>Latin
+Stories</i>, pp. 49, 226.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_25_7" id="Footnote_25_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_7"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Pitr&egrave;, No. 290. See Papanti, <i>op. cit.</i> p. 197, where other
+versions are cited. To these may be added the story in Marcolf, see
+Guerrini, <i>Vita di G. C. Croce</i>, p. 215; and <i>Marcolphus, Hoc est
+Disputationis</i>, etc., in <i>Epistol&aelig; obscuror, virorum</i>, Frankf. a. M.,
+1643, p. 593.</p>
+
+<p>There is another story in Pitr&egrave; (No. 200) which is also attributed to
+Dante. It is called:&mdash;</p>
+<h3>CVI. PETER FULLONE AND THE EGG.</h3>
+
+<p>Once upon a time Peter Fullone, the stone-cutter, was working at the
+cemetery, near the church of Santo Spirito; a man passed by and said:
+"Peter, what is the best mouthful?" Fullone answered: "An egg;" and
+stopped.</p>
+
+<p>A year later Fullone was working in the same place, sitting on the
+ground and breaking stones. The man who had questioned him the year
+before passed by again and said: "Peter, with what?" meaning: what is
+good to eat with an egg. "With salt," answered Peter Fullone. He had
+such a wise head that after a year he remembered a thing that a
+passer-by had said.
+</p>
+<hr style='width: 20%;' />
+<p>
+The cemetery alluded to, Pitr&egrave; says, is beyond the gate of St. Agatha,
+near the ancient church of Sto. Spirito, where the Sicilian Vespers
+began. An interesting article on Peter Fullone may be found in Pitr&egrave;,
+<i>Studi di Poesia popolare</i>, p. 109, "<i>Pietro Fullone e le Sfide popolari
+siciliane</i>."
+</p><p>
+The sight-seer in Florence has noticed, on the east side of the square
+in which the cathedral stands, a block of stone built into the wall of a
+house, and bearing the inscription, "<i>Sasso di Dante</i>." The guide-books
+inform the traveller that this is the stone on which the great poet was
+wont to sit on summer evenings. Tradition says that an unknown person
+once accosted Dante seated in his favorite place, and asked: "What is
+the best mouthful?" Dante answered: "An egg." A year after, the same
+man, whom Dante had not seen meanwhile,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span> approached and asked: "With
+what?" Dante immediately replied: "With salt."
+</p><p>
+A poet, Carlo Gabrielli, put this incident into rhyme, and drew from it
+the following moral (<i>senso</i>):&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"L'acuto ingegno grande apporta gloria;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Maggior, se v'&egrave; congiunta alta memoria."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>See Papanti, <i>op. cit.</i> pp. 183, 205.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_26_7" id="Footnote_26_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_7"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> This story is told in almost the same words in Pitr&egrave;, No.
+297, "The Peasant and the King." There are several Italian literary
+versions, the best known being in the <i>Cento nov. ant.</i> ed. Borghini,
+Nov. VI.: see D'Ancona's notes to this novel in the <i>Romania</i>, III. p.
+185, "<i>Le Fonti del Novellino</i>." It is also found in the <i>Gesta
+Romanorum</i>, cap. 57, see notes in Oesterley's edition; and in Simrock's
+<i>Deutsche M&auml;rchen</i>, No. 8, see Liebrecht's notes in <i>Orient und
+Occident</i>, III. p. 372. To the above may, finally, be added K&ouml;hler's
+notes to Gonz., No. 50 (II. p. 234).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_27_7" id="Footnote_27_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_7"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Comparetti, No. 43, "<i>La Ragazza astuta</i>" (Barga). The
+first part of the story, dividing the fowl, and sending the presents,
+which are partly eaten on the way, is found in Gonz., No. 1, "<i>Die Kluge
+Bauerntochter</i>" ("The Peasant's Clever Daughter"). See K&ouml;hler's notes to
+Gonz., No. 1 (II. 205); and to Nasr-eddin's <i>Schw&auml;nke</i> in <i>Orient und
+Occident</i>, I. p. 444. Grimm, No. 94, "The Peasant's Wise Daughter,"
+contains all the episodes of the Italian story except the division of
+the fowl. An Italian version in the <i>Fiabe Mant.</i> No. 36, "<i>La giovane
+accorta</i>," contains the episode of the mortar. The king sends word to
+the clever daughter that she must procure for him some <i>ahim&egrave;</i> (sneeze)
+salad. She sent him some ordinary salad with some garlic sprinkled over
+it, and when he touched it he sneezed (and formed the sound represented
+by the word <i>ahim&egrave;</i>). The rest of the story contains the episode lacking
+in the other popular Italian versions, but found in Grimm, and
+technically known as "<i>halb geritten</i>." For this episode see <i>Gesta
+Romanorum</i>, ed. Oesterley, cap. 124, and Pauli, 423.
+</p><p>
+Another Italian version from Bergamo may be found in Corazzini, p. 482,
+"<i>La Storia del Pestu d' or</i>" ("The Story of the Gold Pestle"), which is
+like the version in the text from the episode of the mortar on. In the
+story from Bergamo it is a gold pestle, and not a mortar, that is found,
+and the story of "<i>halb geritten</i>" is retained. The episode of the foal
+is changed into a sharp answer made (at the queen's suggestion) by the
+king's herdsman to his master, who had failed to pay him for his
+services. A version from Montale, Nerucci, p. 18, "<i>Il Mortajo d'oro</i>"
+("The Golden Mortar"), contains all the episodes of the story in the
+text (including "<i>halb geritten</i>") except the division of the fowl. The
+first part of the story is found in a tale from Cyprus, in the <i>Jahrb.</i>
+XI. p. 360.
+</p><p>
+A parallel to the story in our text may also be found in Ralston's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span> <i>R.
+F. T.</i> p. 30. The literature of the story of "The Clever Girl" may be
+found in Child's <i>English and Scottish Popular Ballads</i>, Part I. p. 6,
+"The Elfin Knight."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_28_7" id="Footnote_28_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_7"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> <i>Fiabe Mantovane</i>, No. 41, "<i>G&agrave;mbara</i>." The Italian for
+crab is <i>gambero</i>. There is a Tuscan story (<i>Nov. pop. tosc.</i> p. 8),
+"<i>Il Medico grillo</i>" ("Doctor Cricket"), with reference perhaps to the
+other meaning of <i>grillo</i>, whim, fancy, which reminds one of the story
+in the text. The pretended doctor cures a king's daughter by making her
+laugh so hard that she dislodges a fish-bone that had stuck in her
+throat. Doctor Cricket becomes so popular that the other doctors starve,
+and finally ask the king to kill him. The king refuses, but sets him a
+difficult task to do, namely, to cure all the patients in the hospital;
+failing to accomplish this, he is to be killed or dismissed. Doctor
+Cricket has a huge cauldron of water heated, and then goes into the
+wards and tells the patients that when the water is hot they are all to
+be put into it, but if any one wishes to depart he can go away then. Of
+course they all run away in haste, and when the king comes the hospital
+is empty. The doctor is then richly rewarded, and returns to his home.
+</p><p>
+For parallels to our story see Pitr&egrave;'s notes, vol. IV. p. 442, and to
+the Tuscan story above-mentioned.
+</p><p>
+Another Tuscan version has recently been published in <i>Nov. tosc.</i> No.
+60. See also Grimm, No. 98; Asbj&oslash;rnsen, <i>Ny Sam.</i> No. 82 [Dasent, <i>Tales
+from the Fjeld</i>, p. 139, "The Charcoal Burner"]; Caballero, <i>Cuentos</i>,
+p. 68; <i>Orient und Occident</i>, I. 374; and Benfey, <i>Pant.</i> I. 374. There
+is a story in Straparola (XIII. 6) that recalls the story in our text. A
+mother sends her stupid son to find "good day" (<i>il buon d&igrave;</i>). The youth
+stretched himself in the road near the city gate where he could observe
+all those who entered or left the town. Now it happened that three
+citizens had gone out into the fields to take possession of a treasure
+that they had discovered. On their return they greeted the youth in the
+road with "good day." The youth said, when the first one saluted him: "I
+have one of them," meaning one of the good days, and so on with the
+other two. The citizens who had found the treasure, believing that they
+were discovered, and that the youth would inform the magistrates of the
+find, shared the treasure with him.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span></p>
+<h2>LIST OF WORKS MOST FREQUENTLY REFERRED TO IN THE NOTES.</h2>
+
+<p>(<i>For works relating directly to Italian Popular Tales, see
+Bibliography.</i>)</p>
+
+
+<p>Asbj&oslash;rnsen: Norske Folke-Eventyr fortalte af P. Chr. Asbj&oslash;rnsen. Ny
+Samling. Christiania, 1871. 8<sup>o</sup>. [English version in Tales from the
+Fjeld. A second series of Popular Tales from the Norse of P. Chr.
+Asbj&oslash;rnsen. By G. W. Dasent, London, 1874.]</p>
+
+<p>Asbj&oslash;rnsen and Moe: Norse Folke-Eventyr fortalte af P. Chr. Asbj&oslash;rnsen
+og J&oslash;rgen Moe. 5<sup>te</sup> Udgave. Christiania, 1874. 8<sup>o</sup>. [Partly translated
+by G. W. Dasent in Popular Tales from the Norse. 2d ed. Edinburgh, 1859.
+New York, 1859.]</p>
+
+<p>Basque Legends: collected, chiefly in the Labourd, by the Rev. Wentworth
+Webster. London, 2d ed. 1879. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Benfey, Pantschatantra: F&uuml;nf B&uuml;cher indischer Fabeln, M&auml;rchen und
+Erz&auml;hlungen. Aus dem Sanskrit &uuml;bersetzt mit Einleitung und Anmerkungen
+von Theodor Benfey. Erster Theil, Einleitung. Leipzig, 1859. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Blad&eacute;: Contes populaires recueillis en Agenais par M. Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois
+Blad&eacute; suivis de notes comparatives par M. Reinhold K&ouml;hler. Paris, 1874.
+8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Brueyre: Contes populaires de la Grande-Bretagne par Loys Brueyre.
+Paris, 1875. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Cosquin, Emmanuel: Contes populaires lorrains recueillis dans un village
+du Barrois, &agrave; Montiers-sur-Baulx (Meuse), <i>Romania</i>, V. 83, 133; VI.
+212, 529; VII. 527; VIII. 545; IX. 377; X. 117, 543.</p>
+
+<p>Cox: The Mythology of the Aryan Nations. By G. W. Cox. 2 vols. London,
+1870. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Dunlop-Liebrecht: Geschichte der Prosadichtung. Aus dem englischen von
+F. Liebrecht. Berlin, 1851. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Folk-Lore Record, London, 1879-1882. 5 vols. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Gesammtabenteuer. Von F. H. von der Hagen. 3 vols. Stuttgart und
+T&uuml;bingen, 1850. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Gesta Romanorum von Herm. Oesterley. Berlin, 1872. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Graesse, J. G. T.: Die grossen Sagenkreise des Mittelalters. Dresden und
+Leipzig, 1842. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Grimm, The Brothers: Grimm's Household Tales. With the Author's Notes
+translated from the German and edited by M. Hunt. With an Introduction
+by A. Lang, M. A. In two volumes. London: G. Bell &amp; Sons. 1884. (Bohn's
+Standard Library.) [This excellent version contains all the stories and
+notes of the third edition of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span> original text, G&ouml;ttingen, 1856, the
+third volume of which, containing the notes, is rather scarce. The
+numbers of the stories correspond in the German and English editions,
+and the latter will be cited for the convenience of the reader.]</p>
+
+<p>Grundtwig: Danske Folkeminder, Viser, Sagn og Eventyr. Udgivne af Svend
+Grundtwig. Kj&oslash;benhavn, 1861. 1<sup>ste</sup>-3<sup>die</sup> Samling. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Hahn: Griechische und Albanesische M&auml;rchen. Gesammelt, &uuml;bersetzt und
+erl&auml;utert von J. G. von Hahn. Leipzig, 1864. 2 vols. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Halliwell, J. O.: Popular Rhymes and Nursery Tales. London, 1849. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Kreutzwald: Ehstnische M&auml;rchen. Aufgezeichnet von Friedrich Kreutzwald.
+Halle, 1869. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Luzel: Contes bretons recueillis et traduits par F. M. Luzel. Quimperl&eacute;,
+1870. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>M&eacute;lusine: Revue de Mythologie, Litt. pop., Traditions et usages, dirig&eacute;e
+par MM. H. Gaidoz et E. Rolland. Paris, 1877, 1884. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Nisard, Ch.: Histoire des Livres populaires. Paris, 1854. 2 vols. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Novelle Ant. Biagi: Le Novelle Antiche dei codici
+Panciatichiano-Palatino 138 e Laurenziano-Gaddiano 193, con una
+introduzione etc per Guido Biagi. Florence, 1880. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Novelle Ant. Borg: Le Cento Novelle Antiche secondo l'edizione del
+MDXXV. corrette ed illustrate con note. Milano, 1825. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Novelle Ant. Gualt.: Cento Novelle Antiche. Libro di Novelle e di Bel
+parlar gentile (Gualteruzzi da Fano). Florence (Naples), 1727. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Novelle Ant. Papanti. <i>Romania</i>, vol. III. p. 189.</p>
+
+<p>Old Deccan Days, or Hindoo Fairy Legends. Collected by M. Frere.
+Philadelphia: Lippincott &amp; Co. 1868.</p>
+
+<p>Orient und Occident insbes. in ihren gegenw&auml;rtigen Beziehungen.
+Forschungen und Mittheilungen. Eine Vierteljahrschrift herausgegeben von
+Theodor Benfey. Vols I.-III. G&ouml;ttingen, 1860-1864. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Ralston: Russian Folk-Tales. By W. R. S. Ralston. London, 1873. 8<sup>o</sup>.
+[There is an American reprint, without date.]</p>
+
+<p>Robert: Fables in&eacute;dites des XII<sup>e</sup>, XIII<sup>e</sup>, XIV<sup>e</sup> Si&egrave;cles et Fables de La
+Fontaine. Par A. C. M. Robert. 2 vols. Paris, 1825. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Romania: Recueil Trimestriel consacr&eacute; &agrave; l'&eacute;tude des langues et des
+litteratures romanes. Publi&eacute; par P. Meyer et G. Paris. Paris, 1872,
+still in course of publication.</p>
+
+<p>Rondallayre, lo: Quentos populars catalans coleccionats per F. Maspons y
+Labros. Barcelona, 1871. 18<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Schiefner, F. Anton von: Tibetan Tales, done into English from the
+German, with an Introduction by W. R. S. Ralston, M. A. London, 1882
+(Tr&uuml;bner's Oriental Series).</p>
+
+<p>Stokes, Maive: Indian Fairy Tales. With notes by Mary Stokes, and an
+Introduction by W. R. S. Ralston, M. A. London, 1880.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sacre Rappresentazioni dei Secoli XIV., XV., XVI. Raccolte e illustrate
+per cura di Alessandro D'Ancona. Florence, 1872. 3 vols. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Schimpf und Ernst: J. Pauli. Herausgegeben von Herm. Oesterley.
+Bibliothek des Litt. Vereins in Stuttgart. Bd. LXXXV. Stuttgart, 1866.
+8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Tausend und Eine Nacht. Arabische Erz&auml;hlungen. Deutsch von M. Habicht,
+von der Hagen und C. Schall. Breslau, 1836. 15 vols. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>Wendunmuth: Hans Wilhelm Kirchhof, Wendunmuth. Herausgegeben von Herm.
+Oesterley. Bibliothek des Litt. Vereins in Stuttgart. Bd. XCV.-XCIX. 5
+vols. 8<sup>o</sup>. T&uuml;bingen, 1869.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span></p>
+<h2>INDEX.</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+Admonitions, the Three, story of, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Andromeda, or Princess freed from Dragon, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Angiola, the Fair, story of, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Animal brothers-in-law, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">animal children, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">animals, dispute of, settled by hero, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Ant and the Mouse, story of the, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Apple, unequally divided, indicates true friend, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a><br />
+<br />
+Ass, story of the, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ass that lays Money, story of the, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Baker's Apprentice, story of the, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barber, story of the, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Basile, Giambattista, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bastianelo, story of, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beauty and the Beast, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beppo Pipetta, story of, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bierde, story of, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bird, magic, bestowing gifts, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bird, transformation into, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Blood of children restores uncle to life, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bluebeard, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bone of hero as musical instrument discovering murderers, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">human bone to be eaten, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Bonhomme Mis&egrave;re, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#Page_367'>367</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boots, magic, faster than wind, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bottles, seven, filled with tears, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bride, the Forgotten, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bride, the True, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brother Giovannone, story of, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brothers, three, born from mother eating magic fish, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buchettino, story of, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bucket, story of the, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buddha, parable of, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buttadeu, story of, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Capon divided in peculiar manner, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cat and the Mouse, story of the, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Catherine and her Fate, story of, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cento Novelle Antiche, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chess, winning at, disposes of princess's hand, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chick-Pea, Little, story of, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Children born from chick-peas, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from fish, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">apple-peel, <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Children promised to witches, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to Devil, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Christmas, story of, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cinderella, story of, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cistern, story of the, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clever Girl, story of the, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clever Peasant, story of the, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cloak that renders invisible, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cloud, story of the, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cobbler, the, story of, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cock, story of the, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cock and the Mouse, story of the, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cock that wished to become Pope, story of the, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Constantine's leprosy healed by St. Silvester, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cook, story of the, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crab, story of, <a href='#Page_314'>314</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Criv&ograve;liu, story of, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cross protects child against Devil, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crumb in the Beard, story of the, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crystal Casket, story of the, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&Ccedil;ukasaptati, Oriental collection of tales, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cupid and Psyche, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cure by laughing, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Curse of the Seven Children, story of the, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cymbal, prince concealed in, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Dana&euml;, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dante, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#Page_381'>381</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Daughters, two, good and bad, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Der Kaiser und der Abt, B&uuml;rger's poem of, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Devil, how the, married Three Sisters, story of, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Disciplina Clericalis of Petrus Alphonsi, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Doctor's Apprentice, story of the, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dog's face, by witch's imprecation, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dogs substituted for queen's children, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Doll which moves, sees, and dresses itself, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">king's son in love with, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Don Firiulieddu, story of, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Don Joseph Pear, story of, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Don Juan, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Don Quixote, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Doves recall forgotten bride, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">indicate future Pope, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Eagle carries hero up from cave, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eat, My Clothes! story of, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Egg which kills fairy, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eyes, diseased, cured by feather of griffin, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Fables of Oriental origin, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fabliaux, French, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fair Brow, story of, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fairies' gifts, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fate personified, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Feast Day, a, story of, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Figs producing horns, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fiorita, the Fair, story of, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Firrazzanu, stories of, <a href='#Page_289'>289</a>, <a href='#Page_290'>290</a>;<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Firrazzanu's Wife and the Queen, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Flesh of hero given to eagle, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Flight of lovers and pursuit by witch, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fool, story of the, <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Forbidden chamber, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fountain of wine and oil, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fox as Puss in Boots, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Gentleman who kicked a Skull, story of the, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gesta Romanorum, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Giant with no heart in his body, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">giant outwitted by men, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Giuf&agrave;'s Exploits, story of, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Giuf&agrave; and the Judge, story of, <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Giuf&agrave; and the Plaster Statue, story of, <a href='#Page_291'>291</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Goat and the Fox, story of the, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Goat, the Iron, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Godfather and Godmother of St. John who made love, story of, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Godfather Misery, story of, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Godmother Fox, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gold, magician's body turned to, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gossips of St. John, story of the, <a href='#Page_369'>369</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gregory on the Stone, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Griffin, story of the, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Grimm's Tales cited in text:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Allerleirauh, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brother Lustig, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clever Alice, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clever People, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Doctor Knowall, <a href='#Page_314'>314</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Faithful John, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Feather Bird [Fitcher's Bird], <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Golden Goose, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Goose-Girl, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Handless Maiden, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King Thrushbeard, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Little Mouse, Little Bird, and the Sausage, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Master Thief, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robber Bridegroom, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spider and the Flea, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">White and the Black Bride, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wood-cutter's Child [Our Lady's Child], <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Groomsman, story of the, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Hair, tresses used as ladder, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hands, clasped, prevent child's birth, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Heart of saint eaten by maiden produces child, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hermit as adviser, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Horn that blows out soldiers, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>.<br />
+<br />
+House that Jack built, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Humpbacks, the Two, story of, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hump removed by fairies, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">added to humpback, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+In this World one weeps and another laughs, story of, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ingrates, story of the, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Joseph and his Brethren, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Journey of our Saviour on Earth, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Judas, story of, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Just Man, story of the, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+King Bean, story of, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King, Crystal, story of the, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King John and the Abbot of Canterbury, Percy's poem of, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King Lear, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King of Love, story of the, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King who wanted a Beautiful Wife, story of the, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kiss of mother makes hero forget bride, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_343'>343</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+La Fontaine, fables of, cited, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Language of Animals, story of the, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Leprosy healed by human blood, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Life-giving ointment or leaves, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lionbruno, story of, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Long May, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lord, St. Peter, and the Apostles, story of the, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lord, St. Peter, and the Blacksmith, story of the, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lord's Will, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Love of the Three Oranges, story of the, <a href='#Page_338'>338</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Malchus at the Column, story of, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Malchus, Desperate, story of, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Man, the Serpent, and the Fox, story of the, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Maria Wood, Fair, story of, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mason and his Son, story of the, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Massariol, domestic spirit of the Venetians, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Medusa, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Melusina, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mother-in-law ill-treats son's wife, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed by boiling oil, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Mr. Attentive, story of, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Nala, story of, in an Italian popular tale, <a href='#Page_360'>360</a><br />
+<br />
+Nero, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Occasion, story of, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Old Deccan Days, stories from, cited, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Omelet, Little, story of the, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Oraggio and Bianchinetta, story of, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Oriental elements in Italian popular tales, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Orlanda, the Fairy, story of, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Pandora's box, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pantschatantra, Italian versions of, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parish Priest of San Marcuola, story of, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parnell's Hermit, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_365'>365</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parrot, story of the, first version, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second version, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">third version, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Peasant and the Master, story of the, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Penance, Knight's, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pentamerone, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pepper-Corn, story of, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Perrault, Charles, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Persecution of innocent wife, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Peter Fullone and the Egg, story of, <a href='#Page_381'>381</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Physician, wife disguised as, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">princess disguised as, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Pier delle Vigne, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pig, little, that would not go over the stile, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pilate, story of, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pitidda, story of, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Polyphemus, myth of, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pot that cooks without any fire, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Proverbial sayings, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Purse always full of money, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Puss in Boots, story of, <a href='#Page_348'>348</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Rabbit that carries things, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rain of figs and raisins, <a href='#Page_380'>380</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rampsinitus, treasure house of, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Riddle, bride won by solving, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposed by suitor, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in general, <a href='#Page_343'>343</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Ring, as means of recognition, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">turns red and stops steamer at owner's forgetfulness, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ring which causes sneezing, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Rose discovers concealed princess, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ruby, magic, does all that owner asks, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Saddaedda, story of, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. James of Galicia, story of, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Oniri&agrave; or Neri&agrave;, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Peter and the Robbers, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Peter's Mamma, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Peter and his Sisters, story of, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sanctuary, privilege of, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span>Sarnelli, Pompeo, Bishop of Bisceglie, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scissors they were, story of, <a href='#Page_285'>285</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sepher Haggadah, Jewish hymn in, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Seven Wise Masters, the, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Italian versions of, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in general, <a href='#Page_358'>358</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Magyar version, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Sexton's Nose, story of the, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shepherd, story of the, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shepherd who made the King's Daughter laugh, story of the, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shoes, iron, worn out in search of husband, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in search of wife, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Sick prince and secret remedy, <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Silence of princess disenchants brothers, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sir Fiorante, Magician, story of, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sisters' envy, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sisters, Two, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_338'>338</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Skein of silk outweighs king's treasures, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sleep, magic, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Slipper, lost by Cinderella, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Snake, youngest daughter marries, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Snow-White-Fire-Red, story of, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Star on daughter's brow, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Statue, in love with, story of, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Statue, transformation into, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stepmother, story of the, <a href='#Page_331'>331</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stepmother persecutes daughter-in-law, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>, <a href='#Page_331'>331</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stick, magic, beats thief, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Straparola, Giovan Francesco, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sultan's daughter, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Swan-maidens, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sympathetic objects: ring, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fish-bone, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in general, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Tablecloth, magic, producing food, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tasks, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">set suitor by father-in law, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Thankful Dead, episode of, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>, <a href='#Page_364'>364</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thirteenth, story of, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thoughtless Abbot, story of the, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thousand and One Nights, stories from in Italian popular tales, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty Thieves, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Third Calendar, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Two Envious Sisters, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Hunchback, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Ass, the Ox, and the Peasant, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince Ahmed and the Fairy Peribanu, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sindbad's Fourth Voyage, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Second Royal Mendicant, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Three Brothers, story of the, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Three Goslings, story of the, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tobit, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tokens, magic: apple, pomegranate, crown, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tom Thumb, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Torches, nuptial, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Transformation of hero into bird, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">eagle, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ant, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lion, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See <i>Statue</i>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Treasure, story of the, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Treasure stories, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>.<br />
+<br />
+True and Untrue, <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Truthful Joseph, story of, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Turk, in Sicilian tales, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Turkish corsairs, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>.<br />
+<br />
+T&ucirc;t&icirc;-N&acirc;meh, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Uncle Capriano, story of, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Vineyard I was and Vineyard I am, story of, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Wager, story of the, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wandering Jew, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Water and Salt, story of, <a href='#Page_332'>332</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Water, Dancing, the Singing Apple, and the Speaking Bird, story of the, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Water of life, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Whistle that brings dead to life, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">whistle which makes people dance, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Whittington and his Cat, <a href='#Page_365'>365</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Witches' council under tree, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">imprecation, <a href='#Page_338'>338</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Wooden dress, disguise of heroine, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Zelinda and the Monster, story of, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
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@@ -0,0 +1,16443 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Italian Popular Tales, by Thomas Frederick
+Crane
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Italian Popular Tales
+
+
+Author: Thomas Frederick Crane
+
+
+
+Release Date: November 26, 2007  [eBook #23634]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ITALIAN POPULAR TALES***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Cathy Smith, Chloe P. H. Lewis, Josephine Paolucci, and
+the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+(http://www.pgdp.net.)
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+   Minor typographical errors have been corrected.
+
+   Carets (^) indicate a superscript letter.
+
+   This book has two types of notes. Footnotes are in the text and
+   are indicated by a letter. These have been moved to the end of
+   the appropriate paragraph. Endnotes are indicated by a number,
+   and the notes for all the chapters are at the end of the stories.
+
+
+
+
+
+ITALIAN POPULAR TALES
+
+by
+
+THOMAS FREDERICK CRANE, A. M.
+
+Professor of the Romance Languages
+in Cornell University
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Boston and New York
+Houghton, Mifflin and Company
+The Riverside Press, Cambridge
+
+Copyright, 1885,
+by Thomas Frederick Crane.
+All rights reserved.
+
+The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.
+Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton & Company.
+
+
+
+
+To
+
+GIUSEPPE PITRE.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The growing interest in the popular tales of Europe has led me to
+believe that a selection from those of Italy would be entertaining to
+the general reader, and valuable to the student of comparative
+folk-lore.
+
+The stories which, with but few exceptions, are here presented for the
+first time to the English reader, have been translated from recent
+Italian collections, and are given exactly as they were taken down from
+the mouths of the people, and it is in this sense, belonging to the
+people, that the word popular is used in the title of this work. I have
+occasionally changed the present to the past tense, and slightly
+condensed by the omission of tiresome repetitions;[A] but otherwise my
+versions follow the original closely, too closely perhaps in the case of
+the Sicilian tales, which, when recited, are very dramatic, but seem
+disjointed and abrupt when read.
+
+[Footnote A: Other condensations are indicated by brackets.]
+
+The notes are intended to supplement those of Pitre and Koehler by citing
+the stories published since the _Fiabe, Novelle e Racconti_, and the
+_Sicilianische Maerchen_, and also to furnish easy reference to the
+parallel stories of the rest of Europe. As the notes are primarily
+intended for students I have simply pointed out the most convenient
+sources of information and those to which I have had access. My space
+has obliged me to restrict my notes to what seemed to me the most
+important, and I have as a rule given only references which I have
+verified myself.
+
+My object has been simply to present to the reader and student
+unacquainted with the Italian dialects a tolerably complete collection
+of Italian popular tales; with theories as to the origin and diffusion
+of popular tales in general, or of Italian popular tales in particular,
+I have nothing to do at present either in the text or notes. It is for
+others to draw such inferences as this collection seems to warrant.
+
+It was, of course, impossible in my limited space to do more than give a
+small selection from the class of Fairy Tales numbering several hundred;
+of the other classes nearly everything has been given that has been
+published down to the present date. The Fairy Tales were selected to
+represent as well as possible typical stories or classes, and I have
+followed in my arrangement, with some modification and condensation,
+Hahn's _Maerchen- und Sagformeln_ (_Griechische und Albanesische
+Maerchen_, vol. i. p. 45), an English version of which may be found in W.
+Henderson's _Notes on the Folk-lore of the Northern Counties of England
+and the Borders. With an Appendix on Household Stories_, by S.
+Baring-Gould. London, 1866.
+
+In conclusion, I must express my many obligations to Dr. Giuseppe Pitre,
+of Palermo, without whose admirable collection this work would hardly
+have been undertaken, and to the library of Harvard College, which so
+generously throws open its treasures to the scholars of less favored
+institutions.
+
+    T. F. CRANE.
+
+ITHACA, N. Y., _September 9, 1885_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                   PAGE
+
+INTRODUCTION                         ix
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY                        xix
+
+LIST OF STORIES                    xxix
+
+  I. FAIRY TALES                      1
+
+ II. FAIRY TALES CONTINUED           97
+
+III. STORIES OF ORIENTAL ORIGIN     149
+
+ IV. LEGENDS AND GHOST STORIES      185
+
+  V. NURSERY TALES                  240
+
+ VI. STORIES AND JESTS              275
+
+
+NOTES                               317
+
+LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO           384
+
+INDEX                               387
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+By popular tales we mean the stories that are handed down by word of
+mouth from one generation to another of the illiterate people, serving
+almost exclusively to amuse and but seldom to instruct. These stories
+may be roughly divided into three classes: nursery tales, fairy stories,
+and jests. In countries where the people are generally educated, the
+first two classes form but one; where, on the other hand, the people
+still retain the credulity and simplicity of childhood, the stories
+which with us are confined to the nursery amuse the fathers and mothers
+as well as the children. These stories were regarded with contempt by
+the learned until the famous scholars, the brothers Grimm, went about
+Germany some sixty years ago collecting this fast disappearing
+literature of the people. The interesting character of these tales, and
+the scientific value attributed to them by their collectors, led others
+to follow their footsteps, and there is now scarcely a province of
+Germany that has not one or more volumes devoted to its local popular
+tales. The impulse given by the Grimms was not confined to their own
+country, but extended over all Europe, and within the last twenty years
+more than fifty volumes have been published containing the popular tales
+of Iceland, Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Germany, England,
+Scotland, France, Biscay, Spain, Portugal, and Greece. Asia and Africa
+have contributed stories from India, China, Japan, and South Africa. In
+addition to these we have now to mention what has been done in this
+field in Italy.
+
+From their very nature the stories we are now considering were long
+confined to the common people, and were preserved and transmitted solely
+by oral tradition. It did not occur to any one to write them down from
+the lips of the people until within the present century. The existence
+of these stories is, however, revealed by occasional references, and
+many of them have been preserved, but not in their original form, in
+books designed to entertain more cultivated readers.[1] The earliest
+literary collection of stories having a popular origin was made in the
+sixteenth century by an Italian, Giovan Francesco Straparola, of
+Caravaggio.[2] It is astonishing that a person of Straparola's
+popularity should have left behind him nothing but a name. We only know
+that he was born near the end of the fifteenth century at Caravaggio,
+now a small town half way between Milan and Cremona, but during the
+Middle Ages an important city belonging to the duchy of Milan. In 1550
+he published at Venice a collection of stories in the style of the
+_Decameron_, which was received with the greatest favor. It passed
+through sixteen editions in twenty years, was translated into French and
+often printed in that language, and before the end of the century was
+turned into German. The author feigns that Francesca Gonzaga, daughter
+of Ottaviano Sforza, Duke of Milan, on account of commotions in that
+city, retires to the island of Murano, near Venice, and surrounded by a
+number of distinguished ladies and gentlemen, passes the time in
+listening to stories related by the company. Thirteen nights are spent
+in this way, and seventy-four stories are told, when the approach of
+Lent cuts short the diversion. These stories are of the most varied form
+and origin; many are borrowed without acknowledgment from other writers,
+twenty-four, for example, from the little known Morlini, fifteen from
+Boccaccio, Sachetti, Brevio, Ser Giovanni, the Old-French _fabliaux_,
+the Golden Legend, and the _Romance of Merlin_. Six others are of
+Oriental origin, and may be found in the _Pantschatantra_, _Forty
+Viziers_, _Siddhi Kur_, and _Thousand and One Nights_.[3] There remain,
+then, twenty-nine stories, the property of Straparola, of which
+twenty-two are _maerchen_, or popular tales. We say "the property" of
+Straparola: we mean they had never appeared before in the _literature_
+of Europe, but they were in no sense original with Straparola, being the
+common property which the Occident has inherited from the Orient. There
+is no need of mentioning in detail here these stories as they are
+frequently cited in the notes of the present work, and one, the original
+of the various modern versions of "Puss in Boots," is given at length in
+the notes to Chapter I.[4] Two of Straparola's stories have survived
+their author's oblivion and still live in Perrault's "_Peau d'Ane_" and
+"_Le Chat Botte_," while others in the witty versions of Madame D'Aulnoy
+delighted the romance-loving French society of the seventeenth
+century.[5] Straparola's work had no influence on contemporary Italian
+literature, and was soon forgotten,--an unjust oblivion, for to him
+belongs the honor of having introduced the Fairy Tale into modern
+European literature. He has been criticised for his style and blamed for
+his immorality. The former, it seems to us, is not bad, and the latter
+no worse than that of many contemporaneous writers who have escaped the
+severe judgment meted out to Straparola.
+
+We find no further traces of popular tales until nearly a century later,
+when the first edition of the celebrated _Pentamerone_ appeared at
+Naples in 1637. Its author, Giambattista Basile (known as a writer by
+the anagram of his name, Gian Alesio Abbattutis), is but little better
+known to us than Straparola. He spent his youth in Crete, became known
+to the Venetians, and was received into the _Academia degli
+Stravaganti_. He followed his sister Adriana, a celebrated cantatrice,
+to Mantua, enjoyed the duke's favor, roamed much over Italy, and finally
+returned to Naples, near where he died in 1632.[6] The _Pentamerone_, as
+its title implies, is a collection of fifty stories in the Neapolitan
+dialect, supposed to be narrated, during five days, by ten old women,
+for the entertainment of the person (Moorish slave) who has usurped the
+place of the rightful princess.[7] Basile's work enjoyed the greatest
+popularity in Italy, and was translated into Italian and into the
+dialect of Bologna. It is worthy of notice that the first fairy tale
+which appeared in France, and was the _avant-coureur_ of the host that
+soon followed under the lead of Charles Perrault, "_L'Adroite
+Princesse_," is found in the _Pentamerone_.[8] We know nothing of the
+sources of Basile's work, but it contains the most popular and extended
+of all European tales, and must have been in a great measure drawn
+directly from popular tradition. The style is a wonderful mass of
+conceits, which do not, however, impair the interest in the material,
+and it is safe to say that no people in Europe possesses such a monument
+of its popular tales as the _Pentamerone_. Its influence on Italian
+literature was not greater than that of Straparola's _Piacevoli Notti_.
+From the _Pentamerone_ Lorenzo Lippi took the materials for the second
+_cantare_ of his _Malmantile Racquistato_, and Carlo Gozzi drew on it
+for his curious _fiabe_, the earliest dramatizations of fairy tales,
+which, in our day, after amusing the nursery, have again become the
+vehicles of spectacular dramas. Although there is no proof that Mlle.
+Lheritier and Perrault took their stories from Straparola and the
+_Pentamerone_, there is little doubt that the French translation of the
+former, which was very popular (Jannet mentions fourteen editions
+between 1560 and 1726) awakened an interest in this class of stories,
+and was thus the origin of that copious French fairy literature, which,
+besides the names mentioned above, includes such well-known writers as
+Mde. D'Aulnoy, the Countess Murat, Mlle. De La Force, and Count Caylus,
+all of whom drew on their Italian prototypes more or less.[9]
+
+Popular as were the two collections above mentioned they produced but
+one imitation, _La Posillecheata_, a collection of five stories in the
+Neapolitan dialect and in the style of the _Pentamerone_, by Pompeo
+Sarnelli, Bishop of Bisceglie, whose anagram is Masillo Reppone. The
+first edition appeared at Naples in 1684, and it has been republished
+twice since then at the same place. The work is exceedingly coarse, and
+has fallen into well-deserved oblivion.[10]
+
+Nearly two centuries elapsed before another collection of Italian tales
+made its appearance. The interest that the brothers Grimm aroused in
+Germany for the collection and preservation of popular traditions did
+not, for obvious reasons, extend to Italy. A people must first have a
+consciousness of its own nationality before it can take sufficient
+interest in its _popular_ literature to inspire even its scholars to
+collect its traditions for the sake of science, to say nothing of
+collections for entertainment. In 1860, Temistocle Gradi, of Siena,
+published in his _Vigilia di Pasqua di Ceppo_, eight, and in his _Saggio
+di Letterature varie_, 1865, four popular tales, as related in Siena.
+These were collected without any other aim than that of entertainment,
+but are valuable for purposes of comparison. No attempt at a scientific
+collection of tales was made until 1869, when Professor De Gubernatis
+published the _Novelline di Santo Stefano_, containing thirty-five
+stories, preceded by an introduction on the relationship of the myth to
+the popular tale. This was the forerunner of numerous collections from
+the various provinces of Italy, which will be found noted in the
+Bibliography. The attention of strangers was early directed to Italian
+tales, and the earliest scientific collection was the work of two
+Germans, Georg Widter and Adam Wolf, who published a translation of
+twenty-one Venetian tales in the _Jahrbuch fuer romanische und englische
+Literatur_, Vol. VII. (1866), pp. 1-36, 121-154, 249-290, with
+comparative notes by R. Koehler. In the same volume were published, pp.
+381-400, twelve tales from Leghorn, collected by Hermann Knust; and
+finally the eighth volume of the same periodical, pp. 241-260, contains
+three stories from the neighborhood of Sora, in Naples. In 1867
+Schneller published at Innsbruck a German translation of sixty-nine
+tales, collected by him in the Italian Tyrol. Of much greater interest
+and importance than any of the above are the two volumes of Sicilian
+tales, collected and translated into German by Laura Gonzenbach,
+afterwards the wife of the Italian general, La Racine. There are but two
+other collections of Italian stories by foreigners: Miss Busk's
+_Folk-Lore of Rome_, and the anonymous _Tuscan Fairy Tales_ recently
+published.
+
+The number of stories published, in German and English, is about twice
+as many as those published in Italian before Pitre's collection, being
+over four hundred. Pitre contains more than all the previous Italian
+publications together, embracing over three hundred tales, etc., besides
+those previously published by him in periodicals and elsewhere. Since
+Pitre's collection, the three works of Comparetti, Visentini, and
+Nerucci, have added one hundred and eighty tales, not to speak of
+wedding publications, containing from one to five stories. It is, of
+course, impossible to examine separately all these collections,--we will
+mention briefly the most important. To Imbriani is due the first
+collection of tales taken down from the mouths of the people and
+compared with previously published Italian popular tales. In 1871
+appeared his _Novellaja fiorentina_, and in the following year the
+_Novellaja milanese_. These two have been combined, and published as a
+second edition of the _Novellaja fiorentina_, containing fifty
+Florentine and forty-five Milanese tales, besides a number of stories
+from Straparola, the _Pentamerone_, and the Italian novelists, given by
+way of illustration. The stories are accompanied by copious references
+to the rest of Italy, and Liebrecht's references to other European
+parallels. It is an admirable work, but one on which we have drawn but
+seldom, restricting ourselves to the stories in the various dialects as
+much as possible. The Milanese stories are in general very poor versions
+of the typical tales, being distorted and fragmentary. In 1873 Dr.
+Giuseppe Pitre, of Palermo, well known for his collection of popular
+Sicilian songs, published three specimens of a collection of Sicilian
+popular tales, and two years later gave to the world his admirable work,
+_Fiabe, Novelle e Racconti_, forming vols. IV.-VII. of the _Biblioteca
+delle Tradizioni populari Siciliane_ per cura di Giuseppe Pitre. It is
+not, however, numerically that Pitre's collection surpasses all that
+has previously been done in this field. It is a monument of patient,
+thorough research and profound study. Its arrangement is almost
+faultless, the explanatory notes full, while the grammar and glossary
+constitute valuable contributions to the philology of the Italian
+dialects. In the Introduction the author, probably for the first time,
+makes the Sicilian public acquainted with the fundamental principles of
+comparative mythology and its relation to folk-lore, and gives a good
+account of the Oriental sources of the novel. He has, it seems to us,
+very properly confined his notes and comparisons entirely to Italy, with
+references of course to Gonzenbach and Koehler's notes to Widter-Wolf
+when necessary. In other words, his work is a contribution to _Italian_
+folk-lore, and the student of comparative Aryan folk-lore must make his
+own comparisons: a task no longer difficult, thanks to the works of
+Grimm, Hahn, Koehler, Cox, De Gubernatis, etc. The only other collection
+that need be mentioned here is the one in the _Canti e Racconti del
+Popolo italiano_, consisting of the first volume of the _Novellino pop.
+ital._ pub. ed ill. da Dom. Comparetti, and of Visentini's _Fiabe
+Mantovane_. The stories in both of the above works are translated into
+Italian. In the first there is no arrangement by locality or subject;
+and the annotations, instead of being given with each story, are
+reserved for one of the future volumes,--an unhandy arrangement, which
+detracts from the value of the work.
+
+We will now turn our attention from the collections themselves to the
+stories they contain, and examine these first as to their form, and
+secondly as to their contents.
+
+The name applied to the popular tale differs in various provinces, being
+generally a derivative of the Latin _fabula_. So these stories are
+termed _favuli_ and _frauli_ in parts of Sicily, _favole_ in Rome,
+_fiabe_ in Venice, _foe_ in Liguria, and _fole_ in Bologna. In Palermo
+and Naples they are named _cunti_, _novelle_ and _novelline_ in Tuscany,
+_esempi_ in Milan, and _storie_ in Piedmont.[11] There are few
+peculiarities of form, and they refer almost exclusively to the
+beginning and ending of the stories. Those from Sicily begin either
+with the simple "_cc'era_" (there was), or "_'na vota cc'era_" (there
+was one time), or "_si raccunta chi'na vota cc'era_" (it is related that
+there was one time). Sometimes the formula is repeated, as, "_si cunta e
+s' arricunta_" (it is related and related again), with the addition at
+times of "_a lor signuri_" (to your worships), or the story about to be
+told is qualified as "_stu bellissimu cuntu_" (this very fine story).
+Ordinarily they begin, as do our own, with the formula, "once upon a
+time there was." The ending is also a variable formula, often a couplet
+referring to the happy termination of the tale and the relatively
+unenviable condition of the listeners. The Sicilian ending usually is:--
+
+    "Iddi arristaru filici e cuntenti,
+    E nuatri semu senza nenti."
+
+(They remained happy and contented, and we are without anything.) The
+last line often is "_E nui semu cca munnamu li denti_" (And here we are
+picking our teeth), or "_Ma a nui 'un ni desinu nenti_" (But to us they
+gave nothing), which corresponds to a Tuscan ending:--
+
+    "Se ne stettero e se la goderono
+    E a me nulla mi diedero."
+
+(They stayed and enjoyed it, and gave nothing to me.) A common Tuscan
+ending is:--
+
+    "In santa pace pia
+    Dite la vostra, ch'io detto la mia."
+
+(In holy pious peace tell yours, for I have told mine.) In some parts of
+Sicily (Polizzi) a similar conclusion is found:--
+
+    "Favula scritta, favula ditta;
+    Diciti la vostra, ca la mia e ditta."
+
+(Story written, story told; tell yours, for mine is told.) So in
+Venice,--
+
+    "Longa la tua, curta la mia;
+    Conta la tua, che la mia xe finia."
+
+(Long yours, short mine; tell yours, for mine is ended.) The first line
+is sometimes as follows:--
+
+    "Stretto il viuolo, stretta la via;
+    Dite la vostra, ch'io detto la mia."
+
+(Narrow the path, narrow the way; tell yours, for I have told mine.) The
+most common form of the above Tuscan ending is:--
+
+    "Stretta e la foglia e larga e la via,
+    Dite la vostra che ho detto la mia."
+
+(Narrow is the leaf, broad is the way, etc.) This same ending is also
+found in Rome.[12] These endings have been omitted in the present work
+as they do not constitute an integral part of the story, and are often
+left off by the narrators themselves. The narrative is usually given in
+the present tense, and in most of the collections is animated and
+dramatic. Very primitive expedients are employed to indicate the lapse
+of time, either the verb indicating the action is repeated, as, "he
+walked, and walked, and walked," a proceeding not unknown to our own
+stories, or such expressions as the following are used: _Cuntu 'un porta
+tempu_, or _lu cuntu 'un metti tempu_, or _'Ntra li cunti nun cc'e
+tempu_, which are all equivalent to, "The story takes no note of time."
+These Sicilian expressions are replaced in Tuscany by the similar one:
+_Il tempo delle novelle passa presto_ ("Time passes quickly in
+stories"). Sometimes the narrator will bring himself or herself into the
+story in a very naive manner; as, for example, when a name is wanted. So
+in telling a Sicilian story which is another version of "The Fair
+Angiola" given in our text, the narrator, Gna Sabbedda, continues: "The
+old woman met her once, and said: 'Here, little girl, whose daughter are
+you?' 'Gna Sabbedda's', for example; I mention myself, but, however, I
+was not there."[13]
+
+If we turn our attention now to the contents of our stories we shall
+find that they do not differ materially from those of the rest of
+Europe, and the same story is found, with trifling variations, all over
+Italy.[14] There is but little local coloring in the fairy tales, and
+they are chiefly interesting for purposes of comparison. We have given
+in our text such a copious selection from all parts of the country that
+the reader can easily compare them for himself with the tales of other
+lands in their more general features. If they are not strikingly
+original they will still, we trust, be found interesting variations of
+familiar themes; and we shall perhaps deem less strange to us a people
+whose children are still amused with the same tales as our own.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY.
+
+
+ARCHIVIO per lo Studio delle Tradizioni popolari. Rivista trimestrale
+diretta da G. Pitre e S. Salomone-Marino. Palermo, 1882-1885. 8vo.
+
+     The following popular tales have been published in the
+     Archivio: _Novelle popolari toscane_, edited by G. Pitre, vol.
+     I. pp. 35-69, 183-205, 520-540; vol. II. pp. 157-172. _La
+     Storia del Re Crin_, collected by A. Arietti [Piedmont], vol.
+     I. pp. 424-429. _Cuntu di lu Ciropiddhu, novellina popolare
+     messinese_, collected by T. Cannizzaro, vol. I. pp. 518-519.
+     _Novelle popolari sarde_, collected by P. E. Guarnerio, vol.
+     II. pp. 19-38, 185-206, 481-502; vol. III. pp. 233-240. _La
+     Cenerentola a Parma e a Camerino_, collected by Caterina
+     Pigorini-Beri, vol. II. pp. 45-58. _Fiabe popolari crennesi_
+     [_provincia di Milano_], collected by V. Imbriani, vol. II. pp.
+     73-81. _Fiaba veneziana_ [= Pitre, xxxix.], collected by
+     Cristoforo Pasqualigo, vol. II. pp. 353-358. _Il Re Porco,
+     novellina popolare marchigiana_, collected by Miss R. H. Busk,
+     vol. II. pp. 403-409. _Tre novellini pugliesi di Cerignola_,
+     collected by N. Zingarelli, vol. III. pp. 65-72. _La Bona Fia,
+     fiaba veneziana_, collected by A. Dalmedico, vol. III. pp.
+     73-74. _Tradizioni popolari abruzzesi, Novelle_, collected by
+     G. Finamore, vol. III. pp. 359-372, 331-350. _I Tre Maghi
+     ovverosia Il Merlo Bianco, novella popolare montalese_,
+     collected by G. Nerucci, vol. III. pp. 373-388, 551-568.
+
+
+BARTOLI, A., E G. SANSONI.
+
+Una novellina e una poesia popolare gragnolesi. Florence, 1881. 8^o. Pp.
+15. Per le Nozze Biagi-Piroli. Edizione di 100 copie numerate.
+
+     The _novellina_ is a version of Pitre, Nos. 159, 160 ("The
+     Treasure of Rhampsinitus").
+
+
+BASILE, GIAMBATTISTA.
+
+Lo Cunto de li Cunti. Overo Lo Trattenemiento de Peccerille. De Gian
+Alesio Abbattutis. Iornate Cinco. Naples, Per Camillo Cavallo. 1644.
+12^o.
+
+Il conto de' conti trattenimento a' fanciulli. Trasportato dalla
+Napolitana all' Italiana favella, ed adornato di bellissime Figure.
+Naples, 1784.
+
+La Chiaqlira dla Banzola o per dir mii Fol divers tradutt dal parlar
+Napulitan in lengua Bulgnesa per rimedi innucent dla sonn, e dla
+malincunj. Dedica al merit singular dl gentilessem sgnori d' Bulogna.
+Bologna, 1813. 4^o.
+
+Der Pentamerone oder: Das Maerchen aller Maerchen von Giambattista Basile.
+Aus dem Neapolitanischen uebertragen von Felix Liebrecht. Nebst einer
+Vorrede von Jacob Grimm. 2 vols. Breslau, 1846. 8^o.
+
+The Pentamerone, or the Story of Stories, Fun for the Little Ones. By
+Giambattista Basile. Translated from the Neapolitan by John Edward
+Taylor. With Illustrations by George Cruikshank. Second edition. London,
+1850. 8^o.
+
+Archiv fuer das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen.
+Herausgegeben von Ludwig Herrig. Vol. XLV. p. 1. Eine
+neapolitanische Maerchen-sammlung aus der ersten Haelfte des
+XVII. Jahrhunderts--Pentamerone des Giambattista Basile.
+
+
+BASILE, GIAMBATTISTA. Archivio di Letteratura popolare. Naples, 1883-85.
+
+     A monthly periodical devoted to popular literature. The volumes
+     which have already appeared contain a large number of popular
+     tales collected at Naples or in the vicinity.
+
+
+BERNONI, DOM. GIUSEPPE.
+
+Fiabe popolari veneziane raccolte da Dom. Giuseppe Bernoni. Venice,
+1875. 8^o.
+
+Leggende fantastiche popolari veneziane raccolte da Dom. Giuseppe
+Bernoni. Venice, 1873. 8^o.
+
+Le Strighe: Leggende popolari veneziane raccolte da Dom. Giuseppe
+Bernoni. Venice, 1874. 16^o.
+
+Tradizioni popolari veneziane raccolte da Dom. Giuseppe Bernoni. Puntate
+I.-IV. Venice, 1875-77.
+
+
+BOLOGNINI, DR. NEPOMUCENO.
+
+Fiabe e Legende della Valle di Rendena nel Trentino. Rovereto, 1881.
+8^o. Pp. 50. [Estratto dal VII. Annuario della Societa degli Alpinisti
+Tridentini.]
+
+
+BUSK, R. H.
+
+Household Stories from the Land of Hofer; or, Popular Myths of Tirol,
+including the Rose-Garden of King Lareyn. London, 1871. 8^o.
+
+The Folk-Lore of Rome. Collected by word of mouth from the people. By R.
+H. Busk. London, 1874. 8^o.
+
+
+CANTI E RACCONTI DEL POPOLO ITALIANO.
+
+     See Comparetti and Visentini.
+
+
+COMPARETTI, DOMENICO.
+
+Novelline popolari italiane pubblicate ed illustrate da Domenico
+Comparetti. Vol. I. Turin, 1875. 8^o.
+
+In Canti e Racconti del Popolo italiano. Pubblicati per cura di D.
+Comparetti ed A. D'Ancona. Vol. VI.
+
+
+COOTE, HENRY CHARLES.
+
+Some Italian Folk-Lore, Folk-Lore Record, I., pp. 187-215.
+
+     Notice of Comparetti's Nov. pop. ital., with translations.
+
+
+CORAZZINI, FRANCESCO.
+
+I Componimenti minori della letteratura popolare italiana nei principali
+dialetti o saggio di letteratura dialettale comparata. Benevento, 1877.
+8^o.
+
+     Novelle toscane, beneventane, apicese (Benvento), bolognese,
+     bergamasca e vicentina. Pp. 409-489.
+
+
+CORONEDI-BERTI, CAROLINA.
+
+Novelle popolari bolognesi raccolte da Carolina Coronedi-Berti. Bologna,
+1874. 8^o.
+
+La Fola del Muretein, Novellina popolare Bolognese. Estratto dalla
+Rivista Europea. Florence, 1873. 8^o. Pp. 9.
+
+
+CRANE, T. F.
+
+A Nursery Tale. The Cornell Review, May, 1876, pp. 337-347.
+
+Italian Fairy Tales. St. Nicholas, December, 1878, pp. 101-107.
+
+Italian Popular Tales. North American Review, July, 1876, pp. 25-60.
+
+Le Novelle Popolari Italiane. In Giornale di Sicilia. Palermo. Nos.
+186-188, 190, 195, 206, 207, 216, 225, 236, 239, 240. Aug.-Oct., 1877.
+
+     Italian translation of above Article.
+
+Recent Italian Popular Tales. The Academy, London, March 22, 1879, pp.
+262-263.
+
+Sicilian Folk-Lore. Lippincott's Magazine, October, 1876, pp. 433-443.
+
+     Devoted to Pitre's collection.
+
+La Novellistica Popolare di Sicilia per T. F. Crane. Versione dall'
+Inglese per F. Polacci Nuccio. Estratto dalle Nuove Effemeridi
+Siciliane, Vol. VI. Palermo, 1877. 8^o. Pp. 26.
+
+     Italian translation of above Article.
+
+
+DE GUBERNATIS, A.
+
+Le Novelline di Santo Stefano raccolte da Angelo De Gubernatis e
+precedute da una introduzione sulla parentela del mito con la novella.
+Turin, 1869. 8^o.
+
+     See Rivista di Letteratura Popolare.
+
+Zoological Mythology, or the Legends of Animals. By Angelo De
+Gubernatis. 2 vols. London, 1872. 8^o.
+
+
+DE NINO, ANTONIO.
+
+Usi e Costumi Abruzzesi. Vol. III. Fiabe. Florence, 1883. 16^o.
+
+
+FINAMORE, GENNARO.
+
+Tradizioni popolari abruzzesi. Vol. I. Novelle. Prima Parte, Lanciano,
+1882. 8^o. Parte seconda, Lanciano, 1885.
+
+
+FRIZZI, GIUSEPPE.
+
+Novella montanina, Florence, 1876. 8^o. Pp. 36. Edizione di 150
+esemplari.
+
+
+GARGIOLLI, CARLO.
+
+Novelline e Canti popolari delle Marche. Fano, 1878. 8^o. Pp. 18.
+
+     Per le Nozze Imbriani-Rosnati.
+
+
+GIANANDREA, ANTONIO.
+
+Biblioteca delle Tradizioni popolari marchigiane. Novelline e Fiabe
+popolari marchigiane raccolte e annotate da Antonio Gianandrea. Jesi,
+1878. 12^o. Punt. I. pp. 32.
+
+     See Academy, March 22, 1879, p. 262.
+
+Della novella del Petit Poucet. In Giornale di Filologia Romanza, II.,
+pp. 231-234.
+
+     A few copies were printed separately.
+
+
+GONZENBACH, LAURA.
+
+Sicilianische Maerchen. Aus dem Volksmund gesammelt von Laura Gonzenbach.
+Mit Anmerkungen Reinhold Koehler's und einer Einleitung herausgegeben
+von Otto Hartwig. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1870. 8^o.
+
+
+GRADI, TEMISTOCLE.
+
+Saggio di Letture varie per i Giovani di Temistocle Gradi da Siena.
+Turin, 1865. 8^o.
+
+La Vigilia di Pasqua di Ceppo. Otto Novelle di Temistocle Gradi. Coll'
+aggiunta di due racconti. Turin, 1860. 8^o.
+
+
+GUARNERIO, P. E.
+
+Una novellina nel dialetto di Luras in Gallura (Sardinia). Milan, 1884.
+Per le Nozze Vivante-Ascoli. Edizione di soli L. esemplari.
+
+     An incomplete version of the Cupid and Psyche myth.
+
+
+IMBRIANI, VITTORIO.
+
+La Novellaja fiorentina cioe fiabe e novelline stenografate in Firenze
+dal dettato popolare e corredate di qualche noterella da Vittorio
+Imbriani. Naples, 1871. Esemplari 150. 16^o.
+
+La Novellaja milanese, esempii e panzane lombarde raccolte nel Milanese
+da Vittorio Imbriani. Bologna, 1872. Esemplari 40. 8^o.
+
+Paralipomeni alla Novellaja Milanese. Bologna, pp. 9. Tratura a parte
+del Propugnatore, Vol. VI. Esemplari 30.
+
+'A 'Ndriana Fata. Cunto pomiglianese. Per nozze. Pomigliano d' Arco,
+1875. 8^o. Pp. 14. 250 esemplari fuori di commercio.
+
+Due Fiabe Toscane annotate da V. I. Esemplari 100. Naples, 1876. 8^o.
+Pp. 23.
+
+     These _fiabe_ are also in Nerucci, pp. 10, 18.
+
+Dodici conti pomiglianesi con varianti avellinesi, montellesi,
+bagnolesi, milanesi, toscane, leccesi, ecc. Illustrati da Vittorio
+Imbriani. Naples, 1877. 8^o.
+
+'E Sette Mane-Mozze. In dialetto di Avellino. Principato Ulteriore.
+Pomigliano d'Arco, 1877. 8^o. Per le nozze Pitre-Vitrano. Esemplari cc.
+Fuori commercio.
+
+La Novellaja Fiorentina. Fiabe e Novelline stenografate in Firenze dal
+dettato popolare da Vittorio Imbriani. Ristampa accresciuta di molte
+novelle inedite, di numerosi riscontri e di note, nelle quali e accolta
+integralmente La Novellaja Milanese dello stesso raccoglitore. Leghorn,
+1877. 8^o.
+
+
+IVE, ANTONIO.
+
+Fiabe popolari rovignesi. Per le Nozze Ive-Lorenzetto, XXVIII.
+Novembre, 1877. Vienna, 1877. 8^o. Pp. 32. Edizione fuori di commercio
+di soli 100 esemplari.
+
+     See Academy, March 22, 1879, p. 262.
+
+Fiabe popolari rovignesi raccolte ed annotate da Antonio Ive. Per le
+Nozze Ive-Rocco. Vienna, 1878. 8^o. Pp. 26. Edizione fuori di commercio
+di soli 100 esemplari.
+
+     See Academy, March 22, 1879, p. 262
+
+
+KADEN, WOLDEMAR.
+
+Unter den Olivenbaeumen. Sueditalienische Volksmaerchen. Nacherzaehlt,
+Leipzig, 1880. 8^o.
+
+     Of the forty-four stories in this work thirty-four are
+     translated from Pitre's Fiabe, six from Comparetti's Nov. pop.
+     ital., and three from Imbriani's XII. Conti pomig., without any
+     acknowledgment. This plagiarism was first exposed by R. Koehler
+     in the Literarisches Centralblatt, 1881, vol. XXXII. p. 337,
+     and afterwards by Pitre in the Nuove Effemeridi siciliane,
+     1881.
+
+
+KNUST, HERMANN.
+
+Italienische Maerchen. (Leghorn.) In Jahrbuch fuer romanische und
+englische Literatur. Leipzig, 1866. Vol. VII. Pp. 381-401.
+
+
+KOEHLER, REINHOLD.
+
+Italienische Volksmaerchen. (Sora). In Jahrbuch fuer romanische und
+englische Literatur. Leipzig, 1867. Vol. VIII. Pp. 241-260.
+
+
+MARC-MONNIER.
+
+Les Contes de Nourrice de la Sicile, d'apres des recueils nouveaux
+publies recemment in Italie. Revue des Deux Mondes, 15 Aug., 1875.
+
+     Devoted to Pitre's collection.
+
+Les Contes de Pomigliano et la filiation des Mythes populaires. Revue
+des Deux Mondes, 1 Nov., 1877.
+
+Contes populaires de l'Italie. Les Contes de Toscane et de Lombardie.
+Revue des Deux Mondes, 1 Dec., 1879.
+
+     Devoted to the Novellaja Fiorentina of Imbriani.
+
+Les Contes populaires en Italie. Paris, 1880. 16^o.
+
+     Reprint of the above articles.
+
+
+MOROSI, PROF. DOTT. GIUSEPPE.
+
+Studi sui Dialetti Greci della Terra d' Otranto. Preceduto da una
+raccolta di Canti, Leggende, Proverbi, e Indovinelli. Lecce, 1870. 4^o.
+Leggende, pp. 73-77.
+
+
+NERUCCI, PROF. GHERARDO.
+
+Sessanta novelle popolari montalesi (Circondario di Pistoja). Florence,
+1880. 12^o.
+
+Cincelle da Bambini in nella stietta parlatura rustica d' i' Montale
+Pistolese. Pistoia, 1881. 8^o.
+
+
+ORTOLI, J. B. FREDERIC.
+
+Les Contes populaires de l'Ile de la Corse. Paris, 1883. 8^o.
+
+     Vol. XVI. of Litteratures populaires de toutes les Nations,
+     Paris, Maisonneuve.
+
+
+PANZANEGA D' ON RE.
+
+In dialetto di Crenna [Provincia di Milano]. Rome, 1876. 8^o. Pp. 15.
+200 esemplari fuori di commercio.
+
+
+PAPANTI, GIOVANNI.
+
+Novelline popolari livornesi raccolte e annotate da Giovanni Papanti.
+Leghorn, 1877. 8^o. Pp. 29.
+
+     Per le nozze Pitre-Vitrano. Edizione fuori di commercio di soli
+     150 esemplari.
+
+
+PELLIZZARI, P.
+
+Fiabe e Canzoni popolari del Contado di Maglie in Terra d' Otranto.
+Fasc. I. Maglie, 1884. 8^o. Pp. 143.
+
+
+PITRE, GIUSEPPE.
+
+Saggio (Primo) di Fiabe e Novelle popolari Siciliane raccolte da
+Giuseppe Pitre. Palermo, 1873. 8^o. Pp. 16.
+
+Nuovo Saggio (Secundo) di Fiabe e Novelle popolari Siciliane raccolte ed
+illustrate da Giuseppe Pitre. Estratto dalla Rivista di Filologia
+Romanza, vol. I., fasc. II. e III. Imola, 1873. 8^o. Pp. 34.
+
+Otto Fiabe (Terzo Saggio) e Novelle Siciliane raccolte dalla bocca del
+Popolo ed annotate da Giuseppe Pitre. Bologna, 1873. Estratto dal
+Propugnatore, Vol. VI. 8^o. Pp. 42.
+
+Novelline popolari siciliane raccolte in Palermo ed annotate da Giuseppe
+Pitre. Palermo, 1873. 8^o.
+
+     Edizione di soli 100 esemplari.
+
+Fiabe, Novelle e Racconti. 4 vols. Palermo, 1875. 8^o.[B]
+
+     Biblioteca delle tradizioni popolari siciliane per cura di
+     Giuseppe Pitre. Vols. IV.-VII.
+
+[Footnote B: When Pitre is mentioned without any other qualification
+than that of a numeral, this work is understood.]
+
+La Scatola di Cristallo. Novellina popolare senese raccolta da Giuseppe
+Pitre. Palermo, 1875. 8^o.
+
+     Per le Nozze Montuoro-Di Giovanni.
+
+Cinque novelline popolari siciliane ora per la prima volta pubblicate da
+G. Pitre. Palermo, 1878. 8^o.
+
+     Per le Nozze Salomone Marino-Abate. Ediz. di 50 esemplari. See
+     Academy, March 22, 1879, p. 262.
+
+Novelline popolari toscane ora per la prima volta pubblicate da G.
+Pitre. Il Medico grillo. Vocaboli. La Gamba. Serpentino. Palermo, 1878.
+8^o. Pp. 16.
+
+     Per le Nozze Imbriani-Rosnati. Tirato a soli 25 esemplari.
+
+Una variante toscana della novella del Petit Poucet. 8^o. Pp. 6.
+
+     Estratto dalla Rivista di Lett. Pop. Vol. I. pp. 161-166.
+
+La Tinchina dell' alto Mare. Fiaba toscana raccolta ed illustrata da
+Giuseppe Pitre. Quattrasteriscopoli, 1882. 8^o. Pp. 14.
+
+     Per le Nozze Papanti-Giraudini. Esemplari novanta.
+
+Il Zoccolo di Legno, Novella popolare fiorentina. In Giornale Napoletano
+della Domenica, 2 July, 1882. [= Pitre, Fiabe, No. XIII.]
+
+I tre pareri. Novella popolare toscana di Pratovecchio nel Cosentino. In
+Giornale Napoletano della Domenica, 20 August, 1882. [= Pitre, Fiabe,
+No. CXCVII.]
+
+Novelle popolari toscane. Florence, 1885. 16^o.
+
+     Collected by Giovanni Siciliano. A few of the stories in this
+     collection have already been published in the Archivio per lo
+     Studio delle Tradizioni popolari.
+
+
+PRATO, STANISLAO.
+
+La Leggenda Indiana di Nala in una Novellina popolare Pitiglianese. 8^o.
+Pp. 8. Extract from I Nuovi Goliardi.
+
+La Leggenda del Tesoro di Rampsinite nelle varie redazioni Italiane e
+Straniere. Como, 1882. 8^o. Pp. xii., 51. Edizione di soli 100 esemplari
+numerati.
+
+Una Novellina popolare monferrina. Como, 1882. 8^o. Pp. 67. Edizione di
+soli 80 esemplari.
+
+Quattro Novelline popolare livornesi accompagnate da varianti umbre
+raccolte, pubblicate ed illustrate con note comparative. Spoleto, 1880.
+Gr. 8^o. Pp. 168.
+
+L' Uomo nella Luna. Fol. pp. 4. Estratto dalla rivista di Ancona: Il
+Preludio, del 30 gennaio, 1881.
+
+L' Orma del Leone, un racconto orientale nella tradizione popolare.
+Romania XII., pp. 535-565.
+
+
+RALSTON, W. R. S.
+
+Sicilian Fairy Tales. Fraser's Magazine, New Series, vol. XIII. 1876,
+pp. 423-433.
+
+
+RIVISTA DI LETTERATURA POPOLARE DIRETTA DA G. PITRE, F. SABATINI. Rome,
+1877.
+
+Vol. I., pp. 81-86, contains _Novelline di Sto. Stefano di Calcinaia_ in
+continuation of _Le Novelline di Santo Stefano_, see De Gubernatis; p.
+161, G. Pitre, _Una variante toscana della novella del Petit Poucet_; p.
+213, R. Koehler _Das Raethselmaerchen von dem ermordeten Geliebten_; p.
+266, G. Pitre, _La Lucerna, nov. pop. tosc._; p. 288, F. Sabatini, _La
+Lanterna, nov. pop. bergamasca_.
+
+
+ROMANE, QUATTRO NOVELLINE POPOLARI. Nel giornale Il Manzoni (Spoleto),
+No. 1, 1 Marzo, 1880.
+
+
+SABATINI, FRANCESCO.
+
+La Lanterna. Novella popolare siciliana pubblicata ed illustrata a cura
+di Francesco Sabatini. Imola, 1878. 8^o. Pp. 19.
+
+     Per le nozzi Salomone-Marino-Abate. Edizione di soli 180
+     esemplari. See Academy, March 22, 1879, p. 262.
+
+
+SARNELLI, POMPEO, BISHOP OF BISCEGLIE.
+
+La Posillecheata de Masillo Reppone di Gnanopole. Naples, 1789. In
+Collezione di tutti li poeti in lingua Napoletana. 28 vols. 12^o.
+Naples, 1789.
+
+
+SCALAGERI DELLA FRATTA, CAMILLO.
+
+Sette novellette, non piu ristampate da oltre due secoli, ripubblicate
+da V. Imbriani. Pomigliano d'Arco, 1875. 8^o. Pp. 15. Soli 150
+esemplari.
+
+
+SCHNELLER, CHRISTIAN.
+
+Maerchen und Sagen aus Waelschtirol. Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Sagenkunde.
+Gesammelt von Christian Schneller. Innsbruck, 1867. 8^o.
+
+
+SOMMA, MICHELE.
+
+Cento Racconti per divertire gli amici nelle ore oziose e nuovi brindisi
+per spasso nelle tavole e nelle conversazioni. Messina, 1883. 16^o.
+
+     The book really contains one hundred and thirty-one stories,
+     and deserves mention here solely for its relation to the class
+     of stories discussed in Chapter VI.
+
+
+STRAPAROLA, GIOVAN FRANCESCO.
+
+Piacevoli Notti di M. Giovan Francesco Straparola da Caravaggio, Nelle
+quali si contengono le Favole con i loro Enimmi da dieci donne, et da
+duo giovani raccontate. 2 vols. Venice, Per Comin da Trino di
+Monferrato, 1562. 8^o.
+
+Le Tredici Piacevolissime Notte di M. Gio: Francesco Straparola da
+Caravaggio. Divise in due libri... con licenza de' superiori. Venice,
+1604. Appresso Zanetto Zanetti. 8^o. Con figure.
+
+Les Facetieuses Nuits de Straparole. Traduites par Jean Louveau et
+Pierre de Larivey. 2 vols. Paris, 1857. 8^o.
+
+     Bibliotheque elzeverienne.
+
+Die Maerchen des Straparola. Aus dem Italienischen, mit Anmerkungen von
+Dr. F. W. V. Schmidt. Berlin, 1817. 8^o. In Maerchen-Saal. Sammlung alter
+Maerchen mit Anmerkungen; herausgegeben von Dr. F. W. V. Schmidt. Erster
+Band.
+
+Giovan Francesco Straparola da Caravaggio. Inaugural-Dissertation zur
+Erlangung der philosophischen Doctorwuerde in Goettingen von F. W. J.
+Brakelmann. Goettingen, 1867. 8^o.
+
+
+TEZA, E.
+
+La Tradizione dei Sette Savi nelle novelline magiare di E. Teza.
+Bologna, 1874. Pp. 56. Contains: _Mila e Buccia, novellina veneziana_,
+p. 26; _La Novellina del Papagallo, novellina toscana_, p. 52.
+
+
+TUSCAN FAIRY TALES (Taken down from the Mouths of the People). With
+sixteen illustrations by J. Stanley, engraved by Edmund Evans. London,
+1880. 16^o.
+
+
+VENETIAN POPULAR LEGENDS.
+
+The Cornhill Magazine, July, 1875, pp. 80-90.
+
+     Devoted to Bernoni's collections.
+
+
+VISENTINI, ISAIA.
+
+Fiabe Mantovane raccolte da Isaia Visentini. Turin, 1879. In Canti e
+Racconti del Popolo italiano. Vol. VII.
+
+
+WIDTER-WOLF.
+
+Volksmaerchen aus Venetian. Gesammelt und herausgegeben von Georg Widter
+und Adam Wolf. Mit Nachweisen und Vergleichungen verwandter Maerchen von
+Reinhold Koehler. In Jahrbuch fuer romanische und englische Literatur.
+Leipzig, 1866. VII. vol., pp. 1-36; 121-154; 249-290.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF STORIES.
+
+
+Those marked with an * are translated from the dialect; those in italics
+are found in the notes.
+
+                                                                       PAGE
+I. * THE KING OF LOVE. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 18, _Lu Re d'Amuri_)         1
+
+II. ZELINDA AND THE MONSTER. (Tuscan, Nerucci, No. 1, _Zelinda e
+    il Mostro_)                                                           7
+
+III. * KING BEAN. (Venetian, Bernoni, _Fiabe_, No. 17, _El Re
+       de Fava_)                                                         12
+
+IV. * THE DANCING WATER, THE SINGING APPLE AND THE SPEAKING
+      BIRD. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 36, _Li Figghi di lu Cavuliciddaru_)   17
+
+V. THE FAIR ANGIOLA. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No. 53,
+    _Von der schoenen Angiola_)                                           26
+
+VI. THE CLOUD. (Tuscan, Comparetti, No. 32, _La Nuvolaccia_)             30
+
+VII. * THE CISTERN. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 80, _La Jisterna_)             36
+
+VIII. * THE GRIFFIN. (Neapolitan, Imbriani, _Pomiglianesi_,
+        p. 195, _L'Auciello Crifone_)                                    40
+
+IX. CINDERELLA. (Tuscan, _Novellaja fiorentina_, p. 151,
+    _La Cenerentola_)                                                    42
+
+X. * FAIR MARIA WOOD. (Vincenza, Corazzini, p. 484,
+     _La Bela Maria del Legno_)                                          48
+
+XI. * THE CURSE OF THE SEVEN CHILDREN. (Bolognese,
+      Coronedi-Berti, No. 19, _La Maledizion di Set Fiu_)                54
+
+XII. ORAGGIO AND BIANCHINETTA. (Tuscan, _Novellaja
+     fiorentina_, p. 314, _Oraggio e Bianchinetta_)                      58
+
+XIII. THE FAIR FIORITA. (Basilicata, Comparetti, No. 20,
+      _La Bella Fiorita_)                                                61
+
+XIV. * BIERDE. (Istrian, Ive, 1877, p. 13, _Bierde_)                     68
+
+XV. * SNOW-WHITE-FIRE-RED. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 13,
+      _Bianca-comu-nivi-russa-comu-focu_)                                72
+
+XVI. HOW THE DEVIL MARRIED THREE SISTERS. (Venetian,
+     Widter-Wolf, No. 11, _Der Teufel heirathet drei Schwestern_)        78
+
+XVII. IN LOVE WITH A STATUE. (Piedmontese, Comparetti,
+      No. 29, _L'Innamorato d'una Statua_)                               85
+
+XVIII. * THIRTEENTH. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 33, _Tridicinu_)              90
+
+XIX. * THE COBBLER. (Milanese, _Novellaja fiorentina_,
+       p. 575, _El Sciavattin_)                                          94
+
+XX. SIR FIORANTE, MAGICIAN. (Tuscan, De Gubernatis,
+    _Sto. Stefano_, No. 14, _Sor Fiorante mago_)                        322
+
+XXI. THE CRYSTAL CASKET. (Tuscan, _La Scatola di Cristallo
+     raccolta da_ G. Pitre)                                             326
+
+XXII. * THE STEPMOTHER. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 283, _La
+        Parrastra_)                                                     331
+
+XXIII. * WATER AND SALT. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 10, _L'Acqua
+         e lu Sali_)                                                    333
+
+XXIV. * THE LOVE OF THE THREE ORANGES. (Istrian, Ive,
+        1878, p. 3, _L'Amur dei tri Naranci_)                           338
+
+XXV. THE KING WHO WANTED A BEAUTIFUL WIFE. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach,
+     No. 73, _Von dem Koenige, der eine schoene Frau wollte_)              97
+
+XXVI. * THE BUCKET. (Milanese, _Novellaja fiorentina_,
+        p. 190, _El Sidellin_)                                          100
+
+XXVII. THE TWO HUMPBACKS. (Tuscan, _Novellaja fiorentina_,
+       p. 559, _I due Gobbi_)                                           103
+
+XXVIII. THE STORY OF CATHERINE AND HER FATE. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach,
+        No. 21, _Die Geschichte von Caterina und ihrem Schicksal_)      105
+
+XXIX. * THE CRUMB IN THE BEARD. (Bolognese, Coronedi-Berti,
+        No. 15, _La Fola d' Brisla in Barba_)                           110
+
+XXX. * THE FAIRY ORLANDA. (Neapolitan, _Novellaja
+       fiorentina_, p. 333, _'A Fata Orlanna_)                          114
+
+XXXI. THE SHEPHERD WHO MADE THE KING'S DAUGHTER LAUGH.
+      (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No. 31, _Von dem Schaefer der
+      die Koenigstochter zum Lachen brachte_)                            119
+
+XXXII. THE ASS THAT LAYS MONEY. (Tuscan, Nerucci,
+       No. 43, _Il Ciuchino caca-zecchini_)                             123
+
+XXXIII. * DON JOSEPH PEAR. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 88,
+          _Don Giuseppi Piru_)                                          127
+
+XXXIV. PUSS IN BOOTS. (Straparola, XI. 1.)                              348
+
+XXXV. * FAIR BROW. (Istrian, Ive, 1877, p. 19, _Biela Fronte_)          131
+
+XXXVI. LIONBRUNO. (Basilicata, Comparetti, No. 41, _Lionbruno_)         136
+
+XXXVII. * THE PEASANT AND THE MASTER. (Sicilian,
+          Pitre, No. 194, _Lu Burgisi e lu Patruni_)                    150
+
+XXXVIII. THE INGRATES. (Piedmontese, Comparetti, No. 67, _Gli Ingrati_) 150
+
+XXXIX. * THE TREASURE. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 138, _La Truvatura_)       156
+
+XL. * THE SHEPHERD. (Milanese, _Novellaja fiorentina_,
+      p. 572, _El Pegoree_)                                             156
+
+XLI. * THE THREE ADMONITIONS. (Sicilian, Pitre,
+       No. 197, _Li tri Rigordi_)                                       157
+
+XLII. * VINEYARD I WAS AND VINEYARD I AM. (Venetian,
+        Bernoni, _Trad. pop. venez., Punt._ I. p. 11,
+        _Vigna era e Vigna son_)                                        159
+
+XLIII. THE LANGUAGE OF ANIMALS. (Piedmontese,
+       Comparetti, No. 56, _Il Linguaggio degli Animali_)               161
+
+XLIV. * THE MASON AND HIS SON. (Sicilian, Pitre,
+        No. 160, _Lu Muraturi e so Figghiu_)                            163
+
+XLV. THE PARROT. FIRST VERSION. (Tuscan, Comparetti,
+     No. 1, _Il Pappagallo_)                                            168
+
+XLVI. THE PARROT. SECOND VERSION. (Tuscan, Teza,
+      _La Tradizione dei Sette Savi_, etc., p. 52, _La Novellina
+      del Papagallo_)                                                   169
+
+XLVII. * THE PARROT WHICH TELLS THREE STORIES. THIRD VERSION.
+         (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 2, _Lu Pappagaddu chi cunta tri cunti_)  173
+           First Story of the Parrot                                    175
+           Second Story of the Parrot                                   178
+           Third Story of the Parrot                                    180
+
+XLVIII. * TRUTHFUL JOSEPH. (Neapolitan, _Pomiglianesi_,
+          p. 1, _Giuseppe 'A Vereta_)                                   184
+
+XLIX. _The Man, the Serpent, and the Fox._ (Otranto,
+       Morosi, p. 75)                                                   354
+
+L. * THE LORD, ST. PETER, AND THE APOSTLES.
+     (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 123, _Lu Signuri, S. Petru e
+     li Apostuli_)                                                      186
+
+LI. THE LORD, ST. PETER, AND THE BLACKSMITH.
+    (Venetian, Widter-Wolf, No. 5, _Der Herrgott, St.
+    Peter und der Schmied_)                                             188
+
+LII. * IN THIS WORLD ONE WEEPS AND ANOTHER LAUGHS.
+       (Sicilian, Pitre, _Cinque nov. pop. sicil._,
+       p. 7, _A stu munnu cu' chianci e cu' ridi_)                      190
+
+LIII. * THE ASS. (Sicilian, Pitre, _Cinque nov. pop. sicil._,
+        p. 8, _Lu Sceccu_)                                              190
+
+LIV. ST. PETER AND HIS SISTERS. (Tyrolese, Schneller,
+     p. 6, _St. Petrus und seine Schwestern_)                           193
+
+LV. * PILATE. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 119, _Pilatu_)                      194
+
+LVI. * THE STORY OF JUDAS. (Sicilian, Pitre, vol. I.
+       p. cxxxviii., _Lu Cuntu di Giuda_)                               195
+
+LVII. * DESPERATE MALCHUS. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 120,
+        _Marcu dispiratu_)                                              196
+
+LVIII. * MALCHUS AT THE COLUMN. (Venetian, Bernoni,
+         _Preghiere pop. veneziane_, p. 18, _Malco a la Colona_)        197
+
+LIX. * THE STORY OF BUTTADEU. (Sicilian, Pitre,
+       vol. I. p. cxxxiii., _La Storia di Buttadeu_)                    197
+
+LX. THE STORY OF CRIVOLIU. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach,
+    No. 85, _Vom Crivoliu_)                                             198
+
+LXI. THE STORY OF ST. JAMES OF GALICIA. (Sicilian,
+     Gonzenbach, No. 90, _Die Geschichte von San
+  Japicu alla Lizia_)                                                   202
+
+LXII. * THE BAKER'S APPRENTICE. (Sicilian, Pitre,
+        No. 111, _Lu Giuvini di lu Furnaru_)                            212
+
+LXIII. * OCCASION. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 124, _Accaciuni_)              215
+
+LXIV. * BROTHER GIOVANNONE. (Sicilian, Pitre, No.
+        125, _Fra Giugannuni_)                                          217
+
+LXV. GODFATHER MISERY. (Tuscan, De Gubernatis,
+  _Sto. Stefano_, No. 32, _Compar Miseria_)                             221
+
+LXVI. BEPPO PIPETTA. (Venetian, Widter-Wolf, No. 7, _Beppo Pipetta_)    222
+
+LXVII. * THE JUST MAN. (Venetian, Bernoni, _Trad. pop.
+         venez., Punt._ I. p. 6, _El Giusto_)                           226
+
+LXVIII. * OF A GODFATHER AND A GODMOTHER OF ST. JOHN WHO MADE LOVE.
+         (Venetian, Bernoni, _Leggende_, p. 3, _De una comare e un
+         compare de San Zuane che i conversava in fra de lori_)         228
+
+LXIX. * THE GROOMSMAN. (Venetian, Bernoni, _Leggende_,
+        p. 7, _De un compare de l' anelo ch' el ga struca la
+        man a la sposa co cativa intenzion_)                            231
+
+LXX. * THE PARISH PRIEST OF SAN MARCUOLA. (Venetian, Bernoni,
+       _Leggende_, p. 17, _De un piovan de San Marcuola, che ga
+       dito che i morti in dove che i xe i resta_)                      234
+
+LXXI. * THE GENTLEMAN WHO KICKED A SKULL. (Venetian,
+        Bernoni, _Leggende_, p. 19, _De un signor che
+        ga da 'na peada a un cragno da morto_)                          236
+
+LXXII. * _The Gossips of St. John._ (Sicilian, Pitre, No.
+         110, _Li Cumpari di S. Giuvanni_)                              369
+
+LXXIII. * SADDAEDDA. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 128, _Saddaedda_)            238
+
+LXXIV. * MR. ATTENTIVE. (Venetian, Bernoni, _Punt._ II.
+         p. 53, _Sior Intento_)                                         240
+
+LXXV. * THE STORY OF THE BARBER. (Sicilian, Pitre,
+        No. 141, _Lu Cuntu di lu Varveri_)                              241
+
+LXXVI. * DON FIRRIULIEDDU. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 130,
+         _Don Firriulieddu_)                                            241
+
+LXXVII. LITTLE CHICK-PEA. (Tuscan, _Rivista di Lett.
+        pop._ I. p. 161, _Cecino_)                                      242
+
+LXXVIII. * PITIDDA. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 131, _Pitidda_) 248
+
+LXXIX. * THE SEXTON'S NOSE. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 135,
+         _Lu Nasu di lu Sagristanu_)                                    250
+
+LXXX. * THE COCK AND THE MOUSE. (Principato Ulteriore,
+        Imbriani, _Pomiglianesi_, p. 239, _'O Gallo
+        e 'o Sorece_)                                                   252
+
+LXXXI. * GODMOTHER FOX. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 132,
+         _Cummari Vurpidda_)                                            254
+
+LXXXII. * THE CAT AND THE MOUSE. (Sicilian, Pitre,
+          No. 134, _La Gatta e lu Surci_)                               257
+
+LXXXIII. * A FEAST DAY. (Venetian, Bernoni, _Fiabe_,
+           No. 4, _'Na Giornada de Sagra_)                              261
+
+LXXXIV. * THE THREE BROTHERS. (Venetian, Bernoni,
+          _Trad. pop. venez., Punt._ I. p. 18, _I tre Fradei_)          263
+
+LXXXV. BUCHETTINO. (Tuscan, Papanti, _Novelline pop.
+       livornesi_, p. 25, _Buchettino_)                                 265
+
+LXXXVI. * THE THREE GOSLINGS. (Venetian, Bernoni,
+          _Trad. pop. venez., Punt._ III. p. 65, _Le Tre Ochete_)       267
+
+LXXXVII. * THE COCK. (Venetian, Bernoni, _Trad. pop.
+           venez., Punt._ III. p. 69, _El Galo_)                        270
+
+LXXXVIII. THE COCK THAT WISHED TO BECOME POPE.
+          (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No. 66, _Von dem Hahne,
+          der Pabst werden wollte_)                                     272
+
+LXXXIX. _The Goat and the Fox._ (Otranto, Morosi, p. 73)                375
+
+XC. _The Ant and the Mouse._ (Otranto, Morosi, p. 73)                   376
+
+XCI. * THE COOK. (Milan, _Novellaja fiorentina_, p. 621, _El Coeugh_)   275
+
+XCII. * THE THOUGHTLESS ABBOT. (Sicilian, Pitre,
+        No. 97, _L' Abbati senza Pinseri_)                              276
+
+XCIII. * BASTIANELO. (Venetian, Bernoni, _Fiabe_, No.
+         6, _Bastianelo_)                                               279
+
+XCIV. * CHRISTMAS. (Neapolitan, Imbriani, _Pomiglianesi_,
+        p. 226, _Natale_)                                               283
+
+XCV. * THE WAGER. (Venetian, Bernoni, _Fiabe_, No.
+       13, _La Scomessa_)                                               284
+
+XCVI. * SCISSORS THEY WERE. (Sicilian, Pitre, No.
+        257, _Forfici foro_)                                            285
+
+XCVII. * THE DOCTOR'S APPRENTICE. (Sicilian, Pitre,
+         No. 180, _L' Apprinnista di lu Medicu_)                        287
+
+XCVIII. * FIRRAZZANU'S WIFE AND THE QUEEN. (Sicilian,
+          Pitre, No. 156, _La Mugghieri di Firrazzanu e
+          la Riggina_)                                                  288
+
+XCIX. * GIUFA AND THE PLASTER STATUE. (Sicilian,
+        Pitre, No. 190, I, _Giufa e la statua di ghissu_) 291
+
+C. * GIUFA AND THE JUDGE. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 190,
+     3, _Giufa e lu Judici_)                                            293
+
+CI. THE LITTLE OMELET. (Tuscan, _Novellaja fiorentina_,
+    p. 545, _La Frittatina_)                                            294
+
+CII. * EAT, MY CLOTHES! (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 190, 9,
+       _Manciati, rubbiceddi mei!_)                                     296
+
+CIII. GIUFA'S EXPLOITS. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No. 37, _Giufa_)         297
+
+CIV. * THE FOOL. (Venetian, Bernoni, _Fiabe_, No. 11, _El Mato_)        302
+
+CV. * UNCLE CAPRIANO. (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 157, _Lu Zu Crapianu_)      303
+
+CVI. * _Peter Fullone and the Egg._ (Sicilian, Pitre, No. 200,
+       _Petru Fudduni e l' ovu_)                                        381
+
+CVII. THE CLEVER PEASANT. (Sicilian, Gonzenbach, No.
+      50, _Vom Klugen Bauer_)                                           309
+
+CVIII. THE CLEVER GIRL. (Tuscan, Comparetti, No. 43,
+        _La Ragazza astuta_)                                            311
+
+CIX. CRAB. (Mantuan, Visentini, No. 41, _Gambara)_                      314
+
+
+
+
+ITALIAN POPULAR TALES
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+FAIRY TALES.
+
+
+The most wide-spread and interesting class of Fairy Tales is the one in
+which a wife endeavors to behold the face of her husband, who comes to
+her only at night. She succeeds, but her husband disappears, and she is
+not reunited to him until she has expiated her indiscretion by weary
+journeys and the performance of difficult tasks. This class, which is
+evidently the popular form of the classic myth of Cupid and Psyche, may
+for convenience be divided into four classes. The first turns on the
+punishment of the wife's curiosity; the second, on the husband's
+(Melusina); in the third the heroine is married to a monster, is
+separated from him by her disobedience, but finally is the means of his
+recovering his human form; the fourth class is a variant of the first
+and third, the husband being an animal in form, and parted from his wife
+by the curiosity or disobedience of the latter or of her envious
+sisters.
+
+To illustrate the first class, we select, from the large number of
+stories before us, a Sicilian tale (Pitre, No. 18) entitled:
+
+
+I. THE KING OF LOVE.
+
+Once upon a time there was a man with three daughters, who earned his
+living by gathering wild herbs. One day he took his youngest daughter
+with him. They came to a garden, and began to gather vegetables. The
+daughter saw a fine radish, and began to pull it up, when suddenly a
+Turk appeared, and said: "Why have you opened my master's door? You
+must come in now, and he will decide on your punishment."
+
+They went down into the ground, more dead than alive; and when they were
+seated they saw a green bird come in and bathe in a pan of milk, then
+dry itself, and become a handsome youth. He said to the Turk: "What do
+these persons want?" "Your worship, they pulled up a radish, and opened
+the door of the cave." "How did we know," said the father, "that this
+was Your Excellency's house? My daughter saw a fine radish; it pleased
+her, and she pulled it up." "Well, if that's the case," said the master,
+"your daughter shall stay here as my wife; take this sack of gold and
+go; when you want to see your daughter, come and make yourself at home."
+The father took leave of his daughter and went away.
+
+When the master was alone with her, he said: "You see, Rosella
+(Rusidda), you are now mistress here," and gave her all the keys. She
+was perfectly happy (literally, "was happy to the hairs of her head").
+One day, while the green bird was away, her sisters took it into their
+heads to visit her, and asked her about her husband. Rosella said she
+did not know, for he had made her promise not to try to find out who he
+was. Her sisters, however, persuaded her, and when the bird returned and
+became a man, Rosella put on a downcast air. "What is the matter?" asked
+her husband. "Nothing." "You had better tell me." She let him question
+her a while, and at last said: "Well, then, if you want to know why I am
+out of sorts, it is because I wish to know your name." Her husband told
+her that it would be the worse for her, but she insisted on knowing his
+name. So he made her put the gold basins on a chair, and began to bathe
+his feet. "Rosella, do you really want to know my name?" "Yes." And the
+water came up to his waist, for he had become a bird, and had got into
+the basin. Then he asked her the same question again, and again she
+answered yes, and the water was up to his mouth. "Rosella, do you really
+want to know my name?" "Yes, yes, yes!" "Then know that I am called THE
+KING OF LOVE!" And saying this he disappeared, and the basins and the
+palace disappeared likewise, and Rosella found herself alone out in an
+open plain, without a soul to help her. She called her servants, but no
+one answered her. Then she said: "Since my husband has disappeared, I
+must wander about alone and forlorn to seek him!"
+
+The poor woman, who expected before long to become a mother, began her
+wanderings, and at night arrived at another lonely plain; then she felt
+her heart sink, and, not knowing what to do, she cried out:--
+
+    "Ah! King of Love,
+    You did it, and said it.
+    You disappeared from me in a golden basin,
+    And who will shelter to-night
+    This poor unfortunate one?"
+
+When she had uttered these words an ogress appeared and said: "Ah!
+wretch, how dare you go about seeking my nephew?" and was going to eat
+her up; but she took pity on her miserable state, and gave her shelter
+for the night. The next morning she gave her a piece of bread, and said:
+"We are seven sisters, all ogresses, and the worst of all is your
+mother-in-law; look out for her!"
+
+To be brief, the poor girl wandered about six days, and met all six of
+the ogresses, who treated her in the same way. The seventh day, in great
+distress, she uttered her usual lament, and the sister of the King of
+Love appeared and said, "Rosella, while my mother is out, come up!" and
+she lowered the braids of her hair, and pulled her up. Then she gave her
+something to eat, and told her how to seize and pinch her mother until
+she cried out: "Let me alone for the sake of my son, the King of Love!"
+
+Rosella did as she was told, but the ogress was so angry she was going
+to eat her. But her daughters threatened to abandon her if she did.
+"Well, then, I will write a letter, and Rosella must carry it to my
+friend." Poor Rosella was disheartened when she saw the letter, and,
+descending, found herself in the midst of a plain. She uttered her usual
+complaint, when the King of Love appeared, and said: "You see your
+curiosity has brought you to this point!" Poor thing! when she saw him
+she began to cry, and begged his pardon for what she had done. He took
+pity on her, and said: "Now listen to what you must do. On your way you
+will come to a river of blood; you must bend down and take some up in
+your hands, and say: 'How beautiful is this crystal water! such water as
+this I have never drunk!' Then you will come to another stream of turbid
+water, and do the same there. Then you will find yourself in a garden
+where there is a great quantity of fruit; pick some and eat it, saying:
+'What fine pears! I have never eaten such pears as these.' Afterward,
+you will come to an oven that bakes bread day and night, and no one buys
+any. When you come there, say: 'Oh, what fine bread! bread like this I
+have never eaten,' and eat some. Then you will come to an entrance
+guarded by two hungry dogs; give them a piece of bread to eat. Then you
+will come to a doorway all dirty and full of cobwebs; take a broom and
+sweep it clean. Half-way up the stairs you will find two giants, each
+with a dirty piece of meat by his side; take a brush and clean it for
+them. When you have entered the house, you will find a razor, a pair of
+scissors, and a knife; take something and polish them. When you have
+done this, go in and deliver your letter to my mother's friend. When she
+wants to make you enter, snatch up a little box on the table, and run
+away. Take care to do all the things I have told you, or else you will
+never escape alive."
+
+Rosella did as she was told, and while the ogress was reading the letter
+Rosella seized the box and ran for her life. When the ogress had
+finished reading her letter, she called: "Rosella! Rosella!" When she
+received no answer, she perceived that she had been betrayed, and cried
+out: "Razor, Scissors, Knife, cut her in pieces!" They answered: "As
+long as we have been razor, scissors, and knife, when did you ever deign
+to polish us? Rosella came and brightened us up." The ogress, enraged,
+exclaimed: "Stairs, swallow her up!" "As long as I have been stairs,
+when did you ever deign to sweep me? Rosella came and swept me." The
+ogress cried in a passion: "Giants, crush her!" "As long as we have been
+giants, when did you ever deign to clean our food for us? Rosella came
+and did it."
+
+Then the furious ogress called on the entrance to bury her alive, the
+dogs to devour her, the furnace to burn her, the fruit-tree to fall on
+her, and the rivers to drown her; but they all remembered Rosella's
+kindness, and refused to injure her.
+
+Meanwhile Rosella continued her way, and at last became curious to know
+what was in the box she was carrying. So she opened it, and a great
+quantity of little puppets came out; some danced, some sang, and some
+played on musical instruments. She amused herself some time with them;
+but when she was ready to go on, the little figures would not return to
+the box. Night approached, and she exclaimed, as she had so often
+before:--
+
+"Ah! King of Love," etc.
+
+Then her husband appeared and said, "Oh, your curiosity will be the
+death of you!" and commanded the puppets to enter the box again. Then
+Rosella went her way, and arrived safely at her mother-in-law's. When
+the ogress saw her she exclaimed: "You owe this luck to my son, the King
+of Love!" and was going to devour poor Rosella, but her daughters said:
+"Poor child! she has brought you the box; why do you want to eat her?"
+"Well and good. You want to marry my son, the King of Love; then take
+these six mattresses, and go and fill them with birds' feathers!"
+Rosella descended, and began to wander about, uttering her usual lament.
+When her husband appeared Rosella told him what had happened. He
+whistled and the King of the Birds appeared, and commanded all the birds
+to come and drop their feathers, fill the six beds, and carry them back
+to the ogress, who again said that her son had helped Rosella. However,
+she went and made up her son's bed with the six mattresses, and that
+very day she made him marry the daughter of the King of Portugal. Then
+she called Rosella, and, telling her that her son was married, bade her
+kneel before the nuptial bed, holding two lighted torches. Rosella
+obeyed, but soon the King of Love, under the plea that Rosella was not
+in a condition to hold the torches any longer, persuaded his bride to
+change places with her. Just as the queen took the torches in her hands,
+the earth opened and swallowed her up, and the king remained happy with
+Rosella.
+
+When the ogress heard what had happened she clasped her hands over her
+head, and declared that Rosella's child should not be born until she
+unclasped her hands. Then the King of Love had a catafalque erected, and
+stretched himself on it as though he were dead, and had all the bells
+tolled, and made the people cry, "How did the King of Love die?" The
+ogress heard it, and asked: "What is that noise?" Her daughters told her
+that their brother was dead from her fault. When the ogress heard this
+she unclasped her hands, saying, "How did my son die?" At that moment
+Rosella's child was born. When the ogress heard it she burst a
+blood-vessel (in her heart) and died. Then the King of Love took his
+wife and sisters, and they remained happy and contented.[1]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is another version of this story in Pitre (No. 281) entitled, "The
+Crystal King," which resembles more closely the classic myth.
+
+A father marries the youngest of his three daughters to a cavalier (the
+enchanted son of a king) who comes to his wife at night only. The
+cavalier once permits his wife to visit her sisters, and they learn from
+her that she has never seen her husband's face. The eldest gives her a
+wax candle, and tells her to light it when her husband is asleep, and
+then she can see him and tell them what he is like. She did so, and
+beheld at her side a handsome youth; but while she was gazing at him
+some of the melted wax fell on his nose. He awoke, crying, "Treason!
+treason!" and drove his wife from the house. On her wanderings she
+meets a hermit, and tells him her story. He advises her to have made a
+pair of iron shoes, and when she has worn them out in her travels she
+will come to a palace where they will give her shelter, and where she
+will find her husband. The remainder of the story is of no interest
+here.[2]
+
+In the second class of stories belonging to this myth it is the
+curiosity of the husband which is punished, the best known example of
+this class, out of Italy, being the beautiful French legend of
+Melusina.[3] A Sicilian story in Gonzenbach, No. 16, "The Story of the
+Merchant's Son Peppino," is a very close counterpart of "The King of
+Love," above given. Peppino is wrecked on a rock in the sea; the rock
+opens, fair maidens come out and conduct Peppino to a beautiful castle
+in the cave. There a maiden visits him at night only. After a time
+Peppino wishes to see his parents, and his wife allows him to depart,
+with the promise to return at a certain date. His parents, after hearing
+his story, give him a candle with which to see his wife. Everything
+happens as in the first story; the castle disappears, and Peppino finds
+himself on the top of a snow-covered mountain. He recovers his wife only
+after the lapse of many years and the accomplishment of many difficult
+tasks.[4]
+
+The third class, generally known by the title of "Beauty and the Beast,"
+is best represented by a story from Montale (near Pistoja), called:
+
+
+II. ZELINDA AND THE MONSTER.
+
+There was once a poor man who had three daughters; and as the youngest
+was the fairest and most civil, and had the best disposition, her other
+two sisters envied her with a deadly envy, although her father, on the
+contrary, loved her dearly. It happened that in a neighboring town, in
+the month of January, there was a great fair, and that poor man was
+obliged to go there to lay in the provisions necessary for the support
+of his family; and before departing he asked his three daughters if
+they would like some small presents in proportion, you understand, to
+his means. Rosina wished a dress, Marietta asked him for a shawl, but
+Zelinda was satisfied with a handsome rose. The poor man set out on his
+journey early the next day, and when he arrived at the fair quickly
+bought what he needed, and afterward easily found Rosina's dress and
+Marietta's shawl; but at that season he could not find a rose for his
+Zelinda, although he took great pains in looking everywhere for one.
+However, anxious to please his dear Zelinda, he took the first road he
+came to, and after journeying a while arrived at a handsome garden
+inclosed by high walls; but as the gate was partly open he entered
+softly. He found the garden filled with every kind of flowers and
+plants, and in a corner was a tall rose-bush full of beautiful
+rose-buds. Wherever he looked no living soul appeared from whom he might
+ask a rose as a gift or for money, so the poor man, without thinking,
+stretched out his hand, and picked a rose for his Zelinda.
+
+Mercy! scarcely had he pulled the flower from the stalk when there arose
+a great noise, and flames darted from the earth, and all at once there
+appeared a terrible Monster with the figure of a dragon, and hissed with
+all his might, and cried out, enraged at that poor Christian: "Rash man!
+what have you done? Now you must die at once, for you have had the
+audacity to touch and destroy my rose-bush." The poor man, more than
+half dead with terror, began to weep and beg for mercy on his knees,
+asking pardon for the fault he had committed, and told why he had picked
+the rose; and then he added: "Let me depart; I have a family, and if I
+am killed they will go to destruction." But the Monster, more wicked
+than ever, responded: "Listen; one must die. Either bring me the girl
+that asked for the rose or I will kill you this very moment." It was
+impossible to move him by prayers or lamentations; the Monster persisted
+in his decision, and did not let the poor man go until he had sworn to
+bring him there in the garden his daughter Zelinda.
+
+Imagine how downhearted that poor man returned home! He gave his oldest
+daughters their presents and Zelinda her rose; but his face was
+distorted and as white as though he had arisen from the dead; so that
+the girls, in terror, asked him what had happened and whether he had met
+with any misfortune. They were urgent, and at last the poor man, weeping
+bitterly, related the misfortunes of that unhappy journey and on what
+condition he had been able finally to return home. "In short," he
+exclaimed, "either Zelinda or I must be eaten alive by the Monster."
+Then the two sisters emptied the vials of their wrath on Zelinda. "Just
+see," they said, "that affected, capricious girl! She shall go to the
+Monster! She who wanted roses at this season. No, indeed! Papa must stay
+with us. The stupid creature!" At all these taunts Zelinda, without
+growing angry, simply said: "It is right that the one who has caused the
+misfortune should pay for it. I will go to the Monster's. Yes, Papa,
+take me to the garden, and the Lord's will be done."
+
+The next day Zelinda and her sorrowful father began their journey and at
+nightfall arrived at the garden gate. When they entered they saw as
+usual no one, but they beheld a lordly palace all lighted and the doors
+wide open. When the two travellers entered the vestibule, suddenly four
+marble statues, with lighted torches in their hands, descended from
+their pedestals, and accompanied them up the stairs to a large hall
+where a table was lavishly spread. The travellers, who were very hungry,
+sat down and began to eat without ceremony; and when they had finished,
+the same statues conducted them to two handsome chambers for the night.
+Zelinda and her father were so weary that they slept like dormice all
+night.
+
+At daybreak Zelinda and her father arose, and were served with
+everything for breakfast by invisible hands. Then they descended to the
+garden, and began to seek the Monster. When they came to the rose-bush
+he appeared in all his frightful ugliness. Zelinda, on seeing him,
+became pale with fear, and her limbs trembled, but the Monster regarded
+her attentively with his great fiery eyes, and afterward said to the
+poor man: "Very well; you have kept your word, and I am satisfied. Now
+depart and leave me alone here with the young girl." At this command the
+old man thought he should die; and Zelinda, too, stood there half
+stupefied and her eyes full of tears; but entreaties were of no avail;
+the Monster remained as obdurate as a stone, and the poor man was
+obliged to depart, leaving his dear Zelinda in the Monster's power.
+
+When the Monster was alone with Zelinda he began to caress her, and make
+loving speeches to her, and managed to appear quite civil. There was no
+danger of his forgetting her, and he saw that she wanted nothing, and
+every day, talking with her in the garden, he asked her: "Do you love
+me, Zelinda? Will you be my wife?" The young girl always answered him in
+the same way: "I like you, sir, but I will never be your wife." Then the
+Monster appeared very sorrowful, and redoubled his caresses and
+attentions, and, sighing deeply, said: "But you see, Zelinda, if you
+should marry me wonderful things would happen. What they are I cannot
+tell you until you will be my wife."
+
+Zelinda, although in her heart not dissatisfied with that beautiful
+place and with being treated like a queen, still did not feel at all
+like marrying the Monster, because he was too ugly and looked like a
+beast, and always answered his requests in the same manner. One day,
+however, the Monster called Zelinda in haste, and said: "Listen,
+Zelinda; if you do not consent to marry me it is fated that your father
+must die. He is ill and near the end of his life, and you will not be
+able even to see him again. See whether I am telling you the truth."
+And, drawing out an enchanted mirror, the Monster showed Zelinda her
+father on his death-bed. At that spectacle Zelinda, in despair and half
+mad with grief, cried: "Oh, save my father, for mercy's sake! Let me be
+able to embrace him once more before he dies. Yes, yes, I promise you I
+will be your faithful and constant wife, and that without delay. But
+save my father from death."
+
+Scarcely had Zelinda uttered these words when suddenly the Monster was
+transformed into a very handsome youth. Zelinda was astounded by this
+unexpected change, and the young man took her by the hand, and said:
+"Know, dear Zelinda, that I am the son of the King of the Oranges. An
+old witch, touching me, changed me into the terrible Monster I was, and
+condemned me to be hidden in this rose-bush until a beautiful girl
+consented to become my wife."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The remainder of the story has no interest here. Zelinda and her husband
+strive to obtain his parents' consent to his marriage. They refuse and
+the young couple run away from the royal palace and fall into the power
+of an ogre and his wife, from whom they at last escape.[5]
+
+A characteristic trait of this class of stories is omitted in the above
+version, but found in a number of others. In a Sicilian version (Pitre,
+No. 39, "The Empress Rosina") the monster permits Rosina to visit her
+family, but warns her that if she does not return at the end of nine
+days he will die. He gives her a ring the stone of which will grow black
+in that event. The nine days pass unheeded, and when Rosina looks at her
+ring it is as black as pitch. She returns in haste, and finds the
+monster writhing in the last agony under the rose-bush. Four days she
+rubbed him with some ointment she found in the palace, and the monster
+recovered. As in the last story, he resumes his shape when Rosina
+consents to marry him. In one of Pitre's variants the monster allows
+Elizabeth to visit her dying father, if she will promise not to tear her
+hair. When her father dies she forgets, in her grief, her promise, and
+tears out her hair. When she returns to the palace the monster has
+disappeared. She seeks him, exclaiming:--
+
+    "Fierce animal mine,
+    If I find thee alive
+    I will marry thee although an animal."
+
+She finds him at last, and he resumes his form.[6]
+
+The fourth class consists of stories more or less distantly connected
+with the first and third classes above mentioned, and which turn on the
+heroine's separation from, and search after, her lost husband, usually
+an animal in form.
+
+The example we have selected from this class is from Venice (Bernoni,
+XVII.), and is as follows:--
+
+
+III. KING BEAN.
+
+There was once an old man who had three daughters. One day the youngest
+called her father into her room, and requested him to go to King Bean
+and ask him whether he wished her for his wife. The poor old man said:
+"You want me to go, but what shall I do; I have never been there?" "No
+matter," she answered; "I wish you to obey me and go." Then he started
+on his way, and asked (for he did not know) where the king lived, and
+they pointed out the palace to him. When he was in the king's presence
+he said: "Your Majesty's servant." The king replied: "What do you want
+of me, my good old man?" Then he told him that his daughter was in love
+with him, and wanted to marry him. The king answered: "How can she be in
+love with me when she has never seen or known me?" "She is killing
+herself with weeping, and cannot stand it much longer." The king
+replied: "Here is a white handkerchief; let her dry her tears with it."
+
+The old man took back the handkerchief and the message to his daughter,
+who said: "Well, after three or four days you must go back again, and
+tell him that I will kill myself or hang myself if he will not marry
+me."
+
+The old man went back, and said to the king: "Your Majesty, do me the
+favor to marry my daughter; if not, she will make a great spectacle of
+herself." The king replied: "Behold how many handsome portraits I have
+here, and how many beautiful young girls I have, and not one of them
+suits me." The old man said: "She told me also to say to you that if you
+did not marry her she would kill herself or hang herself." Then the king
+gave him a knife and a rope, and said: "Here is a knife if she wants to
+kill herself, and here is a rope if she wants to hang herself."
+
+The old man bore this message back to his daughter, who told her father
+that he must go back to the king again, and not leave him until he
+obtained his consent. The old man returned once more, and, falling on
+his knees before the king, said: "Do me this great favor: take my
+daughter for your wife; do not say no, for the poor girl is beside
+herself." The king answered: "Rise, good old man, and I will consent,
+for I am sorry for your long journeys. But hear what your daughter must
+do first. She must prepare three vessels: one of milk and water, one of
+milk, and one of rose-water. And here is a bean; when she wants to speak
+with me, let her go out on the balcony and open the bean, and I will
+come."
+
+The old man returned home this time more satisfied, and told his
+daughter what she must do. She prepared the three vessels as directed,
+and then opened the bean on the balcony, and saw at once something
+flying from a distance towards her. It flew into the room by the
+balcony, and entered the vessel of water and milk to bathe; then it
+hastened into the vessel of milk, and finally into that containing the
+rose-water. And then there came out the handsomest youth that was ever
+seen, and made love to the young girl. Afterward, when they were tired
+of their love-making, he bade her good-night, and flew away.
+
+After a time, when her sisters saw that she was always shut up in her
+room, the oldest said: "Why does she shut herself up in her room all the
+time?" The other sister replied: "Because she has King Bean, who is
+making love to her." The oldest said: "Wait until she goes to church,
+and then we will see what there is in her room." One day the youngest
+locked her door, and went to church. Then the two sisters broke open the
+door, and saw the three vessels prepared, and said: "This is the vessel
+in which the king goes to bathe." The oldest said: "Let us go down into
+the store, and get some broken glass, and put a little in each of the
+three vessels; and when the king bathes in them, the glass will pierce
+him and cut all his body."
+
+They did so, and then left the room looking as it did first. When the
+youngest sister returned, she went to her room, and wished to talk with
+her husband. She opened the balcony, and then she opened the bean, and
+saw at once her husband come flying from a distance, with his arms open
+to embrace her. He flew on to the balcony, and threw himself into the
+vessel of milk and water, and the pieces of glass pierced his body; then
+he entered the vessel of milk and that of rose-water, and his body was
+filled with the fragments of glass. When he came out of the rose-water,
+he flew away. Then his wife hastened out on the balcony, and saw a
+streak of blood wherever he had flown. Then she looked into the vessels,
+and saw all three full of blood, and cried: "I have been betrayed! I
+have been betrayed!"
+
+She called her father, and told him that she had been betrayed by her
+sisters, and that she wished to go away and see whether she could cure
+her husband. She departed, and had not gone far when she found herself
+in a forest. There she saw a little house, with a little bit of a door,
+at which she knocked, and heard a voice saying, "Are you Christians?"
+She replied, "Yes." Then the door opened, and she saw a holy hermit, who
+said: "Blessed one, how did you get here? In a moment the witches will
+come who might bewitch you." She replied: "Father, I am seeking King
+Bean, who is ill." The hermit said: "I know nothing about him. Climb
+that tree; the witches will soon come, and you will learn something from
+them. If you want anything afterward, come to me, and I will give it to
+you."
+
+When she was up the tree she heard a loud noise and the words, "Here we
+are! here we are!" and all the witches run and seat themselves on the
+ground in the midst of the forest, and begin to say: "The cripple is not
+here! Where has that cursed cripple gone?" Some one answered: "Here she
+is coming!" Another said: "You cursed cripple, where have you been?" The
+cripple answered: "Be still; I will tell you now. But wait a moment
+until I shake this tree to see whether there is any one in it." The
+poor girl held on firmly so as not to fall down. After she had shaken it
+this cripple said to her companions: "Do you want me to tell you
+something? King Bean has only two hours to live." Another witch said:
+"What is the matter with him?" The cripple answered: "He had a wife, and
+she put some broken glass in the three vessels, and he filled his body
+with it." Another witch asked: "Is there nothing that can cure him?" The
+cripple replied: "It is very difficult." Another said: "What would be
+necessary?" The cripple said: "Listen to what it needs. One of us must
+be killed, and her blood put in a kettle, and have added to it the blood
+of one of these doves flying about here. When this blood is well mixed,
+it must be heated, and with this blood the whole body of the king must
+be anointed. Another thing yet is necessary. Under the stone you see
+there is a flask of water. The stone must be removed, a bottle of the
+water must be poured over the king, and all the bits of glass will come
+out of him, and in five minutes he will be safe and sound."
+
+Then the witches ate and drank until they were intoxicated and tired,
+and then threw themselves down on the ground to sleep. When the young
+girl saw that they were asleep, she descended quietly from the tree,
+knocked at the hermit's door, told him what the witches had said, and
+asked him for a kettle, knife, and bottle. He gave them to her, and
+caught a dove, which he killed, bled, and put the blood in a kettle.
+
+The young girl did not know which one of the witches to kill, but
+finally she decided to kill the cripple who had spoken, and put her
+blood in the kettle. Afterward she lifted the stone, found the flask of
+water, and filled her bottle with it. She then returned to the hermit,
+and told him all she had done. He gave her a physician's dress, which
+she put on, and went to the palace of King Bean. There she asked the
+guards to let her pass, for she was going, she said, to see about curing
+the king. The guards refused at first, but, seeing her so confident,
+allowed her to enter. The king's mother went to her at once and said:
+"My good physician, if you can cure my son, you shall mount the throne,
+and I will give you my crown." "I have come in haste from a distance,"
+said the physician, "and will cure him." Then the physician went to the
+kitchen, put the kettle on the fire, and afterward entered the room of
+the king, who had but a few minutes to live, anointed his whole body
+with the blood, and then poured the bottle of water all over him. Then
+the glass came out of his body, and in five minutes he was safe and
+sound. The king said: "Here, physician, is my crown. I wish to put it on
+your head." The physician answered: "How did your Majesty come to have
+this slight trouble?" The king said: "On account of my wife. I went to
+make love to her, and she prepared for me three vessels of water and
+milk, of milk, and of rose-water, and put broken glass in them, so that
+I had my body full of it." Said the physician: "See whether it was your
+wife who worked you this treason! Could it not have been some one else?"
+"That is impossible," said the king; "for no one entered her room." "And
+what would you do," said the physician, "if you had her now in your
+hands?" "I would kill her with a knife." "You are right," said the
+physician; "because, if it is true that she has acted thus, she deserves
+nothing but death."
+
+Then the physician said he must depart; but the king's mother said: "No,
+no! It shall never be said that after saving my son's life you went
+away. Here you are, and here I wish you to stay; and, on account of the
+promise I made you, I wish my crown to come upon your head." "I want but
+one thing," said the physician. "Command, doctor; only say what you
+desire." "I wish the king to write on the palm of one of my hands my
+name and surname, and on the other his name and surname." The king did
+so, and the physician said: "Now I am going to make some visits, then I
+will return."
+
+Instead of returning, the pretended physician went to her own home, and
+threw away the water and milk in the three vessels, and put in other
+pure water and milk and rose-water. Then she went out on the balcony,
+and opened the bean. The king, who felt his heart opened, seized his
+dagger, and hastened to his wife to kill her. When she saw the dagger,
+she raised her hands, and the king beheld his name and hers. Then he
+threw his dagger away, bathed in the three vessels, and then threw his
+arms about his wife's neck, and exclaimed: "If you are the one who did
+me so much harm, you are also the one who cured me." She answered: "It
+was not I. I was betrayed by my sisters." "If that is so," said he,
+"come at once to my parents' house, and we will be married there." When
+she arrived at the king's palace, she related everything to his parents,
+and showed them her hands with her name and surname. Then the king's
+parents embraced her, and gave her a wedding, and she and the king loved
+each other as long as they lived.[7]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next class to which we shall direct our attention is the one in
+which jealous relatives (usually envious sisters or mother-in-law),
+steal a mother's new-born children, who are exposed and afterwards
+rescued and brought up far from their home by some childless person; or
+the mother is accused of having devoured them, and is repudiated or
+punished, and finally delivered and restored to her former position by
+her children, who are discovered by their father.[8]
+
+The following story, belonging to this class, is from Pitre (No. 36),
+slightly condensed.
+
+
+IV. THE DANCING WATER, THE SINGING APPLE, AND THE SPEAKING BIRD.[9]
+
+There was once an herb-gatherer who had three daughters who earned their
+living by spinning. One day their father died and left them all alone in
+the world. Now the king had a habit of going about the streets at night,
+and listening at the doors to hear what the people said of him. One
+night he listened at the door of the house where the three sisters
+lived, and heard them disputing about something. The oldest said: "If I
+were the wife of the royal butler, I would give the whole court to drink
+out of one glass of water, and there would be some left." The second
+said: "If I were the wife of the keeper of the royal wardrobe, with one
+piece of cloth I would clothe all the attendants, and have some left."
+The youngest said: "Were I the king's wife, I would bear him three
+children: two sons with apples in their hands, and a daughter with a
+star on her brow."
+
+The king went back to his palace, and the next morning sent for the
+sisters, and said to them: "Do not be frightened, but tell me what you
+said last night." The oldest told him what she had said, and the king
+had a glass of water brought, and commanded her to prove her words. She
+took the glass, and gave all the attendants to drink, and there was some
+water left. "Bravo!" cried the king, and summoned the butler. "This is
+your husband. Now it is your turn," said the king to the next sister,
+and commanded a piece of cloth to be brought, and the young girl at once
+cut out garments for all the attendants, and had some cloth left.
+"Bravo!" cried the king again, and gave her the keeper of the wardrobe
+for her husband. "Now it is your turn," said the king to the youngest.
+"Your Majesty, I said that were I the king's wife, I would bear him
+three children: two sons with apples in their hands, and a daughter with
+a star on her brow." The king replied: "If that is true, you shall be
+queen; if not, you shall die," and straightway he married her.
+
+Very soon the two older sisters began to be envious of the youngest.
+"Look," said they: "she is going to be queen, and we must be servants!"
+and they began to hate her. A few months before the queen's children
+were to be born, the king declared war, and was obliged to depart; but
+he left word that if the queen had three children: two sons with apples
+in their hands and a girl with a star on her brow, the mother was to be
+respected as queen; if not, he was to be informed of it, and would tell
+his servants what to do. Then he departed for the war.
+
+When the queen's children were born, as she had promised, the envious
+sisters bribed the nurse to put little dogs in the place of the queen's
+children, and sent word to the king that his wife had given birth to
+three puppies. He wrote back that she should be taken care of for two
+weeks, and then put into a tread-mill.
+
+Meanwhile the nurse took the little babies, and carried them out of
+doors, saying: "I will make the dogs eat them up," and she left them
+alone. While they were thus exposed, three fairies passed by and
+exclaimed: "Oh how beautiful these children are!" and one of the fairies
+said: "What present shall we make these children?" One answered: "I will
+give them a deer to nurse them." "And I a purse always full of money."
+"And I," said the third fairy, "will give them a ring which will change
+color when any misfortune happens to one of them."
+
+The deer nursed and took care of the children until they grew up. Then
+the fairy who had given them the deer came and said: "Now that you have
+grown up, how can you stay here any longer?" "Very well," said one of
+the brothers, "I will go to the city and hire a house." "Take care,"
+said the deer, "that you hire one opposite the royal palace." So they
+all went to the city and hired a palace as directed, and furnished it as
+if they had been royal personages. When the aunts saw these three
+youths, imagine their terror! "They are alive!" they said. They could
+not be mistaken, for there were the apples in their hands, and the star
+on the girl's brow. They called the nurse and said to her: "Nurse, what
+does this mean? are our nephews and niece alive?" The nurse watched at
+the window until she saw the two brothers go out, and then she went over
+as if to make a visit to the new house. She entered and said: "What is
+the matter, my daughter; how do you do? Are you perfectly happy? You
+lack nothing. But do you know what is necessary to make you really
+happy? It is the Dancing Water. If your brothers love you, they will
+get it for you!" She remained a moment longer and then departed.
+
+When one of the brothers returned, his sister said to him: "Ah! my
+brother, if you love me go and get me the Dancing Water." He consented,
+and next morning saddled a fine horse, and departed. On his way he met a
+hermit, who asked him, "Where are you going, cavalier?" "I am going for
+the Dancing Water." "You are going to your death, my son; but keep on
+until you find a hermit older than I." He continued his journey until he
+met another hermit, who asked him the same question, and gave him the
+same direction. Finally he met a third hermit, older than the other two,
+with a white beard that came down to his feet, who gave him the
+following directions: "You must climb yonder mountain. On top of it you
+will find a great plain and a house with a beautiful gate. Before the
+gate you will see four giants with swords in their hands. Take heed; do
+not make a mistake; for if you do that is the end of you! When the
+giants have their eyes closed, do not enter; when they have their eyes
+open, enter. Then you will come to a door. If you find it open, do not
+enter; if you find it shut, push it open and enter. Then you will find
+four lions. When they have their eyes shut, do not enter; when their
+eyes are open, enter, and you will see the Dancing Water." The youth
+took leave of the hermit, and hastened on his way.
+
+Meanwhile the sister kept looking at the ring constantly, to see whether
+the stone in it changed color; but as it did not, she remained
+undisturbed.
+
+A few days after leaving the hermit the youth arrived at the top of the
+mountain, and saw the palace with the four giants before it. They had
+their eyes shut, and the door was open. "No," said the youth, "that
+won't do." And so he remained on the lookout a while. When the giants
+opened their eyes, and the door closed, he entered, waited until the
+lions opened their eyes, and passed in. There he found the Dancing
+Water, and filled his bottles with it, and escaped when the lions again
+opened their eyes.
+
+The aunts, meanwhile, were delighted because their nephew did not
+return; but in a few days he appeared and embraced his sister. Then they
+had two golden basins made, and put into them the Dancing Water, which
+leaped from one basin to the other. When the aunts saw it they
+exclaimed: "Ah! how did he manage to get that water?" and called the
+nurse, who again waited until the sister was alone, and then visited
+her. "You see," said she, "how beautiful the Dancing Water is! But do
+you know what you want now? The Singing Apple." Then she departed. When
+the brother who had brought the Dancing Water returned, his sister said
+to him: "If you love me you must get for me the Singing Apple." "Yes, my
+sister, I will go and get it."
+
+Next morning he mounted his horse, and set out. After a time he met the
+first hermit, who sent him to an older one. He asked the youth where he
+was going, and said: "It is a difficult task to get the Singing Apple,
+but hear what you must do: Climb the mountain; beware of the giants, the
+door, and the lions; then you will find a little door and a pair of
+shears in it. If the shears are open, enter; if closed, do not risk it."
+The youth continued his way, found the palace, entered, and found
+everything favorable. When he saw the shears open, he went in a room and
+saw a wonderful tree, on top of which was an apple. He climbed up and
+tried to pick the apple, but the top of the tree swayed now this way,
+now that. He waited until it was still a moment, seized the branch, and
+picked the apple. He succeeded in getting safely out of the palace,
+mounted his horse, and rode home, and all the time he was carrying the
+apple it kept making a sound.
+
+The aunts were again delighted because their nephew was so long absent;
+but when they saw him return, they felt as though the house had fallen
+on them. Again they summoned the nurse, and again she visited the young
+girl, and said: "See how beautiful they are, the Dancing Water and the
+Singing Apple! But should you see the Speaking Bird, there would be
+nothing left for you to see." "Very well," said the young girl; "we
+will see whether my brother will get it for me."
+
+When her brother came she asked him for the Speaking Bird, and he
+promised to get it for her. He met, as usual on his journey, the first
+hermit, who sent him to the second, who sent him on to a third one, who
+said to him: "Climb the mountain and enter the palace. You will find
+many statues. Then you will come to a garden, in the midst of which is a
+fountain, and on the basin is the Speaking Bird. If it should say
+anything to you, do not answer. Pick a feather from the bird's wing, dip
+it into a jar you will find there, and anoint all the statues. Keep your
+eyes open, and all will go well."
+
+The youth already knew well the way, and soon was in the palace. He
+found the garden and the bird, which, as soon as it saw him, exclaimed:
+"What is the matter, noble sir; have you come for me? You have missed
+it. Your aunts have sent you to your death, and you must remain here.
+Your mother has been sent to the tread-mill." "My mother in the
+tread-mill?" cried the youth, and scarcely were the words out of his
+mouth when he became a statue like all the others.
+
+When the sister looked at her ring she saw that it had changed its color
+to blue. "Ah!" she exclaimed, and sent her other brother after the
+first. Everything happened to him as to the first. He met the three
+hermits, received his instructions, and soon found himself in the
+palace, where he discovered the garden with the statues, the fountain,
+and the Speaking Bird.
+
+Meanwhile the aunts, who saw that both their nephews were missing, were
+delighted; and the sister, on looking at her ring, saw that it had
+become clear again.
+
+Now when the Speaking Bird saw the youth appear in the garden it said to
+him: "What has become of your brother? Your mother has been sent to the
+tread-mill." "Alas, my mother in the tread-mill!" And when he had spoken
+these words he became a statue.
+
+The sister looked at her ring, and it had become black. Poor child! not
+having anything else to do, she dressed herself like a page and set out.
+
+Like her brothers, she met the three hermits, and received their
+instructions. The third concluded thus: "Beware, for if you answer when
+the bird speaks you will lose your life." She continued her way,
+followed exactly the hermit's directions, and reached the garden in
+safety. When the bird saw her it exclaimed: "Ah! you here, too? Now you
+will meet the same fate as your brothers. Do you see them? one, two, and
+you make three. Your father is at the war. Your mother is in the
+tread-mill. Your aunts are rejoicing." She did not reply, but let the
+bird sing on. When it had nothing more to say it flew down, and the
+young girl caught it, pulled a feather from its wing, dipped it into the
+jar, and anointed her brothers' nostrils, and they at once came to life
+again. Then she did the same with all the other statues, with the lions
+and the giants, until all became alive again. Then she departed with her
+brothers, and all the noblemen, princes, barons, and kings' sons
+rejoiced greatly. Now when they had all come to life again the palace
+disappeared, and the hermits disappeared, for they were the three
+fairies.
+
+The day after the brothers and sister reached the city where they lived,
+they summoned a goldsmith, and had him make a gold chain, and fasten the
+bird with it. The next time the aunts looked out they saw in the window
+of the palace opposite the Dancing Water, the Singing Apple, and the
+Speaking Bird. "Well," said they, "the real trouble is coming now!"
+
+The bird directed the brothers and sister to procure a carriage finer
+than the king's, with twenty-four attendants, and to have the service of
+their palace, cooks and servants, more numerous and better than the
+king's. All of which the brothers did at once. And when the aunts saw
+these things they were ready to die of rage.
+
+At last the king returned from the war, and his subjects told him all
+the news of the kingdom, and the thing they talked about the least was
+his wife and children. One day the king looked out of the window and
+saw the palace opposite furnished in a magnificent manner. "Who lives
+there?" he asked, but no one could answer him. He looked again and saw
+the brothers and sister, the former with the apples in their hands, and
+the latter with the star on her brow. "Gracious! if I did not know that
+my wife had given birth to three puppies, I should say that those were
+my children," exclaimed the king. Another day he stood by the window and
+enjoyed the Dancing Water and the Singing Apple, but the bird was
+silent. After the king had heard all the music, the bird said: "What
+does your Majesty think of it?" The king was astonished at hearing the
+Speaking Bird, and answered: "What should I think? It is marvellous."
+"There is something more marvellous," said the bird; "just wait." Then
+the bird told his mistress to call her brothers, and said: "There is the
+king; let us invite him to dinner on Sunday. Shall we not?" "Yes, yes,"
+they all said. So the king was invited and accepted, and on Sunday the
+bird had a grand dinner prepared and the king came. When he saw the
+young people, he clapped his hands and said: "I cannot persuade myself;
+they seem my children."
+
+He went over the palace and was astonished at its richness. Then they
+went to dinner, and while they were eating the king said: "Bird, every
+one is talking; you alone are silent." "Ah! your Majesty, I am ill; but
+next Sunday I shall be well and able to talk, and will come and dine at
+your palace with this lady and these gentlemen." The next Sunday the
+bird directed his mistress and her brothers to put on their finest
+clothes; so they dressed in royal style and took the bird with them. The
+king showed them through his palace and treated them with the greatest
+ceremony: the aunts were nearly dead with fear. When they had seated
+themselves at the table, the king said: "Come, bird, you promised me you
+would speak; have you nothing to say?" Then the bird began and related
+all that had happened from the time the king had listened at the door
+until his poor wife had been sent to the tread-mill; then the bird
+added: "These are your children, and your wife was sent to the mill, and
+is dying." When the king heard all this, he hastened to embrace his
+children, and then went to find his poor wife, who was reduced to skin
+and bones and was at the point of death. He knelt before her and begged
+her pardon, and then summoned her sisters and the nurse, and when they
+were in his presence he said to the bird: "Bird, you who have told me
+everything, now pronounce their sentence." Then the bird sentenced the
+nurse to be thrown out of the window, and the sisters to be cast into a
+cauldron of boiling oil. This was at once done. The king was never tired
+of embracing his wife. Then the bird departed and the king and his wife
+and children lived together in peace.[10]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We next pass to the class of stories in which children are promised by
+their parents to witches or the Evil One. The children who are thus
+promised are often unborn, and the promise is made by the parents either
+to escape some danger with which they are threatened by witch or demon,
+or in return for money. Sometimes there is a misunderstanding, as in
+Grimm's story of the "Handless Maiden," where the Miller in return for
+riches promises the Evil One to give him "what stands behind his mill."
+The Miller supposes his apple-tree is meant, but it is his daughter, who
+happened to be behind the mill when the compact was made. The most usual
+form of the story in Italian is this: A woman who expects to give birth
+to a child is seized with a great longing for some herb or fruit
+(generally parsley) growing in the witch's garden. The witch (ogress)
+catches her picking it, and only releases her on condition that she
+shall give her the child after it is born and has reached a definite
+age. The following Sicilian story from Gonzenbach (No. 53) will
+illustrate this class sufficiently:
+
+
+V. THE FAIR ANGIOLA.
+
+Once upon a time there were seven women, neighbors, all of whom were
+seized with a great longing for some jujubes which only grew in a garden
+opposite the place where they all lived, and which belonged to a witch.
+Now this witch had a donkey that watched the garden and told the old
+witch when any one entered. The seven neighbors, however, had such a
+desire for the jujubes that they entered the garden and threw the donkey
+some nice soft grass, and while he was eating it they filled their
+aprons with jujubes and escaped before the witch appeared. This they did
+several times, until at last the witch noticed that some one had been in
+her garden, for many of the jujubes were gone. She questioned the
+donkey, but he had eaten the nice grass and noticed nothing. Then she
+resolved the third day to remain in the garden herself. In the middle of
+it was a hole, in which she hid and covered herself with leaves and
+branches, leaving only one of her long ears sticking out. The seven
+neighbors once more went into the garden and began picking jujubes, when
+one of them noticed the witch's ear sticking out of the leaves and
+thought it was a mushroom and tried to pick it. Then the witch jumped
+out of the hole and ran after the women, all of whom escaped but one.
+The witch was going to eat her, but she begged hard for pardon and
+promised never to enter the garden again. The witch finally forgave her
+on the condition that she would give her her child, yet unborn, whether
+a boy or girl, when it was seven years old. The poor woman promised in
+her distress, and the witch let her go.
+
+Some time after the woman had a beautiful little girl whom she named
+Angiola. When Angiola was six years old, her mother sent her to school
+to learn to sew and knit. On her way to school she had to pass the
+garden where the witch lived. One day, when she was almost seven, she
+saw the witch standing in front of her garden. She beckoned to Angiola
+and gave her some fine fruits and said: "You see, fair Angiola, I am
+your aunt. Tell your mother you have seen your aunt, and she sends her
+word not to forget her promise." Angiola went home and told her mother,
+who was frightened and said to herself: "Ah! the time has come when I
+must give up my Angiola." Then she said to the child: "When your aunt
+asks you to-morrow for an answer, tell her you forgot her errand." The
+next day she told the witch as she was directed. "Very well," she
+replied, "tell her to-day, but don't forget." Thus several days passed;
+the witch was constantly on the watch for Angiola when she went to
+school, and wanted to know her mother's answer, but Angiola always
+declared that she had forgotten to ask her. One day, however, the witch
+became angry and said: "Since you are so forgetful, I must give you some
+token to remind you of your errand." Then she bit Angiola's little
+finger so hard that she bit a piece out. Angiola went home in tears and
+showed her mother her finger. "Ah!" thought her mother, "there is no
+help for it. I must give my poor child to the witch, or else she will
+eat her up in her anger." The next morning as Angiola was going to
+school, her mother said to her: "Tell your aunt to do with you as she
+thinks best." Angiola did so, and the witch said: "Very well, then come
+with me, for you are mine."
+
+So the witch took the fair Angiola with her and led her away to a tower
+which had no door and but one small window. There Angiola lived with the
+witch, who treated her very kindly, for she loved her as her own child.
+When the witch came home after her excursions, she stood under the
+window and cried: "Angiola, fair Angiola, let down your pretty tresses
+and pull me up!" Now Angiola had beautiful long hair, which she let down
+and with which she pulled the witch up.
+
+Now it happened one day when Angiola had grown to be a large and
+beautiful maiden, that the king's son went hunting and chanced to come
+where the tower was. He was astonished at seeing the house without any
+door, and wondered how the people got in. Just then the old witch
+returned home, stood under the window, and called: "Angiola, fair
+Angiola, let down your beautiful tresses and pull me up." Immediately
+the beautiful tresses fell down, and the witch climbed up by them. This
+pleased the prince greatly, and he hid himself near by until the witch
+went away again. Then he went and stood under the window and called:
+"Angiola, fair Angiola, let down your beautiful tresses and pull me up."
+Then Angiola let down her tresses and drew up the prince, for she
+believed it was the witch. When she saw the prince, she was much
+frightened at first, but he addressed her in a friendly manner and
+begged her to fly with him and become his wife.
+
+She finally consented, and in order that the witch should not know where
+she had gone she gave all the chairs, tables, and cupboards in the house
+something to eat; for they were all living beings and might betray her.
+The broom, however, stood behind the door, so she did not notice it, and
+gave it nothing to eat. Then she took from the witch's chamber three
+magic balls of yarn, and fled with the prince. The witch had a little
+dog that loved the fair Angiola so dearly that it followed her.
+
+Soon after they had fled, the witch came back, and called: "Angiola,
+fair Angiola, let down your beautiful tresses and draw me up." But the
+tresses were not let down for all she called, and at last she had to get
+a long ladder and climb in at the window. When she could not find
+Angiola, she asked the tables and chairs and cupboards: "Where has she
+fled?" But they answered: "We do not know." The broom, however, called
+out from the corner: "The fair Angiola has fled with the king's son, who
+is going to marry her." Then the witch started in pursuit of them and
+nearly overtook them. But Angiola threw down behind her one of the magic
+balls of yarn, and there arose a great mountain of soap. When the witch
+tried to climb it she slipped back, but she persevered until at last she
+succeeded in getting over it, and hastened after the fugitives. Then
+Angiola threw down the second ball of yarn, and there arose a great
+mountain covered all over with nails small and large. Again the witch
+had to struggle hard to cross it; when she did she was almost flayed.
+When Angiola saw that the witch had almost overtaken them again, she
+threw down the third ball, and there arose a mighty torrent. The witch
+tried to swim across it, but the stream kept increasing in size until
+she had at last to turn back. Then in her anger she cursed the fair
+Angiola, saying: "May your beautiful face be turned into the face of a
+dog!" and instantly Angiola's face became a dog's face.
+
+The prince was very sorrowful and said: "How can I take you home to my
+parents? They would never allow me to marry a maiden with a dog's face."
+So he took her to a little house, where she was to live until the
+enchantment was removed. He himself returned to his parents; but
+whenever he went hunting he visited poor Angiola. She often wept
+bitterly over her misfortunes, until one day the little dog that had
+followed her from the witch's said: "Do not weep, fair Angiola. I will
+go to the witch and beg her to remove the enchantment." Then the little
+dog started off and returned to the witch and sprang up on her and
+caressed her. "Are you here again, you ungrateful beast?" cried the
+witch, and pushed the dog away. "Did you leave me to follow the
+ungrateful Angiola?" But the little dog caressed her until she grew
+friendly again and took him up on her lap. "Mother," said the little
+dog, "Angiola sends you greeting; she is very sad, for she cannot go to
+the palace with her dog's face and cannot marry the prince." "That
+serves her right," said the witch. "Why did she deceive me? She can keep
+her dog's face now!" But the dog begged her so earnestly, saying that
+poor Angiola was sufficiently punished, that at last the witch gave the
+dog a flask of water, and said: "Take that to her and she will become
+the fair Angiola again." The dog thanked her, ran off with the flask,
+and brought it safely to poor Angiola. As soon as she washed in the
+water, her dog's face disappeared and she became beautiful again, more
+beautiful even than she had been before. The prince, full of joy, took
+her to the palace, and the king and queen were so pleased with her
+beauty that they welcomed her, and gave her a splendid wedding, and all
+remained happy and contented.[11]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An interesting class of stories is the one in which the heroes are twin
+brothers (sometimes three born at the same time, or a larger number) who
+are born in some unusual manner, generally in consequence of the
+mother's partaking of some magic fruit or fish. One of the brothers
+undertakes some difficult task (liberation of princess, etc.) and falls
+into great danger; the other brother discovers the fact from some
+sympathetic object and proceeds to rescue him. The following story from
+Pisa (Comparetti, No. 32) will give a good idea of the Italian stories
+of this class:
+
+
+VI. THE CLOUD.
+
+Once upon a time there was a fisherman who had a wife and many children.
+Now it happened that the fisherman did not catch any fish for a time and
+did not know how to support his family. One day he cast his net and drew
+out a large fish which began to talk: "Let me go and cast in your net
+again and you will catch as many fish as you wish." The fisherman did so
+and caught more fish than he remembered to have taken before. But in a
+few days the fish were gone and the fisherman cast his net again, and
+again caught the big fish, which said: "I see clearly that I must die,
+so kill me now, and cut me into pieces. Give half to the king, a piece
+to your wife, one to your dog; and one to your horse; the bones you will
+tie to the kitchen rafters; your wife will bear sons, and when anything
+happens to one of them the fish-bone will sweat drops of blood." The
+fisherman did as he was told, and in due time his wife gave birth to
+three sons, the dog to three puppies, and the horse to three colts. The
+boys grew up and went to school and learned much and prospered. One day
+the oldest said: "I want to go and see a little of the world," and took
+one of the dogs, one of the horses, and some money, and set out, after
+receiving his father's and mother's blessing. He arrived at a forest,
+and there saw a lion, an eagle, and an ant which had found a dead ass
+that they wanted to divide among themselves, but could not agree and so
+were quarrelling. They saw the youth, and called on him to make the
+division. He was afraid at first, but took heart and gave the lean meat
+to the eagle, the brains to the ant, and the rest to the lion. They were
+all satisfied, and the youth continued his way. After he had gone a few
+steps the animals called him back, and the lion said: "You have settled
+our dispute, and we wish to reward you; when you wish to become a lion,
+you have only to say: 'No more a man, a lion, with the strength of a
+hundred lions!'" The eagle said: "When you wish to become an eagle, say:
+'No more a man, an eagle, with the strength of a hundred eagles!'" The
+ant, also, gave him power to transform himself into an ant in the same
+way. The youth thanked them and departed. As he was passing along the
+shore of the sea, he saw a dog-fish that was out of the water; he put it
+back into the sea. The fish said: "When you need me, come to the sea and
+cry: 'Dog-fish, help me!'"
+
+The youth continued his way and arrived at a city all hung with
+mourning. "What is the matter?" the young man asked. "There is here,"
+they told him, "a big cloud (it was a fairy) that every year must have a
+young girl. This year the lot has fallen on the king's daughter. If they
+do not give her up, the cloud will throw so many things into the city
+that we shall all be killed." The youth asked if he could see how the
+thing went, and they told him he could. The ceremony began with muffled
+drums and an escort of soldiers; the king and queen in tears accompanied
+their daughter, who was taken to the top of a mountain, placed in a
+chair, and left alone. The youth, who had followed them, hid himself
+behind a bush. Then the cloud came, took the young girl in her lap, took
+her finger in her mouth, and began to suck her blood. This was what the
+cloud lived on. The princess remained half dead, like a log, and then
+the cloud carried her away. The youth, who had seen all this, cried: "No
+more a man, an eagle, with the strength of a hundred eagles!" Then he
+became an eagle and flew after the cloud. They arrived at a palace, the
+doors flew open and the cloud entered and carried the princess
+up-stairs. The eagle alighted on a tree opposite and saw a large room
+all full of young girls in bed. When the cloud entered they exclaimed:
+"Mamma! here is our mamma!" The poor girls were always in bed, because
+the fairy half killed them. She put the princess in a bed, and said to
+the girls: "I am going to leave you for a few days." She went away and
+left the girls. The youth was near and heard everything; he said: "No
+more an eagle, an ant, with the force of a hundred ants!" He became an
+ant, entered the palace unseen, and went to the room where the young
+girls were. There he resumed his shape, and the girls were astonished at
+seeing a man appear so suddenly, and one of them said to him: "Take
+care, there is a fairy here; if she finds you on her return she will
+kill you." "Do not be troubled," he answered, "for I wish to see about
+setting you all free." Then he went to the bed of the king's daughter
+and asked her if she had some token to send her mother. She gave him a
+ring, and the youth took it and went to the queen, told her where her
+daughter was, and asked her to send some food to the poor girl. She did
+so, and the youth retraced his steps, reached the palace, informed the
+girls, and drew up the food with ropes. He then said to the girls: "When
+the fairy returns, ask her what you shall do when she dies; thus you
+will find out how to kill her." Then he hid himself, and when the fairy
+returned the girls asked her the question; but she answered: "I shall
+never die." They urged her to tell them, and the next day she took them
+out on a terrace, and said: "Do you see that mountain far off there? On
+that mountain is a tigress with seven heads. If you wish me to die, a
+lion must fight that tigress and tear off all seven of her heads. In her
+body is an egg, and if any one hits me with it in the middle of my
+forehead I shall die; but if that egg falls into my hands the tigress
+will come to life again, resume her seven heads, and I shall live."
+"Good!" said the young girls; "certainly our mamma can never die." But
+in their hearts they were discouraged. When the fairy had departed, the
+youth came forth and they told him all. "Do not be disheartened," he
+said, and straightway went to the princess' father, asked him for a
+room, a pan of bread, a barrel of good wine, and a child seven years
+old. He took all these things and shut himself up in the room, and said
+to the child: "Do you want to see something, my child? I am going to
+turn into a lion." Then he turned into a lion, and the child was afraid;
+but the youth persuaded him that it was only himself after all, and the
+child fed him, and was no longer frightened. As soon as he had
+instructed the child, he took all the things and went to the mountain
+where the tigress was. Then he filled the pan with bread and wine and
+said to the child: "I am going to become a lion; when I return give me
+something to eat." Then he became a lion, and went to fight the tigress.
+Meanwhile the fairy returned home, saying: "Alas! I feel ill!" The young
+girls said to themselves, in delight: "Good!" The youth fought until
+night, and tore off one of the tigress' heads; the second day another,
+and so on until six heads were gone. The fairy kept losing her strength
+all the time. The youth rested two days before tearing off the last
+head, and then resumed the fight. At evening the last head was torn off,
+and the dead tigress disappeared, but the youth was not quick enough to
+catch the egg, which rolled from her body into the sea and was swallowed
+by the dog-fish. Then the youth went to the sea: "Dog-fish, help me!"
+The fish appeared: "What do you want?" "Have you found an egg?" "Yes."
+"Give it to me;" and the fish gave him the egg. He took it and went in
+search of the fairy, and suddenly appeared before her with the egg in
+his hand. The fairy wanted him to give her the egg, but he made her
+first restore all the young girls to health and send them home in
+handsome carriages. Then the youth took the egg, struck it on the
+fairy's forehead, and she fell down dead. When the youth saw that she
+was really dead, he entered a carriage with the king's daughter and
+drove to the palace. When the king and queen saw their daughter again,
+they wept for joy, and married her to her deliverer. The wedding took
+place with great magnificence, and there were great festivities and
+rejoicings in the city.
+
+A few days after, the husband looked out of the window and saw at the
+end of the street a dense fog; he said to his wife: "I will go and see
+what that fog is." So he dressed for the chase and went away with his
+dog and horse. After he had passed through the mist, he saw a mountain
+on which were two beautiful ladies. They came to meet him, and invited
+him to their palace. He accepted and they showed him into a room, and
+one of the ladies asked: "Would you like to play a game of chess?" "Very
+well," he answered, and began to play and lost. Then they took him into
+a garden where there were many marble statues, and turned him into one,
+together with his dog and horse. These ladies were sisters of the fairy,
+and this was the way they avenged her death.
+
+Meanwhile the princess waited and her husband did not return. One
+morning the father and brothers of the youth found the kitchen full of
+blood, which dropped from the fish-bone. "Something has happened to
+him," they said, and the second brother started in search of him with
+another one of the dogs and horses. He passed by the palace of the
+princess, who was at the window, and those brothers looked so much alike
+that when she saw him she thought it was her husband and called him. He
+entered and she spoke to him of the fog, but he did not understand her;
+he let her talk on, however, imagining that his brother was mixed up in
+that affair. The next morning he arose and went to see the fog with his
+dog and horse. He passed through the fog, found the mountain and the two
+ladies, and, to make the story short, the same thing happened to him
+that happened to his brother, and he became stone. And the queen waited,
+and in the father's kitchen the bone dropped blood faster than ever.
+
+The third brother too set out with his dog and horse. When he came to
+the palace, the princess saw him from the window, took him for her
+husband, and called him in. He entered and she reproved him for having
+made her wait so long, and spoke of the mist; but he did not understand
+her and said: "I did not see very clearly what was in the mist, and I
+wish to go there again." He departed, and when he had passed through the
+mist he met an old man who said to him: "Where are you going? Take care,
+your brothers have been turned into statues. You will meet two ladies;
+if they ask you to play chess with them, here are two pawns, say that
+you cannot play except with your own pawns. Then make an agreement with
+them that, if you win, you can do with them what you please; if they
+win, they can do what they please with you. If you win, and they beg for
+mercy, command them to restore to life all the stone statues with which
+the palace is filled, and when they have done so, you can do what you
+will with these ladies."
+
+The youth thanked the old man, departed, followed his directions, and
+won. The two ladies begged for their lives, and he granted their prayer
+on condition of restoring to life all those stone statues. They took a
+wand, touched the statues, and they became animated; but no sooner were
+they all restored to life than they fell on the two ladies and cut them
+into bits no larger than their ears.
+
+Thus the three brothers were reunited. They related their adventures,
+and returned to the palace. The princess was astonished when she saw
+them, and did not know which was her husband. But he made himself known,
+told her that these were his brothers, and they had their parents come
+there, and they all lived happily together, and thus the story is
+ended.[12]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We now pass to the class of stories in which one of several brothers
+succeeds in some undertaking where the others fail, and thereby draws
+down on himself the hatred of the others, who either abandon him in a
+cavern, or kill him and hide his body, which is afterwards discovered
+by a musical instrument made of one of the bones or of the reeds growing
+over the grave. The former treatment is illustrated by a Sicilian tale
+(Pitre, No. 80) called:
+
+
+VII. THE CISTERN.
+
+There were once three king's sons. Two of them were going hunting one
+day, and did not want to take their youngest brother with them. Their
+mother asked them to let him go with them, but they would not. The
+youngest brother, however, followed them, and they had to take him with
+them. They came to a beautiful plain, where they found a fine cistern,
+and ate their lunch near it. After they had finished, the oldest said:
+"Let us throw our youngest brother into the cistern, for we cannot take
+him with us." Then he said to his brother: "Salvatore, would you like to
+descend into this cistern, for there is a treasure in it?" The youngest
+consented, and they lowered him down. When he reached the bottom, he
+found three handsome rooms and an old woman, who said to him: "What are
+you doing here?" "I am trying to find my way out; tell me how to do it."
+The old woman answered: "There are here three princesses in the power of
+the magician; take care." "Never mind, tell me what to do; I am not
+afraid." "Knock at that door." He did so and a princess appeared: "What
+has brought you here?" "I have come to liberate you; tell me what I have
+to do." "Take this apple and pass through that door; my sister is there,
+who can give you better directions than I can."
+
+She gave him the apple as a token. He knocked at that door, another
+princess appeared, who gave him a pomegranate for a remembrance and
+directed him to knock at a third door. It opened and the last princess
+appeared. "Ah! Salvatore" (for she knew who he was), "what have you come
+for?" "I have come to liberate you; tell me what to do." She gave him a
+crown, and said: "Take this; when you are in need, say: 'I command! I
+command!' and the crown will obey you. Now enter and eat; take this
+bottle; the magician, you see, is about rising; hide yourself behind
+this door, and when he awakens he will ask you: 'What are you here for?'
+You will answer: 'I have come to fight you; but you must agree to take
+smaller horse and sword than mine, because I am smaller than you.' You
+will see there a fountain which will invite you to drink; do not risk
+it, for all the statues you see there are human beings who have become
+statues drinking that water; when you are thirsty drink secretly from
+this bottle."
+
+With these directions the youth went and knocked at the door. Just then
+the magician arose and said: "What are you here for?" "I have come to
+fight with you." And he added what the princess had told him. The
+fountain invited him to drink, but he would not. They began to fight,
+and at the first blow the youth cut off the magician's head. He took the
+head and sword, and went to the princesses and said: "Get your things
+together, and let us go, for my brothers are still waiting at the mouth
+of the cistern."
+
+Let us now return to the brothers. After they had lowered their youngest
+brother into the cistern, they turned around and went back to the royal
+palace. The king asked: "Where is your brother?" "We lost him in a wood,
+and could not find him." "Quick!" said the king, "go and find my son, or
+I will have your heads cut off." So they departed, and on their way
+found a man with a rope and a bell, and took them with them. When they
+reached the cistern, they lowered the rope with the bell, saying among
+themselves: "If he is alive he will hear the bell and climb up; if he is
+dead, what shall we do with our father?" When they lowered the rope,
+Salvatore made the princesses ascend one by one. As the first appeared,
+who was the oldest, the oldest brother said: "Oh, what a pretty girl!
+This one shall be my wife." When the second appeared, the other brother
+said: "This is mine." The youngest princess did not wish to ascend, and
+said to Salvatore: "You go up, Salvatore, first; if you do not, your
+brothers will leave you here." He said he would not; she said he must;
+finally he prevailed, and she ascended. When she appeared the two
+brothers took her, and left Salvatore in the cistern, and returned to
+the palace. When they arrived there, they said to their father: "We have
+looked for Salvatore, but we could not find him; but we have found these
+three young girls, and now we wish to marry them." "I," said the oldest
+brother, "will take this one." "And I," said the second, "take this one.
+The other sister we will marry to some other youth."
+
+Now let us return to Salvatore, who, when he found himself alone and
+disconsolate, felt in his pockets and touched the apple. "O my apple,
+get me out of this place!" And at once he found himself out of the
+cistern. He went to the city where he lived, and met a silversmith, who
+took him as an apprentice, feeding and clothing him. While he was with
+the silversmith, the king commanded the latter to make a crown for his
+oldest son, who was to be married: "You must make me a royal crown for
+my son, and to-morrow evening you must bring it to me."
+
+He gave him ten ounces and dismissed him. When he reached home, the
+silversmith was greatly disturbed, for he had such a short time to make
+the crown in. Salvatore said: "Grandfather, why are you so disturbed?"
+The master replied: "Take these ten ounces, for now I am going to seek
+refuge in a church, for there is nothing else for me to do." (For in
+olden times the church had the privilege that whoever robbed or killed
+fled to the church, and they could not do anything with him.) The
+apprentice replied: "Now I will see if I can make this crown. My master
+would take refuge in a church for a trifle." So he began to make the
+crown. What did he do? He took out the apple and commanded it to make a
+very beautiful crown. He hammered away, but the apple made the crown.
+When it was finished he gave it to the wife of the silversmith, who took
+it to her husband. When the latter saw that he need not flee to the
+church, he went to the king, who, well pleased, invited him to the feast
+in the evening. When he told this at home, the apprentice said: "Take
+me to the feast." "How can I take you when you have no clothes fit to
+wear? I will buy you some, and when there is another feast I will take
+you." When it struck two, the silversmith departed, and Salvatore took
+the apple and said: "O my apple, give me clothes and carriages and
+footmen, for I am going to see my brother married." Immediately he was
+dressed like a prince, and went to the palace, where he hid in the
+kitchen, saw his brother married, and then took a big stick and gave the
+silversmith a sound beating. When the latter reached home, he cried: "I
+am dying! I am dying!" "What is the matter?" asked the apprentice, and
+when he learned what had happened, he said: "If you had taken me with
+you to the feast this would not have happened."
+
+A few days after, the king summoned the silversmith again to make
+another crown within twenty-four hours. Everything happened as before:
+the apprentice made a crown handsomer than the first, with the aid of
+the pomegranate. The smith took it to the king, but after the feast came
+home with his shoulders black and blue from the beating he received.
+
+After a time they wanted to marry the third sister, but she said: "Who
+wishes me must wait a year, a month, and a day." And she had no peace
+wondering why Salvatore did not appear for all he had the apple, the
+pomegranate, and the crown. After a year, a month, and a day, the
+wedding was arranged, and the smith had orders to make another crown
+more beautiful than the first two. (This was so that no one could say
+that because the young girl was a foreigner they treated her worse than
+the others.) Again the smith was in despair, and the apprentice had to
+make, by the aid of his magic crown, a better and larger crown than the
+others. The king was astonished when he saw the beautiful crown, and
+again invited the silversmith to the feast. The smith returned home
+sorrowful, for fear that he should again receive a beating, but he would
+not take his apprentice with him.
+
+After Salvatore had seen him depart, he took his magic crown and
+ordered splendid clothes and carriages. When he reached the palace, he
+did not go to the kitchen, but before the bride and groom could say
+"yes," "Stop!" said Salvatore. He took the apple and said: "Who gave me
+this?" "I did," replied the wife of the oldest brother. "And this?"
+showing the pomegranate. "I, my brother-in-law," said the wife of the
+second brother. Then he took out the crown. "Who gave me that?" "I, my
+husband," said the young girl whom they were marrying. And at once she
+married Salvatore, "for," said she, "he freed me from the magician."
+
+The bridegroom was fooled and had to go away, and the astonished
+silversmith fell on his knees, begging for pity and mercy.[13]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In some of the versions of the above story, the hero, after he is
+abandoned by his brothers in the cistern or cave, is borne into the
+upper world by an eagle. The rapacious bird on the journey demands from
+the young man flesh from time to time. At last the stock of flesh with
+which he had provided himself is exhausted and he is obliged to cut off
+and give the eagle a piece of his own flesh. In one version (Pitre, ii.
+p. 208) he gives the eagle his leg; and when the journey is concluded
+the bird casts it up, and the hero attaches it again to his body, and
+becomes as sound as ever.[14]
+
+The class of stories in which the brother is killed and his death made
+known by a musical instrument fashioned from his body is sufficiently
+illustrated by a short Neapolitan story (Imbriani, _Pomiglianesi_, p.
+195) entitled:
+
+
+VIII. THE GRIFFIN.
+
+There was once a king who had three sons. His eyes were diseased, and he
+called in a physician who said that to cure them he needed a feather of
+the griffin. Then the king said to his sons: "He who finds this feather
+for me shall have my crown." The sons set out in search of it. The
+youngest met an old man, who asked him what he was doing. He replied:
+"Papa is ill. To cure him a feather of the griffin is necessary. And
+papa has said that whoever finds the feather shall have his crown." The
+old man said: "Well, here is some corn. When you reach a certain place,
+put it in your hat. The griffin will come and eat it. Seize him, pull
+out a feather, and carry it to papa." The youth did so, and for fear
+that some one should steal it from him, he put it into his shoe, and
+started all joyful to carry it to his father. On his way he met his
+brothers, who asked him if he had found the feather. He said No; but his
+brothers did not believe him, and wanted to search him. They looked
+everywhere, but did not find it. Finally they looked in his shoe and got
+it. Then they killed the youngest brother and buried him, and took the
+feather to their father, saying that they had found it. The king healed
+his eyes with it. A shepherd one day, while feeding his sheep, saw that
+his dog was always digging in the same place, and went to see what it
+was, and found a bone. He put it to his mouth, and saw that it sounded
+and said: "Shepherd, keep me in your mouth, hold me tight, and do not
+let me go! For a feather of the griffin, my brother has played the
+traitor, my brother has played the traitor."
+
+One day the shepherd, with this whistle in his mouth, was passing by the
+king's palace, and the king heard him, and called him to see what it
+was. The shepherd told him the story, and how he had found it. The king
+put it to his mouth, and the whistle said: "Papa! papa! keep me in your
+mouth, hold me tight, and do not let me go. For a feather of the
+griffin, my brother has played the traitor, my brother has played the
+traitor." Then the king put it in the mouth of the brother who had
+killed the youngest, and the whistle said: "Brother! brother! keep me in
+your mouth, hold me fast, and do not let me go. For a feather of the
+griffin, you have played the traitor, you have played the traitor." Then
+the king understood the story and had his two sons put to death. And
+thus they killed their brother and afterwards were killed
+themselves.[15]
+
+The feminine counterpart of "Boots," or the successful youngest brother,
+is Cinderella, the youngest of three sisters who despise and ill-treat
+her. Her usual place is in the chimney-corner, and her name is derived
+from the grime of cinders and ashes (her name in German is
+_Aschenputtel_). Assisted by some kind fairy who appears in various
+forms, she reveals herself in her true shape, captivates the prince, who
+finally recognizes her by the slipper. There are two branches of this
+story: the one just mentioned, and one where the heroine assumes a
+repulsive disguise in order to escape the importunities of a father who
+wishes to marry her. This second branch may be distinguished by the name
+of "Allerleirauh," the well-known Grimm story of this class. For the
+first branch of this story we have selected a Florentine story
+(_Novellaja fior._ p. 151) called:
+
+
+IX. CINDERELLA.
+
+Once upon a time there was a man who had three daughters. He was once
+ordered to go away to work, and said to them: "Since I am about making a
+journey, what do you want me to bring you when I return?" One asked for
+a handsome dress; the other, a fine hat and a beautiful shawl. He said
+to the youngest: "And you, Cinderella, what do you want?" They called
+her Cinderella because she always sat in the chimney-corner. "You must
+buy me a little bird Verdelio." "The simpleton! she does not know what
+to do with the bird! Instead of ordering a handsome dress, a fine shawl,
+she takes a bird. Who knows what she will do with it!" "Silence!" she
+says, "it pleases me." The father went, and on his return brought the
+dress, hat, and shawl for the two sisters, and the little bird for
+Cinderella. The father was employed at the court, and one day the king
+said to him: "I am going to give three balls; if you want to bring your
+daughters, do so; they will amuse themselves a little." "As you wish,"
+he replies, "thanks!" and accepts. He went home and said: "What do you
+think, girls? His Majesty wishes you to attend his ball." "There, you
+see, Cinderella, if you had only asked for a handsome dress! This
+evening we are going to the ball." She replied: "It matters nothing to
+me! You go; I am not coming." In the evening, when the time came, they
+adorned themselves, saying to Cinderella: "Come along, there will be
+room for you, too." "I don't want to go; you go; I don't want to."
+"But," said their father, "let us go, let us go! Dress and come along;
+let her stay." When they had gone, she went to the bird and said: "O
+Bird Verdelio, make me more beautiful than I am!" She became clothed in
+a sea-green dress, with so many diamonds that it blinded you to behold
+her. The bird made ready two purses of money, and said to her: "Take
+these two purses, enter your carriage, and away!" She set out for the
+ball, and left the bird Verdelio at home. She entered the ball-room.
+Scarcely had the gentlemen seen this beautiful lady (she dazzled them on
+all sides), when the king, just think of it, began to dance with her the
+whole evening. After he had danced with her all the evening, his Majesty
+stopped, and she stood by her sisters. While she was at her sisters'
+side, she drew out her handkerchief, and a bracelet fell out. "Oh,
+Signora," said the eldest sister, "you have dropped this." "Keep it for
+yourself," she said. "Oh, if Cinderella were only here, who knows what
+might not have happened to her?" The king had given orders that when
+this lady went away they should find out where she lived. After she had
+remained a little, she left the ball. You can imagine whether the
+servants were on the lookout! She entered her carriage and away! She
+perceives that she is followed, takes the money and begins to throw it
+out of the window of the carriage. The greedy servants, I tell you,
+seeing all that money, thought no more of her, but stopped to pick up
+the money. She returned home and went up-stairs. "O Bird Verdelio, make
+me homelier than I am!" You ought to see how ugly, how horrid, she
+became, all ashes. When the sisters returned, they cried:
+"Cin-der-ella!" "Oh, leave her alone," said her father; "she is asleep
+now, leave her alone!" But they went up and showed her the large and
+beautiful bracelet. "Do you see, you simpleton? You might have had it."
+"It matters nothing to me." Their father said: "Let us go to supper, you
+little geese."
+
+Let us return to the king, who was awaiting his servants, who had not
+the courage to appear, but kept away. He calls them. "How did the matter
+go?" They fall at his feet. "Thus and thus! She threw out so much
+money!" "Wretches, you are nothing else," he said, "were you afraid of
+not being rewarded? Well! to-morrow evening, attention, under pain of
+death." The next evening the usual ball. The sisters say: "Will you come
+this evening, Cinderella?" "Oh," she says, "don't bother me! I don't
+want to go." Their father cries out to them: "How troublesome you are!
+Let her alone!" So they began to adorn themselves more handsomely than
+the former evening, and departed. "Good-by, Cinderella!" When they had
+gone, Cinderella went to the bird and said: "Little Bird Verdelio, make
+me more beautiful than I am!" Then she became clothed in sea-green,
+embroidered with all the fish of the sea, mingled with diamonds more
+than you could believe. The bird said: "Take these two bags of sand, and
+when you are followed, throw it out, and so they will be blinded." She
+entered her carriage and set out for the ball. As soon as his Majesty
+saw her he began to dance with her and danced as long as he could. After
+he had danced as long as he could (she did not grow weary, but he did),
+she placed herself near her sisters, drew out her handkerchief, and
+there fell out a beautiful necklace all made of coal. The second sister
+said: "Signora, you have dropped this." She replied: "Keep it for
+yourself." "If Cinderella were here, who knows what might not happen to
+her! To-morrow she must come!" After a while she leaves the ball. The
+servants (just think, under pain of death!) were all on the alert, and
+followed her. She began to throw out all the sand, and they were
+blinded. She went home, dismounted, and went up-stairs. "Little Bird
+Verdelio, make me homelier than I am!" She became frightfully homely.
+When her sisters returned they began from below: "Cin-der-ella! if you
+only knew what that lady gave us!" "It matters nothing to me!" "But
+to-morrow evening you must go!" "Yes, yes! you would have had it!" Their
+father says: "Let us go to supper and let her alone; you are really
+silly!"
+
+Let us return to his Majesty, who was waiting for his servants to learn
+where she lived. Instead of that they were all brought back blinded, and
+had to be accompanied. "Rogue!" he exclaimed, "either this lady is some
+fairy or she must have some fairy who protects her."
+
+The next day the sisters began: "Cinderella, you must go this evening!
+Listen; it is the last evening; you must come." The father: "Oh let her
+alone! you are always teasing her!" Then they went away and began to
+prepare for the ball. When they were all prepared, they went to the ball
+with their father. When they had departed, Cinderella went to the bird:
+"Little Bird Verdelio, make me more beautiful than I am!" Then she was
+dressed in all the colors of the heavens; all the comets, the stars, and
+moon on her dress, and the sun on her brow. She enters the ball-room.
+Who could look at her! for the sun alone they lower their eyes, and are
+all blinded. His Majesty began to dance, but he could not look at her,
+because she dazzled him. He had already given orders to his servants to
+be on the lookout, under pain of death; not to go on foot, but to mount
+their horses that evening. After she had danced longer than on the
+previous evenings she placed herself by her father's side, drew out her
+handkerchief, and there fell out a snuff-box of gold, full of money.
+"Signora, you have dropped this snuff-box." "Keep it for yourself!"
+Imagine that man: he opens it and sees it full of money. What joy! After
+she had remained a time she went home as usual. The servants followed
+her on horseback, quickly; at a distance from the carriage; but on
+horseback that was not much trouble. She perceived that she had not
+prepared anything to throw that evening. "Oh!" she cried, "what shall I
+do?" She left the carriage quickly, and in her haste lost one of her
+slippers. The servants picked it up, took the number of the house, and
+went away. Cinderella went up-stairs and said: "Little Bird Verdelio,
+make me more homely than I am!" The bird does not answer. After she had
+repeated it three or four times, it answered: "Rogue! I ought not to
+make you more homely, but..." and she became homely and the bird
+continued: "What are you going to do now? You are discovered." She began
+to weep in earnest. When her sisters returned, they cried:
+"Cin-der-ella!" You can imagine that she did not answer them this
+evening. "See what a beautiful snuff-box. If you had gone you might have
+had it." "I do not care! Go away!" Then their father called them to
+supper.
+
+Let us now turn to the servants who went back with the slipper and the
+number of the house. "To-morrow," said his Majesty, "as soon as it is
+day, go to that house, take a carriage, and bring that lady to the
+palace." The servants took the slipper and went away. The next morning
+they knocked at the door. Cinderella's father looked out and exclaimed:
+"Oh, Heavens! it is his Majesty's carriage; what does it mean?" They
+open the door and the servants ascend. "What do you want of me?" asked
+the father. "How many daughters have you?" "Two." "Well, show them to
+us." The father made them come in there. "Sit down," they said to one of
+them. They tried the slipper on her; it was ten times too large for her.
+The other one sat down; it was too small for her. "But tell me, good
+man, have you no other daughters? Take care to tell the truth! because
+his Majesty wishes it, under pain of death!" "Gentlemen, there is
+another one, but I do not mention it. She is all in the ashes, the
+coals; if you should see her! I do not call her my daughter from shame."
+"We have not come for beauty, or for finery; we want to see the girl!"
+
+Her sisters began to call her: "Cin-der-ella!" but she did not answer.
+After a time she said: "What is the matter?" "You must come down! there
+are some gentlemen here who wish to see you." "I don't want to come."
+"But you must come, you see!" "Very well; tell them I will come in a
+moment." She went to the little bird: "Ah little Bird Verdelio, make me
+more beautiful than I am!" Then she was dressed as she had been the last
+evening, with the sun, and moon, and stars, and in addition, great
+chains all of gold everywhere about her. The bird said: "Take me away
+with you! Put me in your bosom!" She puts the bird in her bosom and
+begins to descend the stairs. "Do you hear her?" said the father, "do
+you hear her? She is dragging with her the chains from the
+chimney-corner. You can imagine how frightful she will look!" When she
+reached the last step, and they saw her, "Ah!" they exclaimed, and
+recognized the lady of the ball. You can imagine how her father and
+sisters were vexed. They made her sit down, and tried on the slipper,
+and it fitted her. Then they made her enter the carriage, and took her
+to his Majesty, who recognized the lady of the other evenings. And you
+can imagine that, all in love as he was, he said to her: "Will you
+really be my wife?" You may believe she consents. She sends for her
+father and sisters, and makes them all come to the palace. They
+celebrate the marriage. Imagine what fine festivals were given at this
+wedding! The servants who had discovered where Cinderella lived were
+promoted to the highest positions in the palace as a reward.[16]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the second class of stories alluded to above, the heroine flees in
+disguise from her home to avoid a marriage with her father or brother.
+The remainder of the story resembles Cinderella: the heroine reveals
+herself from time to time in her true form, and finally throws off her
+disguise. The following story, which illustrates this class, is from the
+province of Vicenza (Corazzini, p. 484), and is entitled:
+
+
+X. FAIR MARIA WOOD.
+
+There was once a husband and wife who had but one child, a daughter. Now
+it happened that the wife fell ill and was at the point of death. Before
+dying she called her husband, and said to him, weeping: "I am dying; you
+are still young; if you ever wish to marry again, be mindful to choose a
+wife whom my wedding ring fits; and if you cannot find a lady whom it
+fits well, do not marry." Her husband promised that he would do so. When
+she was dead he took off her wedding ring and kept it until he desired
+to marry again. Then he sought for some one to please him. He went from
+one to another, but the ring fitted no one. He tried so many but in
+vain. One day he thought of calling his daughter, and trying the ring on
+her to see whether it fitted her. The daughter said: "It is useless,
+dear father; you cannot marry me, because you are my father." He did not
+heed her, put the ring on her finger, and saw that it fitted her well,
+and wanted to marry his daughter _nolens volens_. She did not oppose
+him, but consented. The day of the wedding, he asked her what she
+wanted. She said that she wished four silk dresses, the most beautiful
+that could be seen. He, who was a gentleman, gratified her wish and took
+her the four dresses, one handsomer than the other, and all the
+handsomest that had ever been seen. "Now, what else do you want?" said
+he. "I want another dress, made of wood, so that I can conceal myself in
+it." And at once he had this wooden dress made. She was well pleased.
+She waited one day until her husband was out of sight, put on the wooden
+dress, and under it the four silk dresses, and went away to a certain
+river not far off, and threw herself in it. Instead of sinking and
+drowning, she floated, for the wooden dress kept her up.
+
+The water carried her a long way, when she saw on the bank a gentleman,
+and began to cry: "Who wants the fair Maria Wood?" That gentleman who
+saw her on the water, and whom she addressed, called her and she came to
+the bank and saluted him. "How is it that you are thus dressed in wood,
+and come floating on the water without drowning?" She told him that she
+was a poor girl who had only that dress of wood, and that she wanted to
+go out to service. "What can you do?" "I can do all that is needed in a
+house, and if you would only take me for a servant you would be
+satisfied."
+
+He took her to his house, where his mother was, and told her all that
+had happened, saying: "If you, dear mother, will take her as a servant,
+we can try her." In short, she took her and was pleased with this woman
+dressed in wood.
+
+It happened that there were balls at that place which the best ladies
+and gentlemen attended. The gentleman who had the servant dressed in
+wood prepared to go to the ball, and after he had departed, the servant
+said to his mother: "Do me this kindness, mistress: let me go to the
+ball too, for I have never seen any dancing." "What, you wish to go to
+the ball so badly dressed that they would drive you away as soon as they
+saw you!" The servant was silent, and when the mistress was in bed,
+dressed herself in one of her silk dresses and became the most beautiful
+woman that was ever seen. She went to the ball, and it seemed as if the
+sun had entered the room; all were dazzled. She sat down near her
+master, who asked her to dance, and would dance with no one but her. She
+pleased him so much that he fell in love with her. He asked her who she
+was and where she came from. She replied that she came from a distance,
+but told him nothing more.
+
+At a certain hour, without any one perceiving it, she went out and
+disappeared. She returned home and put on her wooden dress again. In the
+morning the master returned from the ball, and said to his mother: "Oh!
+if you had only seen what a beautiful lady there was at the ball! She
+appeared like the sun, she was so beautiful and well dressed. She sat
+down near me, and would not dance with any one but me." His mother then
+said: "Did you not ask her who she was and where she came from?" "She
+would only tell me that she came from a distance; but I thought I
+should die; I wish to go again this evening." The servant heard all this
+dialogue, but kept silent, pretending that the matter did not concern
+her.
+
+In the evening he prepared himself again for the ball, and the servant
+said to him: "Master, yesterday evening I asked your mamma to let me,
+too, go to the ball, for I have never seen dancing, but she would not;
+will you have the kindness to let me go this evening?" "Be still, you
+ugly creature, the ball is no place for you!" "Do me this favor," she
+said, weeping, "I will stand out of doors, or under a bench, or in a
+corner so no one shall see me; but let me go!" He grew angry then, and
+took a stick and began to beat the poor servant. She wept and remained
+silent.
+
+After he had gone, she waited until his mother was in bed, and put on a
+dress finer than the first, and so rich as to astonish, and away to the
+ball! When she arrived all began to gaze at her, for they had never seen
+anything more beautiful. All the handsomest young men surround her and
+ask her to dance; but she would have nothing to do with any one but her
+master. He again asked her who she was, and she said she would tell him
+later. They danced and danced, and all at once she disappeared. Her
+master ran here and there, asked one and another, but no one could tell
+him where she had gone. He returned home and told his mother all that
+had passed. She said to him: "Do you know what you must do? Take this
+diamond ring, and when she dances with you give it to her; and if she
+takes it, it is a sign that she loves you." She gave him the ring. The
+servant listened, saw everything, and was silent.
+
+In the evening the master prepared for the ball and the servant again
+asked him to take her, and again he beat her. He went to the ball, and
+after midnight, as before, the beautiful lady returned more beautiful
+than before, and as usual would dance only with her master. At the right
+moment he took out the diamond ring, and asked her if she would accept
+it. She took it and thanked him, and he was happy and satisfied.
+Afterward he asked her again who she was and where from. She said that
+she was of that country
+
+    That when they speak of going to a ball,
+    They are beaten on the head;
+
+and said no more. At the usual hour she stopped dancing and departed. He
+ran after her, but she went like the wind, and reached home without his
+finding out where she went. But he ran so in all directions, and was in
+such suffering, that when he reached home he was obliged to go to bed
+more dead than alive. Then he fell ill and grew worse every day, so that
+all said he would die. He did nothing but ask his mother and every one
+if they knew anything of that lady, and that he would die if he did not
+see her. The servant heard everything; and one day, when he was very
+ill, what did she think of? She waited until her mistress' eye was
+turned, and dropped the diamond ring in the broth her master was to eat.
+No one saw her, and his mother took him the broth. He began to eat it,
+when he felt something hard, saw something shine, and took it out....
+You can imagine how he looked at it and recognized the diamond ring!
+They thought he would go mad. He asked his mother if that was the ring
+and she swore that it was, and all happy, she said that now he would see
+her again.
+
+Meanwhile the servant went to her room, took off her wooden dress, and
+put on one all of silk, so that she appeared a beauty, and went to the
+room of the sick man. His mother saw her and began to cry: "Here she is;
+here she is!" She went in and saluted him, smiling, and he was so beside
+himself that he became well at once. He asked her to tell him her
+story,--who she was, where she came from, how she came, and how she knew
+that he was ill. She replied: "I am the woman dressed in wood who was
+your servant. It is not true that I was a poor girl, but I had that
+dress to conceal myself in, for underneath it I was the same that I am
+now. I am a lady; and although you treated me so badly when I asked to
+go to the ball, I saw that you loved me, and now I have come to save
+you from death." You can believe that they stayed to hear her story.
+They were married and have always been happy and still are.[17]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the various stories thus far mentioned which involve the family
+relations, we have had examples of treachery on the part of brothers,
+ill-treatment of step-children, etc. It remains now to notice the trait
+of treachery on the part of sister or mother towards brother or son. The
+formula as given by Hahn (No. 19) is as follows: The hero, who is
+fleeing with his sister (or mother), overcomes a number of dragons or
+giants. The only survivor makes love to the sister (or mother), and
+causes her, for fear of discovery, to send her brother, in order to
+destroy him, on dangerous adventures, under the pretence of obtaining a
+cure for her illness. The hero survives the dangers, discovers the
+deception, and punishes the guilty ones. Traces of this formula are
+found in several Italian stories,[18] but it constitutes only two entire
+stories: one in Pitre (No. 71) the other in Comparetti (No. 54, "The
+Golden Hair," from Monferrato, Piedmont). The latter is in substance as
+follows: A king with three sons marries again in his old age. The
+youngest son falls in love with his step-mother and the jealous father
+tries to poison her. The son and wife flee together, and fall in with
+some robbers whom they kill, and set at liberty a princess who has the
+gift of curing blindness and other diseases. They afterward find a cave
+containing rooms and all the necessaries of life, but see no one. They
+spend the night there, and the next morning the youth goes hunting; and
+as soon as he has departed a giant appears and solicits the
+step-mother's love, saying that if she will marry him, she will always
+be healthy and never lose her youth. But first it will be necessary to
+remove from her step-son's head a golden hair, and then he will become
+so weak that he can be killed by a blow. She was unwilling at first,
+because he had saved her life, but finally yielded. First she tried to
+get rid of him by pretending to be ill, and sending him for some water
+from a fountain near which was a lion. He obtained the water safely.
+Then his step-mother, pretending to comb his hair, cut off the golden
+hair, and the giant dragged him by the feet fifty miles, and let him
+fall first in the bushes and then on the ground. From the wounds in his
+head he became blind, but recovered his sight by means of the princess
+mentioned in the first part of the story, whom he married. After his
+golden lock had grown out again he returned to the cave and killed the
+giant, punishing his step-mother by leaving her there without even
+looking at her.
+
+The story in Pitre (No. 71, "The Cyclops") is more detailed. A queen who
+has been unfaithful to her husband is put in confinement, gives birth to
+a son, and afterward, through his aid, escapes. They encounter some
+cyclops, a number of whom the son kills; but one becomes secretly the
+mother's lover. To get rid of her son, she sends him for the water of a
+certain fountain, which he brings back safely. Finally the mother binds
+the son fast, under the pretence of playing a game, and delivers him to
+the cyclops, who kills him and cuts him into small bits, which he loads
+on his horse and turns him loose. The youth is, however, restored to
+life by the same water that he had brought back, and kills the cyclops
+and his mother, finally marrying the princess to whom he owes his
+life.[19]
+
+In marked contrast to the above class is the one in which a number of
+brothers owe their deliverance from enchantment to the self-sacrifice of
+a sister. Generally the sister is the innocent cause of her brothers'
+transformation. They live far from home, and their sister is not aware
+for a long time of their existence. When she learns it she departs in
+search of them, finds them, and, after great risk to herself, delivers
+them. But two versions of this story have yet been published in Italy:
+one from Naples (Pent. IV. 8), the other from Bologna (Coronedi-Berti,
+No. 19). The latter version we give at length.
+
+
+XI. THE CURSE OF THE SEVEN CHILDREN.
+
+There was once a king and a queen who had six children, all sons. The
+queen was about to give birth to another child, and the king said that
+if it was not a daughter all seven children would be cursed. Now it
+happened that the king had to go away to war; and before departing he
+said to the queen, "Listen. If you have a son, hang a lance out of the
+window; if a daughter, a distaff; so that I can see as soon as I arrive
+which it is." After the king had been gone a month, the queen gave birth
+to the most beautiful girl that was ever seen. Imagine how pleased the
+queen was at having a girl. She could scarcely contain herself for joy,
+and immediately gave orders to hang the distaff out of the window; but
+in the midst of the joyful confusion, a mistake was made, and they put
+out a lance. Shortly after, the king returned and saw the sign at the
+window, and cursed all his seven sons; but when he entered the house and
+the servants crowded around him to congratulate him and tell him about
+his beautiful daughter, then the king was amazed and became very
+melancholy. He entered the queen's room and looked at the child, who
+seemed exactly like one of those wax dolls to be kept in a box; then he
+looked about him and saw nothing of his sons, and his eyes filled with
+tears, for those poor youths had wandered out into the world.
+
+Meanwhile the girl grew, and when she was large she saw that her parents
+caressed her, but always with tears in their eyes. One day she said to
+her mother: "What is the matter with you, mother, that I always see you
+crying?" Then the queen told her the story, and said that she was afraid
+that some day she would see her disappear too. When the girl heard how
+it was, what did she do? One night she rose softly and left the palace,
+with the intention of going to find her brothers. She walked and walked,
+and at last met a little old man, who said to her: "Where are you going
+at this time of the night?" She answered: "I am in search of my
+brothers." The old man said: "It will be difficult to find them, for
+you must not speak for seven years, seven months, seven weeks, seven
+days, seven hours, and seven minutes." She said: "I will try." Then she
+took a bit of paper which she found on the ground, wrote on it the day
+and the hour with a piece of charcoal, and left the old man and hastened
+on her way. After she had run a long time, she saw a light and went
+towards it, and when she was near it, she saw that it was over the door
+of a palace where a king lived. She entered and sat down on the
+stairway, and fell asleep. The servants came later to put out the light,
+and saw the pretty girl asleep on the stone steps; they awakened her,
+asking her what she was doing there. She began to make signs, asking
+them to give her a lodging. They understood her, and said they would ask
+the king. They returned shortly to tell her to enter, for the king
+wished to see her before she was shown to her room. When the king saw
+the beautiful girl, with hair like gold, flesh like milk and wine, teeth
+white as pearls, and little hands that an artist could not paint as
+beautiful as they were, he suddenly imagined that she must be the
+daughter of some lord, and gave orders that she should be treated with
+all possible respect. They showed her to a beautiful room; then a maid
+came and undressed her and put her to bed. Next morning, Diana, for so
+she was called, arose, saw a frame with a piece of embroidery in it, and
+began to work at it. The king visited her, and asked if she needed
+anything, and she made signs that she did not. The king was so pleased
+with the young girl that he ended by falling in love with her, and after
+a year had passed he thought of marrying her. The queen-mother, who was
+an envious person, was not content with the match, because, said she, no
+one knows where she came from, and, besides, she is dumb, something that
+would make people wonder if a king should marry her. But the king was so
+obstinate that he married her; and when his mother saw that there was no
+help, she pretended to be satisfied. Shortly after, the queen-mother put
+into the king's hands a letter which informed him of an imminent war, in
+which, if he did not take part, he would run the risk of losing his
+realm. The king went to the war, in fact, with great grief at leaving
+his wife; and before departing, he commended her earnestly to his
+mother, who said: "Do not be anxious, my son, I shall do all that I can
+to make her happy." The king embraced his wife and mother, and departed.
+
+Scarcely had the king gone when the queen-mother sent for a mason, and
+made him build a wall near the kitchen-sink, so that it formed a sort of
+box. Now you must know that Diana expected soon to become a mother, and
+this afforded the queen-mother a pretext to write to her son that his
+wife had died in giving birth to a child. She took her and put her in
+the wall she had had built, where there was neither light nor air, and
+where the wicked woman hoped that she would die. But it was not so. The
+scullion went every day to wash the dishes at the sink near where poor
+Diana was buried alive. While attending to his business, he heard a
+lamentation, and listened to see where it could come from. He listened
+and listened, until at last he perceived that the voice came from the
+wall that had been newly built. What did he do then? He made a hole in
+the wall, and saw that the queen was there. The scullion asked how she
+came there; but she only made signs that she was about to give birth to
+a child. The poor scullion had his wife make a fine cushion, on which
+Diana reposed as well as she could, and gave birth to the most beautiful
+boy that could be seen. The scullion's wife went to see her every
+moment, and carried her broth, and cared for the child; in short, this
+poor woman, as well as her husband, did everything she could to
+alleviate the poor queen, who tried to make them understand by signs
+what she needed. One day it came into Diana's head to look into her
+memorandum book and see how long she still had to keep silent, and she
+saw that only two minutes yet remained. As soon as they had passed, she
+told the scullion all that had happened. At that moment the king
+arrived, and the scullion drew the queen from out the hole, and showed
+her to the king. You can imagine how delighted he was to see again his
+Diana, whom he believed to be dead. He embraced her, and kissed her and
+the child; in short, such was his joy that it seemed as if he would go
+mad. Diana related everything to him: why she had left her home, and why
+she had played dumb so long, and finally how she had been treated by the
+queen-mother, and what she had suffered, and how kind those poor people
+had been to her. When he had heard all this, he said: "Leave the matter
+to me; I will arrange it."
+
+The next day the king invited all the nobles and princes of his realm to
+a great banquet. Now it happened that in setting the tables the servants
+laid six plates besides the others; and when the guests sat down, six
+handsome youths entered, who advanced and asked what should be given to
+a sister who had done so and so for her brothers. Then the king sprang
+up and said: "And I ask what shall be done to a mother who did so and so
+to her son's wife?" and he explained everything. One said: "Burn her
+alive." Another: "Put her in the pillory." Another: "Fry her in oil in
+the public square." This was agreed to. The youths had been informed by
+that same old man whom Diana had met, and who was a magician, where
+their sister was and what she had done for them. Then they made
+themselves known, and embraced Diana and their brother-in-law the king,
+and after the greatest joy, they all started off to see their parents.
+Imagine the satisfaction of the king and queen at seeing again all their
+seven children. They gave the warmest reception to the king, Diana's
+husband, and after they had spent some days together, Diana returned
+with her husband to their city. And all lived there afterward in peace
+and contentment.[20]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We shall now turn our attention to another wide-spread story, which may
+be termed "The True Bride," although the Grimm story of that name is not
+a representative of it. One of the simplest versions is Grimm's "The
+Goose-Girl," in which a queen's daughter is betrothed to a king's son
+who lives far away. When the daughter grew up she was sent to the
+bridegroom, with a maid to wait upon her. On the journey the maid takes
+the place of the princess, who becomes a poor goose-girl. The true bride
+is of course discovered at last, and the false one duly punished. "The
+White and the Black Bride," of the same collection, is a more
+complicated version of the same theme. The first part is the story of
+two sisters (step-sisters) who receive different gifts from fairies,
+etc.; the second part, that of the brother who paints his sister's
+portrait, which the king sees and desires to marry the original. The
+sister is sent for, but on the journey the ugly step-sister pushes the
+bride into a river or the sea, and takes her place. The true bride is
+changed into a swan (or otherwise miraculously preserved), and at last
+resumes her lawful place. In the above stories the substitution of the
+false bride is the main incident in the story; but there are many other
+tales in which the same incident occurs, but it is subordinate to the
+others. Examples of this latter class will be given as soon as we reach
+the story of "The Forgotten Bride."
+
+The first class mentioned is represented in Italy by two versions also.
+The first is composed of the two traits: "Two Sisters" and "True Bride";
+the second, of "Brother who shows beautiful sister's portrait to king."
+This second version sometimes shows traces of the first. It is with this
+second version that we now have to do, as in it only is the substitution
+of the false bride the main incident. Examples of the first version will
+be found in the notes.[21] The story we have selected to illustrate the
+second version of this story is from Florence (_Nov. fior._ p. 314), and
+is entitled:
+
+
+XII. ORAGGIO AND BIANCHINETTA.
+
+There was once a lady who had two children: the boy was called Oraggio,
+the girl, Bianchinetta. By misfortunes they were reduced from great
+wealth to poverty. It was decided that Oraggio should go out to service,
+and indeed he found a situation as _valet de chambre_ to a prince. After
+a time the prince, satisfied with his service, changed it, and set him
+to work cleaning the pictures in his gallery. Among the various
+paintings was one of a very beautiful lady, which was constantly
+Oraggio's admiration. The prince often surprised him admiring the
+portrait. One day he asked him why he spent so much time before that
+picture. Oraggio replied that it was the very image of his sister, and
+having been away from her some time, he felt the need of seeing her
+again. The prince answered that he did not believe that picture
+resembled his sister, because he had a search made, and it had not been
+possible to find any lady like the portrait. He added: "Have her come
+here, and if she is as beautiful as you say, I will make her my wife."
+
+Oraggio wrote at once to Bianchinetta, who immediately set out on her
+journey. Oraggio went to the harbor to await her, and when he perceived
+the ship at a distance, he called out at intervals: "Mariners of the
+high sea, guard my sister Bianchina, so that the sun shall not brown
+her." Now, on the ship where Bianchinetta was, was also another young
+girl with her mother, both very homely. When they were near the harbor,
+the daughter gave Bianchinetta a blow, and pushed her into the sea. When
+they landed, Oraggio could not recognize his sister; and that homely
+girl presented herself, saying that the sun had made her so dark that
+she could no longer be recognized. The prince was surprised at seeing
+such a homely woman, and reproved Oraggio, removing him from his
+position and setting him to watch the geese. Every day he led the geese
+to the sea, and every day Bianchinetta came forth and adorned them with
+tassels of various colors. When the geese returned home, they said:--
+
+    "Cro! cro!
+    From the sea we come,
+    We feed on gold and pearls.
+    Oraggio's sister is fair,
+    She is fair as the sun;
+    She would suit our master well."
+
+The prince asked Oraggio how the geese came to repeat those words every
+day. He told him that his sister, thrown into the sea, had been seized
+by a fish, which had taken her to a beautiful palace under the water,
+where she was in chains. But that, attached to a long chain, she was
+permitted to come to the shore when he drove the geese there. The prince
+said: "If what you relate is true, ask her what is required to liberate
+her from that prison."
+
+The next day Oraggio asked Bianchinetta how it would be possible to take
+her from there and conduct her to the prince. She replied: "It is
+impossible to take me from here. At least, the monster always says to
+me: 'It would require a sword that cuts like a hundred, and a horse that
+runs like the wind.' It is almost impossible to find these two things.
+You see, therefore, it is my fate to remain here always." Oraggio
+returned to the palace, and informed the prince of his sister's answer.
+The latter made every effort, and succeeded in finding the horse that
+ran like the wind, and the sword that cut like a hundred. They went to
+the sea, found Bianchinetta, who was awaiting them. She led them to her
+palace. With the sword the chain was cut. She mounted the horse, and
+thus was able to escape. When they reached the palace the prince found
+her as beautiful as the portrait Oraggio was always gazing at, and
+married her. The other homely one was burned in the public square, with
+the accustomed pitch-shirt; and they lived content and happy.[22]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have already encountered the trait of "Thankful Animals," who assist
+the hero in return for kindness he has shown them. What is merely an
+incident in the stories above alluded to constitutes the main feature of
+a class of stories which may be termed "Animal Brothers-in-law." The
+usual formula in these stories is as follows: Three princes, transformed
+into animals, marry the hero's sisters. The hero visits them in turn;
+they assist him in the performance of difficult tasks, and are by him
+freed from their enchantment. This formula varies, of course. Sometimes
+there are but two sisters, and the brothers-in-law are freed from their
+enchantment in some other way than by the hero. A good specimen of this
+class is from the south of Italy, Basilicata (Comparetti, No. 20), and
+is called:
+
+
+XIII. THE FAIR FIORITA.
+
+There was once a king who had four children: three daughters and a son,
+who was the heir to the throne. One day the king said to the prince: "My
+son, I have decided to marry your three sisters to the first persons who
+pass our palace at noon." At that time there first passed a swine-herd,
+then a huntsman, and finally a grave-digger. The king had them all three
+summoned to his presence, and told the swine-herd that he wished to give
+him his oldest daughter for a wife, the second to the huntsman, and the
+third to the grave-digger. Those poor creatures thought they were
+dreaming. But they saw that the king spoke seriously, or rather
+commanded. Then, all confused, but well pleased, they said: "Let your
+Majesty's will be done." The prince, who loved his youngest sister
+dearly, was deeply grieved that she should become a grave-digger's wife.
+He begged the king not to make this match, but the king would not listen
+to him.
+
+The prince, grieved at his father's caprice, would not be present at his
+sisters' wedding, but took a walk in the garden at the foot of the
+palace. Now, while the priest in the marriage hall was blessing the
+three brides, the garden suddenly bloomed with the fairest flowers, and
+there came forth from a white cloud a voice which said: "Happy he who
+shall have a kiss from the lips of the fair Fiorita!" The prince
+trembled so that he could hardly stand; and afterward, leaning against
+an olive-tree, he began to weep for the sisters he had lost, and
+remained buried in thought many hours. Then he started, as if awakening
+from a dream, and said to himself: "I must flee from my father's house.
+I will wander about the world, and will not rest until I have a kiss
+from the lips of the fair Fiorita."
+
+He travelled over land and sea, over mountains and plains, and found no
+living soul that could give him word of the fair Fiorita. Three years
+had elapsed, when one day, leaving a wood and journeying through a
+beautiful plain, he arrived at a palace before which was a fountain, and
+drew near to drink. A child two years old, who was playing by the
+fountain, seeing him approach, began to cry and call its mother. The
+mother, when she saw the prince, ran to meet him, embraced him, and
+kissed him, crying: "Welcome, welcome, my brother!" The prince at first
+did not recognize her; but looking at her closely in the face, he saw
+that it was his oldest sister, and embracing her in turn, exclaimed:
+"How glad I am to see you, my sister!" and they rejoiced greatly. The
+sister invited him to enter the palace, which was hers, and led him to
+her husband, who was much pleased to see him, and all three overwhelmed
+with caresses the child who, by calling his mother, had been the cause
+of all that joy.
+
+The prince then asked about his other two sisters, and his
+brother-in-law replied that they were well, and lived in a lordly way
+with their husbands. The prince was surprised, and his brother-in-law
+added that the fortunes of the three husbands of his sisters had changed
+since they had been enchanted by a magician. "And cannot I see my other
+two sisters?" asked the prince. The brother-in-law replied: "Direct your
+journey towards sunrise. After a day you will find your second sister;
+after two days, the third." "But I must seek the way to the fair
+Fiorita, and I do not know whether it is towards sunrise or sunset." "It
+is precisely towards sunrise; and you are doubly fortunate: first,
+because you will see your two sisters again; secondly, because from the
+last you can receive information about the fair Fiorita. But before
+departing I wish to give you a remembrance. Take these hog's bristles.
+The first time you encounter any danger from which you cannot extricate
+yourself, throw them on the ground, and I will free you from the
+danger." The prince took the bristles, and after he had thanked his
+brother-in-law, resumed his journey.
+
+The next day he arrived at the palace of his second sister; was received
+there also with great joy, and this brother-in-law, too, wished to give
+him a memento before he departed; and because he had been a huntsman,
+presented him with a bunch of birds' feathers, telling him the same
+thing that the other brother-in-law had. He thanked him and departed.
+The third day he came to his youngest sister's, who, seeing the brother
+who had always loved her more dearly than his other sisters, welcomed
+him more warmly, as did also her husband. The latter gave him a little
+human bone, giving him the same advice as the other brothers-in-law had.
+His sister then told him that the fair Fiorita lived a day's journey
+from there, and that he could learn more about her from an old woman who
+was indebted to her, and to whom she sent him.
+
+As soon as the prince arrived at the fair Fiorita's country (she was the
+king's daughter), he went to the old woman. When she heard that he was
+the brother of the one who had been so kind to her, she received him
+like a son. Fortunately, the old woman's house was exactly opposite that
+side of the king's palace where there was a window to which the fair
+Fiorita came every day at dawn. Now one morning at that hour she
+appeared at the window, scarcely covered by a white veil. When the
+prince saw that flower of beauty, he was so agitated that he would have
+fallen had not the old woman supported him. The old woman attempted to
+dissuade him from the idea of marrying the fair Fiorita, saying that the
+king would give his daughter only to him who should discover a hidden
+place, and that he killed him who could not find it, and that already
+many princes had lost their lives for her. But, notwithstanding, he
+answered that he should die if he could not obtain possession of the
+fair Fiorita. Having learned afterward from the old woman that the king
+bought for his daughter the rarest musical instruments, hear what he
+devised! He went to a cymbal-maker and said: "I want a cymbal that will
+play three tunes, and each tune to last a day, and to be made in such a
+way that a man can be hidden inside of it; and I will pay you a thousand
+ducats for it. When it is finished I will get in it; and you must go
+and play it in front of the king's palace; and if the king wishes to
+buy it you will sell it to him on condition that you shall take it every
+three days to fix it." The cymbal-maker consented, and did all that the
+prince commanded him. The king purchased the cymbal with the maker's
+condition, had it carried to his daughter's bed-chamber, and said to
+her: "See, my daughter, I do not wish you to lack any diversion, even
+when you are in bed and cannot sleep."
+
+Next to the fair Fiorita's chamber slept her maids of honor. In the
+night when all were asleep, the prince, who was hidden in the cymbal,
+came out and called: "Fair Fiorita! fair Fiorita!" She awoke in a fright
+and cried: "Come, my maids of honor, I hear some one calling me." The
+maids of honor came quickly, but found no one, for the prince hid
+himself suddenly in the instrument. The same thing happened twice, and
+the maids coming and finding no one, the fair Fiorita said: "Well, it
+must be my fancy. If I call you again, do not come, I command you." The
+prince, within the cymbal, heard this. Scarcely had the maids of honor
+fallen asleep again, when the prince approached the fair one's bed and
+said: "Fair Fiorita, give me, I beg you, a kiss from your lips; if you
+do not, I shall die." She, all trembling, called her maids; but obeying
+her command, they did not come. Then she said to the prince: "You are
+fortunate and have won. Draw near." And she gave him the kiss, and on
+the prince's lips there remained a beautiful rose. "Take this rose," she
+said, "and keep it on your heart, for it will bring you good luck." The
+prince placed it on his heart, and then told his fair one all his
+history from the time he had left his father's palace until he had
+introduced himself into her chamber by the trick with the cymbal. The
+fair Fiorita was well pleased, and said that she would willingly marry
+him; but to succeed, he must perform many difficult tasks which the king
+would lay upon him. First he must discover the way to a hiding-place
+where the king had concealed her with a hundred damsels; then he must
+recognize her among the hundred damsels, all dressed alike and veiled.
+"But," she said, "you need not trouble yourself about these
+difficulties, for the rose you have taken from my lips, and which you
+will always wear over your heart, will draw you like the loadstone,
+first to the hiding-place, and afterward to my arms. But the king will
+set you other tasks, and perhaps terrible ones. These you must think of
+yourself. Let us leave it to God and fortune."
+
+The prince went at once to the king, and asked for the fair Fiorita's
+hand. The king did not refuse it, but made the same conditions, that the
+princess had told him of. He consented, and by the help of the rose
+quickly performed the first tasks. "Bravo!" exclaimed the king, when the
+prince recognized the fair Fiorita among the other damsels; "but this is
+not enough." Then he shut him up in a large room all full of fruit, and
+commanded him, under pain of death, to eat it all up in a day. The
+prince was in despair, but fortunately he remembered the hog's bristles
+and the advice which his first brother-in-law had given him. He threw
+the bristles on the ground, and there suddenly came forth a great herd
+of swine which ate up all the fruit and then disappeared. This task was
+accomplished. But the king proposed another. He wished the prince to
+retire with his bride, and cause her to fall asleep at the singing of
+the birds which are the sweetest to hear and the most beautiful to see.
+The prince remembered the bunch of feathers given him by his
+brother-in-law the huntsman, and threw them on the ground. Suddenly
+there appeared the most beautiful birds in the world, and sang so
+sweetly that the king himself fell asleep. But a servant awakened him at
+once, because he had commanded it, and he said to the prince and his
+daughter: "Now you can enjoy your love at liberty. But to-morrow, on
+arising, you must present me with a child two years old, who can speak
+and call you by name. If not, you will both be killed." "Now let us
+retire, my dear wife," said the prince to the fair Fiorita. "Between now
+and to-morrow some saint will aid us." The next morning the prince
+remembered the bone which his brother-in-law the grave-digger had given
+him. He rose and threw it to the ground, and lo! a beautiful child,
+with a golden apple in his right hand, who cried papa and mamma. The
+king entered the room, and the child ran to meet him, and wished to put
+the golden apple on the crown which the king wore. The king then kissed
+the child, blessed the pair, and taking the crown from his head, put it
+on his son-in-law's, saying: "This is now yours." Then they gave a great
+feast at the court for the wedding, and they invited the prince's three
+sisters, with their husbands. And the prince's father, receiving such
+good news of the son whom he believed lost, hastened to embrace him, and
+gave him his crown too. So the prince and the fair Fiorita became king
+and queen of two realms, and from that time on were always happy.[23]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the above story the wife is won by the performance of difficult tasks
+by the suitor. A somewhat similar class of stories is the one in which
+the bride is won by the solution of a riddle. The riddle, or difficult
+question, is either proposed by the bride herself, and the suitor who
+fails to answer it is killed, or the suitor is obliged to propose one
+himself, and if the bride fails to solve it, she marries him; if she
+succeeds, the suitor is killed. The first of the above two forms is
+found in three Italian stories, two of which resemble each other quite
+closely.
+
+In the Pentamerone (I. 5, "The Flea"), the King of High-Hill, "being
+bitten by a flea, caught him by a wonderful feat of dexterity; and
+seeing how handsome and stately he was, he could not in conscience pass
+sentence on him upon the bed of his nail. So he put him into a bottle,
+and feeding him every day with the blood of his own arm, the little
+beast grew at such a rate that at the end of seven months it was
+necessary to shift his quarters, for he was grown bigger than a sheep.
+When the king saw this, he had him flayed, and the skin dressed. Then he
+issued a proclamation, that whoever could tell to what animal this skin
+had belonged should have his daughter to wife." The question is answered
+by an ogre, to whom the king gives his daughter rather than break his
+promise. The hapless wife is afterward rescued by an old woman's seven
+sons, who possess remarkable gifts. In Gonz. (No. 22, "The Robber who
+had a Witch's Head"), a king with three daughters fattens a louse and
+nails its skin over the door as in the Pentamerone. A robber, who had a
+witch's head that told him everything he wanted to know, answers the
+question, and receives in marriage the king's eldest daughter. He takes
+her home and leaves her alone for a time, and on his return learns from
+the witch's head that his wife has reviled him. He kills her and marries
+the second sister, whom he kills for the same reason, and marries the
+youngest. She is more discreet, and the witch's head can only praise
+her. One day she finds the head and throws it in the oven; and the
+robber, whose life was in some way connected with it, died. The wife
+then anointed her sisters with a life-giving salve, and all three
+returned to their father's house, and afterward married three handsome
+princes. The third story, from the Tyrol (Schneller, No. 31, "The
+Devil's Wife"), is connected with the Bluebeard story which will be
+mentioned later. A king and queen had an only daughter, who was very
+pretty and fond of dress. One day she found a louse; and as she did not
+know what kind of an animal it was, she ran to her mother and asked her.
+Her mother told her and said: "Shut the louse up in a box and feed it.
+As soon as it is very large, we will have a pair of gloves made of its
+skin; these we will exhibit, and whoever of your suitors guesses from
+the skin of what animal they are made, shall be your husband." The
+successful suitor is no other than the Devil, who takes his wife home
+and forbids her to open a certain room. One day, while he is absent, she
+opens the door of the forbidden chamber, and sees from the flames and
+condemned souls who her husband is. She is so frightened that she
+becomes ill, but manages to send word to her father by means of a
+carrier-pigeon. The king sets out with many brave men to deliver her; on
+the way he meets three men who possess wonderful gifts (far seeing,
+sharp ear, great strength), and with their aid rescues his daughter.
+
+More frequently, however, this class of stories turns on a riddle
+proposed by the suitor himself, and which the bride is unable to solve.
+
+The following story, which illustrates the latter version, is from
+Istria (Ive, 1877, p. 13), and is entitled:
+
+
+XIV. BIERDE.
+
+Once upon a time there was a mother who had a son, who went to school.
+One day he came home and said to his mother: "Mother, I want to go and
+seek my fortune." She replied: "Ah, my son, are you mad? Where do you
+want to seek it?" "I want to wander about the world until I find it."
+Now he had a dog whose name was Bierde. He said: "To-morrow morning bake
+me some bread, put it into a bag, give me a pair of iron shoes, and I
+and Bierde will go and seek our fortune." His mother said: "No, my son,
+don't go, for I shall not see you again!" And she wept him as dead.
+After she was quieted she said to him: "Well, if you will go, to-morrow
+I will bake you some bread, and I will make you a bread-cake." She made
+the bread-cake, and put some poison in it; she put the bread and the
+bread-cake in the bag, and he went away. He walked and walked and walked
+until he felt hungry, and said to the dog: "Ah, poor Bierde, how tired
+you are, and how hungry, too! Wait until we have gone a little farther,
+and then we will eat." He went on, tired as he was, and at last seated
+himself under a tree, with the dog near him. He said: "Oh, here we are;
+now we will eat. Wait, Bierde; I will give you a piece of the bread-cake
+so that you, too, can eat." He broke off a piece of the cake, and gave
+it to him to eat. The dog was so hungry that he ate it greedily. After
+he had eaten it he took two or three turns, and fell dead on the ground,
+with his tongue sticking out. "Ah, poor Bierde!" said his master. "You
+have been poisoned! My mother has done it! The wretch! She has put
+poison in the cake in order to kill me!" He kept weeping and saying:
+"Poor Bierde, you are dead, but you have saved my life!" While he was
+weeping three crows passed, alighted, and pecked at the tongue of the
+dog, and all three died. Then he said: "Well, well! _Bierde dead has
+killed three crows!_ I will take them with me." So he took them and
+continued his journey. He saw at a distance a large fire; he approached
+and heard talking and singing, and beheld seven highwaymen, who had
+eaten a great many birds, and who had a great deal of meat still left.
+He said to himself: "Poor me! Now I shall have to die; there is no
+escape; they will certainly take me and kill me!" Then he said: "Enough;
+I will go ahead." As soon as they saw him they cried: "Stop! Your money
+or your life!" The poor fellow said: "Brothers, what would you have me
+give you? Money I have not. I am very hungry. I have nothing but these
+three birds. If you want them I will give them to you." "Very well,"
+they said; "eat and drink; we will eat the birds." They took the birds,
+picked them, skinned them, roasted them over the coals, and said to the
+youth: "We will not give you any of these; you can eat the others." They
+ate them, and all seven fell down dead. When the youth saw that they did
+not stir, but were dead, he said: "Well, well! _Bierde dead has killed
+three, and these three have killed seven!_" He rose and went away after
+he had made a good meal. On the way he felt hungry again, and sat down
+under a tree, and began to eat. When he got up he saw a beautiful
+canary-bird on the top of another tree. He took up a stone and threw at
+it. The bird flew away. Now, behind this tree was a hare, big with
+young, and it happened that the stone fell on it and killed it. The
+youth went to see where the stone fell, and when he saw the dead hare he
+said: "Well, well! _I threw it at the canary-bird and the stone killed
+the hare!_ I will take it with me. If I had the fire that those robbers
+left I would cook it." He went on until he came to a church, in which he
+found a lighted lamp and a missal. So he skinned the hare, and made a
+fire with the missal, and roasted and ate the hare. Then he continued
+his journey until he came to the foot of a mountain, where the sea was.
+On the shore he saw two persons with a boat, who ferried over those who
+wished to reach the other shore, because one could not go on foot on
+account of the great dust, which was suffocating. The price for crossing
+was three _soldi_. The youth said to the owners of the bark: "How much
+do you want to set me down on the other bank?" "Three _soldi_." "Take me
+across, brothers; I will give you two, for I have no more." They
+replied: "_Two do not enter if there are not three._" He repeated his
+offer and they made the same answer. Then he said: "Very well. I will
+stay here." And he remained there. In a moment, however, there came up a
+shower, and laid the dust, and he went on. He reached a city, and found
+it in great confusion. He asked: "What is the matter here, that there
+are so many people?" They answered: "It is the governor's daughter, who
+guesses everything. He whose riddle she cannot guess is to marry her;
+but he whose riddle she guesses is put to death." He asked: "Could I,
+too, go there?" "What, you go, who are a foolish boy! So many students
+have abstained, and you, so ignorant, wish to go! You will certainly go
+to your death!" "Well," he said, "my mother told me that she would never
+see me again, so I will go." He presented himself to the governor and
+said: "Sir governor, I wish to go to your daughter and see whether she
+can guess what I have to tell her." "Do you wish," he replied, "to go to
+your death? So many have lost their lives, do you, also, wish to lose
+yours?" He answered: "Let me go and try." He wished to go and see for
+himself. He entered the hall where the daughter was. The governor
+summoned many gentlemen to hear. When they were all there the governor
+again said that the youth should reflect that if she guessed what he had
+to say that he would lose his life. He replied that he had thought of
+that. The room was full of persons of talent, and the youth presented
+himself and said:--
+
+    "Bierde dead has killed three."
+
+She said to herself: "How can it be that one dead should kill three?"
+
+    "And three have killed seven."
+
+She said: "Here is nothing but dead and killed; what shall I do?" She
+was puzzled at once, and felt herself perplexed. He continued:--
+
+    "I threw where I saw, and reached where I did not expect to.
+    I have eaten that which was born, and that which was not born.
+    It was cooked with words.
+    Two do not enter if there are not three;
+    But the hard passes over the soft."
+
+When she heard this the governor's daughter could not answer. All the
+others were astonished likewise, and said that she must marry him. Then
+he told them all that had happened, and the marriage took place.[24]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We shall now direct our attention to a class of stories found in all
+lands, and which may, from one of its most important episodes, be called
+"The Forgotten Bride." In the ordinary version, the hero, in consequence
+of some imprecation, sets out in search of the heroine, who is either
+the daughter or in the custody of ogre or ogress. The hero, by the help
+of the heroine, performs difficult tasks imposed upon him by her father
+or mother, etc., and finally elopes with her. The pursuit of father or
+mother, etc., is avoided by magic obstacles raised in their way, or by
+transformations of the fugitives. The hero leaves his bride, to prepare
+his parents to receive her; but at a kiss, usually from his mother, he
+entirely forgets his bride until she recalls herself to his memory, and
+they are both united. The trait of difficult tasks performed by the hero
+is sometimes omitted, as well as flight with magic obstacles or
+transformations. All the episodes of the above story, down to the
+forgetting bride at mother's kiss, are found in many stories; notably in
+the class "True Bride," already mentioned.
+
+A Sicilian story (Pitre, No. 13) will best illustrate this class. It is
+entitled:
+
+
+XV. SNOW-WHITE-FIRE-RED.
+
+There was once a king and queen who had no son, and they were always
+making vows to obtain one; and they promised that if they had a son, or
+even a daughter, they would maintain two fountains for seven years: one
+running wine, the other oil. After this vow the queen gave birth to a
+handsome boy.
+
+As soon as the child was born, the two fountains were erected, and
+everybody went and took oil and wine. At the end of seven years the
+fountains began to dry up. An ogress, wishing to collect the drops that
+still fell from the fountain, went there with a sponge and pitcher. She
+sopped up the drops with the sponge and then squeezed it in the pitcher.
+After she had worked so hard to fill this pitcher, the little son of the
+king, who was playing ball, from caprice threw a ball and broke the
+pitcher. When the old woman saw this, she said: "Listen. I can do
+nothing to you, for you are the king's son; but I can bestow upon
+you an imprecation: May you be unable to marry until you find
+Snow-white-fire-red!" The cunning child took a piece of paper and wrote
+down the old woman's words, put it away in a drawer, and said nothing
+about it. When he was eighteen the king and queen wished him to marry.
+Then he remembered the old woman's imprecation, took the piece of paper,
+and said: "Ah! if I do not find Snow-white-fire-red I cannot marry!"
+When it seemed fit, he took leave of his father and mother, and began
+his journey entirely alone. Months passed without meeting any one. One
+evening, night overtook him, tired and discouraged, in a plain in the
+midst of which was a large house.
+
+At daybreak he saw an ogress coming, frightfully tall and stout, who
+cried: "Snow-white-fire-red, lower your tresses for me to climb up!"
+When the prince heard this he took heart, and said: "There she is!"
+Snow-white-fire-red lowered her tresses, which seemed never to end, and
+the ogress climbed up by them. The next day the ogress descended, and
+when the prince saw her depart, he came from under the tree where he
+had concealed himself, and cried: "Snow-white-fire-red, lower your
+tresses for me to climb up!" She, believing it was her mother (for she
+called the ogress mother), lowered her tresses, and the prince climbed
+boldly up. When he was up, he said: "Ah! my dear little sister, how I
+have labored to find you!" And he told her of the old woman's
+imprecation when he was seven years old.
+
+She gave him some refreshments, and then said: "You see, if the ogress
+returns and finds you here, she will devour you. Hide yourself." The
+ogress returned, and the prince concealed himself.
+
+After the ogress had eaten, her daughter gave her wine to drink, and
+made her drunk. Then she said: "My mother, what must I do to get away
+from here? Not that I want to go, for I wish to stay with you; but I
+want to know just out of curiosity. Tell me!" "What you must do to get
+away from here!" said the ogress. "You must enchant everything that
+there is here, so that I shall lose time. I shall call, and instead of
+you, the chair, the cupboard, the chest of drawers, will answer for you.
+When you do not appear, I will ascend. You must take the seven balls of
+yarn that I have laid away. When I come and do not find you, I shall
+pursue you; when you see yourself pursued, throw down the first ball,
+and then the others. I shall always overtake you until you throw down
+the last ball."
+
+Her daughter heard all that she said, and remembered it. The next day
+the ogress went out, and Snow-white-fire-red and the prince did what
+they had to do. They went about the whole house, saying: "Table, you
+answer if my mother comes; chairs, answer if my mother comes; chest of
+drawers, answer if my mother comes;" and so she enchanted the whole
+house. Then she and the prince departed in such a hurry that they seemed
+to fly. When the ogress returned, she called: "Snow-white-fire-red, let
+down your tresses that I may climb up!" The table answered: "Come, come,
+mother!" She waited a while, and when no one appeared to draw her up,
+she called again: "Snow-white-fire-red, lower your tresses for me to
+climb up!" The chair answered: "Come, come, mother!" She waited a while,
+but no one appeared; then she called again, and the chest of drawers
+replied: "Come, come, mother!" Meanwhile the lovers were fleeing. When
+there was nothing left to answer, the ogress cried out: "Treason!
+treason!" Then she got a ladder and climbed up. When she saw that her
+daughter and the balls of yarn were gone, she cried: "Ah, wretch! I will
+drink your blood!" Then she hastened after the fugitives, following
+their scent. They saw her afar off, and when she saw them, she cried:
+"Snow-white-fire-red, turn around so that I can see you." (If she had
+turned around she would have been enchanted.)
+
+When the ogress had nearly overtaken them, Snow-white-fire-red threw
+down the first ball, and suddenly there arose a lofty mountain. The
+ogress was not disturbed; she climbed and climbed until she almost
+overtook the two again. Then Snow-white-fire-red, seeing her near at
+hand, threw down the second ball, and there suddenly appeared a plain
+covered with razors and knives. The ogress, all cut and torn, followed
+after the lovers, dripping with blood.
+
+When Snow-white-fire-red saw her near again, she threw down the third
+ball, and there arose a terrible river. The ogress threw herself into
+the river and continued her pursuit, although she was half dead. Then
+another ball, and there appeared a fountain of vipers, and many other
+things. At last, dying and worn out, the ogress stopped and cursed
+Snow-white-fire-red, saying: "The first kiss that the queen gives her
+son, may the prince forget you!" Then the ogress could stand it no
+longer, and died in great anguish.
+
+The lovers continued their journey, and came to a town near where the
+prince lived. He said to Snow-white-fire-red: "You remain here, for you
+are not provided with proper clothes, and I will go and get what you
+need, and then you can appear before my father and mother." She
+consented, and remained.
+
+When the queen beheld her son, she threw herself on him to kiss him.
+"Mother," said he, "I have made a vow not to allow myself to be
+kissed." The poor mother was petrified. At night, while he was asleep,
+his mother, who was dying to kiss him, went and did so. From that moment
+he forgot all about Snow-white-fire-red.
+
+Let us leave the prince with his mother, and return to the poor girl,
+who was left in the street without knowing where she was. An old woman
+met her, and saw the poor girl, as beautiful as the sun, weeping. "What
+is the matter, my daughter?" "I do not know how I came here!" "My
+daughter, do not despair; come with me." And she took her to her house.
+The young girl was deft with her hands, and could work enchantment. She
+made things, and the old woman sold them, and so they both lived. One
+day the maiden said to the old woman that she wanted two bits of old
+cloth from the palace for some work she had to do. The old woman went to
+the palace, and began to ask for the bits, and said so much that at last
+she obtained them. Now the old woman had two doves, a male and a female,
+and with these bits of cloth Snow-white-fire-red dressed the doves so
+prettily that all who saw them marvelled. The young girl took these
+doves, and whispered in their ears: "You are the prince, and you are
+Snow-white-fire-red. The king is at the table, eating; fly and relate
+all that you have undergone."
+
+While the king, queen, prince, and many others were at the table, the
+beautiful doves flew in and alighted on the table. "How beautiful you
+are!" And all were greatly pleased. Then the dove which represented
+Snow-white-fire-red began: "Do you remember when you were young how your
+father promised a fountain of oil and one of wine for your birth?" The
+other dove answered: "Yes, I remember." "Do you remember the old woman
+whose pitcher of oil you broke? do you remember?" "Yes, I remember." "Do
+you remember the imprecation she pronounced on you,--that you could not
+marry until you found Snow-white-fire-red?" "I remember," replied the
+other dove. In short, the first dove recalled all that had passed, and
+finally said: "Do you remember how you had the ogress at your heels,
+and how she cursed you, saying that at your mother's first kiss you must
+forget Snow-white-fire-red?" When the dove came to the kiss, the prince
+remembered everything, and the king and queen were astounded at hearing
+the doves speak.
+
+When they had ended their discourse, the doves made a low bow and flew
+away. The prince cried: "Ho, there! ho, there! see where those doves go!
+see where they go!" The servants looked and saw the doves alight on a
+country house. The prince hastened and entered it, and found
+Snow-white-fire-red. When he saw her he threw his arms about her neck,
+exclaiming: "Ah! my sister, how much you have suffered for me!"
+Straightway they dressed her beautifully and conducted her to the
+palace. When the queen saw her there, she said: "What a beauty!" Things
+were soon settled and the lovers were married.[25]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As we have remarked above, this story is often found incomplete, the
+ending--"forgetfulness of bride"--being wanting.
+
+Several of these versions are from Milan (_Nov. fior._ pp. 411, 415,
+417). In the first, "The King of the Sun," a trait occurs that is of
+some interest. The hero plays billiards with the King of the Sun and
+wins his daughter. He goes in search of his bride, and at last finds an
+old man who tells him where the King of the Sun lives, and adds: "In a
+wood near by is a pond where, in the afternoon, the king's three
+daughters bathe. Go and carry away their clothes; and when they come and
+ask for them give them back on condition that they will take you to
+their father." The hero does as he is told, is taken to the king, and
+obliged to choose his bride from among the three, with his eyes
+blindfolded. The remainder of the story consists of the usual flight,
+with the transformations of the lovers. The incident of the maidens who
+bathe, and whose clothes the hero steals, is clearly an example of the
+Swan-maiden myth, and occurs in a few other Italian tales. In a story
+from the North of Italy (Monferrato, Comparetti, No. 50), "The Isle of
+Happiness," a poor boy goes to seek his fortune. He encounters an old
+man who tells him that fortune appears but once in a hundred years, and
+if not taken then, never is. He adds that this is the very time for
+fortune to appear--that day or the next--and advises the youth to hide
+himself in a wood near the bank of a stream, and when three beautiful
+girls come and bathe, to carry away the clothes of the middle one. He
+does so, and compels the owner (who is none other than Fortune) to marry
+him. By his mother's fault he loses his bride, as in the Cupid and
+Psyche stories, and is obliged to go in search of her to the Isle of
+Happiness. The same incident occurs in several Sicilian stories. In one
+(Pitre, No. 50, "Give me the Veil!") the hero, a poor youth, goes in
+search of his fortune as in the last story, and meets an old woman who
+tells him to go to a certain fountain, where twelve doves will come to
+drink and become twelve maidens "as beautiful as the sun, with veils
+over their faces," and advises the youth to seize the veil of the most
+beautiful girl and keep it; for if she obtains it she will become a dove
+again. The youth does as he is commanded, and takes his wife home,
+giving the veil to his mother to keep for him. She gives it to the wife,
+who becomes a dove again, and disappears. The same thing happens twice;
+the third time the veil is burned, and the wife, who turns out to be the
+enchanted daughter of the king of Spain, remains with her husband.[26]
+
+There yet remains a large and interesting class of stories to be
+examined. The class may conveniently be termed "Bluebeard," although, as
+we shall see, there are three versions of this story, to only one of
+which the above name properly belongs. These three versions are well
+represented by the three Grimm stories of "The Feather Bird" (No. 46),
+"The Robber Bridegroom" (No. 40), and "The Wood-cutter's Child" (No. 3).
+In the first version, which is, properly speaking, the Bluebeard story,
+two sisters are married in turn and killed by their husband, because
+they open the forbidden chamber. The youngest sister, although she opens
+the forbidden door, manages to escape and deliver her sisters, whom she
+restores to life. In the second version a robber marries several
+sisters, whom he kills for disobeying his commands (the trait of
+forbidden chamber is usually wanting); the youngest sister again manages
+to escape and restores her dead sisters to life. Generally in this
+version the husband makes a desperate effort to be revenged on the
+sister who has escaped from him, but fails in this also. In the third
+version a young girl is under the guardianship of some supernatural
+being, who forbids her to open a certain door. The child disobeys,
+denies her fault, and is sent away in disgrace; she afterward marries
+and her children are taken from her one by one until she confesses her
+fault, or, as is the case in an Italian version, persists in her denial
+to the very end. We shall examine these three versions separately, and
+first give an example of the first, or Bluebeard, class. It is from
+Venice (Widter-Wolf, No. 11, _Jahrb._ VII. 148), and is entitled:
+
+
+XVI. HOW THE DEVIL MARRIED THREE SISTERS.
+
+Once upon a time the Devil was seized with a desire to marry. He
+therefore left hell, took the form of a handsome young man, and built a
+fine large house. When it was completed and furnished in the most
+fashionable style, he introduced himself to a family where there were
+three pretty daughters, and paid his addresses to the eldest of them.
+The handsome man pleased the maiden, her parents were glad to see a
+daughter so well provided for, and it was not long before the wedding
+was celebrated.
+
+When he had taken his bride home, he presented her with a very
+tastefully arranged bouquet, led her through all the rooms of the house,
+and finally to a closed door. "The whole house is at your disposal,"
+said he, "only I must request one thing of you; that is, that you do not
+on any account open this door."
+
+Of course the young wife promised faithfully; but equally, of course,
+she could scarcely wait for the moment to come when she might break her
+promise. When the Devil had left the house the next morning, under
+pretence of going hunting, she ran hastily to the forbidden door, opened
+it, and saw a terrible abyss full of fire that shot up towards her, and
+singed the flowers on her bosom. When her husband came home and asked
+her whether she had kept her promise, she unhesitatingly said "Yes;" but
+he saw by the flowers that she was telling a lie, and said: "Now I will
+not put your curiosity to the test any longer. Come with me. I will show
+you myself what is behind the door." Thereupon he led her to the door,
+opened it, gave her such a push that she fell down into hell, and shut
+the door again.
+
+A few months after he wooed the next sister for his wife, and won her;
+but with her everything that had happened with the first wife was
+exactly repeated.
+
+Finally he courted the third sister. She was a prudent maiden, and said
+to herself: "He has certainly murdered my two sisters; but then it is a
+splendid match for me, so I will try and see whether I cannot be more
+fortunate than they." And accordingly she consented. After the wedding
+the bridegroom gave her a beautiful bouquet, but forbade her, also, to
+open the door which he pointed out.
+
+Not a whit less curious than her sisters, she, too, opened the forbidden
+door when the Devil had gone hunting, but she had previously put her
+flowers in water. Then she saw behind the door the fatal abyss and her
+sisters therein. "Ah!" she exclaimed, "poor creature that I am; I
+thought I had married an ordinary man, and instead of that he is the
+Devil! How can I get away from him?" She carefully pulled her two
+sisters out of hell and hid them. When the Devil came home he
+immediately looked at the bouquet, which she again wore on her bosom,
+and when he found the flowers so fresh he asked no questions; but
+reassured as to his secret, he now, for the first time, really loved
+her.
+
+After a few days she asked him if he would carry three chests for her to
+her parents' house, without putting them down or resting on the way.
+"But," she added, "you must keep your word, for I shall be watching
+you." The Devil promised to do exactly as she wished. So the next
+morning she put one of her sisters in a chest, and laid it on her
+husband's shoulders. The Devil, who is very strong, but also very lazy
+and unaccustomed to work, soon got tired of carrying the heavy chest,
+and wanted to rest before he was out of the street on which he lived;
+but his wife called out to him: "Don't put it down; I see you!" The
+Devil went reluctantly on with the chest until he had turned the corner,
+and then said to himself: "She cannot see me here; I will rest a
+little." But scarcely had he begun to put the chest down when the sister
+inside cried out: "Don't put it down; I see you still!" Cursing, he
+dragged the chest on into another street, and was going to lay it down
+on a doorstep, but he again heard the voice: "Don't lay it down, you
+rascal; I see you still!" "What kind of eyes must my wife have," he
+thought, "to see around corners as well as straight ahead, and through
+walls as if they were made of glass!" and thus thinking he arrived, all
+in a perspiration and quite tired out, at the house of his
+mother-in-law, to whom he hastily delivered the chest, and then hurried
+home to strengthen himself with a good breakfast.
+
+The same thing was repeated the next day with the second chest. On the
+third day she herself was to be taken home in the chest. She therefore
+prepared a figure which she dressed in her own clothes, and placed on
+the balcony, under the pretext of being able to watch him better;
+slipped quickly into the chest, and had the maid put it on the Devil's
+back. "The deuce!" said he; "this chest is a great deal heavier than the
+others; and to-day, when she is sitting on the balcony, I shall have so
+much the less chance to rest." So by dint of the greatest exertions he
+carried it, without stopping, to his mother-in-law, and then hastened
+home to breakfast, scolding, and with his back almost broken. But quite
+contrary to custom, his wife did not come out to meet him, and there was
+no breakfast ready. "Margerita, where are you?" he cried; but received
+no answer. As he was running through the corridors he at length looked
+out of a window, and saw the figure on the balcony. "Margerita, have you
+gone to sleep? Come down. I am as tired as a dog, and as hungry as a
+wolf." But there was no reply. "If you do not come down instantly I will
+go up and bring you down," he cried, angrily; but Margerita did not
+stir. Enraged, he hastened up to the balcony, and gave her such a box on
+the ear that her head flew off, and he saw that the head was nothing but
+a milliner's form, and the body, a bundle of rags. Raging, he rushed
+down and rummaged through the whole house, but in vain; he found only
+his wife's empty jewel-box. "Ha!" he cried; "she has been stolen from
+me, and her jewels, too!" and he immediately ran to inform her parents
+of the misfortune. But when he came near the house, to his great
+surprise he saw on the balcony above the door all three sisters, his
+wives, who were looking down on him with scornful laughter.
+
+Three wives at once terrified the Devil so much that he took his flight
+with all possible speed.
+
+Since that time he has lost his taste for marrying.[27]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have already mentioned, in the class of "Bride Won by Solving
+Riddle," the story in Gonzenbach of "The Robber who had a Witch's Head."
+In this story, after the robber has married the first princess, he takes
+her home, and learns from the witch's head, which hangs over the window
+in a basket, what his wife says of him in his absence. The counterpart
+of the witch's head is found in several very curious Italian stories. In
+these a magician is substituted for the robber, and marries, in the same
+way, several sisters. In the version in Gonzenbach, No. 23 ("The Story
+of Ohime"), Ohime, the magician, leaves his wife for a few days, and
+before he goes gives her a human bone, telling her she must eat it
+before his return. The wife throws the bone away; but when the magician
+returns he calls out: "Bone, where are you?" "Here I am." "Come here,
+then." Then the bone came, and the magician murdered his wife because
+she had not done her duty. The second sister is married and killed in
+the same way. Then the youngest becomes the magician's bride. In her
+perplexity and grief at her husband's command to eat a human arm during
+his absence, she invokes her mother's spirit, which tells her to burn
+the arm to a coal, powder it, and bind it about her body. When the
+magician returns and asks the arm where it is, it replies: "In Maruzza's
+body." Then her husband trusted her, and treated her kindly, showing
+her, among other things, a closet containing flasks of salve which
+restored the dead to life. He forbade her, however, to open a certain
+door. Maruzza could not restrain her curiosity, and the first
+opportunity she had she opened the door, and found in the room a
+handsome young prince murdered. She restored him to life, heard his
+story, and then killed him again, so that her husband would not notice
+it. Then she extracted from her husband the secret of his life: "I
+cannot be killed, but if any one sticks a branch of this herb in my ears
+I shall fall asleep, and not wake up again." Maruzza, of course, throws
+her husband, as soon as possible, into this magic sleep, restores the
+prince, flies with him, and marries him.
+
+Some years after, the branch in the magician's ears withered and fell
+out, and he awakened. Then he desired to be revenged, and travelled
+about until he found where his wife lived. Then he had a silver statue
+made in which he could conceal himself, and in which he placed some
+musical instruments. He shut himself up in it, and had himself and the
+statue taken to the palace where Maruzza and her husband lived. In the
+night, when all were asleep, the magician came out of the statue,
+carried Maruzza to the kitchen, kindled a fire, and put on some oil to
+boil, into which he intended to throw poor Maruzza. But just as he was
+about to do it, the flask which he had laid on the king's bed, and which
+had thrown him into a magic sleep, rolled off, and the king awoke, heard
+Maruzza's cries, saved her, and threw the magician into the boiling oil.
+In spite of his assurances he seems to have been very thoroughly
+killed.[28]
+
+A Florentine story (_Nov. fior._ p. 290), called "The Baker's Three
+Daughters," is a combination of the Bluebeard and Robber Bridegroom
+stories. The husband forbids his wife to open a certain door with a gold
+key, saying: "You cannot deceive me; the little dog will tell me; and,
+besides, I will leave you a bouquet of flowers, which you must give me
+on my return, and which will wither if you enter that room." The two
+sisters yield to their curiosity, and are killed. The third sister kills
+the treacherous little dog, delivers the prince, as in the last story,
+flies with him, and the story ends much as the last does. In a Milanese
+version of this story, with the same title (_Nov. fior._ p. 298), the
+robber bridegroom takes his wife home, and informs her that it is her
+duty to watch at night, and open the door to the robbers when they
+return. The poor wife falls asleep, and is murdered. So with the second
+sister. The third remains awake, rescues the prince, and flies with him.
+The rest of the story is as above.
+
+Of the third version of the Bluebeard story there are but two Italian
+examples: one from Sicily (Gonz. No. 20), and one from Pisa (Comparetti,
+No. 38). The former is entitled "The Godchild of St. Francis of Paula,"
+and is, briefly, as follows: A queen, through the intercession of St.
+Francis of Paula, has a girl, whom she names Pauline, from the saint.
+The saint is in the habit of meeting the child on her way to school, and
+giving her candy. One day the saint tells her to ask her mother whether
+it is best to suffer in youth or old age. The mother replies that it is
+better to suffer in youth. Thereupon the saint carries away Pauline, and
+shuts her up in a tower, climbing up and down by her tresses, as in
+other stories we have already mentioned. In the tower the saint
+instructed Pauline in all that belonged to her rank. One day a king
+climbs up by the hair, and persuades Pauline to fly with him. She
+consents and becomes his bride. When her first child was born St.
+Francis came and took it away, rubbed the mother's mouth with blood, and
+deprived her of speech. Three times this happened, and then the queen
+was repudiated and confined in a remote room, where she spent her time
+in praying to St. Francis.
+
+Meanwhile the queen-mother arranged another marriage for her son; but
+during the banquet the saint brought Pauline royal robes, and restored
+her three children to her. Then he led all four to the banquet-hall, and
+the happy family lived thereafter in peace and happpiness.
+
+The "forbidden chamber" is omitted in the above version, but is found in
+the Pisan story, "The Woodman." The main idea of the story, however, is
+curiously distorted. A woodman had three daughters whom he cannot
+support. One day a lady met him in the wood, and offered to take one of
+his daughters for a companion, giving him a purse of money, and assuring
+him that he would always find enough wood. The lady took her home, and
+told her she must not open a certain door during her absence. The girl
+did so, however, and saw her mistress in a bath, with two damsels
+reading a book. She closed the door at once; but when the mistress
+returned and asked her whether she had disobeyed, and what she had seen,
+she confessed her fault, and told what she saw. Then the lady cut her
+head off, hung it by the hair to a beam, and buried the body.
+
+The same thing happened to the second sister, who opened the door, and
+saw the lady sitting at a table with gentlemen. The lady killed her,
+too, and then took the third sister, who, in spite of having seen her
+two sisters' heads, could not control her curiosity, and opened the
+door. She saw her mistress reclining in a beautiful bed. In the evening
+the lady returned and asked her what she had seen; but she answered: "I
+have seen nothing." The lady could extort no other answer from her, and
+finally clothed her in her peasant's dress, and took her back to the
+wood and left her.
+
+The king of the neighboring city happened to pass by, and fell in love
+with her, and married her. When her first child was born the lady
+appeared at her bedside, and said: "Now it is time to tell me what you
+saw." "I saw nothing," replied the young queen. Then the lady carried
+away the child, having first rubbed the mother's mouth with blood. This
+happened a second time, and then the king put her away, and prepared to
+marry again. The first wife was invited to the wedding feast. While at
+the table the lady appeared under it, and pulled the first wife's dress,
+and said: "Will you tell what you saw?" The reply was twice: "Nothing."
+Then the queen fainted. At that moment a carriage drove up to the palace
+with a great lady in it, who asked to see the king. She told him that it
+was she who had carried away his children, and added that from her
+childhood she had been subjected to an enchantment that was to end when
+she found a person who should say that she had seen nothing in that
+room. She then brought back the children, and all lived together in
+peace and joy.[29]
+
+One of the most beautiful and touching of all fairy tales is the one
+known to the readers of Grimm's collection by the title of "Faithful
+John," and which has such a charming parallel in the story of "Rama and
+Luxman," in Miss Frere's "Old Deccan Days." There are seven Italian
+versions of this interesting story, which we shall mention briefly,
+giving first the shortest entire, as a point of departure. It is from
+the North of Italy (Comparetti, Monferrato, No. 29), and is called:
+
+
+XVII. IN LOVE WITH A STATUE.
+
+There was once a king who had two sons. The eldest did not wish to
+marry, and the youngest, although he went about everywhere, found no
+lady to his taste. Now it happened that he once went to a certain city,
+and there saw a statue with which he fell in love. He bought it, had it
+carried to his room, and every day embraced and kissed it. One day his
+father became aware of this, and said to him: "What are you doing? If
+you want a wife, take one of flesh and bones, and not one of marble." He
+answered that he would take one exactly like the statue, or none at all.
+His older brother, who at this time had nothing to do, went out into the
+world to seek her. On his way he saw in a city a man who had a mouse
+which danced so that it seemed like a human being. He said to himself:
+"I will take it home to my brother to amuse himself with." He continued
+his journey, and, arrived in a more distant town, where he found a bird
+that sang like an angel, and bought that, too, for his brother. He was
+on the point of returning home, and was passing through a street, when
+he saw a beggar knocking at a door. A very beautiful girl appeared at
+the window, who resembled in every respect the prince's statue, and
+suddenly withdrew. Then he told the beggar to ask alms again; but the
+beggar refused, because he feared that the magician, who was then
+absent, would return home and eat him up. But the prince gave him so
+much money and other things that he knocked again, and the young girl
+appeared again, and suddenly withdrew. Then the prince went through the
+streets, saying that he mended and sold looking-glasses. The servant of
+the young girl, who heard him, told her mistress to go and see the
+mirrors. She went, but he told her that if she wanted to select the
+mirrors she would have to go on board his ship. When she was there, he
+carried her away, and she wept bitterly and sighed, so that he would let
+her return home, but it was like speaking to the wall.
+
+When they were out at sea, there was heard the voice of a large black
+bird, saying: "_Ciriu, ciriu!_ what a handsome mouse you have! You will
+take it to your brother; you will turn his head; and if you tell him of
+it, you will become marble. _Ciriu, ciriu!_ a fine bird you have; you
+will take it to your brother; you will turn his head; and if you tell
+him, you will become marble. _Ciriu, ciriu!_ a fine lady you have; you
+will take her to your brother; you will turn his head; and if you tell
+him of it, you will become marble." He did not know how he could tell
+his brother, because he was afraid of becoming marble. He landed, and
+took the mouse to his brother; and when he had seen it and wanted it,
+the elder brother cut off its head. Then he showed him the bird that
+sang like an angel, and his brother wanted it; but the elder brother
+again cut off its head. Then he said: "I have something handsomer," and
+he produced the beautiful girl who looked like the statue. And as the
+brother who had brought her said nothing, the other feared that he would
+take her away from him, and had him thrown into prison, where he was a
+long time; and because he continued to keep silence, he was condemned to
+death. Three days before he was to die he asked his brother to come and
+see him, and he consented, although unwillingly. Then the condemned
+brother said: "A large black bird told me that if I brought you back the
+dancing mouse, and spoke, I should become a statue." And saying this, he
+became a statue to the waist. "And if, bringing you the singing bird, I
+spoke, it would be the same." Then he became a statue to his breast.
+"And if, bringing you the lady, I spoke, I should become a statue." Then
+he became a statue all over, and his brother began to lament in despair,
+and tried to restore him to life. All kinds of physicians came, but none
+succeeded. Finally there came one who said that he was capable of
+turning the statue into a man provided they gave him what he needed. The
+king said he would do so, and the physician demanded the blood of the
+king's two children; but the mother would on no account consent. Then
+the king gave a ball, and while his wife was dancing he had the two
+children killed, and bathed with their blood the statue of his brother,
+and the statue straightway became a man and went to the ball. The
+mother, when she beheld him, suddenly thought of her children. She ran
+to them and found them half dead, and fainted away. All around sought to
+console and encourage her; but when she opened her eyes and saw the
+physician, she cried: "Out of my sight, ugly wretch! It is you who have
+caused my children to be killed." He answered: "Pardon me, my lady, I
+have done no harm. Go and see whether your children are there!" She ran
+to see, and found them alive and making a great noise. Then the
+physician said: "I am the magician, your father, whom you forsook, and I
+have wished to show you what it is to love one's children." Then they
+made peace, and remained happy and contented.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the Venetian version (Teza, _La Trad. dei Sette Sari_, p. 26), called
+"Mela and Buccia," from the names of the prince and his friend, while
+the two friends are spending the night in a deserted castle, Buccia
+hears a voice foretelling the dangers to which Mela will be exposed. His
+horse will throw him if Buccia does not kill it; a dragon will devour
+him on his wedding night if Buccia does not kill it; and finally, the
+queen's pet dog will mortally wound him if Buccia does not kill it. If,
+however, Buccia reveals what he has heard, he will turn to stone. Buccia
+acts accordingly, and the king forgives him everything but killing the
+queen's pet dog; for that Buccia is condemned to be hung. Then he
+relates all, and gradually turns to stone from his feet up. The king,
+queen, and Buccia's mother are inconsolable until they are informed by
+an old woman that the blood of the little prince will bring the statue
+back to life. The faithful friend is by that means restored, and the
+child also saved. In this version the abduction is wanting, and the last
+danger is not the one usually threatened.
+
+In a version from Siena (Gradi, _Vigilia_, p. 64), one of two brothers
+goes in search of the "Princess with Blonde Tresses." He also buys a
+parrot and a horse, and the dangers are: he who touches the parrot will
+have his eyes put out; he who mounts the horse will be thrown; he who
+marries the fair one will be devoured by a dragon; and he who reveals
+these dangers will become stone. The remainder of the story is like the
+last version.
+
+The Florentine version (_Nov. fior._ p. 421) is mixed up with a number
+of other incidents. The dangers from which the prince is saved by his
+faithful servant are: poisoned apples, poisoned pastry, and a lion in
+the royal chamber. The servant is turned to stone and restored, as in
+the other versions.
+
+In a Mantuan story (_Fiabe mant_, No. 9), the dangers are: parrot,
+horse, and bride; whoever touches these will be devoured by a dragon;
+whoever reveals these dangers will become stone. The conclusion is the
+same as above.
+
+The last version we shall mention here is in the Pentamerone (IV. 9),
+and resembles the one from Monferrato. The elder brother, who goes in
+search of a bride for his younger brother, buys a falcon and a horse.
+The first will pick out the younger brother's eyes; the horse will throw
+him, and finally a dragon will devour him on his wedding night. The
+remainder of the story is as usual.[30]
+
+We shall conclude this chapter with the class of stories in which giants
+are outwitted by men. The simplest form is found in two stories which
+are interesting examples of the survival of classic myths. Both stories
+are from Sicily, and one was told to Pitre by a girl eight years old
+(Pitre, No. 51). It is entitled "The Little Monk," and is, in substance,
+as follows: There were once two monks who went begging for the church
+every year. One was large and the other small. They lost their way once
+and came to a large cave, in which was a monster (lit. animal,
+_armalu_), who was building a fire. The two monks, however, did not
+believe it was a monster, but said: "Let us go and rest there." They
+entered, and saw the monster killing a sheep and roasting it. He had
+already killed and cooked twenty.
+
+"Eat!" said the monster to them. "We don't want to eat; we are not
+hungry." "Eat, I tell you!" After they had eaten the sheep, they lay
+down, and the monster closed the entrance to the cave with a great
+stone. Then he took a sharp iron, heated it in the fire, and stuck it in
+the throat of the larger of the two monks, roasted the body, and wanted
+the other monk to help eat it. "I don't want to eat," said he; "I am
+full." "Get up!" said the monster. "If you don't I will kill you."
+
+The wretched monk arose in fright, seated himself at the table, and
+pretended to eat, but threw the flesh away. In the night the good man
+took the iron, heated it, and plunged it in the monster's eyes. Then the
+monk in his terror slipped into the skin of a sheep. The monster felt
+his way to the entrance of the cave, removed the stone, and let the
+sheep out one by one; and so the good man escaped and returned to
+Trapani, and told his story to some fishermen. The monster went fishing,
+and being blind, stumbled against a rock and broke his head. The other
+version is from the Albanian colony of Piana de' Greci (Comparetti, No.
+70), in Sicily, and is substantially the same as the story just
+given.[31]
+
+Generally, however, the stories in which giants are outwitted by men are
+more complicated, and may be divided into two classes: one where the
+giant is outwitted by superior cunning, the other where the giant's
+stupidity is deceived by the man's braggadocio. The first class may be
+represented by a Sicilian story (Pitre, No. 33), entitled:
+
+
+XVIII. THIRTEENTH.
+
+There was once a father who had thirteen sons, the youngest of whom was
+named Thirteenth. The father had hard work to support his children, but
+made what he could gathering herbs. The mother, to make the children
+quick, said to them: "The one who comes home first shall have herb
+soup." Thirteenth always returned the first, and the soup always fell to
+his share, on which account his brothers hated him and sought to get rid
+of him.
+
+The king issued a proclamation in the city that he who was bold enough
+to go and steal the ogre's coverlet should receive a measure of gold.
+Thirteenth's brothers went to the king and said: "Majesty, we have a
+brother, named Thirteenth, who is confident that he can do that and
+other things too." The king said: "Bring him to me at once." They
+brought Thirteenth, who said: "Majesty, how is it possible to steal the
+ogre's coverlet? If he sees me he will eat me!" "No matter, you must
+go," said the king. "I know that you are bold, and this act of bravery
+you must perform." Thirteenth departed and went to the house of the
+ogre, who was away. The ogress was in the kitchen. Thirteenth entered
+quietly and hid himself under the bed. At night the ogre returned. He
+ate his supper and went to bed, saying as he did so:
+
+    "I smell the smell of human flesh;
+    Where I see it I will swallow it!"
+
+The ogress replied: "Be still; no one has entered here." The ogre began
+to snore, and Thirteenth pulled the coverlet a little. The ogre awoke
+and cried: "What is that?" Thirteenth began to mew like a cat. The
+ogress said: "Scat! scat!" and clapped her hands, and then fell asleep
+again with the ogre. Then Thirteenth gave a hard pull, seized the
+coverlet, and ran away. The ogre heard him running, recognized him in
+the dark, and said: "I know you! You are Thirteenth, without doubt!"
+
+After a time the king issued another proclamation, that whoever would
+steal the ogre's horse and bring it to the king should receive a measure
+of gold. Thirteenth again presented himself, and asked for a silk ladder
+and a bag of cakes. With these things he departed, and went at night to
+the ogre's, climbed up without being heard, and descended to the stable.
+The horse neighed on seeing him, but he offered it a cake, saying: "Do
+you see how sweet it is? If you will come with me, my master will give
+you these always." Then he gave it another, saying: "Let me mount you
+and see how we go." So he mounted it, kept feeding it with cakes, and
+brought it to the king's stable.
+
+The king issued another proclamation, that he would give a measure of
+gold to whoever would bring him the ogre's bolster. Thirteenth said:
+"Majesty, how is that possible? The bolster is full of little bells, and
+you must know that the ogre awakens at a breath." "I know nothing about
+it," said the king. "I wish it at any cost." Thirteenth departed, and
+went and crept under the ogre's bed. At midnight he stretched out his
+hand very softly, but the little bells all sounded. "What is that?" said
+the ogre. "Nothing," replied the ogress; "perhaps it is the wind that
+makes them ring." But the ogre, who was suspicious, pretended to sleep,
+but kept his ears open. Thirteenth stretched out his hand again. Alack!
+the ogre put out his arm and seized him. "Now you are caught! Just wait;
+I will make you cry for your first trick, for your second, and for your
+third." After this he put Thirteenth in a barrel, and began to feed him
+on raisins and figs. After a time he said: "Stick out your finger,
+little Thirteenth, so that I can see whether you are fat." Thirteenth
+saw there a mouse's tail, and stuck that out. "Ah, how thin you are!"
+said the ogre; "and besides, you don't smell good! Eat, my son; take the
+raisins and figs, and get fat soon!" After some days the ogre told him
+again to put out his finger, and Thirteenth stuck out a spindle. "Eh,
+wretch! are you still lean? Eat, eat, and get fat soon."
+
+At the end of a month Thirteenth had nothing more to stick out, and was
+obliged to show his finger. The ogre cried out in joy: "He is fat, he is
+fat!" The ogress hastened to the spot: "Quick, my ogress, heat the oven
+three nights and three days, for I am going to invite our relatives, and
+we will make a fine banquet of Thirteenth."
+
+The ogress heated the oven three days and three nights, and then
+released Thirteenth from the barrel, and said to him: "Come here,
+Thirteenth; we have got to put the lamb in the oven." But Thirteenth
+caught her meaning; and when he approached the oven, he said: "Ah,
+mother ogress, what is that black thing in the corner of the oven?" The
+ogress stooped down a little, but saw nothing. "Stoop down again," said
+Thirteenth, "so that you can see it." When she stooped down again,
+Thirteenth seized her by the feet and threw her into the oven, and then
+closed the oven door. When she was cooked, he took her out carefully,
+cut her in two, divided her legs into pieces, and put them on the table,
+and placed her trunk, with her head and arms, in the bed, under the
+sheet, and tied a string to the chin and another to the back of her
+head.
+
+When the ogre arrived with his guests he found the dishes on the table.
+Then he went to his wife's bed and asked: "Mother ogress, do you want to
+dine?" Thirteenth pulled the string, and the ogress shook her head. "How
+are you, tired?" And Thirteenth, who was hidden under the bed, pulled
+the other string and made her nod. Now it happened that one of her
+relatives moved something and saw that the ogress was dead, and only
+half of her was there. She cried in a loud voice: "Treason! treason!"
+and all hastened to the bed. In the midst of the confusion Thirteenth
+escaped from under the bed and ran away to the king with the bolster and
+the ogre's most valuable things.
+
+After this, the king said to Thirteenth: "Listen, Thirteenth. To
+complete your valiant exploits, I wish you to bring me the ogre himself,
+in person, alive and well." "How can I, your Majesty?" said Thirteenth.
+Then he roused himself, and added: "I see how, now!" Then he had a very
+strong chest made, and disguised himself as a monk, with a long, false
+beard, and went to the ogre's house, and called out to him: "Do you know
+Thirteenth? The wretch! he has killed our superior; but if I catch him!
+If I catch him, I will shut him up in this chest!" At these words the
+ogre drew near and said: "I, too, would like to help you, against that
+wretch of an assassin, for you don't know what he has done to me." And
+he began to tell his story. "But what shall we do?" said the pretended
+monk. "I do not know Thirteenth. Do you know him?" "Yes, sir." "Then
+tell me, father ogre, how tall is he?" "As tall as I am." "If that is
+so," said Thirteenth, "let us see whether this chest will hold you; if
+it will hold you, it will hold him." "Oh, good!" said the ogre; and got
+into the chest. Then Thirteenth shut the chest and said: "Look
+carefully, father ogre, and see whether there is any hole in the chest."
+"There is none." "Just wait; let us see whether it shuts well, and is
+heavy to carry."
+
+Meanwhile Thirteenth shut and nailed up the chest, took it on his back,
+and hastened to the city. When the ogre cried: "Enough, now!" Thirteenth
+ran all the faster, and, laughing, sang this song to taunt the ogre:
+
+    "I am Thirteenth,
+    Who carry you on my back;
+    I have tricked you and am going to trick you.
+    I must deliver you to the king."
+
+When he reached the king, the king had an iron chain attached to the
+ogre's hands and feet, and made him gnaw bones the rest of his miserable
+life. The king gave Thirteenth all the riches and treasures he could
+bestow on him, and always wished him at his side, as a man of the
+highest valor.[32]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The second version of the above story, in which the giant is deceived by
+the hero's braggadocio, is represented by several Italian stories; the
+simplest are some Milanese versions (_Nov. fior._ pp. 575-580), one of
+which (_Ibid._ p. 575) is as follows:
+
+
+XIX. THE COBBLER.
+
+There was once a cobbler who one day was so tired of cobbling that he
+said: "Now I will go and seek my fortune." He bought a little cheese and
+put it on the table. It got full of flies, and he took an old shoe, and
+hit the cheese and killed all the flies. He afterward counted them, and
+five hundred were killed, and four hundred wounded. He then girded on a
+sword, and put on a cocked hat, and went to the court, and said to the
+king: "I am the chief warrior of the flies. Four hundred I have killed,
+and five hundred I have wounded." The king answered: "Since you are a
+warrior, you will be brave enough to climb that mountain there, where
+there are two magicians, and kill them. If you kill them, you shall
+marry my daughter." Then he gave him a white flag to wave when he had
+killed them. "And sound the trumpet, you will put his head in a bag,
+both the heads, to show me." The cobbler then departed, and found a
+house, which was an inn, and the innkeeper and his wife were none other
+than the magician and his wife. He asked for lodging and food, and all
+he needed. Afterward he went to his room; but before going to bed, he
+looked up at the ceiling. There he saw a great stone over the bed.
+Instead of getting into bed, he got into a corner. When a certain hour
+struck, the magicians let the stone drop and it crushed the whole bed.
+The next morning the cobbler went down and said that he could not sleep
+for the noise. They told him they would change his room. The same thing
+happened the next night, and in the morning they told him they would
+give him another room. When it was a certain hour, the husband and wife
+went to the forest to cut a bundle of fagots. Then the magician went
+home; and the cobbler, who had made ready a sickle, said: "Wait until I
+help you to take the bundle off your back." Then he gave the magician a
+blow with the sickle and cut off his head. He did the same thing when
+the magician's wife returned. Then he unfurled his flag, and sounded his
+trumpet, and the band went out to meet him. After he had arrived at the
+court, the king said to him: "Now that you have killed the two
+magicians, you shall marry my daughter." But the cobbler had got so used
+to drawing the thread that he did so in his sleep, and kept hitting his
+wife, so that she could not rest. Then the king gave him a great deal of
+money and sent him home.[33]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A more detailed version is found in a Sicilian story in Gonzenbach, "The
+Brave Shoemaker" (No. 41), the first part of which is like the Milanese
+version. On his way to the giant's, the cobbler makes some balls of
+plaster of Paris and cream-cheese, and puts them in his pocket. When he
+heard the giant coming through the woods, he climbed a tree; but the
+giant scented him, and told him to come down. The cobbler answered that
+if he did not leave him alone he would twist his neck; and to show him
+how strong he was, he crushed the balls of plaster of Paris in his
+hands, telling the giant they were marble. The giant was frightened, and
+invited the cobbler to remain with him, and took him home. After a
+while, the giant asked him to bring some water in a pitcher from the
+well. The cobbler said that if the giant would give him a strong rope he
+would bring the well itself. The giant in terror took the pitcher, and
+drew the water himself. Then the giant asked the cobbler to cut some
+wood, but the latter asked for a strong rope to drag a whole tree to the
+house with. Then the giant proposed a trial of strength, to see which
+could carry a heavy stick the longer. The cobbler said that the giant
+had better wind something about the thick end, for when he, the
+cobbler, turned a somersault with it, he might hit the giant. When they
+went to bed, the giant made the cobbler sleep with him; but the latter
+crept under the bed, leaving a pumpkin in his place. The giant, who was
+anxious to get rid of the cobbler, took an iron bar and struck at the
+pumpkin all night, believing it the cobbler's head. After he had beaten
+the pumpkin to pieces, the cobbler, under the bed, gave a sigh. "What is
+the matter with you?" asked the terrified giant. "A flea has just bitten
+my ear," answered the cobbler. The next day the cobbler proposed to the
+giant to cook a great kettle of macaroni, and after they had eaten it,
+he would cut open his stomach to show the giant that he had eaten it
+without chewing it; the giant was to do the same afterward. The cobbler,
+of course, secretly tied a sack about his neck, and put his macaroni in
+it; then he took a knife and ripped open the bag, and the macaroni fell
+out. The giant, in attempting to follow the cobbler's example, killed
+himself. Then the cobbler cut his head off, carried it to the king, and
+claimed his daughter's hand.[34]
+
+The stories given in this chapter constitute, as we have already said in
+the Introduction, but a small part of Italian fairy tales. They
+represent, however, as well as our space will allow, the great fairy
+cycles, so to speak. As our purpose has been to give only those stories
+which have been taken down from the mouths of the people, we have not
+drawn, except for purposes of reference, upon the Pentamerone, one of
+the most original and charming collections of fairy tales in any
+language. Enough has been given, we trust, to show how the Italians have
+treated the themes familiar to us from childhood, and to furnish the
+scholar with additional material for comparison.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+FAIRY TALES CONTINUED.
+
+
+The fairy tales given in the last chapter belong to what may be called
+the great fairy tale cycles; that is, to extensive classes that are
+typical forms. It remains to notice in this chapter those stories which
+do not belong to any of these typical classes, but constitute, so to
+speak, independent forms.
+
+The reader has perhaps noticed in the fairy tales of the first chapter
+the conspicuous absence of the fairies to which we are accustomed in
+German or Celtic stories. We have met ogres and magicians with magic
+powers, old men and women, and hermits who have aided the hero and
+heroine, and played the role of the "good fairy," but the fairy in the
+bright shape in which we see her in French and Irish stories, for
+example, has been wanting. It will not be amiss, then, to give a few
+stories in which the fairies play a more important part. We shall first
+mention a curious story in which the fairies are represented in one of
+their most usual roles--that of bestowing good gifts. The story is from
+Sicily (Gonz. No. 73), and is entitled:
+
+
+XXV. THE KING WHO WANTED A BEAUTIFUL WIFE.
+
+There was once a king who wanted to marry. But his wife must be more
+beautiful than the sun, and no matter how many maidens he saw, none was
+beautiful enough to suit him. Then he called his trusty servant, and
+commanded him to seek everywhere and see whether he could find a
+beautiful girl. The servant set out, and wandered through the whole
+land, but found none who seemed handsome enough to him. One day,
+however, after he had run about a great deal and was very thirsty, he
+came to a little house. He knocked and asked for a drink of water. Now
+there dwelt in the house two very old women,--one eighty and the other
+ninety years old,--who supported themselves by spinning. When the
+servant asked for water, the one eighty years old rose, opened a little
+wicket in the shutter, and handed him out the water. From spinning so
+much, her hands were very white and delicate; and when the servant saw
+them he thought, "It must be a handsome maiden, for she has such a
+delicate white hand." So he hastened to the king, and said: "Your royal
+Majesty, I have found what you seek; so and so has happened to me."
+"Very well," answered the king, "go once more and try to see her."
+
+The servant returned to the little house, knocked, and asked again for
+some water. The old woman did not open the window, but handed him the
+pitcher through the little opening in the shutter. "Do you live here all
+alone?" asked the servant. "No," she answered. "I live here with my
+sister; we are poor girls and support ourselves by the work of our
+hands." "How old are you, then?" "I am fifteen and my sister twenty."
+The servant went back to the king and told him all, and the king said:
+"I will take the one who is fifteen. Go and bring her to me." When the
+servant returned to the two old women, and told them that the king
+wished to elevate the younger to the position of his wife, she answered:
+"Tell the king I am ready to do his will. Since my birth no ray of the
+sun has ever struck me, and if a ray of the sun or a beam of light
+should strike me now, I would become perfectly black. Ask the king,
+therefore, to send a closed carriage for me at night, and I will come to
+his palace."
+
+When the king heard this he sent royal apparel and a closed carriage,
+and at night the old woman covered her face with a thick veil and rode
+to the palace. The king received her joyfully, and begged her to lay
+aside the veil. She replied: "There are too many lighted candles here;
+their light would make me black." So the king married her without
+having seen her face. When they came into the king's chamber, however,
+and she removed her veil, the king saw for the first time what an ugly
+old woman he had married, and in his rage he opened the window and threw
+her out. Fortunately there was a nail in the wall, on which she caught
+by her clothes, and remained hanging between heaven and earth. Four
+fairies chanced to pass by, and when they saw the old woman hanging
+there, one of them cried: "See, sisters, there is the old woman who
+cheated the king; shall we wish her dress to tear and let her fall?"
+"Oh, no! let us not do that," cried the youngest and most beautiful of
+the fairies. "Let us rather wish her something good. I wish her youth."
+"And I, beauty." "And I, prudence." "And I, a good heart." Thus the
+fairies cried, and while they were yet speaking the old woman became a
+wondrous fair maiden.
+
+The next morning, when the king looked out of the window and saw the
+beautiful girl hanging there, he was terrified, and thought: "Unhappy
+man! What have I done! Had I no eyes last night?" Then he had her
+carefully taken down with long ladders, and begged her pardon, saying:
+"Now we will have a great festival and be right happy." So they
+celebrated a splendid feast, and the young queen was the fairest in the
+whole city.
+
+But one day the sister ninety years old came to the palace to visit the
+queen, her sister. "Who is this ugly creature?" asked the king. "An old
+neighbor of mine who is half-witted," replied the queen, quickly. The
+old woman kept looking at her rejuvenated sister, and asked: "What did
+you do to become so young and lovely? I, too, would like to be young and
+pretty again." She kept asking this the whole day, until the queen
+finally lost her patience, and said: "I had my old skin taken off, and
+this new, smooth skin came to light." The old woman went to a barber and
+said: "I will give you what you will to remove my old skin, so that I
+may become young and handsome again." "But good old woman, you will
+surely die if I skin you." The old woman would not listen to him, and at
+last he had to do her will. He took his knife and made a cut in her
+forehead. "Oh!" cried the old woman.
+
+            "Who will look fair
+    Must grief and pain bear,"
+
+answered the barber. "Then skin away, master," said the old woman. The
+barber kept cutting on, until all at once the old woman fell down
+dead.[1]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This story leads quite naturally to the class in which gifts, good and
+bad, are bestowed by the fairies on two persons, one of whom is
+deserving of good fortune; the other, of punishment or reproof. The
+simplest form of this story is found in a Milanese tale (_Nov. fior._ p.
+190).
+
+
+XXVI. THE BUCKET.
+
+There was once a mother who had two daughters: one was bad and the other
+was very good. But the mother loved the bad one more than the good one.
+She said one day to the bad one: "Go and draw a bucket of water." The
+bad one did not want to go, and so she would not obey her mother. The
+good daughter, however, said: "I will go and draw it." She went to draw
+the water, and the bucket fell down the well. She said: "If I go home
+now without the bucket, who knows what my mother will do to me?" So she
+climbed down the well, and at the bottom found a narrow passage, with a
+door. She knocked at the door. "Have you not found a cord and bucket?"
+There was a saint there, who answered: "No, my child." She continued her
+way and found another door. "Have you not found a cord and bucket?"
+"No!" That was the devil there. He answered her angrily because she was
+a good girl; he did not say: "My child." She knocked at another door.
+"Have you not found a cord and bucket?" It was the Madonna who replied:
+"Yes, my child. Listen. You could do me a pleasure to stay here while I
+am away. I have my little son here, to whom you will give his soup; you
+will sweep and put the house in order. When I come home I will give you
+your bucket." The Madonna went away, and the good girl put the house in
+order, gave the child his broth, swept the house; and while she was
+sweeping, instead of finding dirt, she found coral and other beautiful
+things. She saw that it was not dirt, and put it aside to give the
+Madonna when she returned. When the Madonna came back, she asked: "Have
+you done all I told you to do?" The good girl answered: "Yes, but I have
+kept these things here; I found them on the ground; it is not dirt."
+"Very well; keep them for yourself. Would you like a dress of calico, or
+one of silk?" The girl answered: "No, no! a calico dress." Instead of
+that, the Madonna gave her the silk one. "Do you wish a brass thimble,
+or a silver one?" "Give me the brass one." "No, take the silver thimble.
+Here is the bucket and your cord. When you reach the end of this
+passage, look up in the air." The girl did so, and a beautiful star fell
+on her brow.
+
+She went home, and her mother ran to meet her to scold her for being
+away so long; and was about to strike her, when she saw the star on her
+brow, which shone so that it was beautiful to see, and said: "Where have
+you been until now? Who put that thing on your forehead?" The girl
+answered: "I don't know what there is there." Her mother tried to wash
+it away, but instead of disappearing, it shone more beautiful than ever.
+Then the girl told what had happened to her, and the other sister wished
+to go there, too. She went, and did the same as her sister. She let the
+bucket fall, climbed down, and knocked at the saint's door. "Have you
+not found a cord and bucket?" "No, my child." She knocked at the next
+door. "Have you not found a cord and bucket?" The devil answered: "No, I
+have not found them; but come here, my child, come here." But when she
+heard that he had not found her bucket, she said: "No, I will go on."
+She knocked at the Madonna's door. "Have you not found a cord and
+bucket?" The Madonna said that she had. "I am going away: you will give
+my son his broth, and then you will sweep. When I return I will give you
+your bucket." Instead of giving the broth to the child, the bad girl
+ate it herself. "Oh!" she said, "how good it was!" She swept and found a
+great deal of dirt. "Oh, poor me! My sister found so many pretty
+things!" The Madonna returned. "Have you done what I told you?" "Yes."
+"Do you wish the brass or silver thimble?" "Oh! I want the silver one!"
+She gave her the brass one. "Do you want the calico dress or the silk
+one?" "Give me the silk dress." She gave her the calico dress. "Here is
+your bucket and cord. When you are out of here, look up into the air."
+When she was out she looked up into the air and there fell on her
+forehead a lump of dirt that soiled her whole face. She went home in a
+rage to weep and scold her sister because she had had the star, while
+she had that dirt on her face. Her mother began to wash her face and rub
+it; and the more she did so the less the dirt went away. Then the mother
+said: "I understand; the Madonna has done this to show me that I loved
+the bad girl and neglected the good one."[2]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In other versions (mentioned in the note to the above story) the two
+sisters receive different gifts from the fairies. In a Sicilian tale
+(Pitre, No. 62) it is the children of unlike sisters who receive the
+gifts: the one, beauty. When she combs her hair jewels fall from it;
+when she washes the water becomes full of fishes; when she opens her
+mouth flowers fall out; her cheeks are like apples; and finally she can
+finish her work in a short time. The cousin receives, of course, gifts
+the very reverse of the above. The story ends with the trait of "True
+Bride," mentioned at length in Chapter I.
+
+There is still a third version of the above story, which is popular in
+many lands. The following example is from Florence (_Nov. fior._ p.
+559), and is entitled:
+
+
+XXVII. THE TWO HUMPBACKS.
+
+There were once two companions who were humpbacks, but one more so than
+the other. They were both so poor that they had not a penny to their
+names. One of them said: "I will go out into the world, for here there
+is nothing to eat; we are dying of hunger. I want to see whether I can
+make my fortune." "Go," said the other. "If you make your fortune,
+return, and I will go and see if I can make mine." So the humpback set
+off on his journey. Now these two humpbacks were from Parma. When the
+humpback had gone a long way, he came to a square where there was a
+fair, at which everything was sold. There was a person selling cheese,
+who cried out: "Eat the little Parmesan!" The poor humpback thought he
+meant him, so he ran away and hid himself in a court-yard. When it was
+one o'clock, he heard a clanking of chains and the words "Saturday and
+Sunday" repeated several times. Then he answered: "And Monday." "Oh,
+heavens!" said they who were singing. "Who is this who has harmonized
+with our choir?" They searched and found the poor humpback hidden. "O
+gentlemen!" he said, "I have not come here to do any harm, you know!"
+"Well! we have come to reward you; you have harmonized our choir; come
+with us!" They put him on a table and removed his hump, healed him, and
+gave him two bags of money. "Now," they said, "you can go." He thanked
+them and went away without his hump. He liked it better, you can
+believe! He returned to his place at Parma, and when the other humpback
+saw him he exclaimed: "Does not that look just like my friend? But he
+had a hump! It is not he! Listen! You are not my friend so and so, are
+you?" "Yes, I am," he replied. "Listen! Were you not a humpback?" "Yes.
+They have removed my hump and given me two bags of money. I will tell
+you why. I reached," he continued, "such and such a place, and I heard
+them beginning to say, '_Eat the little Parmesan! eat the little
+Parmesan!_' I was so frightened that I hid myself." (He mentioned the
+place--in a court-yard.) "At a certain hour, I heard a noise of chains
+and a chorus singing: '_Saturday and Sunday._' After two or three times,
+I said: '_And Monday._' They came and found me, saying that I had
+harmonized their chorus, and they wanted to reward me. They took me,
+removed my hump, and gave me two bags of money." "Oh, heavens!" said the
+other humpback. "I want to go there, too!" "Go, poor fellow, go!
+farewell!" The humpback reached the place, and hid himself precisely
+where his companion had. After a while he heard a noise of chains, and
+the chorus: "Saturday and Sunday!" Then another chorus: "And Monday!"
+After the humpback had heard them repeat: "Saturday and Sunday, and
+Monday!" several times, he added: "And Tuesday!" "Where," they
+exclaimed, "is he who has spoiled our chorus? If we find him, we will
+tear him in pieces." Just think! they struck and beat this poor humpback
+until they were tired; then they put him on the same table on which they
+had placed his companion, and said: "Take that hump and put it on him in
+front." So they took the other's hump and fastened it to his breast, and
+then drove him away with blows. He went home and found his friend, who
+cried: "Mercy! is not that my friend? but it cannot be, for this one is
+humpbacked in front. Listen," he said, "are you not my friend?" "The
+same," he answered, weeping. "I did not want to bear my own hump, and
+now I have to carry mine and yours! and so beaten and reduced, you see!"
+"Come," said his friend, "come home with me, and we will eat a mouthful
+together; and don't be disheartened." And so, every day, he dined with
+his friend, and afterward they died, I imagine.[3]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There are a number of Sicilian stories in which one's fate is
+personified and appears in the role of a guardian angel, or good and bad
+fairy. In the same way fortune is personified in several stories. The
+best example of the former class, which has also a point of contact with
+the latter, is found in Gonzenbach, No. 21, and is entitled:
+
+
+XXVIII. THE STORY OF CATHERINE AND HER FATE.
+
+There was once a merchant who was very rich and had greater treasures
+than the king. In his reception room stood three wonderfully beautiful
+seats. One was of silver, the second of gold, and the third of diamonds.
+This merchant had an only daughter, whose name was Catherine, and who
+was fairer than the sun.
+
+One day as Catherine was sitting in her chamber, the door suddenly
+opened of itself, and there entered a tall, beautiful lady, who held in
+her hand a wheel. "Catherine," said she, "when would you rather enjoy
+your life, in youth or in old age?" Catherine gazed at her in amazement,
+and could make no answer. The beautiful lady again asked: "Catherine,
+when would you rather enjoy your life, in youth or in old age?" Then
+thought Catherine: "If I say in youth, I must suffer for it in old age;
+wherefore I will rather enjoy my life in old age, and in youth God's
+will be done." So she answered: "In old age." "Be it as you have
+wished," said the beautiful woman, turned her wheel once, and
+disappeared. Now this beautiful tall lady was poor Catherine's Fate.
+
+A few days later, her father suddenly received news that some of his
+ships had been wrecked in a storm; a few days after, he learned that
+several more of his ships had foundered; and to cut the matter short,
+scarcely a month had passed when he was himself deprived of all his
+riches. He had to sell all that he had, and this, too, he lost, until at
+last he remained poor and wretched. From grief he fell ill and died.
+
+So poor Catherine remained all alone in the world, without a penny, and
+with no one to give her shelter. She thought: "I will go to another city
+and seek me a place there." So she set out and walked until she came to
+another city. As she was going through the streets a noble lady happened
+to be standing by the window, and asked her: "Where are you going, all
+alone, pretty maiden?" "Ah! noble lady, I am a poor girl, and would like
+to find a place to earn my bread. Can you not find use for me?" So the
+noble lady received her, and Catherine served her faithfully.
+
+Some days later the lady said one evening: "Catherine, I must go out for
+a time, and will lock the house door." "Very well," said Catherine, and
+after her mistress had gone she took her work and sat down and sewed.
+Suddenly the door opened, and her Fate entered. "So?" she cried, "are
+you here, Catherine? and do you think now that I am going to leave you
+in peace?" With these words, her Fate ran to all the cupboards, dragged
+out the linen and clothes of Catherine's mistress, and tore everything
+into a thousand pieces. Catherine thought: "Woe is me if my mistress
+returns and finds everything in this condition; she will certainly kill
+me!" And in her anguish she opened the door and fled. Her Fate, however,
+gathered up all the torn and ruined things, made them whole, and laid
+them away in their places. When the mistress returned she called
+Catherine, but Catherine was nowhere to be seen. "Can she have robbed
+me?" she thought; but when she looked about, nothing was gone. She was
+very much astonished, but Catherine did not return, but hastened on
+until she came to another city. As she was passing through the streets,
+another lady, standing by the window, asked her: "Where are you going,
+all alone, pretty maiden?" "Ah! noble lady, I am a poor girl, and would
+like a place to earn my bread. Can you not make use of me?" Then the
+lady took her in, and Catherine served her and thought now she could
+rest in peace. It lasted, however, but a few days. One evening, when her
+mistress was out, her Fate appeared again and addressed her harshly:
+"So, here you are now? Do you think you can escape me?" Then the Fate
+tore and destroyed everything that it found, so that poor Catherine
+again fled, in her anguish of heart. To cut the matter short, poor
+Catherine led this frightful life seven years, flying from one city to
+another, and everywhere attempting to find a place. Her Fate always
+appeared after a few days, and tore and destroyed her employers' things,
+so that the poor girl had to flee. As soon as she had left the house
+the Fate restored everything and put it in its place.
+
+Finally, after seven years, her Fate seemed weary of always persecuting
+the unfortunate Catherine. One day Catherine came again to a city and
+saw a lady standing at a window, who asked her: "Where are you going,
+all alone, pretty girl?" "Ah! noble lady, I am a poor girl, and would
+like to find a place to earn my bread. Can you not find use for me?" The
+lady answered: "I will give you a place willingly, but you must perform
+daily a service, and I do not know whether you have strength for it."
+"Tell me what it is," said Catherine, "and if I can, I will do it." "Do
+you see yonder high mountain?" asked the lady. "Every morning you must
+carry up there a large board covered with fresh bread, and cry with a
+loud voice: 'O my mistress' Fate! O my mistress' Fate! O my mistress'
+Fate!' thrice. Then my Fate will appear and receive the bread." "I will
+do that willingly," said Catherine, and the lady took her into her
+service.
+
+Now Catherine remained years with this lady, and every morning she took
+a board with fresh bread and carried it up the mountain, and when she
+had called three times: "O my mistress' Fate!" there appeared a
+beautiful tall lady, who received the bread. Catherine often wept when
+she thought that she, who had once been so rich, must now serve like a
+poor maid. One day her mistress said to her: "Catherine, why do you weep
+so much?" Then Catherine told her how ill it had fared with her, and her
+mistress said: "I will tell you what, Catherine, when you take the bread
+to the mountain to-morrow, ask my Fate to try and persuade your Fate to
+leave you now in peace. Perhaps that will do some good." This advice
+pleased poor Catherine, and the next morning, after she had taken the
+bread to her mistress' Fate, she disclosed her trouble to her, and said:
+"O my mistress' Fate, beg my Fate to persecute me no longer." Then the
+Fate answered: "Ah, poor girl, your Fate is just now covered with seven
+coverlets, so that she cannot hear you; but when you come to-morrow I
+will take you to her." After Catherine had returned home, her mistress'
+Fate went to the young girl's Fate and said: "Dear sister, why are you
+never weary of making poor Catherine suffer? Permit her again to see
+some happy days." The Fate answered: "Bring her to me to-morrow and I
+will give her something that will help her out of all her trouble." When
+Catherine brought the bread the next morning, her mistress' Fate
+conducted her to her own Fate, who was covered with seven coverlets. Her
+Fate gave her a small skein of silk, and said: "Preserve it carefully;
+it will be of use to you." Then Catherine went home and said to her
+mistress: "My Fate has given me a little skein of silk; what shall I do
+with it? It is not worth three _grani_." "Well," said her mistress,
+"preserve it; who knows of what use it may be?"
+
+Now it happened, some time after this, that the young king was to marry,
+and on that account had royal garments made for himself. As the tailor
+was about to sew a beautiful dress, there was no silk of the same color
+to be found. So the king proclaimed throughout the whole land that
+whoever had such silk should bring it to the court and would be well
+rewarded. "Catherine," said her mistress, "your skein is of that color;
+take it to the king so that he may make you a handsome present." Then
+Catherine put on her best clothes, and went to the Court; and when she
+appeared before the king, she was so beautiful that he could not keep
+his eyes from her. "Royal Majesty," said she, "I have brought you a
+little skein of silk, of the color that could not be found." "I will
+tell you what, royal Majesty," cried one of his ministers, "we will pay
+the maiden for the silk with its weight in gold." The king was satisfied
+and they brought a balance; in one scale the king laid the silk, in the
+other, a gold coin. Now just imagine what happened: no matter how many
+gold coins the king laid in the scale, the silk was always heavier. Then
+the king had a larger balance brought, and threw all his treasures into
+the scale, but the silk still weighed the more. Then the king at last
+took his crown from his head and placed it with all the other
+treasures, and behold! the scale with gold sank and weighed exactly as
+much as the silk. "Where did you get this silk?" asked the king. "Royal
+Majesty, it was a present from my mistress," answered Catherine. "No,
+that is impossible," cried the king. "If you do not tell me the truth, I
+will have your head cut off." Then Catherine related all that had
+happened to her since she was a rich maiden.
+
+Now there lived at the court a wise lady, who said: "Catherine, you have
+suffered much, but you will now see happy days; and that it was not
+until the golden crown was put in the scale that the balance was even,
+is a sign that you will be a queen." "If she is to be a queen," cried
+the king, "I will make her one, for Catherine and none other shall be my
+wife." And so it was; the king informed his betrothed that he no longer
+wished her, and married the fair Catherine. And after Catherine in her
+youth had suffered so much, she enjoyed nothing but happiness in her old
+age, and was happy and contented.[4]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the class of stories of which "The Bucket" is an example, we have
+seen the good sister rewarded, and the naughty one punished. Another
+well-known moral story is the one in which a king's daughter is punished
+for her pride, in refusing to marry a suitable lover, by being made to
+marry the first one who asks her hand. This is the case in the Grimm
+story "King Thrush-Beard," or rather the king gives his proud daughter
+to the first beggar who comes to the palace gate. The same occurs in one
+of the Italian versions of this story, but usually the haughty princess,
+after refusing a noble suitor, either falls in love with the same
+suitor, who has disguised himself as a person of ignoble rank, or she
+sells herself to the disguised lover for some finery with which he
+tempts her. At all events, her pride is thoroughly humbled. An example
+of the more common version is found in Coronedi-Berti's Bolognese tales
+(No. 15), and is as follows:
+
+
+XXIX. THE CRUMB IN THE BEARD.
+
+There was once a king who had a daughter whose name was Stella. She was
+indescribably beautiful, but was so whimsical and hard to please that
+she drove her father to despair. There had been princes and kings who
+had sought her in marriage, but she had found defects in them all and
+would have none of them. She kept advancing in years, and her father
+began to despair of knowing to whom he should leave his crown. So he
+summoned his council, and discussed the matter, and was advised to give
+a great banquet, to which he should invite all the princes and kings of
+the surrounding countries, for, as they said, there cannot fail to be
+among so many, some one who should please the princess, who was to hide
+behind a door, so that she could examine them all as she pleased. When
+the king heard this advice, he gave the orders necessary for the
+banquet, and then called his daughter, and said: "Listen, my little
+Stella, I have thought to do so and so, to see if I can find any one to
+please you; behold, my daughter, my hair is white, and I must have some
+one to leave my crown to." Stella bowed her head, saying that she would
+take care to please him. Princes and kings then began to arrive at the
+court, and when it was time for the banquet, they all seated themselves
+at the table. You can imagine what sort of a banquet that was, and how
+the hall was adorned: gold and silver shone from all their necks; in the
+four corners of the room were four fountains, which continually sent
+forth wine and the most exquisite perfumes. While the gentlemen were
+eating, Stella was behind a door, as has been said, and one of her
+maids, who was near by, pointed out to her now this one, now that one.
+"See, your Majesty, what a handsome youth that is there." "Yes, but he
+has too large a nose." "And the one near your father?" "He has eyes that
+look like saucers." "And that other at the head of the table?" "He has
+too large a mouth; he looks as if he liked to eat." In short, she found
+fault with all but one, who, she said, pleased her, but that he must be
+a very dirty fellow, for he had a crumb on his beard after eating. The
+youth heard her say this, and swore vengeance. You must know that he was
+the son of the king of Green Hill, and the handsomest youth that could
+be seen. When the banquet was finished and the guests had departed, the
+king called Stella and asked: "What news have you, my child?" She
+replied, that the only one who pleased her was the one with the crumb in
+his beard, but that she believed him to be a dirty fellow and did not
+want him. "Take care, my daughter, you will repent it," answered her
+father, and turned away.
+
+You must know that Stella's chamber looked into a court-yard into which
+opened the shop of a baker. One night, while she was preparing to
+retire, she heard, in the room where they sifted the meal, some one
+singing so well and with so much grace that it went to her heart. She
+ran to the window and listened until he finished. Then she began to ask
+her maid who the person with the beautiful voice could be, saying she
+would like to know. "Leave it to me, your Majesty," said the maid; "I
+will inform you to-morrow." Stella could not wait for the next day; and,
+indeed, early the next day she learned that the one who sang was the
+sifter. That evening she heard him sing again, and stood by the window
+until everything became quiet. But that voice had so touched her heart
+that she told her maid that the next day she would try and see who had
+that fine voice. In the morning she placed herself by the window, and
+soon saw the youth come forth. She was enchanted by his beauty as soon
+as she saw him, and fell desperately in love with him.
+
+Now you must know that this was none other than the prince who was at
+the banquet, and whom Stella had called "dirty." So he had disguised
+himself in such a way that she could not recognize him, and was
+meanwhile preparing his revenge. After he had seen her once or twice he
+began to take off his hat and salute her. She smiled at him, and
+appeared at the window every moment. Then they began to exchange words,
+and in the evening he sang under her window. In short, they began to
+make love in good earnest, and when he learned that she was free, he
+began to talk about marrying her. She consented at once, but asked him
+what he had to live on. "I haven't a penny," said he; "the little I earn
+is hardly enough to feed me." Stella encouraged him, saying that she
+would give him all the money and things he wanted. To punish Stella for
+her pride, her father and the prince's father had an understanding, and
+pretended not to know about this love affair, and let her carry away
+from the palace all she owned. During the day Stella did nothing but
+make a great bundle of clothes, of silver, and of money, and at night
+the disguised prince came under the balcony, and she threw it down to
+him. Things went on in this manner some time, and finally one evening he
+said to her: "Listen. The time has come to elope." Stella could not wait
+for the hour, and the next night she quietly tied a cord about her and
+let herself down from the window. The prince aided her to the ground,
+and then took her arm and hastened away. He led her a long ways to
+another city, where he turned down a street and opened the first door he
+met. They went down a long passage; finally they reached a little door,
+which he opened, and they found themselves in a hole of a place which
+had only one window, high up. The furniture consisted of a straw bed, a
+bench, and a dirty table. You can imagine that when Stella saw herself
+in this place she thought she should die. When the prince saw her so
+amazed, he said: "What is the matter? Does the house not please you? Do
+you not know that I am a poor man? Have you been deceived?" "What have
+you done with all the things I gave you?" "Oh, I had many debts, and I
+have paid them, and then I have done with the rest what seemed good to
+me. You must make up your mind to work and gain your bread as I have
+done. You must know that I am a porter of the king of this city, and I
+often go and work at the palace. To-morrow, they have told me, the
+washing is to be done, so you must rise early and go with me there. I
+will set you to work with the other women, and when it is time for them
+to go home to dinner, you will say that you are not hungry, and while
+you are alone, steal two shirts, conceal them under your skirt, and
+carry them home to me." Poor Stella wept bitterly, saying it was
+impossible for her to do that; but her husband replied: "Do what I say,
+or I shall beat you." The next morning her husband rose with the dawn,
+and made her get up, too. He had bought her a striped skirt and a pair
+of coarse shoes, which he made her put on, and then took her to the
+palace with him, conducted her to the laundry and left her, after he had
+introduced her as his wife, saying that she should remember what awaited
+her at home. Then the prince ran and dressed himself like a king, and
+waited at the gate of the palace until it was time for his wife to come.
+Meanwhile poor Stella did as her husband had commanded, and stole the
+shirts. As she was leaving the palace, she met the king, who said:
+"Pretty girl, you are our porter's wife, are you not?" Then he asked her
+what she had under her skirt, and shook her until the shirts dropped
+out, and the king cried: "See there! the porter's wife is a thief; she
+has stolen some shirts." Poor Stella ran home in tears, and her husband
+followed her when he had put on his disguise again. When he reached home
+Stella told him all that had happened and begged him not to send her to
+the palace again; but he told her that the next day they were to bake,
+and she must go into the kitchen and help, and steal a piece of dough.
+Everything happened as on the previous day. Stella's theft was
+discovered, and when her husband returned he found her crying like a
+condemned soul, and swearing that she had rather be killed than go to
+the palace again. He told her, however, that the king's son was to be
+married the next day, and that there was to be a great banquet, and she
+must go into the kitchen and wash the dishes. He added that when she had
+the chance she must steal a pot of broth and hide it about her so that
+no one should see it. She had to do as she was told, and had scarcely
+concealed the pot when the king's son came into the kitchen and told his
+wife she must come to the ball that had followed the banquet. She did
+not wish to go, but he took her by the arm and led her into the midst of
+the festival. Imagine how the poor woman felt at that ball, dressed as
+she was, and with the pot of broth! The king began to poke his sword at
+her in jest, until he hit the pot, and all the broth ran on the floor.
+Then all began to jeer her and laugh, until poor Stella fainted away
+from shame, and they had to go and get some vinegar to revive her. At
+last the king's mother came forward and said: "Enough; you have revenged
+yourself sufficiently." Then turning to Stella: "Know that this is your
+mother, and that he has done this to correct your pride and to be
+avenged on you for calling him dirty." Then she took her by the arm and
+led her to another room, where her maids dressed her as a queen. Her
+father and mother then appeared and kissed and embraced her. Her husband
+begged her pardon for what he had done, and they made peace and always
+lived in harmony. From that day on she was never haughty, and had
+learned to her cost that pride is the greatest fault.[5]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A curious feature in Italian stories is the part played by dolls or
+puppets. They sometimes serve to represent an absent mistress, or to
+take her place and receive the brunt of the husband's anger. The most
+peculiar of these doll-stories are found in the south of Italy; the one
+that follows is from Naples (_Nov. fior._ p. 333) and is entitled:
+
+
+XXX. THE FAIRY ORLANDA.
+
+There was once a merchant who had no children. He was obliged to go away
+for merchandise. His wife said to him: "Here is a ring; put it on your
+finger. You must bring me a doll as large as I am; one that can move,
+sew, and dress herself. If you forget, this ring will turn red, and your
+steamer will go neither forward nor backward." And so it happened. He
+forgot the doll, embarked on the steamer, and it would not move. The
+pilot said: "Sir, have you forgotten anything?" to all the gentlemen
+who were there. "No, sir; nothing." At the end of the steamer was this
+merchant. "Sir, have you forgotten anything; for the steamer cannot
+move?" He looked at his hand and replied: "Yes, I have forgotten
+something--my wife's doll." He landed, got the doll, reembarked, and the
+steamer continued its way. On his arrival at Naples, he carried the doll
+to his wife, well dressed and elegant; it seemed like a very handsome
+young girl. His wife, well pleased, talked to the doll, and they both
+worked near the balcony. Opposite lived a king's son, who fell in love
+with the doll, and became ill from his passion. The queen, who saw that
+her son was ill, asked: "My son, what is the matter with you? Tell your
+mamma. To-day or to-morrow we die, and you reign; and if you take an
+illness and die, who will reign?" He answered: "Mamma, I have taken this
+illness because there is a young girl, the daughter of the merchant who
+lives opposite, who is so beautiful that she has enamored me." The queen
+said: "Yes, my son, I shall marry you to her. Were she the daughter of a
+scavenger, you shall marry her." "You would do a good thing. Now let us
+send for the merchant." They sent a servant to the merchant's house.
+"Her Majesty wishes you at the palace!" "What does she want?" "She must
+speak with you." The merchant went to the palace, and asked: "Majesty,
+what do you wish?" "Have you a daughter?" "No, Majesty." "What do you
+mean? My son has fallen ill from the love he has conceived for your
+daughter." "Your Majesty, I tell you it is a doll, and not a human
+being." "I don't want to hear nonsense! If you don't present your
+daughter to me in a fortnight, your head will fall under the
+guillotine." (Do you not know what the guillotine is? It is the gallows.
+He was to be hung if he did not take her his daughter within a
+fortnight.) The merchant went home, weeping. His wife said: "What is the
+matter; what has the king said to you at the palace, to make you weep?"
+"Can you not guess what has happened to me? The king's son has fallen
+ill for the sake of the doll you have!" "He has fallen ill? did he not
+see that it was a doll?" "He would not believe it, and says it is my
+daughter, and that if I do not bring her to him within a fortnight, my
+head will fall under the guillotine." "Well," said his wife, "take the
+doll, and carry her out into the country, and see what will happen." He
+did so, and while he was going along, all confused, he met an old man
+who asked him: "Merchant, what are you doing?" "Ah, my old man, why
+should I tell you?" "I know all." Then said the merchant: "Since you
+know all, find some remedy for my life." The old man said: "Exactly. Go
+to such and such a place, where there is a fairy, who is called the
+fairy Orlanda. She has a palace with no doorkeeper, and no stairway.
+Here is a violin and a silk ladder. When you reach this palace, begin to
+play. The fairy and all her twelve maidens will appear at the window.
+This fairy Orlanda can give you help."
+
+The merchant continued his journey, and found the palace without a
+doorkeeper, and with no stairway. He began to play the violin, and the
+fairy and all her twelve damsels appeared and said: "What do you want
+that you call us?" "Ah! fairy Orlanda, help me!" "What help do you
+want?" "I have this doll, and the king's son has fallen in love with it,
+and is ill. What shall I do? If I do not present her to him in a
+fortnight my head will be cut off." The fairy Orlanda said: "Put this
+ladder to the wall. Give me the doll. Wait two hours and I will give her
+back to you again." He waited two hours and then the fairy appeared:
+"Here is your daughter. She will speak to all, to the king, to the
+queen, but not to the prince. Farewell." The fairy Orlanda disappeared
+within, and the merchant departed with his daughter. He took her home to
+his wife. The doll said: "Mamma, how do you do?" "I am very well, my
+daughter. Where have you been?" "I have been into the country with papa,
+and now I have returned." In a fortnight the merchant dressed her
+elegantly and carried her to the palace. As soon as the king saw her he
+said to the queen: "My son was right; she is a beautiful girl!" She went
+into the gallery and spoke with the king and queen, but did not speak
+to the prince. The mortified prince thought: "She speaks to papa, she
+speaks to mamma, but not to me! What does it mean? Perhaps she does not
+speak to me from embarrassment." They were married, but even then she
+did not speak to him. So the prince was obliged to separate from her,
+and they lived in two rooms apart. The prince, meanwhile, courted
+another princess. One morning, while he was breakfasting with his
+sweetheart, his wife called a servant: "Come here; is the prince at
+table?" "Yes, Highness." "Wait!" She cut off her two hands and put them
+in the oven, and there came out a roast, with ten sausages. "Carry these
+to the prince." "Prince, the princess sends you this." He asked: "How
+was it made?" The servant replied: "Prince, she cut off her two hands
+and put them in the oven. She amazed me." "Enough," said the prince,
+"let us eat them." His sweetheart said: "I can do it, too." So she cut
+off her hands and put them in the oven; but they were burned and she
+died. "Oh, what have you done to me! you have killed one for me!" said
+the prince. After a time he made love to another. The first time he sat
+at table with her, the princess called another servant: "Servant, where
+are you going?" "I am going, Majesty, to the prince's table." "Wait!"
+She cut off her arms, and put them in the oven, and there came out a
+roast, with two blood-puddings. She said: "Carry it to the prince, at
+table." "Prince!" "Go away, I don't want to hear any nonsense." "But
+listen; let me tell you!" "Well, tell away." So the servant told how the
+princess had cut off her arms (which had grown out again) and put them
+in the oven, and the roast and puddings had come out. The second
+sweetheart tried to do the same and died. After a while the prince fell
+in love with another, and the same thing was repeated. The princess cut
+off her legs and put them in the oven, and a large roast came out, with
+two larded hams. The third sweetheart tried to do the same, and died
+like the others. Then the prince said: "Ah! she has done it to three for
+me! Unhappy me! I will not make love to any more."
+
+During the night when the princess had gone to bed, the lamp said:
+"Lady, I want to drink." "Oil-cruet, give the lamp a drink." "Lady, it
+has hurt me." "Oil-cruet, why did you hurt the lamp? How beautiful is
+the fairy Orlanda! How beautiful is the fairy Orlanda! How beautiful is
+the fairy Orlanda!" So she did all night until day. All these things
+were enchanted: the lamp and the oil-cruet. The prince, who heard it,
+said one day to a servant: "This evening you must enter the princess'
+room. You must spend the night under her bed. You must see what she does
+in the night." The servant did so, and the same thing was repeated with
+the lamp and the oil-cruet. The servant told the prince, who said:
+"To-night, I will go." At night he crept under his wife's bed. The same
+thing was repeated. The lamp said: "Lady, I want to drink!" "Oil-cruet,
+give the lamp a drink." "Lady, it has hurt me." "Oil-cruet, why have you
+hurt the lamp? How beautiful is the fairy Orlanda!" The whole night she
+repeated: "How beautiful is the fairy Orlanda!" The prince responded:
+"Blessed be the fairy Orlanda!" "Ah!" said the princess, "did it need so
+much to say a word?" Then they embraced and kissed each other, and
+remained contented and happy.[6]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We now pass to an amusing class of stories, in which the hero comes in
+possession of enchanted objects and loses them, finally regaining them
+in various ways. There are three versions of this class. In the first,
+the hero loses the objects by the cunning of a woman, and regains them
+by means of two kinds of fruits, one of which produces some bodily
+defect and the other cures it. In the second, the episode of the fruits
+is wanting, and the owner regains his property either by preventing the
+princess from cheating him at play or by making her fall in love with
+him. In the third, a person (usually a landlord) substitutes worthless
+objects for two enchanted ones, which are recovered by means of a third
+magic object (usually a stick), which beats until the stolen property is
+restored.[7] To illustrate the first version, we will give a Sicilian
+story from Gonzenbach (No. 31), which is entitled:
+
+
+XXXI. THE SHEPHERD WHO MADE THE KING'S DAUGHTER LAUGH.
+
+There was once a king and a queen who had an only daughter, whom they
+loved very dearly. When she was fifteen years old she became suddenly
+very sad and would not laugh any more. So the king issued a proclamation
+that whoever made his daughter laugh, whether he were a prince, peasant,
+or beggar, should become her husband. Many made the attempt, but none
+succeeded. Now there was a poor woman who had an only son, who was idle
+and would not learn any trade; so finally his mother sent him to a
+farmer to keep his sheep. One day, as he was driving the sheep over the
+fields, he came to a well, and bent over it to drink. As he did so he
+saw a handsome ring on the wheel, and as it pleased him, he put it on
+the ring finger of his right hand. He had scarcely put it on, however,
+when he began to sneeze violently, and could not stop until he had
+accidentally removed the ring. Then his sneezing ceased as suddenly as
+it had begun. "Oh!" thought he, "if the ring has this virtue, I had
+better try my fortune with it, and see whether it will not make the
+king's daughter laugh." So he put the ring on his left hand, and no
+longer had to sneeze. Then he drove the sheep home, took leave of his
+master, and set out toward the city where the king lived. He was
+obliged, however, to pass through a dense forest which was so extensive
+that it grew dark before he left it. He thought: "If the robbers find me
+here they will take away my ring, and then I should be a ruined man. I
+would rather climb a tree and spend the night there." So he climbed a
+tree, tied himself fast with his belt, and soon fell asleep. Before
+long, thirteen robbers came and sat down under the tree, and talked so
+loud that the shepherd awoke. The captain of the robbers said: "Let each
+relate what he has accomplished to-day;" and each exhibited what he had
+taken. The thirteenth, however, pulled out a tablecloth, a purse, and a
+whistle, and said: "I have gained to-day the greatest treasures, for
+these three things I have taken from a monk, and each of them has a
+particular virtue. If any one spreads out the tablecloth and says: 'My
+little tablecloth, give me macaroni, or roast meat,' or whatever one
+will, he will find everything there immediately. Likewise the purse will
+give all the money one wants; and whoever hears the whistle must dance
+whether he will or no." The robbers at once put the power of the
+tablecloth to the test, and then went to sleep, the captain laying the
+precious articles near himself. When they were all snoring hard the
+shepherd descended, took the three articles, and crept away.
+
+The next day he came to the city where the king lived, and went straight
+to the palace. "Announce me to the king," said he to the servants; "I
+will try to make the king's daughter laugh." The servants tried to
+dissuade him, but he insisted on being led before the king, who took him
+into a large room, in which was the king's daughter, sitting on a
+splendid throne and surrounded by the whole court. "If I am to make the
+princess laugh," said the shepherd to the king, "you must first do me
+the kindness to put this ring on the ring-finger of your right hand."
+The king had scarcely done so when he began to sneeze violently, and
+could not stop, but ran up and down the room, sneezing all the time. The
+entire court began to laugh, and the king's daughter could not stay
+sober, but had to run away laughing. Then the shepherd went up to the
+king, took off the ring, and said: "Your Majesty, I have made the
+princess laugh; to me belongs the reward." "What! you worthless
+shepherd!" cried the king. "You have not only made me the laughing-stock
+of the whole court, but now you want my daughter for your wife! Quick!
+take the ring from him, and throw him into prison."
+
+While there the wonderful tablecloth provides him and his companions
+with plenty to eat, and when it is discovered and taken from him by the
+king's orders, the purse enables them all to live in comfort. That is
+also discovered, and nothing is left but the whistle. "Well!" thought
+the shepherd, "if we can't eat any more, we will at least dance;" and he
+pulled out his pipe and began to play on it, and all the prisoners began
+to dance, and the guards with them, and between them all they made a
+great noise. When the king heard it he came running there with his
+servants, and had to dance like all the rest, but found breath enough to
+order the pipe to be taken away from the shepherd, and all became quiet
+again.
+
+So now the shepherd had nothing left, and remained in prison some time,
+until he found an old file, and one night filed through the iron bars
+and escaped. He wandered about all day, and at last came to the same
+forest where he had formerly been. All at once he saw a large fig-tree
+bearing the most beautiful fruit,--on one side black figs, on the other,
+white ones. "That is something I have never seen," thought the
+shepherd,--"a fig-tree that bears black and white figs at the same time.
+I must try them." Scarcely had he tasted them when he felt something
+move on the top of his head, and putting his hand up, found he had two
+long horns. "Unhappy man!" he cried; "what shall I do?" However, as he
+was very hungry, he picked some of the white figs and ate them, and
+immediately one of the horns disappeared, and also the other after he
+had eaten a few more white figs. "My fortune is made!" he thought. "The
+king will have to give me all my things back, and his daughter in the
+bargain."
+
+The shepherd disguised himself and went to the city with two baskets of
+figs,--one of the black and one of the white kind, the former of which
+he sold to the king's cook, whom he met in the market place. While the
+king was at the table the servant put the figs before him, and he was
+much pleased with them, and gave some to his wife and daughter; the rest
+he ate himself. Scarcely had they eaten them when they saw with terror
+the long horns that had grown from their heads. The queen and her
+daughter began to weep, and the king, in a rage, called the cook and
+asked him who had sold him the figs. "A peasant in the market,"
+answered the cook. "Go at once and bring him here," cried the king.
+
+The shepherd had remained near the palace, and as the cook came out, he
+went up to him with the basket of white figs in his hand. "What
+miserable figs did you sell me this morning!" cried out the cook to him.
+"As soon as the king, queen, and princess had eaten your figs, great
+horns grew on their heads." "Be quiet," said the shepherd; "I have a
+remedy here, and can soon remove the horns. Take me to the king." He was
+led before the king, who asked him what kind of figs he had sold. "Be
+quiet, your Majesty," said the shepherd, "and eat these figs," at the
+same time giving him a white one; and as soon as the king had eaten it
+one of the horns disappeared. "Now," said the shepherd, "before I give
+you any more of my figs you must give me back my whistle; if not, you
+may keep your horn." The king in his terror gave up the whistle, and the
+shepherd handed the queen a fig. When one of the queen's horns had
+disappeared, he said: "Now give me my purse back, or else I will take my
+figs away." So the king gave him his purse, and the shepherd removed one
+of the princess' horns. Then he demanded his tablecloth; and when he had
+received it he gave the king another fig, so that the second horn
+disappeared. "Now give me my ring," he said; and the king had to give
+him his ring before he would remove the queen's horn. The only one left
+now was the princess, and the shepherd said: "Now fulfil your promise
+and marry me to the princess; otherwise she may keep her horn as long as
+she lives." So the princess had to marry him, and after the wedding he
+gave her another fig to eat, so that her last horn also disappeared.
+They had a merry wedding, and when the old king died the shepherd became
+king, and so they remained contented and happy, and were like a bundle
+of roots.[8]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The second version of this story is represented by but three examples,
+none of them worth giving at length. In one (_Pomiglianesi_, p. 110)
+the princess wins the magic objects (purse, cloak that renders
+invisible, and horn that blows out soldiers) at play. The loser
+disguises himself as a priest and confesses the princess when she is
+ill, and makes her give back the objects she has won or stolen. In a
+Florentine version (_Nov. fior._ p. 349), the owner of the objects, a
+poor shepherd's son, pretends to be the son of the king of Portugal. He
+plays with the princess and wins, but his true origin is discovered and
+he is thrown into prison. There he makes use of the magic tablecloth,
+which he sells to the king for the privilege of passing a night in the
+princess' room. The same payment is asked for the box that fills itself
+with money, and the little organ that makes every one dance. The
+shepherd, of course, becomes the princess' husband and inherits the
+kingdom when the king dies. In the Sicilian story (Pitre, No. 26) the
+fairies give Peter the purse, tablecloth, and violin, and he goes to
+play chess with the daughter of the king of Spain, who is to marry
+whoever beats her at the game. She cheats and wins, and Peter is thrown
+into prison. There he uses the tablecloth, and when the princess hears
+of it, she proposes to play for it. Again she cheats by changing a
+chessman while Peter is looking away, and the loser is thrown into
+prison again. They play again for the magic violin, and Peter, who has
+been warned in prison by other losers of the princess' tricks, keeps a
+sharp lookout, detects, and defeats her. They are married, and Peter
+releases all the defeated players from jail, and afterward gets rid of
+them by means of the violin.[9]
+
+The third version is the most popular one; the following example of it
+is from Nerucci's collection of Montalese tales (No. 43).
+
+
+XXXII. THE ASS THAT LAYS MONEY.
+
+There was once a poor widow with an only son, and whose brother-in-law
+was a steward. One day she said to her child: "Go to your uncle and ask
+him to give you something to keep you from starving." The boy went to
+the farm and asked his uncle to help him a little. "We are dying of
+hunger, uncle. My mother earns a little by weaving, and I am too small
+to find anything. Be charitable to us, for we are your relatives." The
+steward answered: "Why not? You should have come sooner and I would have
+helped you the sooner. But now I will give you something to support you
+always, without need of anything more. I will give you this little ass
+that lays money. You have only to put a cloth under him, and he will
+fill it for you with handsome coins. But take care! Don't tell it, and
+don't leave this animal with any one." The youth departed in joy, and
+after he had travelled a long way, he stopped at an inn to sleep, for
+his house was distant. He said to the landlord: "Give me a lodging, but
+look! my ass spends the night with me." "What!" said the landlord, "what
+are you thinking about! It cannot be." The youth replied: "Yes, it can
+be, because my ass does not leave my side." They disputed a while, but
+the landlord finally consented; but he had some suspicions; and when the
+boy and his beast were shut in the room, he looked through the key-hole,
+and saw that wonder of an ass that laid money in abundance. "Bless me!"
+cried the host. "I should be a fool, indeed, if I let this piece of good
+fortune escape my hands!" He at once looked for another ass of the same
+color and size, and while the lad was asleep, exchanged them. In the
+morning the boy paid his bill and departed, but on the way, the ass no
+longer laid any money. The stupefied child did not know what to think at
+first, but afterward examining it more closely, it appeared to him that
+the ass was not his, and straightway he returned to the innkeeper, to
+complain of his deception. The landlord cried out: "I wonder at your
+saying such a thing! We are all honest people here, and don't steal
+anything from anybody. Go away, blockhead, or you will find something to
+remember a while."
+
+The child, weeping, had to depart with his ass, and he went back to his
+uncle's farm, and told him what had happened. The uncle said: "If you
+had not stopped at the innkeeper's, you could not have met with this
+misfortune. However, I have another present to help you and your mother.
+But take care! Do not mention it to any one, and take good care of it.
+Here it is. I give you a tablecloth, and whenever you say: '_Tablecloth,
+make ready_,' after having spread it out, you will see a fine repast at
+your pleasure." The youth took the tablecloth in delight, thanked his
+uncle, and departed; but like the fool he was, he stopped again at the
+same inn. He said to the landlord: "Give me a room and you need not
+prepare anything to eat. I have all I want with me." The crafty
+innkeeper suspected that there was something beneath this, and when the
+lad was in his room, he looked through the key-hole, and saw the
+tablecloth preparing the supper. The host exclaimed: "What good luck for
+my inn! I will not let it escape me." He quickly looked for another
+tablecloth like this one, with the same embroidery and fringe, and while
+the child was sleeping, he exchanged it for the magic one, so that in
+the morning the lad did not perceive the knavery. Not until he had
+reached a forest where he was hungry, did he want to make use of the
+tablecloth. But it was in vain that he spread it out and cried:
+"_Tablecloth, make ready._" The tablecloth was not the same one, and
+made nothing ready for him. In despair the boy went back to the
+innkeeper to complain, and the landlord would have thrashed him if he
+had not run away, and he ran until he reached his uncle's. His uncle,
+when he saw him in such a plight, said: "Oh! what is the matter?"
+"Uncle!" said the boy, "the same innkeeper has changed the tablecloth,
+too, for me." The uncle was on the point of giving the dunce a good
+thrashing; but afterward, seeing that it was a child, he calmed his
+anger, and said: "I understand; but I will give you a remedy by which
+you can get back everything from that thief of a landlord. Here it is!
+It is a stick. Hide it under your bolster; and if any one comes to rob
+you of it, say to it, in a low voice: '_Beat, beat!_' and it will
+continue to do so until you say to it, '_Stop_.'"
+
+Imagine how joyfully the boy took the stick! It was a handsome polished
+stick, with a gold handle, and delighted one only to see it. So the boy
+thanked his uncle for his kindness, and after he had journeyed a while,
+he came to the same inn. He said: "Landlord, I wish to lodge here
+to-night." The landlord at once drew his conclusions about the stick,
+which the boy carried openly in his hands, and at night when the lad
+appeared to be sound asleep, but really was on the watch, the landlord
+felt softly under the bolster and drew out the stick. The boy, although
+it was dark, perceived the theft and said in a low voice: "_Beat, beat,
+beat!_" Suddenly blows were rained down without mercy; everything broken
+to pieces, the chest of drawers, the looking-glass, all the chairs, the
+glass in the windows; and the landlord, and those that came at the
+noise, beaten nearly to death. The landlord screamed to split his
+throat: "Save me, boy, I am dead!" The boy answered: "What! I will not
+deliver you, if you do not give me back my property,--the ass that lays
+gold, and the tablecloth that prepares dinner." And if the landlord did
+not want to die of the blows, he had to consent to the boy's wishes.
+
+When he had his things back, the boy went home to his mother and told
+her what had happened to him, and then said: "Now, we do not need
+anything more. I have an ass that lays money, a tablecloth that prepares
+food at my will, and a stick to defend me from whoever annoys me." So
+that woman and her son, who, from want had become rich enough to cause
+every one envy, wished from pride to invite their relatives to a
+banquet, to make them acquainted with their wealth. On the appointed day
+the relatives came to the woman's new house; but noon strikes, one
+o'clock strikes, it is almost two, and in the kitchen the fire is seen
+extinguished, and there were no provisions anywhere. "Are they playing a
+joke on us?" said the relatives. "We shall have to depart with dry
+teeth." At that moment, however, the clock struck two, and the lad,
+after spreading the cloth on the table, commanded: "Tablecloth, prepare
+a grand banquet." In short, those people had a fine dinner and many
+presents in money, and the boy and his mother remained in triumph and
+joy.[10]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next story to which we shall direct our attention is "Puss in
+Boots," which, in the form known to our children, is of French origin,
+being one of the tales which Perrault made so popular by his versions.
+Before Perrault, however, two literary versions of this story existed:
+one in Straparola and one in the Pentamerone. There are, besides,
+several popular versions of this story, which are somewhat peculiar. The
+one that follows is from Sicily (Pitre, No. 88).
+
+
+XXXIII. DON JOSEPH PEAR.
+
+There were once three brothers who owned a pear-tree and lived on the
+pears. One day one of the brothers went to pick these pears, and found
+that they had been gathered. "Oh! my brothers! what shall we do, for our
+pears have been picked?" So the eldest went and remained in the garden
+to guard the pear-tree during the night. He fell asleep, however, and
+the next morning the second brother came and said: "What have you done,
+my brother? Have you been sleeping? Do you not see that the pears have
+been picked? To-night I will stay." That night the second brother
+remained. The next morning the youngest went there and saw more of the
+pears picked, and said: "Were you the one that was going to keep a good
+watch? Go, I will stay here to-night; we shall see whether they can
+cheat me to my face." At night the youngest brother began to play and
+dance under the pear-tree; while he was not playing, a fox, believing
+that the youth had gone to sleep, came out and climbed the tree and
+picked the rest of the pears. When it was coming down the tree, the
+youth quickly aimed his gun at it and was about to shoot. The fox said:
+"Don't shoot me, Don Joseph; for I will have you called Don Joseph Pear,
+and will make you marry the king's daughter." Don Joseph answered: "And
+where shall I see you again? What has the king to do with you? With one
+kick that he would give you, you would never appear before him again."
+However, Don Joseph Pear from pity let her escape. The fox went away to
+a forest and caught all sorts of game, squirrels, hares, and quails, and
+carried them to the king; so that it was a sight. "Sir Majesty, Don
+Joseph Pear sends me; you must accept this game." The king said:
+"Listen, little fox, I accept this game; but I have never heard this Don
+Joseph Pear mentioned." The fox left the game there, and ran away to Don
+Joseph. "Softly, Don Joseph, I have taken the first step; I have been to
+the king, and carried him the first game; and he accepted it."
+
+A week later the fox went to the forest, caught the best animals,
+squirrels, hares, birds, and took them to the king. "Sir Majesty, Don
+Joseph Pear sends me to you with this game." The king said to the fox:
+"My daughter, I don't know who this Don Joseph Pear is; I am afraid you
+have been sent somewhere else! I will tell you what: have this Don
+Joseph Pear come here, so that I can make his acquaintance." The fox
+wished to leave the game, and said: "I am not mistaken; my master sent
+me here; and for a token, he said that he wished the princess for his
+wife."
+
+The fox returned to Don Joseph Pear, and said to him: "Softly, things
+are going well; after I have been to the king again, the matter is
+settled." Don Joseph said: "I will not believe you until I have my
+wife."
+
+The fox now went to an ogress and said: "Friend, friend, have we not to
+divide the gold and silver?" "Certainly," said the ogress to the fox;
+"go and get the measure and we will divide the gold from the silver."
+The fox went to the king and did not say: "The ogress wants to borrow
+your measure;" but she said: "Don Joseph Pear wants to borrow, for a
+short time, your measure to separate the gold from the silver." "What!"
+said the king, "has this Don Joseph Pear such great riches? Is he then
+richer than I?" And he gave the fox the measure. When he was alone with
+his daughter he said to her, in the course of his conversation: "It must
+be that this Don Joseph Pear is very rich, for he divides the gold and
+silver." The fox carried the measure to the ogress, who began to measure
+and heap up gold and silver. When she had finished, the fox went to Don
+Joseph Pear and dressed him in new clothes, a watch with diamonds,
+rings, a ring for his betrothed, and everything that was needed for the
+marriage. "Behold, Don Joseph," said the fox, "I am going before you
+now; you go to the king and get your bride and then go to the church."
+Don Joseph went to the king; got his bride, and they went to the church.
+After they were married, the princess got into the carriage and the
+bridegroom mounted his horse. The fox made a sign to Don Joseph and
+said: "I will go before you; you follow me and let the carriages and
+horses come after."
+
+They started on their way, and came to a sheep-farm which belonged to
+the ogress. The boy who was tending the sheep, when he saw the fox
+approach, threw a stone at her, and she began to weep. "Ah!" she said to
+the boy; "now I will have you killed. Do you see those horsemen? Now I
+will have you killed!" The youth, terrified, said: "If you will not do
+anything to me I will not throw any more stones at you." The fox
+replied: "If you don't want to be killed, when the king passes and asks
+you whose is this sheep-farm, you must tell him: 'Don Joseph Pear's,'
+for Don Joseph Pear is his son-in-law, and he will reward you." The
+cavalcade passed by, and the king asked the boy: "Whose is this
+sheep-farm?" The boy replied at once: "Don Joseph Pear's." The king gave
+him some money.
+
+The fox kept about ten paces before Don Joseph, and the latter did
+nothing but say in a low tone: "Where are you taking me, fox? What lands
+do I possess that you can make me believed to be rich? Where are we
+going?" The fox replied: "Softly, Don Joseph, and leave it to me." They
+went on and on, and the fox saw another farm of cattle, with the
+herdsman. The same thing happened there as with the shepherd: the stone
+thrown and the fox's threat. The king passed. "Herdsman, whose is this
+farm of cattle?" "Don Joseph Pear's." And the king, astonished at his
+son-in-law's wealth, gave the herdsman a piece of gold.
+
+Don Joseph was pleased on the one hand, but on the other was perplexed
+and did not know how it was to turn out. When the fox turned around,
+Joseph said: "Where are you taking me, fox? You are ruining me." The fox
+kept on as if she had nothing to do with the matter. Then she came to
+another farm of horses and mares. The boy who was tending them threw a
+stone at the fox. She frightened him, and he told the king, when the
+king asked him, that the farm was Don Joseph Pear's.
+
+They kept on and came to a well, and near it the ogress was sitting. The
+fox began to run and pretended to be in great terror. "Friend, friend,
+see, they are coming! These horsemen will kill us! Let us hide in the
+well, shall we not?" "Yes, friend," said the ogress in alarm. "Shall I
+throw you down first?" said the fox. "Certainly, friend." Then the fox
+threw the ogress down the well, and then entered the ogress' palace. Don
+Joseph Pear followed the fox, with his wife, his father-in-law, and all
+the riders. The fox showed them through all the apartments, displaying
+the riches, Don Joseph Pear contented at having found his fortune, and
+the king still more contented because his daughter was so richly
+settled. There was a festival for a few days, and then the king, well
+satisfied, returned to his own country and his daughter remained with
+her husband. One day the fox was looking out of the window, and Don
+Joseph Pear and his wife were going up to the terrace. Don Joseph Pear
+took up a little dust from the terrace and threw it at the fox's head.
+The fox raised her eyes. "What is the meaning of this, after the good I
+have done you, miserable fellow?" said she to Don Joseph. "Take care or
+I will speak!" The wife said to her husband: "What is the matter with
+the fox, to speak thus?" "Nothing," answered her husband. "I threw a
+little dust at her and she got angry." Don Joseph took up a little more
+dust and threw it at the fox's head. The fox, in a rage, cried: "Joe,
+you see I will speak! and I declare that you were the owner of a
+pear-tree!" Don Joseph was frightened, for the fox told his wife
+everything; so he took an earthen jar and threw it at the fox's head,
+and so got rid of her. Thus--the ungrateful fellow that he was--he
+killed the one who had done him so much kindness; but nevertheless he
+enjoyed all his wealth with his wife.[11]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The story we shall next consider is, in some of its versions, legendary
+in its nature, and might more properly, perhaps, have been treated in
+chapter IV. Its legendary character, however, is only accidental, and it
+really belongs to the class of stories discussed in the present chapter.
+The story in general maybe termed "The Thankful Dead," from the most
+important episode in it. The hero shows some respect to a corpse (paying
+the debts it incurred when alive, and so obtaining the right of burial
+for it), the soul of which becomes the hero's good fairy, and assists
+him when in danger, and finally brings about his good fortune. Around
+this nucleus have gathered various episodes, which will be mentioned in
+the notes. As an example of this story, we give, on account of its
+rarity, the Istrian version (Ive, _Nozze Ive-Lorenzetto_, III. p. 19).
+
+
+XXXV. FAIR BROW.
+
+There was once a father who had a son. After this son had passed through
+school, his father said to him: "Son, now that you have finished your
+studies, you are of an age to travel. I will give you a vessel, in order
+that you may load it and unload it, buy and sell. Be careful what you
+do; take care to make gains!" He gave him six thousand _scudi_ to buy
+merchandise, and the son started on his voyage. On his journey, without
+having yet purchased anything, he arrived at a town, and on the
+sea-shore he saw a bier, and noticed that those who passed by left there
+some a penny, some two; they bestowed alms on the corpse. The traveller
+went there and asked: "Why do you keep this dead man here? _for the
+dead desires the grave_." They replied: "Because he owed a world of
+debts, and it is the custom here _to bury no one until his debts are
+paid_. Until this man's debts are paid by charity we cannot bury him."
+"What is the use of keeping him here?" he said. "Proclaim that all those
+whom he owed shall come to me and be paid." Then they issued the
+proclamation and he paid the debts; and, poor fellow! he did not have a
+farthing left--not a penny of his capital. So he returned to his
+father's house. "What news, son? What means your return so soon?" He
+replied: "On crossing the sea, we encountered pirates; they have robbed
+me of all my capital!" His father said: "No matter, son; it is enough
+that they have left you your life. Behold, I will give you more money;
+but you must not go again in that direction." He gave him another six
+thousand _scudi_. The son replied: "Yes, father, don't worry; I will
+change my course." He departed and began his journey. When he was well
+out at sea he saw a Turkish vessel. He said to himself: "Now it is
+better for me to summon them on board than for them to summon us." They
+came on board. He said to them: "Whence do you come?" They answered: "We
+come from the Levant." "What is your cargo?" "Nothing but a beautiful
+girl." "How do you come to have this girl?" "For her beauty; to sell her
+again. We have stolen her from the Sultan, she is so beautiful!" "Let me
+see this girl." When he saw her he said: "How much do you want for her?"
+"We want six thousand _scudi_!" The money which his father gave him he
+gave to those corsairs, and took the girl and carried her away to his
+ship. But he at once had her become a Christian and married her.
+
+He returned to his father's house; he went up, and his father said to
+him:
+
+    "Welcome! O my handsome son.
+    What merchandise of women have you made?"
+    "My father, I bring you a handsome ring,
+    I bring it for your reward;
+    It cost me neither city nor castle,
+    But the most beautiful woman you have ever seen:
+    The daughter of the Sultan, who is in Turkey,
+    Her I bring for my first cargo!"
+
+"Ah, you miserable knave!" cried his father. "Is this the cargo you have
+brought?" He ill-treated them both, and drove them from the house. Those
+poor unfortunate ones did not know where to find shelter. They went
+away, and at a short distance from their town there were some rooms at a
+villa. They went to live in one of those. He said: "What shall we do
+here? I do not know how to do anything; I have no profession or
+business!" She said: "Now I can paint beautiful pictures; I will paint
+them, and you shall go and sell them!" He said: "Very well!" "But,
+remember, you must tell no one that I paint them!" "No, no!" he said.
+
+Now let us go to Turkey. The Sultan, meanwhile, had sent out many
+vessels in search of his daughter. These ships went here and there in
+quest of her. Now it happened that one of these vessels arrived in the
+town near where she lived, and many of the sailors went on land. Now one
+day the husband said to his wife: "Make many pictures, for to-day we
+shall sell them!" She made them, and said to him that he should not sell
+them for less than twenty _scudi_ apiece. She made a great many, and he
+carried them to the public square. Some of the Turks came there; they
+gave a glance at the paintings, and said to themselves: "Surely, it must
+be the Sultan's daughter who has painted these." They came nearer, and
+asked the young man how he sold them. He said they were dear; that he
+could not let them go for less than twenty _scudi_. They said: "Very
+well! we will buy them; but we want some more." He answered: "Come to
+the house of my wife who makes them!" They went there, and when they saw
+the Sultan's daughter, they seized her, bound her, and carried her far
+away to Turkey. This husband, then, unhappy, without wife, without a
+trade, alone in that house, what could he do?
+
+Every day he walked along the beach, to see if he could find a ship
+that would take him on board; but he never saw any. One day he saw an
+old man fishing in a little boat; he cried: "Good old man, how much
+better off you are than I!" The old man asked: "Why, my dear son?" He
+said: "Good old man, will you take me to fish with you?" "Yes, my son,"
+said he; "if you wish to come with me in this boat, I will take you!"
+"Thank heaven!" said he. "Good!" said the old man:
+
+    "You with the rod, and I with the boat,
+    Perhaps we shall catch some fish.
+
+I will go and sell the fish, for I am not ashamed, and we will live
+together!" They ate, and afterward went to sleep; without knowing it,
+there arose in the night a severe storm, and the wind carried them to
+Turkey. The Turks, seeing this boat arrive, went on board, seized them,
+made slaves of them, and took them before the Sultan. He said: "Let one
+of them make bouquets; let the other plant flowers; put them in the
+garden!" They placed the old man there as gardener, and the young man to
+carry flowers to the Sultan's daughter, who with her maids was shut up
+in a very high tower for punishment. They were very comfortable there.
+Every day they went into the garden and made friends with the other
+gardeners. As time went on, the old man made some fine guitars, violins,
+flutes, clarionets, piccolos--all sorts of instruments he made. The
+young man played them beautifully when he had time. One day his wife,
+who was in the tower, hearing his fine songs,--Fair Brow had a voice
+which surpassed all instruments,--said: "Who is playing, who is singing
+so beautifully?" They went out on the balcony, and when she saw Fair
+Brow, she thought at once of having him come up. The Sultan's daughter
+said to one of those who filled the basket with flowers: "Put that young
+man in the basket and cover him with flowers!" He put him in, and the
+maids drew him up. When he was up, he came out of the basket, and beheld
+his wife. He embraced and kissed her and thought about escaping from
+there. Then she told her damsels that she wished to depart without any
+one knowing it. So they loaded a large ship with pearls and precious
+stones, with rods of gold and jewels; then they let down Fair Brow
+first, then his wife; finally the damsels. They embarked and departed.
+When they were out at sea the husband remembered that he had forgotten
+the old man and left him on shore. Fair Brow said: "My sister, even if I
+thought I should lose my life, I would turn back, for _the word which I
+have given him is the mother of faith_!" So they turned back, and saw
+the old man, who was still awaiting them in a cave; they took him with
+them, and put to sea again. When they were near home, the old man said:
+"Now, my son, it is fitting for us to settle our accounts and divide
+things!" "Know, good old man," said Fair Brow to him, "that all the
+wealth that I have belongs half to you and half to me!" "Your wife, too,
+belongs half to me!" He said: "Good old man, I will leave you three
+quarters, and I will take one only, but leave me my wife. Do you want me
+to divide her in two?" Then the old man said: "You must know that I am
+the soul of him whom you had buried; and you have had all this good
+fortune because you did that good action, and converted and baptized
+your wife!" Then he gave him his blessing and disappeared. Fair Brow,
+when he heard this, as you can imagine, came near dying of joy. When
+they reached his city, they fired a salute, for Fair Brow had arrived
+with his wife, the wealthiest gentleman in the world. He sent for his
+father and told him all that had happened to him. He went to live with
+them, and as he was old, he died soon, and all his riches went to Fair
+Brow.[12]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have already stated in the preface that it was not our design to
+admit into this work (except for occasional reference) any stories that
+were literary in their character. For this reason we have not drawn on
+the treasures of Straparola or Basile, or even on the more popular
+chap-books, of which there are in Italy, as elsewhere, a great
+profusion. Of some of the stories contained in the last named class of
+works there are purely popular versions. As an example of the class,
+and for purposes of comparison, we give the story of Leombruno, or
+Lionbruno, one of the oldest and most popular of its kind. The most
+complete version is the one from the Basilicata, given by Comparetti,
+No. 41, which is as follows:
+
+
+XXXVI. LIONBRUNO.
+
+There was once a mariner who had a wife and three or four children. He
+followed the business of a fisherman, and he and his family lived on his
+fishing. For three or four years there had been a dearth of fish, so
+that he had not been able to catch even a sardine. Poor mariner! From
+this misfortune he had been obliged to sell, little by little, all he
+possessed, to live, and was reduced almost to beggary. One day he was
+fishing, and as you can imagine, poor fellow! he did not haul in even a
+shell. He cursed madonnas and saints. All at once a certain person (it
+was the Enemy) rose in the midst of the sea before his bark. "What is
+the matter, mariner, that you are so angry?" "What should the matter be?
+My bad luck. For three or four years I have been ruining myself, body
+and soul, in this sea with these nets, and I cannot catch even a string
+to hang myself with." "Listen," said the Enemy. "If you will agree to
+give me your wife's next child in thirteen years, from now until you
+deliver it to me I will cause you to catch so much fish that you shall
+become the richest of men by selling it." Then the mariner understood
+that this was the Enemy, and said to himself: "My wife has had no
+children for some years. Will she take it into her head to have another
+just now when I make this agreement with the Enemy? Oh, come! she is old
+now; she will have no more." Then turning to the Enemy, he said: "Well,
+since you wish to make this contract, let us make it. But, remember, you
+must make me rich." "Don't fear," said the Enemy; "let us make the
+agreement and then leave the matter to me." "Softly, we must settle
+another matter first; then we will make the contract." "What is it?"
+"Listen. Suppose my wife should have no children during these thirteen
+years?" "Then you will remain rich and give me nothing." "That is what I
+wanted to know. Now we can make the contract." And they settled
+everything at once. Then the Enemy disappeared. The mariner began to
+draw in his nets, and they were full to overflowing of all kinds of
+fish, and he became richer from day to day. In great joy he said: "I
+have played a trick on the devil!"--and, poor man! he did not know that
+it was the devil who had played a trick on him. Now you must know that
+just when they were making the contract, the mariner's wife, old as she
+was, expected to become a mother again, and the Enemy knew it. In due
+time the wife gave birth to a boy so handsome that he seemed a flower.
+His parents named him Lionbruno. The Enemy suddenly appeared: "Mariner!
+mariner!" "How can I serve you?" replied the poor man, all trembling.
+"The promise is due. Lionbruno is mine." "Yes, you are right. But you
+must obey the contract. Remember that it is in thirteen years. Now only
+a few months have passed." "That is true," replied the Enemy; "farewell,
+then, until the end of the thirteen years." Then he vanished. Meanwhile
+Lionbruno grew every day, and became constantly handsomer, and his
+parents sent him to school. But time passes, and behold the end of the
+thirteen years draws near. One day, before the time agreed upon, the
+Enemy appeared. "Mariner! mariner!" "Oh, poor me!" said the wretched
+man, who recognized him by his horrid voice. But he had to answer. And
+what could he do? The contract was clear and the time come. The poor
+mariner, willingly or unwillingly, was obliged to promise to send the
+boy the next day alone to the sea. The next day the mother sent her son,
+when he returned from school, to carry something to eat to his father.
+The unhappy father had, however, gone far out to sea, so that his son
+could not find him. The poor boy sat down on the beach, and to pass the
+time, took pieces of wood and made little crosses of them, and stuck
+them in the sand around him, so that he was surrounded by them, and held
+one also in his hand, singing all the time.
+
+Behold, the Enemy comes to take him, and says to him: "What are you
+doing, boy?" "I am waiting for my father," he replied. The Enemy looked
+and saw that he could not take him, because he was seated in the midst
+of all those little crosses, and moreover had one in his hand. He
+regarded the boy with an ugly look, and cried: "Destroy those crosses,
+miserable boy!" "No, I will not destroy them." "Destroy them at once,
+or--or"--and he threatened him and frightened him with his ugly face.
+Then the poor child destroyed the little crosses around him, but still
+held one in his hand. "Destroy the other, quick!" cried the Enemy, more
+enraged than ever. "No, no!" the poor child replied, all in tears; "I
+will not destroy this little cross." The Enemy threatened him again and
+terrified him with his rolling eyes, but the child was firm, and then a
+bright light appeared in the air. The fairy Colina, queen of the
+fairies, came down, took the good boy by the hair, and delivered him
+from the Enemy. Then if you had seen what lightnings and thunder! what
+darts! The Enemy shot fire from his eyes, mouth, nose, ears, everywhere!
+But with all his flames he remained duped, and the fairy carried the
+good boy away to her splendid palace. There Lionbruno grew up in the
+midst of the fairies. Imagine how well off he was there! He lacked
+nothing. Increasing always in beauty, he became a youth whom you should
+have seen! Some years passed. One day Lionbruno said to the fairy
+Colina: "Listen. I want to go and see my mother and father a little. You
+will not refuse me your permission, will you?" "No, I will not refuse
+you it," said the fairy. "I will give you twenty days to go and see your
+family. But do not stay any longer. Remember that I have saved you from
+the Enemy and have brought you up in the midst of great wealth. Now this
+wealth we are to enjoy together, for you, Lionbruno, are to be my
+husband." You can imagine whether the youth wished to say no. He replied
+at once: "I will do your will in all things." Then the fairy said: "My
+Lionbruno, take this ruby; all that you ask of it you shall have." He
+took the ruby. Then all the fairies gave him in turn some token. He
+took them, and thanked them all. Then he embraced his bride and
+departed. Lionbruno travelled better than a prince, magnificently
+dressed, on a superb horse, with guards before him. He arrived at his
+town, went to the square, and a crowd of people surrounded him out of
+curiosity. He asked his way to the house of the mariner who was his
+father. He did not reveal himself to his parents, but asked them for a
+lodging that night. At midnight Lionbruno changed, by virtue of the
+ruby, the wretched hovel into a magnificent palace, and the next day he
+changed himself into the thirteen-year-old Lionbruno and revealed
+himself to his parents, telling them how the fairy Colina had liberated
+him from the Enemy, brought him up, and made him her husband. "For this
+reason, dear father and mother," said he, "I cannot remain with you. I
+have come to see you, to embrace you, to make you rich; but I can stay
+with you a few days only, and then I must leave you." His father and
+mother saw that they could do nothing, and had to be contented. One fine
+morning Lionbruno, by an order to the ruby, which he wore on his finger,
+brought together a great mass of riches, and then called his parents and
+said: "I leave you masters of all this wealth and of this palace. You
+will no longer need anything. Now give me your blessing, for I wish to
+go." The poor people began to weep, and said: "Bless you, my son!" They
+embraced each other in tears, and he departed.
+
+He arrived at a great city,--like Naples, for example,--and went to
+lodge at the finest inn. Then he went out to walk and heard a
+proclamation which declared: "Whatever prince or knight, on horse, with
+spear in hand, shall pierce and carry away a gold star, shall marry the
+king's daughter." Imagine how many princes and knights entered the
+lists! Lionbruno, more for braggadocio than for anything else, said to
+himself: "I wish to go and carry away the star;" and he commanded the
+ruby: "My ruby, to-morrow, I wish to carry away the golden star." The
+princes and knights began to assemble and try their skill. Every one
+reached the star and touched it with his spear, but there was no talk of
+their carrying it away. Lionbruno came, and with a master-stroke carried
+off the star. Then he quickly escaped with his horse to the inn, so that
+no one should see him. "Who is he?" "Where is the winner?" No one can
+give any news of him. The king was ill-humored about it, and issued the
+proclamation again for the next day. But, to cut the matter short, the
+same thing occurred the next day. Lionbruno duped them a second time.
+Imagine how angry the king was! He issued a third proclamation. But this
+time what does the crafty king do? He posts a large number of soldiers
+at all the places by which one could escape. The princes and knights
+begin their courses. As usual, no one carries away the star, and
+Lionbruno carries it off and rides away. But the soldiers, quicker than
+he, seize him, arrest him, and carry him to the king. "What do you take
+me for, that, not satisfied with duping me twice, you wish to dupe me a
+third time?" Thus spoke the king, who was seated on the throne. "Pardon,
+Majesty. I did not dare to enter your presence." "Then you ought not to
+have undertaken to carry away the star. Now you have done so, and must
+become my daughter's husband." Lionbruno, _nolens volens_, was obliged
+to marry the princess. The king prepared a magnificent feast for the
+wedding, and invited all the princes, counts, and barons,--all sorts of
+persons. When the hall was filled with these gentlemen, Lionbruno,
+before marrying the princess, said to the king: "Majesty, it is true
+that your daughter is a very beautiful girl, but I had a bride by whose
+side your daughter could not stand for beauty, grace, everything."
+Imagine how the king felt when he heard these words. The poor princess,
+at this affront in the presence of so many noblemen, became as red as
+fire. The king, greatly disturbed, said: "Well, if it is so, we wish to
+see your wife, if she is as beautiful as you say." "Yes, yes!" cried all
+the noblemen; "we, too, wish to see her; we wish to see her!" Poor
+Lionbruno was in a tight place. What could he do? He had recourse to
+the ruby. "Ruby mine, make fairy Colina come here." But this time he was
+mistaken. The ruby could do everything, but it could not compel the
+fairy to come, for it was she who had given it its magic power. The
+summons, however, reached the fairy Colina; but she did not go. "My
+friend has done a pretty thing!" said she. "Bravo! good! Now I will fix
+him as he deserves!" She called the lowest of her servants, and made her
+suddenly appear in the great hall of the king, where all were assembled
+for the wedding. "How beautiful she is! how beautiful she is!" all said
+as soon as they saw her. "Is this, then, your first bride?" "What!"
+answered Lionbruno, "my first bride! This is the lowest of the servants
+of my first bride." "Gracious!" exclaimed the noblemen; "if this is the
+lowest of the servants and is so beautiful, imagine what the mistress
+must be!" "Then," said the king, "if this is not your first bride, I
+wish you to make her come herself." "Yes, yes, herself!" cried the
+others, likewise. Poor Lionbruno! He was obliged to have recourse again
+to the ring. But this time, also, the fairy did not go, but sent instead
+her next servant. Scarcely had they seen her when they all said: "This
+one, oh, this one, is really beautiful! This, now, is certainly your
+first bride, is she not, Lionbruno?" "No, no!" replied Lionbruno; "my
+first bride is a marvel of beauty. Different from this one! This one is
+only the second servant." Then the king, in a threatening tone, said to
+him: "Lionbruno, let us put an end to this! I command you to cause your
+first wife to come here instantly." The matter was growing serious. Poor
+Lionbruno had recourse for the third time to the ruby, and said to it:
+"Ruby mine, if you really wish to help me, now is the moment. You must
+cause the fairy Colina herself to come here." The summons reached her at
+once, and this time she went. When all those great lords and the king
+and his daughter saw that marvel of beauty, they became as so many
+statues. But the fairy Colina approached Lionbruno, pretended to take
+his hand, and drew off his ring, saying: "Traitor! you cannot find me
+until you have worn out seven pairs of iron shoes." Then she vanished.
+The king, in fury, said to Lionbruno: "I understand. The power of
+carrying off the star was not yours, but your ruby's. Leave my palace!"
+He had him seized and well beaten and sent away.
+
+And so poor Lionbruno was left without the fairy Colina and the king's
+daughter, and departed from the city in great grief. When he had gone a
+few steps, he heard a great noise. It was a smithy. He entered, and
+called the blacksmith: "Master, I want seven pairs of iron shoes." "I
+will make you twelve if you wish, but it seems to me that you must have
+some agreement with the Eternal to live who knows how many hundred years
+to wear out all these shoes." "What does that matter to you? It is
+enough if I pay you. Make me the shoes and hold your tongue." He made
+them for him at once. Lionbruno paid him, put on one pair, and stuck
+three in one side of his travelling sack and three in the other, and set
+out. After walking a long time, he arrived late at night in a forest.
+All at once three robbers came there. "Good man," said they to
+Lionbruno, "how did you happen here?" "I am a poor pilgrim," he replied;
+"it grew dark and I stopped here to rest. And who are you, gentlemen?"
+"We are travellers." And they all stopped there to rest. The next day
+Lionbruno arose, took leave of the three robbers, and departed. But he
+had scarcely gone a few steps when he heard them quarrelling. Now you
+must know that those robbers had stolen three objects of great value,
+and were now disputing as to how they should divide them. One of them
+said: "Fools that we are! We had here that pilgrim, who could have acted
+as judge and made the division, and we have let him go. Let us call him
+back." "Yes, yes! let us call him," said the others. They called him,
+and he came back. "How can I serve you, gentlemen?" said he. "Listen,
+good man; we have three objects of great value to divide. You must be
+the judge, and give to each one what belongs to him." "Very well; but
+what objects are you talking of?" "Here is a pair of boots, a purse, and
+a cloak. The boots have this virtue, that he who has them on runs
+faster than the wind. If you say to the purse, 'open and shut,' it at
+once gives you a hundred ducats. Finally he who puts on the cloak and
+buttons it up, can see and yet not be seen." "Very good. But to act the
+judge well, I must first examine these three objects carefully."
+"Certainly, that is right." Lionbruno put on the boots, tried to run,
+and went marvellously. "What do you think of these boots?" asked the
+thieves. "Excellent, indeed," replied Lionbruno, and kept them on. Then
+he said: "Now let us see the purse." He took it and said: "Purse, open
+and shut," and at once there came forth a hundred silver ducats. "Now
+let us see what this cloak is," he said, at last. He put it on and began
+to button it up. While he was doing so he asked the robbers: "Do you see
+me now?" They answered: "Yes." He kept on buttoning it and asked again:
+"Now do you see me?" "Yes." Finally he reached the last button. "Now do
+you see me?" "No." "If you don't see me now you never will see me
+again." He threw away the iron shoes and cried: "Now for you, boots!"
+And away! faster than the wind. When the three robbers saw themselves
+duped in that way, what a rage they were in! They thrashed each other
+soundly, and especially the one who had called Lionbruno back; and at
+last they all found themselves with broken bones.
+
+Lionbruno, after having cheated the robbers thus, continued his way
+joyfully. After a long journey, he arrived in the midst of a forest. He
+saw at a distance a slight smoke, and among frightful rocks, a little
+old hovel all surrounded by dense wild shrubs, with a little door
+entirely covered with ivy, so that it could scarcely be seen. Lionbruno
+approached the door and knocked softly. "Who is knocking?" asked from
+within an old woman's voice. "I am a poor Christian," replied Lionbruno;
+"night has overtaken me here, and I am seeking a lodging, if it can be
+had." The door opened and Lionbruno entered. "Oh, poor youth! How have
+you been tempted to come and ruin yourself in this remote place?"
+demanded, in great wonder, the old woman, who was within, and who was
+Borea.[13] (Do you know who Borea is? No less a person than the mother
+of the winds.) "Oh, dear little old lady, my aunt," replied Lionbruno,
+"I am lost in this great forest, for I have been travelling a long time
+to find my dear bride, the fairy Colina, and I have not yet been able to
+find any trace of her." "My son, you have made a great mistake! What
+shall we do now that my sons are coming home? Perhaps, God help you!
+they will want to eat you." "Oh, wretched me!" cried Lionbruno, then,
+all trembling; "who, my aunt, are these sons of yours who so devour
+Christians?" "My son," replied Borea, "you do not know where you are. Do
+you not know that this house in the midst of these precipices is the
+house of the winds? And I, you do not recognize me; I, my son, am Borea,
+the mother of all the winds." "What shall I do now? Oh, my dear aunt,
+help me; do not let your sons eat me up!" The old woman finally
+concealed him in a chest, telling him not to make the slightest noise
+when her sons returned. Soon a loud noise was heard at a distance: it
+was the winds returning home. The nearer they approached the louder the
+noise grew, and a sound of branches and trees broken off was heard. At
+last the winds arrived, pushed open the door, and entered. "Good
+evening, mamma." "Welcome, my sons!" replied their mother, all smiling.
+And so one after the other all the winds entered, and the last to enter
+was Sirocco, for you must know that Sirocco is the youngest of Borea's
+sons. Scarcely had they entered when they began to say: "What smell of
+human flesh is here? Here Christians, Christians!" "Oh, bad luck to you!
+what fools you are! Where is there any smell of human flesh here? Who do
+you think would risk their lives by coming here?" But her sons would not
+be convinced, especially that obstinate Sirocco. Lionbruno commended his
+soul to God, for he saw death at his heels. But finally Borea succeeded
+in convincing her sons. "Oh, mamma, what is there to eat to-night? We
+have travelled so far, and are so hungry!" "Here, my sons," the mother
+answered, "come here; for a nice polenta is cooking for you. I will
+finish cooking it soon, and put it at once on the table." The next day
+Borea said to her sons: "My sons, when you came you said you smelled
+human flesh. Tell me, should you really see a man now, what would you do
+to him?" "Now, we would not do anything to him. Last night, we should
+have torn him in pieces." "But you would not do anything to him, truly?"
+"Truly." "Well, if you will give me your promise by St. John not to harm
+him, I will show you a live man." "Oh! just see! A man here! Yes, yes,
+mamma, show him to us at once. We swear by St. John! we will not touch a
+hair of his head." Then their mother opened the chest and made Lionbruno
+come forth. If you had heard the winds then! They puffed and blowed
+around him and asked him, first of all, how he had come to that place,
+where no living soul had ever penetrated. Lionbruno said: "Would to
+heaven that my journey ended here! I must go to the palace of the fairy
+Colina; perhaps one of you can tell me where it is?" Then Borea asked
+her sons one by one and each replied that he knew nothing of it. Finally
+she questioned her youngest son: "And you, Sirocco, do you not know
+anything about it?" "I? Should I not know something about it? Am I
+perchance like my brothers who never can find a hiding-place? The fairy
+Colina is love-sick. She says that her lover has betrayed her, and
+continually weeps, and is so reduced by her grief that she can live but
+little longer. And I deserve to be hanged, for I have seen her in this
+condition, and yet I have annoyed her so that I have driven her to
+despair. I amused myself by making a noise about her palace, and more
+than once I burst open windows and turned things upside down, even the
+bed she was resting on." "Oh, my dear Sirocco!" said Lionbruno; "my good
+Sirocco, you must aid me! Since you have given me news of her, you must
+also do me the favor to show me the way to my bride's palace. I, dear
+Sirocco, am the betrothed of the fairy Colina, and it is not true that I
+have betrayed her; on the contrary, if I do not find her, I shall die of
+grief." "My son," said Sirocco, "listen; for my part I would take you
+there with all my heart. But I should have to carry you about my neck.
+And the trouble is I cannot do so, for I am wind, I am air, and you
+would slip off. Were you like me the matter would go very well." "Don't
+worry about that," said Lionbruno, "show me the way, and I will not lag
+behind." "He is crazy," said Sirocco to himself; then he said to
+Lionbruno: "Very well, since you feel so strong, to-morrow we will make
+the trial. Meanwhile let us go to bed, for it is late, and to-morrow,
+God willing, we will rise early!" And all went to sleep. In the morning
+early Sirocco arose and cried: "Lionbruno! Lionbruno! get up quickly!"
+And Lionbruno put on his boots in a hurry, seized his purse, fixed his
+cloak carefully, and left the house with Sirocco. "There," said Sirocco,
+"is the way we must take. Be careful! Don't let me out of your sight,
+and leave the rest to me. If a few hours after sunset to-night I don't
+make you find your beauty, you may call me an ass." They started. They
+ran like the wind. Every little while Sirocco called out: "Lionbruno!"
+and he, who was ahead, answered at once: "Oh! don't think I am going to
+lag behind!" and with these questions and answers they finally reached
+the palace of the fairy Colina about two hours after sunset. "Here we
+are," said Sirocco. "Here is your fair one's balcony! See how I am going
+to blow open the window for you. Attention, now! As soon as it is opened
+you give a jump and spring in." And so he did. Before the servants could
+run and shut the balcony window, Lionbruno was already under the fairy
+Colina's bed. Afterwards one of the maids said to the fairy: "My
+mistress, how do you feel now? Do you not feel a little better?"
+"Better? I am half dead. That cursed wind has nearly killed me." "But,
+mistress, will you not take something this evening? A little coffee, or
+chocolate, or broth?" "I wish nothing at all." "Take something, if you
+don't, you will not rest to-night, you have eaten nothing for three or
+four days. Really, you must take something." And the servant said so
+much that to get rid of her importunity the fairy said: "Well, bring
+something; if I want it, I will take it." The servant brought a little
+coffee, and left it by the side of the bed. Lionbruno, in his cloak so
+that no one could see him, came from under the bed and drank the coffee
+himself. The servant, believing her mistress had drunk it, brought the
+chocolate too, and Lionbruno drank that as before. Then the servant
+brought the fairy some broth and a pigeon. "Mistress," said she, "since,
+thank God, you have taken the coffee and the chocolate, take this broth
+and a bit of pigeon, and so you will gain strength and be better
+to-morrow." The mistress on hearing all this believed that the servants
+were making fun of her. "Oh, stupid blockheads! What are you saying? Are
+not the cups still here with the coffee and the chocolate? I have
+touched nothing." The servants thought that their mistress was out of
+her mind. Then Lionbruno took off his cloak, came out from under the
+bed, and said: "My bride, do you know me?" "Lionbruno mine, is it you?"
+and she rose from the bed and embraced him. "Then it is not true, my
+Lionbruno, that you have forgotten me?" "If I had forgotten you I should
+not have suffered so much to find you. But do you still love me?" "My
+Lionbruno, if I had not always loved you, you would not have found me at
+the point of death. And now you see I am cured only because I have seen
+you."
+
+Then they ate and drank together, and summoned the servants and made a
+great festival. The next day they arranged everything for the wedding
+and were married with great splendor and joy. In the evening they gave a
+grand ball and a fine banquet, which you should have seen![14]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The above story is extremely popular, and has long circulated among the
+people as an independent work in the shape of a chap-book. We have,
+however, given the form which is handed down by oral tradition,
+purposely avoiding the use of any literary materials. Many similar tales
+might be added to this chapter, but the most important and best known
+have been given. To give those tales which cannot be described as fairy
+tales and which are usually found in the shape of chap-books in prose
+and poetry would fall without the scope of the present volume, and would
+belong more appropriately to a work on Italian popular literature.[15]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+STORIES OF ORIENTAL ORIGIN.
+
+
+The geographical situation of Italy and its commercial connections
+during the Middle Ages would lead us to expect a large foreign element
+in its popular tales. This foreign element, it is hardly necessary to
+say, is almost exclusively Oriental, and was introduced either by direct
+communication with the East, or indirectly from France, which received
+it from Spain, whither it was brought by the Saracens. Although this
+Oriental element is now perfectly popular, it is, as far as its origin
+is concerned, purely literary. That is to say, the stories we are about
+to examine are to be found in the great Oriental collections of tales
+which were early translated into all the languages of Europe, and either
+passed directly from these translations into circulation among the
+people, or became familiar to them from the novelists who made such
+frequent use of this element.[1] A few stories may have been taken from
+the French _fabliaux_ or from the French translations of the _Disciplina
+Clericalis_, as we shall afterwards see.[2] The Pentamerone, and
+especially Straparola's tales, may finally be mentioned as the source
+from which many Oriental stories have flowed into popular
+circulation.[3] In this chapter it is proposed to notice briefly only
+those stories the Oriental origin of which is undoubted, and which may
+be found in the great collections above mentioned and in some others
+less known. For convenience, some stories of this class have been
+referred to chapter VI.
+
+The first of this class which we shall mention is well known from the
+version in Lafontaine (IX. 1), _Le Depositaire infidele_. The only
+Italian version we have found is Pitre, No. 194, which is as follows:
+
+
+XXXVII. THE PEASANT AND THE MASTER.
+
+A peasant one day, conversing in the farmhouse with his master and
+others, happened, while speaking of sheep and cheese, to say that he had
+had a present of a little cheese, but the mice had eaten it all up. Then
+the master, who was rich, proud, and fat, called him a fool, and said
+that it was not possible that the mice could have eaten the cheese, and
+all present said the master was right and the peasant wrong. What more
+could the poor man say? Talk makes talk. After a while the master said
+that having taken the precaution to rub with oil his ploughshares to
+keep them from rusting, the mice had eaten off all the points. Then the
+friend of the cheese broke forth: "But, master, how can it be that the
+mice cannot eat my cheese, if they can eat the points of your
+ploughshares?" But the master and all the others began to cry out: "Be
+silent, you fool! Be silent, you fool! the master is right!"[4]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The above story really belongs to the class of fables of which there are
+but few of Oriental origin in the Italian collections.[5] The following
+version of one of the most famous of the Eastern apologues is from
+Monferrato (Comparetti, No. 67). It is called:
+
+
+XXXVIII. THE INGRATES.
+
+There was once a man who went into the forest to gather wood, and saw a
+snake crushed under a large stone. He raised the stone a little with the
+handle of his axe and the snake crawled out. When it was at liberty it
+said to the man: "I am going to eat you." The man answered: "Softly;
+first let us hear the judgment of some one, and if I am condemned, then
+you shall eat me." The first one they met was a horse as thin as a
+stick, tied to an oak-tree. He had eaten the leaves as far as he could
+reach, for he was famished. The snake said to him: "Is it right for me
+to eat this man who has saved my life?" The nag answered: "More than
+right. Just look at me! I was one of the finest horses. I have carried
+my master so many years, and what have I gained? Now that I am so badly
+off that I can no longer work they have tied me to this oak, and after I
+have eaten these few leaves I shall die of hunger. Eat the man, then;
+for he who does good is ill rewarded, and he who does evil must be well
+rewarded. Eat him, for you will be doing a good day's work." They
+afterwards happened to find a mulberry-tree, all holes, for it was eaten
+by old age; and the snake asked it if it was right to eat the man who
+had saved its life. "Yes," the tree answered at once, "for I have given
+my master so many leaves that he has raised from them the finest
+silk-worms in the world; now that I can no longer stand upright, he has
+said that he is going to throw me into the fire. Eat him, then, for you
+will do well." Afterwards they met the fox. The man took her aside and
+begged her to pronounce in his favor. The fox said: "The better to
+render judgment I must see just how the matter has happened." They all
+returned to the spot and arranged matters as they were at first; but as
+soon as the man saw the snake under the stone he cried out: "Where you
+are, there I will leave you." And there the snake remained. The fox
+wished in payment a bag of hens, and the man promised them to her for
+the next morning. The fox went there in the morning, and when the man
+saw her he put some dogs in the bag, and told the fox not to eat the
+hens close by, for fear the mistress of the house would hear it. So the
+fox did not open the bag until she had reached a distant valley; then
+the dogs came out and ate her; and so it is in the world; for who does
+good is ill rewarded and who does evil is well rewarded.[6]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It would be surprising if we did not find the fascinating stories of the
+Thousand and One Nights naturalized among the people. It is, of course,
+impossible to tell whether they were communicated to the people directly
+from a literary source, or whether the separate stories came to Italy
+from the Orient by way of oral transmission.[7] These stories have
+circulated among the people long enough to be treated as their own
+property and changed to suit their taste. Incidents from other stories
+have been added and the original story remodelled until it is hardly
+recognizable. The story of "Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp," for
+instance, is found from Sicily to Lombardy; but in no one version are
+all the features of the original story preserved. In one of the Sicilian
+versions (Messina) Aladdin does not lose his lamp; in another (Palermo),
+after Aladdin has lost his lamp he goes in search of it, and on his
+journey settles the quarrel of an ant, an eagle, and a lion, who give
+him the power to transform himself into any one of them. He finally
+discovers the magician, who has his life elsewhere than in his own body,
+and who is killed after the usual complicated process. In the Roman
+version the point of the unfinished window in Aladdin's palace is
+missed, the magician requires to be killed, as in the version from
+Palermo, and there are some additional incidents not in the Oriental
+original. In the Mantuan story, instead of a lamp we have a rusty ring,
+which the youngest brother finds inside of a dead cock bequeathed to
+three brothers by their father. After the ring has fallen into the
+possession of the magician and the palace has disappeared, the hero goes
+in search of his wife and ring. On his way he is assisted by the "King
+of the Fishes" and the "King of the Birds." The eagle carries a letter
+to the captive princess, who obtains the ring from the magician, rubs it
+on a stone, and when it asks what she wishes, answers: "I wish this
+palace to return where it first was and the magician to be drowned in
+the sea."[8]
+
+Of almost equal popularity is the story of the "Forty Thieves," who are,
+however, in the Italian versions, reduced to thirteen, twelve, or six in
+number. The versions in Pitre (No. 23 and variants) contain but one
+incident of the original story, where the robbers are detected in the
+oil-jars, and killed by pouring boiling oil over them. In one of Pitre's
+versions the robbers are hidden in sacks of charcoal, and the cunning
+daughter pierces the bags with a red-hot spit. In another, they are
+hidden in oil-skins, and sold to the abbess of a certain convent for
+oil. One of the nuns has some suspicion of the trick, and invites her
+companions to tap the skins with red-hot irons. Another Sicilian version
+(Gonz. No. 79, "The Story of the Twelve Robbers") contains the first
+part of the Arabian tale, the robbers' cave which opens and closes by
+the words, "Open, door!" and "Shut, door!" The story ends with the death
+of one of the brothers, who entered the cave and was killed by one of
+the robbers who had remained. It is only in the version from Mantua
+(Visentini, No. 7, "The Cunning Maid") that we find the story complete;
+boiling water is used instead of oil in killing the thieves, and the
+servant girl afterwards kills the captain, who had escaped before. The
+story of the "Third Calendar" is told in detail in Comparetti (No. 65,
+"The Son of the King of France") and the "Two Envious Sisters" furnishes
+details for a number of distinct stories.[9] The story of "The
+Hunchback" is found in Pitre and Straparola, and as it is also the
+subject of an Old-French _fabliau_, it may have been borrowed from the
+French, or, what is more likely, both French and Italians took it from a
+common source.[10] The fable of "The Ass, the Ox, and the Peasant,"
+which the Vizier relates to prevent his daughter becoming the Sultan's
+wife, is found in Pitre (No. 282) under the title of "The Curious Wife,"
+and is also in Straparola.[11] The beautiful story of "Prince Ahmed and
+the fairy Peribanu" is found in Nerucci, No. 40, "The Three Presents, or
+the Story of the Carpets." The three presents are the magic telescope
+that sees any distance, the carpet that carries one through the air, and
+the magic grapes that bring to life. The Italian version follows closely
+the Oriental original. The same may be said of another story in the same
+collection, No. 48, "The Traveller from Turin," which is nothing but
+Sindbad's "Fourth Voyage."[12] The last story taken from the Arabian
+Nights which we shall mention is that of "The Second Royal Mendicant,"
+found in Comparetti (No. 63, "My Happiness") from the Basilicata, and in
+the collection of Mantuan stories. The latter (No. 8) is entitled:
+"There is no longer any Devil." The magician is the devil, and the
+story concludes, after the transformations in which the peasant's son
+kills the devil in the shape of a hen, with the words: "And this is the
+reason why there is no longer any devil."[13]
+
+The first collection of Oriental tales known in Europe as a collection
+was the _Disciplina Clericalis_, that is, Instruction or Teaching for
+Clerks or Clergymen. It was the work of a converted Spanish Jew, Petrus
+Alphonsi, and was composed before 1106, the date of the baptism of the
+author, the time and place of whose death are not known. The _Disciplina
+Clericalis_ was early translated into French prose and poetry, and was
+the storehouse from which all subsequent story-tellers drew abundant
+material.[14] Precisely how the _Disciplina Clericalis_ became known in
+Italy we cannot tell; but the separate stories must have become popular
+and diffused by word of mouth at a very early date. One of the stories
+of this collection is found in Italian literature as early as the _Cento
+Novelle Antiche_.[15] Four of the stories in the _Disciplina Clericalis_
+are found in Pitre and other collections of popular tales, and although
+belonging, with one exception, to the class of jests, they are mentioned
+here for the sake of completeness.
+
+In one of the stories of the _Disciplina Clericalis_, two citizens of a
+certain town and a countryman were making the pilgrimage to Mecca
+together, and on the way ran so short of food that they had only flour
+enough left to make one small loaf. The two citizens in order to cheat
+the countryman out of his share devised the following scheme: While the
+bread was baking they proposed that all three should sleep, and whoever
+should have the most remarkable dream should have the whole loaf. While
+the citizens were asleep, the countryman, who had divined their plan,
+stole the half-cooked bread from the fire, ate it, and then threw
+himself down again. One of the other two pretended to wake up in a
+fright, and told his companion that he had dreamed that two angels had
+led him through the gates of heaven into the presence of God. The other
+declared that he had been led by two angels into the nether-world. The
+countryman heard all this and still pretended to sleep. When his
+companions aroused him he asked in amazement: "Who are those calling
+me?" They answered: "We are your companions." "What," said he, "have you
+got back already?" "Where have we been to in order to return?" The
+countryman replied: "It seemed to me that two angels led one of you to
+heaven, and afterwards two others conducted the other to hell. From this
+I imagined that neither of you would return, so I got up and ate the
+bread."[16]
+
+The same story is told in Pitre (No. 173) of a monk who was an itinerant
+preacher, and who was accompanied on his journey by a very cunning lay
+brother. One day the monk received a present of some fish which he
+wished to eat himself alone, and therefore proposed to the brother that
+the one of them who dreamed the best dream should have all the fish. The
+dreams and the conclusion are the same as in the original.[17]
+
+The next story is well known from the use made of it by Cervantes in Don
+Quixote (Part I., chap. xx.) where Sancho relates it to beguile the
+hours of the memorable night when the noise of the fulling-mill so
+terrified the doughty knight and his squire. The version in the
+_Disciplina Clericalis_ is as follows: A certain king had a story-teller
+who told him five stories every night. It happened once that the king,
+oppressed by cares of state, was unable to sleep, and asked for more
+than the usual number of stories. The story-teller related three short
+ones. The king wished for more still, and when the story-teller
+demurred, said: "You have told me several very short ones. I want
+something long, and then you may go to sleep." The story-teller yielded,
+and began thus: "Once upon a time there was a certain countryman who
+went to market and bought two thousand sheep. On his way home a great
+inundation took place, so that he was unable to cross a certain river by
+the ford or bridge. After anxiously seeking some means of getting across
+with his flock, he found at length a little boat in which he could
+convey two sheep over." After the story-teller had got thus far he went
+to sleep. The king roused him and ordered him to finish the story he
+had begun. The story-teller answered: "The flood is great, the boat
+small, and the flock innumerable; let the aforesaid countryman get his
+sheep over, and I will finish the story I have begun."[18]
+
+The version in Pitre (No. 138) lacks all connection and is poor, but we
+give it here, as it is very brief.
+
+
+XXXIX. THE TREASURE.
+
+Once upon a time there was a prince who studied and racked his brains so
+much that he learned magic and the art of finding hidden treasures. One
+day he discovered a treasure in a bank, let us say the bank of Ddisisa:
+"Oh, he says, now I am going to get it out." But to get it out it was
+necessary that ten million million ants should cross one by one the
+river Gianquadara (let us suppose it was that one) in a bark made of the
+half shell of a nut. The prince puts the bark in the river and begins to
+make the ants pass over. One, two, three,----and he is still doing it.
+
+Here the person who is telling the story pauses and says: "We will
+finish this story when the ants have finished passing over."[19]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The version from Milan is still shorter:
+
+
+XL. THE SHEPHERD.
+
+Once upon a time there was a shepherd who went to feed his sheep in the
+fields, and he had to cross a stream, and he took the sheep up one by
+one to carry them over....
+
+What then? Go on!
+
+When the sheep are over, I will finish the story.[20]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In chapter V. we shall meet two popular figures in Sicilian tales, whose
+jokes are repeated elsewhere as detached stories. One of these persons
+is Firrazzanu, the practical joker and knave, who is cunning enough to
+make others bear the penalty of his own boldness. In the story in Pitre
+(No. 156, var. 2) Firrazzanu's master wants a tailor for some work, and
+Firrazzanu tells him he knows of one who is good, but subject to fits,
+which always make their approach known by a twitching of the mouth, and
+the only remedy for them is a sound beating. Of course, when the unlucky
+tailor begins to cut his cloth, he twists his mouth, and receives, to
+his amazement, a sudden beating.
+
+In this version there is no reason given why Firrazzanu should play such
+a joke on the innocent tailor. In the original, however, a motive is
+given for the trick.[21]
+
+The last story we shall mention from the _Disciplina Clericalis_ is the
+one known in Pitre (No. 197) as:
+
+
+XLI. THE THREE ADMONITIONS.
+
+A man once left his country to go to foreign parts, and there entered
+the service of an abbot. After he had spent some time in faithful
+service, he desired to see his wife and native land. He said to the
+abbot: "Sir, I have served you thus long, but now I wish to return to my
+country." "Yes, my son," said the abbot, "but before departing I must
+give you the three hundred ounces[C] that I have put together for you.
+Will you be satisfied with three admonitions, or with the three hundred
+ounces?" The servant answered: "I will be satisfied with the three
+admonitions." "Then listen: First: When you change the old road for the
+new, you will find troubles which you have not looked for. Second: See
+much and say little. Third: Think over a thing before you do it, for a
+thing deliberated is very fine.[22] Take this loaf of bread and break it
+when you are truly happy."
+
+[Footnote C: The ounce is equivalent to nearly thirteen francs (12.75).]
+
+The good man departed, and on his journey met other travellers. These
+said to him: "We are going to take the by-way. Will you come with us?"
+But he remembering the three admonitions of his master answered: "No, my
+friends, I will keep on this road." When he had gone half way, bang!
+bang! he heard some shots. "What was that, my sons?" The robbers had
+killed his companions. "I have gained the first hundred ounces!" he
+said, and continued his journey. On his way he arrived at an inn as
+hungry as a dog and called for something to eat. A large dish of meat
+was brought which seemed to say: "Eat me, eat me!" He stuck his fork in
+it and turned it over, and was frightened out of his wits, for it was
+human flesh! He wanted to ask the meaning of such food and give the
+innkeeper a lecture, but just then he thought: "See much and say
+little;" so he remained silent. The innkeeper came, he settled his bill,
+and took leave. But the innkeeper stopped him and said: "Bravo, bravo!
+you have saved your life. All those who have questioned me about my food
+have been soundly beaten, killed, and nicely cooked." "I have gained the
+second hundred ounces," said the good man, who did not think his skin
+was safe until then.
+
+When he reached his own country he remembered his house, saw the door
+ajar and slipped in. He looked about and saw no one, only in the middle
+of the room was a table, well set with two glasses, two forks, two
+seats, service for two. "How is this?" he said: "I left my wife alone
+and here I find things arranged for two. There is some trouble." So he
+hid himself under the bed to see what went on. A moment after he saw his
+wife enter, who had gone out a short time before for a pitcher of water.
+A little after he saw a sprucely dressed young priest come in and seat
+himself at the table. "Ah, is that he?" and he was on the point of
+coming forth and giving him a sound beating; but there came to his mind
+the final admonition of the abbot: "Think over a thing before you do it,
+for a thing deliberated is very fine;" and he refrained. He saw them
+both sit down at the table, but before eating his wife turned to the
+young priest and said: "My son, let us say our accustomed Paternoster
+for your father." When he heard this he came from under the bed crying
+and laughing for joy, and embraced and kissed them both so that it was
+affecting to see him. Then he remembered the loaf his master had given
+him and told him to eat in his happiness; he broke the loaf and there
+fell on the table all the three hundred ounces, which the master had
+secretly put in the loaf.[23]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We now turn to some stories taken from a collection more famous in some
+respects than those previously mentioned, The Seven Wise Masters, which
+enjoyed during the Middle Ages a popularity second only to that of the
+Bible. Of this collection there are several Italian translations
+reaching back to the fourteenth century.[24] From one of these, or
+possibly from oral tradition, the stories about to be mentioned passed
+into the popular tales of Italy. The first story we shall cite is
+interesting because popular tradition has connected it with Pier delle
+Vigne, the famous chancellor of the Emperor Frederick the Second. The
+Venetian version (Bernoni, _Trad. pop. venez._ Punt. I. p. 11) is in
+substance as follows:
+
+
+XLII. VINEYARD I WAS AND VINEYARD I AM.
+
+A king, averse to marriage, commanded his steward to remain single. The
+latter, however, one day saw a beautiful girl named Vigna, and married
+her secretly. Although he kept her closely confined in her chamber, the
+king became suspicious and sent the steward off on an embassy. After his
+departure the king entered the apartment occupied by him, and saw his
+officer's wife sleeping. He did not disturb her, but, in leaving the
+room, dropped one of his gloves accidentally on the bed. When the
+husband returned he found it, but kept a discreet silence, ceasing,
+however, all demonstrations of affection, believing his wife had been
+faithless. The king, anxious to see again the beautiful woman, made a
+feast and ordered the steward to bring his wife. He denied in vain that
+he had one, but brought her at last, and while every one else was
+talking gayly at the feast she was silent. The king observed it and
+asked her the cause of her silence; and she answered with a pun on her
+name: "Vineyard I was and Vineyard I am, I was loved and no longer am: I
+know not for what reason the Vineyard has lost its season." Her husband,
+who heard this, replied: "Vineyard thou wast and Vineyard thou art,
+loved thou wast and no longer art: the Vineyard has lost its season for
+the lion's claw." The king, who understood what he meant, answered: "I
+entered the Vineyard, I touched the leaves, but I swear by my crown that
+I have not tasted the fruit." Then the steward understood that his wife
+was innocent, and the two made peace and always after lived happy and
+contented.[25]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This story is found only in the Greek and Hebrew versions of The Seven
+Wise Masters, and in the Arabic Seven Viziers. It did not pass into any
+of the Occidental versions, although it was known to Boccaccio, who
+based on it the fifth novel of the first day of the Decameron. Either,
+then, the story is a late adaptation of the Oriental tale, which is
+unlikely, or it comes from some now lost, but once popular Italian
+version of the Oriental form of The Seven Wise Masters.[26]
+
+The three following stories are found only in the Western, or European
+versions of the collection. The first, technically called "_Vaticinium_"
+or "The Prophecy," relates that a son who understood the language of
+birds heard the prediction that his father and mother should come to
+such want that they would not have bread to eat; but that he, the son,
+should rise so high that his father should offer him water to wash his
+hands with. The father, enraged at this prediction, threw his son into
+the sea. He was rescued, and after many adventures, married the daughter
+of the king of Sicily. One day, while riding through Messina, he saw his
+father and mother, meanly dressed, sitting at the door of an inn. He
+alighted from his horse, entered their house, and asked for food. After
+his father and mother had brought him water to wash his hands he
+revealed himself to them and forgave his father for his cruelty.
+
+The only Italian version, and disfigured by some extraneous details, is
+in the Mantuan tales (Visentini, No. 50): "Fortune aid me." Here the son
+does not hear the prophecy from the birds, but an angel tells a king,
+who has long desired a son, that he shall have one whom he shall one day
+serve. When the child was ten years old the king was so vexed by the
+prediction that he exposed his son in a wood. The child was found by a
+magician, who brought him up, and from whom he afterwards escaped. He
+went to the court of the king, his father, and won the hand of the
+princess (his own sister) by leaping his horse over a broad ditch. At
+the marriage banquet the king handed his son a glass of wine, and the
+latter recognized him and exclaimed: "Behold, the father serves the
+son." The marriage was of course given up and the previous aversion of
+the sister explained.[27]
+
+Closely connected with the original story in The Seven Wise Masters is
+the class of stories where the hero is acquainted with the language of
+animals, and attains by means of it some high position (generally
+becoming pope) after he has been driven from home by his father. The
+following version is from Monferrato (Comparetti, No. 56) and is
+entitled:
+
+
+XLIII. THE LANGUAGE OF ANIMALS.
+
+A father once had a son who spent ten years in school. At the end of
+that time, the teacher wrote the father to take away his son because he
+could not teach him anything more. The father took the boy home and gave
+a grand banquet in his honor, to which he invited the most noble
+gentlemen of the country. After many speeches by those gentlemen, one of
+the guests said to the host's son: "Just tell us some fine thing that
+you have learned." "I have learned the language of dogs, of frogs, and
+of birds." There was universal laughter on hearing this, and all went
+away ridiculing the pride of the father and the foolishness of the son.
+The former was so ashamed at his son's answer and so angry at him that
+he gave him up to two servants, with orders to take him into a wood and
+kill him and to bring back his heart. The two servants did not dare to
+obey this command, and instead of the lad they killed a dog, and carried
+its heart to their master. The youth fled from the country and came to a
+castle a long way off, where lived the treasurer of the prince, who had
+immense treasures. There he asked for and obtained a lodging, but
+scarcely had he entered the house when a multitude of dogs collected
+about the castle. The treasurer asked the young man why so many dogs had
+come, and as the latter understood their language he answered that it
+meant that a hundred assassins would attack the castle that very
+evening, and that the treasurer should take his precautions. The
+castellan made two hundred soldiers place themselves in ambush about the
+castle and at night they arrested the assassins. The treasurer was so
+grateful to the youth that he wished to give him his daughter, but he
+replied that he could not remain now, but that he would return within a
+year and three days. After he left that castle he arrived at a city
+where the king's daughter was very ill because the frogs which were in a
+fountain near the palace gave her no rest with their croaking. The lad
+perceived that the frogs croaked because the princess had thrown a cross
+into the fountain, and as soon as it was removed the girl recovered. The
+king, too, wished the lad to marry her, but he again said that he would
+return within a year and three days. After leaving the king he set out
+for Rome, and on the way met three young men, who became his companions.
+One day it was very warm and all three lay down to sleep under an oak.
+Immediately a great flock of birds flew into the oak and awakened the
+pilgrims by their loud singing. One of them asked: "Why are these birds
+singing so joyfully?" The youth answered: "They are rejoicing with the
+new Pope, who is to be one of us."
+
+And suddenly a dove alighted on his head, and in truth shortly after he
+was made Pope. Then he sent for his father, the treasurer, and the king.
+All presented themselves trembling, for they knew that they had
+committed some sin. But the Pope made them all relate their deeds, and
+then turned to his father and said: "I am the son whom you sent to be
+killed because I said I understood the language of birds, of dogs, and
+of frogs. You have treated me thus, and on the other hand a treasurer
+and a king have been very grateful for this knowledge of mine." The
+father, repenting his fault, wept bitterly, and his son pardoned him and
+kept him with him while he lived.[28]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next story is doubly interesting because it is found not only in the
+mediaeval collection last mentioned, but also in Greek literature, being
+told of Rampsinitus, King of Egypt, by Herodotus (II. 121), and by
+Pausanias of the two architects Agamedes and Trophonius who robbed the
+treasury of Hyrieus.[29] There are four versions in Italian: two from
+Sicily (Pitre, Nos. 159, 160), one from Bologna (Coronedi-Berti, No. 2),
+and one from Monferrato (Comparetti, No. 13). In one of the Sicilian
+versions (Pitre, No. 159), and in the other two from Bologna and
+Monferrato, the thieves are two friends. In the other Sicilian version
+they are a father and son. We give a translation of the last named
+version, which is called:
+
+
+XLIV. THE MASON AND HIS SON.
+
+There was once a mason who had a wife and son. One day the king sent for
+the mason to build a country-house in which to put his money, for he was
+very rich and had no place to keep it. The mason set to work with his
+son. In one corner they put in a stone that could be taken out and put
+back, large enough for a man to enter. When the house was finished the
+king paid them and they went home. The king then had his money carted to
+the house and put guards around it. After a few days he saw that no one
+went there and took away the guard. Let us leave the king, who took away
+the guard, and return to the mason. When his money was gone he said to
+his son: "Shall we go to the country-house?" They took a sack and went
+there. When they arrived at the house they took out the stone and the
+father entered and filled the bag with gold. When he came out he put the
+stone back as it was before and they departed. The next day the king
+rode out to his house and saw that his pile of gold had diminished. He
+said to his servants: "Who has been taking the money?" The servants
+answered: "It is not possible, your Majesty; for who comes here; where
+could they get in? It may be that the house has settled, being newly
+built." So they took and repaired it. After a while the mason said again
+to his son: "Let us go back there." They took the accustomed sack and
+went there; arriving as usual they took out the stone and the father
+entered, filled the sack, and they departed. The same night they made
+another trip, filled the same sack again, and went away. The next day
+the king visited the house with his soldiers and councillors. When he
+entered he went to see the money and it was very greatly diminished; he
+turned to his councillors and said: "Some one comes here and takes the
+money." The councillors said: "But, your Majesty, while you are saying
+so, one thing can be done; take a few tubs, fill them with melted pitch,
+and place them around the walls on the inside, whoever enters will fall
+in them, and the thief is found."
+
+They took the tubs and put them inside, and the king left sentinels and
+returned to the city. The sentinels remained there a week; but as they
+saw no one, they, too, left.
+
+Let us leave the sentinels, who have departed, and return to the mason.
+He said to his son: "Let us go to the accustomed place." They took the
+sack and went. Arriving there, they took out the stone, and the father
+entered. As he entered he stuck fast in the pitch. He tried to help
+himself and get his feet loose, but his hands stuck fast. Then he said
+to his son: "Do you hear what I tell you, my son? Cut off my head, tear
+my coat to pieces, put back the stone as it was, and throw my head in
+the river, so that I shall not be known." The son did as he was told,
+and returned home. When he told his mother what had become of his
+father, she began to tear her hair. After a few days, the son, who did
+not know any trade, entered the service of a carpenter, and told his
+mother not to say anything, as if nothing had happened.
+
+Let us leave these and return to the king, who went the next day with
+his councillors to the country-house. They entered and saw the body, and
+the king said: "But it has no head! How shall we find out who it is?"
+The councillors said: "Take him and carry him through the streets three
+days; where you see weeping you will know who it is." They took the
+body, and called Filippu Carruba and Brasi Vuturu,[D] and made them
+carry it about. When they passed through the street where the mason's
+widow lived, she began to weep. The son, whose shop was near by, heard
+it, and gave himself a blow in the hand with an axe and cut off his
+fingers. The police arrested the mother, saying: "We have found out who
+it is." Meanwhile the son arrived there and said: "She is not weeping
+for that; she is weeping because I have cut off my fingers and can no
+longer work and earn my bread." The police saw it was so, believed him,
+and departed. At night they carried the body to the palace and built
+outside a scaffold to put the body on, because they had to carry it
+around three days. About the scaffold they placed nine sentinels--eight
+soldiers and a corporal. Now it was in the winter and was very cold; so
+the son took a mule and loaded it with drugged wine, and passed up and
+down. When the soldiers saw him they cried: "Friend, are you selling
+that wine?" He said: "I am." "Wait until we drink, for we are trembling
+with the cold." After they had drunk they threw themselves down and went
+to sleep, and the son took the body, and, after he had buried it outside
+of the town, returned home.
+
+[Footnote D: Names of two undertakers in Salaparuta, where the story was
+collected.]
+
+[In the morning the soldiers awoke and told the king what had happened,
+and he issued a proclamation that whoever found the body should receive
+a large sum of money. The body was found and carried about the street
+again, but no one wept. That night new sentinels were appointed, but the
+same thing happened as the night before. The soldiers were drugged and
+dressed in monks' robes, and the corporal had a cross stuck between his
+legs. The next day another proclamation, the body again found and
+carried about, but no one detected weeping. The story then continues:]
+
+The mason's son (here called for the first time Ninu) could not rest,
+and went to Cianedda.[E] "Will you do me a favor?" "If I can," answered
+Cianedda; "not one, but two. What can I do for you?" "Will you lend me
+your goats this evening?" "I will." Ninu took them, bought four
+_rotula_[F] of candles and an old earthen pot, knocked out the bottom
+and fastened some candles around it. Then he took the goats and fixed
+two candles to the horns of each one and took them where the body was,
+and followed with the pot on his head and the candles lighted. The
+soldiers ran away in terror, and the son took the body and threw it in
+the sea.
+
+[Footnote E: The name of a goatherd in Salaparuta.]
+
+[Footnote F: A rotulu = .793 kilos.]
+
+[The next day the king commanded that the price of meat should be set at
+twelve _tari_[G] a _rotulu_, and ordered that all the old women of the
+city should assemble at the palace. A hundred came, and he told them to
+go begging about the city and find out who was cooking meat; thinking
+that only the thief could afford to buy meat at that price. Ninu, of
+course, bought some and gave it to his mother to cook. While it was
+cooking, and Ninu absent, one of the old women came begging, and the
+widow gave her a piece of meat. As she was going down-stairs Ninu met
+her and asked her what she was doing. She explained that she was begging
+for some bread. Ninu, suspecting the trick, took her and threw her into
+the well.]
+
+[Footnote G: Frs. 5.10.]
+
+At noon, when the old women were to present themselves to the king, one
+was missing. The king then sent for the butchers, and found that just
+one _rotulu_ of meat had been sold. When the king saw this, he issued a
+proclamation to find out who had done all these wonders, and said: "If
+he is unmarried, I will give him my daughter; if he is married, I will
+give him two measures of gold." Ninu presented himself to the king and
+said: "Your Majesty, it was I." The king burst out laughing, and asked:
+"Are you married or single?" He said: "Your Majesty, I am single." And
+the king said: "Will you be satisfied with my daughter, or with two
+measures, of gold?" "Your Majesty," he said, "I want to marry; give me
+your daughter." So he did, and they had a grand banquet.[30]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The story in The Seven Wise Masters, known as "_Inclusa_," or "The
+Elopement," is found only in Pitre (No. 176), where it is told of a
+tailor who lived next to the king's palace, with which his house
+communicated by a secret door known only to the king and the tailor's
+wife. The tailor, while at work in the palace, imagines he sees his wife
+there, and pretending that he has forgotten his shears, etc., rushes
+home to find his wife there. She finally elopes with the king, leaving
+at her window an image that deceives her husband until she is beyond
+pursuit.[31]
+
+Far more curious than any of the stories above given is the last one we
+shall mention from The Seven Wise Masters. The story in this collection
+known as "_Avis_," or "The Talking Bird," is briefly as follows: A
+jealous husband has a talking bird that is a spy upon his wife's
+actions. In order to impair his confidence in the bird, one night while
+he is absent the wife orders a servant to shower water over the bird's
+cage, to make a heavy sound like thunder, and to imitate the flashing of
+lightning with candles. The bird, on its master's return, tells him of
+the terrific storm the night before, and is killed for its supposed
+falsehood. This story is found in both the Eastern and Western versions
+of The Seven Wise Masters, and practically constitutes the framework of
+another famous Oriental collection, the Cukasaptati (from _cuka_, a
+parrot, and _saptati_, seventy, The Seventy Tales of a Parrot), better
+known by its Persian and Turkish name, Tuti-Nameh, Tales of a
+Parrot.[32] The frame, or groundwork, of the various Oriental versions
+is substantially the same. A husband is obliged to leave home on
+business, and while he is absent his wife engages in a love affair with
+a stranger. A parrot, which the husband has left behind, prevents the
+wife meeting her lover by telling her stories which interest her so much
+that she keeps putting off her appointment until her husband returns. In
+the Turkish version the parrot reconciles the husband and wife; in the
+Persian versions the parrot relates what has happened, and the faithless
+wife is killed.
+
+The Italian versions, as will soon be seen, are not derived from The
+Seven Wise Masters, but from the Cukasaptati; and what is very curious,
+the framework has been retained and filled with stories that are not in
+the original.[33] The most simple version is from Pisa (Comparetti, No.
+1), and is called:
+
+
+XLV. THE PARROT (FIRST VERSION).
+
+There was once a merchant who had a beautiful daughter, with whom the
+king and the viceroy were both in love. The former knew that the
+merchant would soon have to depart on business, and he would then have a
+chance to speak with the girl. The viceroy knew it, too, and pondered on
+how he could prevent the king succeeding in his plan. He was acquainted
+with a witch, and promised her immunity and a large sum of money if she
+would teach him how to change himself into a parrot. This she did, and
+of course the merchant bought him for his daughter, and departed.
+
+When the parrot thought it was about time for the king to come, he said
+to the girl: "Now, to amuse you, I will tell you a story; but you must
+attend to me and not see any one while I am telling it." Then he began
+his story, and after he had gone a little way in it a servant entered
+and told her mistress that there was a letter for her. "Tell her to
+bring it later," said the parrot, "and now listen to me." "I do not
+receive letters while my father is away," said the mistress, and the
+parrot continued. After a while another interruption. A servant
+announces the visit of an aunt. (It was not an aunt, but a woman who
+came from the king.) The parrot said: "Do not receive her; we are in the
+finest part of our story," and the young girl sent word that she did not
+receive any visits while her father was absent, and the parrot went on.
+When his story was ended the girl was so pleased that she would listen
+to no one else until her father returned. Then the parrot disappeared,
+and the viceroy visited the merchant and asked his daughter's hand. He
+consented, and the marriage took place that very day. The wedding was
+scarcely over when a gentleman came to ask the girl's hand for the king;
+but it was too late, and the poor king, who was much in love with her,
+died of a broken heart, and the girl remained the wife of the viceroy,
+who had been more cunning than the king.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have omitted the story told by the parrot because we shall meet it
+again in the Sicilian version, and substantially in the following
+version from Florence, which we give entire on account of the rarity of
+the work in which it is found, and for its own merits.[34] It is also
+entitled:
+
+
+XLVI. THE PARROT. (SECOND VERSION.)
+
+Once upon a time there was a merchant who, having to go on a journey,
+gave his wife a parrot to amuse her in her loneliness. The wife, vexed
+that her husband should leave her so soon, threw the bird in a corner
+and thought no more about it. At evening she went to the window and saw
+pass a young man, who fell in love with her as soon as he saw her. On
+the first floor there lived a woman who sold coals, and the young man
+began to tempt her to help him in his love affair. She would not
+promise, because the merchant's wife had been married but a few days,
+and was an honest woman. She added, however, that there was a way; her
+daughter was to be married shortly, she would invite the young wife to
+the wedding, and the young man, being there too, could manage the rest.
+The wife accepted the invitation, dressed herself in her finest clothes,
+and was on the point of leaving when the parrot cried from its corner:
+"O mistress, where are you going? I wished to tell you a story; but suit
+yourself." The wife then dismissed the coal-woman, who, not to spoil
+matters, promised to put off the wedding and return for her the next
+day. Then the parrot began:
+
+"Once upon a time there was a king's son whose master was so learned in
+magic that with certain words he could change himself into various
+animals. The prince wanted to learn these words, too; but the magician
+hesitated and refused, although he had to yield at last. Then the prince
+became a crow and flew far away to a distant country and into the garden
+of a king, where he saw a beautiful girl with a mirror in which was set
+her portrait. The crow in wonder snatched the glass from her hands, and
+flew home and resumed his own form, but he fell so deeply in love with
+the unknown girl that he became ill.
+
+"She, meanwhile, who was the daughter of a king, seeing the glass taken
+from her, no longer had any peace of mind, and begged her father until
+he gave her permission to go in search of it. She dressed herself like a
+physician and departed. She came to a city and heard a proclamation by
+the king, that whatever physician should pass that way should be obliged
+to visit and try to cure his daughter. Then the new physician had to go
+to the palace, but she could not discover any remedy for the grave
+disease. At night, while sitting by the princess' bed, the light went
+out, and she left the room to light it, and saw in a little cottage
+three old women sitting around a cauldron boiling over a great fire.
+'Good women, are you washing?' 'What a washing! these are three heads,
+and when they are cooked the princess will die.' 'Bravo, my good women;
+bring the wood and I will help, too.' She remained there some time and
+promised to return. The brighter the fire burned, the nearer the
+princess came to death. The physician consoled the king and had a fine
+supper prepared. The second night she carried food and a great deal of
+wine to the old women, and when they were drunk threw them into the
+fire and lifted off the cauldron with the boiling heads. The princess
+recovered and the king wished to give her to the physician and reward
+him with gems and gold, but the physician would take nothing, and
+departed."
+
+"You know, mistress, it is late and I am tired," interrupted the parrot;
+"I will tell you the rest to-morrow."
+
+The next day the woman who sold coals came again, and the merchant's
+wife was on the point of accompanying her; but the parrot detained her,
+promising to finish the story. So the woman went away in anger, and the
+parrot continued:
+
+"The princess disguised as a physician journeyed until she came to
+another city, and heard a proclamation by the king, that every physician
+who passed that way should be forced to visit and attempt to cure his
+son. The new physician, too, had to go to court; but could find no
+remedy for the severe disease. At night, while sitting at the bedside of
+the prince, she heard a loud noise in the next room: went to the door
+and saw three old women, who were preparing a banquet. Afterwards they
+approached the invalid, anointed him from head to foot, and carried him
+healed to the table; then when they were full of wine and merry, they
+anointed him again and replaced him on his bed worse than before. The
+physician comforted the king, and the second night allowed the witches
+to take the prince to the table, then appeared and frightening the old
+women with threats of the king's anger drove them from the room and
+restored the son to his father. The king, well pleased, wished to
+recompense the physician, who would take nothing, and departed."
+
+"But you know, mistress, it is late and I am weary. I will tell you the
+rest to-morrow."
+
+The next day the woman who sold coals returned, and the merchant's wife
+was on the point of following her; but the parrot detained her,
+promising to finish the story. The woman went away angry, and the parrot
+continued:
+
+"After a long journey the princess disguised as a physician came to
+another city, and heard a proclamation by the king, that every
+physician who passed that way should be compelled to visit and attempt
+to cure his son. The new physician, too, had to go to court; but she
+could find no remedy for the severe disease. The prince would speak to
+no one, but the physician at last made the invalid disclose the secret
+of his heart, and he told of the mirror and showed the portrait of the
+unknown lady whom he loved desperately. The physician consoled the king;
+had garments and ornaments exactly like those of the young girl in the
+glass prepared; dressed in them, and as she appeared before the prince
+he leaped from his bed, embracing his betrothed in the midst of
+rejoicings."
+
+But here the lady hears her husband arriving. Joy makes her beside
+herself; and she throws from the window the poor parrot, which now seems
+to her only a tiresome companion. The merchant enters and inquires about
+the bird; sees the parrot hurt upon the neighboring roof and picks it up
+kindly. The parrot narrates to him the wiles of the coal-woman and its
+own prudence; assures the husband that his wife is innocent; but
+complains of her being so ungrateful; she had promised him a gold vase,
+and now treats him thus. The merchant consoles the dying bird, and
+afterwards has him embalmed and placed in the gold vase. As for his
+wife, he loved her more than ever.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Another version from Piedmont (Comparetti, No. 2; De Gub. Zool. Myth.
+II. 322) differs materially from the ones just given. A king is obliged
+to go to war and leave behind him his wife, with whom another king is in
+love. Before parting he forbids his wife to leave the palace during his
+absence, and presents her with a parrot. No sooner has the king departed
+than his rival attempts to obtain an interview with the queen by giving
+a feast and inviting her to it. The parrot prevents her going by
+relating the story contained in the first version. They are interrupted
+in the same manner by an old woman sent by the lover, but to no purpose.
+When the story is finished, the husband returns, and the parrot becomes
+a young man, whom the king had engaged to watch over his wife's
+fidelity.
+
+The Sicilian version of our story is the most interesting as well as the
+most complete of all; the single story in the continental versions has
+been expanded into three, and the frame is more artistic. The story is
+the second in Pitre, and is as follows:
+
+
+XLVII. THE PARROT WHICH TELLS THREE STORIES.
+
+(THIRD VERSION.)
+
+Once upon a time there was a rich merchant who wanted to marry, and who
+happened to find a wife as good as the day was long, and who loved her
+husband desperately. One day she saw him a little annoyed, and said:
+"What makes you feel so?" "What should make me feel so! I have important
+business to attend to, and must go and see to it on the spot." "And are
+you annoyed about that? let us arrange matters thus: you will leave me
+provisions and close up all the doors and windows but one high up; make
+me a wicket, and then depart." "The advice pleases me," said her
+husband, and he laid in at once a large provision of bread, flour, oil,
+coals, and everything; had all the doors and windows closed up but one,
+to take the air, had a wicket made like those in the convents, and
+departed, and the wife remained with her maid. The next day a servant
+called at the wicket to do what was necessary and then went away. After
+ten days the lady began to be oppressed, and had a great mind to cry.
+The maid said: "There is a remedy for everything, my mistress; let us
+draw the table up to the window, and climb up and enjoy the sight of the
+Corso." They did so, and the lady looked out. "Ah! I thank you, sirs!"
+As she uttered the ah! opposite her was a notary's office, and there
+were the notary and a cavalier. They turned and saw this beautiful young
+woman. "Oh! what a handsome woman! I must speak with her!" said the
+cavalier. "No: I will speak first," said the notary. And "I first," and
+"I first." They laid a wager of four hundred ounces as to who would
+speak with her first. The lady perceived them and withdrew from the
+window.
+
+The notary and the cavalier thought about the bet, and had no rest
+running here and there and trying to speak with the lady. At last the
+notary in despair went out into the fields and began to call his demon.
+The demon appeared and the notary told him everything, saying: "And this
+cavalier wishes to have the advantage of speaking with the lady first."
+"What will you give me?" said the demon. "My soul." "Then see what you
+have to do; I will change you into a parrot and you must fly and alight
+on the window of the lady. The maid will take you and have a silver cage
+made for you and put you in it. The cavalier will find an old woman who
+is able to make the lady leave the house. But she will not make her
+leave, you know. You must say: 'My pretty mamma, sit down while I tell
+you a story.' The old woman will come thrice; you must tear out your
+feathers and fly into a passion and say always: 'My pretty mamma, don't
+go with that old woman, she will betray you; sit down while I tell you a
+story.' And then tell her any story you wish."
+
+The demon ended with: "Man you are, become a parrot!" and the parrot
+flew away to the window. The maid saw it and caught it with her
+handkerchief. When the lady saw the parrot she said: "How beautiful you
+are! Now you will be my consolation." "Yes, pretty mamma, I will love
+you, too." The lady had a silver cage made, and shut the parrot up in
+it.
+
+Let us leave the parrot in the cage, and return to the cavalier, who was
+making desperate efforts to see the lady. An old woman met him, and
+asked him what the matter was. "Must I tell you what the matter is?" and
+dismissed her; but the old woman was persistent. At last to get rid of
+her he told her all about the wager. The old woman said: "I am able to
+make you speak with the lady. You must have prepared for me two handsome
+baskets of early fruit." The cavalier was so anxious to see the lady
+that he had the baskets of early fruit prepared and given to her. With
+these things the old woman went to the wicket, pretending that she was
+the lady's grandmother. The lady believed her. One word brings on
+another. "Tell me, my granddaughter, you are always shut up, but don't
+you hear mass Sundays?" "How could I hear it shut up?" "Ah, my daughter,
+you will be damned. No, this is not well. You must hear mass Sundays.
+To-day is a feast day; let us go to mass."
+
+While the lady was being persuaded, the parrot began to lament. When its
+mistress opened the clothespress, the parrot said: "My pretty mamma,
+don't go, for the old woman will betray you. If you don't go I will tell
+you a story." The lady took an idea into her head. "Now, my
+grandmother," she said, "go away, for I cannot come." And the old woman
+went away. When she had gone, the lady went to the parrot, which related
+to her this story:
+
+
+FIRST STORY OF THE PARROT.
+
+Once upon a time there was a king who had an only daughter, who was very
+fond of dolls, and had one that was her delight. She dressed her and
+undressed her and put her to bed, in short did for her what is done for
+children. One day the king wished to go into the country, and the
+princess wished to take the doll. While they were walking about, in a
+moment of forgetfulness, she left her doll on a hedge. It was meal time,
+and after they had eaten they got into the carriage and returned to the
+royal palace. What do you suppose the princess forgot? the doll!
+
+As soon as they arrived at the palace the princess remembered the doll.
+What did she do? Instead of going up-stairs, she turned round and went
+to look for the doll. When she got outdoors, she became lost and
+wandered about like a person bereft of her senses. After a time she came
+to a royal palace and asked who was the king of that palace. "The King
+of Spain," they said. She asked for a lodging. She entered; the king
+gave her lodging and treated her like a daughter. She made herself at
+home in the palace and began to be the mistress. The king had no
+daughters and gave her liberty to do as she pleased in spite of twelve
+royal damsels. Now, as there is envy among equals, the damsels began to
+oppose her. Said they: "Just see! Who knows who she is? and is she to be
+our princess? Now this thing must stop!" The next day they said to the
+princess: "Will you come with us?" "No, because papa does not wish it.
+If he is willing, I will come." "Do you know what you must do to make
+him let you come? tell him: 'By the soul of his daughter he must let you
+go.' When he hears that, he will let you go at once." The princess did
+so, but when the king heard her say: "By the soul of his daughter!" "Ah!
+wretch," exclaimed the king; "quick, throw her down the trap-door!" When
+the princess fell down the trap-door she found a door, then another, and
+another, always feeling her way along. At a certain point she felt with
+her hands like the blind, and found tinder and matches. She then lighted
+a candle which she found there, and saw a beautiful young girl, with a
+padlock on her mouth, so that she could not speak, but she made signs
+that the key to open it with was under the pillow of the bed. The
+princess got it and opened the padlock; then the young girl spoke, and
+said that she was the daughter of the king whom a magician had stolen.
+This magician brought her, every day, something to eat, and then locked
+up her mouth, and she had to wait until the next day to open it again.
+"But tell me," said the princess, "what way is there to free you?" "How
+do I know? I can do nothing but ask the magician when he opens my mouth;
+you hide under the bed and listen, and afterwards think what has to be
+done." "Good! good!" The princess locked her mouth, put the key under
+the pillow, and crawled under the bed. But at midnight a great noise was
+heard; the earth opened, lightning, smoke, and smell of sulphur, and the
+magician appeared in a magician's robe. With the magician was a giant
+with a bowl of food, and two servants with two torches. The magician
+sent away the servants, and locked the doors, took the key, and opened
+the mouth of the king's daughter. While they were eating, she said:
+"Magician, I have a thought: out of curiosity I would like to know what
+it would be necessary for me to do to escape from here." "You want to
+know a great deal, my daughter!" "Never mind, I don't care to know."
+"However, I will tell you. It would be necessary to make a mine all
+around the palace, and precisely at midnight, when I am on the point of
+entering, to explode the mine: you will find yourself with your father,
+and I will fly up in the air." "It's as if you had not told any one,"
+said the young girl. The magician dressed himself and went away. After a
+few hours the princess came out from under the bed, took leave of her
+little sister, for she already called her "little sister," and departed.
+
+She went back to the trap-door and, at a certain point, stopped and
+called for help. The king heard her, and had a rope lowered. The
+princess climbed up and related everything to the king. He was
+astounded, and began the mine, which he had filled with shot, powder,
+and balls. When it was full to the brim, the princess descended with a
+watch and went to the king's daughter: "Either both dead, or both
+alive!" When she entered the room, she said: "It is I," took the lock
+from her mouth, talked with her, and then concealed herself under the
+bed. At midnight the magician came, and the king was on the lookout,
+with his watch in his hand. As the clock struck twelve, the princess
+fired the mine: boom! and a great noise was heard: the magician
+vanished, and the two young girls found themselves free and in each
+other's arms. When the king saw them, he exclaimed: "Ah! my daughters!
+your misfortune was your good fortune. My crown belongs to you," said he
+to the princess whom he had adopted. "No, your Majesty, for I am a
+king's daughter, and I, too, have a crown."
+
+This matter spread over the world, and her fame passed through all the
+kingdoms, and every one talked of nothing but the great courage and
+goodness of this princess who had delivered the other princess from the
+magician. And they remained happy and always enjoyed holy peace.
+
+"What do you think, pretty mamma, of this story?" "It is very fine,"
+said the lady to the parrot.
+
+A week passed after the story; the old woman again came with two other
+baskets of fruit to her granddaughter: "Pretty idea!" said the parrot.
+"Take care, pretty mamma; the old woman is coming." The old woman said:
+"Come, my daughter, are you going to mass?" "Yes, my grandmother;" and
+the lady began dressing herself. When the parrot saw her dressing
+herself it began to tear out its feathers and weep: "No, pretty mamma,
+don't go to mass; that old woman will ruin you. If you will stay with
+me, I will tell you another story." "Now go away," said the lady to the
+old woman, "for I cannot kill my dear little parrot, for the sake of the
+mass." "Ah! wicked woman! to lose your soul for an animal!" The old
+woman went away and the parrot told this story:
+
+
+SECOND STORY OF THE PARROT.
+
+Well then, my lady, there was once upon a time a king who had an only
+daughter as beautiful as the sun and moon. When she was eighteen a
+Turkish king wished to marry her. When she heard that it was a Turkish
+king she said: "What do I want of Turks!" and refused him. Shortly after
+she became very ill, convulsions, twisting of the body, rolling of her
+eyes to the back of her head, and the doctors did not know what was the
+matter. The poor father in confusion called his council together, and
+said: "Gentlemen, my daughter is losing ground every day; what advice do
+you give me?" The sages said: "Your Majesty, there is a young girl who
+found the daughter of the King of Spain;[H] find her and she will tell
+you what must be done for your daughter." "Bravo! the council has been
+favorable." The king ordered vessels to go for this young girl: "And if
+the King of Spain will not let her go, give him this iron glove and
+declare war!" The vessels departed and reached Spain one morning. They
+fired a salute, the ambassador landed, presented himself to the king,
+and gave him a sealed letter. The king opened it and after reading it
+began to weep and said: "I prefer war, and I will not give up this
+girl." Meanwhile the girl entered: "What is the matter, your Majesty?
+(and she saw the letter). What are you afraid of? I will go at once to
+this king." "How, my daughter, will you then leave me thus?" "I will
+return. I will go and see what is the matter with this young girl and
+then come back."
+
+[Footnote H: The princess of the last story.]
+
+She took leave of her half-sister and departed. When she arrived the
+king went to meet her: "My daughter, if you cure this sick daughter of
+mine, I will give you my crown!" "That makes two crowns!" she said to
+herself. "I have a crown, your Majesty. Let us see what the matter is,
+and never mind the crowns." She went and saw the princess all wasted
+away. She turned to the king and said: "Your Majesty! have some broth
+and substantial things made," and they were prepared at once. "I am
+going to shut myself up with your daughter, and you must not open the
+door, for in three days I will give her to you alive or dead. And listen
+to what I say: even if I should knock you must not open." Everything was
+arranged and the door was fastened with chains and padlocks, but they
+forgot the tinder to light the candle with at night. In the evening
+there was great confusion. The young girl did not wish to knock, and as
+she looked out of the window she saw a light at a distance. So she
+descended by a ladder of silk, taking with her a candle. When she drew
+near the light she saw a large cauldron placed on some stones and a
+furnace under it, and a Turk who was stirring it with a stick. "What are
+you doing, Turk?" "My king wanted the daughter of the king, she did not
+want him, he is bewitching her." "My poor little Turk! You are tired,
+are you not? do you know what you must do? rest yourself a little while
+I stir." "I will, by Mahomet!" He got down; she got up and began to stir
+with the stick. "Am I doing it all right thus?" "Yes, by Mahomet." "Well
+then, you take a nap, and I will stir." When he was asleep, she came
+down, seized him, and threw him into the boiling cauldron, where he
+died. When she saw that he was dead, she lighted her candle and returned
+to the palace. She entered the room and found the invalid had fainted on
+the floor. She brought her to with cologne water (_acqua d' oduri_) and
+in three days she had recovered. Then she knocked at the door and the
+king entered, beside himself at finding his daughter cured. "Ah! my
+daughter," he said to the young girl who had healed her, "how much we
+owe you! you must remain here with me." "It is impossible; you
+threatened my father with war if he did not allow me to come; now my
+father declares war with you if you do not let me return to him." She
+remained there a fortnight, then departed, and the king gave her
+quantities of riches and jewels. She returned to the king of Spain's
+palace.
+
+And so the story ends.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"What did you think of the story, pretty mamma?" said the parrot.
+"Beautiful, beautiful." "But you must not go with the old woman, because
+there is treason."
+
+After a week the old woman came with her baskets. "My daughter, you must
+do me this pleasure to-day, come and hear the holy mass." "I will." When
+the parrot heard that, he began to weep and tear out his feathers: "No,
+my pretty mamma, don't go with the old woman. If you will stay, I will
+tell you another story." "Grandmother mine," says she, "I can't come,
+for I don't wish to lose the parrot for your sake." She closed the
+wicket and the old woman went away grumbling and cursing. The lady then
+seated herself near the parrot, which told this story:
+
+
+THIRD STORY OF THE PARROT.
+
+Once upon a time there was a king and a queen who had an only son, whose
+sole diversion was the chase. Once he wished to go hunting at a
+distance, and took with him his attendants. Where do you think he
+happened to go? To the country where the doll was.[I] When he saw the
+doll he said: "I have finished my hunt, let us return home!" He took
+the doll and placed it before him on the horse, and exclaimed every few
+minutes: "How beautiful this doll is! think of its mistress!" When he
+reached the palace he had a glass case made in the wall, and put the
+doll in it, and kept looking at it continually and saying: "How
+beautiful the doll is! think of the mistress!"
+
+[Footnote I: The doll of the first story.]
+
+The young man would not see any one and became so melancholy that his
+father summoned the physicians, who said: "Your Majesty, we know nothing
+of this illness; see what he does with his doll." The king went to see
+his son and found him gazing at the doll, and exclaiming: "Oh! how
+beautiful the doll is! think of the mistress!" The physicians departed
+as wise as when they came. The prince meanwhile did nothing but sit and
+look at the doll, and draw deep breaths, and sigh, and exclaim: "How
+beautiful the doll is! think of the mistress!" The king at last, in
+despair, summoned his council, and said: "See how my son is reduced! He
+has no fever, or pain in his head, but he is wasting away, and some one
+else will enjoy my kingdom! Give me advice." "Majesty, are you
+perplexed? Is there not that young girl who found the King of Spain's
+daughter, and cured the other princess? Send for her. If her father will
+not let her come, declare war with him."
+
+The king sent his ambassadors with the message that the young girl
+should be sent _nolens volens_. While the ambassadors were in the king's
+presence, his daughter entered, the one who had done the wonders, and
+found her father perplexed: "What is the matter, your Majesty?"
+"Nothing, my daughter. Another occasion has arrived, another king wants
+you. Does he mean that I am no longer your master?" "Never mind, your
+Majesty; let me go; I will soon return."
+
+So she embarked with all her attendants and began her journey. When she
+arrived where the prince was, she saw him drawing such deep breaths that
+it seemed as if he would swallow himself, and always exclaiming: "Oh!
+how beautiful the doll is! think of the mistress!" She said: "You have
+called me none too soon! However, give me a week: bring me ointments,
+food; and in a week, alive and well, or dead."
+
+She shut herself up with him and listened to hear what the prince said,
+for she had not yet heard what he was saying, he was so feeble. When she
+heard him whisper: "Oh! how be-au-ti-ful is the doll; con-sid-er," and
+saw the doll, she cried: "Ah! wretch! it was you who had my doll! Leave
+it to me, I will cure you." When he heard these words he came to himself
+and said: "Are you the doll's mistress?" "I am." Just think! he returned
+to life and she began to give him broth until she had restored him. When
+he was restored she said: "Now tell me how you got the doll," and the
+prince told her everything. To make the matter short, in a week the
+prince was cured, and they declared that they would marry each other.
+The king, beside himself with joy because his son was healed, wrote
+several letters: one to the King of Spain to tell him that his daughter
+had found her doll, another to the other king, her father, to tell him
+that his daughter was found, and another to the king whose daughter she
+had cured. Afterwards all these monarchs came together and made great
+festivals, and the prince married the princess, and they lived together
+in great peace.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Has this story pleased you, pretty mamma?" "Yes, my son." "But you must
+not go with the old woman, you know."
+
+After the story was ended a servant came: "My lady, my lady, the master
+is coming!" "Truly!" said the lady. "Now, parrot, listen; I will have a
+new cage made for you." The master arrived, the windows were all opened,
+and he embraced his wife. At dinner they placed the parrot in the middle
+of the table, and when the joy was at its height the bird threw some
+soup in its master's eyes. The master, when he felt it, put his hands to
+his eyes, and the parrot darted at his throat, strangled him, and flew
+away.
+
+He flew away to the country, and saying, "I am a parrot, and I become a
+man," he was changed into a handsome, cunning, and well-kempt man on the
+Corso. He met the cavalier: "Do you know," said this one, "that the poor
+lady's husband is dead? a parrot strangled him!" "Truly? poor woman!
+poor woman!" said the notary, and went his way without speaking of the
+wager. The notary learned that the lady had a mother, and went to her to
+ask her daughter in marriage. After hesitating, the lady finally said
+yes, and they were married. That evening the notary said to the lady:
+"Now tell me, who killed your husband?" "A parrot." "And what about this
+parrot?" The lady told him everything to where the parrot dashed the
+broth in its master's eyes, and then flew away. "True! true!" said the
+notary. "Was I not the parrot?" "It was you! I am amazed." "It was I,
+and I became a parrot for your sake!"
+
+The next day the notary went to the cavalier to get the four hundred
+ounces of the wager, which he enjoyed with his wife.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The three stories related by the parrot are, as has been seen, in
+reality one story, and they are, in fact found as such independent of
+the frame.[35] It has also been seen that the story or stories related
+by the parrot are, substantially, the same in all the versions. The
+Florentine version alone does not contain the episode of the doll. The
+story, as a whole, has no parallels, although it bears a slight
+resemblance to the story in the Pentamerone (II. 2), "Green Meadow." The
+princess as physician, and the secret malady of the prince or princess,
+are traits which abound in all the popular tales of Europe.[36]
+
+Many single stories of Oriental origin will be found in the chapters
+following. We shall close this one with a story which was popular in
+Europe during the Middle Ages, being found in one of the great
+collections of that period, the _Gesta Romanorum_. Of the various
+Italian versions we shall select one from Pomigliano d'Arco called:
+
+
+XLVIII. TRUTHFUL JOSEPH.
+
+Once upon a time there was a mother who had a son named Joseph; and
+because he never told a lie she called him Truthful Joseph. One day when
+she was calling him, the king happened to pass by, and hearing her call
+him thus, asked her: "Why do you call him Truthful Joseph?" "Because he
+never tells a lie." Then the king said that he would like to have him in
+his service, and set him to keeping his cows. Every morning Joseph
+presented himself to the king, and said: "Your Majesty's servant." The
+king answered: "Good morning, Truthful Joseph. How are the cows?" "Well
+and fat." "How are the calves?" "Well and handsome." "How is the bull?"
+"The same." So he did every morning. The king praised him so highly in
+the presence of all his courtiers that they became angry at him; and one
+day, to make Joseph a liar, they sent to him a lady, who was to induce
+him by her words to kill the bull. Joseph was urged so strongly that he
+consented; but afterwards he was in great perplexity as to what he
+should tell the king. So he put his cloak on a chair and pretended that
+it was the king, and said: "Your Majesty's servant. Good morning,
+Truthful Joseph. How are the cows? Well and fat. How are the calves?
+Well and handsome. How is the bull? The same. But no; that will not do!
+I am telling a lie! When the king asks me how the bull is, I will tell
+him that it is dead."
+
+He presented himself to the king and said: "Your Majesty's servant."
+"Good morning, Truthful Joseph. How are the cows?" "Well and fat." "How
+are the calves?" "Well and handsome." "How is the bull?" "Your Majesty,
+a lady came and with her manners made me kill the bull. Pardon me." The
+king answered: "Bravo, Truthful Joseph!" He summoned his courtiers and
+showed them that Joseph had not yet told any lie. And so Joseph remained
+always with the king, and the courtiers were duped, because they gained
+nothing that they had expected.[37]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+LEGENDS AND GHOST STORIES.
+
+
+The Italian people possess an inexhaustible store of legends which they
+have inherited from the Middle Ages. With the great mass of these
+stories--legends of the saints or local legends--we have at present
+nothing to do. It is enough to say that they do not differ materially
+from the legends of the other Catholic peoples of Europe. The class to
+which we shall devote our attention in this chapter is that of popular
+legendary stories which have clustered around the person of our Lord and
+his disciples, and around other favorite characters of mediaeval fancy,
+such as Pilate, The Wandering Jew, etc. To these may be added tales
+relating to the other world and stories which are of a legendary nature.
+The first stories which we shall mention are those referring to mythical
+journeys of our Lord and his apostles.
+
+The first, "St. Peter and the Robbers" (Pitre, No. 121), relates that
+once while the Master was journeying with the apostles they found
+themselves at night out in the fields, and took shelter in a cabin
+belonging to some shepherds, who received them very inhospitably and
+gave them nothing to eat. Soon after, a band of robbers attacked the
+flock and robbed the shepherds, who ran away. The robbers came to the
+cabin, and when they heard from the apostles how shabbily they had been
+treated, gave them the supper that the shepherds had prepared for
+themselves, and went their way. "Blessed be the robbers!" said St.
+Peter, "for they treat the hungry poor better than the rich do."
+"Blessed be the robbers!" said the apostles, and ate their fill.
+
+This story, as can easily be seen, is a tradition of the robbers who
+pretend to have been blessed by Christ. St. Peter is the hero of several
+stories, in which he plays anything but a dignified role. In one (Pitre,
+No. 122), he is sent to buy some wine, and allows himself to be
+persuaded by the wine merchant to eat some fennel-seed. After this he
+cannot distinguish between good and bad wine, and purchases an inferior
+kind. When the Master tasted it he said: "Eh! Peter! Peter! you have let
+yourself be deceived."[J] Peter tasted it again and saw that it was
+sour. Another apostle was sent to get some good wine, and "hence it is
+that when you have to taste wine to see whether it is good, you must not
+eat fennel-seed."
+
+[Footnote J: This story is an attempt to explain the origin of the word
+_'nfinucchiari_ (_infinocchiare_) to impose on one, by the word
+_finocchio_, fennel-seed.]
+
+
+L. THE LORD, ST. PETER, AND THE APOSTLES.
+
+Once, while the Master was on a journey with the thirteen apostles, they
+came to a village where there was no bread. The Master said: "Peter, let
+each one of you carry a stone." They each took up a stone--St. Peter a
+little bit of a one. The others were all loaded down, but St. Peter went
+along very easily. The Master said: "Now let us go to another village.
+If there is any bread there, we shall buy it; if there is none, I will
+give you my blessing and the stones will become bread."
+
+They went to another town, put the stones down, and rested. The Master
+gave them his blessing, and the stones became bread. St. Peter, who had
+carried a little one, felt his heart grow faint. "Master," he said, "how
+am I going to eat?" "Eh! my brother, why did you carry a little stone?
+The others, who loaded themselves down, have bread enough."
+
+Then they went on, and the Master made them each carry another stone.
+St. Peter was cunning this time and took a large one and all the others
+carried small ones. The Lord said to the others: "Little ones, we will
+have a laugh at Peter's expense." They arrived at another village, and
+all the apostles threw away their stones because there was bread there;
+and St. Peter was bent double, for he had carried a paving-stone with
+him to no purpose.
+
+On their journey they met a man; and as St. Peter was in advance of the
+others, he said: "The Lord is coming shortly; ask Him a favor for your
+soul." The man drew near and said: "Lord, my father is ill with old age.
+Cure him, Master." The Lord said: "Am I a physician? Do you know what
+you must do? Put him in a hot oven and your father will become a boy
+again." They did so, and his father became a little boy.
+
+The idea pleased St. Peter, and when he found himself alone he went
+about seeking to make some old men young. By chance there met him one
+who was seeking the Master because his mother was at the point of death
+and he wanted her cured. St. Peter said: "What do you want?" "I want the
+Master, for I have an old mother who is very ill, and the Master alone
+can cure her." "Fortunately Peter is here! Do you know what you must do?
+Heat an oven and put her in it, and she will be cured." The poor man
+believed him, for he knew that the Lord loved St. Peter, so he went home
+and immediately put his mother in the hot oven. What more could you
+expect? The old woman was burned to a coal. "Ah! _santu di cca e di
+dda!_"[K] cried the son; "that scurvy fellow has made me kill my
+mother!" He hastened to St. Peter. The Master was present, and when he
+heard the story could not control his laughter, and said: "Ah, Peter!
+what have you done?" St. Peter tried to excuse himself, but the poor man
+kept crying for his mother. What must the Master do? He had to go to the
+house of the dead, and with a blessing which he there pronounced he
+brought the old woman to life again, a beautiful young girl, and
+relieved St. Peter of his great embarrassment.
+
+[Footnote K: This is the strongest imprecation in Sicily.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The last anecdote is quite popular, and is found in a number of popular
+stories, as well as in the _Cento Novelle Antiche_[1]. A very amusing
+version is from Venice (Widter-Wolf, No. 5), and is entitled:
+
+
+LI. THE LORD, ST. PETER, AND THE BLACKSMITH.
+
+In a little town about as large as Sehio or Thiene once lived a
+master-smith,--a good, industrious, and skilful man, but so proud of his
+skill that he would not deign to reply to anyone who did not address him
+as "Professor." This pride in a man otherwise so blameless gave
+universal dissatisfaction. One day our Lord appeared in the blacksmith's
+shop, accompanied by St. Peter, whom He was always in the habit of
+taking with Him on such excursions. "Professor," said the Lord, "will
+you be so good as to permit me to do a little work at your forge?" "Why
+not? it is at your service," replied the flattered smith. "What do you
+wish to make?" "That you will soon see," said the Lord, and took up a
+pair of tongs, with which he seized Peter and held him in the forge
+until he was red-hot. Then he drew him out and hammered him on all
+sides, and in less than ten minutes the old bald-headed apostle was
+forged anew into a wonderfully handsome youth with beautiful hair. The
+blacksmith stood speechless with astonishment, while the Lord and St.
+Peter exchanged the most courteous thanks and compliments. Finally the
+master-smith recovered himself and ran straight up to the second story,
+where his sick old father lay in bed. "Father," he cried, "come quickly!
+I have just learned how to make a strong young man of you." "My son,
+have you lost your senses?" said the old man, half terrified. "No; only
+believe me. I have just seen it myself." Finding that the old man
+protested against the attempt, his son seized him forcibly, carried him
+to the shop, and in spite of his shrieks and entreaties, thrust him into
+the forge, but brought nothing out but a piece of charred leg, which
+fell to pieces at the first blow of the hammer. Then he was seized with
+anguish and remorse. He ran quickly in search of the two men, and
+fortunately found them in the market-place. "Sir," he cried, "what have
+you done? You have misled me. I wanted to imitate your skill, and I have
+burned my father alive! Come with me quickly, and help me, if you can!"
+Then the Lord smiled graciously, and said: "Go home comforted. You will
+find your father alive and well, but an old man again." And so he did
+find him, to his great joy. From that time his pride disappeared, and
+whenever any one called him "Professor" he would exclaim: "Ah, what
+folly that is! There are gentlemen in Venice and professors in Padua,
+but I am a bungler."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The version in Knust is different. It is called "A Journey of Our
+Saviour on Earth," and is, in substance, as follows: A father whose son
+is a gambler, makes him become a soldier. The son deserts during a
+stormy night and takes refuge in an inn. There he meets a man who seems
+acquainted with his whole life and whose name is Salvatore (Saviour). He
+knows that Peter has deserted and is pursued, but he will save him. To
+gain a livelihood, he proposes to him to travel together and heal the
+sick. An opportunity to do this is soon offered. A rich man is ill, and
+Salvatore promises to heal him in three days. He makes every one
+withdraw, prepares a potion from herbs, and cures the patient. The
+relatives of the rich man offer in their gratitude all manner of costly
+things to Salvatore, who, however, accepts only enough to support life.
+Such an unreasonable proceeding enrages his companion to such a degree
+that he parts from him. He wishes to cure people independently, and
+promises a king to heal his sick daughter at once. But although he does
+everything exactly like Salvatore, the only effect of the potion is to
+kill the princess. As soon as the king learns this, he has Peter thrown
+into prison. On his way there he meets Salvatore, who is ready to help
+him at his request. The latter goes to the king and promises to raise
+his daughter if he will release to him the prisoner. The king consents,
+but threatens Salvatore with death in case of failure. The dead,
+however, comes to life, and in gratitude offers her hand, through her
+father, to Salvatore, who declares that it is his vocation to wander
+over the earth. He asks that the maiden be given to his companion.[2]
+
+In a story from Venice our Lord and St. Peter are hospitably received by
+a poor woman who has no bed to offer them, but makes up one for them
+from some straw and five ells of linen which she has bought that day.
+When the Lord departs the next morning he bestows on the woman the power
+of doing all day the first thing she does in the morning. She begins by
+taking the linen from the bed of her guests, and pulls off piece after
+piece of linen. A friend of hers learns this and determines to do the
+same, but is punished by the Lord for her selfishness.[3]
+
+
+LII. IN THIS WORLD ONE WEEPS AND ANOTHER LAUGHS.
+
+Once the Lord, while he was making the world, called one of the apostles
+and told him to look and see what the people were doing. The apostle
+looked and said: "How curious! the people are weeping." The Lord
+answered: "It is not the world yet!" The next day he bade the apostle
+look again and see what the people were doing. The apostle looked and
+saw the people laughing, and said: "The people are laughing." The Lord
+answered: "It is not the world yet." The third day he made him look
+again, and the apostle saw that some were weeping, and some were
+laughing, and said: "Some of the people are weeping, and some are
+laughing." The Lord said: "Now it is the world, because in this world
+one weeps and another laughs."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next legend accounts for the ass' long ears.
+
+
+LIII. THE ASS.
+
+It is related that when the Lord created the world, he also made all the
+animals, and gave each its name. He also created the ass, which said:
+"Lord, what is my name?" "Your name is ass!" The ass went away well
+pleased. After a while it forgot its name, and went back to the Lord.
+"Lord, what is my name?" "Ass!" After a while it came back again.
+"Excuse me, Lord, what is my name?" "Ass, ass!" The ass turned and went
+away, but forgot it another time, and came back. "Lord, I have forgotten
+my name." The Lord could not stand it any longer, but seized its ears
+and pulled them sharply, exclaiming: "Ass! Ass! Ass!" The ears were
+pulled so hard that they became long, and that is why the ass has long
+ears, and why we pull a person's ears to keep him from forgetting a
+thing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Another legend relates that when Christ was journeying through the world
+he happened, dying with thirst, to enter a town. He saw a woman combing
+her hair, and said: "Will you give me a drink of water? for I am dying
+of thirst." "I am busy; it is not the time for water!" Christ said at
+once:
+
+    "Cursed be the braid
+    That is braided Friday."
+
+And continued his journey. After a time he saw a woman making dough for
+bread. "Good woman, will you give me a drink of water?" "As much as you
+will!" and went and drew some water and gave him. Christ said:
+
+    "Blessed be the dough
+    That is kneaded on Friday."
+
+Hence it is that certain women are accustomed not to comb their hair on
+Friday.
+
+There is a satirical legend, called "The Lord's Will," which relates
+that when Christ came to leave the world, he was in doubt as to whom to
+leave all on the earth. If he left it to the gentlemen, what would the
+nobility do? if to the nobility, what would become of the gentry, and
+the workmen, and the peasants? While He was reflecting, the noblemen
+came and asked the Lord to give them everything, which he did. Then the
+priests came; and when they were told that everything had been given to
+the nobility, "Oh! the devil!" they exclaimed. "Then I leave you the
+devil," said the Lord. To the monks, who, when they heard what had been
+done, exclaimed, "Patience!" patience was left. The workmen cried: "What
+a fraud!" and received that for their share. Finally the peasants came
+and said, with resignation: "Let us do the will of God;" and that was
+their portion. And this is the reason why in this world the noblemen
+command, the priests are helped by the devil, the monks are patient,
+workmen fraudulent, and the peasants have to do many things they don't
+want to, and are obliged to submit to the will of God.[4]
+
+St. Peter's mother is the subject of a story which has given rise to a
+wide-spread proverb. She was, so runs the story, an avaricious woman,
+who never was known to do good to any one. In fact, during her whole
+life she never gave anything away, except the top of an onion to a
+beggar woman. After her death St. Peter's mother went to hell, and the
+saint begged our Lord to release her. In consideration of her one
+charitable act, an angel was sent to draw her from hell with an
+onion-top. The other lost spirits clutched hold of her skirts, in order
+to escape with her, but the selfish woman tried to shake them off, and
+in her efforts to do so broke the onion-top, and fell back into hell.
+This story has given rise to the saying, "Like St. Peter's mamma," which
+is found, with slight variations, all over Italy.[5]
+
+A curious version of this story is given in Bernoni (_Leggende fant._
+No. 8): After the onion-top was broken and St. Peter's mother had fallen
+back into hell, the story continues: "Out of regard, however, for St.
+Peter, the Lord permitted her once a year, on St. Peter's day, to leave
+hell and wander about the earth a week; and, indeed, she does so every
+year, and during this week she plays all sorts of pranks and causes
+great trouble."[6]
+
+St. Peter's sisters are the subject of a story with a moral, contained
+in Schneller, p. 6.
+
+
+LIV. ST. PETER AND HIS SISTERS.
+
+St. Peter had two sisters--one large, the other small. The little one
+entered a convent and became a nun. St. Peter was delighted at this and
+tried to persuade his big sister to become a nun also. She would not
+listen to him, however, and said: "I would rather marry." After St.
+Peter had suffered martyrdom, he became, as is well known, Porter of
+Heaven. One day the Lord said to him: "Peter, open the gate of heaven
+to-day as wide as you can, and get out all the heavenly ornaments and
+decorations, for to-day a very deserving soul is going to arrive here."
+St. Peter did as he was told with great joy, and thought: "Certainly my
+little sister is dead, and is coming to heaven to-day." When everything
+was ready, there came the soul of ---- his big sister, who had died and
+left many children, who bitterly lamented her loss. The Lord gave her an
+exalted place in heaven, much to the astonishment of St. Peter, who
+thought: "I never should have imagined this; what shall I have to do
+when the soul of my little sister comes?"
+
+Not long after, the Lord said to him: "Peter, open the gate of heaven
+to-day a little way, but a very little,--do you hear?" St. Peter did so
+and wondered: "Who is coming to-day?" Then came the soul of his little
+sister, and had so much trouble to squeeze through the gate that she
+hurt herself; and she received a much lower place in heaven than the big
+sister. At first St. Peter was amazed; afterwards he said: "It has
+happened differently from what I imagined; but I see now that every
+profession has its merits, and every one, if he only wishes, can enter
+heaven."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The cycle of stories referring to our Lord would not be complete without
+legends of Pilate, Judas, and the Wandering Jew. A powerful story is
+told of the first in Pitre, No. 119, which is as follows:
+
+
+LV. PILATE.
+
+It is said that the following once took place at Rome: A wagon loaded
+with stones was crossing a solitary spot in the country when one of the
+wheels sank into the ground and it was impossible to extricate it for
+some time. Finally they got it out, but there remained a large hole that
+opened into a dark room under ground. "Who wishes to descend into this
+hole?" "I," said the carter. They soon procured a rope and lowered the
+carter into the dark room. We will suppose that this carter's name was
+Master Francis. Well, then, Master Francis, when he was let down, turned
+to the right and saw a door, which he opened, and found himself in
+darkness that you could cut. He turned to the left, the same; he went
+forward, the same; he turned once more and when he opened the door what
+did he see? He saw a man seated before a table; before him, pen, ink,
+and a written paper that he was reading; and when he finished it he
+began over again, and never raised his eyes from the paper. Master
+Francis, who was of incomparable courage, went up to him and said: "Who
+are you?" The man made no answer, but continued to read. "Who are you?"
+said Master Francis again; but not a word. The third time, the man said:
+"Turn around, open your shirt, and I will write who I am on your back.
+When you leave this place, go to the Pope and make him read who I am.
+Remember, however, that the Pope alone must read it." Master Francis
+turned about, opened his shirt, the man wrote on his back, and then sat
+down again. Master Francis was courageous, it is true; but he was not
+made of wood, and in that moment he was frightened to death. He fixed
+his shirt and then asked: "How long have you been here?" but could get
+no answer from him. Seeing that it was time lost to question him, he
+gave the signal to those outside and was drawn up. When they saw him
+they did not recognize him; he had grown entirely white and seemed like
+an old man of ninety. "What was it? What happened?" they all began to
+say. "Nothing, nothing," he replied; "take me to the Pope, for I must
+confess." Two of those who were present conducted him to the Pope. When
+he was with him he related what had happened and taking off his shirt,
+said to him: "Read, your Holiness!" His Holiness read: "I AM PILATE."
+And as he uttered these words the poor carter became a statue. And it is
+said that that man was Pilate, who was condemned to stay in a cave,
+always reading the sentence that he had pronounced on Jesus Christ,
+without ever being able to take his eyes from the paper. This is the
+story of Pilate who is neither saved nor damned.[7]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Judas is believed to have hanged himself on a tamarind-tree, which,
+before that time, was a tall, beautiful tree. After Judas's death it
+became the diminutive, shapeless shrub called _vruca_, which is a
+synonym for all that is worthless. The soul of the traitor is condemned
+to wander through the air, and every time it sees this shrub it pauses,
+and imagines it sees its miserable body dangling from it, the prey of
+birds and dogs.[8] This popular legend is told in the following words:
+
+
+LVI. THE STORY OF JUDAS.
+
+You must know that Judas was the one who betrayed Jesus Christ. Now when
+Judas betrayed him, his Master said: "Repent, Judas, for I pardon you."
+But Judas, not at all! he departed with his bag of money, in despair and
+cursing heaven and earth. What did he do? While he was going along thus
+desperate he came across a tamarind-tree. (You must know that the
+tamarind was formerly a large tree, like the olive and walnut.) When he
+saw this tamarind a wild thought entered his mind, remembering the
+treason he had committed. He made a noose in a rope and hung himself to
+the tamarind. And hence it is (because this traitor Judas was cursed by
+God) that the tamarind-tree dried up, and from that time on it ceased
+growing up into a tree and became a short, twisted, and tangled bush;
+and its wood is good for nothing, neither to burn, nor to make anything
+out of, and all on account of Judas, who hanged himself on it.
+
+Some say that the soul of Judas went to the lowest hell, to suffer the
+most painful torments; but I have heard, from older persons who can
+know, that Judas's soul has a severer sentence. They say that it is in
+the air, always wandering about the world, without being able to rise
+higher or fall lower; and every day, on all the tamarind shrubs that it
+meets, it sees its body hanging and torn by the dogs and birds of prey.
+They say that the pain he suffers cannot be told, and that it makes the
+flesh creep to think of it. And thus Jesus Christ condemned him for his
+great treason.[9]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An interesting legend (Pitre, No. 120) is told of the Jew who struck our
+Lord with the palm of his hand (St. John xviii. 22), and whom the
+popular imagination has identified with the Malchus mentioned by St.
+John, xviii. 10. It is called
+
+
+LVII. DESPERATE MALCHUS.
+
+This Malchus was one of those Jews who beat our Lord; a Jew more brutal
+than can be told. When Christ was taken to Pilate's house, this Malchus,
+with an iron glove, gave him a blow so heavy that it knocked out all his
+teeth. For the sacrilegious act, the Lord condemned him to walk
+constantly, without ever resting, around a column in an underground
+room. This column is in a round room, and Malchus walks and walks
+without ever having peace or rest. They say that he has walked so much
+that he has worn the ground down many yards and made the column seem
+higher than it was, for this Malchus has led this life ever since our
+Lord's passion and death. It is said that this Malchus is desperate from
+his remorse, and while he walks he beats the column, strikes his head
+against the wall, and rages and laments; but notwithstanding he does not
+die, for the sentence of God is that he must live until the day of
+judgment.[10]
+
+The same legend is found in Bernoni as follows:
+
+
+LVIII. MALCHUS AT THE COLUMN.
+
+Malchus was the head of the Jews who killed our Lord. The Lord pardoned
+them all, and likewise the good thief, but he never pardoned Malchus,
+because it was he who gave the Madonna a blow. He is confined under a
+mountain, and condemned to walk around a column, without resting, as
+long as the world lasts. Every time that he walks about the column he
+gives it a blow in memory of the blow he gave the mother of our Lord. He
+has walked around the column so long that he has sunk into the ground.
+He is now up to his neck. When he is under, head and all, the world will
+come to an end, and God will then send him to the place prepared for
+him. He asks all those who go to see him (for there are such) whether
+children are yet born; and when they say yes, he gives a deep sigh and
+resumes his walk, saying: "The time is not yet!" for before the world
+comes to an end there will be no children born for seven years.[11]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This legend recalls the Wandering Jew, who is known in Sicilian
+tradition under the name of _Buttadeu_ (from _buttari_, to thrust away,
+and _deu_, God) or more commonly as "The Jew who repulsed Jesus Christ."
+He is reported to have appeared in Sicily, and the daughter of a certain
+Antonino Caseio, a peasant of Salaparuta, gives the following account of
+her father's encounter with _Buttadeu_:
+
+
+LIX. THE STORY OF BUTTADEU.
+
+It was in the winter, and my good father was at Scalone, in the
+warehouse, warming himself at the fire, when he saw a man enter, dressed
+differently from the people of that region, with breeches striped in
+yellow, red, and black, and his cap the same way. My good father was
+frightened. "Oh!" he said, "what is this person?" "Do not be afraid,"
+the man said. "I am called _Buttadeu_." "Oh!" said my father, "I have
+heard you mentioned. Be pleased to sit down a while and tell me
+something." "I cannot sit, for I am condemned by my God always to walk."
+And while he was speaking he was always walking up and down and had no
+rest. Then he said: "Listen. I am going away; I leave you, in memory of
+me, this, that you must say a _credo_ at the right hand of our Lord, and
+five other _credos_ at his left, and a _salve regina_ to the Virgin, for
+the grief I suffer on account of her son. I salute you." "Farewell."
+"Farewell, my name is _Buttadeu_."[12]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have only a few legends of the saints to mention. Undoubtedly a large
+number are current among the people (Busk, pp. 196, 202, 203, 213-228,
+gives a good many), but they do not differ materially from the literary
+versions circulated by the Church. Those which we shall cite are purely
+popular and belong to the great mediaeval legend-cycle.
+
+The first is the legend of "Gregory on the Stone," which was so popular
+in the mediaeval epics. There are several Italian versions, but we select
+as the most complete the one in Gonzenbach, No. 85, called:
+
+
+LX. THE STORY OF CRIVOLIU.
+
+Once upon a time there was a brother and sister who had neither father
+nor mother, and lived alone together. They loved each other so much that
+they committed a sin which they should not have committed. When the time
+came the sister gave birth to a boy, which the brother had secretly
+baptized. Then he burnt into his shoulders a cross, with these words:
+"Crivoliu, who is baptized; son of a brother and sister." After the
+child was thus marked, he put it in a little box and threw it into the
+sea.
+
+Now it happened that a fisherman had just gone out to fish, and saw the
+box floating on the waves. "A ship must have sunk somewhere," he
+thought. "I will get the box, perhaps there is something useful in it."
+So he rowed after it and got it. When he opened it and saw the little
+child in it, he had pity on the innocent child, took it home to his
+wife, and said: "My dear wife, our youngest child is already old enough
+to wean; nurse in its place this poor innocent child." So his wife took
+little Crivoliu and nursed him, and loved him as though he were her own
+child. The boy grew and thrived and became every day larger and
+stronger.
+
+The fisherman's sons, however, were jealous because their parents loved
+the little foundling as well as them, and when they played with Crivoliu
+and quarrelled, they called him a "foundling." The boy's heart was
+saddened by this and he went to his foster-parents and said: "Dear
+parents, tell me, am I truly not your son?" The fisherman's wife said:
+"How should you not be my son? Have I not nursed you when you were a
+baby?" The fisherman forbade his children very strictly to call little
+Crivoliu a "foundling."
+
+When the child was larger, the fisherman sent him to school with his
+sons. The children, when they were out of their father's hearing, began
+again to mock little Crivoliu and to call him "foundling," and the other
+children in the school did the same. Then Crivoliu went again to his
+foster-parents and asked them if he was not their son. They persuaded
+him out of it, however, and put him off until he was fourteen. Then he
+could no longer stand being called "foundling," and went to the
+fisherman and his wife, and said: "Dear parents, I entreat you to tell
+me whether I am your child or not." Then the fisherman told him how he
+had found him and what was written on his shoulders. "Then I will go
+forth, and do penance for the sins of my parents," said Crivoliu. The
+fisherman's wife wept and lamented and would not let him go; but
+Crivoliu would not be detained and wandered out into the wide world.
+
+After he had wandered about a long time, he came one day to a lonely
+place where there was only an inn. He asked the hostess: "Tell me, good
+woman, is there a cave near by, to which you alone know the entrance?"
+She answered: "Yes, my handsome youth, I know such a cave and will take
+you to it willingly." Then Crivoliu took two _grani's_ worth of bread
+and a little pitcher of water with him and had the hostess show him the
+cave. It was some distance from the inn, and the entrance was so covered
+with thorns and bushes that he could scarcely penetrate into the cave.
+He sent the hostess back, crept into the cave, put the bread and water
+on the ground, knelt with folded arms, and so did penance for the sins
+of his parents.
+
+Many, many years passed, I know not how many, but so many, that his
+knees took root and he grew fast to the ground.
+
+Now it happened that the Pope died at Rome, and a new one was to be
+chosen. The cardinals all assembled, and a white dove was let loose: for
+he on whom it should alight was to be Pope. The white dove made several
+circles in the air, but alighted on no one. Then all the archbishops and
+bishops were summoned, and the dove was again let loose, but it did not
+settle on any one. Then all the priests and monks and hermits were
+collected, but the white dove would not choose any of them. The people
+were in great despair, and the cardinals had to wander forth and search
+the whole country to see whether another hermit was yet to be found, and
+a crowd of people accompanied them.
+
+At last they came to the inn in the lonely neighborhood, and asked the
+hostess whether she knew of any hermit or penitent who was yet unknown
+to the world. The hostess answered: "Many years ago a sorrowful youth
+came here and made me conduct him to a cave to do penance. He is surely
+dead long ago, for he took with him only two _grani's_ worth of bread
+and a pitcher of water." The cardinals said: "We will look, however, and
+see whether he is still alive; take us to him." Then the hostess
+conducted them to the cave; the entrance was scarcely to be recognized,
+so overgrown was it with brambles, and before they could enter the
+attendants had to cut away the brambles and bushes with axes. After they
+had forced their way in, they saw Crivoliu kneeling in the cave, with
+crossed arms, and his beard had grown so long that it touched the
+ground, and before him lay the bread, and by it the pitcher of water;
+for in all those years he had not eaten or drunken. When they let the
+white dove loose now, it flew about in a circle for a moment and then
+alighted on the head of the penitent. Then the cardinals perceived that
+he was a saint, and begged him to come with them and be their Pope. As
+they were going to raise him up, they noticed that his knees had grown
+fast, and they had to cut the roots. Then they took him to Rome with
+them and he was made Pope.
+
+Now it happened that at the same time the sister said to her brother:
+"Dear brother, when we were young, we committed a sin that we have not
+yet confessed, for the Pope alone can absolve us from it. Let us go,
+then, to Rome, before death overtakes us, and confess there our sin." So
+they started on their journey to Rome, and when they arrived there they
+entered the church where the Pope sat in the confessional.
+
+When they had confessed in a loud voice, for one always confesses openly
+to the Pope, the Pope said: "Behold, I am your son, for on my shoulder
+is the mark you speak of. I have done penance many years for your sin,
+until it has been forgiven you. I absolve you, therefore, from your sin,
+and you shall stay with me and live in comfort." So they remained with
+him, and when their time came, the Lord called them all three to his
+kingdom.[13]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An important episode of the original legend is omitted in the above
+version, but preserved in those in Pitre (No. 117) and Knust (No. 7).
+The youth after discovering his origin sets out on his wanderings and
+comes by chance to the country where his mother is living. They meet
+and, not knowing their relation, marry. In the Sicilian story this
+relationship is disclosed the day of the marriage by the son showing his
+mother the box in which he was exposed as a child. In the version of
+Knust (from Leghorn), the child leaves his foster-father and goes in
+search of his parents. He encounters them without knowing it of course,
+and they, supposing him to be a beggar boy, give him shelter and care
+for him until he has grown up. Then he marries his mother, who
+recognizes him by a lock of red hair. At the conclusion of the story,
+after the Pope has heard the confession of his parents he reveals
+himself, they all three embrace, and die thus united. The story adds,
+"their tomb is still preserved in St. Peter's at Rome."
+
+Another Pope, Silvester I, is the subject of a legend in Pitre (No. 118)
+which contains the well-known myth of Constantine's leprosy healed by
+his baptism at the hands of St. Silvester.
+
+Of greater interest is a legend of St. James the Elder, the patron-saint
+of Spain, a pilgrimage to whose shrine at Santiago in Galicia was so
+popular during the Middle Ages. The only popular version which we have
+found is in a Sicilian story in Gonzenbach, No. 90.
+
+
+LXI. THE STORY OF ST. JAMES OF GALICIA.
+
+There was once a king and queen who had no children, and who longed to
+have a son or daughter. The queen prayed to St. James of Galicia, and
+said: "O St. James! if you will grant me a son, he shall make a
+pilgrimage to your shrine when he is eighteen years old." After a time
+the queen had, through the favor of God and the saint, a beautiful boy
+who was as handsome as if God had made him. The child grew rapidly and
+became larger and fairer every day. When he was twelve years old, the
+king died, and the queen remained alone with this son, whom she loved as
+dearly as her eyes. Many years passed and the time drew near when the
+prince should be eighteen. When the queen thought that she must soon
+part from him to send him alone on the long pilgrimage, she became very
+sorrowful and wept and sighed the whole day.
+
+One day the prince said to her: "Mother, why do you sigh all day?" "It
+is nothing, my son, only some cares of mine," she answered. "What are
+you concerned about?" asked he. "Are you afraid that your farms in the
+Plain (of Catania) are badly tilled? Let me go and look after them and
+bring you news of them." The queen consented and the prince rode to the
+Plain, to the property that belonged to them. He found everything in
+good order, and returned to his mother and said: "Dear mother, rejoice,
+and cease your care, for everything is going well on your property; the
+cattle are thriving; the fields are tilled, and the grain will soon be
+ripe." "Very well, my son," answered the queen, but she was not
+cheerful, and the next day began to sigh and weep again. Then the prince
+said to her: "Dear mother, if you do not tell me why you are so sad, I
+will depart, and wander out in the wide world." The queen answered: "Ah,
+my dear son, I am sad because you must now part from me. For before you
+were born, when I longed for you so much, I vowed to St. James of
+Galicia, that if he would grant you to me, you should make a pilgrimage
+to his shrine when you were eighteen years old. And now you will soon be
+eighteen, and I am sad because you must wander away alone, and be gone
+so many years; for to reach the saint, one must journey a whole year."
+"Is it nothing but that, dear mother?" asked her son. "Be not so
+sorrowful. Only the dead return not. If I live, I will soon come back to
+you."
+
+So he comforted his mother, and when he was eighteen he took leave of
+the queen, and said: "Now farewell, dear mother, and, God willing, we
+shall meet again." The queen wept bitterly, and embraced him with many
+tears; then she gave him three apples, and said: "My son, take these
+three apples and give heed to my words. You shall not make the long
+journey alone. When, however, a youth joins you and wishes to accompany
+you, take him with you to the inn, and let him eat with you. After the
+meal cut an apple in two halves, one large and the other small, and
+offer them to the young man. If he takes the larger half, part from him,
+for he will be no true friend to you; but if he takes the smaller half,
+regard him as your brother, and share everything that you have with
+him." After these words she embraced her son and blessed him, and the
+prince departed.
+
+He had already travelled a long time, and no one had met him. One day,
+however, he saw a youth coming along the road who joined him and asked:
+"Where are you going, handsome youth?" "I am making a pilgrimage to St.
+James of Galicia;" and he told him of his mother's vow. "I must go
+there, too," said the other, "for the same thing happened to my mother
+as to yours; if we have the same journey to make, we can make it
+together." They continued their journey together, but the prince was not
+confidential towards his companion, for he thought: "I must first make
+the trial with the apple."
+
+As they were passing an inn, the prince said: "I am hungry: shall we not
+have something to eat?" The other was willing, so they went in and ate
+together. After they had eaten, the prince took out the apple, cut it in
+two unequal halves, and offered them to the other, who took the larger
+half. "You are no true friend," thought the prince; and to get rid of
+him, he pretended to be ill, and obliged to remain there. The other
+said: "I cannot wait for you, for I have far to go yet; so farewell."
+"Farewell," said the prince, and was glad to be rid of him.
+
+When he continued his journey again, he thought: "Ah, if God would only
+send me a true friend, so that I should not have to travel alone!"
+
+Not long after, another youth joined him and asked: "Handsome young man,
+where are you going?" The prince answered him as he had done before, and
+everything happened the same as with the first young man. After the
+prince had got rid of him he resumed his journey and thought: "O God,
+let me find a true friend who shall be to me a brother on the long
+journey!" While he was uttering this prayer he saw a youth coming along
+the way, who was a handsome lad, and appeared so friendly that he liked
+him at once, and thought: "Ah, may this be the true friend!" The youth
+joined him, and everything passed as before, except that this time the
+youth took the smaller half of the apple, and the prince rejoiced that
+he had found a true friend. "Fair youth," said he to him, "we must
+consider ourselves as brothers now; what is mine shall be yours also,
+and what is yours, shall be mine. We will travel together, until we come
+to the shrine of the saint; and if one of us dies on the way, the other
+must carry his body there. We will both promise this." They did so, and
+regarded each other as brothers, and continued their journey together.
+
+To reach the shrine of the saint requires a whole year; imagine, then,
+how long the two must travel. One day when they came, weary and
+exhausted, to a large, beautiful city, they said: "We will stay here and
+rest a few days, and afterwards continue our journey." So they took a
+small house, and dwelt in it. Now opposite it was the royal palace, and
+one morning as the king was standing on the balcony, he saw the two
+handsome youths, and thought: "Oh! how handsome these two youths are!
+one is, however, much handsomer than the other. I will give him my
+daughter in marriage." Now the prince was the handsomer of the two. In
+order to attain his aim, the king invited them both to dinner, and when
+they came to the palace received them in a very friendly manner and had
+his daughter called, who was more beautiful than the sun and moon. When
+they retired for the night, the king had a poisonous drink given to the
+prince's companion, who fell down dead; for the king thought: "If his
+friend dies, the other will remain here willingly, and think no more of
+his pilgrimage, but marry my daughter."
+
+The next morning, when the prince awoke, he asked: "Where is my friend?"
+"He died suddenly last night, and is to be buried at once," answered the
+servants. The prince said: "If my friend is dead, I cannot remain here
+longer, but must depart this very hour." "Ah! do remain here," begged
+the king. "I will give you my daughter for your wife." "No," said the
+prince, "I cannot stay here. If you will grant me a wish, give me a
+horse, and let me depart in peace; and when I have completed my
+pilgrimage, I will return and marry your daughter." The king then gave
+him a horse, which the prince mounted, and took his dead friend before
+him on the saddle, and thus completed his journey. The young man,
+however, was not dead, but lay only in a deep sleep.
+
+When the prince reached the shrine of St. James of Galicia, he
+dismounted, took his friend in his arms like a child, and entered the
+church and laid the body on the steps of the altar before the saint, and
+prayed: "O St. James of Galicia! behold, I have kept my vow. I have come
+to you and have brought you my friend, also. I confide him now to you;
+if you will restore him to life, we will laud your mercy; but if he is
+not to come to life again, he has at least kept his vow." And behold,
+while he was still praying, his dead friend rose, and became again alive
+and well. Both thanked the saint, and gave him costly presents, and then
+started on their journey home.
+
+When they reached the city where the king lived, they occupied again the
+little house opposite the royal palace. The king was greatly rejoiced to
+see the handsome prince there again, and much handsomer than before; he
+arranged great festivities, and had a splendid marriage celebrated, and
+thus the prince married the fair princess. After the wedding they
+remained several months with her father, and then the prince said: "My
+mother is expecting me at home with great anxiety; therefore I cannot
+stay longer here, but will return to my mother with my wife and my
+friend." The king consented and they prepared for the journey.
+
+Now the king had a deadly hatred against the poor, innocent youth, to
+whom he had before given the fatal drink, and who had nevertheless
+returned alive, and in order to cause him sorrow, he sent him in great
+haste on the morning of the departure into the country with an errand.
+"Hasten," he said. "Your friend will not start until you return." The
+youth hastened away, without taking leave, and performed the king's
+errand. The king, meanwhile, said to the prince: "Hasten your departure,
+otherwise you cannot reach your quarters for the night before evening."
+"I cannot depart without my friend," answered the prince. The king,
+however, said: "Set out on your journey; he will be here within an hour,
+and will soon overtake you on his swift horse." The prince allowed
+himself to be persuaded, took leave of his father-in-law, and departed
+with his wife. The poor friend could not fulfil the king's commission
+before several hours, and when he finally returned, the king said to
+him: "Your friend is already far from here; see how you can overtake
+him."
+
+So the poor youth had to leave the palace, and did not even receive a
+horse, and began to run, and ran day and night until he overtook the
+prince. From his great exertions, however, he contracted leprosy, so
+that he looked ill, wretched, and dreadful. The prince, nevertheless,
+received him in a friendly manner and cared for him like a brother.
+
+They finally reached home, where the queen had awaited her son with
+great anxiety, and now embraced him with perfect joy. The prince had a
+bed prepared at once for his sick friend and summoned all the physicians
+of the town and state, but no one could help him. When the poor youth
+grew no better the prince addressed himself to St. James of Galicia and
+said: "O St. James of Galicia! you raised my friend from the dead; help
+him now this time also, and let him recover from his leprosy." While he
+was praying, a servant entered and said: "A strange physician is
+without, who will make the poor youth well again." This physician was
+St. James of Galicia himself, who had heard the prayer of the prince and
+had come to help his friend. You must know now that the prince's wife
+had had a little girl who was a pretty, lovely child.
+
+When the saint approached the bed of the sick youth, he first examined
+him, and then said to the prince: "Do you really wish to see your friend
+well again at any price?" "At any price," answered the prince; "only
+tell me what can help him." "This evening, take your child," said the
+saint, "open all her veins, and anoint with her blood your friend's
+wounds, and he will be healed at once."
+
+The prince was horrified when he heard that he himself must kill his
+dear little daughter, but he answered: "I have promised my friend to
+treat him like my brother; and if there is no other remedy, I will
+sacrifice my child."
+
+At evening he took the child and opened her veins and anointed with the
+blood the sores of the sick youth, who was at once cleansed from his
+foul leprosy. The child became pale and weak, and looked as if it were
+dead. Then they laid it in its cradle and the poor parents were deeply
+grieved, for they believed they had lost their child.
+
+The next morning the physician came and asked after the patient. "He is
+well and sound," answered the prince. "And where have you put your
+child?" asked the saint. "There it lies dead in its cradle," said the
+poor father, sadly. "Just look at her once and see how she is," said the
+saint; and when they hastened to the cradle, they saw the child in it
+alive and well again. Then the saint said: "I am St. James of Galicia,
+and have come to help you, because I have seen what true friendship you
+have displayed. Continue to love one another, and when you are in
+trouble turn to me and I will come to your aid." With these words he
+blessed them and disappeared from their sight. They lived piously and
+did much good to the poor, and were happy and contented.[14]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There are several interesting legends found only in Gonzenbach's
+collection. They can be mentioned but briefly here. The first (No. 87)
+is entitled: "The Story of St. Oniria or Neria." Two huntsmen lost their
+way in a wood and found at night a hut in which was a table set for
+supper, and a fire which emitted a heavenly odor. They examined it and
+found in the coals a heart, which they took with them when they
+departed, the next morning. After they had travelled a while, they
+stopped at an inn, and the pious and virtuous daughter of the innkeeper
+waited on them, and noticed the odor which came from the jacket that one
+of the huntsmen had laid aside on account of the heat. In the pocket she
+found the heart, which she kept for a time on a table in her room. One
+day she was seized with a great longing to eat it. She did so, and it
+soon was evident that she was about to become a mother. Her father
+treated her cruelly, for the shame she was going to bring on the
+family, but her godmother interfered, and one night had a strange dream.
+There appeared to her a saint, who said: "I am St. Oniria, and was
+consumed by fire. Only my heart was left, so that I might be born again.
+This heart the host's daughter has eaten, and she will, in due time,
+give birth to me." The child was born as predicted, and grew handsomer
+every day. The grandfather, however, could not endure him, and
+ill-treated him as well as his mother.
+
+One day, when the child was five years old, the grandfather took him to
+the city. On the way they passed a place where there was much filth, and
+the child said to his grandfather: "I wish you might wallow in it."
+Afterwards they saw a poor man being carried to the grave on a ladder,
+without any coffin. The child here wished that his grandfather, when he
+died, might be like this one. Next they met the long funeral procession
+of a rich man, and the child wished that his grandfather might not be
+like this rich man. The grandfather, of course, in each case was very
+angry, and was only restrained from beating the child by the mother's
+godfather, who had accompanied them.
+
+After they had finished their business in the city they set out for
+home; and when they came to the spot where they had met the rich man's
+funeral procession, the child made his grandfather put his ear to the
+ground, when he heard a great noise, as if of iron pestles and
+lamentations. The child explained that what he heard were the devils
+tormenting the rich man's soul. When they came where they had seen the
+poor man on the ladder, the grandfather listened again and heard the
+rejoicings of the angels on receiving the poor man's soul.
+
+When they came to the place where the filth was, the child made his
+grandfather dig and find a pot of money which he told him to use better
+than he had done his own. The child then said he was St. Oniria,
+exculpated his mother, and said his grandfather would see him again when
+the dead spoke with the living. Then he was taken up into heaven.
+
+Years after, two men spent the night in the inn, and one murdered the
+other and hid the body under the straw, where it was afterwards found by
+other travellers, and the innkeeper accused of the murder. He was
+condemned and was on the scaffold when a beautiful youth came riding in
+hot haste, crying: "Pardon!" The youth led the people into the church,
+before the coffin of the murdered man, and cried: "Rise, dead one, and
+speak with the living, and tell us who murdered you." The dead man
+replied: "The innkeeper is innocent; my treacherous companion killed
+me." Then the youth accompanied the innkeeper home, revealed himself as
+St. Oniria, blessed them, and disappeared.[15]
+
+Another legend (No. 92), "The Story of the Hermit," has as its subject
+the mystery of God's Providence, and is familiar to English readers in
+the form of Parnell's Hermit. The substance of the Sicilian version is
+as follows: A hermit sees a man wrongfully accused of theft and
+shockingly maltreated. He thereupon concludes that God is unjust to
+suffer such things, and determines to return to the world. On his way
+back a handsome youth meets him and they journey together. A muleteer
+allows them to ride his beasts, and in return the youth abstracts the
+muleteer's money from his wallet and drops it in the road. A woman who
+keeps an inn receives them hospitably, and on leaving the next morning,
+the youth strangles her child in the cradle. All at once the youth
+becomes a shining angel, and says to the hermit: "Listen to me, O man
+who has been bold enough to murmur against God's decrees;" and then
+explains that the person who had been wrongfully accused of theft had
+years before murdered his father on that very spot; the muleteer's money
+was stolen money, and the child of the hostess, had it lived, would have
+become a robber and murderer. Then the angel says: "Now you see that
+God's justice is more far-sighted than man's. Return, then, to your
+hermitage, and repent if so be that your murmuring be forgiven you." The
+angel disappears and the hermit returns to his mountain, does severer
+penance, and dies a saint.[16]
+
+The legend in Gonzenbach (No. 91) entitled "Joseph the Just" is nothing
+but the story of Joseph and his Brethren, taken from the Bible. In the
+Sicilian version Joseph has only three brothers; otherwise the story
+follows the account in Genesis very closely. Another legend in the same
+collection (No. 89), "The Story of Tobia and Tobiola," is the story of
+Tobit and Tobias, taken from the apocryphal book of Tobit. The Sicilian
+story differs in the names only.
+
+There are several other Sicilian legends the heroes of which are pious,
+simple youths, the religious counterparts of Giufa. One (Pitre, No.
+112), called "The Poor Boy," tells the story of a simple youth who asked
+the priest the way to paradise, and was told he must follow the strait
+and narrow way. He took the first one he came to, and reached a convent
+church during a festival, and imagined he had reached paradise. He was
+found in the church when all had departed; but he persisted in
+remaining, and the superior sent him a bowl of soup, which he put on the
+altar; and when he was alone he began to converse confidentially with
+the Lord on the crucifix, and said: "Lord, who put you on the cross?"
+"Your sins!" and so the Lord responded to all his questions. The youth,
+in tears, promised he would sin no more, and invited the Lord to descend
+and partake of his repast with him. The Lord did so, and commanded him
+to tell the monks in the convent that they would be damned unless they
+sold all their property and bestowed it on the poor. If they would do so
+and come and confess to the Lord himself, he would hear their confession
+and give them the communion, and when it was finished they would all
+die, one after the other, and enter the glory of paradise. The poor
+youth went to the superior and gave him the Lord's message. The superior
+sold the property of the convent, and everything turned out as the Lord
+had said. The monks all confessed and died, and all who were present or
+heard of the event were converted and died in the grace of God.[17]
+
+This legend leads quite naturally to another, in which intercourse with
+the other world is represented as still occasionally permitted to
+mortals. It is found only in Sicily, having, curiously enough, parallels
+in the rest of Europe, but none in Italy. It is called:
+
+
+LXII. THE BAKER'S APPRENTICE.
+
+There was once a baker who every morning loaded an ounceworth of bread
+on a horse that came to his shop. One day he said: "I give this
+ounceworth of bread to this horse and he renders me no account of it."
+Then he said to his apprentice: "Vincenzo, the horse will come to-morrow
+and I will give him the bread, but you must follow him and see where he
+goes." The next day the horse came and the baker loaded him, and gave
+the apprentice a piece of bread for himself. Vincenzo followed the
+horse, and after a while came to a river of milk, and began to eat bread
+and milk, and could not overtake the horse again. He then returned to
+his master, who, seeing him return to no purpose, said: "To-morrow the
+horse will come again; if you cannot tell me where he goes I will no
+longer have you for my apprentice." The next day the apprentice followed
+the horse again, and came to a river of wine, and began to eat bread and
+wine, and lost sight of the horse. He returned to his master in despair
+at having lost the horse. His master said: "Listen. The first time, one
+pardons; the second time, one condones; the third time, one beats. If
+to-morrow you do not follow the horse I will give you a good thrashing
+and send you home." What did poor Vincenzo do? He followed the horse the
+next day with his eyes open. After a while he came to a river of oil.
+"What shall I do? the horse will get away from me now!" So he tied the
+horse's reins to his girdle and began to eat bread and oil. The horse
+pulled, but Vincenzo said: "When I finish the bread I will come." When
+he had finished the bread he followed the horse, and after a time he
+came to a cattle-farm where the grass was long and thick and the cattle
+so thin that they could scarcely stand on their feet. Vincenzo was
+astonished at seeing the grass so long and the cattle so lean. Then he
+came to another farm, and saw that the grass was dry and short, and the
+cattle fatter than you can believe. He said to himself: "Just see!
+There, where the grass was long, the cattle were lean; here, where you
+can hardly see the grass, the cattle are so fat!" The horse kept on, and
+Vincenzo after him. After a while he met a sow with her tail full of
+large knots, and wondered why she had such a tail. Farther on he came to
+a watering-trough, where there was a toad trying to reach a crumb of
+bread, and could not. Vincenzo continued his way, and arrived at a large
+gate. The horse knocked at the gate with his head, and the door opened
+and a beautiful lady appeared, who said she was the Madonna. When she
+saw the youth she asked: "And what are you here for?" Vincenzo replied:
+"This horse comes constantly to my master's to get an ounceworth of
+bread, and my master never has been able to find out where he carries
+it." "Very well; enter," said the lady; "I will show you where he
+carries it." Then the lady began to call all the souls in purgatory: "My
+children, come hither!" The souls then descended; and to some she gave
+the worth of a _grano_ of bread, to some the worth of a _baiocco_, and
+to others the worth of five _grani_, and the bread was gone in a moment.
+When the bread had disappeared, the lady said to Vincenzo: "Did you see
+nothing on your way?" "Yes, lady. The first day that my master sent me
+to see where the horse went, I saw a river of milk." The lady said:
+"That is the milk I gave my son." "The second day I saw a river of
+wine." "That," said the lady, "is the wine with which my son was
+consecrated." "The third day I saw a river of oil." "That is the oil
+that they ask of me and of my son. What else did you see the third day?"
+"I saw," answered Vincenzo, "a farm with cattle. There was plenty of
+grass, but the cattle were lean. Afterwards I saw another farm, where
+you could scarcely see the grass, and the cattle were fine and fat."
+"These, my son, are the rich, who are in the midst of wealth; and no
+matter how much they eat, it does no good; and the fat ones, that have
+no grass to eat, are the poor, for my son supports and fattens them.
+What else did you see?" "I saw a sow with her tail full of knots."
+"That, my son, is those who repeat their rosaries and do not offer their
+prayers to me or to my son; and my son makes knots in them." "I also saw
+a watering-trough, with a toad that was reaching after a crumb of bread,
+and could not get it." She said: "A poor person asked a woman for a bit
+of bread, and she gave his hand such a blow that she made him drop it.
+And what else did you see, my son?" "Nothing, lady." "Then come with me,
+and I will show you something else." She took him by the hand and led
+him into hell. When the poor youth heard the clanking of chains and saw
+the darkness, he came near dying, and wanted to get out. "You see," said
+the lady, "those who are lamenting and in chains and darkness are those
+who are in mortal sin. Now come, and I will take you to purgatory."
+There they heard nothing, and the darkness was so great that they could
+see nothing. Vincenzo wished to depart, for he felt oppressed by
+anguish. "Now," said the lady, "I will take you to the church of the
+Holy Fathers. Do you see it, my son? This is the church of the Holy
+Fathers, which first was full and now is empty. Come; now I will take
+you to limbo. Do you see these little ones? These are those who died
+unbaptized." The lady wished to show him paradise; but he was too
+confused, so the lady made him look through a window. "Do you see this
+great palace? There are three seats there; one for you, one for your
+master, and one for your mistress." After this she took him to the gate.
+The horse was no longer there. "Now," said Vincenzo, "how shall I find
+my way back? I will follow the tracks of the horse, and so will get
+home." The lady answered: "Close your eyes!" Vincenzo closed his eyes,
+and found himself behind his master's door. When he entered he told all
+that had occurred to his master and mistress. When he had finished his
+story all three died and went to paradise.[18]
+
+The most famous story of the class we are now considering is, however,
+the one best known by its French title, "_Bonhomme Misere._" The French
+version was popular as a chap-book as early as 1719, running through
+fifteen editions from that date. The editor of the reprint referred to
+in the note, as well as Grimm (II. 451), believed the story to be of
+Italian origin and that the original would some day be discovered.[19]
+This has proved to be the case, and we have now before us a number of
+versions. These may be divided into two classes: one independent, the
+other constituting a part only of some other story. The latter class is
+generally connected with the cycle of our Lord's journeys upon earth,
+and is represented by "The Master Thief" and "Brother Lustig" in
+Germany, and "Beppo Pipetta" from Venice. The Sicilian versions which we
+shall mention first, although independent stories, are connected with
+the cycle of our Lord's journeys upon earth. We give first two versions
+from Pitre (Nos. 124, 125).
+
+
+LXIII. OCCASION.
+
+Once upon a time there was a father and a mother who had a little boy.
+They died and the child was left in the street. One of the neighbors had
+pity upon him and took him in. The boy throve well and when he had grown
+up the one who had sheltered him said: "Come now, Occasion (for this was
+the boy's name), you are a man; why do you not think about supporting
+yourself and relieving us from that care?" So the lad made up a bundle
+and departed. He journeyed and journeyed until his clothes were worn out
+and he was almost dead from hunger. One day he saw an inn and entered
+it, and said to the innkeeper: "Do you want me for a servant? I wish
+only a piece of bread for my wages." The host said to his wife: "What do
+you say, Rosella? We have no children; shall we take this lad?" "Yes;"
+and so they took him.
+
+The boy was very attentive and did willingly whatever was commanded him,
+and at last his master and mistress, who had grown to love him like a
+son, went before the judge and adopted him.
+
+Time passed and the innkeeper and his wife died and left all their
+property to the young man, who, when he saw himself in possession of it,
+made known: "That whoever should come to Occasion's inn could have food
+for nothing." You can imagine the people that went there!
+
+Now the Master and his apostles happened once to pass that way, and when
+St. Thomas read this announcement he said: "Unless I see and touch with
+my hands I shall not believe it. Let us go to this inn." They went there
+and ate and drank and Occasion treated them like gentlemen. Before
+leaving St. Thomas said: "Occasion, why don't you ask a favor of the
+Master?" Then Occasion said: "Master, I have before my door this
+fig-tree, and the children do not let me eat one of the figs. Whoever
+goes by climbs up and pulls off some. Now I would like this favor, that
+when any one climbs this tree, he must stay there until I permit him to
+come down." "Your request is granted," said the Lord, and blessed the
+tree.
+
+It was a fine thing! The first who climbed up for figs stuck fast to the
+tree without being able to move; another came, the same thing; and so
+on; all stuck fast, one by the hand, another by the foot, another by the
+head. When Occasion saw them he gave them a sound scolding and let them
+go. The children were frightened and touched the figs no more.
+
+Years passed and Occasion's money was coming to an end; so he called a
+carpenter and told him to cut up the fig-tree and make him a bottle out
+of it. This bottle had the property that Occasion could shut up in it
+whoever he wished. One day Death went to fetch him, for Occasion was now
+very old. Occasion said: "At your service; we will go. But see here,
+Death, first do me a favor. I have this bottle of wine, and there is a
+fly in it, and I don't like to drink from it; just go in there and take
+it out for me, and then we will go." Death very foolishly entered the
+bottle, when Occasion corked it and put it in his wallet, saying: "Stay
+a bit with me."
+
+While Death was shut up no one died; and everywhere you might see old
+men with such long white beards that it was a sight. The apostles,
+seeing this, went to the Master about it several times, and at last he
+visited Occasion. "What is this? Here you have kept Death shut up so
+many years, and the people are falling down from old age without dying!"
+"Master," said Occasion, "do you want me to let Death out? If you will
+give me a place in paradise, I will let him out." The Lord thought:
+"What shall I do? If I don't grant him this favor, he will not leave me
+in peace." So he said: "Your request is granted!" At these words Death
+was set at liberty; Occasion was permitted to live a few years longer,
+and then Death took him. Hence it is "That there is no death without
+Occasion."
+
+
+LXIV. BROTHER GIOVANNONE.
+
+Once upon a time there was a convent at Casteltermini which contained
+many monks, one of whom was named Brother Giovannone. At the time when
+the Lord and all his apostles were on their travels they visited this
+convent, and all the monks asked the Lord to pardon their souls; Brother
+Giovannone asked nothing. St. Peter said to him: "Why do you not ask
+pardon for your soul, like the others?" "I don't wish anything." St.
+Peter said: "Nothing? When you come to paradise we will talk about it."
+When the Master had taken his departure and had gone some distance,
+Brother Giovannone began to cry out: "Master, Master, wait! I want a
+favor, and it is that any one I command must get into my pouch." The
+Master said: "This request is granted."
+
+Brother Giovannone was old and one day Death came and said to him:
+"Giovannone, you have three hours to live!" Brother Giovannone replied:
+"When you come for me you must let me know half an hour before." After a
+while Death came and said: "You are a dead man!" Brother Giovannone
+replied: "In the name of Brother Giovannone, into my pouch with you,
+Death!" Then he carried his pouch to a baker and asked him to hang it
+up in the chimney until he came for it. For forty years no one died. At
+the end of that time Brother Giovannone went and set Death free, so that
+he might himself die, for he was so old he could do no more. The first
+one that Death killed when he was free was Brother Giovannone, and then
+he destroyed all those who had not died in the forty years.
+
+After he was dead Brother Giovannone went and knocked at the gate of
+paradise and St. Peter said to him: "There is no room for you here."
+"Where must I go, then?" asked Brother Giovannone. "To purgatory,"
+answered St. Peter. So he knocked at purgatory and they told him: "There
+is no place for you here." "Where must I go, then?" "To hell." He
+knocked at hell and Lucifer asked: "Who is there?" "Brother Giovannone."
+Then Lucifer said to his devils: "You take the mace; you, the hammer;
+you, the tongs!" Brother Giovannone asked: "What are you going to do
+with these instruments?" "We are going to beat you." "In the name of
+Brother Giovannone, into my pouch with you, all you devils!" Then he
+hung the pouch about his neck and carried all the devils to a smith who
+had eight apprentices, and the master, nine. "Master-smith, how much do
+you want to hammer this pouch eight days and nights?" They agreed upon
+forty ounces, and hammered day and night and the pouch was not reduced
+to powder, and Brother Giovannone was always present. The last day the
+smiths said: "What the devil are these; for they cannot be pounded
+fine!" Brother Giovannone answered: "They are indeed devils! Pound
+hard!" After they were through hammering, he took the pouch and emptied
+it out in the plain; the devils were so bruised and mangled that they
+could hardly drag themselves back to hell. Then Brother Giovannone went
+and knocked again at paradise. "Who is there?" "Brother Giovannone."
+"There is no room for you." "Peter, if you don't let me in I will call
+you baldhead." "Now that you have called me baldhead," said St. Peter,
+"you shall not enter." Brother Giovannone said: "Ah, what is that you
+say? I will be even with you!" So he stood near the gate of paradise
+and said to all the souls who were going to enter: "In the name of
+Brother Giovannone, into my pouch, all you souls!" and no more souls
+entered paradise. One day St. Peter said to the Master: "Why do no more
+souls enter?" The Lord answered: "Because Brother Giovannone is behind
+the gate putting them all in his pouch." "What shall we do?" said St.
+Peter. The Lord answered: "See if you can get hold of the pouch and
+bring them all in together." Brother Giovannone heard all this outside.
+What did he do? He said: "Into the pouch with myself!" and in a moment
+was in his own pouch. When St. Peter looked Brother Giovannone was not
+to be seen, so he seized the pouch and dragged it into paradise and shut
+the gate at once, and opened the pouch. The first one who came out was
+Brother Giovannone himself, who began at once to quarrel with St. Peter
+because St. Peter wished to put him out, and Brother Giovannone did not
+want to go. Then the Lord said: "When one once enters the house of
+Jesus, he does not leave it again."[20]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+These stories have close parallels in two Roman legends collected by
+Miss Busk. In the first, the innkeeper asks first for the faculty of
+always winning at cards; and second, that any one who climbs his
+fig-tree must stay there. When Death comes the host asks her (Death is
+feminine in Italian) to climb the tree and pick him a few figs. When
+once up the tree, the host refuses to let her down until she promises
+him four hundred years of life. Death has to consent and the host in
+turn promises to go quietly with her when she comes again. At the end of
+the four hundred years Death takes the host to paradise. They pass by
+hell on the way and the host proposes to the devil to play for the newly
+received souls. The host wins fifteen thousand, which he carries with
+him to paradise. St. Peter objects to letting the "rabble" in, and Jesus
+Christ himself says: "The host may come in himself, but he has no
+business with the others." Then the host says that he has made no
+difficulty about numbers when Christ has come to his inn With as many as
+he pleased. "That is true! that is right!" answered Jesus Christ. "Let
+them all in! let them all in!"[21]
+
+In the other story, a priest, Pret' Olivo, received from the Lord, in
+reward for his hospitality, the favor of living a hundred years, and
+that when Death came to fetch him he should be able to give her what
+orders he pleased, and that she must obey him. Death called at the end
+of the hundred years, and Pret' Olivo made her sit by the fire while he
+said a mass. The fire grew hotter and hotter, but Death could not stir
+until Pret' Olivo permitted her to, on condition that she should leave
+him alone a hundred years. The second time Death called, Pret' Olivo
+asked her to gather him some figs and commanded her to stay in the tree.
+So Death a second time was obliged to promise him a respite of a hundred
+years. The next time Death called, Pret' Olivo put on his vestments and
+a cope, and took a pack of cards in his hand and went with Death. She
+wanted to take him directly to paradise, but he insisted on going around
+by the way of hell and playing a game of cards with the Devil. The
+stakes were souls, and as fast as Pret' Olivo won, he hung a soul on his
+cope until it was covered with them; then he hung them on his beretta,
+and at last was obliged to stop, for there was no more room to hang any
+souls. Death objected to taking all these souls to paradise, but could
+not take Pret' Olivo without them. When they arrived at paradise St.
+Peter made some objection to admitting them, but the Master gave his
+permission and they all got in.[22]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Tuscan version, which contains some of the traits of the last story,
+is as follows:
+
+
+LXV. GODFATHER MISERY.
+
+Godfather Misery was old,--God knows how old! One day Jesus and St.
+Peter, while wandering through the world to name the countries, came to
+Godfather Misery's, who offered his visitors some polenta, and gave them
+his own bed. Jesus, pleased with this reception, gave him some money,
+and granted him these three favors: that whoever sits on his bench near
+the fire cannot get up; that whoever climbs his fig-tree cannot descend;
+and finally, out of regard to St. Peter, the salvation of his soul. One
+day Death came to Godfather Misery, and wanted to carry him off.
+Godfather Misery said: "It is too cold to travel." Death pressed him;
+then he asked her to sit by the fire and warm herself a moment, and he
+would soon be ready. Meanwhile he piled wood on the fire. Death felt
+herself burning, and tried to move, but could not; so she had to grant
+Godfather Misery another hundred years of life. Death was released; the
+hundred years passed, and Death returned. Godfather Misery was at the
+door, pretending to wait for her, and looking at his fig-tree in sorrow.
+He begged Death to pick him a few figs for their journey. So Death
+climbed up, but could not descend until she granted Godfather Misery
+another hundred years. Even these passed, and Death reappeared. This
+time there was no help, he must go. Death gave him time only to recite
+an Ave Maria, and a Paternoster. Godfather Misery, however, could not
+find this time, and said to Death, who was hurrying him: "You have given
+me time, and I am taking it." Then Death had recourse to a stratagem,
+and disguised herself like a Jesuit, and went where Godfather Misery
+lived, and preached. Godfather Misery at first did not attend these
+sermons, but his wife finally persuaded him to go to the church and hear
+a sermon. Just as he entered, the preacher cried out that whoever said
+an Ave Maria should save his soul. Godfather Misery, who recognized
+Death, answered from a distance: "Go away! you will not get me." Then
+Death went away in despair, and never got hold of him again. Godfather
+Misery still lives, since misery never ends.[23]
+
+In another Tuscan story, similar gifts are bestowed upon a smith, who
+had always been a good Christian, to enable him to avoid a contract he
+had made with the Devil, to sell him his soul for two years of life. The
+first time the Devil comes he sits on the bench near the fire, and
+cannot rise again until he extends his contract two years. The next time
+he comes he does not enter the house, but looks in at a window that has
+the power to detain any one who looks through it. Again the contract is
+extended. The third time the Devil is caught in the fig-tree, and then a
+new contract is drawn up, that the Devil and the smith are never to see
+each other again.[24]
+
+The second class of versions of the story of "_Bonhomme Misere_" is
+where the legend is merely an episode of some other story. This class
+comprises two stories from the territory of Venice. The first is
+entitled "Beppo Pipetta," from the hero who saved the king's life, which
+is threatened by some robbers. The king was in disguise, and Beppo did
+not know who he was until he was summoned to the palace to be rewarded.
+The king told Beppo that he need not be a soldier any longer, but might
+remain with him or wherever he pleased, and offered to pay for all he
+needed; for he had saved his life. We give the rest of the story in the
+words of the original.
+
+
+LXVI. BEPPO PIPETTA.
+
+When his first joy at this good fortune was over, Beppo decided to visit
+his relations. There he met a man in the street who entered into
+conversation with him, and they chatted for a long time, until they
+finally went into an inn to refresh themselves with something to eat and
+drink. "How happens it," asked his new friend, who was vastly
+entertained by Beppo's conversation, "that you, a soldier, carry no
+knapsack?" "Hm!" said Beppo, "I don't care to weigh myself down on a
+march with unnecessary things. I have no effects, and if I need
+anything, I have a good master who pays all my bills." "Now," said the
+stranger, "I will give you a knapsack, and a very valuable one too; for
+if you say to any one, 'Jump in,' he will jump into the sack." With
+these words the stranger took his leave.
+
+"Wait," thought Beppo; "I will put this to the proof." And, indeed, a
+favorable opportunity offered itself, for just then the landlord
+appeared to demand the payment of his bill. "What do you want?" asked
+Beppo. "My money; you might know that of yourself." "Let me alone! I
+have no money." "What? you ragged soldier"--"Jump in!" said Beppo; and
+the landlord went over his ears into the sack. Only after long entreaty,
+and on condition that he would never again present his bill, would Beppo
+let him out again. "Just wait, fellow! I'll teach you how to insult
+soldiers," said he to the landlord, as he went out.
+
+Tired and hungry after a long walk, Beppo again turned into an inn.
+There he saw a man who was continually emptying a purse, but never
+finished, for it always became full again. He quickly snatched the purse
+out of the man's hand, and ran out of the inn, but no less quickly did
+the owner run after him; and since he had not walked as far as Beppo,
+who had been wandering about all day, he soon caught up with him. Then
+Beppo cried: "Jump in!" and the owner was in the sack. "Listen," said
+Beppo, after he had somewhat recovered his breath, "listen and be
+reasonable. You have had the purse long enough; give it to me now, or
+else you shall always stay in the sack." What could the man do?
+Willingly or unwillingly, he had to give up the purse in order to get
+out of the accursed sack.
+
+For two years Beppo stayed at home, doing much good with the purse, and
+much mischief with the sack, until at last he began to long for the
+capital again, and returned there; but what was his astonishment at
+seeing everything hung with black, and everybody in mourning. "Do you
+not know what the trouble is?" he was asked, in reply to his questions
+as to the cause of this sorrow; "don't you know that to-morrow the Devil
+is going to carry away the king's daughter, on account of a foolish vow
+that her father once made?" Then he went directly to the king, in order
+to console him, but the latter would not put any faith in him. "Your
+Majesty," said he, "you do not know what Beppo Pipetta can do. Only let
+me have my own way."
+
+Then he prepared, in a room of the palace, a large table, with paper,
+pen, and ink, while the princess, in the next room, awaited her sad fate
+in prayer. At midnight a fearful noise was heard, like the roaring of
+the tempest; and at the last stroke of the clock, the Devil came through
+the window into--the sack which Beppo held open for him, crying, "Jump
+in!" "What are you doing here?" asked Beppo of the raging Devil. "How
+does that concern you?" "I have my reasons," was the bold reply. "Wait a
+little, you rascal!" cried Beppo; "I'll teach you manners!" and he
+seized a stick and belabored the sack until the Devil in anguish called
+upon all the saints. "Are you going to carry off the princess, now?"
+"No, no; only let me out of this infamous sack!" "Do you promise never
+to molest her?" "I promise, only let me out!" "No," said Beppo; "you
+must repeat your promise before witnesses, and also give it in writing."
+Then he called some gentlemen of the court into the room, had the
+promise repeated, and permitted the Devil to stretch one hand out of the
+sack, in order to write as follows: "I, the very Devil, herewith promise
+that I will neither carry away H. R. H., the Princess, nor ever molest
+her in future. SATAN, SPIRIT OF HELL."
+
+"Good!" said Beppo; "the affair of the princess is now ended. But now,
+on account of your previous impoliteness, allow me to give you a few
+blows that may serve as reminders of me on your journey." When he had
+done this, he opened the sack, and the Devil went out as he had come in,
+through the window.
+
+Then the king gave a great feast, at which Beppo sat between him and the
+princess; and there was joy throughout the whole kingdom.
+
+After a while Beppo took a pleasure trip and came to a place that
+pleased him so much that he decided to remain there; but the police must
+needs go through certain ceremonies and wanted to know who he was,
+whence he came, and a multitude of other things. Then he answered: "I am
+myself; let that suffice you. If you want to know anything more, write
+to the king." Accordingly they wrote to the king, but he commanded them
+to treat him with respect and not to disturb him.
+
+When he had lived for many years in this place and had grown old, Death
+came and knocked at his door. Beppo opened it and asked: "Who are you?"
+"I am Death," was the answer. "Jump in!" cried Beppo, in great haste,
+and behold! Death was in the sack. "What!" he exclaimed, "shall I, who
+have so much to do, loiter my time away here?" "Just stay where you are,
+you old villain," replied Beppo, and did not let him out for a year and
+a half. Then there was universal satisfaction throughout the world, the
+physicians being especially jubilant, for none of them ever lost a
+patient. Then Death begged so humbly and represented so forcibly what
+would be the consequences of this disorder, that Beppo agreed to let him
+out, on condition that Death should not come back for him unless he was
+willing. Death departed and sought by means of a few wars and
+pestilences to make up for lost time.
+
+At length Beppo grew so old that life became distasteful to him. Then he
+sent for Death, who, however, would not come, fearing that Beppo might
+change his mind. So the latter decided to go himself to Death. Death was
+not at home; but remembering his vacation in the sack, had prudently
+left the order that in case a certain Beppo Pipetta should come, he was
+to be beaten soundly; an order which was executed punctiliously. Beaten
+and cast out by Death, he went sadly to hell; but there the Devil had
+given the porter orders to show him the same attention that he had
+received at Death's abode, and that command also was conscientiously
+obeyed.
+
+Smarting from the blows he had received, and vexed that neither Death
+nor the Devil wanted him, he went to paradise. Here he announced himself
+to St. Peter, but the saint thought that he had better first consult the
+Lord.
+
+Meanwhile Beppo threw his cap over the wall into paradise. After he had
+waited a while, St. Peter reappeared and said: "I am very sorry, but our
+Lord doesn't want you here." "Very well," said Beppo, "but you will at
+least let me get my cap," and with that he slipped through the gate and
+sat down on the cap. When St. Peter commanded him to get up and begone,
+he replied, composedly: "Gently, my dear sir! at present I am sitting on
+my own property, where I do not receive orders from any one!"
+
+And so he remained in paradise.[25]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The story known to our readers from the Grimm collection, "Godfather
+Death," is found in Sicily and Venice. The version from the latter place
+given in Bernoni (_Trad. pop._ p. 6) is as follows:
+
+
+LXVII. THE JUST MAN.
+
+Once upon a time there was a peasant and his wife who had a child that
+they would not baptize until they could find a just man for his
+godfather. The father took the child in his arms and went into the
+street to look for this just man. After he had walked along a while, he
+met a man, who was our Lord, and said to him: "I have this child to
+baptize, but I do not want to give him to any one who is not just; are
+you just?" The Lord answered: "But--I don't know whether I am just."
+Then the peasant passed on and met a woman, who was the Madonna, and
+said to her: "I have this child to baptize and do not wish to give him
+to any one who is not just; are you just?" "I don't know," said the
+Madonna; "but go on, for you will find some one who is just." He went
+his way and met another woman, who was Death, and said to her: "I have
+been sent to you, for I have been told that you are just, and I have
+this child to baptize, and do not wish to give it to one who is not
+just; are you just?" Death said: "Yes, I believe I am just! Let us
+baptize the child, and then I will show you whether I am just." Then
+they baptized the child, and afterwards Death led the peasant into a
+very long room, where there were many lights burning. "Godmother," said
+the man, astonished at seeing all the lights, "what are all these
+lights?" Death said: "These are the lights of all the souls in the
+world. Would you like to see, friend? this is yours and this is your
+son's." When the peasant saw that his light was about to expire, he
+said: "And when the oil is all consumed, godmother?" "Then," answered
+Death, "you must come with me, for I am Death." "Oh! for mercy's sake,"
+cried the peasant, "let me at least take a little oil from my son's lamp
+and put it in mine!" "No, no, godfather," said Death, "I don't do
+anything of that sort; you wished to see a just person, and a just
+person you have found. And now go home and arrange your affairs, for I
+am waiting for you."[26]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We can mention but briefly another Venetian legend which, like several
+of those already given, reaches back to the Middle Ages. A wealthy
+knight, who has led a wicked life, repents when he grows old, and his
+confessor enjoins on him a three years' penance. The knight refuses, for
+he might die at the end of two years and lose all that amount of
+penance. He refuses in turn a penance of two years, of one year, and
+even of a month, but agrees to do penance for one night. He mounts his
+horse, takes leave of his family, and rides away to the church, which is
+at some distance. After he has ridden for a time, his daughter comes
+running after him and calls him back, for robbers have attacked the
+castle. He will not be diverted from his purpose, and tells her that
+there are servants and soldiers enough to defend the house. Then a
+servant cries out that the castle is in flames, and his own wife calls
+for help against violence. The knight calmly continues his way, leaving
+his servants to act for him, and simply saying: "I have no time for it
+now."
+
+Finally he enters the church and begins his penance. Here he is
+disturbed by the sexton, who bids him depart, so that he can close the
+church; a priest orders him to leave, as he is not worthy to hear a
+mass; at midnight twelve watchmen come and order him to go with them to
+the judge, but he will not move for any of them; at two o'clock a band
+of soldiers surround him and order him to depart, and at five o'clock a
+wild throng of people burst into the church and cry: "Let us drive him
+out!" then the church begins to burn, and the knight finds himself in
+the midst of flames, but still he moves not. At last, when the appointed
+hour comes, he leaves the church and rides home to find that none of his
+family had left the castle, but the various persons who had tried to
+divert him from his penance were emissaries of the Devil. Then the
+knight sees how great a sinner he was and declares that he will do
+penance all the rest of his life.[27]
+
+Bernoni in his _Leggende fantastiche_ gives nine legends, one of which
+is the story of St. Peter's mother, mentioned above. Of the remaining
+ones, several may be classed under ghost stories, and two illustrate the
+great sanctity attached by the Italian to the spiritual relationship
+contracted by godmothers and godfathers, and by groomsmen and the bride.
+It is well known that in the Romish Church a godfather or godmother
+contracts a spiritual relationship with the godson or goddaughter and
+their parents which would prevent marriage between the parties. This
+relationship the popular imagination has extended to the godfather and
+godmother, and any improper intimacy between the two is regarded as the
+most deadly sin. The first of Bernoni's legends is entitled:
+
+
+LXVIII. OF A GODFATHER AND A GODMOTHER OF ST. JOHN WHO MADE LOVE.
+
+Here in Venice, heaven knows how many centuries ago, there was a
+gentleman and a lady, husband and wife, who were rich people. Well,
+there frequented their house a _compare_ (godfather) of St. John; and it
+came to pass that he and his _comare_ (godmother, _i. e._ the one who
+had been godmother to the same child to which he had been godfather),
+the lady of the house, made love to each other in secret. This lady had
+a maid, and this maid knew everything. So one day this lady said to the
+maid: "Hold your tongue, and you'll see that you will be satisfied with
+me. When I come to die, you shall have an allowance of a dollar a day."
+So this maid kept always on good terms with the lady. It happened that
+the _compare_ fell very ill. The lady was so desperately sorry, that her
+husband kept saying to her: "Come, will you make yourself ill too? It's
+no use fretting, for it's what we must all come to." At last the
+_compare_ died. And she took it so to heart, that she fell ill in
+earnest. When her husband saw her giving way to such low spirits, he
+began to suspect that there had been something between her and the
+_compare_; but he never said a word about it to annoy her, but bore it
+like a philosopher. The maid was always by her mistress' bedside, and
+the mistress said to her: "Remember that, if I die, you must watch by me
+quite alone, for I won't have any one else." And the maid promised her
+that she would. Well, that day went by, and the next day, and the next,
+and the lady got worse and worse, until at last she died. You can fancy
+how sorry her husband was. And the maid and the other servants were very
+sorry, too, for she was a very good lady. The other servants offered to
+sit up and watch with the maid; but she said: "No; I must sit up by
+myself, for my mistress said she would have no others." And they said:
+"Very well. If you want anything, ring the bell, and we shall be ready
+to do anything you want." Then the maid had four tapers lighted, and
+placed at the foot of the bed, and she took the Office for the Dead in
+her hand and began to read it.
+
+Just at midnight the door of the room burst open, and she saw the figure
+of the _compare_ come in. Directly she saw him she felt her blood turn
+to water. She tried to cry out, but she was so terrified that she
+couldn't make a sound. Then she got up from her chair and went to ring
+the bell; and the dead man, without saying a word (because, of course,
+dead folks can't talk), gave her a sharp blow on the hand to prevent
+her from ringing. And he signed her to take a taper in her hand, and
+come with him to her mistress' bed. She obeyed. When the dead man got to
+the bedside, he took the lady, and sat her up on the bed, and he began
+to put her stockings on her feet, and he dressed her from head to foot.
+When she was dressed, he pulled her out of bed, took her by the arm, and
+they both went out at the door, with the maid going before them to light
+the way. In this palace there was an underground passage--there are many
+like it in Venice--and they went down into it. When they got to a
+certain part of it, he gave a great knock to the taper that the maid had
+in her hand, and left her in the dark. The maid was so terrified that
+she fell down on the ground, all rolled up together like a ball, and
+there she lay.
+
+At daybreak the other servants thought they would go and see how the
+maid was getting on, as she had not called them all night. So they went
+and opened the door of the room, and saw nobody there at all, either
+living or dead. They were frightened out of their wits, and ran to their
+master, and said: "Oh, mercy on us, there's nobody left, neither the
+dead woman nor the live one! The room's quite empty." Said the master:
+"You don't say so!" Then he dressed himself as fast as he could, and
+went and looked, and found nobody. And he saw that the clothes his wife
+wore to go out in were gone too. Then he called the servants, and said
+to them: "Here, take these torches, and let us go and look in the
+underground passage." So all the people went down there with lighted
+torches; and after searching about a bit, they found the poor maid, who
+gave no sign of life. The servants took her by one arm; but it was all
+bent up stiff, and wouldn't move. And they tried the other arm, and that
+was the same, and all her body was knotted together quite stiff. Then
+they took up this ball of a woman, and carried her up-stairs, and put
+her on her bed. The master sent for the doctors, to see if they could
+bring back life to her. And by degrees she began to open her eyes and
+move her fingers. But she had had a stroke and couldn't speak. But by
+the movements of her fingers they could make out nearly everything she
+wanted to say. Then the master had the torches lighted again, and went
+down again into the underground passage, to see if he could find any
+trace of the dead woman. They looked and looked, but they could find
+nothing but a deep hole. And the master understood directly that that
+was where his wife and her _compare_ had been swallowed up. And upon
+that he went up-stairs again; but he wouldn't stay any longer in that
+palace, nor even in Venice, and he went away to Verona. And in the
+palace he left the maid, with her dollar a day and people to take care
+of her and feed her, for to the end of her days she was bedridden and
+couldn't speak. And the master would have every one free to go and see
+that sight, that it might be a warning to all people who had the evil
+intention of not respecting the baptismal relationship.[28]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The second of Bernoni's legends turns on the peculiar sanctity of the
+relation of a groomsman (_compare de l'anelo_) to the bride. The full
+title is: "About a _compare de l'anelo_ who pressed the bride's hand
+with evil intent." It is as follows:
+
+
+LIX. THE GROOMSMAN
+
+You must know that we Venetians have a saying that the groomsman is the
+godfather of the first child. Well, in the parish of the Angel Raphael
+it happened that there was a young man and woman who were in love with
+each other. So they agreed to be married, and the bridegroom looked out
+for his best man. According to custom, directly he had chosen his best
+man, he took him to the bride's house, and said to her: "Look here, this
+is your groomsman." Directly the groomsman saw the bride he fell so much
+in love with her that he consented more than willingly to be the best
+man. Well, the wedding day came, and this man went into the church with
+evil thoughts in his heart. When they came out of the church they had a
+collation, according to custom, and then in the afternoon they had a
+gondola to go to the tavern, as people used to do on such days. First
+the bride got into the gondola, with the best man, and then the
+bridegroom and the relations. When they were getting into the boat the
+groomsman took the bride's hand to help her in, and he squeezed it, and
+squeezed it so hard that he hurt her severely.
+
+As time went on he saw that the bride thought nothing about him, and he
+began not to care for her, either. But by and by he began to have a sort
+of scruple of conscience about what he had done to his _comare_ on the
+wedding day. And the more he thought of it, the more he felt this
+scruple. So he made up his mind to go to confession, and to tell his
+confessor what he had done, and with what evil intention. "You have
+committed a great sin, my son," said the priest; "I shall give you a
+penance,--a heavy penance. Will you do it?" "Yes, father," said he;
+"tell me what it is." The priest answered: "Listen. You must make a
+journey in the night-time to a place that I shall tell you of. But mind;
+whatever voices you hear, you must never turn back for an instant! And
+take three apples with you, and you will meet three noblemen, and you
+must give one apple to each of them." Then the priest told him the place
+he was to go to, and the groomsman left him. Well, he waited until
+night-fall, and then he took his three apples and set out. He walked and
+walked and walked, until at last he came to the place the priest had
+told him of, and he heard such a talking and murmuring, you can't think!
+One voice said one thing, and one another. These were all folks who had
+committed great sins against St. John; but he knew nothing about that.
+He heard them calling out: "Turn back! turn back!" But not he! No; he
+went straight on, without ever looking round, let them call ever so
+much. After he had gone on a while he saw the three noblemen, and he
+saluted them and gave them an apple apiece. The last of the three had
+his arm hidden under his cloak, and the _compare_ saw that the gentleman
+had great difficulty in stretching his arm out to take the apple. At
+length he pulled his arm from under his cloak, and showed a hand
+swelled up to such a huge size that the _compare_ was frightened to look
+at it. But he gave him the apple, the same as to the others, and they
+all three thanked him and went away. The _compare_ returned home again,
+and went to his confessor and told him all that had happened. Then the
+priest said: "See, now, my son, you are saved. For the first of the
+three noblemen was the Lord, the second was St. Peter, and the third was
+St. John. You saw what a hand he had. Well, that was the hand you
+squeezed on the wedding day; and so, instead of squeezing the bride's
+hand, you really hurt St. John!"[29]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The third legend is entitled: "Of two _compari_ of St. John who swore by
+the name of St. John." Two _compari_ who had not seen each other for
+some time met one day, and one invited the other to lunch and paid the
+bill. The other declared that he would do the same a week hence. When he
+said this they happened to be standing where two streets crossed. "Then
+we meet a week from to-day at this spot and at this hour!" "Yes." "By
+St. John, I will not fail!" "I swear by St. John that I will be here
+awaiting you!" During the week, however, the _compare_ who had paid for
+the lunch died. The other did not know he was dead, and at the appointed
+time he went to the place to meet him. While there a friend passed, who
+asked: "What are you doing here?" "I am waiting for my _compare_ Tony."
+"You are waiting for your _compare_ Tony! Why, he has been dead three
+days! You will wait a long time!" "You say he is dead? There he is
+coming!" And, indeed, he saw him, but his friend did not. The dead man
+stopped before his _compare_ and said: "You are right in being here at
+this spot, and you can thank God; otherwise, I would teach you to swear
+in the name of St. John!" Then he suddenly disappeared and his _compare_
+saw him no more, for his oath was only to be at that spot.
+
+The sanctity of an ordinary oath is shown in the fourth story: "Of two
+lovers who swore fidelity in life and death." Two young persons made
+love, unknown to the girl's parents. The youth made her swear that she
+would love him in life and death. Some time after, he was killed in a
+brawl. The girl did not know it, and the young man's ghost continued to
+visit her as usual, and she began to grow pale and thin. The father
+discovered the state of the case, and consulted the priest, who learned
+from the girl, in confession, how matters stood, and came with a black
+cat, a stole, and book, to conjure the spirit and save the girl.
+
+The fifth legend is entitled: "The Night of the Dead"; _i. e._ the eve
+of All Saints' Day. A servant girl, rising early one morning as she
+supposed (it was really midnight), witnesses a weird procession, which
+she unwittingly disturbs by lowering her candle and asking the last
+passer-by to light it. This he does; but when she pulls up her basket
+she finds in it, besides the lighted candle, a human arm. Her confessor
+tells her to wait a year, until the procession passes again, then hold a
+black cat tightly in her arms, and restore the arm to its owner. This
+she does, with the words: "Here, master, take your arm; I am much
+obliged to you." He took the arm angrily, and said: "You may thank God
+you have that cat in your arms; otherwise, what I am, that you would be
+also."
+
+The sixth legend is of an incredulous priest, who believes that where
+the dead are, there they stay. It is as follows:
+
+
+LXX. THE PARISH PRIEST OF SAN MARCUOLA.
+
+Once upon a time there was a parish priest at San Marcuola, here in
+Venice, who was a very good man. He couldn't bear to see women in church
+with hats or bonnets on their heads, and he had spirit enough to go and
+make them take them off. "For," said he, "the church is the house of
+God; and what is not permitted to men ought not to be permitted to
+women." But when a woman had a shawl over her shoulders he would have
+her throw it over her head, that she might not be stared at and ogled.
+But this priest had one fault: he did not believe in ghosts; and one
+day he was preaching a sermon, and in this sermon he said to the people:
+"Listen, now, dearly beloved brethren. This morning, when I came into
+the church here, there comes up to me one of my flock, and she says to
+me, all in a flutter: 'Oh, Father, what a fright I have had this night!
+I was asleep in my bed, and the ghosts came and twitched away my
+coverlet!' But I answered her: 'Dear daughter, that is not possible;
+because _where the dead are, there they stay_.'" And so he declared
+before all the congregation that it was not true that the dead could
+come back and be seen and heard. In the evening the priest went to bed
+as usual, and about midnight he heard the house-bell ring loudly. The
+servant went out on to the balcony and saw a great company of people in
+the street, and she called out: "Who's there?" and they asked her if the
+Priest of San Marcuola was at home. And she said Yes; but he was in bed.
+Then they said he must come down. But the priest, when he heard about
+it, refused to go. They then began to ring the bell again and tell the
+servant to call her master; and the priest said he wouldn't go anywhere.
+Then all the doors burst open, and the whole company marched up-stairs
+into the priest's bedroom, and bade him get up and dress himself and
+come with them; and he was obliged to do what they said. When they
+reached a certain spot they set him in the midst of them, and they gave
+him so many knocks and cuffs that he didn't know which side to turn
+himself; and then they said: "This is for a remembrance of the poor
+defunct;" and upon that they all vanished away and were seen no more,
+and the poor priest went back home, bruised from head to foot. And so
+the ghosts proved plain enough that it isn't true to say: "_Where the
+dead are, there they stay_."[30]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The story of Don Juan appears in the seventh legend, entitled:
+
+
+LXXI. THE GENTLEMAN WHO KICKED A SKULL.
+
+There was once a youth who did nothing but eat, drink, and amuse
+himself, because he was immensely wealthy and had nothing to think
+about. He scoffed at every one; he dishonored all the young girls; he
+played all sorts of tricks, and was tired of everything. One day he took
+it into his head to give a grand banquet; and thereupon he invited all
+his friends and many women and all his acquaintances.
+
+While they were preparing the banquet he took a walk, and passed through
+a street where there was a cemetery. While walking he noticed on the
+ground a skull. He gave it a kick, and then he went up to it and said to
+it in jest: "You, too, will come, will you not, to my banquet to-night?"
+Then he went his way, and returned home. At the house the banquet was
+ready and the guests had all arrived. They sat down to the table, and
+ate and drank to the sound of music, and diverted themselves joyfully.
+
+Meanwhile midnight drew near, and when the clock was on the stroke a
+ringing of bells was heard. The servants went to see who it was, and
+beheld a great ghost, who said to them: "Tell Count Robert that I am the
+one he invited this morning to his banquet." They went to their master
+and told him what the ghost had said. The master said: "I? All those
+whom I invited are here, and I have invited no one else." They said: "If
+you should see him! It is a ghost that is terrifying." Then it came into
+the young man's mind that it might be that dead man; and he said to the
+servants: "Quick! quick! close the doors and balconies, so that he
+cannot enter!" The servants went to close everything; but hardly had
+they done so when the doors and balconies were thrown wide open and the
+ghost entered. He went up where they were feasting, and said: "Robert!
+Robert! was it not enough for you to profane everything? Have you wished
+to disturb the dead, also? The end has come!" All were terrified, and
+fled here and there, some concealing themselves, and some falling on
+their knees. Then the ghost seized Robert by the throat and strangled
+him and carried him away with him; and thus he has left this example,
+that it is not permitted to mock the poor dead.[31]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The ninth and last of Bernoni's legends is a story about Massariol, the
+domestic spirit of the Venetians. A man of family, whose business takes
+him out at night, finds in the street a basket containing an infant. The
+weather is very cold, so the good man carries the foundling home, and
+his wife, who already has a young child, makes the little stranger as
+comfortable as possible. He is cared for and put in the cradle by the
+side of the other child. The husband and wife have to leave the room a
+moment; when they return the foundling has disappeared. The husband asks
+in amazement: "What can it mean?" She answers: "I am sure I don't know;
+can it be Massariol?" Then he goes out on the balcony and sees at a
+distance one who seems like a man, but is not, who is clapping his hands
+and laughing and making all manner of fun of him, and then suddenly
+disappears.
+
+The same mischievous spirit plays many other pranks. Sometimes he cheats
+the ferrymen out of their toll; sometimes he disguises himself like the
+baker's lad, and calls at the houses to take the bread to the oven, and
+then carries it away to some square or bridge; sometimes, when the
+washing is hung out, he carries it off to some distant place, and when
+the owners have at last found their property, Massariol laughs in their
+faces and disappears. The woman who related these stories to Bernoni
+added: "Massariol has never done anything bad; he likes to laugh and
+joke and fool people. He, too, has been shut up, I don't know where, by
+the Holy Office, the same as the witches, fairies, and magicians."
+
+Pitre's collection contains little that falls under the second heading
+of this chapter. The following story, however, is interesting from its
+English parallels:
+
+
+LXXIII. SADDAEDDA.
+
+Once upon a time there was a girl called Saddaedda, who was crazy. One
+day, when her mother had gone into the country and she was left alone in
+the house, she went into a church where the funeral service was being
+read over the body of a rich lady. The girl hid herself in the
+confessional. No one knew she was there; so, when the other people had
+gone, she was left alone with the corpse. It was dressed out in a
+rose-colored robe and everything else becoming, and it had ear-rings in
+its ears and rings on its fingers. These the girl took off, and then she
+began to undress the body. When she came to the stockings she drew off
+one easily, but at the other she had to pull so hard that at last the
+leg came off with it. Saddaedda took the leg, carried it to her lonely
+home, and locked it up in a box. At night came the dead lady and knocked
+at the door. "Who's there?" said the girl. "It is I," answered the
+corpse. "Give me back my leg and stocking!" But Saddaedda paid no heed
+to the request. Next day she prepared a feast and invited some of her
+playfellows to spend the night with her. They came, feasted, and went to
+sleep. At midnight the dead woman began to knock at the door and to
+repeat last night's request. Saddaedda took no notice of the noise but
+her companions, whom it awoke, were horrified, and as soon as they
+could, they ran away. On the third night just the same happened. On the
+fourth she could persuade only one girl to keep her company. On the
+fifth she was left entirely alone. The corpse came, forced open the
+door, strode up to Saddaedda's bed, and strangled her. Then the dead
+woman opened the box, took out her leg and stocking, and carried them
+off with her to her grave.[32]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This chapter would be incomplete without reference to treasure stories.
+A number of these are given by Miss Busk in her interesting collection.
+A few are found in Pitre, only one of which needs mention here, on
+account of its parallels in other countries. It is called _Lu Vicerre
+Tunnina_, "Viceroy Tunny" (_tunnina_ is the flesh of the tunny-fish).
+There was at Palermo a man who sold tunny-fish. One night he dreamed
+that some one appeared to him and said: "Do you wish to find your Fate?
+Go under the bridge _di li Testi_ (of the Heads, so the people call the
+_Ponte dell' Ammiraglio_, a bridge now abandoned, constructed in 1113 by
+the Admiral Georgios Antiochenos); there you will find it." For three
+nights he dreamed the same thing. The third time, he went under the
+bridge and found a poor man all in rags. The fish-seller was frightened
+and was going away, when the man called him. It was his Fate. He said:
+"To-night, at midnight, where you have placed the barrels of fish, dig,
+and what you find is yours."
+
+The fish-dealer did as he was told; dug, and found a staircase, which he
+descended, and found a room full of money. The fish-dealer became
+wealthy, lent the king of Spain money, and was made viceroy and raised
+to the rank of prince and duke.[33]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+NURSERY TALES.
+
+
+The tales we have thus far given, although they may count many young
+people among their auditors, are not distinctly children's stories. The
+few that follow are, and it is greatly to be regretted that their number
+is not larger. That many more exist, cannot be doubted; but collectors
+have probably overlooked this interesting class. Even Pitre in his large
+collection gives but eleven (Nos. 130-141), and those in the other
+collections are mostly parallels to Pitre's.
+
+We will begin with those that are advantages taken of children's love
+for stories. The first is from Venice (Bernoni, Punt. II. p. 53) and is
+called:
+
+
+LXXIV. MR. ATTENTIVE.
+
+"Do you want me to tell you the story of Mr. Attentive?"
+
+"Tell me it."
+
+"But you must not say 'tell me it,' for it is
+
+    The story of Mr. Attentive,
+      Which lasts a long time,
+    Which is never explained:
+      Do you wish me to tell it, or relate it?"
+
+"Relate it."
+
+"But you must not say 'relate it,' for it is
+
+    The story of Mr. Attentive,
+      Which lasts a long time,
+    Which is never explained:
+      Do you wish me to tell it, or relate it?"
+
+"But come! tell me it."
+
+"But you must not say," etc., etc.[1]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following are intended to soothe restless children, and are so short
+that they may be given entire.
+
+
+LXXV. THE STORY OF THE BARBER.
+
+Once upon a time there was a barber.... Be good and I will tell it to
+you again.[2]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next is from the same source.
+
+Once upon a time there was a king, a pope, and a dwarf.... This king,
+this pope, and this dwarf....
+
+(Then the story-teller begins again).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But it is time to give some of the stories that are told to the good
+children. The first is from Pitre (No. 130) and is called:
+
+
+LXXVI. DON FIRRIULIEDDU.
+
+Once upon a time there was a farmer who had a daughter who used to take
+his dinner to him in the fields. One day he said to her: "So that you
+may find me I will sprinkle bran along the way; you follow the bran, and
+you will come to me."
+
+By chance the old ogre passed that way, and seeing the bran, said: "This
+means something." So he took the bran and scattered it so that it led to
+his own house.
+
+When the daughter set out to take her father his dinner, she followed
+the bran until she came to the ogre's house. When the ogre saw the young
+girl, he said: "You must be my wife." Then she began to weep. When the
+father saw that his daughter did not appear, he went home in the
+evening, and began to search for her; and not finding her, he asked God
+to give him a son or a daughter.
+
+A year after, he had a son whom they called "_Don Firriulieddu_." When
+the child was three days old it spoke, and said: "Have you made me a
+cloak? Now give me a little dog and the cloak, for I must look for my
+sister." So he set out and went to seek his sister.
+
+After a while he came to a plain where he saw a number of men, and
+asked: "Whose cattle are these?" The herdsman replied: "They belong to
+the ogre, who fears neither God nor the saints, who fears _Don
+Firriulieddu_, who is three days old and is on the way, and gives his
+dog bread and says: 'Eat, my dog, and do not bark, for we have fine
+things to do.'"
+
+Afterwards he saw a flock of sheep, and asked: "Whose are these sheep?"
+and received the same answer as from the herdsman. Then he arrived at
+the ogre's house and knocked, and his sister opened the door and saw the
+child. "Who are you looking for?" she said. "I am looking for you, for I
+am your brother, and you must return to mamma."
+
+When the ogre heard that _Don Firriulieddu_ was there, he went and hid
+himself up-stairs. _Don Firriulieddu_ asked his sister: "Where is the
+ogre?" "Up-stairs." _Don Firriulieddu_ said to his dog: "Go up-stairs
+and bark, and I will follow you." The dog went up and barked, and
+_Firriulieddu_ followed him, and killed the ogre. Then he took his
+sister and a quantity of money, and they went home to their mother, and
+are all contented.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Certain traits in the above story, as the size of the hero and the bran
+serving to guide the girl to her father, recall somewhat faintly, it is
+true, our own "Tom Thumb." It is only recently that a Tuscan version of
+"Tom Thumb" has been found.[3] It is called:
+
+
+LXXVII. LITTLE CHICK-PEA.[L]
+
+Once upon a time there was a husband and wife who had no children. The
+husband was a carpenter, and when he came home from his shop he did
+nothing but scold his wife because she had no children, and the poor
+woman was constantly weeping and despairing. She was charitable, and
+had festivals celebrated in the church; but no children. One day a woman
+knocked at her door and asked for alms; but the carpenter's wife
+answered: "I will not give you any, for I have given alms and had masses
+said, and festivals celebrated for a long time, and have no son." "Give
+me alms and you will have children." "Good! in that case I will do all
+you wish." "You must give me a whole loaf of bread, and I will give you
+something that will bring you children." "If you will, I will give you
+two loaves." "No, no! now, I want only one; you can give me the other
+when you have the children." So she gave her a loaf, and the woman said:
+"Now I will go home and give my children something to eat, and then I
+will bring you what will make you have children." "Very well."
+
+[Footnote L: _Cecino_, dim. of _Cece_, chick-pea.]
+
+The woman went home, fed her children, and then took a little bag,
+filled it with chick-peas, and carried it to the carpenter's wife, and
+said: "This is a bag of peas; put them in the kneading-trough, and
+to-morrow they will be as many sons as there are peas." There were a
+hundred peas, and the carpenter's wife said: "How can a hundred peas
+become a hundred sons?" "You will see to-morrow." The carpenter's wife
+said to herself: "I had better say nothing about it to my husband,
+because if by any mischance the children should not come, he would give
+me a fine scolding."
+
+Her husband returned at night and began to grumble as usual; but his
+wife said not a word and went to bed repeating to herself: "To-morrow
+you will see!" The next morning the hundred peas had become a hundred
+sons. One cried: "Papa, I want to drink." Another said: "Papa, I want to
+eat." Another: "Papa, take me up." He, in the midst of all this tumult,
+took a stick and went to the trough and began to beat, and killed them
+all. One fell out (imagine how small they were!) and ran quickly into
+the bedroom and hid himself on the handle of the pitcher. After the
+carpenter had gone to his shop his wife said: "What a rascal! he has
+grumbled so long about my not having children and now he has killed them
+all!" Then the son who had escaped said: "Mamma, has papa gone?" She
+said: "Yes, my son. How did you manage to escape? Where are you?" "Hush!
+I am in the handle of the pitcher; tell me: has papa gone?" "Yes, yes,
+yes, come out!" Then the child who had escaped came out and his mamma
+exclaimed: "Oh! how pretty you are! How shall I call you?" The child
+answered: "Cecino." "Very well, bravo, my Cecino! Do you know, Cecino,
+you must go and carry your papa's dinner to him at the shop." "Yes, you
+must put the little basket on my head, and I will go and carry it to
+papa."
+
+The carpenter's wife, when it was time, put the basket on Cecino's head
+and sent him to carry her husband's dinner to him. When Cecino was near
+the shop, he began to cry: "O papa! come and meet me; I am bringing you
+your dinner."
+
+The carpenter said to himself: "Oh! did I kill them all, or are there
+any left?" He went to meet Cecino and said: "O my good boy! how did you
+escape my blows?" "I fell down, ran into the room, and hid myself on the
+handle of the pitcher." "Bravo, Cecino! Listen. You must go around among
+the country people and hear whether they have anything broken to mend."
+"Yes."
+
+So the carpenter put Cecino in his pocket, and while he went along the
+way did nothing but chatter; so that every one said he was mad, because
+they did not know that he had his son in his pocket. When he saw some
+countrymen he asked: "Have you anything to mend?" "Yes, there are some
+things about the oxen broken, but we cannot let you mend them, for you
+are mad." "What do you mean by calling me mad? I am wiser than you. Why
+do you say I am mad?" "Because you do nothing but talk to yourself on
+the road." "I was talking with my son." "And where do you keep your
+son?" "In my pocket." "That is a pretty place to keep your son." "Very
+well, I will show him to you;" and he pulls out Cecino, who was so small
+that he stood on one of his father's fingers.
+
+"Oh, what a pretty child! you must sell him to us." "What are you
+thinking about! I sell you my son who is so valuable to me!" "Well,
+then, don't sell him to us." What does he do then? He takes Cecino and
+puts him on the horn of an ox and says: "Stay there, for now I am going
+to get the things to mend." "Yes, yes, don't be afraid; I will stay on
+my horn." So the carpenter went to get the things to mend.
+
+Meanwhile two thieves passed by, and seeing the oxen, one said: "See
+those two oxen there alone. Come, let us go and steal them." When they
+drew near, Cecino cried out: "Papa, look out! there are thieves here!
+they are stealing your oxen!" "Ah! where does that voice come from?" And
+they approached nearer to see; and Cecino, the nearer he saw them come,
+the more he called out: "Look out for your oxen, papa; the thieves are
+stealing them!"
+
+When the carpenter came the thieves said to him: "Good man, where does
+that voice come from?" "It is my son." "If he is not here, where is he?"
+"Don't you see? there he is, up on the horn of one of the oxen." When he
+showed him to them, they said: "You must sell him to us; we will give
+you as much money as you wish." "What are you thinking about! I might
+sell him to you, but who knows how much my wife would grumble about it!"
+"Do you know what you must tell her? that he died on the way."
+
+They tempted him so much that at last he gave him to them for two sacks
+of money. They took their Cecino, put him in one of their pockets, and
+went away. On their journey they saw the king's stable. "Let us take a
+look at the king's stable and see whether we can steal a pair of
+horses." "Very good." They said to Cecino: "Don't betray us." "Don't be
+afraid, I will not betray you."
+
+So they went into the stable and stole three horses, which they took
+home and put in their own stable.
+
+Afterwards they went and said to Cecino: "Listen. We are so tired! save
+us the trouble, go down and give the horses some oats." Cecino went to
+do so, but fell asleep on the halter and one of the horses swallowed
+him. When he did not return, the thieves said: "He must have fallen
+asleep in the stable." So they went there and looked for him and
+called: "Cecino, where are you?" "Inside of the black horse." Then they
+killed the black horse; but Cecino was not there. "Cecino, where are
+you?" "In the bay horse." So they killed the bay horse; but Cecino was
+not there. "Cecino, where are you?" But Cecino answered no longer. Then
+they said: "What a pity! that child who was so useful to us is lost."
+Then they dragged out into the fields the two horses that they had cut
+open.
+
+A famished wolf passed that way and saw the dead horses. "Now I will eat
+my fill of horse," and he ate and ate until he had finished and had
+swallowed Cecino.[M] Then the wolf went off until it became hungry again
+and said: "Let us go and eat a goat."
+
+[Footnote M: It appears from this that Cecino had been in one of the
+horses all the time, but the thieves had not seen him because he was so
+small.]
+
+When Cecino heard the wolf talk about eating a goat, he cried out:
+"Goat-herd, the wolf is coming to eat your goats!"
+
+[The wolf supposes that it has swallowed some wind that forms these
+words, hits itself against a stone, and after several trials gets rid of
+the wind and Cecino, who hides himself under a stone, so that he shall
+not be seen.]
+
+Three robbers passed that way with a bag of money. One of them said:
+"Now I will count the money, and you others be quiet or I will kill
+you!" You can imagine whether they kept still! for they did not want to
+die. So he began to count: "One, two, three, four, and five." And
+Cecino: "One, two, three, four, and five." (Do you understand? he
+repeats the robber's words.) "I hear you! you will not keep still. Well,
+I will kill you; we shall see whether you will speak again." He began to
+count the money again: "One, two, three, four, and five." Cecino
+repeats: "One, two, three, four, and five." "Then you will not keep
+quiet! now I will kill you!" and he killed one of them. "Now we shall
+see whether you will talk; if you do I will kill you too." He began to
+count: "One, two, three, four, and five." Cecino repeats: "One, two,
+three, four, and five." "Take care, if I have to tell you again I will
+kill you!" "Do you think I want to speak? I don't wish to be killed." He
+begins to count: "One, two, three, four, and five." Cecino repeats:
+"One, two, three, four, and five." "You will not keep quiet either; now
+I will kill you!" and he killed him. "Now I am alone and can count by
+myself and no one will repeat it." So he began again to count: "One,
+two, three, four, and five." And Cecino: "One, two, three, four, and
+five." Then the robber said: "There is some one hidden here; I had
+better run away or he will kill me." So he ran away and left behind the
+sack of money.
+
+When Cecino perceived that there was no one there, he came out, put the
+bag of money on his head, and started for home. When he drew near his
+parents' house he cried: "Oh, mamma, come and meet me; I have brought
+you a bag of money!"
+
+When his mother heard him she went to meet him and took the money and
+said: "Take care you don't drown yourself in these puddles of
+rain-water." The mother went home, and turned back to look for Cecino,
+but he was not to be seen. She told her husband what Cecino had done,
+and they went and searched everywhere for him, and at last found him
+drowned in a puddle.[4]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next story is one that has always enjoyed great popularity over the
+whole of Europe, and is a most interesting example of the diffusion of
+nursery tales. It is also interesting from the attempt to show that it
+is of comparatively late date, and has been borrowed from a people not
+of European extraction.[5] The story belongs to the class of what may be
+called "accumulative" stories, of which "The House that Jack built" is a
+good example. It is a version of the story so well known in English of
+the old woman who found a little crooked sixpence, and went to market
+and bought a little pig. As she was coming home the pig would not go
+over the stile. The old woman calls on a dog to bite pig, but the dog
+will not. Then she calls in turn on a stick, fire, water, ox, butcher,
+rope, rat, and cat. They all refuse to help her except the cat, which
+promises help in exchange for a saucer of milk. "So away went the old
+woman to the cow. But the cow said to her: 'If you will go to yonder
+hay-stack and fetch me a handful of hay, I'll give you the milk.' So
+away went the old woman to the hay-stack; and she brought the hay to the
+cow. As soon as the cow had eaten the hay, she gave the old woman the
+milk; and away she went with it in a saucer to the cat.
+
+"As soon as the cat had lapped up the milk, the cat began to kill the
+rat; the rat to gnaw the rope; the rope began to hang the butcher; the
+butcher began to kill the ox; the ox began to drink the water; the water
+began to quench the fire; the fire began to burn the stick; the stick
+began to beat the dog; the dog began to bite the pig; the little pig in
+a fright jumped over the stile, and so the old woman got home that
+night."[6]
+
+The Italian versions may be divided into two classes: first, where the
+animals and inanimate objects are invoked to punish some human being;
+second, where all the actors are animals. The first version of the first
+class that we shall give is from Sicily, Pitre, No. 131, and is called:
+
+
+LXXVIII. PITIDDA.
+
+Once upon a time there was a mother who had a daughter named Pitidda.
+She said to her: "Go sweep the house." "Give me some bread first." "I
+cannot," she answered. When her mother saw that she would not sweep the
+house, she called the wolf. "Wolf, go kill Pitidda, for Pitidda will not
+sweep the house." "I can't," said the wolf. "Dog, go kill the wolf,"
+said the mother, "for the wolf will not kill Pitidda, for Pitidda will
+not sweep the house." "I can't," said the dog. "Stick, go kill the dog,
+for the dog will not kill the wolf, for the wolf won't kill Pitidda, for
+Pitidda won't sweep the house." "I can't," said the stick. "Fire, burn
+stick, for stick won't kill dog, for dog won't kill wolf, for wolf won't
+kill Pitidda, for Pitidda won't sweep the house." "I can't," said the
+fire. "Water, quench fire, for fire won't burn stick, for stick won't
+kill dog, for dog won't kill wolf, for wolf won't kill Pitidda, for
+Pitidda won't sweep the house." "I can't." "Cow, go drink water, for
+water won't quench fire, for fire won't burn stick, for stick won't kill
+dog, for dog won't kill wolf, for wolf won't kill Pitidda, for Pitidda
+won't sweep the house." "I can't," said the cow. "Rope, go choke cow,"
+etc.
+
+[Then the mother calls on the mouse to gnaw the rope, the cat to eat the
+mouse, and the story ends.]
+
+The cat runs and begins to eat the mouse, the mouse runs and begins to
+gnaw the rope, the rope to choke the cow, the cow to drink the water,
+the water to quench the fire, the fire to burn the stick, the stick to
+kill the dog, the dog to kill the wolf, the wolf to kill Pitidda,
+Pitidda to sweep the house, and her mother runs and gives her some
+bread.[7]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Italian story, it will be seen, has a moral. The animals, etc., are
+invoked to punish a disobedient child. In the Neapolitan version a
+mother sends her son to gather some fodder for the cattle. He does not
+wish to go until he has had some macaroni that his mother has just
+cooked. She promises to keep him some, and he departs. While he is gone
+the mother eats up all the macaroni, except a small bit. When her son
+returns, and sees how little is left for him, he begins to cry and
+refuses to eat; and his mother calls on stick, fire, water, ox, rope,
+mouse, and cat to make her son obey, and eat the macaroni.[8] The
+disobedient son is also found in two Tuscan versions, one from Siena,
+and one from Florence, which are almost identical.[9]
+
+In the Venetian version, a naughty boy will not go to school, and his
+mother invokes dog, stick, fire, water, ox, butcher, and soldier.[10]
+
+The Sicilian story of "The Sexton's Nose" (Pitre, No. 135) will serve as
+the connecting link between the two classes above mentioned. Properly
+speaking, only the second part of it belongs here; but we will give a
+brief analysis of the first also.
+
+
+LXXIX. THE SEXTON'S NOSE.
+
+A sexton, one day in sweeping the church, found a piece of money (it was
+the fifth of a cent) and deliberated with himself as to what he would
+buy with it. If he bought nuts or almonds, he was afraid of the mice; so
+at last he bought some roasted peas, and ate all but the last pea. This
+he took to a bakery near by, and asked the mistress to keep it for him;
+she told him to leave it on a bench, and she would take care of it. When
+she went to get it, she found that the cock had eaten it. The next day
+the sexton came for the roast pea, and when he heard what had become of
+it, he said they must either return the roast pea or give him the cock.
+This they did, and the sexton, not having any place to keep it, took it
+to a miller's wife, who promised to keep it for him. Now she had a pig,
+which managed to kill the cock. The next day the sexton came for the
+cock, and on finding it dead, demanded the pig, and the woman had to
+give it to him. The pig he left with a friend of his, a pastry-cook,
+whose daughter was to be married the next day. The woman was mean and
+sly, and killed the pig for her daughter's wedding, meaning to tell the
+sexton that the pig had run away. The sexton, however, when he heard it,
+made a great fuss, and declared that she must give him back his pig or
+her daughter. At last she had to give him her daughter, whom he put in a
+bag and carried away. He took the bag to a woman who kept a shop, and
+asked her to keep for him this bag, which he said contained bran. The
+woman by chance kept chickens, and she thought she would take some of
+the sexton's bran and feed them. When she opened the bag she found the
+young girl, who told her how she came there. The woman took her out of
+the sack, and put in her stead a dog. The next day the sexton came for
+his bag, and putting it on his shoulder, started for the sea-shore,
+intending to throw the young girl in the sea. When he reached the shore,
+he opened the bag, and the furious dog flew out and bit his nose. The
+sexton was in great agony, and cried out, while the blood ran down his
+face in torrents: "Dog, dog, give me a hair to put in my nose, and heal
+the bite."[N] The dog answered: "Do you want a hair? give me some
+bread." The sexton ran to a bakery, and said to the baker: "Baker, give
+me some bread to give the dog; the dog will give a hair; the hair I will
+put in my nose, and cure the bite." The baker said: "Do you want bread?
+give me some wood." The sexton ran to the woodman. "Woodman, give me
+wood to give the baker; the baker will give me bread; the bread I will
+give to the dog; the dog will give me a hair; the hair I will put in my
+nose, and heal the bite." The woodman said: "Do you want wood? give me a
+mattock." The sexton ran to a smith. "Smith, give me a mattock to give
+the woodman; the woodman will give me wood; I will carry the wood to the
+baker; the baker will give me bread; I will give the bread to the dog;
+the dog will give me a hair; the hair I will put in my nose, and heal
+the bite." The smith said: "Do you want a mattock? give me some coals."
+The sexton ran to the collier. "Collier, give me some coals to give the
+smith; the smith will give me a mattock; the mattock I will give the
+woodman; the woodman will give me some wood; the wood I will give the
+baker; the baker will give me bread; the bread I will give the dog; the
+dog will give me a hair; the hair I will put in my nose, and heal the
+bite." "Do you want coals? give me a cart." The sexton ran to the
+wagon-maker. "Wagon-maker, give me a cart to give the collier; the
+collier will give me some coals; the coals I will carry to the smith;
+the smith will give me a mattock; the mattock I will give the woodman;
+the woodman will give me some wood; the wood I will give the baker; the
+baker will give me bread; the bread I will give to the dog; the dog will
+give me a hair; the hair I will put in my nose, and heal the bite."
+
+[Footnote N: As with us the hair of a dog is supposed to heal the bite
+the same dog has inflicted.]
+
+The wagon-maker, seeing the sexton's great lamentation, is moved to
+compassion, and gives him the cart. The sexton, well pleased, takes the
+cart and goes away to the collier; the collier gives him the coals; the
+coals he takes to the smith; the smith gives him the mattock; the
+mattock he takes to the woodman; the woodman gives him wood; the wood he
+carries to the baker; the baker gives him bread; the bread he carries to
+the dog; the dog gives him a hair; the hair he puts in his nose, and
+heals the bite.[11]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The second class contains the versions in which all the actors are
+animals or personified inanimate objects. The first example we shall
+give is from Avellino in the Principato Ulteriore (Imbriani, p. 239),
+and is called:
+
+
+LXXX. THE COCK AND THE MOUSE.
+
+Once upon a time there was a cock and a mouse. One day the mouse said to
+the cock: "Friend Cock, shall we go and eat some nuts on yonder tree?"
+"As you like." So they both went under the tree and the mouse climbed up
+at once and began to eat. The poor cock began to fly, and flew and flew,
+but could not come where the mouse was. When it saw that there was no
+hope of getting there, it said: "Friend Mouse, do you know what I want
+you to do? Throw me a nut." The mouse went and threw one and hit the
+cock on the head. The poor cock, with its head broken and all covered
+with blood, went away to an old woman. "Old aunt, give me some rags to
+cure my head." "If you will give me two hairs, I will give you the
+rags." The cock went away to a dog. "Dog, give me some hairs; the hairs
+I will give the old woman; the old woman will give me rags to cure my
+head." "If you will give me a little bread," said the dog, "I will give
+you the hairs." The cock went away to a baker. "Baker, give me bread; I
+will give the bread to the dog; the dog will give hairs; the hairs I
+will carry to the old woman; the old woman will give me rags to cure my
+head." The baker answered: "I will not give you bread unless you give me
+some wood!" The cock went away to the forest. "Forest, give me some
+wood; the wood I will carry to the baker; the baker will give me some
+bread; the bread I will give to the dog; the dog will give me hairs; the
+hairs I will carry to the old woman; the old woman will give me rags to
+cure my head." The forest answered: "If you will bring me a little
+water, I will give you some wood." The cock went away to a fountain.
+"Fountain, give me water; water I will carry to the forest; forest will
+give wood; wood I will carry to the baker; baker will give bread; bread
+I will give dog; dog will give hairs; hairs I will give old woman; old
+woman will give rags to cure my head." The fountain gave him water; the
+water he carried to the forest; the forest gave him wood; the wood he
+carried to the baker; the baker gave him bread; the bread he gave to the
+dog; the dog gave him the hairs; the hairs he carried to the old woman;
+the old woman gave him the rags; and the cock cured his head.[12]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There are other versions from Florence (_Nov. fior._ p. 551), Bologna
+(Coronedi-Berti, X. p. 16), and Venice (Bernoni, Punt. III. p. 74),
+which do not call for any detailed notice. In the Florentine version a
+cock gives a peck at a mouse's head and the mouse cries out: "Where must
+I go to be cured?" Then follow the various objects which are almost
+identical with those in the other versions. The mouse, however, is
+killed by the ox, to which he goes last. The Venetian version is the
+most elaborate; in it the cock and mouse go nutting together, and while
+the former flies up into the tree and throws the nuts down, the mouse
+eats them all up. When the cock comes down he flies into a passion and
+gives the mouse a peck at his head. The mouse runs off in terror, and
+the rest of the story is as above until the end. The last person the
+mouse calls on is a cooper, to make him a bucket to give to the well, to
+get water, etc. The cooper asks for money, which the mouse finds after a
+while. He gives the money to the cooper and says: "Take and count it;
+meanwhile I am going to drink, for I am dying of thirst." As he is going
+to drink he sees Friend Cock coming along. "Ah, poor me," says he to
+himself, "I am a dead mouse!" The cock sees him and goes to meet him
+and says: "Good day, friend, are you still afraid of me? Come, let us
+make peace!" The mouse then takes heart and says: "Oh, yes, yes! let us
+make peace!"
+
+So they made peace, and Friend Mouse said to Friend Cock: "Now that you
+are here you must do me the favor to hold me by the tail while I hang
+over the ditch to drink, and when I say _slapo, slapo_, pull me back."
+The cock said: "I will do as you wish."
+
+Then the mouse went to the ditch and Friend Cock held him by the tail.
+After the mouse had drunk his fill, he said: "Friend, _slapo, slapo_!"
+The cock answered: "Friend, and I let you go by the tail!" And in truth
+he did let go his tail, and the poor mouse went to the bottom and was
+never seen or heard of more.[13]
+
+The following story from Sicily (Pitre, No. 132) belongs also to a class
+of tales very popular and having only animals for its actors. It is
+called:
+
+
+LXXXI. GODMOTHER FOX.[O]
+
+Once upon a time there was Godmother Fox and Godmother Goat.[P] The
+former had a little bit of a house adorned with little chairs, cups, and
+dishes; in short, it was well furnished. One day Godmother Goat went out
+and carried away the little house. Godmother Fox began to lament, when
+along came a dog, barking, that said to her: "What are you crying
+about?" She answered: "Godmother Goat has carried off my house!" "Be
+quiet. I will make her give it back to you." So the dog went and said to
+Godmother Goat: "Give the house back to Godmother Fox." The goat
+answered: "I am Godmother Goat. I have a sword at my side, and with my
+horns I will tear you in pieces." When the dog heard that, he went away.
+
+[Footnote O: _Cummari Vurpidda_ (diminutive of Fox).]
+
+[Footnote P: _Cummari Crapazza_ (diminutive of Goat).]
+
+Then a sheep passed by and said to the little fox: "What are you crying
+about?" and she told her the same thing. Then the sheep went to
+Godmother Goat and began to reprove her. The goat made the same answer
+she had made the dog, and the sheep went away in fright.
+
+In short, all sorts of animals went to the goat, with the same result.
+Among others the mouse went and said to the little fox: "What are you
+crying about?" "Godmother Goat has carried off my house." "Be still. I
+will make her give it back to you." So the mouse went and said to
+Godmother Goat: "Give Godmother Fox her house back right away." The goat
+answered: "I am Godmother Goat. I have a sword at my side, and with my
+fist and with my horns I will smash you!" The mouse answered at once: "I
+am Godfather Mouse. By my side I have a spit. I will heat it in the fire
+and stick it in your tail."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The inference of course is that Godmother Goat gave back the house. The
+story does not say so, but ends with the usual formula:
+
+    Story told, story written,
+    Tell me yours, for mine is said.
+
+Pitre (No. 133) gives another version in which a goat gets under a nun's
+bed and she calls on her neighbors, a dog, pig, and cricket, to put the
+goat out. The cricket alone succeeds, with a threat similar to that in
+the last story.
+
+In the Neapolitan version (Imbriani, _Dodici Conti Pomiglianesi_, p.
+273) an old woman, in sweeping the church, found a piece of money and,
+like the sexton in the story of "The Sexton's Nose," did not know what
+to buy with it. At last she bought some flour and made a hasty-pudding
+of it. She left it on the table and went again to church, but forgot to
+close the window. While she was gone a herd of goats came along, and one
+smelled the pudding, climbed in at the window, and ate it up. When the
+old woman came back and tried to open the door, she could not, for the
+goat was behind it. Then she began to weep and various animals came
+along and tried to enter the house. The goat answered them all: "I am
+the goat, with three horns on my head and three in my belly, and if you
+don't run away I will eat you up." The mouse at last replied: "I am
+Godfather Mouse, with the halter, and if you don't run away, I will tear
+your eyes out." The goat ran away and the old woman went in with
+Godfather Mouse, whom she married, and they both lived there together.
+
+The Florentine version (_Nov. fior._ p. 556) is called "The Iron Goat."
+In it a widow goes out to wash and leaves her son at home, with orders
+not to leave the door open so that the Iron Goat, with the iron mouth
+and the sword tongue, can enter. The boy after a time wanted to go after
+his mother, and when he had gone half way he remembered that he had left
+the door open and went back. When he was going to enter he saw there the
+Iron Goat. "Who is there?" "It is I; I am the Iron Goat, with the iron
+mouth and the sword tongue. If you enter I will slice you like a
+turnip." The poor boy sat down on the steps and wept. A little old woman
+passed by and asked the cause of his tears; he told her and she said she
+would send the goat away for three bushels of grain. The old woman
+tried, with the usual result, and finally said to the boy: "Listen, my
+child. I don't care for those three bushels of grain; but I really
+cannot send the goat away." Then an old man tried his luck, with no
+better success. At last a little bird came by and promised for three
+bushels of millet to drive the goat away. When the goat made its usual
+declaration, the little bird replied: "And I with my beak will peck your
+brains out." The goat was frightened and ran away, and the boy had to
+pay the little bird three bushels of millet.[14]
+
+The next story affords, like "Pitidda," a curious example of the
+diffusion of nursery tales.
+
+Our readers will remember the Grimm story of "The Spider and the Flea."
+A spider and a flea dwelt together in one house and brewed their beer in
+an egg-shell. One day, when the spider was stirring it up, she fell in
+and scalded herself. Thereupon the flea began to scream. And then the
+door asked: "Why are you screaming, flea?" "Because Little Spider has
+scalded herself in the beer-tub," replied she. Thereupon the door began
+to creak as if it were in pain, and a broom, which stood in the corner,
+asked: "What are you creaking for, door?"
+
+"May I not creak?" it replied.
+
+    "The little spider scalded herself,
+    And the flea weeps."
+
+So a broom sweeps, a little cart runs, ashes burn furiously, a tree
+shakes off its leaves, a maiden breaks her pitcher, and a streamlet
+begins to flow until it swallows up the little girl, the little tree,
+the ashes, the cart, the broom, the door, the flea, and, last of all,
+the spider, all together.[15]
+
+The first Italian version of this story which we shall mention is from
+Sicily (Pitre, No. 134), and is called:
+
+
+LXXXII. THE CAT AND THE MOUSE.
+
+Once upon a time there was a cat that wanted to get married. So she
+stood on a corner, and every one who passed by said: "Little Cat, what's
+the matter?" "What's the matter? I want to marry." A dog passed by and
+said: "Do you want me?" "When I see how you can sing." The dog said:
+"Bow, wow!" "Fy! What horrid singing! I don't want you." A pig passed.
+"Do you want me, Little Cat?" "When I see how you sing." "Uh! uh!" "Fy!
+You are horrid! Go away! I don't want you." A calf passed and said:
+"Little Cat, will you take me?" "When I see how you sing." "Uhm!" "Go
+away, for you are horrid! What do you want of me?" A mouse passed by:
+"Little Cat, what are you doing?" "I am going to get married." "Will you
+take me?" "And how can you sing?" "Ziu, ziu!" The cat accepted him, and
+said: "Let us go and be married, for you please me." So they were
+married.
+
+One day the cat went to buy some pastry, and left the mouse at home.
+"Don't stir out, for I am going to buy some pastry." The mouse went into
+the kitchen, saw the pot on the fire, and crept into it, for he wanted
+to eat the beans. But he did not; for the pot began to boil, and the
+mouse stayed there. The cat came back and began to cry; but the mouse
+did not appear. So the cat put the pastry in the pot for dinner. When it
+was ready the cat ate, and put some on a plate for the mouse, also. When
+she took out the pastry she saw the mouse stuck fast in it. "Ah! my
+little mouse! ah! my little mouse!" so she went and sat behind the door,
+lamenting the mouse.
+
+"What is the matter," said the door, "that you are scratching yourself
+so and tearing out your hair?"
+
+The cat said: "What is the matter? My mouse is dead, and so I tear my
+hair."
+
+The door answered: "And I, as door, will slam."
+
+In the door was a window, which said: "What's the matter, door, that you
+are slamming?"
+
+"The mouse died, the cat is tearing her hair, and I am slamming."
+
+The window answered: "And I, as window, will open and shut."
+
+In the window was a tree, that said: "Window, why do you open and shut?"
+The window answered: "The mouse died, the cat tears her hair, the door
+slams, and I open and shut." The tree answered and said: "And I, as
+tree, will throw myself down."
+
+A bird happened to alight in this tree, and said: "Tree, why did you
+throw yourself down?" The tree replied: "The mouse died, the cat tears
+her hair, the door slams, the window opens and shuts, and I, as tree,
+threw myself down." "And I, as bird, will pull out my feathers." The
+bird went and alighted on a fountain, which said: "Bird, why are you
+plucking out your feathers so?" The bird answered as the others had
+done, and the fountain said: "And I, as fountain, will dry up." A cuckoo
+went to drink at the fountain, and asked: "Fountain, why have you dried
+up?" And the fountain told him all that had happened. "And I, as cuckoo,
+will put my tail in the fire." A monk of St. Nicholas passed by, and
+said: "Cuckoo, why is your tail in the fire?" When the monk heard the
+answer he said: "And I, as monk of St. Nicholas, will go and say mass
+without my robes." Then came the queen, who, when she heard what the
+matter was, said: "And I, as queen, will go and sift the meal." At last
+the king came by, and asked: "O Queen! why are you sifting the meal?"
+When the queen had told him everything, he said: "And I, as king, am
+going to take my coffee."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+And thus the story abruptly ends. In one of Pitre's variants a sausage
+takes the place of the mouse; in another, a tortoise.
+
+In the version from Pomigliano d'Arco (Imbriani, p. 244), an old woman,
+who finds a coin in sweeping a church, hesitates in regard to what she
+will spend it for, as in the stories above mentioned. She finally
+concludes to buy some paint for her face. After she has put it on, she
+stations herself at the window. A donkey passes, and asks what she
+wants. She answers that she wishes to marry. "Will you take me?" asks
+the donkey. "Let me hear what kind of a voice you have." "_Ingo! Ingo!
+Ingo!_" "Away! away! you would frighten me in the night!" Then a goat
+comes along, with the same result. Then follows a cat, and all the
+animals in the world; but none pleases the old woman. At last a little
+mouse passes by, and says: "Old Aunt, what are you doing there?" "I want
+to marry." "Will you take me?" "Let me hear your voice." "_Zivuzi!
+zivuzi! zivuzi! zivuzi!_" "Come up, for you please me." So the mouse
+went up to the old woman, and stayed with her. One day the old woman
+went to mass, and left the pot near the fire and told the mouse to be
+careful not to fall in it. When she came home she could not find the
+mouse anywhere. At last she went to take the soup from the pot, and
+there she found the mouse dead. She began to lament, and the ashes on
+the hearth began to scatter, and the window asked what was the matter.
+The ashes answered: "Ah! you know nothing. Friend Mouse is in the pot;
+the old woman is weeping, weeping; and I, the ashes, have wished to
+scatter." Then the window opens and shuts, the stairs fall down, the
+bird plucks out its feathers, the laurel shakes off its leaves, the
+servant girl who goes to the well breaks her pitcher, the mistress who
+was making bread throws the flour over the balcony, and finally the
+master comes home, and after he hears the story, exclaims: "And I, who
+am master, will break the bones of both of you!" And therewith he takes
+a stick and gives the servant and her mistress a sound beating.[16]
+
+There is a curious class of versions of the above story, in which the
+principal actors are a mouse and a sausage, reminding one of the Grimm
+story of "The Little Mouse, the Little Bird, and the Sausage." In the
+Venetian version (Bernoni, Punt. III. p. 81), the beginning is as
+follows: Once upon a time there was a mouse and a sausage, and one day
+the mouse said to the sausage: "I am going to mass; meanwhile get ready
+the dinner." "Yes, yes," answered the sausage. Then the mouse went to
+mass, and when he returned he found everything ready. The next day the
+sausage went to mass and the mouse prepared the dinner. He put on the
+pot, threw in the rice, and then went to taste if it was well salted.
+But he fell in and died. The sausage returned home, knocked at the
+door,--for there was no bell,--and no one answered. She called: "Mouse!
+mouse!" But he does not answer. Then the sausage went to a smith and had
+the door broken in, and called again: "Mouse, where are you?" And the
+mouse did not answer. "Now I will pour out the rice, and meanwhile he
+will come." So she went and poured out the rice, and found the mouse
+dead in the pot. "Ah! poor mouse! Oh! my mouse! What shall I do now? Oh!
+poor me!" And she began to utter a loud lamentation. Then the table
+began to go around the room, the sideboard to throw down the plates, the
+door to lock and unlock itself, the fountain to dry up, the mistress to
+drag herself along the ground, and the master threw himself from the
+balcony and broke his neck. "And all this arose from the death of this
+mouse."
+
+The version from the Marches (Gianandrea, p. 11) resembles the above
+very closely; the conclusion is as follows: "The mouse, the master of
+this castle, is dead; the sausage weeps, the broom sweeps, the door
+opens and shuts, the cart runs, the tree throws off its leaves, the bird
+plucks out its feathers, the servant breaks her pitcher," etc.
+
+The version from Milan (_Nov. fior._ p. 552) resembles the one from
+Venice. Instead of the mouse and the sausage we have the big mouse and
+the little mouse. In the version from Leghorn (Papanti, p. 19) called
+"Vezzino and Lady Sausage,"[Q] the actors are Lady Sausage and her son
+Vezzino, who falls into the pot on the fire while his mother is at mass.
+The rest of the story does not differ materially from the above
+versions.
+
+[Footnote Q: _Vezzino e Madonna Salciccia. Vezzino_ is the dim. of
+_vezzo_, delight, pastime.]
+
+In the Grimm story of the "Golden Goose," the goose has the power of
+causing anything that touches it to stick fast. This same idea is
+reproduced in several Italian stories. The best is from Venice (Bernoni,
+_Fiabe_, p. 21) and is called:
+
+
+LXXXIII. A FEAST DAY.
+
+Once upon a time there was a husband and wife; the husband was a
+boatman. One feast day the boatman took it into his head to buy a fowl,
+which he carried home and said: "See here, wife, to-day is a feast day;
+I want a good dinner; cook it well, for my friend Tony is coming to dine
+with us and has said that he would bring a tart." "Very well," she said,
+"I will prepare the fowl at once." So she cleaned it, washed it, put it
+on the fire, and said: "While it is boiling I will go and hear a mass."
+She shut the kitchen door and left the dog and the cat inside. Scarcely
+had she closed the door when the dog went to the hearth and perceived
+that there was a good odor there and said: "Oh, what a good smell!" He
+called the cat, also, and said: "Cat, you come here, too; smell what a
+good odor there is! see if you can push off the cover with your paws."
+The cat went and scratched and scratched and down went the cover.
+"Now," said the dog, "see if you can catch it with your claws." Then the
+cat seized the fowl and dragged it to the middle of the kitchen. The dog
+said: "Shall we eat half of it?" The cat said: "Let us eat it all." So
+they ate it all and stuffed themselves like pigs. When they had eaten it
+they said: "Alas for us! What shall we do when the mistress comes home?
+She will surely beat us both." So they both ran all over the house, here
+and there, but could find no place in which to hide. They were going to
+hide under the bed. "No," they said, "for she will see us." They were
+going under the sofa; but that would not do, for she would see them
+there. Finally the cat looked up and saw under the beams a cobweb. He
+gave a leap and jumped into it. The dog looked at him and said: "Run
+away! you are mad! you can be seen, for your tail sticks out! come down,
+come down!" "I cannot, I cannot, for I am stuck fast!" "Wait, I will
+come and pull you out." He gave a spring to catch him by the tail and
+pull him down. Instead of that he, too, stuck fast to the cat's tail. He
+made every effort to loosen himself, but he could not and there he had
+to stay.
+
+Meanwhile the mistress does not wait until the priest finishes the mass,
+but runs quickly home. She runs and opens the door and is going to skim
+the pot, when she discovers that the fowl is no longer there, and in the
+middle of the kitchen she sees the bones all gnawed. "Ah, poor me! the
+cat and the dog have eaten the fowl. Now I will give them both a
+beating." So she takes a stick and then goes to find them. She looks
+here, she looks there, but does not find them anywhere. In despair she
+comes back to the kitchen, but does not find them there. "Where the
+deuce have they hidden?" Just then she raises her eyes and sees them
+both stuck fast under the beams. "Ah, are you there? now just wait!" and
+she climbs on a table and is going to pull them down, when she sticks
+fast to the dog's tail. She tries to free herself, but cannot.
+
+Her husband knocked at the door. "Here, open!" "I cannot, I am fast."
+"Loosen yourself and open the door! where the deuce are you fastened?"
+"I cannot, I tell you." "Open! it is noon." "I cannot, for I am fast."
+"But where are you fast?" "To the dog's tail." "I will give you the
+dog's tail, you silly woman!" He gave the door two or three kicks, broke
+it in, went into the kitchen, and saw cat, dog, and mistress all fast.
+"Ah, you are all fast, are you? just wait, I will loosen you." He went
+to loosen them, but stuck fast himself. Friend Tony comes and knocks.
+"Friend? Open! I have the tart here." "I cannot; my friend, I am fast!"
+"Bad luck to you! Are you fast at this time? You knew I was coming and
+got fast? Come, loosen yourself and open the door!" He said again: "I
+cannot come and open, for I am fast." Finally the friend became angry,
+kicked in the door, went into the kitchen, and saw all those souls stuck
+fast and laughed heartily. "Just wait, for I will loosen you now." So he
+gave a great pull, the cat's tail was loosened, the cat fell into the
+dog's mouth, the dog into his mistress' mouth, the mistress into her
+husband's, her husband into his friend's, and his friend into the mouth
+of the blockheads who are listening to me.[17]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following nonsense story from Venice (Bernoni, Punt. I. p. 18) will
+give a good idea of a class that is not very well represented in Italy.
+It is called:
+
+
+LXXXIV. THE THREE BROTHERS.
+
+Once upon a time there were three brothers: two had no clothes and one
+no shirt. The weather was very bad and they make up their minds to go
+shooting. So they took down three guns,--two were broken and one had no
+barrel,--and walked and walked until they came at last to a meadow,
+where they saw a hare. They began to fire at it, but could not catch it.
+"What shall we do?" said one of them. They remembered that near by a
+godmother of theirs lived; so they went and knocked at her door and
+asked her to lend them a pot to cook the hare they had not caught. The
+godmother was not at home, but nevertheless she answered: "My children,
+go in the kitchen and there you will find three pots, two broken and one
+with no bottom; take whichever you wish." "Thanks, Godmother!" They went
+into the kitchen and chose the one without a bottom and put the hare in
+it to cook. While the hare was cooking, one said: "Let us ask our
+godmother whether she has anything in her garden." So they asked her and
+she said: "Yes, yes, my children, I have three walnut-trees; two are
+dead and one has never borne any nuts; knock off as many as you wish."
+One went and shook the tree that had never borne nuts, and a little nut
+fell on his hat and broke his heel. Thereupon they picked up the nuts
+and went to get the hare, which meanwhile was cooked, and said: "What
+shall we do with so much stuff?" So they went to a village where there
+were many ill, and they put up a notice in the street that whoever
+wished might, at such and such a place, get broth given him in charity.
+Every one went to get some, and they took it in the salad-basket, and it
+was given to them with a skimmer. One who did not belong to the village,
+drank so much of this broth that he was at the point of death. Then they
+sent for three physicians: one was blind, one deaf, and one dumb. The
+blind man went in and said: "Let me look at your tongue." The deaf man
+asked: "How are you?" The dumb said: "Give me some paper, pen and ink."
+They gave them to him and he said:
+
+    "Go to the apothecary,
+    For he knows the business;
+    Buy two cents' worth of I know not what,
+    Put it wherever you wish.
+    He will get well I know not when,
+    I will leave and commend him to you."[18]
+
+One of the most popular of Italian tales, as the collector tells us, is
+one of which we give the version from Leghorn (Papanti, p. 25). It is
+called:
+
+
+LXXXV. BUCHETTINO.
+
+Once upon a time there was a child whose name was Buchettino. One
+morning his mamma called him and said: "Buchettino, will you do me a
+favor? Go and sweep the stairs." Buchettino, who was very obedient, did
+not wait to be told a second time, but went at once to sweep the stairs.
+All at once he heard a noise, and after looking all around, he found a
+penny. Then he said to himself: "What shall I do with this penny? I have
+half a mind to buy some dates... but no! for I should have to throw away
+the stones. I will buy some apples... no! I will not, for I should have
+to throw away the core. I will buy some nuts... but no, for I should
+have to throw away the shells! What shall I buy, then? I will buy--I
+will buy--enough; I will buy a pennyworth of figs." No sooner said than
+done: he bought a pennyworth of figs, and went to eat them in a tree.
+While he was eating, the ogre passed by, and seeing Buchettino eating
+figs in the tree, said:
+
+    "Buchettino,
+    My dear Buchettino,
+    Give me a little fig
+    With your dear little hand,
+    If not I will eat you!"
+
+Buchettino threw him one, but it fell in the dirt. Then the ogre
+repeated:
+
+    "Buchettino,
+    My dear Buchettino,
+    Give me a little fig
+    With your dear little hand,
+    If not I will eat you!"
+
+Then Buchettino threw him another, which also fell in the dirt. The ogre
+said again:
+
+    "Buchettino,
+    My dear Buchettino,
+    Give me a little fig
+    With your dear little hand,
+    If not I will eat you!"
+
+Poor Buchettino, who did not see the trick, and did not know that the
+ogre was doing everything to get him into his net and eat him up, what
+does he do? he leans down and foolishly gives him a fig with his little
+hand. The ogre, who wanted nothing better, suddenly seized him by the
+arm and put him in his bag; then he took him on his back and started for
+home, crying with all his lungs:
+
+    "Wife, my wife,
+    Put the kettle on the fire,
+    For I have caught Buchettino!
+    Wife, my wife,
+    Put the kettle on the fire,
+    For I have caught Buchettino!"
+
+When the ogre was near his house he put the bag on the ground, and went
+off to attend to something else. Buchettino, with a knife that he had in
+his pocket, cut the bag open in a trice, filled it with large stones,
+and then:
+
+    "My legs, it is no shame
+    To run away when there is need."
+
+When the rascal of an ogre returned he picked up the bag, and scarcely
+had he arrived home when he said to his wife: "Tell me, my wife, have
+you put the kettle on the fire?" She answered at once: "Yes." "Then,"
+said the ogre, "we will cook Buchettino; come here, help me!" And both
+taking the bag, they carried it to the hearth and were going to throw
+poor Buchettino into the kettle, but instead they found only the stones.
+Imagine how cheated the ogre was. He was so angry that he bit his hands.
+He could not swallow the trick played on him by Buchettino and swore to
+find him again and be revenged. So the next day he began to go all about
+the city and to look into all the hiding places. At last he happened to
+raise his eyes and saw Buchettino on a roof, ridiculing him and laughing
+so hard that his mouth extended from ear to ear. The ogre thought he
+should burst with rage, but he pretended not to see it and in a very
+sweet tone he said: "O Buchettino; just tell me, how did you manage to
+climb up there?" Buchettino answered: "Do you really want to know? Then
+listen. I put dishes upon dishes, glasses upon glasses, pans upon pans,
+kettles upon kettles; afterwards I climbed up on them and here I am."
+"Ah! is that so?" said the ogre; "wait a bit!" And quickly he took so
+many dishes, so many glasses, pans, kettles, and made a great mountain
+of them; then he began to climb up, to go and catch Buchettino. But when
+he was on the top--_brututum_--everything fell down; and that rascal of
+an ogre fell down on the stones and was cheated again.
+
+Then Buchettino, well pleased, ran to his mamma, who put a piece of
+candy in his little mouth--See whether there is any more![19]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We will end this chapter with two stories in which the chief actors are
+animals. One of these stories will doubtless be very familiar to our
+readers. The first is from Venice (Bernoni, Punt. III. p. 65).
+
+
+LXXXVI. THE THREE GOSLINGS.
+
+Once upon a time there were three goslings who were greatly afraid of
+the wolf; for if he found them he would eat them. One day the largest
+said to the other two: "Do you know what I think? I think we had better
+build a little house, so that the wolf shall not eat us, and meanwhile
+let us go and look for something to build the house with." Then the
+other two said: "Yes, yes, yes... good! let us go!" So they went and
+found a man who had a load of straw and said to him: "Good man, do us
+the favor to give us a little of that straw to make a house of, so that
+the wolf shall not eat us." The man said: "Take it, take it!" and he
+gave them as much as they wanted. The goslings thanked the man and took
+the straw and went away to a meadow, and there they built a lovely
+little house, with a door, and balconies, and kitchen, with everything,
+in short. When it was finished the largest gosling said: "Now I want to
+see whether one is comfortable in this house." So she went in and said:
+"Oh! how comfortable it is in this house! just wait!" She went and
+locked the door with a padlock, and went out on the balcony and said to
+the other two goslings: "I am very comfortable alone here; go away, for
+I want nothing to do with you."
+
+The two poor little goslings began to cry and beg their sister to open
+the door and let them in; if she did not, the wolf would eat them. But
+she would not listen to them. Then the two goslings went away and found
+a man who had a load of hay. They said to him: "Good man, do us the
+kindness to give us a little of that hay to build a house with, so that
+the wolf shall not eat us!" "Yes, yes, yes, take some, take some!" And
+he gave them as much as they wanted. The goslings, well pleased, thanked
+the man and carried the hay to a meadow and built a very pretty little
+house, prettier than the other. The middle-sized gosling said to the
+smallest: "Listen. I am going now to see whether one is comfortable in
+this house; but I will not act like our sister, you know!" She entered
+the house and said to herself: "Oh! how comfortable it is here! I don't
+want my sister! I am very comfortable here alone." So she went and
+fastened the door with a padlock, and went out on the balcony and said
+to her sister: "Oh! how comfortable it is in this house! I don't want
+you here! go away, go away!" The poor gosling began to weep and beg her
+sister to open to her, for she was alone, and did not know where to go,
+and if the wolf found her he would eat her; but it did no good: she shut
+the balcony and stayed in the house.
+
+Then the gosling, full of fear, went away and found a man who had a load
+of iron and stones and said to him: "Good man, do me the favor to give
+me a few of those stones and a little of that iron to build me a house
+with, so that the wolf shall not eat me!" The man pitied the gosling so
+much that he said: "Yes, yes, good gosling, or rather I will build your
+house for you." Then they went away to a meadow, and the man built a
+very pretty house, with a garden and everything necessary, and very
+strong, for it was lined with iron, and the balcony and door of iron
+also. The gosling, well pleased, thanked the man and went into the house
+and remained there.
+
+Now let us go to the wolf.
+
+The wolf looked everywhere for these goslings, but could not find them.
+After a time he learned that they had built three houses. "Good, good!"
+he said; "wait until I find you!" Then he started out and journeyed and
+journeyed until he came to the meadow where the first house was. He
+knocked at the door and the gosling said: "Who is knocking at the door?"
+"Come, come," said the wolf; "open, for it is I." The gosling said: "I
+will not open for you, because you will eat me." "Open, open! I will not
+eat you, be not afraid. Very well," said the wolf, "if you will not open
+the door I will blow down your house." And indeed he did blow down the
+house and ate up the gosling. "Now that I have eaten one," he said, "I
+will eat the others too." Then he went away and came at last to the
+house of the second gosling, and everything happened as to the first,
+the wolf blew down the house and ate the gosling. Then he went in search
+of the third and when he found her he knocked at the door, but she would
+not let him in. Then he tried to blow the house down, but could not;
+then he climbed on the roof and tried to trample the house down, but in
+vain. "Very well," he said to himself, "in one way or another I will eat
+you." Then he came down from the roof and said to the gosling: "Listen,
+gosling. Do you wish us to make peace? I don't want to quarrel with you
+who are so good, and I have thought that to-morrow we will cook some
+macaroni and I will bring the butter and cheese and you will furnish the
+flour." "Very good," said the gosling, "bring them then." The wolf, well
+satisfied, saluted the gosling and went away. The next day the gosling
+got up early and went and bought the meal and then returned home and
+shut the house. A little later the wolf came and knocked at the door and
+said: "Come, gosling, open the door, for I have brought you the butter
+and cheese!" "Very well, give it to me here by the balcony." "No indeed,
+open the door!" "I will open when all is ready." Then the wolf gave her
+the things by the balcony and went away. While he was gone the gosling
+prepared the macaroni, and put it on the fire to cook in a kettle full
+of water. When it was two o'clock the wolf came and said: "Come,
+gosling, open the door." "No, I will not open, for when I am busy I
+don't want any one in the way; when it is cooked, I will open and you
+may come in and eat it." A little while after, the gosling said to the
+wolf: "Would you like to try a bit of macaroni to see whether it is well
+cooked?" "Open the door! that is the better way." "No, no; don't think
+you are coming in; put your mouth to the hole in the shelf and I will
+pour the macaroni down." The wolf, all greedy as he was, put his mouth
+to the hole and then the gosling took the kettle of boiling water and
+poured the boiling water instead of the macaroni through the hole into
+the wolf's mouth; and the wolf was scalded and killed. Then the gosling
+took a knife and cut open the wolf's stomach, and out jumped the other
+goslings, who were still alive, for the wolf was so greedy that he had
+swallowed them whole. Then these goslings begged their sister's pardon
+for the mean way in which they had treated her, and she, because she was
+kind-hearted, forgave them and took them into her house, and there they
+ate their macaroni and lived together happy and contented.[20]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A curious variant of the above story is found in the same collection (p.
+69) under the title:
+
+
+LXXXVII. THE COCK.
+
+Once upon a time there was a cock, and this cock flew here and flew
+there, and flew on an arbor, and there he found a letter. He opened the
+letter and saw: "Cock, steward,"----and that he was invited to Rome by
+the Pope.
+
+The cock started on his journey, and after a time met the hen: "Where
+are you going, Friend Cock?" said the hen. "I flew," said he, "upon an
+arbor and found a letter, and this letter said that I was invited to
+Rome by the Pope." "Just see, friend," said the hen, "whether I am there
+too." "Wait a bit." Then he turned the letter, and saw written there:
+"Cock, steward; Hen, stewardess." "Come, friend, for you are there too."
+"Very well!"
+
+Then the two started off, and soon met the goose, who said: "Where are
+you going, Friend Cock and Friend Hen?" "I flew," said the cock, "upon
+an arbor, and I found a letter, and this letter said that we were
+invited to Rome by the Pope." "Just look, friend, whether I am there
+too." Then the cock opened the letter, read it, and saw that there was
+written: "Cock, steward; Hen, stewardess; Goose, abbess." "Come, come,
+friend; you are there too." So they took her along, and all three went
+their way.
+
+[After a time they found the duck, and the cock saw written in the
+letter: "Cock, steward; Hen, stewardess; Goose, abbess; Duck, countess."
+They next met a little bird, and found he was down in the letter as
+"little man-servant." Finally they came across the wood-louse, whom they
+found mentioned in the letter as "maid-servant." On their journey they
+came to a forest, and saw a wolf at a distance. The cock, hen, goose,
+and duck plucked out their feathers and built houses to shelter
+themselves from the wolf. The poor bug, that had no feathers, dug a hole
+in the ground and crept into it. The wolf came, and as in the last
+story, blew down the four houses and devoured their occupants. Then he
+tried to get at the bug in the same way; but blew so hard that he burst,
+and out came the cock, hen, goose, and duck, safe and sound, and began
+to make a great noise. The bug heard it and came out of her hole, and
+after they had rejoiced together, they separated and each returned home
+and thought no more of going to Rome to the Pope.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is a version from the Marches (Gianandrea, p. 21), called, "The
+Marriage of Thirteen." The animals are the same as in the last story. On
+their journey they meet the wolf, who accompanies them, although his
+name is not in the letter. After a time the wolf becomes hungry, and
+exclaims: "I am hungry." The cock answers: "I have nothing to give you."
+"Very well; then I will eat you;" and he swallows him whole. And so he
+devours one after the other, until the bird only remains. The bird flies
+from tree to tree and bush to bush, and around the wolf's head, until he
+drives him wild with anger. At last along comes a woman with a basket on
+her head, carrying food to the reapers. The bird says to the wolf that
+if he will spare his life he will get him something to eat from the
+basket. The wolf promises, and the bird alights near the woman, who
+tries to catch him; the bird flies on a little way, and the woman puts
+down her basket and runs after him. Meanwhile the wolf draws near the
+basket and begins eating its contents. When the woman sees that, she
+cries: "Help!" and the reapers run up with sticks and scythes, and kill
+the wolf, and the animals that he had devoured all came out of his
+stomach, safe and sound.[21]
+
+There are two Sicilian versions of the story of "The Cock." One (Pitre,
+No. 279), "The Wolf and the Finch," opens like the Venetian. The animals
+are: Cock, king; Hen, queen; Viper, chambermaid; Wolf, Pope; and Finch,
+keeper of the castle. The wolf then proceeds to confess the others, and
+eats them in turn until he comes to the finch, which plays a joke on him
+and flies away. The conclusion of the story is disfigured, nothing being
+said of the wolf's punishment or the recovery of the other animals.
+
+The other Sicilian version is in Gonzenbach (No. 66). We give it,
+however, for completeness and because it recalls a familiar story in
+Grimm.[22] It is entitled:
+
+
+LXXXVIII. THE COCK THAT WISHED TO BECOME POPE.
+
+It occurred once to the cock to go to Rome and have himself elected
+Pope. So he started out, and on the way found a letter, which he took
+with him. The hen met him, and asked: "Mr. Cock, where are you going?"
+"I am going to Rome, to be Pope." "Will you take me with you?" she
+asked. "First I must look in my letter," said the cock, and looked at
+his letter. "Come along; if I become Pope, you can be the Popess." So
+Mr. Cock and Mrs. Hen continued their journey and met a cat, who said:
+"Mr. Cock and Mrs. Hen, where are you going?" "We are going to Rome, and
+wish to be Pope and Popess." "Will you take me with you?" "Wait until I
+look in my letter," said the cock, and glanced at it. "Very well; come
+along; you can be our lady's-maid." After a while they met a weasel, who
+asked: "Where are you going, Mr. Cock, Mrs. Hen, and Mrs. Cat?" "We are
+going to Rome, where I intend to become Pope," answered the cock. "Will
+you take me with you?" "Wait until I look in my letter," said he. When
+the cock looked in his letter, he said: "Very well; come along."
+
+So the three animals continued their journey together towards Rome. At
+night-fall they came to a little house where lived an old witch, who had
+just gone out. So each animal chose a place to suit him. The weasel sat
+himself in the cupboard, the cat on the hearth in the warm ashes, and
+the cock and the hen flew up on the beam over the door.
+
+When the old witch came home she wanted to get a light out of the
+cupboard, and the weasel struck her in the face with his tail. Then she
+wanted to light the candle, and went to the hearth. She took the bright
+eyes of the cat for live coals and tried to light the match by them, and
+hit the cat in the eyes. The cat jumped in her face and scratched her
+frightfully. When the cock heard all the noise he began to crow loudly.
+Then the witch saw that they were no ghosts, but harmless domestic
+animals, and took a stick and drove all four out of the house.
+
+The cat and the weasel had no longer any desire to prolong their
+journey; but the cock and hen continued their way.
+
+When they reached Rome they entered an open church, and the cock said
+to the sexton: "Have all the bells rung, for now I will be Pope."
+"Good!" answered the sexton; "that may be, but just come in here." Then
+he led the cock and the hen into the sacristry, shut the door, and
+caught them both. After he had caught them he twisted their necks and
+put them in the pot. Then he invited his friends, and they ate with
+great glee Mr. Cock and Mrs. Hen.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+STORIES AND JESTS.
+
+
+Until the Reformation, Europe was, by its religion and the culture
+growing out of it, a homogeneous state. Not only, however, did the
+legends of the Church find access to the people everywhere, but the
+stories imported from the Orient were equally popular and wide-spread.
+The absence of other works of entertainment and the monotonous character
+of the legends increased the popularity of tales which were amusing and
+interesting. We have considered in other places the fairy tales and
+those stories which are of more direct Oriental origin. In the present
+chapter we shall examine those stories which are of the character of
+jests or amusing stories, some of which are also Oriental, but may more
+appropriately be classed in this chapter. The first story we shall
+mention is familiar to the reader from the ballad of "King John and the
+Abbot of Canterbury," in Percy and Buerger's poem of _Der Kaiser und der
+Abt_. There are two popular versions in Italian, as well as several
+literary ones. The shortest is from Milan (Imbriani, _Nov. fior._ p.
+621), and is entitled:
+
+
+XCI. THE COOK.
+
+There was once a lord whose name was
+"Abbot-who-eats-and-drinks-without-thinking." The king went there and
+saw this name on the door, and said that if he had nothing to think of,
+he would give him something to think of. He told him that he must do in
+a week the three things which he told him. First, to tell him how many
+stars there were in heaven, how many fathoms of rope it would take to
+reach to heaven, and what he, the king, was thinking of. The cook saw
+that his master was sad, and sat with his head bent over the table, and
+asked him what was the matter, and his master told him everything. The
+cook promised to settle the matter if he would give him half of his
+property. He also asked for the skin of a dead ass, a cart-load of rope,
+and his master's hat and cloak. Then the cook went to the king, who said
+to him: "Well, how many stars are there in heaven?" The cook answered:
+"Whoever counts the hairs on this ass' skin will know how many stars
+there are in heaven." Then the king told him to count them, and he
+answered that his share was already counted, and that it was for the
+king to count now. Then the king asked him how many fathoms of rope it
+would take to reach to heaven, and the cook replied: "Take this rope and
+go to heaven, and then come back and count how many fathoms there are."
+Finally the king asked: "What am I thinking of?" "You are thinking that
+I am the abbot; instead of that, I am the cook, and I have here the
+stew-pan to try the broth."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The version in Pitre (No. 97) is much better. It is called:
+
+
+XCII. THE THOUGHTLESS ABBOT.
+
+There was once in a city a priest who became an abbot, and who had his
+carriages, horses, grooms, steward, secretary, valet, and many other
+persons on account of the wealth that he had. This abbot thought only of
+eating, drinking, and sleeping. All the priests and laymen were jealous
+of him, and called him the "Thoughtless Abbot."
+
+One day the king happened to pass that way, and stopped, and all the
+abbot's enemies went to him straightway, and accused the abbot, saying:
+"Your Majesty, in this town there is a person happier than you, very
+rich, and lacking nothing in the world, and he is called the
+'Thoughtless Abbot.'"
+
+After reflection the king said to the accusers: "Gentlemen, depart in
+peace, for I will soon make this abbot think." The king sent directly
+for the abbot, who had his carriage made ready, and went to the king in
+his coach and four. The king received him kindly, made him sit at his
+side, and talked about various things with him. Finally he asked him why
+they called him the "Thoughtless Abbot," and he replied that it was
+because he was free from care, and that his servants attended to his
+interests.
+
+Then the king said: "Well, then, Sir Abbot, since you have nothing to
+do, do me the favor to count all the stars in the sky, and this within
+three days and three nights; otherwise you will surely be beheaded." The
+poor "Thoughtless Abbot" on hearing these words began to tremble like a
+leaf, and taking leave of the king, returned home, in mortal fear for
+his neck.
+
+When meal-time came, he could not eat on account of his great anxiety,
+and went at once out on the terrace to look at the sky, but the poor man
+could not see a single star. When it grew dark, and the stars came out,
+the poor abbot began to count them and write it down. But it grew dark
+and light again, without the abbot succeeding in his task. The cook, the
+steward, the secretaries, the grooms, the coachmen, and all the persons
+in the house became thoughtful when they saw that their master did not
+eat or drink, and always watched the sky. Not knowing what else to
+think, they believed that he had gone mad. To make the matter short, the
+three days passed without the abbot counting the stars, and the poor man
+did not know how to present himself to the king, for he was sure he
+would behead him. Finally, the last day, an old and trusty servant
+begged him so long, that he told him the whole matter, and said: "I have
+not been able to count the stars, and the king will cut my head off this
+morning." When the servant had heard all, he said: "Do not fear, leave
+it to me; I will settle everything."
+
+He went and bought a large ox-hide, stretched it on the ground, and cut
+off a piece of the tail, half an ear, and a small piece out of the side,
+and then said to the abbot: "Now let us go to the king; and when he asks
+your excellency how many stars there are in heaven, your excellency
+will call me; I will stretch the hide on the ground, and your excellency
+will say: 'The stars in heaven are as many as the hairs on this hide;
+and as there are more hairs than stars, I have been obliged to cut off
+part of the hide.'"
+
+After the abbot had heard him, he felt relieved, ordered his carriage,
+and took his servant to the king. When the king saw the abbot, he
+saluted him, and then said: "Have you fulfilled my command?" "Yes, your
+Majesty," answered the abbot, "the stars are all counted."
+
+"Then tell me how many they are." The abbot called his servant, who
+brought the hide, and spread it on the ground, while the king, not
+knowing how the matter was going to end, continued his questioning.
+
+When the servant had stretched out the hide, the abbot said to the king:
+"Your Majesty, during these three days I have gone mad counting the
+stars, and they are all counted." "In short, how many are they?" "Your
+Majesty, the stars are as many as the hairs of this hide, and those that
+were in excess, I have had to cut off, and they are so many hundreds of
+millions; and if you don't believe me, have them counted, for I have
+brought you the proof."
+
+Then the king remained with his mouth open, and had nothing to answer;
+he only said: "Go and live as long as Noah, without thoughts, for your
+mind is enough for you;" and so speaking, he dismissed him, thanking
+him, and remaining henceforth his best friend.
+
+The abbot returned home with his servant, delighted and rejoicing. He
+thanked his servant, made him his steward and intimate friend, and gave
+him more than an ounce of money a day to live on.[1]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In another Sicilian version referred to by Pitre, vol. IV., p. 437, the
+Pope, instead of the king, wishes to know from the abbot: "What is the
+distance from heaven to earth; what God is doing in heaven; what the
+Pope is thinking of." The cook, disguised as the abbot, answers: "As
+long as this ball of thread. Rewarding the good, and punishing the
+wicked. He thinks he is speaking with the abbot, and on the contrary, is
+talking to the cook."
+
+The following story from Venice (Bernoni, _Fiabe_, No. 6) is a
+combination of the two stories in Grimm, "Clever Alice" and the "Clever
+People." It is called:
+
+
+XCIII. BASTIANELO.
+
+Once upon a time there was a husband and wife who had a son. This son
+grew up, and said one day to his mother: "Do you know, mother, I would
+like to marry!" "Very well, marry! whom do you want to take?" He
+answered: "I want the gardener's daughter." "She is a good girl; take
+her; I am willing." So he went, and asked for the girl, and her parents
+gave her to him. They were married, and when they were in the midst of
+the dinner, the wine gave out. The husband said: "There is no more
+wine!" The bride, to show that she was a good housekeeper, said: "I will
+go and get some." She took the bottles and went to the cellar, turned
+the cock, and began to think: "Suppose I should have a son, and we
+should call him Bastianelo, and he should die. Oh! how grieved I should
+be! oh! how grieved I should be!" And thereupon she began to weep and
+weep; and meanwhile the wine was running all over the cellar.
+
+When they saw that the bride did not return, the mother said: "I will go
+and see what the matter is." So she went into the cellar, and saw the
+bride, with the bottle in her hand, and weeping, while the wine was
+running over the cellar. "What is the matter with you, that you are
+weeping?" "Ah! my mother, I was thinking that if I had a son, and should
+name him Bastianelo, and he should die, oh! how I should grieve! oh! how
+I should grieve!" The mother, too, began to weep, and weep, and weep;
+and meanwhile the wine was running over the cellar.
+
+When the people at the table saw that no one brought the wine, the
+groom's father said: "I will go and see what is the matter. Certainly
+something wrong has happened to the bride." He went and saw the whole
+cellar full of wine, and the mother and bride weeping. "What is the
+matter?" he said; "has anything wrong happened to you?" "No," said the
+bride, "but I was thinking that if I had a son and should call him
+Bastianelo, and he should die, oh! how I should grieve! oh! how I should
+grieve!" Then he, too, began to weep, and all three wept; and meanwhile
+the wine was running over the cellar.
+
+When the groom saw that neither the bride, nor the mother, nor the
+father came back, he said: "Now I will go and see what the matter is
+that no one returns." He went into the cellar and saw all the wine
+running over the cellar. He hastened and stopped the cask, and then
+asked: "What is the matter, that you are all weeping, and have let the
+wine run all over the cellar?" Then the bride said: "I was thinking that
+if I had a son and called him Bastianelo and he should die, oh! how I
+should grieve! oh! how I should grieve!" Then the groom said: "You
+stupid fools! are you weeping at this, and letting all the wine run into
+the cellar? Have you nothing else to think of? It shall never be said
+that I remained with you! I will roam about the world, and until I find
+three fools greater than you I will not return home."
+
+He had a bread-cake made, took a bottle of wine, a sausage, and some
+linen, and made a bundle, which he put on a stick and carried over his
+shoulder. He journeyed and journeyed, but found no fool. At last he
+said, worn out: "I must turn back, for I see I cannot find a greater
+fool than my wife." He did not know what to do, whether to go on or to
+turn back. "Oh!" he said, "it is better to try and go a little farther."
+So he went on and shortly he saw a man in his shirt-sleeves at a well,
+all wet with perspiration and water. "What are you doing, sir, that you
+are so covered with water and in such a sweat?" "Oh! let me alone," the
+man answered, "for I have been here a long time drawing water to fill
+this pail and I cannot fill it." "What are you drawing the water in?" he
+asked him. "In this sieve," he said. "What are you thinking about, to
+draw water in that sieve? Just wait!" He went to a house near by, and
+borrowed a bucket, with which he returned to the well and filled the
+pail. "Thank you, good man, God knows how long I should have had to
+remain here!" "Here is one who is a greater fool than my wife."
+
+He continued his journey and after a time he saw at a distance a man in
+his shirt who was jumping down from a tree. He drew near, and saw a
+woman under the same tree holding a pair of breeches. He asked them what
+they were doing, and they said that they had been there a long time, and
+that the man was trying on those breeches and did not know how to get
+into them. "I have jumped, and jumped," said the man, "until I am tired
+out and I cannot imagine how to get into those breeches." "Oh!" said the
+traveller, "you might stay here as long as you wished, for you would
+never get into them in this way. Come down and lean against the tree."
+Then he took his legs and put them in the breeches, and after he had put
+them on, he said: "Is that right?" "Very good, bless you; for if it had
+not been for you, God knows how long I should have had to jump." Then
+the traveller said to himself: "I have seen two greater fools than my
+wife."
+
+Then he went his way and as he approached a city he heard a great noise.
+When he drew near he asked what it was, and was told it was a marriage,
+and that it was the custom in that city for the brides to enter the city
+gate on horseback, and that there was a great discussion on this
+occasion between the groom and the owner of the horse, for the bride was
+tall and the horse high, and they could not get through the gate; so
+that they must either cut off the bride's head or the horse's legs. The
+groom did not wish his bride's head cut off, and the owner of the horse
+did not wish his horse's legs cut off, and hence this disturbance. Then
+the traveller said: "Just wait," and came up to the bride and gave her a
+slap that made her lower her head, and then he gave the horse a kick,
+and so they passed through the gate and entered the city. The groom and
+the owner of the horse asked the traveller what he wanted, for he had
+saved the groom his bride, and the owner of the horse his horse. He
+answered that he did not wish anything and said to himself: "Two and one
+make three! that is enough; now I will go home." He did so and said to
+his wife: "Here I am, my wife; I have seen three greater fools then you;
+now let us remain in peace and think about nothing else." They renewed
+the wedding and always remained in peace. After a time the wife had a
+son whom they named Bastianelo, and Bastianelo did not die, but still
+lives with his father and mother.[2]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is a Sicilian version of this story (Pitre, No. 148) called, "The
+Peasant of Larcara," in which the bride's mother imagines that her
+daughter has a son who falls into the cistern. The groom (they are not
+yet married) is disgusted and sets out on his travels with no fixed
+purpose of returning if he finds some fools greater than his
+mother-in-law, as in the Venetian tale. The first fool he meets is a
+mother, whose child, in playing the game called _nocciole_,[R] tries to
+get his hand out of the hole while his fist is full of stones. He
+cannot, of course, and the mother thinks they will have to cut off his
+hand. The traveller tells the child to drop the stones, and then he
+draws out his hand easily enough. Next he finds a bride who cannot enter
+the church because she is very tall and wears a high comb. The
+difficulty is settled as in the former story.
+
+[Footnote R: A game played with peach-pits, which are thrown into holes
+made in the ground and to which certain numbers are attached.]
+
+After a while he comes to a woman who is spinning and drops her spindle.
+She calls out to the pig, whose name is Tony, to pick it up for her. The
+pig does nothing but grunt, and the woman in anger cries: "Well, you
+won't pick it up? May your mother die!"
+
+The traveller, who had overheard all this, takes a piece of paper, which
+he folds up like a letter, and then knocks at the door. "Who is there?"
+"Open the door, for I have a letter for you from Tony's mother, who is
+ill and wishes to see her son before she dies." The woman wonders that
+her imprecation has taken effect so soon, and readily consents to Tony's
+visit. Not only this, but she loads a mule with everything necessary for
+the comfort of the body and soul of the dying pig.
+
+The traveller leads away the mule with Tony, and returns home so pleased
+with having found that the outside world contains so many fools that he
+marries as he had first intended.
+
+The credulity of the woman in the last version, in allowing Tony to
+visit his sick mother, finds a parallel in a Neapolitan story (Imbriani,
+_Pomiglianesi_, p. 226) called:
+
+
+XCIV. CHRISTMAS.
+
+Once upon a time there was a husband who had a wife who was a little
+foolish. One day he said to her: "Come, put the house in order, for
+Christmas is coming." As soon as he left the house his wife went out on
+the balcony and asked every one who passed if his name was Christmas.
+All said No; but finally, one--to see why she asked--said Yes. Then she
+made him come in, and gave him everything that she had (in order to
+clean out the house). When her husband returned he asked her what she
+had done with things. She responded that she had given them to
+Christmas, as he had ordered. Her husband was so enraged at what he
+heard that he seized her and gave her a good beating.
+
+Another time she asked her husband when he was going to kill the pig. He
+answered: "At Christmas." The wife did as before, and when she spied the
+man called Christmas she called him and gave him the pig, which she had
+adorned with her earrings and necklace, saying that her husband had so
+commanded her. When her husband returned and learned what she had done,
+he gave her a sound thrashing; and from that time he learned to say
+nothing more to his wife.[3]
+
+In the Sicilian version, Pitre, No. 186, "Long May,"[S] the wife, who is
+very anxious to make more room in her house by getting rid of the grain
+stored in it, asks her husband when they shall clean out the house. He
+answers: "When Long May comes." The wife asks the passers-by if they are
+Long May; and at last a swindler says he is, and receives as a gift all
+the grain. The swindler was a potter, and the woman told him that he
+ought to give her a load of pots. He did so, and the wife knocked a hole
+in the bottom of each, and strung them on a rope stretched across the
+room. It is needless to say that when the husband returned the wife
+received a beating "that left her more dead than alive."
+
+[Footnote S: There is a Sicilian phrase: "Long as the month of May," to
+indicate what is very long.]
+
+Another story about foolish people is the following Venetian tale
+(Bernoni, _Fiabe_, xiii.), entitled:
+
+
+XCV. THE WAGER.
+
+There was once a husband and a wife. The former said one day to the
+latter: "Let us have some fritters." She replied: "What shall we do for
+a frying-pan?" "Go and borrow one from my godmother." "You go and get
+it; it is only a little way off." "Go yourself; I will take it back when
+we are done with it." So she went and borrowed the pan, and when she
+returned said to her husband: "Here is the pan, but you must carry it
+back." So they cooked the fritters, and after they had eaten, the
+husband said: "Now let us go to work, both of us, and the one who speaks
+first shall carry back the pan." Then she began to spin and he to draw
+his thread,--for he was a shoemaker,--and all the time keeping silence,
+except that when he drew his thread he said: "_Leulero, leulero_;" and
+she, spinning, answered: "_Picici, picici, picicio_." And they said not
+another word.
+
+Now there happened to pass that way a soldier with a horse, and he asked
+a woman if there was any shoemaker in that street. She said that there
+was one near by, and took him to the house. The soldier asked the
+shoemaker to come and cut his horse a girth, and he would pay him. The
+latter made no answer but: "_Leulero, leulero_," and his wife: "_Picici,
+picici, picicio_." Then the soldier said: "Come and cut my horse a
+girth, or I will cut your head off!" The shoemaker only answered:
+"_Leulero, leulero_," and his wife: "_Picici, picici, picicio_." Then
+the soldier began to grow angry, and seized his sword and said to the
+shoemaker: "Either come and cut my horse a girth, or I will cut your
+head off!"
+
+But to no purpose. The shoemaker did not wish to be the first one to
+speak, and only replied: "_Leulero, leulero_," and his wife: "_Picici,
+picici, picicio_." Then the soldier got mad in good earnest, seized the
+shoemaker's head, and was going to cut it off. When his wife saw that,
+she cried out: "Ah! don't, for mercy's sake!" "Good!" exclaimed her
+husband, "good! Now you go and carry the pan back to my godmother, and I
+will go and cut the horse's girth." And so he did, and won the wager.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In a Sicilian story with the same title (Pitre, No. 181), the husband
+and wife fry some fish, and then set about their respective
+work,--shoemaking and spinning,--and the one who finishes first the
+piece of work begun is to eat the fish. While they were singing and
+whistling at their work, a friend comes along, who knocks at the door,
+but receives no answer. Then he enters and speaks to them, but still no
+reply; finally, in anger, he sits down at the table and eats up all the
+fish himself.[4]
+
+One of our most popular stories illustrating woman's obstinacy is found
+everywhere in Italy. The following is the Sicilian version:
+
+
+XCVI. SCISSORS THEY WERE.
+
+Once upon a time there was a husband and a wife. The husband was a
+tailor; so was the wife, and in addition was a good housekeeper. One
+day the husband found some things in the kitchen broken,--pots, glasses,
+plates. He asked: "How were they broken?" "How do I know?" answered the
+wife. "What do you mean by saying 'how do I know?' Who broke them?" "Who
+broke them? I, with the scissors," said the wife, in anger. "With the
+scissors?" "With the scissors!" "Are you telling the truth? I want to
+know what you broke them with. If you don't tell me, I will beat you."
+"With the scissors!" (for she had the scissors in her hand). "Scissors,
+do you say?" "Scissors they were!" "Ah! what do you mean? Wait a bit; I
+will make you see whether it was you with the scissors." So he tied a
+rope around her and began to lower her into the well, saying: "Come, how
+did you break them? You see I am lowering you into the well." "It was
+the scissors!" The husband, seeing her so obstinate, lowered her into
+the well; and she, for all that, did not hold her tongue. "How did you
+break them?" said the husband. "It was the scissors." Then her husband
+lowered her more, until she was half way down. "What did you do it
+with?" "It was the scissors." Then he lowered her until her feet touched
+the water. "What did you do it with?" "It was the scissors!" Then he let
+her down into the water to her waist. "What did you do it with?" "It was
+the scissors!" "Take care!" cried her husband, enraged at seeing her so
+obstinate, "it will take but little to put you under the water. You had
+better tell what you did it with; it will be better for you. How is it
+possible to break pots and dishes with the scissors! What has become of
+the pieces, if they were cut?" "It was the scissors! the scissors!" Then
+he let go the rope. Splash! his wife is all under the water. "Are you
+satisfied now? Do you say any longer that it was with the scissors?" The
+wife could not speak any more, for she was under the water; but what did
+she do? She stuck her hand up out of the water, and with her fingers
+began to make signs as if she were cutting with the scissors. What could
+the poor husband do? He said: "I am losing my wife, and then I shall
+have to go after her. I will pull her out now, and she may say that it
+was the scissors or the shears." Then he pulled her out, and there was
+no way of making her tell with what she had broken all those things in
+the kitchen.[5]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Another familiar story is:
+
+
+XCVII. THE DOCTOR'S APPRENTICE.
+
+Once upon a time there was a doctor who took his apprentice with him
+when he made his visits. One day while visiting a patient, the doctor
+said: "Why do you not listen to my orders that you are not to eat
+anything?" The invalid said: "Sir, I assure you that I have eaten
+nothing." "That is not true," answered the doctor, "for I have found
+your pulse beating like that of a person who has eaten grapes." The
+patient, convicted, said: "It is true that I have eaten some grapes; but
+it was only a little bunch." "Very well; do not risk eating again, and
+don't think you can fool me."
+
+The poor apprentice, who was with the doctor, was amazed to see how his
+master guessed from the pulse that his patient had eaten grapes; and as
+soon as they had left the house he asked: "Master, how did you perceive
+that he had eaten grapes?" "Listen," said the doctor. "A person who
+visits the sick must never pass for a fool. As soon as you enter, cast
+your eyes on the bed and under the bed, too, and from the crumbs that
+you see you can guess what the patient has eaten. I saw the stalk of the
+grapes, and from that I inferred that he had eaten grapes."
+
+The next day there were many patients in the town, and the doctor, not
+being able to visit them all, sent his apprentice to visit a few. Among
+others, the apprentice went to see the man who had eaten the grapes; and
+wishing to play the part of an expert like his master, to show that he
+was a skilful physician, when he perceived that there were bits of straw
+under the bed, said angrily: "Will you not understand that you must not
+eat?" The invalid said: "I assure you that I have not even tasted a
+drop of water." "Yes, sir, you have," answered the apprentice; "you have
+been eating straw, for I see the bits under the bed." The sick man
+replied at once: "Do you take me for an ass like yourself?" And so the
+apprentice cut the figure of the fool that he was.[6]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There are two figures in Sicilian folk-lore around whom many jokes have
+gathered which are, in other parts of Italy, told of some nameless
+person or attributed to the continental counterparts of the insular
+heroes. These two are Firrazzanu and Giufa. The former is the practical
+joker; the second, the typical booby found in the popular literature of
+all peoples.
+
+The following stories of Firrazzanu (unless otherwise indicated) are
+from Pitre, No. 156.
+
+
+XCVIII. FIRRAZZANU'S WIFE AND THE QUEEN.
+
+Firrazzanu was the valet of a prince in Palermo, on whom he also played
+his tricks; but as Firrazzanu was known and everybody was amused by him,
+the prince overlooked them.
+
+The queen was once in Palermo, and wished to know Firrazzanu. He went to
+see her, and amused her somewhat. The queen said: "Are you married, or
+single?" "Married, your Majesty." "I wish to make your wife's
+acquaintance." "How can that be, your Majesty, for my wife is deaf?"
+(Firrazzanu made this up out of his own head, for it was not true.) "No
+matter; when I speak with her I will scream. Go, have your wife come
+here."
+
+Firrazzanu went home. "Fanny, the queen wants to know you; but you must
+remember that she is a little hard of hearing, and if you wish to speak
+to her, you must raise your voice."
+
+"Very well," said his wife, "let us go." When they arrived at the palace
+she said to the queen, in a loud voice: "At your Majesty's feet!" The
+queen said to herself: "You see, because she is deaf, she screams as if
+everybody else were deaf!" Then she said to her, loudly: "Good day, my
+friend; how do you do?" "Very well, your Majesty!" answered Firrazzanu's
+wife, still louder. The queen, to make herself heard, raised her voice
+and screamed, also, and Fanny, for her part, cried out louder and
+louder, so that it seemed as if they were quarrelling. Firrazzanu could
+contain himself no longer, and began to laugh, so that the queen
+perceived the joke; and if Firrazzanu had not run away, perhaps she
+would have had him arrested, and who knows how the matter had ended?[7]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The second story, "The Tailor who twisted his Mouth," has already been
+mentioned in Chapter III.
+
+On one occasion (No. 7) the viceroy gave a feast, and needed some
+partridges. Now the word _pirnicana_ means both partridge and humpback;
+so Firrazzanu said he would get the viceroy as many _pirnicani_ as he
+wanted, although they were very scarce. The viceroy said twenty would
+do. Firrazzanu then collected a score of humpbacks and introduced them
+into the viceroy's kitchen, sending word to the viceroy that the
+_pirnicani_ were ready. His excellency wished to see them, and
+Firrazzanu led his troop to his apartment. When they were all in,
+Firrazzanu said: "Here they are." The viceroy looked around and said:
+"Where?" "Here. You wanted _pirnicani_, and these are _pirnicani_." The
+viceroy laughed, gave each of the humpbacks a present, and dismissed
+them.[8]
+
+Another time, while the prince was at dinner, Firrazzanu led a number of
+asses under his window, and made them bray so that the poor prince was
+driven almost to distraction. The author of the joke, as usual, took to
+his heels, and escaped.
+
+Once a very wealthy prince, having a great number of rents to collect,
+and not succeeding, thought of making Firrazzanu collector. "Here," said
+he to him, "take my authority, and collect for me, and I will give you
+twenty per cent." Firrazzanu went into the places where the rents were
+to be collected, and called together all the debtors. What do you
+suppose he did? He made them pay his share, that is, twenty per cent.,
+and nothing more. "The rest," he said, "you can pay another year to the
+prince; now you may depart."
+
+Then he went back to the prince. "What have you done, Firrazzanu? Have
+you collected all the rents?" "What are you talking about collecting! I
+had hard work to collect my share." "What do you mean?" "I collected
+with difficulty the twenty per cent. that belonged to me; your share
+will be paid next year." The prince was obliged to laugh at last, and
+Firrazzanu went away happy and satisfied.[9]
+
+Another time the prince went hunting, and ordered Firrazzanu, when it
+was convenient, to tell the princess that he should not be home to
+dinner that day. Firrazzanu did not find it convenient to deliver the
+message for a week, when he said that the prince would not be home to
+dine that day. On the first occasion, of course, the princess waited for
+her husband in great anxiety until midnight; on the second she went out
+to pay visits, and when the prince returned, he found his wife out, and
+no dinner prepared. Firrazzanu, when scolded, excused himself by saying
+that the prince told him to deliver the message when convenient.
+
+This recalls the story in Straparola (XIII. 6) where a master orders his
+lazy servant to go to market and buy some meat, and says to him,
+sarcastically: "Go and stay a year!" which command the servant obeys to
+the letter.
+
+The viceroy at last, angry at one of Firrazzanu's jokes, banished him to
+the town of Murriali. When Firrazzanu grew tired of the place, he had a
+cart filled with the earth of the town, and rode into Palermo on it. The
+viceroy had him arrested as soon as he saw him, but Firrazzanu protested
+that he had not broken the viceroy's command, for he was still on the
+earth of Murriali.
+
+The same story is told of Gonnella, the Italian counterpart of
+Firrazzanu, by Sacchetti (Nov. 27), and Bandello (IV. 18).
+
+The prince desired once to give Firrazzanu a lesson that would correct
+him of his fondness for jokes; so he told the commandant of the castle
+that he would send him one day a servant of his with a letter, and that
+he, the commandant, should carry out the orders contained in it.
+
+A week after, the prince called Firrazzanu and said: "Go to the
+commandant of the castle and ask him to give you what this letter says."
+
+Firrazzanu went, turning over the letter and in doubt about the matter.
+Just then he met another servant and said to him: "Carry this letter for
+me to the commandant of the castle, and tell him to give you what he has
+to give you. When you return, we will have a good drink of wine."
+
+The servant went and delivered the letter to the commandant, who opened
+it, and read: "The commandant will give my servant, who is a rascal, a
+hundred lashes, and then send him back to me." The order was carried
+out, and the poor servant returned to the palace more dead than alive.
+When Firrazzanu saw him, he burst out laughing, and said: "My brother,
+for me and for you, better you than me."
+
+This story is told in Gonzenbach (No. 75) as the way in which the queen
+tried to punish Firrazzanu for the joke he played on her by telling her
+his wife was deaf.
+
+There are other stories told of Firrazzanu, but they do not deserve a
+place here, and we can direct our attention at once to Giufa, the
+typical booby, who appears in the various provinces of Italy under
+different names.[10]
+
+The first story told of him in Pitre's collection (No. 190) is:
+
+
+XCIX. GIUFA AND THE PLASTER STATUE.
+
+Once upon a time there was a very poor woman who had a son called Giufa,
+who was stupid, lazy, and cunning. His mother had a piece of cloth, and
+said one day to Giufa: "Take this cloth, and go and sell it in a distant
+town, and take care to sell it to those who talk little." So Giufa set
+out, with the cloth on his shoulder.
+
+When he came to a town, he began to cry: "Who wants cloth?" The people
+called him, and began to talk a great deal; one thought it coarse,
+another dear. Giufa thought they talked too much, and would not sell it
+to them. After walking a long way, he entered a court-yard where he
+found nothing but a plaster image. Giufa said to it: "Do you want to buy
+the cloth?" The statue said not a word, and Giufa, seeing that it spoke
+little, said: "Now I must sell you the cloth, for you speak little;" and
+he took the cloth and hung it on the statue, and went away, saying:
+"To-morrow I will come for the money."
+
+The next day he went after the money, and found the cloth gone. "Give me
+the money for the cloth." The statue said nothing. "Since you will not
+give me the money, I will show you who I am;" and he borrowed a mattock,
+and struck the statue until he overthrew it, and inside of it he found a
+jar of money. He put the money in a bag, and went home to his mother,
+and told her that he had sold the cloth to a person who did not speak,
+and gave him no money; that he had killed him with a mattock, and thrown
+him down, and he had given him the money which he had brought home. His
+mother, who was wise, said to him: "Say nothing about it, and we will
+eat this money up little by little."[11]
+
+Another time his mother said to him: "Giufa, I have this piece of cloth
+to be dyed; take it and leave it with the dyer, the one who dyes green
+and black." Giufa put it on his shoulder, and went off. On his way he
+saw a large, beautiful snake, and because it was green he said to it:
+"My mother has sent me with this cloth which she wants dyed. To-morrow I
+will come for it." And there he left it.
+
+He went home and told his mother, who began to tear her hair. "Ah!
+shameless fellow! how you ruin me! Hasten and see whether it is there
+still!" Giufa went back, but the cloth had disappeared.[12]
+
+
+C. GIUFA AND THE JUDGE.
+
+One day Giufa went out to gather herbs, and it was night before he
+returned. On his way back the moon rose through the clouds, and Giufa
+sat down on a stone and watched the moon appear and disappear behind the
+clouds, and he exclaimed constantly: "It appears, it appears! it sets,
+it sets!"
+
+Now there were near the way some thieves, who were skinning a calf which
+they had stolen, and when they heard: "It appears, it sets!" they feared
+that the officers of justice were coming, so they ran away and left the
+meat. When Giufa saw the thieves running away, he went to see what it
+was and found the calf skinned. He took his knife and cut off flesh
+enough to fill his sack and went home. When he arrived there his mother
+asked him why he came so late. He said it was because he was bringing
+some meat which she was to sell the next day, and the money was to be
+kept for him. The next day his mother sent him into the country and sold
+the meat.
+
+In the evening Giufa returned and asked his mother: "Did you sell the
+meat?" "Yes, I sold it to the flies on credit." "When will they give you
+the money?" "When they get it." A week passed and the flies brought no
+money, so Giufa went to the judge and said to him: "Sir, I want justice.
+I sold the flies meat on credit and they have not come to pay me." The
+judge said: "I pronounce this sentence on them: wherever you see them
+you may kill them." Just then a fly lighted on the judge's nose, and
+Giufa dealt it such a blow that he broke the judge's head.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The anecdote of the fly in the latter part of the story is found
+independently in a version from Palermo. "The flies plagued Giufa and
+stung him. He went to the judge and complained of them. The judge
+laughed and said: 'Wherever you see a fly you can strike it.' While the
+judge was speaking a fly rested on his face and Giufa dealt it such a
+blow that he broke the judge's nose."
+
+This story, which, as we shall see, has variants in different parts of
+Italy, is of Oriental origin and is found in the _Pantschatantra_. A
+king asked his pet monkey to watch over him while he slept. A bee
+settled on the king's head; the monkey could not drive it away, so he
+took the king's sword and killed the bee--and the king, too. A similar
+parable is put into the mouth of Buddha. A bald carpenter was attacked
+by a mosquito. He called his son to drive it away; the son took the axe,
+aimed a blow at the insect, but split his father's head in two, in
+killing the mosquito. In the _Anvar-i-Suhaili_, the Persian translation
+of the _Pantschatantra_, it is a tame bear who keeps the flies from the
+sleeping gardener by throwing a stone at his head.[13]
+
+The only popular European versions of this story, as far as we know, are
+found in Italy. Besides those from Sicily, there are versions from
+Florence, Leghorn, and Venice. The first is called:
+
+
+CI. THE LITTLE OMELET.
+
+Once upon a time there was a little woman who had a little room and a
+little hen. The hen laid an egg and the little woman took it and made a
+little omelet of it, and put it to cool in the window. Along came a fly
+and ate it up. Imagine what an omelet that must have been! The little
+woman went to the magistrate and told him her story. He gave her a club
+and told her to kill the fly with it wherever she saw it. At that moment
+a fly lighted on the magistrate's nose, and the woman, believing it to
+be the same fly, gave it a blow and broke the magistrate's nose.
+
+
+The versions from Leghorn and Venice are in almost the same words.[14]
+
+The literary versions are quite abundant, four or five being found in
+Italy, and a number in France, the best known of which is La Fontaine's
+fable of "The Bear and the Amateur Gardener," Book VIII. 10.[15]
+
+One morning, before Giufa was up, he heard a whistle and asked his
+mother who was passing. She answered that it was the morning-singer. One
+day Giufa, tired of the noise, went out and killed the man who was
+blowing the whistle, and came back and told his mother that he had
+killed the morning-singer. His mother went out and brought the body into
+the house and threw it into the well, which happened to be dry. Then she
+remembered that she had a lamb, which she killed and also threw in the
+well.
+
+Meanwhile the family of the murdered man had learned of the murder and
+had gone to the judge, with their complaint, and all together went to
+Giufa's house to investigate the matter. The judge said to Giufa: "Where
+did you put the body?" Giufa, who was silly, replied: "I threw it in the
+well." Then they tied Giufa to a rope and lowered him into the well.
+When he reached the bottom he began to feel around and touched wool, and
+cried out to the son of the murdered man: "Did your father have wool?"
+"My father did not have wool." "This one has wool; he is not your
+father." Then he touched the tail: "Did your father have a tail?" "My
+father did not have a tail." "Then it's not your father." Then he felt
+four feet and asked: "How many feet did your father have?" "My father
+had two feet." Giufa said: "This one has four feet; he is not your
+father." Then he felt the head and said: "Did your father have horns?"
+"My father did not have horns." Giufa replied: "This one has horns; he
+is not your father." Then the judge said: "Giufa, bring him up either
+with the horns or with the wool." So they drew up Giufa with the lamb on
+his shoulder, and when the judge saw that it was a real lamb, they set
+Giufa at liberty.
+
+In a variant of the above story Giufa's mother, to get rid of him, one
+day tells him to take his gun and go off and shoot a cardinal-bird.
+Giufa asks what a cardinal is, and his mother tells him that it is one
+that has a red head. Giufa, of course, shoots a cardinal and carries him
+home. The remainder of the story is as above. In another variant Giufa's
+mother has a cock which she cooks one day, and Giufa, who had never
+eaten anything of the kind before, likes it greatly and asks what it
+is. His mother tells him it is the night-singer. One evening Giufa saw a
+poor man singing behind a door, and thinking he was a night-singer,
+killed him and carried him home. The rest of the story is like the first
+version.[16]
+
+Giufa is not without an occasional gleam of wit, as is shown in the
+following story (Pitre No. 190, Sec. 8), entitled:
+
+
+CII. EAT, MY CLOTHES!
+
+As Giufa was half a simpleton no one showed him any kindness, such as to
+invite him to his house or give him anything to eat. Once Giufa went to
+a farm-house for something, and the farmers, when they saw him looking
+so ragged and poor, came near setting the dogs on him, and made him
+leave in a hurry. When his mother heard it she procured for him a fine
+coat, a pair of breeches, and a velvet vest. Giufa dressed up like an
+overseer, went to the same farm-house, and then you should see what
+great ceremonies they made! they invited him to dine with them. While at
+the table all were very attentive to him. Giufa, on the one hand, filled
+his stomach, and on the other, put into his pockets, coat, and hat
+whatever was left over, saying: "Eat, my clothes, for you were invited!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is interesting to note that this story is told of no less a person
+than Dante, about whom cluster more popular traditions than many are
+aware of. It is the subject of one of Sercambi's novels, and will be
+found with many other interesting traditions of the great poet in
+Papanti's _Dante secondo la Tradizione e i Novellatori_, Leghorn,
+1873.[17]
+
+Giufa was not a very safe person to leave alone in the house. Once his
+mother went to church and told him to make some porridge for his little
+sister. Giufa made a great kettle of boiling porridge and fed it to the
+poor child and burned her mouth so that she died. On another occasion
+his mother, on leaving home, told him to feed the hen that was sitting
+and put her back on the nest, so that the eggs should not get cold.
+Giufa stuffed the hen with the food until he killed her, and then sat on
+the eggs himself until his mother returned.[18]
+
+Giufa's mother went to mass once and said to him: "Pull the door to!"
+When his mother had gone out Giufa took hold of the door and began to
+pull it, and pulled and pulled until it came off. Giufa put it on his
+back and carried it to the church, and threw it down before his mother,
+saying: "There is the door!"[19]
+
+A number of other stories about Giufa are found in Gonzenbach (No. 37)
+which we give here for completeness.
+
+
+CIII. GIUFA'S EXPLOITS.
+
+After Giufa had scalded his little sister to death, his mother drove him
+from the house, and he entered the service of a priest. "What wages do
+you want?" asked the priest. "One egg a day, and as much bread as I can
+eat with it; and you must keep me in your service until the screech-owl
+cries in the ivy." The priest was satisfied and thought he could not
+find such a cheap servant again. The next morning Giufa received his egg
+and a loaf of bread. He opened the egg and ate it with a pin, and every
+time he licked off the pin he ate a great piece of bread. "Bring me a
+little more bread," he cried; "this is not enough;" and the priest had
+to get him a large basket of bread.
+
+So it was every morning. "Alas for me!" cried the priest; "in a few
+weeks he will reduce me to beggary." It was winter then and would be
+several months until the screech-owl cried in the ivy. In despair the
+priest said to his mother: "This evening you must hide in the ivy and
+scream like an owl." The old woman did as she was told and began to cry:
+"Miu, miu!" "Do you hear, Giufa?" said the priest, "the screech-owl is
+crying in the ivy; we must part." So Giufa took his bundle and was going
+to return to his mother.
+
+As he was going by the place where the priest's mother was still crying
+"Miu, miu," he exclaimed: "O you cursed screech-owl suffer punishment
+and sorrow!" and threw stones into the ivy and killed the old woman.
+
+Giufa's mother would not allow him to remain at home, and made him take
+service as a swineherd with a farmer, who sent him into the woods to
+keep the swine until they were fat and then drive them back. So Giufa
+lived several months in the woods until the swine were fat. As he was
+driving them home he met a butcher and said to him: "Would you like to
+buy these swine? I will sell them to you at half price if you will give
+me back the ears and tails." The butcher bought the whole herd, and paid
+Giufa the money, together with the ears and tails.
+
+Giufa then went to a bog near by and planted two ears close together and
+three spans off a tail, and so with all of them. Then he ran in great
+trouble to the farmer and cried: "Sir, imagine what a great misfortune
+has happened to me. I had fattened your swine beautifully and was
+driving them home when they fell into a bog and are all swallowed up in
+it. The ears and tails only are still sticking out." The farmer hastened
+with all his people to the bog, where the ears and tails still stuck
+out. They tried to pull the swine out, but whenever they seized an ear
+or a tail it came right off and Giufa exclaimed: "You see how fat the
+swine were: they have disappeared in the marsh from pure fatness." The
+farmer was obliged to return home without his swine, while Giufa took
+the money home to his mother and remained a time with her.
+
+One day his mother said to him: "Giufa, we have nothing to eat to-day;
+what shall we do?" "Leave it to me," said he, and went to a butcher.
+"Gossip, give me half a _rotulu_ of meat; I will give you the money
+to-morrow." The butcher gave him the meat and he went in the same way to
+the baker, the oil-merchant, the wine-dealer, and the cheese-merchant
+and took home to his mother the meat, macaroni, bread, oil, wine, and
+cheese which he had bought on credit, and they ate together merrily.
+
+The next day Giufa pretended he was dead and his mother wept and
+lamented. "My son is dead, my son is dead!" He was put in an open
+coffin and carried to the church and the priests sang the mass for the
+dead over him. When, however, every one in the city heard that Giufa was
+dead, the butcher, the baker, the oil-merchant, and the wine-dealer
+said: "What we gave him yesterday is as good as lost. Who will pay us
+for it now?" The cheese-dealer, however, thought: "Giufa, it is true,
+owes me only four _grani_[T] but I will not give them to him. I will go
+and take his cap from him." So he crept into the church, but there was
+still a priest there praying over Giufa's coffin. "As long as the priest
+is there, it is not fitting for me to take his cap," thought the
+cheese-merchant, and hid himself behind the altar. When it was night the
+last priest departed and the cheese-merchant was on the point of coming
+out from his hiding-place when a band of thieves rushed into the church.
+They had stolen a large bag of money and were going to divide it in the
+dark church. They quarrelled over the division and began to cry out and
+make a noise. Thereupon Giufa sat up in his coffin and exclaimed: "Out
+with you!" The thieves were greatly frightened when the dead man rose
+up, and believed he was calling to the other dead, so they ran out in
+terror, leaving the sack behind. As Giufa was picking up the sack, the
+cheese-merchant sprang from his hiding-place and claimed his share of
+the money. Giufa, however, kept crying: "Your share is four _grani_."
+The thieves outside thought he was dividing the money among the dead and
+said to each other: "How many he must have called if they receive but
+four _grani_ apiece!" and ran away as fast as they could run. Giufa took
+the money home to his mother, after he had given the cheese-merchant a
+little to say nothing about what had happened.
+
+[Footnote T: About a cent and a half.]
+
+Giufa's mother once bought a large stock of flax and said to her son:
+"Giufa, you can surely spin a little so as to be doing something." Giufa
+took a skein from time to time, and instead of spinning it put it in the
+fire and burned it. Then his mother became angry and beat him. What did
+Giufa do then? He took a bundle of twigs and wound it with flax like a
+distaff; then he took a broom for a spindle and sat himself on the roof
+and began to spin. While he was sitting there three fairies came by and
+said: "Just see how nicely Giufa is sitting there and spinning. Shall we
+not give him something?" The first fairy said: "I will enable him to
+spin as much flax in a night as he touches." The second said: "I will
+enable him to weave in a night as much yarn as he has spun." The third
+said: "I will enable him to bleach all the linen he has woven in one
+night." Giufa heard this and at night when his mother had gone to bed,
+he got behind her stock of flax, and as often as he touched a skein it
+was at once spun. When the flax was all gone he began to weave, and as
+soon as he touched the loom the linen began to roll from it. Finally he
+spread the linen out and had scarcely wet it a little when it was
+bleached. The next morning Giufa showed his mother the fine pieces of
+linen, and she sold them and earned much money. Giufa continued this for
+several nights; finally he grew tired and wanted to go out to service
+again.
+
+He found a place with a smith, whose bellows he was to blow. He blew
+them so hard, however, that he put the fire out. The smith said: "Leave
+off blowing and hammer the iron on the anvil." But Giufa pounded on the
+anvil so hard that the iron flew into a thousand pieces. Then the smith
+became angry, but he could not send him away, for he had agreed to keep
+him a year. So he went to a poor man and said: "I will make you a
+handsome present if you will tell Giufa that you are Death, and that you
+have come to take him away." The poor man met Giufa one day, and said
+what the smith had told him. Giufa was not slow. "What, are you Death?"
+cried he, seized the poor man, put him in his sack, and carried him to
+the smithy. There he laid him on the anvil and began to hammer away on
+him. "How many years shall I yet live?" he asked, while he was
+hammering. "Twenty years," cried the man in the sack. "That is not near
+enough." "Thirty years, forty years, as long as you will," screamed the
+man; but Giufa kept on hammering until the poor man was dead.
+
+The bishop once announced to the whole town that every goldsmith should
+make him a crucifix, and he would pay four hundred ounces for the most
+beautiful one. Whoever brought a crucifix that did not please him must
+lose his head. So a goldsmith came and brought him a handsome crucifix,
+but the bishop said it did not please him and had the poor man's head
+cut off, but kept the crucifix. The next day a second goldsmith came,
+who brought a still handsomer crucifix, but it went no better with him
+than with the first. This lasted for some time and many a poor man lost
+his head. When Giufa heard of this he went to a goldsmith and said:
+"Master, you must make me a crucifix with a very thick body, but
+otherwise as fine as you can make it." When the crucifix was done Giufa
+took it on his arm and carried it to the bishop. Scarcely had the bishop
+seen it when he cried out: "What are you thinking of, to bring me such a
+monster? Wait, you shall pay me for it!" "Ah, worthy sir," said Giufa,
+"just hear me and learn what has happened to me. This crucifix was a
+model of beauty when I started with it; on the way it began to swell
+with anger and the nearer your house I came the more it swelled, most of
+all when I was mounting your stairs. The Lord is angry with you on
+account of the innocent blood that you have shed, and if you do not at
+once give me the four hundred ounces and an annuity to each of the
+goldsmiths' widows, you, too, will swell in the same way, and God's
+wrath will visit you." The bishop was frightened and gave him the four
+hundred ounces, and bade him send all the widows to him so that he could
+give each of them a yearly pension. Giufa took the money and went to
+each widow and said: "What will you give me if I will procure you an
+annuity from the bishop?" Each gave him a handsome sum and Giufa took
+home to his mother a great heap of money.
+
+One day Giufa's mother sent him to another town, where there was a fair.
+On the way some children met him, who asked: "Where are you going,
+Giufa?" "To the fair." "Will you bring me back a whistle?" "Yes!" "And
+me, too?" "Yes!" "Me, too?" "Me, too?" asked one after the other, and
+Giufa said "Yes" to all. At last there was a child who said: "Giufa,
+bring me a whistle, too. Here is a penny." When Giufa came back from the
+fair, he brought one whistle only and gave it to the last boy. "Giufa,
+you promised each of us one," cried the other children. "You did not
+give me a penny to buy it with," answered Giufa.[20]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The counterpart of Giufa is found in a Venetian story (Bernoni, _Fiabe_,
+No. 11) entitled "The Fool," which is, in substance, as follows:
+
+
+CIV. THE FOOL.
+
+Once upon a time there was a mother who had a son with little brains.
+One morning she said: "We must get up early, for we have to make bread."
+So they both rose early and began to make bread. The mother made the
+loaves, but took no pains to make them the same size. Her son said to
+her finally: "How small you have made this loaf, mother!" "Oh!" said
+she, "it does not matter whether they are big or little; for the proverb
+says: 'Large and small, all must go to mass.'" "Good, good!"
+
+When the bread was made, instead of carrying it to the baker's, the son
+took it to the church, for it was the hour for mass, saying: "My mother
+said that, 'Large and small, all must go to mass.'" So he threw the
+loaves down in the middle of the church. Then he went home to his mother
+and said: "I have done what you told me to do." "Good! did you take the
+bread to the baker's?" "Oh! mother, if you had seen how they all looked
+at me!" "You might also have cast an eye on them in return," said his
+mother. "Wait, wait, I will cast an eye at them, too," he exclaimed, and
+went to the stable and cut out the eyes of all the animals, and putting
+them in a handkerchief, went to the church and when any man or woman
+looked at him he threw an eye at them.
+
+When his mother learned what he had done she took to her bed and sent
+her son for a physician. When the doctor came he felt her pulse and
+said: "Oh! how weak this poor woman is!" Then he told the son that he
+must take good care of his mother and make her some very thin broth and
+give her a bowlful every minute. The son promised to obey him and went
+to the market and bought a sparrow and put on the fire a pail of water.
+When it boiled he put in the sparrow and waited until it boiled up two
+or three times, and then took a bowl of the broth to his mother, and
+repeated the dose as fast as he could.
+
+The next day the physician found the poor woman weaker than ever, and
+told her son he must put something heavy on her so as to throw her into
+a perspiration. When the doctor had gone the son piled all the heavy
+furniture in the room on her, and when she could no longer breathe he
+ran for the doctor again. This time the doctor saw that nothing was to
+be done, and advised her son to have her confess and prepare for death.
+So her son dressed her and carried her to church and sat her in the
+confessional and told the priest that some one was waiting for him and
+then went home. The priest soon saw that the woman was dead and went to
+find her son. When the son heard that his mother was dead, he declared
+that the priest had killed her, and began to beat him.[21]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There are many stories in Italy which turn on the tricks played by a
+sharper on his credulous friends; a good specimen of the class is the
+following from Sicily (Pitre, No. 157):
+
+
+CV. UNCLE CAPRIANO.
+
+There was once a husband and wife who had a daughter. The man's name was
+Uncle Capriano and he owned near the town a piece of property, where he
+always worked. One day thirteen robbers happened to pass that way, saw
+Uncle Capriano, dismounted, and began to talk with him, and soon formed
+a friendship for him. After this they frequently went to divert
+themselves with him. When they arrived they always saluted him with:
+"Good day, Uncle Capriano," and he answered: "Your servant, gentlemen;
+what are your worships doing?" "We have come to amuse ourselves. Go,
+Uncle Capriano, go and lunch, for we will do the work meanwhile." So he
+went and ate and they did his work for him. Finally, what do you suppose
+Uncle Capriano tried to do? He sought to invent some way to get money
+from the robbers. When he went home he said to his wife: "I am on
+friendly terms with the robbers and I would like to see whether I can
+get a little money out of them, and I have invented this story to tell
+them: that we have a rabbit, which I send home alone every evening with
+fire-wood and things for soup, which my wife cooks." Then he said to his
+daughter: "When I come with the thieves, you bathe the rabbit in water
+and come out of the door to meet me and say: 'Is that the way to load
+the poor little rabbit so that it comes home tired to death?'"
+
+When the thieves heard that he had a rabbit that carried things, they
+wanted it, saying: "If we had it we could send it to carry money, food,
+and other things to our houses." Uncle Capriano said to them one day: "I
+should like to have you come to my house to-day." There were thirteen of
+the thieves; one said Yes, another said No. The captain said: "Let us go
+and see the rabbit." When they arrived at the house the daughter came to
+the door and said: "Is that the way to load the poor little rabbit so
+that it comes home tired to death?" When they entered the house all felt
+of the rabbit and exclaimed: "Poor little animal! poor little animal! it
+is all covered with sweat." When the thieves saw this they looked at
+each other and said: "Shall we ask him to give us this little rabbit?"
+Then they said: "Uncle Capriano, you must give us the rabbit without any
+words, and we will pay you whatever you ask." He answered: "Ask me for
+anything except this rabbit, for if I give you that I shall be ruined."
+They replied: "You must give it to us without further words, whether you
+are ruined or not." Finally Uncle Capriano let them have the rabbit for
+two hundred ounces, and they gave him twenty besides to buy himself a
+present with. After the thieves had got possession of the rabbit, they
+went to a house in the country to try it. They each took a bag of money
+and said: "Let us send a bag to each of our houses." The captain said:
+"First, carry a bag to mine." So they took the rabbit to load it, and
+after they had put the bags on it, the rabbit could not move and one of
+the thieves struck it on the haunch with a switch. Then the rabbit ran
+away instantly. The thieves went in great anger to Uncle Capriano and
+said: "Did you have the boldness to play such a trick on us, to sell us
+a rabbit that could not stir when we put a few bags of money on it?"
+"But, gentlemen," said the old man, "did you beat it?" "Of course,"
+answered one of the thieves, "my companion struck it with a switch on
+the haunch." The old man asked: "But where did you strike it, on the
+right or on the left haunch?" "On the left." "That is why the rabbit ran
+away," said the old man. "You should have hit it on the right. If you
+did not observe these conditions, what fault is it of mine?" "This is
+true," said the thieves, "Uncle Capriano is right; so go and eat and we
+will attend to the work." And so their friendship was not broken this
+time.
+
+After a time Uncle Capriano said to his wife: "We must get some more
+money from the thieves." "In what way?" "To-morrow you must buy a new
+pot, and then you must cook in an old pot somewhere in the house, and at
+Ave Maria, just before I come home, you must empty the old pot into the
+new one, and put it on the hearth without any fire. To-morrow I will
+tell the thieves that I have a pot that cooks without any fire."
+
+The next evening Uncle Capriano persuaded the thieves to go home with
+him. When they saw the pot they looked at one another and said: "We must
+ask him to give it to us." After some hesitation, he sold it to them for
+four hundred ounces, and twenty over as before.
+
+When the thieves arrived at their house in the country, they killed a
+fine kid, put it into the pot, and set it on the hearth, without any
+fire, and went away. In the evening they all ran and tried to see who
+would arrive first, and find the meat cooked. The one who arrived first
+took out a piece of meat, and saw that it was as they had left it. Then
+he gave the pot a kick, and broke it in two. When the others came and
+found the meat not cooked, they started for Uncle Capriano's, and
+complained to him that he had sold them a pot that cooked everything,
+and that they had put meat into it, and found it raw. "Did you break the
+pot?" asked Uncle Capriano. "Of course we broke it." "What kind of a
+hearth did you have, high or low?" One of the thieves answered: "Rather
+high." "That was why the pot did not cook; it should have been low. You
+did not observe the conditions and broke the pot; what fault is that of
+mine?" The thieves said: "Uncle Capriano is right; go, Uncle Capriano,
+and eat, for we will do your work."
+
+Some time after, Uncle Capriano said again to his wife: "We must get
+some more money out of them." "But how can we manage it?" "You know that
+we have a whistle in the chest; have it put in order, and to-morrow go
+to the butcher's, and get a bladder of blood, and fix it about your
+neck, and put on your mantilla; and when I return home, let me find you
+sitting down and angry, and the candle not lighted. I will bring my
+friends with me, and when I find the candle not lighted, I will begin to
+cry out, and you will not utter a word; then I will take my knife and
+cut your throat. You will fall down on the floor; the blood will run out
+of the bladder, and the thieves will believe that you are dead. You"
+(turning to his daughter)--"what I say I mean, when I tell you: 'Get the
+whistle'--get it and give it to me. When I blow it three times, you"
+(speaking to his wife) "will get up from the floor. When the thieves see
+this operation they will want the whistle, and we will get another six
+hundred ounces from them."
+
+[Everything took place as Uncle Capriano had arranged; the thieves paid
+him six hundred ounces, and twenty over as usual, and then went home and
+killed their wives, to try the whistle on them. The rage of the thieves
+can be imagined when they found they had been deceived again. In order
+to avenge themselves, they took a sack and went to Uncle Capriano, and
+without any words seized him, put him in it, and taking him on a horse,
+rode away. They came after a time to a country-house, where they stopped
+to eat, leaving Uncle Capriano outside in the bag.]
+
+Uncle Capriano, who was in the bag, began to cry: "They want to give me
+the king's daughter, and I don't want her!" There happened to be near by
+a herdsman, who heard what he was saying about the king's daughter, and
+he said to himself: "I will go and take her myself." So he went to Uncle
+Capriano and said: "What is the matter with you?" "They want to give me
+the king's daughter, and I don't want her, because I am married." The
+herdsman said: "I will take her, for I am single; but how can we arrange
+it?" Uncle Capriano answered: "Take me out, and get into the bag
+yourself." "That is a good idea," said the herdsman; so he set Uncle
+Capriano at liberty, and got into the bag himself. Uncle Capriano tied
+him fast, took his crook, and went to tend the sheep. The herdsman soon
+began to cry: "They want to give me the king's daughter. I will take
+her, I will take her!" In a little while the thieves came and put the
+bag on a horse, and rode away to the sea, the herdsman crying out all
+the time: "They want to give me the king's daughter. I will take her, I
+will take her!" When they came to the sea, they threw the bag in, and
+returned home. On their way back, they happened to look up on the
+mountain, and exclaimed: "See there! is that not Uncle Capriano?" "Yes,
+it is." "How can that be; did we not throw him into the sea, and is he
+there now?" Then they went to him and said: "How is this, Uncle
+Capriano, didn't we throw you in the sea?" "Oh! you threw me in near the
+shore, and I found these sheep and oxen; if you had thrown me in farther
+out, I would have found many more." Then they asked Uncle Capriano to
+throw them all in, and they went to the sea, and he began to throw them
+in, and each said: "Quick, Uncle Capriano, throw me in quickly before my
+comrades get them all!" After he had thrown them all in, Uncle Capriano
+took the horses and sheep and oxen, and went home and built palaces, and
+became very rich, and married his daughter, and gave a splendid
+banquet.[22]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A very interesting class of stories is found in Pitre (Nos. 246-270)
+illustrating proverbial sayings. The first, on the text "The longer one
+lives, the more one learns," relates that a child came to an old man and
+asked for some coals to light a fire with. The old man said he would
+willingly give them, but the child had nothing to carry them in. The
+child, however, filled his palm with ashes, put a coal on them, and went
+away. The old man gave his head a slap, and exclaimed: "With all my
+years and experience, I did not know this thing. 'The longer one lives,
+the more one learns.'" And from that time these words have remained for
+a proverb.
+
+Another (No. 252) recalls one of Giufa's pranks. A husband, to test his
+wife and friend, who is a bailiff, throws a goat's head into the well,
+and tells the wife that he has killed a person and cut off the head to
+prevent the body from being recognized. The wife promises secrecy, but
+soon tells the story to her friend, who denounces the supposed murderer
+to the judge. The house is entered by an arbor, from which they climb
+into a window, and the husband is arrested and taken to the well, which
+a bailiff descends, and finds the goat's head. The husband explains his
+trick, which gave rise to the saying: "Do not confide a secret to a
+woman; do not make a bailiff your friend, and do not rent a house with
+an arbor."[23]
+
+Another shows how the stories of classic times survive among the people.
+Nero, a wicked king, goes about in disguise to hear what the people say
+of him. One day he meets an old woman in the field, and when Nero's name
+is mentioned, instead of cursing him as others do, she says: "May God
+preserve him." She explains her words by saying that they have had
+several kings, each worse than the other, and now they have Nero, who
+tears every son from his mother, wherefore may God guard and preserve
+him, for "There is no end to evil."[24]
+
+There was once a whimsical prince who thought he could arrange the world
+and animals as he pleased and overcome Nature. He taught his horse to
+devour flesh and his dogs to eat grass. He trained an ass to dance and
+accompany himself by his braying: in short, the prince boasted that by
+means of Art one could rule Nature. Among other things he trained a cat
+to stand on the table and hold a lighted candle while he was eating. No
+matter what was brought on the table, the cat never moved, but held the
+candle as if it had been a statue of wood. The prince showed the cat to
+his friends and said, boastingly: "Nature is nothing; my art is more
+powerful and can do this and other things." His friends often said that
+everything must be true to its nature; "Art departs and Nature
+prevails." The prince invited them to make any trial they wished,
+asserting that the cat would never forget the art he had taught it. One
+of his friends caught a mouse one day and wrapped it up in a
+handkerchief and carried it with him to the prince's. When the cat heard
+and saw the mouse, it dropped the candlestick and ran after the mouse.
+The friend began to laugh, and said to the prince, who stood with his
+mouth wide open with amazement: "Dear prince, I always told you Art
+departs and Nature prevails!"
+
+This story is told of Dante and Cecco d' Ascoli, the former playing the
+role of the prince.[25]
+
+To counterbalance the stories of foolish people which have been related
+above, we will conclude this chapter with some stories of clever people,
+stories which were popular as long ago as the Middle Ages.
+
+The first is from Sicily (Gonz., No. 50) and is called:
+
+
+CVII. THE CLEVER PEASANT.
+
+There was once a king who, while hunting, saw a peasant working in the
+fields and asked him: "How much do you earn in a day?" "Four _carlini_,
+your Majesty," answered the peasant. "What do you do with them?"
+continued the king. The peasant said: "The first I eat; the second I
+put out at interest; the third I give back, and the fourth I throw
+away."
+
+The king rode on, but after a time the peasant's answer seemed very
+curious to him, so he returned and asked him: "Tell me, what do you mean
+by eating the first _carlino_, putting the second out to interest,
+giving back the third, and throwing away the fourth?" The peasant
+answered: "With the first I feed myself; with the second I feed my
+children, who must care for me when I am old; with the third I feed my
+father, and so repay him for what he has done for me, and with the
+fourth I feed my wife, and thus throw it away, because I have no profit
+from it." "Yes," said the king, "you are right. Promise me, however,
+that you will not tell any one this until you have seen my face a
+hundred times." The peasant promised and the king rode home well
+pleased.
+
+While sitting at table with his ministers, he said: "I will give you a
+riddle: A peasant earns four _carlini_ a day; the first he eats; the
+second he puts out at interest; the third he gives back, and the fourth
+he throws away. What is that?" No one was able to answer it.
+
+One of the ministers remembered finally that the king had spoken the day
+before with the peasant, and he resolved to find the peasant and obtain
+from him the answer. When he saw the peasant he asked him for the answer
+to the riddle, but the peasant answered: "I cannot tell you, for I have
+promised the king to tell no one until I have seen his face a hundred
+times." "Oh!" said the minister, "I can show you the king's face," and
+drew a hundred coins from his purse and gave them to the peasant. On
+every coin the king's face was to be seen of course. After the peasant
+had looked at each coin once, he said: "I have now seen the king's face
+a hundred times, and can tell you the answer to the riddle," and told
+him it.
+
+The minister went in great glee to the king and said: "Your Majesty, I
+have found the answer to the riddle; it is so and so." The king
+exclaimed: "You can have heard it only from the peasant himself," had
+the peasant summoned, and took him to task. "Did you not promise me not
+to tell it until you had seen my face a hundred times?" "But, your
+Majesty," answered the peasant, "your minister showed me your picture a
+hundred times." Then he showed him the bag of money that the minister
+had given him. The king was so pleased with the clever peasant that he
+rewarded him, and made him a rich man for the rest of his life.[26]
+
+
+CVIII. THE CLEVER GIRL.
+
+Once upon a time there was a huntsman who had a wife and two children, a
+son and a daughter; and all lived together in a wood where no one ever
+came, and so they knew nothing about the world. The father alone
+sometimes went to the city and brought back the news. The king's son
+once went hunting and lost himself in that wood, and while he was
+seeking his way it became night. He was weary and hungry. Imagine how he
+felt! But all at once he saw a light shining at a distance. He followed
+it and reached the huntsman's house and asked for lodging and something
+to eat. The huntsman recognized him at once and said: "Highness, we have
+already supped on our best. But if we can find anything for you, you
+must be satisfied with it. What can we do? We are so far from the towns,
+that we cannot procure what we need every day." Meanwhile he had a capon
+cooked for him. The prince did not wish to eat it alone, but called all
+the huntsman's family, and gave the head of the capon to the father, the
+back to the mother, the legs to the son, and the wings to the daughter,
+and ate the rest himself. In the house there were only two beds, in the
+same room. In one the husband and wife slept, in the other the brother
+and sister. The old people went and slept in the stable, giving up their
+bed to the prince. When the girl saw that the prince was asleep, she
+said to her brother: "I will wager that you do not know why the prince
+divided the capon among us in the manner he did." "Do you know? Tell me
+why." "He gave the head to papa because he is the head of the family,
+the back to mamma because she has on her shoulders all the affairs of
+the house, the legs to you because you must be quick in performing the
+errands which are given you, and the wings to me to fly away and catch a
+husband." The prince pretended to be asleep; but he was awake and heard
+these words, and perceived that the girl had much judgment; and as she
+was also pretty, he fell in love with her.
+
+The next morning he left the huntsman's; and as soon as he reached the
+court, he sent him, by a servant, a purse of money. To the young girl he
+sent a cake in the form of a full moon, thirty patties, and a cooked
+capon, with three questions: "Whether it was the thirtieth of the month
+in the wood, whether the moon was full, and whether the capon crowed in
+the night." The servant, although a trusty one, was overcome by his
+gluttony and ate fifteen of the patties, and a good slice of the cake,
+and the capon. The young girl, who had understood it all, sent back word
+to the prince that the moon was not full but on the wane; that it was
+only the fifteenth of the month and that the capon had gone to the mill;
+and that she asked him to spare the pheasant for the sake of the
+partridge. The prince, too, understood the metaphor, and having summoned
+the servant, he cried: "Rogue! you have eaten the capon, fifteen
+patties, and a good slice of the cake. Thank that girl who has
+interceded for you; if she had not, I would have hung you."
+
+A few months after this, the huntsman found a gold mortar, and wished to
+present it to the prince. But his daughter said: "You will be laughed at
+for this present. You will see that the prince will say to you: 'The
+mortar is fine and good, but, peasant, where is the pestle?'" The father
+did not listen to his daughter; but when he carried the mortar to the
+prince, he was greeted as his daughter had foretold. "My daughter told
+me so," said the huntsman. "Ah! if I had only listened to her!" The
+prince heard these words and said to him: "Your daughter, who pretends
+to be so wise, must make me a hundred ells of cloth out of four ounces
+of flax; if she does not I will hang you and her." The poor father
+returned home weeping, and sure that he and his daughter must die, for
+who could make a hundred ells of cloth with four ounces of flax. His
+daughter came out to meet him, and when she learned why he was weeping,
+said: "Is that all you are weeping for? Quick, get me the flax and I
+will manage it." She made four small cords of the flax and said to her
+father: "Take these cords and tell him that when he makes me a loom out
+of these cords I will weave the hundred ells of cloth." When the prince
+heard this answer he did not know what to say, and thought no more about
+condemning the father or the daughter.
+
+The next day he went to the wood to visit the girl. Her mother was dead,
+and her father was out in the fields digging. The prince knocked, but no
+one opened. He knocked louder, but the same thing. The young girl was
+deaf to him. Finally, tired of waiting, he broke open the door and
+entered: "Rude girl! who taught you not to open to one of my rank? Where
+are your father and mother?" "Who knew it was you? My father is where he
+should be and my mother is weeping for her sins. You must leave, for I
+have something else to do than listen to you." The prince went away in
+anger and complained to the father of his daughter's rude manners, but
+the father excused her. The prince, at last seeing how wise and cunning
+she was, married her.
+
+The wedding was celebrated with great splendor, but an event happened
+which came near plunging the princess into misfortune. One Sunday two
+peasants were passing a church; one of them had a hand-cart and the
+other was leading a she-ass ready to foal. The bell rang for mass and
+they both entered the church, one leaving his cart outside and the other
+tying the ass to the cart. While they were in the church the ass foaled,
+and the owner of the ass and the owner of the cart both claimed the
+colt. They appealed to the prince, and he decided that the colt belonged
+to the owner of the cart, because, he said, it was more likely that the
+owner of the ass would tie her to the cart in order to lay a false claim
+to the colt than that the owner of the cart would tie it to the ass.
+The owner of the ass had right on his side, and all the people were in
+his favor, but the prince had pronounced sentence and there was nothing
+to say. The poor man then applied to the princess, who advised him to
+cast a net in the square when the prince passed. When the prince saw the
+net, he said: "What are you doing, you fool? Do you expect to find fish
+in the square?" The peasant, who had been advised by the princess,
+answered: "It is easier for me to find fish in the square than for a
+cart to have foals." The prince revoked the sentence, but when he
+returned to the palace, knowing that the princess had suggested the
+answer to the peasant, he said to her: "Prepare to return to your own
+home within an hour. Take with you what you like best and depart." She
+was not at all saddened by the prospect, but ate a better dinner than
+usual, and made the prince drink a bottle of wine in which she had put a
+sleeping potion; and when he was as sound asleep as a log, she had him
+put in a carriage and took him with her to her house in the wood. It was
+in January, and she had the roof of the house uncovered and it snowed on
+the prince, who awoke and called his servants: "What do you wish?" said
+the princess. "I command here. Did you not tell me to take from your
+house the thing I liked best? I have taken you, and now you are mine."
+The prince laughed and they made peace.[27]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next story is the Italian version of the tale familiar to the
+readers of Grimm by the title of "Doctor Knowall." There is a Sicilian
+version in Pitre, No. 167, in which our story forms one of several
+episodes. It is found, however, independently in the Mantuan collection
+from which we take it, changing the name slightly to suit the conclusion
+of the story.
+
+
+CIX. CRAB.
+
+There was once a king who had lost a valuable ring. He looked for it
+everywhere, but could not find it. So he issued a proclamation that if
+any astrologer could tell him where it was he would be richly rewarded.
+A poor peasant by the name of Crab heard of the proclamation. He could
+neither read nor write, but took it into his head that he wanted to be
+the astrologer to find the king's ring. So he went and presented himself
+to the king, to whom he said: "Your Majesty must know that I am an
+astrologer, although you see me so poorly dressed. I know that you have
+lost a ring and I will try by study to find out where it is." "Very
+well," said the king, "and when you have found it, what reward must I
+give you?" "That is at your discretion, your Majesty." "Go, then, study,
+and we shall see what kind of an astrologer you turn out to be."
+
+He was conducted to a room, in which he was to be shut up to study. It
+contained only a bed and a table on which were a large book and writing
+materials. Crab seated himself at the table and did nothing but turn
+over the leaves of the book and scribble the paper so that the servants
+who brought him his food thought him a great man. They were the ones who
+had stolen the ring, and from the severe glances that the peasant cast
+at them whenever they entered, they began to fear that they would be
+found out. They made him endless bows and never opened their mouths
+without calling him "Mr. Astrologer." Crab, who, although illiterate,
+was, as a peasant, cunning, all at once imagined that the servants must
+know about the ring, and this is the way his suspicions were confirmed.
+He had been shut up in his room turning over his big book and scribbling
+his paper for a month, when his wife came to visit him. He said to her:
+"Hide yourself under the bed, and when a servant enters, say: 'That is
+one;' when another comes, say: 'That is two;' and so on." The woman hid
+herself. The servants came with the dinner, and hardly had the first one
+entered when a voice from under the bed said: "That is one." The second
+one entered; the voice said: "That is two;" and so on. The servants were
+frightened at hearing that voice, for they did not know where it came
+from, and held a consultation. One of them said: "We are discovered; if
+the astrologer denounces us to the king as thieves, we are lost." "Do
+you know what we must do?" said another. "Let us hear." "We must go to
+the astrologer and tell him frankly that we stole the ring, and ask him
+not to betray us, and present him with a purse of money. Are you
+willing?" "Perfectly."
+
+So they went in harmony to the astrologer, and making him a lower bow
+than usual, one of them began: "Mr. Astrologer, you have discovered that
+we stole the ring. We are poor people and if you reveal it to the king,
+we are undone. So we beg you not to betray us, and accept this purse of
+money." Crab took the purse and then added: "I will not betray you, but
+you must do what I tell you, if you wish to save your lives. Take the
+ring and make that turkey in the court-yard swallow it, and leave the
+rest to me." The servants were satisfied to do so and departed with a
+low bow. The next day Crab went to the king and said to him: "Your
+Majesty must know that after having toiled over a month I have succeeded
+in discovering where the ring has gone to." "Where is it, then?" asked
+the king. "A turkey has swallowed it." "A turkey? very well, let us
+see."
+
+They went for the turkey, opened it, and found the ring inside. The
+king, amazed, presented the astrologer with a large purse of money and
+invited him to a banquet. Among the other dishes, there was brought on
+the table a plate of crabs. Crabs must then have been very rare, because
+only the king and a few others knew their name. Turning to the peasant
+the king said: "You, who are an astrologer, must be able to tell me the
+name of these things which are in this dish." The poor astrologer was
+very much puzzled, and, as if speaking to himself, but in such a way
+that the others heard him, he muttered: "Ah! Crab, Crab, what a plight
+you are in!" All who did not know that his name was Crab rose and
+proclaimed him the greatest astrologer in the world.[28]
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+[1] There are some popular tales, chiefly Oriental in their origin, in
+the _Cente novelle antiche_ (see the notes to Chapter III.), and
+Boccaccio and his imitators undoubtedly made use of popular material.
+These popular elements, however, are almost exclusively of the class of
+jests. The fairy tale, which constitutes by far the largest and most
+important class of popular tales, is not found in European literature
+until Straparola. For a few earlier traces of fairy tales in mediaeval
+literature, see an article by the writer, "Two Mediaeval Folk-Tales," in
+the _Germania_, XVIII. [New Series], p. 203.
+
+[2] The little that is known of Straparola and a very complete
+bibliography of his _Piacevoli Notti_ will be found in an excellent
+monograph entitled, _Giovan Francesco Straparola da Caravaggio_,
+Inaugural-Dissertation von F. W. J. Brakelmann aus Soest, Goettingen,
+1867. Straparola's work, especially the unexpurgated editions, is
+scarce, and the student will ordinarily be obliged to consult it in the
+French translation of Louveau and Larivey, of which there is an
+excellent edition in the _Bibliotheque Elzevirienne_ of P. Jannet,
+Paris, 1857. There is a German translation with valuable notes of the
+_maerchen_ contained in the _Piacevoli Notti_ by F. W. Val. Schmidt,
+Berlin, 1817. Schmidt used, without knowing it, an expurgated edition,
+and translated eighteen instead of twenty-two popular tales.
+
+[3] The reader will find all the necessary references to Straparola's
+borrowed materials in Liebrecht's translation of Dunlop's History of
+Fiction, pp. 283, 493; in Brakelmann's dissertation above cited; in the
+French version in the _Bib. Elzevir._; and in Grimm, II. 477.
+
+[4] A comparison of Straparola's tales with those of Grimm, and an
+analysis of those lacking in Schmidt's translation, will be found in
+Grimm, II. 477-481.
+
+[5] The imitations of Straparola will be found in Dunlop-Liebrecht, p.
+284. It is impossible to say with absolute certainty that Perrault
+borrowed his "_Chat Botte_" and "_Peau d'Ane_" from Straparola. It is,
+however, quite likely. Perrault's stories appeared 1694-97, and twelve
+editions of the French translation of Straparola had been issued before
+that date.
+
+[6] The few details of Basile's life will be found in Grimm, II. 481,
+Liebrecht's translation, II. p. 316, and Taylor's translation, p. v. An
+article in a recent number of the periodical named from Basile, vol. II.
+p. 17, gives the conflicting testimony of a number of Italian writers as
+to Basile's birth and death. The writer has discovered a mention of
+Basile's burial in the church of St. Sophia at Giugliano, near Naples,
+and in a record of deaths kept in the same town, an entry stating that
+Basile died there on the 23d of February, 1632. The following are all
+the editions of which I can find mention: Naples, 1637, 8vo, 1644, 12mo,
+1645, 1674, 1694 (Graesse), 1697 (Pitre), 1714, 1722, 1728, 1747, 1749
+(Liebrecht), 1788, _Collezione di Tutti i Poemi_, etc.; Rome, 1679, 1797
+(Pitre). Italian translations appeared at Naples in 1754, 1769, 1784,
+and 1863, and in Bolognese at Bologna, 1742, 1813, 1872, and at Venice
+in 1813. The editions used in the preparation of this work will be found
+in the Bibliography. In spite of the numerous editions above cited, the
+_Pentamerone_ is a very scarce work, and the scholar will usually have
+to content himself with Liebrecht's excellent translation. Thirty-one of
+the fifty stories have been admirably translated by John Edward Taylor,
+London, 1848, 1850. The _Pentamerone_ suffered the same fate as the
+_Piacevoli Notti_. It was not known, for instance, in Germany, until
+Fernow described it in his _Roemische Studien_, Zuerich, 1808, vol. III.
+pp. 316, 475, although Wieland had taken the material for his "Pervonte"
+from the third story of the first day.
+
+[7] The frame of the _Pentamerone_ is the story of the "False Bride:"
+see Gonz., Nos. 11, 12; Pitre, No. 13; Imbriani, "_'E Sette
+Mane-Mozze_;" and Hahn, Nos. 12, 49. Grimm, II. p. 483, gives the
+stories in the _Pent._ which have parallels among his own _Kinder- und
+Hausmaerchen_. The notes to Liebrecht's translation are to be
+supplemented by the same author's additional notes in his translation of
+Dunlop, p. 515.
+
+[8] This story is usually printed with Perrault's tales, but its author
+was really Mlle. Lheritier. See the latest edition of Perrault's tales,
+_Les Contes de Charles Perrault_, par Andre Lefevre, Paris, Lemerre,
+1875, p. xli.
+
+[9] See Dunlop-Liebrecht, p. 408 _et seq._; and Grimm, II. p. 489 _et
+seq._
+
+[10] References to four of the five stories will be found as follows:
+I., Pitre, vol. IV. pp. 372, 375; II., Pitre, _ibid._ p. 381; III.,
+_Nov. fior._ pp. 93, 112, Pitre, No. 36; V., Pitre, vol. IV. p. 391. The
+two editions of Naples, 1684 and 1751, are extremely scarce and the
+student will be obliged to have recourse to the edition of 1789,
+contained in the _Collezione di tutti li poeti in lingua Napoletana_.
+
+[11] Pitre, vol. I. p. xliii., mentions some other names, as, _rumanzi_
+by the inhabitants of Termini, and _pugaret_ by the Albanian colonists.
+To these may be added another Milanese appellation, _panzanega_.
+
+[12] Other endings are given by Imbriani, _Pomiglianesi_, p. 129:--
+
+    Cuccurucu,
+    No' noe n' cchiu.
+
+(Cuccurucu, there is no more.)
+
+    Cuccurucu.
+    Sa' 'o vuo' cchiu bello, t' o dice tu.
+
+(Cuccurucu, if you want it finer, tell it yourself.) See also Pitre,
+vol. I. p. 196, note 2. The most curious introductions and endings are
+those in De Nino, _Usi e Costumi abruzzesi_, vol. III. There is no
+general formula, but each _fiaba_ has one of its own. Some are
+meaningless jingles, but others are quite extensive poems on religious
+subjects. Among these may be found legends of various saints, St.
+Nicholas, p. 335, etc.
+
+[13] An interesting article might be written on the Italian
+story-tellers, generally illiterate women, from whose lips the stories
+in the modern collections have been taken down. Some details may be
+found in Pitre, vol. I. p. xvii. (repeated in Ralston's article in
+_Fraser's Magazine_).
+
+[14] Any attempt at an explanation of these facts would lead into the
+vexed question of the origin and diffusion of popular tales in general.
+We cannot refrain, however, from calling attention to a remark by
+Nerucci in the preface to his _Nov. pop. montalesi_, p. v. He thinks
+that the Italian popular tale will be found to have much the same origin
+as the Italian popular poetry, that is, that very much is of a literary
+origin which has usually been deemed popular. This is undoubtedly true
+of many stories; but may not two versions of a given story, a popular
+and a literary one, have had a source common to both? A very interesting
+study might be made of the Italian popular tales in their relation to
+literary versions which may be the originals.
+
+The most valuable contributions to the question of the origin of Italian
+popular tales are those by Pitre in the first volume of his _Fiabe_, pp.
+xli.-cxlv., and in the same author's _Nov. pop. tosc._ pp. v.-xxxviii.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+FAIRY TALES.
+
+[1] This story is a variant of Pitre, No. 17, _Marvizia_ (the name of
+the heroine who was as small as a _marva_, the mallow plant), in which
+the introduction is wanting. The heroine falls in love with a green bird
+she sees in her garden, and goes in search of it. After many adventures,
+she restores the bird to its former human shape and marries it. Other
+Italian versions of the story in the text are: Sicilian, Pitre, No.
+281, _Nuovo Saggio_, V.; Gonz., No. 15; Neapolitan, _Pent._ II. 9, V. 4;
+Comp., No. 33 (from the Basilicata); Roman, Busk, p. 99; Tuscan, De
+Gub., _Sto. Stefano_, No. 14; and Tyrolese, Schneller, No. 13.
+
+An important trait in the above class is "Tasks set Wife." Besides in
+the above stories, this trait is also found in those belonging to other
+classes: see De Gub., _Sto. Stefano_, No. 2, and _Nov. fior._ p. 209.
+
+Another important trait is the following: When after a long search the
+wife discovers her husband, it is only to find him in the power of a
+second wife, who, however, by various bribes, is induced to permit the
+first wife to spend a night in her husband's chamber. She is unable to
+awaken her husband, who has been drugged by the second wife. The third
+night she succeeds, makes herself known to him, and they escape. As an
+example of this trait, we give in full De Gub., _Sto. Stefano_, No. 14,
+referred to above.
+
+
+XX. SIR FIORANTE, MAGICIAN.
+
+A woodman had three daughters. Every morning one after the other, in
+turn, carried him his bread to the wood. The father and the daughters
+noticed in a thicket a large snake, which one day asked the old man for
+one of his daughters in marriage, threatening him with death if none of
+them would accept such an offer. The father told his daughters of the
+snake's offer, and the first and second immediately refused. If the
+third had refused too, there would have been no hope of salvation for
+the father; but for his sake she declared at once that snakes had always
+pleased her, and she thought the snake proposed by her father very
+handsome. At this the snake shook his tail in token of great joy, and
+making his bride mount it, carried her away to the midst of a beautiful
+meadow, where he caused a splendid palace to arise while he himself
+became a handsome man, and revealed himself as Sir Fiorante with the red
+and white stockings. But woe to her if she ever disclosed to any one his
+existence and name! She would lose him forever, unless, to obtain
+possession of him again, she wore out a pair of iron shoes, a staff and
+a hat, and filled with her tears seven bottles. The maiden promised; but
+she was a woman; she went to visit her sisters; one of them wished to
+know her husband's name, and was so cunning that at last her sister told
+her, but when the poor girl went back to see her husband, she found
+neither husband nor palace. To find him again, she was obliged in
+despair to do penance. She walked and walked and walked, and wept
+unceasingly. She had already filled one bottle with tears, when she met
+an old woman who gave her a fine walnut to crack in time of need, and
+disappeared. When she had filled four bottles, she met another old
+woman, who gave her a hazel-nut to crack in time of need, and
+disappeared. She had filled all seven bottles when a third old woman
+appeared to her, and left her an almond to be cracked in a third case
+of need, and she, too, disappeared. At last the young girl reached the
+castle of Sir Fiorante, who had taken another wife. The girl broke first
+the walnut, and found in it a beautiful dress which the second wife
+wanted herself. The young girl said: "You may have it if you will let me
+sleep with Sir Fiorante." The second wife consented, but meanwhile she
+gave Sir Fiorante some opium. In the night, the young girl said: "Sir
+Fiorante with the red and white stockings, I have worn out a pair of
+iron shoes, the staff and the hat, and filled seven bottles with tears,
+wherefore you must recognize your first wife."
+
+He made no answer, for he had taken opium. The next day the girl opened
+the hazel-nut, and out came a dress more beautiful than the first; Sir
+Fiorante's second wife wanted this, and obtained it on the same
+condition as the first, but took care that Sir Fiorante should take some
+opium before going to bed. The third day, a faithful servant asked Sir
+Fiorante if he had not heard in the night the cries that were uttered
+near him. Sir Fiorante replied, No, but was careful not to take any
+opium the third night, when, having broken the almond and found in it a
+dress of unapproachable beauty, the young girl obtained the second
+wife's consent to sleep anew with Sir Fiorante. The latter pretended
+this time to take the opium, but did not. Then he feigned to be asleep,
+but remained awake in order to hear the cries of his abandoned wife,
+which he could not resist, and began to embrace her. The next day they
+left that palace to the second wife, and departed together and went to
+live in happiness at another more wonderful castle.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This episode is found in the _Pent._ V. 3, otherwise not belonging to
+this class; and in Comp., No. 51, and _Nov. fior._ p. 168, which
+properly belong to the formula of "Animal Children."
+
+Hahn's formula No. 6, in which a maiden sells herself for three costly
+presents, and is obliged to marry the buyer, is sufficiently illustrated
+by Gonz., No. 18, Pitre, No. 105, and Nerucci, No. 50. In the last story
+the person to whom the maiden has sold herself refuses to marry her.
+
+The wedding torch is found also in Pitre, No. 17, and is clearly a
+survival of the classic custom. The episode in which the birth of the
+child is hindered recalls the myths of Latona and Alcmene, see Koehler's
+notes to Gonz., No. 12 (II. p. 210). Other cases of malicious arrest of
+childbirth in popular literature may be found in Child's _English and
+Scottish Pop. Ballads_, Part I. p. 84. Pandora's box is also found in
+_Pent._ V. 4.
+
+Copious references to other Europeans versions of our story will be
+found in Koehler's notes to Gonz., No. 15 (II. 214), and to Blade,
+_Contes pop. rec. en Agenais_, p. 145, to which may be added the notes
+to the Grimm stories Nos. 88, 113, 127 ("The Soaring Lark," "The Two
+Kings' Children," and "The Iron Stove"), and Benfey, _Pant._ I. p. 255.
+
+[2] The lamp lighted at night to enable the wife to see her husband is
+found in Pitre, No. 82, and in a Calabrian story in De Gub., _Zool.
+Myth._ II. 286-287, where the drop of wax falls on the mirror of the
+sleeping youth. The same incident occurs in the curious story of "The
+Enchanted Palace," in Comp., No. 27, which is simply a reversal of the
+Cupid and Psyche myth, and in which the husband is the curious one, and
+the drop of wax falls on the sleeping wife, and awakens her.
+
+The "iron shoes" are found in Comp., No. 51; Pitre, No. 56; _Pent._ V.
+4; De Gub., _Sto. Stefano_, No. 14; Gradi, _Vigilia_, p. 26; and Ortoli,
+p. 8. See also Hahn, Nos. 73, 102, and _Basque Legends_, p. 39.
+
+[3] See Koehler to Gonz., No. 16; Dunlop-Liebrecht, p. 406 (_Anmerkung._
+475, and _Nachtrag_, p. 544); Graesse, _Sagen-Kreise_, p. 380; Benfey,
+I. 254; and Simrock, _D.M._ pp. 332, 391, 427.
+
+[4] Other Italian versions of this story are: Nerucci, Nos. 33, 59;
+Comparetti, No. 27 (Monferrato), mentioned already in Note 2; and
+Schneller, No. 13. Pitre, No. 27, has some points of contact also with
+our story.
+
+[5] Nerucci, No. 1, and _Nov. fior._ p. 319. For the story of "Beauty
+and the Beast" in general, see Ralston's article with this title in the
+_Nineteenth Century_, No. 22, December, 1878; and notes to Schiefner's
+_Tibetan Tales_, London, 1882, p. xxxvii.
+
+[6] The following versions all contain the episodes of the father asking
+his daughters what gifts he shall bring them, and daughter's tardy
+return to the monster: Busk, p. 115; Gradi, _Saggio_, p. 189;
+Comparetti, No. 64 (Montale); and _Zooel. Myth._ II. p. 382 (Leghorn),
+with which compare _Indian Fairy Tales_, p. 292. In _Fiabe Mant._ No.
+24, we have father's gifts and sympathetic ring; but the danger to
+monster does not depend on the tardiness of his bride. In _Zool. Myth._
+II. p. 381 (Piedmont), we have father's gift; but danger to monster
+results from wife's revealing his name to her sisters. Schneller, No.
+25, contains the usual introduction (father's gifts), but the monster, a
+snake, accompanies his bride on her visit home, and while they are
+dancing together she steps on his tail and crushes it, whereupon the
+snake becomes a handsome young man. A Sicilian story, "Zafarana" (Gonz.,
+No. 9), contains both episodes above mentioned, but otherwise differs
+from the class of stories we are now examining.
+
+Closely allied with the formula of "Beauty and the Beast" is that of
+"Animal Children." In the latter class the introduction (father's gift)
+is wanting, and also the episode of visit of wife and tardy return. The
+"animal child" is usually born in accordance with a rash wish of
+childless mother that she might have a son, even if he were like one of
+the animals which she happens to see (Hahn, Formula No. 7). When the
+"animal child" is grown up his parents attempt to obtain a wife for him;
+two of three sisters show their disgust and are killed; the third is
+more prudent, and ultimately disenchants her husband, usually by
+burning his skin, which he puts on and off at pleasure. The typical
+story of this class is Pitre, No. 56, "The Serpent." To Pitre's copious
+references may be added: Comparetti, No. 9 (Monferrato), in which the
+prince resumes his shape after his third marriage without any further
+means of disenchantment; No 66 (Monferrato), the prince takes off seven
+skins, and from a dragon becomes a handsome youth. In both these stories
+the prince is enchanted and not born in accordance with mother's wish.
+Gianandrea, p. 15, is a version of Comp., No. 9. Corazzini, p. 429
+(Benevento), belongs more properly to "Beauty and the Beast;" the
+husband disappears on wife's revealing to his mother the secret of his
+being a handsome youth by night. A somewhat similar version is in Prato,
+No. 4, "_Il Re Serpente_." See also Finamore, _Nov. pop. abruzzesi_,
+Nos. 6, 21, and _Archivio_, I. 424 (Piedmont), 531 (Tuscany); II. 403
+(Marches); III. 362 (Abruzzi).
+
+For other references to this class see Koehler's notes to Widter-Wolf,
+_Jahrb._ VII. p. 249; Benfey, _Pant._ I. p. 265 _et seq._; and notes to
+Grimm, Nos. 108 ("Hans the Hedgehog") and 144 ("The Little Ass").
+
+[7] Other Italian versions may be found in Pitre, No. 38; Gonz., No. 27;
+_Pent._ II. 2; Busk, pp. 46, 57, and 63; _Fiabe Mant._ Nos. 3 and 17;
+_Nov. tosc._ 4; and Schneller, No. 21. _Pent._ II. 5, contains many
+points of resemblance, although it belongs to the class of "Animal
+Children."
+
+Two very close non-Italian versions are Asbj., No. 84, "The Green
+Knight" [_Tales from the Fjeld_, p. 311, "The Green Knight"], and Hahn,
+No. 7, "The Golden Wand."
+
+An important episode in the above stories is "sick prince and secret
+remedy." This is found in stories belonging to other classes, as for
+example in Schneller, 9, 10, 11; in 10 the princess is ill, in 11 there
+is simply the "overheard council of witches;" _Nov. fior._ pp. 599, 601
+(princess ill), and Comp., No. 8 (sick prince).
+
+The above trait is found in the class of stories which may be named
+"True and Untrue," and of which Grimm, No. 107, "The Two Travellers," is
+a good example. Italian versions may be found in Widter-Wolf, No. 1
+(_Jahrb._ VII. p. 3); Nerucci, No. 23; Ive, _Nozze Ive-Lorenzetto_, p.
+31, "_La Curona del Gran Giegno_." Non-Italian versions will be found in
+Koehler's notes to Widter-Wolf, and Ive's notes to above cited story.
+
+[8] This class is named by Hahn from Genevieve de Brabant, whose legend
+may be found in _Dict. des Legendes_, p. 396, and, with copious
+references, in D'Ancona's _Sacre Rappresentazioni_, III. p. 235.
+
+[9] The title of the original is "_Li figghi di lu Cavuliciddaru_," "The
+Herb-gatherer's Daughters."
+
+[10] Another Sicilian version is "_Re Sonnu_," in Pitre, _Nuovo Saggio_,
+No. 1. To the references in Pitre, No. 36, and Gonz., No. 5, may be
+added: _Fiabe Mant._ No. 14, only as far as abstraction of children are
+concerned and accusation of murder against the mother; No. 46, a poor
+version, the beginning of which is lost; Comparetti, Nos. 6
+(Basilicata), and 30 (Pisa); No. 17 (Pisa) is a defective version, the
+search for the marvellous objects being omitted; another distorted
+version from Monferrato is found in the same collection, No. 25. See
+also Prato, _Quattro nov. pop. livornesi_, No. 2, and Finamore, No. 39.
+Two of the traits of our story are found in many others; they are:
+"Sympathetic objects," ring, etc., and "Life-giving ointment or leaves."
+For the former, see notes to next two stories, and in general, Brueyre,
+p. 93; for the latter, see Gonz., No. 40; Comparetti, No. 32 (see Note
+12); Bernoni, _Punt._ III. p. 84. In these stories the life-restoring
+substance is an ointment; leaves possessing the same power are found in
+Pitre, No. 11, _Pent._ I. 7, _La Posillecheata_, No. 1, and
+Coronedi-Berti, No. 14. See also Grimm, No. 16, "The Three
+Snake-Leaves;" _Basque Legends_, p. 117; Benfey, _Pant._ I. 454, Cox,
+_Aryan Myth._ I. 160; and _Germania_, XXI. p. 68. For non-Italian
+versions of the story in the text see Koehler's notes in _Melusine_, p.
+213, to a Breton version, and _Indian Fairy Tales_, pp. 242, 277.
+
+In the above formula are embraced several somewhat different stories in
+which the persecution of innocent wife proceeds from various persons.
+For instance, in the Italian legends Sta. Guglielma is persecuted by her
+brother-in-law; Sta. Ulila by her father and mother-in-law; and Stella
+by her stepmother. See D'Ancona, _op. cit._, pp. 199, 235, 317. A
+popular version, somewhat distorted, of the second of the
+above-mentioned legends may be found in Nerucci, No. 39; of the third in
+Gonz., No. 24.
+
+More commonly, however, the persecution is on the part of envious
+sisters or wicked stepmother. The important role played by the last in
+tales of the North of Europe has its counterpart in those of the South.
+The following story from Siena (Pitre, _La Scatola di Cristallo_) will
+sufficiently illustrate this class.
+
+
+XXI. THE CRYSTAL CASKET.
+
+There was once a widower who had a daughter. This daughter was between
+ten and twelve years old. Her father sent her to school, and as she was
+all alone in the world commended her always to her teacher. Now, the
+teacher, seeing that the child had no mother, fell in love with the
+father, and kept saying to the girl: "Ask your father if he would like
+me for a wife." This she said to her every day, and at last the girl
+said: "Papa, the school-mistress is always asking me if you will marry
+her." The father said: "Eh! my daughter, if I take another wife, you
+will have great troubles." But the girl persisted, and finally the
+father was persuaded to go one evening to the school-mistress' house.
+When she saw him she was well pleased, and they settled the marriage in
+a few days. Poor child! how bitterly she had to repent having found a
+stepmother so ungrateful and cruel to her! She sent her every day out on
+a terrace to water a pot of basil, and it was so dangerous that if she
+fell she would go into a large river.
+
+One day there came by a large eagle, and said to her: "What are you
+doing here?" She was weeping because she saw how great the danger was of
+falling into the stream. The eagle said to her: "Get on my back, and I
+will carry you away, and you will be happier than with your new mamma."
+After a long journey they reached a great plain, where they found a
+beautiful palace all of crystal; the eagle knocked at the door and said:
+"Open, my ladies, open! for I have brought you a pretty girl." When the
+people in the palace opened the door, and saw that lovely girl, they
+were amazed, and kissed and caressed her. Meanwhile the door was closed,
+and they remained peaceful and contented.
+
+Let us return to the eagle, who thought she was doing a spite to the
+stepmother. One day the eagle flew away to the terrace where the
+stepmother was watering the basil. "Where is your daughter?" asked the
+eagle. "Eh!" she replied, "perhaps she fell from this terrace and went
+into the river; I have not heard from her in ten days." The eagle
+answered: "What a fool you are! I carried her away; seeing that you
+treated her so harshly I carried her away to my fairies, and she is very
+well." Then the eagle flew away.
+
+The stepmother, filled with rage and jealousy, called a witch from the
+city, and said to her: "You see my daughter is alive, and is in the
+house of some fairies of an eagle which often comes upon my terrace; now
+you must do me the favor to find some way to kill this stepdaughter of
+mine, for I am afraid that some day or other she will return, and my
+husband, discovering this matter, will certainly kill me." The witch
+answered: "Oh, you need not be afraid of that: leave it to me."
+
+What did the witch do? She had made a little basketful of sweetmeats, in
+which she put a charm; then she wrote a letter, pretending that it was
+her father, who, having learned where she was, wished to make her this
+present, and the letter pretended that her father was so glad to hear
+that she was with the fairies.
+
+Let us leave the witch who is arranging all this deception, and return
+to Ermellina (for so the young girl was named). The fairies had said to
+her: "See, Ermellina, we are going away, and shall be absent four days;
+now in this time take good care not to open the door to any one, for
+some treachery is being prepared for you by your stepmother." She
+promised to open the door to no one: "Do not be anxious, I am well off,
+and my stepmother has nothing to do with me." But it was not so. The
+fairies went away, and the next day when Ermellina was alone, she heard
+a knocking at the door, and said to herself: "Knock away! I don't open
+to any one." But meanwhile the blows redoubled, and curiosity forced her
+to look out of the window. What did she see? She saw one of the servant
+girls of her own home (for the witch had disguised herself as one of her
+father's servants). "O my dear Ermellina," she said, "your father is
+shedding tears of sorrow for you, because he really believed you were
+dead, but the eagle which carried you off came and told him the good
+news that you were here with the fairies. Meanwhile your father, not
+knowing what civility to show you, for he understands very well that you
+are in need of nothing, has thought to send you this little basket of
+sweetmeats." Ermellina had not yet opened the door; the servant begged
+her to come down and take the basket and the letter, but she said: "No,
+I wish nothing!" but finally, since women, and especially young girls,
+are fond of sweetmeats, she descended and opened the door. When the
+witch had given her the basket, she said: "Eat this," and broke off for
+her a piece of the sweetmeats which she had poisoned. When Ermellina
+took the first mouthful the old woman disappeared. Ermellina had
+scarcely time to close the door, when she fell down on the stairs.
+
+When the fairies returned they knocked at the door, but no one opened it
+for them; then they perceived that there had been some treachery, and
+began to weep. Then the chief of the fairies said: "We must break open
+the door," and so they did, and saw Ermellina dead on the stairs. Her
+other friends who loved her so dearly begged the chief of the fairies to
+bring her to life, but she would not, "for," said she, "she has
+disobeyed me;" but one and the other asked her until she consented; she
+opened Ermellina's mouth, took out a piece of the sweetmeat which she
+had not yet swallowed, raised her up, and Ermellina came to life again.
+
+We can imagine what a pleasure it was for her friends; but the chief of
+the fairies reproved her for her disobedience, and she promised not to
+do so again.
+
+Once more the fairies were obliged to depart. Their chief said:
+"Remember, Ermellina: the first time I cured you, but the second I will
+have nothing to do with you." Ermellina said they need not worry, that
+she would not open to any one. But it was not so; for the eagle,
+thinking to increase her stepmother's anger, told her again that
+Ermellina was alive. The stepmother denied it all to the eagle, but she
+summoned anew the witch, and told her that her stepdaughter was still
+alive, saying: "Either you will really kill her, or I will be avenged on
+you." The old woman, finding herself caught, told her to buy a very
+handsome dress, one of the handsomest she could find, and transformed
+herself into a tailoress belonging to the family, took the dress,
+departed, went to poor Ermellina, knocked at the door and said: "Open,
+open, for I am your tailoress." Ermellina looked out of the window and
+saw her tailoress; and was, in truth, a little confused (indeed, anyone
+would have been so). The tailoress said, "Come down, I must fit a dress
+on you." She replied, "No, no; for I have been deceived once." "But I am
+not the old woman," replied the tailoress, "you know me, for I have
+always made your dresses." Poor Ermellina was persuaded, and descended
+the stairs; the tailoress took to flight while Ermellina was yet
+buttoning up the dress, and disappeared. Ermellina closed the door, and
+was mounting the stairs; but it was not permitted her to go up, for she
+fell down dead.
+
+Let us return to the fairies, who came home and knocked at the door; but
+what good did it do to knock! There was no longer any one there. They
+began to weep. The chief of the fairies said: "I told you that she would
+betray me again; but now I will have nothing more to do with her." So
+they broke open the door, and saw the poor girl with that beautiful
+dress on; but she was dead. They all wept, because they really loved
+her. But there was nothing to do; the chief struck her enchanted wand,
+and commanded a beautiful rich casket all covered with diamonds and
+other precious stones to appear; then the others made a beautiful
+garland of flowers and gold, put it on the young girl, and then laid her
+in the casket, which was so rich and beautiful that it was marvellous to
+behold. Then the old fairy struck her wand as usual and commanded a
+handsome horse, the like of which not even the king possessed. Then they
+took the casket, put it on the horse's back, and led him into the public
+square of the city, and the chief of the fairies said: "Go, and do not
+stop until you find some one who says to you: 'Stop, for pity's sake,
+for I have lost my horse for you.'"
+
+Now let us leave the afflicted fairies, and turn our attention to the
+horse, which ran away at full speed. Who happened to pass at that
+moment? The son of a king (the name of this king is not known); and saw
+this horse with that wonder on its back. Then the king began to spur his
+horse, and rode him so hard that he killed him, and had to leave him
+dead in the road; but the king kept running after the other horse. The
+poor king could endure it no longer; he saw himself lost, and exclaimed:
+"Stop, for pity's sake, for I have lost my horse for you!" Then the
+horse stopped (for those were the words). When the king saw that
+beautiful girl dead in the casket, he thought no more about his own
+horse, but took the other to the city. The king's mother knew that her
+son had gone hunting; when she saw him returning with this loaded horse,
+she did not know what to think. The son had no father, wherefore he was
+all powerful. He reached the palace, had the horse unloaded, and the
+casket carried to his chamber; then he called his mother and said:
+"Mother, I went hunting, but I have found a wife." "But what is it? A
+doll? A dead woman?" "Mother," replied her son, "don't trouble yourself
+about what it is, it is my wife." His mother began to laugh, and
+withdrew to her own room (what could she do, poor mother?).
+
+Now this poor king no longer went hunting, took no diversion, did not
+even go to the table, but ate in his own room. By a fatality it happened
+that war was declared against him, and he was obliged to depart. He
+called his mother, and said: "Mother, I wish two careful chambermaids,
+whose business it shall be to guard this casket; for if on my return I
+find that anything has happened to my casket, I shall have the
+chambermaids killed." His mother, who loved him, said: "Go, my son, fear
+nothing, for I myself will watch over your casket." He wept several days
+at being obliged to abandon this treasure of his, but there was no help
+for it, he had to go.
+
+After his departure he did nothing but commend his wife (so he called
+her) to his mother in his letters. Let us return to the mother, who no
+longer thought about the matter, not even to have the casket dusted; but
+all at once there came a letter which informed her that the king had
+been victorious, and should return to his palace in a few days. The
+mother called the chambermaids, and said to them: "Girls, we are
+ruined." They replied: "Why, Highness?" "Because my son will be back in
+a few days, and how have we taken care of the doll?" They said: "True,
+true; now let us go and wash the doll's face." They went to the king's
+room and saw that the doll's face and hands were covered with dust and
+fly-specks, so they took a sponge and washed her face, but some drops of
+water fell on her dress and spotted it. The poor chambermaids began to
+weep, and went to the queen for advice. The queen said: "Do you know
+what to do! call a tailoress, and have a dress precisely like this
+bought, and take off this one before my son comes." They did so, and the
+chambermaids went to the room and began to unbutton the dress. The
+moment that they took off the first sleeve, Ermellina opened her eyes.
+The poor chambermaids sprang up in terror, but one of the most
+courageous said: "I am a woman, and so is this one; she will not eat
+me." To cut the matter short, she took off the dress, and when it was
+removed Ermellina began to get out of the casket to walk about and see
+where she was. The chambermaids fell on their knees before her and
+begged her to tell them who she was. She, poor girl, told them the whole
+story. Then she said: "I wish to know where I am?" Then the chambermaids
+called the king's mother to explain it to her. The mother did not fail
+to tell her everything, and she, poor girl, did nothing but weep
+penitently, thinking of what the fairies had done for her.
+
+The king was on the point of arriving, and his mother said to the doll:
+"Come here; put on one of my best dresses." In short, she arrayed her
+like a queen. Then came her son. They shut the doll up in a small room,
+so that she could not be seen. The king came with great joy, with
+trumpets blowing, and banners flying for the victory. But he took no
+interest in all this, and ran at once to his room to see the doll; the
+chambermaids fell on their knees before him saying that the doll smelled
+so badly that they could not stay in the palace, and were obliged to
+bury her. The king would not listen to this excuse, but at once called
+two of the palace servants to erect the gallows. His mother comforted
+him in vain: "My son, it was a dead woman." "No, no, I will not listen
+to any reasons; dead or alive, you should have left it for me." Finally,
+when his mother saw that he was in earnest about the gallows, she rang a
+little bell, and there came forth no longer the doll, but a very
+beautiful girl, whose like was never seen. The king was amazed, and
+said: "What is this!" Then his mother, the chambermaids, and Ermellina,
+were obliged to tell him all that had happened. He said: "Mother, since
+I adored her when dead, and called her my wife, now I mean her to be my
+wife in truth." "Yes, my son," replied his mother, "do so, for I am
+willing." They arranged the wedding, and in a few days were man and
+wife.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Sicilian versions of this story may be found in Pitre, Nos. 57, 58;
+Gonz., Nos. 2-4. To the copious references in the notes to the stories
+just mentioned may be added: _Fiabe Mant._ No. 28; _Tuscan Fairy Tales_,
+No. IX.; _Nov. fior._ pp. 232, 239; De Nino, XLI., XLIX., L.; _Nov.
+tosc._ 9. Other European versions are: Grimm, No. 53, "Little
+Snow-White;" Hahn, No. 103; _Lo Rondallayre_, No. 46: see also Koehler's
+notes to Gonz., Nos. 2-4.
+
+The last class of "stepmother" stories which we shall mention is Hahn's
+Formula 15, "Phryxos and Helle," in which both brother and sister are
+persecuted by stepmother. A good example of this class is Pitre, No.
+283.
+
+
+XXII. THE STEPMOTHER.
+
+There was once a husband and a wife who had two children, a son and a
+daughter. The wife died, and the husband married a woman who had a
+daughter blind of one eye. The husband was a farmer, and went to work in
+a field. The stepmother hated her husband's children, and to get rid of
+them she baked some bread, and sent it by them to her husband, but
+directed them to the wrong field, so that they might get lost. When the
+children reached a mountain they began to call their father, but no one
+answered. Now the girl was enchanted; and when they came to a spring and
+the brother wanted to drink, she said to him: "Do not drink of this
+fountain, or you will become an ass." Afterwards they found another
+spring, and the brother wanted to drink; but his sister said to him: "Do
+not drink of it, or you will become a calf." However, the boy would
+drink, and became a calf with golden horns. They continued their
+journey, and came to the sea-shore, where there was a handsome villa
+belonging to the prince. When the prince saw the young girl, and beheld
+how beautiful she was, he married her, and afterwards asked her what
+there was about the little calf, and she replied: "I am fond of him
+because I have brought him up."
+
+Let us now return to her father, who, from the great grief he had on
+account of his children's disappearance, had gone out to divert himself,
+and wandered away, gathering fennel. He arrived at last at the villa,
+where was his daughter who had married the king. His daughter looked out
+of the window and said to him: "Come up, friend." His daughter had
+recognized him, and asked: "Friend, do you not know me?" "No, I do not
+recognize you." Then she said: "I am your daughter, whom you believed
+lost." She threw herself at his feet, and said: "Pardon me, dear father;
+I came by chance to this villa, and the king's son was here and married
+me." The father was greatly consoled at finding his daughter so well
+married. "Now, my father," said she, "empty this sack of fennel, for I
+will fill it with gold for you." And then she begged him to bring his
+wife, and the daughter blind of one eye. The father returned home with
+his bag full of money, and his wife asked in terror: "Who gave you this
+money?" He answered: "O wife! do you know that I have found my daughter,
+and she is the king's wife, and filled this bag with money?" She,
+instead of being happy, was angry at hearing that her stepdaughter was
+still alive; however, she said to her husband: "I will go and take my
+daughter." So they went, the husband, the wife, and the blind daughter,
+and came to the husband's daughter, who received her stepmother very
+kindly. But the latter, seeing that the king was away, and that her
+stepdaughter was alone, seized her and threw her from a window into the
+sea; and what did she do then? She took her blind daughter and dressed
+her in the other's clothes, and said to her: "When the king comes and
+finds you here weeping, say to him: 'The little calf has blinded me with
+his horn, and I have only one eye!'" Then the stepmother returned to her
+own house. The king came and found her daughter in bed weeping, and said
+to her: "Why are you weeping?" "The little calf struck me with his horn
+and put out one of my eyes." The king cried at once: "Go call the
+butcher to kill the calf?" When the calf heard that he was to be killed,
+he went out on the balcony and called to his sister in the sea:--
+
+    "Oh! sister,
+    For me the water is heated,
+    And the knives are sharpened."
+
+The sister replied from the sea:--
+
+    "Oh! brother, I cannot help you,
+    I am in the dog-fish's mouth."
+
+When the king heard the calf utter these words, he looked out of the
+window, and when he saw his wife in the sea, he summoned two sailors,
+and had them take her out and bring her up and restore her. Then he took
+the blind girl and killed her and cut her in pieces and salted her like
+tunny-fish, and sent her to her mother. When her husband found it out he
+left her and went to live with his daughter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It may not be amiss to mention here another class of stories which come
+under the formula of "Persecuted Maiden." The class resembles in some
+respects the story of King Lear. The youngest daughter is persecuted by
+her father because he thinks she does not love him as much as her older
+sisters. A good example of this class is Pitre, No. 10, _L'Acqua e lu
+Sali_.
+
+
+XXIII. WATER AND SALT.
+
+A very fine story is related and told to your worships. Once upon a time
+there was a king with three daughters. These three daughters being at
+table one day, their father said: "Come now, let us see which of you
+three loves me." The oldest said: "Papa, I love you as much as my eyes."
+The second answered: "I love you as much as my heart." The youngest
+said: "I love you as much as water and salt." The king heard her with
+amazement: "Do you value me like water and salt? Quick! call the
+executioners, for I will have her killed immediately." The other sisters
+privately gave the executioners a little dog, and told them to kill it
+and rend one of the youngest sister's garments, but to leave her in a
+cave. This they did, and brought back to the king the dog's tongue and
+the rent garment: "Royal Majesty, here is her tongue and garment." And
+his Majesty gave them a reward. The unfortunate princess was found in
+the forest by a magician, who took her to his house opposite the royal
+palace. Here the king's son saw her and fell desperately in love with
+her, and the match was soon agreed upon. Then the magician came and
+said: "You must kill me the day before the wedding. You must invite
+three kings, your father the first. You must order the servants to pass
+water and salt to all the guests except your father." Now let us return
+to the father of this young girl, who the longer he lived the more his
+love for her increased, and he was sick of grief. When he received the
+invitation he said: "And how can I go with this love for my daughter?"
+And he would not go. Then he thought: "But this king will be offended if
+I do not go, and will declare war against me some time." He accepted and
+went. The day before the wedding they killed the magician and quartered
+him, and put a quarter in each of four rooms, and sprinkled his blood in
+all the rooms and on the stairway, and the blood and flesh became gold
+and precious stones. When the three kings came and saw the golden
+stairs, they did not like to step on them. "Never mind," said the
+prince, "go up: this is nothing." That evening they were married: the
+next day they had a banquet. The prince gave orders: "No salt and water
+to that king." They sat down at table, and the young queen was near her
+father, but he did not eat. His daughter said: "Royal Majesty, why do
+you not eat? Does not the food please you?" "What an idea! It is very
+fine." "Why don't you eat then?" "I don't feel very well." The bride and
+groom helped him to some bits of meat, but the king did not want it, and
+chewed his food over and over again like a goat (as if he could eat it
+without salt!). When they finished eating they began to tell stories,
+and the king told them all about his daughter. She asked him if he could
+still recognize her, and stepping out of the room put on the same dress
+she wore when he sent her away to be killed. "You caused me to be killed
+because I told you I loved you as much as salt and water: now you have
+seen what it is to eat without salt and water." Her father could not say
+a word, but embraced her and begged her pardon. They remained happy and
+contented, and here we are with nothing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Venetian version (Bernoni, No. 14) is translated in the _Cornhill
+Magazine_, July, 1875, p. 80, a Bolognese version may be found in
+Coronedi-Berti, No. 5, and from the Abruzzi in Finamore, Nos. 18, 26.
+Compare also _Pomiglianesi_, p. 42. For transmutation of magician's body
+see _Zool. Myth._ I. p. 123, Benfey, _Pant._ I. pp. 477, 478, Ralston,
+_R. F. T._ p. 223, and _Indian Fairy Tales_, p. 164.
+
+Other Sicilian versions are in Gonz., Nos. 48, 49. A Neapolitan is in
+_Pent._ V. 8; a Mantuan, in _Fiabe Mant._ No. 16; a Tuscan, in _Archivio
+per le Trad. pop._ I. p. 44, and one from the Abruzzi in _Archivio_,
+III. 546. The same story is in Grimm, Nos. 11 and 141. "The Little
+Brother and Sister" and "The Little Lamb and the Little Fish." See also
+Hahn, No. 1. The latter part of the story is connected with "False
+Bride." See note 21 of this chapter.
+
+[11] Other Italian versions are: Pitre, No. 20; _Pent._ II. 1;
+_Pomiglianesi_, pp. 121, 130, 136, 188, 191; Busk, p. 3; _Nov. fior._ p.
+209; Gargiolli, No. 2; _Fiabe Mant._ No. 20; Bernoni, No. 12;
+_Archivio_, I. 525 (Tuscan), III. 368 (Abruzzi), and De Nino, XX. Some
+points of resemblance are found also in _Pent._ V. 4; Coronedi-Berti,
+No. 8; and Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. 12.
+
+Other stories in which children are promised to ogre, demon, etc., are
+to be found in Pitre, No. 31, Widter-Wolf, No. XIII., and in the various
+versions of the story of "Lionbruno." See Chap. II., note 13.
+
+For other European versions of the story in the text, see Ralston's _R.
+F. T._ p. 141; Grimm, No. 12, "Rapunzel," and _Basque Legends_, p. 59.
+For child promised to demon, see _Romania_, No. 28, p. 531; Grimm, Nos.
+31 ("The Girl Without Hands") 55, ("Rumpelstiltskin") 92, ("The King of
+the Golden Mountain"), and 181 ("The Nix of the Mill-Pond"). See also
+Hahn, I. p. 47, No. 8.
+
+Some of the incidents of this story are found in those belonging to
+other classes. The girl's face changed to that of dog, etc., is in
+Comparetti, No. 3 (furnished with a long beard), and Finamore, _Trad.
+pop. abruzzesi_, No. 1, _Pent._ I. 8 (goat), Nerucci, Nos. 30 (sheep's
+neck), 37 (buffalo), and _Nov. pop. toscani_, in _Archivio per la Trad.
+pop._ No. 1 (goat). For "flight and obstacles," see _Nov. fior._ pp. 12,
+415, _Pent._ II. 1, and stories cited by Pitre in his notes to No. 13,
+also note 25 to this chapter, _Basque Legends_, p. 120, _Orient und
+Occident_, II. p. 103, and Brueyre, p. 111. For "ladder of hair," see
+_Pomiglianesi_, p. 126.
+
+[12] Other Italian versions are: _Pent._ I, 9; Gonz., Nos. 39, 40;
+Comparetti, No. 46 (Basilicata); De Gub., _Sto. Stefano_, Nos. 17, 18;
+Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. 22; De Nino LXV.; _Nov. fior_, pp.
+375, 387 (Milan); Coronedi-Berti, No. 16; _Fiabe Mant._ No. 19; and
+Schneller, No. 28. This story, as far as the two brothers (not born
+miraculously) and liberation of princess are concerned, is in _Pent._ I.
+7, and Widter-Wolf, No. 8.
+
+References to other European versions may be found in the _Romania_,
+Nos. 19, pp. 336, 339; 28, p. 563; 32, p. 606: _Orient und Occident_,
+II. p. 115 (Koehler to Campbell, No. 4), and Blade, _Agenais_, No. 2 (p.
+148).
+
+As regards the separate traits, as usual many of them are found in other
+classes of stories: the cloud occurs in Comp., No. 40; children born
+from fish, De Gub., _Zool. Myth._ II. 29; for sympathetic objects and
+life-giving ointment, see last two stories. For "kindness to animals,"
+and "thankful beasts," see _Fiabe Mant._ Nos. 37, 26, Gonz., No. 6, and
+the stories belonging to the class "Giant with no heart in his body"
+mentioned below. The gratitude and help of an animal form the subject of
+some independent stories, _e. g._, Strap. III. 1; _Pent._ I. 3; and
+Gonz., No. 6, above mentioned; and are also found in the formula "Animal
+Brothers-in-law." See note 23. For European versions see _Orient und
+Occident_, II. p. 101; Brueyre, p. 98; Ralston, _R. F. T._ p. 98;
+Benfey, _Pant._ I. p. 193 _et seq._; _Basque Legends_, p. 81, and _Zool.
+Myth._ I. p. 197; II. 45. For transformation into statues, see stories
+mentioned in note 10, Bernoni, _Punt._ III. p. 89, _Nov. fior._ p. 112,
+and Ortoli, pp. 10, 34.
+
+The most interesting episode, however, is that of "Magician (or Giant)
+with no heart in his body" (see Chap. III., note 8), which is in the
+following Italian tales: Pitre, No. 81, Busk, p. 158; _Nov. fior._ pp.
+7, 347; Gonz., Nos. 6, 16; _Fiabe Mant._ No. 37; and _Pomiglianesi_, No.
+2, p. 21 (v. p. 41). For other references, see _Basque Legends_, p. 83;
+Brueyre, pp. 81-83; Ralston, _R. F. T._, Am. ed., pp. 119-125; _Orient
+und Occident_, II. p. 101; Hahn, I. p. 56, No. 31; and _Romania_, No.
+22, p. 234. See also note 18 of this chapter.
+
+The story in our text is not a good example of Hahn's Form. 13,
+"Andromeda, or Princess freed from Dragon." Some of the other stories
+cited are much better, notably Widter-Wolf, No. 8, Gonz., Nos. 39, 40,
+and also Strap., X. 3, and Schneller, No. 39. Hahn's Danae Form. 12 is
+represented by _Nov. tosc._ No. 30. The allied myth of Medusa by _Nov.
+tosc._ No. 1, and _Archivio_, I. p. 57.
+
+[13] Versions of this wide-spread story are in Pitre, _Otto Fiabe_, No.
+1; Gonz., Nos. 58, 59, 61, 62, 63 (partly), and 64; Koehler, _Italien
+Volksm._ (Sora) No. 1, "_Die drei Brueder und die drei befreiten
+Koenigstochter_" (_Jahrb._ VIII. p. 241); Widter-Wolf, No. 4 (_Jahrb._
+VII. p. 20); Schneller, No. 39; _Nov. fior._ p. 70, and De Gub., _Zool.
+Myth._ II. 187 (Tuscan). Part of our story is also found in Schneller,
+pp. 188-192, and Pitre, Nos. 83, 84 (var.). To these references, which
+are given by Pitre, may be added the following: Comparetti, Nos. 19
+(Monferrato) partly, 35 (Monferrato), and 40 (Pisa); De Gub., _Sto.
+Stefano_, No. 19; _Fiabe Mant._ Nos. 18, 32 (the latter part), 49
+(partly); _Tuscan Fairy Tales_, No. 3; Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_,
+No. 29; and _Nov. tosc._ No. 3.
+
+The trait "underground world" is also found in Busk, p. 141. These
+stories illustrate sufficiently Hahn's Form. 40, "Descent into the
+Nether World."
+
+[14] To the stories in Note 13 containing "liberation of hero by eagle"
+may be added Comparetti, No. 24 (Monferrato). See in general: De Gub.,
+_Zool. Myth._ II. 186; Benfey, _Pant._ I. pp. 216, 388; _Rivista
+Orientale_, I. p. 27; _Orient und Occident_, II. p. 299; and _Basque
+Legends_, p. 110.
+
+[15] Another version from Avellino is in the same collection, p. 201.
+Other Italian versions are: Pitre, No. 79; Gonz., No. 51; De Gub., _Sto.
+Stefano_, No. 20; De Nino, No. 2; Comparetti, No. 28 (Monferrato); Ive,
+_Fiabe pop. rovignesi_, p. 20; No. 3, "_El Pumo de uoro_;" Schneller,
+No. 51; and Corazzini, p. 455 (Benevento).
+
+In general see Ive's and Koehler's notes to stories above cited, and
+_Romania_, No. 24, p. 565. The corresponding Grimm story is No. 28, "The
+Singing Bone."
+
+[16] Other Italian versions are: Pitre, Nos. 41, 42; _Pent._ I. 6; Busk,
+pp. 26, 31; Comp., No. 23 (Pisa); _Fiabe Mant._ No. 45; _Nov. fior._ p.
+162 (Milan); Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. II.; and _Archivio_,
+II. 185 (Sardinia).
+
+Schneller, No. 24, and Bernoni, No. 8, are connecting links between
+"Cinderella" and "Allerleirauh." In the former, Cinderella's father asks
+his three daughters what present he shall make them. Cinderella asks for
+a sword, and shortly after leaves her home and obtains a situation in a
+city as servant. In the palace opposite lives a young count, with whom
+Cinderella falls in love. She obtains a situation in his house. Her
+sword, which is enchanted, gives her beautiful dresses, and she goes to
+the balls as in the other versions. The third evening the count slips a
+costly ring on her finger, which Cinderella uses to identify herself
+with. Bernoni, No. 8, is substantially the same. After the death of
+their mother and father Cinderella's sisters treat her cruelly, and she
+obtains a place as servant in the king's palace, and is aided by the
+fairies, who take pity upon her. She is identified by means of a ring,
+and also by her diamond slipper, which she throws to the servants, who
+are following her to see where she lives.
+
+European versions will be found in the notes to Grimm, No. 21
+("Cinderella"), and W. R. S. Ralston's article, "Cinderella," in the
+_Nineteenth Century_, November, 1879.
+
+[17] Other Italian versions are: Pitre, No. 43; Gonz., 38; _Pent._ II.
+6; Busk, pp. 66, 84, 90, 91; Comparetti, No. 57. (Montale); De Gub.,
+_Sto. Stefano_, No. 3 (see also _Rivista di Lett. Pop._ I. p. 86);
+Gradi, _Saggio_, p. 141; _Fiabe Mant._ No. 38; _Nov. fior._ p. 158
+(Milan), Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. 3; De Nino, No. 17, and
+_Archivio_, I. 190 (Tuscany), II. 26 (Sardinia). Straparola, I. 4,
+contains the first part of our story, which is also partly found in
+Coronedi-Berti, No. 3, and Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. 13.
+
+The gifts, which in the story in the text are given the day of the
+wedding, in the other versions are bestowed before marriage by father,
+in order to overcome daughter's opposition. The recognition by means of
+ring is found in the last two stories mentioned in Note 16, in _Fiabe
+Mant._ No. 38, above cited, and _Nov. fior._ p. 158 (Milan). See also
+Grimm, Nos. 93 ("The Raven"), 101 ("Bearskin"); Hahn, No. 25; Asbj., No.
+71 (_Tales from the Field_, p. 130); and _Romania_, No. 23, p. 359.
+
+Other European versions of our story will be found mentioned in the
+notes to Grimm, No. 65 ("Allerleirauh"), to Gonz., No. 38 (II. 229);
+_Orient und Occident_, II. 295; D'Ancona, _Sacre Rappresent._ III. 238;
+_Romania_, No. 24, 571; _Basque Legends_, p. 165, and Ralston's _R. F.
+T._ p. 159.
+
+[18] See Gonz., No. 26, and Widter-Wolf, No. 8 (_Jahrb._ VII. p. 128).
+
+For story in general, see notes to stories just cited, and Cox, _Aryan
+Myth._ vol. I. p. 224; II. p. 261, "The Myth of Nisos and Skylla;" Hahn,
+I. p. 52; and De Gub., _Zool. Myth._ I. p. 211 _et seq._
+
+[19] Pitre, in his notes to No. 71, gives two variants of his story, and
+mentions a Piedmontese version yet unpublished. Comparetti, No. 54, an
+analysis of which is given in the text, represents sufficiently Hahn's
+Form. No. 37, "Strong Hans."
+
+[20] In the version in _Pent._ IV. 8, after the seven sons have
+disappeared, their sister goes in search of them, finds them, and they
+all live happily together until by her fault they are changed into
+doves, and she is obliged to go to the house of the Mother of Time and
+learn from her the mode of disenchantment. In a story in Pitre, No. 73,
+a husband threatens to kill his wife if she does not give birth to a
+male child.
+
+For other European versions of our story, see Grimm, No. 9, "The Twelve
+Brothers;" No. 25, "The Seven Ravens;" and No. 49, "The Six Swans;"
+_Melusine_, p 419, and _Basque Legends_, p. 186. Part of the story in
+text belongs to the Genevieve formula, see notes 8, 10, of this chapter.
+
+[21] The first trait, "Two Sisters," is also found as an independent
+story, see Chap. II., p. 100, and note 2. "Substitution of false bride"
+is found without "Two Sisters" in Comp., Nos. 53 (Montale) and 68
+(Montale); _Fiabe Mant._ No. 16; and Gradi, _Saggio_, p. 141. See note
+10 of this chapter. The best example of "substitution" is, as we have
+said before, Grimm, No. 89, "The Goose-Girl;" see also _Romania_, No.
+24, p. 546. The same trait is found also in a very extensive and
+interesting class of stories which may be termed, from the usual titles
+of the stories, "The Three Citrons," some of the versions of which
+belong to "Forgotten Bride." We give here, however, a version belonging
+to the class above-mentioned, and which we have taken, on account of its
+rarity, from Ive, _Fiabe pop. rovignesi_, p. 3.
+
+
+XXIV. THE LOVE OF THE THREE ORANGES.
+
+Once upon a time there was a king and queen who had a half-witted son.
+The queen was deeply grieved at this, and she thought to go to the Lord
+and ask counsel of him what she was to do with this son. The Lord told
+her to try and do something to make him laugh. She replied: "I have
+nothing but a jar of oil, unfortunately for me!" The Lord said to her:
+"Well, give this oil away in charity, for there will come many people;
+some bent, some straight, some humpbacked, and it may happen that your
+son will laugh." So the queen proclaimed that she had a jar of oil, and
+that all could come and take some. And everybody, indeed, hurried there
+and took the oil down to the last drop. Last of all came an old witch,
+who begged the queen to give her a little, saying: "Give me a little
+oil, too!" The queen replied: "Ah, it is all gone, there is no more!"
+The queen was angry and full of spite because her son had not yet
+laughed. The old witch said again to the queen: "Let me look in the
+jar!" The queen opened the jar, and the old woman got inside of it and
+was all covered with the dregs of the oil; and the queen's son laughed,
+and laughed, and laughed. The old woman came out, saw the prince
+laughing, and said to him: "May you never be happy until you go and find
+the Love of the three Oranges." The son, all eager, said to his mother:
+"Ah, mother, I shall have no more peace until I go and find the Love of
+the three Oranges." She answered: "My dear son, how will you go and find
+the Love of the three Oranges?" But he would go; so he mounted his horse
+and rode and rode and rode until he came to a large gate. He knocked,
+and some one within asked: "Who is there?" He replied: "A soul created
+by God." The one within said: "In all the years that I have been here no
+one has ever knocked at this gate." The prince repeated: "Open, for I am
+a soul created by God!" Then an old man came down and opened the gate.
+He had eyelids that reached to his feet, and he said: "My son, take down
+those little forks, and lift up my eyelids." The prince did so, and the
+old man asked: "Where are you going, my son, in this direction?" "I am
+going to find the Love of the three Oranges." The old man answered: "So
+many have gone there and never returned! Do you wish not to return, too?
+My son, take these twigs: you will meet some witches who are sweeping
+out their oven with their hands; give them these twigs, and they will
+let you pass." The prince very gratefully took the twigs, mounted his
+horse and rode away. He journeyed a long time, and at last saw in the
+distance the witches of immense size who were coming towards him. He
+threw them the twigs, and they allowed him to pass.
+
+He continued his journey, and arrived at a gate larger than the first.
+Here the same thing occurred as at the first one, and the old man said:
+"Well! since you will go, too, take these ropes, on your way you will
+encounter some witches drawing water with their tresses; throw them
+these ropes, and they will let you pass."
+
+Everything happened as the old man said; the prince passed the witches,
+continued his journey and came to a third gate larger than the second.
+Here an old man with eyelids longer than the other two gave him a bag of
+bread, and one of tallow, saying: "Take this bag of bread; you will meet
+some large dogs; throw them the bread and they will let you pass; then
+you will come to a large gate with many rusty padlocks; then you will
+see a tower, and in it the Love of the three Oranges. When you reach
+that place, take this tallow and anoint well the rusty padlocks; and
+when you have ascended the tower, you will find the oranges hanging from
+a nail. There you will also find an old woman who has a son who is an
+ogre and has eaten all the Christians who have come there; you see, you
+must be very careful!"
+
+The prince, well contented, took the bag of bread and the tallow and
+rode away. After a long journey, he saw at a distance, three great dogs
+with their mouths wide open coming to eat him. He threw them the bread,
+and they let him pass.
+
+He journeyed on until he came to another large gate with many rusty
+padlocks. He dismounted, tied his horse to the gate, and began to anoint
+the locks with the tallow, until, after much creaking, they opened. The
+prince entered, saw the tower, went up and met an old woman who said to
+him: "Dear son, where are you going? What have you come here for? I have
+a son who is an ogre, and will surely eat you up." While she was
+uttering these words, the son arrived. The old woman made the prince
+hide under the bed; but the ogre perceived that there was some one in
+the house, and when he had entered, he began to cry:--
+
+    "_Gein gein_, I smell a Christian,
+    _Gian gian_, I smell a Christian!"
+
+"Son," his mother said, "there is no one here." But he repeated his cry.
+Then his mother, to quiet him, threw him a piece of meat, which he ate
+like a madman; and while he was busy eating, she gave the three oranges
+to the prince, saying: "Take them, my son, and escape at once, for he
+will soon finish eating his meat, and then he will want to eat you,
+too." After she had given him the three oranges, she repented of it, and
+not knowing what else to do, she cried out: "Stairs, throw him down!
+lock, crush him!" They answered: "We will not, for he gave us tallow!"
+"Dogs, devour him!" "We will not, for he gave us bread!" Then he mounted
+his horse and rode away, and the old woman cried after him: "Witch,
+strangle him!" "I will not, for he gave me ropes!" "Witch, kill him!" "I
+will not, for he gave me twigs!" The prince continued his journey, and
+on the way became very thirsty, and did not know what to do. Finally he
+thought of opening one of the oranges. He did so, and out came a
+beautiful girl, who said to him:
+
+    "Love, give me to drink!"
+
+He replied:
+
+    "Love, I have none!"
+
+And she said:
+
+    "Love, I shall die!"
+
+And she died at once. The prince threw away the orange, and continued
+his journey, and soon became thirsty again. In despair he opened another
+orange, and out sprang another girl more beautiful than the first. She,
+too, asked for water, and died when the prince told her he had none to
+give her. Then he continued his way, saying: "The next time I surely do
+not want to lose her." When he became thirsty again, he waited until he
+reached a well; then he opened the last orange and there appeared a girl
+more beautiful than the first two. When she asked for water, he gave her
+the water of the well; then took her out of the orange, put her on
+horseback with himself, and started for home. When he was nearly there,
+he said to her: "See, I will leave you here for a time under these two
+trees;" one had leaves of gold and silver fruit, and the other gold
+fruit and silver leaves. Then he made her a nice couch, and left her
+resting between the two trees. "Now," said he, "I must go to my mother
+to tell her that I have found you, then I will come for you and we shall
+be married!" Then he mounted his horse and rode away to his mother.
+
+Now while he was gone an old witch approached the girl and said: "Ah,
+dear daughter, let me comb your hair." The young girl replied: "No, the
+like of me do not wish it." Again she said: "Come, my dear daughter, let
+me comb you!" Tired of being asked so often by the old woman, the girl
+at last allowed her to comb her hair, and what did that monster of an
+old witch take it into her head to do. She stuck a pin through the
+girl's temples from side to side, and the girl at once was changed into
+a dove. What did this wretch of an old woman then do? She got into the
+couch in the place of the young girl, who flew away.
+
+Meanwhile the prince reached his mother's house, and she said to him:
+"Dear son, where have you been? how have you spent all this time?" "Ah,
+my mother," said he "what a lovely girl I have for my wife!" "Dear son,
+where have you left her?" "Dear mother, I have left her between two
+trees, the leaves of one are of gold and the fruit is silver, the leaves
+of the other one are silver and the fruit gold."
+
+Then the queen gave a grand banquet, invited many guests, and made ready
+many carriages to go and bring the young girl. They mounted their
+horses, they entered their carriages, they set out, but when they
+reached the trees they saw the ugly old woman, all wrinkled, in the
+couch between the trees, and the white dove on top of them.
+
+The poor prince, you can imagine it! was grieved to the heart, and
+ashamed at seeing the ugly old woman. His father and mother, to satisfy
+him, took the old woman, put her in a carriage, and carried her to the
+palace, where the wedding-feast was prepared. The prince was
+downhearted, but his mother said to him: "Don't think about it, my son,
+for she will become beautiful again." But her son could not think of
+eating or of talking. The dinner was brought on and the guests placed
+themselves at the round table. Meanwhile, the dove flew up on the
+kitchen balcony, and began to sing:
+
+    "Let the cook fall asleep,
+    Let the roast be burned,
+    Let the old witch be unable to eat of it."
+
+The guests waited for the cook to put the roast on the table. They
+waited, and waited and waited, and at last they got up and went to the
+kitchen, and there they found the cook asleep. They called and called
+him, and at last he awoke, but soon became drowsy again. He said he did
+not know what was the matter with him, but he could not stand up. He put
+another roast on the spit, however. Then the dove again flew on the
+balcony and sang:
+
+    "Let the cook fall asleep,
+    Let the roast be burned,
+    Let the old witch be unable to eat of it."
+
+Again the guests waited until they grew weary, and then the groom went
+to see what was the matter. He found the cook asleep again, and said:
+"Cook, good cook, what is the matter with you that you sleep?" Then the
+cook told him that there was a dove that flew on the balcony and
+repeated:--
+
+    "Let the cook fall asleep,
+    Let the roast be burned,
+    Let the old witch be unable to eat of it."--
+
+and that he was immediately seized with drowsiness, and fell asleep at
+once. The bridegroom went out on the balcony, saw the dove, and said to
+it: "_Cuocula_, pretty _cuocula_, come here and let me see you!" The
+dove came near him and he caught it, and while he was caressing it he
+saw the pins planted in its head, one in its forehead, and one in each
+of its temples. What did he do? He pulled out the pin in the forehead!
+Then he caressed it again, and pulled out the pins from its temples.
+Then the dove became a beautiful girl, more beautiful than she was
+before, and the prince took her to his mother and said: "Here, my
+mother, this is my bride!" His mother was delighted to see the beautiful
+girl, and the king, too, was well pleased. When the old witch saw the
+girl, she cried: "Take me away, take me away, I am afraid!" Then the
+fair girl told the whole secret how it was. The guests who were present
+wished to give their opinions as to what should be done with the old
+woman. One of the highest rank said: "Let her be well greased, and
+burned!" "Bravo, bravo!" exclaimed the others, "burn her; she must be
+burned!" So they seized the old woman, had wood brought, and burned her
+in the midst of the city. Then they returned home, and had a finer
+wedding than before.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following are the Italian versions of the above: _Pent._ IV. 9;
+Pitre, _Otto Fiabe_, II. "_La Bella di li setti Citri_;" Gonz., No. 13;
+Busk, p. 15; _Nov. fior._ pp. 305, 308 (Milan); Comparetti, No. 68 (also
+in Nerucci, p. 111); De Gub., _Sto. Stefano_, Nos. 4, 5; Prato, _Quattro
+nov. pop. livornesi_, No. 1; _Archivio_, I. 525 (Tuscan); II. 204
+(Sardinian); Piedmontese in Mila y Fontanals _Observaciones sobre la
+poesia popular_, Barcelona, 1853, p. 179; Coronedi-Berti, No. 11;
+Corazzini (Benevento), p. 467; and Schneller, No. 19. Part of our story
+is the same as Pitre, No. 13, "Snow-white-fire-red," given in full in
+our text. See also Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. 15.
+
+Copious references to other European versions will be found in the notes
+of Ive, Koehler, etc., to the above versions; to these may be added, _Lo
+Rondallayre_, Nos. 18, 37, Liebrecht to Simrock's _Deut. Maerchen_ in
+_Orient und Occident_, III. p. 378 (Kalliopi), No. 3, and _Indian Fairy
+Tales_, pp. 253, 284.
+
+[22] See _Pent._ IV. 7; Gonz., Nos. 33, 34; Pitre, Nos. 59, 60 (61);
+_Archivio_, II. 36 (Sardinia); De Nino, No. 19; and Schneller, No. 22.
+The corresponding Grimm story is No. 135, "The White Bride and the Black
+One." For other European references, see Koehler to Gonz., Nos. 33, 34
+(II. p. 225), and _Romania_, No. 24, pp. 546, 561. See also Chapter II.,
+note 1.
+
+[23] The best version is in the _Pent._ IV. 3, where the three
+daughters are married to a falcon, a stag, and a dolphin, who, as in
+our story, assist their brother-in-law, but are disenchanted without his
+aid. Other Italian versions are: Pitre, No. 16, and _Nov. pop. sicil._,
+Palermo, 1873, No. 1; Gonz., No. 29; Knust (Leghorn), No. 2 (_Jahrb._
+VII. 384); Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. 23; _Nov. fior._ p.
+266; Comparetti, Nos. 4, 58; _Archivio_, II, p. 42 (Tuscan); _Nov.
+tosc._ No. 11.
+
+For other European versions see, besides references in notes to above
+stories, Hahn, No. 25; Grimm, vol. II. p. 510, to Musaeus' "_Die drei
+Schwestern_," and No. 197, "The Crystal Ball;" Benfey, _Pant._ I. p.
+534; and Ralston, _R. F. T._ p. 96. See also note 12 of this chapter.
+
+As usual, many of the incidents of our stories are found in those
+belonging to other classes; among the most important are: Prince hidden
+in musical instrument, Pitre, No. 95; finding princess' place of
+concealment, Pitre, Nos. 95, 96; Gonz., No. 68; and Grimm, No. 133; "The
+Shoes which were danced to Pieces;" princess recognized among others
+dressed alike, or all veiled; _Nov. fior._ p. 411 (Milan); Grimm, No.
+62, "The Queen Bee," Ralston, _R. F. T._ p. 141, note; _Basque Legends_,
+p. 125; _Orient und Occident_, II. pp. 104, 107-114; tasks set hero to
+win wife, Pitre, Nos. 21, 95, 96; Gonz., No. 68; De Gub., _Sto.
+Stefano_, No. 8; _Basque Legends_, p. 120; _Orient und Occident_, II.
+103; and _Romania_, No. 28, p. 527. This last incident is found also in
+"Forgotten Bride," see note 25 of this chapter.
+
+[24] For other European references to the first class, "riddle solved by
+suitor," see _Jahrb._ V. 13; Grimm, No. 114, "The Cunning Little
+Tailor," and Hahn, I. p. 54.
+
+Other Italian versions of the second class are: Comparetti, Nos. 26
+(Basilicata), 59 (Monferrato); Nerucci, p. 177 (partly); and
+Widter-Wolf, No. 15 (_Jahrb._ VII. 269). See also Koehler's notes to
+last-mentioned story, and also to Campbell, No. 22, in _Orient und
+Occident_, II. 320; Grimm, No. 22, "The Riddle;" and Prof. F. J. Child,
+_English and Scottish Popular Ballads_, Part II. p. 414.
+
+For other stories containing riddles belonging to other classes than the
+above, see Bernoni, _Punt._ II. p. 54; Gradi, _Vigilia_, p. 8;
+Corazzini, p. 432; Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. 7; and Koehler's
+article, _Das Raethselmaerchen von dem ermordeten Geliebten_ in the
+_Rivista di Lett. pop._ I. p. 212. A peculiar version of the second
+class may be found in Ortoli, p. 123, where a riddle very much like the
+one in the text is proposed by suitor to princess' father.
+
+[25] Other Italian versions are: Gonz., Nos. 14, 54, 55; _Pent._ II. 7,
+III. 9 (forgets bride on touching shore); _Pomiglianesi_, p. 136 (the
+first part belongs to the class of "Fair Angiola;") Busk, p. 3 (first
+part same as last story); De Gub., _Sto. Stefano_, No. 5 (see also
+_Rivista di Lett. pop._ I. p. 84); Coronedi-Berti, No. 13 (this is one
+of the few "Three Citrons" stories containing episode of bride forgotten
+at mother's kiss); Schneller, No. 27; Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_,
+No. 4 (mother's kiss); Pitre, vol. IV. p. 285, gives an Albanian version
+of our story. The imprecation and mother's kiss are also found in
+another of the "Three Citrons" stories, Gonz., No. 13. For obstacles to
+flight, see Note 11 of this chapter.
+
+For other European versions see Koehler's notes to Gonz., No. 14; to
+Campbell, No. 2 (_Orient und Occident_, II. 103); to Kreutzwald-Loewe,
+No. 14; Hahn, I. p. 55; _Romania_, Nos. 19, p. 354, 20, p. 527; Grimm,
+Nos. 56, ("Sweetheart Roland"), 113 ("The Two Kings' Children"), 186
+("The True Bride"), 193 ("The Drummer;") _Basque Legends_, p. 120;
+Ralston, _R. F. T._ pp. 119, 131; Brueyre, p. 111; and B. Schmidt,
+_Griechische Maerchen, Sagen und Volkslieder_, Leipzig, 1877, cited by
+Cosquin, _Romania_, No. 28, p. 543. See also in general, Cox, _Aryan
+Myth._ I. p. 158.
+
+[26] The same incident is found in Gonz., No. 6, and Pitre, No. 61. See
+Koehler's notes to Gonz., No. 6; Grimm, No. 193 ("The Drummer");
+_Romania_, No. 28, p. 527; and Hahn, No. 15.
+
+[27] Another Venetian version is in Bernoni, No. 3. See also _Nov.
+fior._ p. 290; Gradi, _Vigilia_, p. 53; _Fiabe Mant._ No. 39; and
+Schneller, No. 32.
+
+For other European versions, see Grimm, No. 46 ("Fitcher's Bird"),
+Koehler's notes to Widter-Wolf, No. 11 (_Jahrb._ VII. 148); and Ralston,
+_R. F. T._ p. 97.
+
+[28] See Pitre, No. 19, _Nuovo Saggio_, No. 4; _Nov. fior._ pp. 7, 12;
+and Nerucci, No. 49. Compare also Gonz., Nos. 10 and 22 (already
+mentioned, "The Robber who had a Witch's Head"), and Comparetti, No. 18
+(Pisa).
+
+For other references to this class, see Grimm, No. 40 ("The
+Robber-Bridegroom") and _Romania_, No. 22, p. 236.
+
+[29] See Chap. II., note 4. For other references to this class, see
+Grimm, No. 3 ("Our Lady's Child"), and _Romania_, No. 28, p. 568.
+
+[30] The seventh version is from Bologna and is entitled _La Fola del
+Muretein_ ("The Story of the Little Moor"), and was published by
+Coronedi-Berti in the _Rivista Europea_, Florence, 1873. It is briefly
+as follows: A queen has no children and visits a witch who gives her an
+apple to eat, telling her that in due time she will bear a son. One of
+the queen's maids eats the peel and both give birth to sons; the maid's
+being called the Little Moor from resembling the dark red color of the
+apple peel. The two children grow up together, and when the prince goes
+off on his travels his friend the little Moor accompanies him. They
+spend the night in an enchanted castle and the friend hears a voice
+saying that the prince will conquer in a tournament and marry the king's
+daughter, but on their wedding night a dragon will devour the bride, and
+whoever tells of it will become marble. The friend saves the princess'
+life, but is thrown into prison, and when he exculpates himself becomes
+marble. He can only be restored to life by being anointed with the
+blood of a cock belonging to a wild man (_om salvadgh_) living on a
+certain mountain. The prince performs the difficult feat of stealing the
+cock and healing his friend.
+
+For other European versions, see Grimm, No. 6 ("Faithful John"); Hahn,
+No. 29; Wolf, _Proben Port. und Cat. Volksm._ p. 52; _Lo Rondallayre_,
+No. 35 ("_Lo bon criat_"); _Old Deccan Days_, p. 98; and in general,
+Benfey, _Pant._ I. p. 417, and Koehler in _Weimarische Beitraege zur Lit.
+und Kunst_, Weimar, 1865, p. 192 _et seq._
+
+[31] See Pitre, vol. I. pp. xcix., ciii.; IV. pp. 382, 430, and
+Comparetti, No. 44. A version from the Abruzzi may be found in Finamore,
+No. 38. See also Grimm, No. 191 ("The Robber and his Sons"); _Basque
+Legends_, p. 4; _Dolopathos_ ed. Oesterley, pp. xxii., 65; and in
+general, _Orient und Occident_, II. 120, and Benfey, _Pant._ I. 295.
+
+[32] Another Sicilian version is in Gonz., No. 83. Other versions are:
+_Pent._ III. 7; Nerucci, p. 341; De Nino, No. 30; _Fiabe Mant._ No. 4;
+_Nov. fior._ p. 340 (Milan); and Widter-Wolf, No. 9 (_Jahrb._ VII. p.
+134). There are other similar stories in which a person is forced by
+those envious of him to undertake dangerous enterprises: see Pitre, Nos.
+34, 35; Comparetti, No. 16; _Tuscan Fairy Tales_, No. 8, De Nino, No.
+39, etc. Strap., I. 2, also offers many points of resemblance to our
+story.
+
+For other versions, see Grimm, No. 192 ("The Master-Thief"), and
+Koehler's notes to Widter-Wolf, No. 9.
+
+[33] The version in _Nov. fior._ p. 574, is from Florence, the others,
+pp. 575 (the story in our text), 577, 578, 579, are from Milan, and
+closely resemble each other.
+
+[34] Compare Pitre, No. 83, and De Nino, No. 43. Tyrolese versions are
+in Schneller, Nos. 53, 54. See also Widter-Wolf, No. 2 (_Jahrb._ VII.
+13), and _Jahrb._ VIII. p. 246, _Italien. Maerchen aus Sora_, No. 2. For
+additional European versions, see _Jahrb. ut supra_, and V. 7;
+_Romania_, Nos. 19, p. 350; 24, p. 562; 28, p. 556; and Grimm, Nos. 20
+("The Valiant Little Taylor"), and 183 ("The Giant and the Tailor") Some
+of the episodes mentioned in the text may be found in a Corsican story
+in Ortoli, p. 204, where, however, instead of a giant, a priest is
+outwitted by his servant.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+FAIRY TALES CONTINUED.
+
+[1] This story is found in the _Pent._ I. 10. In Schneller, No. 29, the
+king falls in love with a frog (from hearing its voice without seeing
+it) which is transformed by the fairies into a beautiful girl. The good
+wishes of the fairies are found in Pitre, Nos. 61, 94. See also _Pent._
+I. 3; III. 10, and Chap. I. of the present work, note 22. For gifts by
+the fairies, see Pitre, vol. I. p. 334, and the following note.
+
+[2] This story is often found as an introduction to "False Bride;" see
+Chap. I., note 21. Sicilian versions may be found in Pitre, Nos. 62, 63;
+Neapolitan, _Pent._ III. 10; from the Abruzzi in Finamore, No. 48; De
+Nino, No. 18; Tuscan, Gradi, _Vigilia_, p. 20, De Gub., _Sto. Stefano_,
+No. 1, _Zool. Myth._ II. p. 62, note, _Tuscan Fairy Tales_, pp. 9, 18,
+Corazzini, p. 409, _Nov. tosc._ No. 8, _La Tinchina dell' alto Mare_;
+Venetian, Bernoni, XIX.; and Tyrolese, Schneller, Nos. 7, 8.
+
+In several of the Tuscan versions (Gradi, _Zool. Myth., Tuscan Fairy
+Tales_, p. 9, and _Nov. fior._ p. 202, which is composed of "Two
+Sisters" and "True Bride") instead of fairies the sisters find cats who
+bestow the varying gifts.
+
+Other European versions of this story will be found in Grimm, No. 24,
+"Old Mother Holle;" Norwegian in Asbj. & Moe, No. 15; [Dasent, _Pop.
+Tales from the Norse_, p. 103, "The Two Step-Sisters"] French in Blade,
+_Contes agen._ p. 149, and Cosquin, _Contes pop. lorrains_, No. 48
+(_Romania_, No. 32, p. 564). The Oriental versions are mentioned by
+Cosquin in his notes to the last named story; see also Benfey, _Pant._
+I. p. 219.
+
+[3] Other Tuscan versions are in Gradi, _Saggio di Letture varie_, p.
+125, and _Nov. tosc._ No. 22; Sicilian and Roman versions may be found
+in Pitre, No. 64, and Busk, p. 96.
+
+French versions will be found in _Melusine_, pp. 113 (_conte picard_)
+and 241 (_conte de l' Amienois_). A Japanese version is given in the
+same periodical, p. 161. An Irish version is in Croker, _Fairy Legends_
+etc. (translated in Brueyre, p. 206); and a Turkish version is given in
+_The Wonder World Stories_, New York, Putnam, 1877, p. 139. Other French
+and Oriental versions are noticed in _Melusine_, pp. 161, 241. A
+somewhat similar German version is in Grimm, No. 182. "The Presents of
+the Little Folk."
+
+[4] This story somewhat resembles Gonz., No. 20, mentioned in Chap. I.,
+note 29. Another Sicilian version is in Pitre, No. 86. I have been
+unable to find any other Italian parallels. Personification of one's
+Fate maybe found in Gonz., Nos. 52, 55, Pitre, No. 12; and of Fortune in
+Pitre, No. 29, and Comparetti, No. 50. See _Indian Fairy Tales_, p. 263.
+
+[5] Sicilian versions are in Pitre, No. 105, and Gonz., No. 18. In the
+latter version the king drives his daughter from the palace and the
+rejected suitor disguises himself, follows her, and marries her. A
+Neapolitan version is in the _Pent._ IV. 10; Tuscan in Gradi, _Vigilia_,
+p. 97; Nerucci, p. 211; and _Jahrb._ VII. p. 394 (Knust, No. 9).
+
+Other European versions are: Grimm No. 52, "King Thrushbeard;"
+Norwegian, Asbj. & Moe, No. 45, and Grundtwig, III. [1]; French,
+_Romania_, No. 32, p. 552 (_Contes pop. lorrains_, No. 45); and Greek,
+Hahn, No. 113. See also _Tibetan Tales_, London, 1882, Ralston's notes,
+p. lviii.
+
+[6] Other versions of this story are: Sicilian, Pitre, No. 67, and
+Gonz., No. 28; Tuscan, _Archivio_, I. pp. 41, 65, _Nov. tosc._ No. 7,
+Abruzzi, De Nino, No. 1. For the first part of the story, see _Nov.
+fior._ pp. 332-333.
+
+[7] I have followed in this division Imbriani, _Pomiglianesi_, p. 89.
+
+[8] Another Sicilian version, which, however, does not contain the trait
+"cure by laughing," is in Pitre, No. 28. Gonz., No. 30, may be mentioned
+here, as it contains a part of our story. The magic gifts in it are a
+carpet that transports the owner wherever he wishes to go, a purse
+always full, and a horn that when one blows in the little end covers the
+sea with ships, when one blows in the big end, the ships disappear.
+Neapolitan versions are in Imbriani, _Pomiglianesi_, pp. 62, 83; Roman
+in Busk, pp. 129, 136, comp. p. 146; and Tuscan in Frizzi, _Novella
+montanina_, Florence, A. Ciardelli e C. 1876, Nerucci, p. 471 _Archivio
+per le Trad. pop._ I. p. 57, and _Nov. tosc._ No. 16. De Gub., _Zool.
+Myth._ I. p. 288, n. 3, gives a version from the Marches, and there is a
+Bolognese version in Coronedi-Berti, No. 9. Other versions may be found
+in Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. 30, and Bolognini, p. 21. For
+other European versions, see _Gesta Rom._ ed. Oesterley, cap. cxx.;
+Grimm, No. 122; Campbell, No. 10, "The Three Soldiers" (see Koehler's
+notes to this story in _Orient und Occident_, II. p. 124, and Brueyre,
+p. 138); Cosquin, _Contes pop. lorrains_, Nos. 11 (_Rom._ No. 19, p.
+361) and 42 (_Rom._ No. 28, p. 581); and finally, Kreutzwald,
+_Ehstnische Maerchen_, No. 23. Comp. also De Gub., _Zool. Myth._ I. p.
+182, and Ralston's notes to Schiefner's _Tibetan Tales_, p. liv.
+
+[9] I have been unable to find any European parallels to this form of
+the story.
+
+[10] Another version of this story is found in the same collection, p.
+359. Other Tuscan versions are found in De Gub., _Sto. Stefano_, No. 21,
+Gradi, _Saggio di Letture varie_, p. 181, _Nov. tosc._ No. 29, and
+Comparetti, No. 7 (Mugello). The other versions are as follows:
+Sicilian, Pitre, No. 29 (comp. No. 30), Gonz., No. 52; Neapolitan,
+_Pent._ I. 1 (Comp. _Pomiglianesi_, p. 116); Abruzzi, Finamore, No. 37;
+De Nino, No. 6; Ortoli, pp. 171, 178; Venetian, Bernoni, No. 9; the
+Marches, Comp., No. 12; and Tyrolese, Schneller, p. 28.
+
+For the other European parallels, see Grimm, No. 36, "The Table, the
+Ass, and the Stick;" _Melusine_ (_conte breton_), p. 130; Cosquin,
+_Contes pop. lorrains_, No. 14 (_Rom._ No. 19, p. 333); De Gub., _Zool.
+Myth._ II. p. 262 (Russian); Brueyre, p. 48 (B. Gould, Yorkshire,
+Appendix to Henderson's _Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties of
+England_); Asbj. & Moe, No. 7 [Dasent, _Pop. Tales from the Norse_, p.
+261, "The Lad who went to the North Wind"], and _Old Deccan Days_, No.
+12.
+
+[11] Another Sicilian version is in Gonz., No. 65, with same title and
+contents. A Neapolitan version is in the _Pent._ II. 4, where the fox
+is replaced by a cat. This is also the case in the versions from the
+Abruzzi, Finamore, No. 46, De Nino, No. 53; in the Florentine versions
+in _Nov. fior._ p. 145, _Nov. tosc._ No. xii. var.; and in the Tyrolese
+given by Schneller, p. 122 ("_Il Conte Martin dalla gatta_"). In another
+story in Schneller, p. 124 ("_L'Anello_"), a youth possesses a magic
+ring and a dog and cat which recover the ring when stolen from its
+owner. Older and more interesting than the above versions is the one in
+Straparola, XI. 1. We give it here in full in order that our readers may
+compare with it the version in our text and Perrault's "Puss in Boots,"
+which is the form in which the story has become popular all over Europe.
+The following translation is from the edition of 1562 (Venice).
+
+
+XXXIV. PUSS IN BOOTS.
+
+     SORIANA DIES AND LEAVES THREE SONS: DUSOLINO, TESIFONE, AND
+     CONSTANTINE THE LUCKY, WHO, BY VIRTUE OF A CAT, ACQUIRES A
+     POWERFUL KINGDOM.
+
+There was once in Bohemia a very poor lady named Soriana, who had three
+sons: one was called Dusolino, the other Tesifone, and the third
+Constantine the Lucky. She owned nothing valuable in the world but three
+things: a kneading-trough, a rolling-board, and a cat. When Soriana,
+laden with years, came to die, she made her last testament, and left to
+Dusolino, her eldest son, the kneading-trough, to Tesifone the
+rolling-board, and to Constantine the cat. When the mother was dead and
+buried, the neighbors, as they had need, borrowed now the
+kneading-trough, now the rolling-board; and because they knew that the
+owners were very poor, they made them a cake, which Dusolino and
+Tesifone ate, giving none to Constantine, the youngest brother. And if
+Constantine asked them for anything, they told him to go to his cat,
+which would get it for him. Wherefore poor Constantine and his cat
+suffered greatly. Now the cat, which was enchanted, moved to compassion
+for Constantine, and angry at the two brothers who treated him so
+cruelly, said: "Constantine, do not be downcast, for I will provide for
+your support and my own." And leaving the house, the cat went out into
+the fields, and, pretending to sleep, caught a hare that passed and
+killed it. Thence, going to the royal palace and seeing some of the
+courtiers, the cat said that she wished to speak with the king, who,
+when he heard that a cat wished to speak to him, had her shown into his
+presence, and asked her what she wished. The cat replied that her
+master, Constantine, had sent him a hare which he had caught. The king
+accepted the gift, and asked who this Constantine was. The cat replied
+that he was a man who had no superior in goodness, beauty, and power.
+Wherefore the king treated the cat very well, giving her to eat and
+drink bountifully. When the cat had satisfied her hunger, she slyly
+filled with her paw (unseen by any one) the bag that hung at her side,
+and taking leave of the king, carried it to Constantine. When the
+brothers saw the food over which Constantine exulted, they asked him to
+share it with them; but he refused, rendering them tit for tat. On which
+account there arose between them great envy, that continually gnawed
+their hearts. Now Constantine, although handsome in his face,
+nevertheless, from the privation he had suffered, was covered with scabs
+and scurf, which caused him great annoyance. But going with his cat to
+the river, she licked him carefully from head to foot, and combed his
+hair, and in a few days he was entirely cured.
+
+The cat (as we said above) continued to carry gifts to the royal palace,
+and thus supported her master. But after a time she wearied of running
+up and down so much, and feared that she would annoy the king's
+courtiers; so she said to her master: "Sir, if you will do what I order,
+I will make you rich in a short time." "How?" said her master. The cat
+replied: "Come with me, and do not ask any more, for I am ready to
+enrich you." So they went together to the stream, which was near the
+royal palace, and the cat stripped her master, and with his agreement
+threw him into the river, and then began to cry out in a loud voice:
+"Help! help! Messer Constantine is drowning." The king hearing this, and
+remembering that he had often received presents from him, sent his
+people at once to aid him. When Messer Constantine was taken out of the
+water and dressed in fine clothes, he was taken to the king, who
+received him cordially, and asked him why he had been thrown into the
+river. Constantine could not answer for grief; but the cat, which was
+always at his side, said: "Know, O king, that some robbers learned from
+spies that my master was loaded with jewels, which he was coming to
+present to you. They robbed him of all, and threw him into the river,
+thinking to kill him, but thanks to these gentlemen he has escaped from
+death." The king, hearing this, ordered that he should be well cared
+for; and seeing that he was handsome, and knowing him to be wealthy, he
+concluded to give him Elisetta, his daughter, for a wife, endowing her
+with jewels and most beautiful garments. After the wedding festivities
+had been ended, the king had ten mules loaded with money, and five with
+costly apparel, and sent his daughter to her husband's home, accompanied
+by a great retinue. Constantine, seeing that he had become so wealthy
+and honored, did not know where to lead his wife, and took counsel with
+his cat, which said: "Do not fear, my master, for we shall provide for
+everything." So they all set out gayly on horseback, and the cat ran
+hastily before them; and having left the company some distance behind,
+met some horsemen, to whom she said: "What are you doing here, wretched
+men? Depart quickly, for a large band of people are coming, and will
+take you prisoners. They are near by: you can hear the noise of the
+neighing horses." The horsemen said in terror: "What must we do, then?"
+The cat replied: "Do this,--if you are asked whose horsemen you are,
+answer boldly, Messer Constantine's, and you will not be molested." Then
+the cat went on, and found a large flock of sheep, and did the same with
+their owners, and said the same thing to all those whom she found in the
+road. The people who were escorting Elisetta asked the horsemen: "Whose
+knights are you," and "whose are so many fine flocks?" and all with one
+accord replied: "Messer Constantine's." Then those who accompanied the
+bride said: "So then, Messer Constantine, we are beginning to enter your
+territory." And he nodded his head, and replied in like manner to all
+that he was asked. Wherefore the company judged him to be very wealthy.
+At last the cat came to a very fine castle, and found there but few
+servants, to whom she said: "What are you doing, good men; do you not
+perceive the destruction which is impending?" "What?" asked the
+servants. "Before an hour passes, a host of soldiers will come here and
+cut you to pieces. Do you not hear the horses neighing? Do you not see
+the dust in the air? If you do not wish to perish, take my advice and
+you will be saved. If any one asks you whose this castle is, say, Messer
+Constantine's." So they did; and when the noble company reached the
+handsome castle they asked the keepers whose it was, and all answered
+boldly Messer Constantine the Lucky's. Then they entered, and were
+honorably entertained. Now the castellan of that place was Signor
+Valentino, a brave soldier, who, a short time before, had left the
+castle to bring home the wife he had lately married; and to his
+misfortune, before he reached the place where his wife was he was
+overtaken on the way by a sudden and fatal accident, from which he
+straightway died, and Constantine remained master of the castle. Before
+long, Morando, King of Bohemia, died, and the people elected for their
+king Constantine the Lucky because he was the husband of Elisetta, the
+dead king's daughter, to whom the kingdom fell by right of succession.
+And so Constantine, from being poor and a beggar, remained Lord and
+King, and lived a long time with his Elisetta, leaving children by her
+to succeed him in the kingdom.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For copious references to other European versions, see Koehler's notes to
+Gonz., No. 65 (II. p. 242), and Benfey, _Pant._ I. p. 222.
+
+[12] The earliest Italian versions are in the _Cento nov. ant., Testo
+Papanti_ (_Romania_, No. 10, p. 191), and Straparola, XI. 2. Later
+popular versions, besides the Istrian one in the text, are: Nerucci, p.
+430, and Bernoni, III. p. 91, both of which are much distorted. Some of
+the episodes are found in other stories, as, for instance, the division
+of the property, including the wife, which occurs in Gonz., No. 74. "The
+Thankful Dead" is also the subject of an Italian novel, _Novella di
+Messer Danese e di Messer Gigliotto_, Pisa, 1868 (privately printed),
+and of a popular poem, _Istoria bellissima di Stellante Costantina_
+composta da Giovanni Orazio Brunetto.
+
+The extensive literature of this interesting story can best be found in
+D'Ancona's notes to the version in the _Cento nov. ant._, cited above.
+To these may be added: Ive's notes to the story in the text, Cosquin's
+notes to No. 19 of the _Contes pop. lorrains_ (_Rom._ No. 24, p. 534),
+and Nisard, _Hist. des Livres pop._ II. p. 450. Basque and Spanish
+versions have been published recently, the former in Webster's _Basque
+Legends_, pp. 146, 151, and the latter in Caballero, _Cuentos,
+oraciones_, etc., Leipzig, 1878, p. 23. A version from Mentone may be
+found in the _Folk-Lore Record_, vol. III. p. 48, "John of Calais."
+
+[13] In the original it is _la Voria_, which in Sicilian means "breeze,"
+but I take it to be the same as _Boria_ in Italian (Lat. _Boreas -ae_),
+the North Wind.
+
+[14] Other Italian versions are: _Nov. fior._ p. 440; _Archivio_, III.
+542 (Abruzzi); Pitre, No. 31; _Tuscan Fairy Tales_, No. 10, p. 102; De
+Nino, No. 69; and Widter-Wolf, No. 10 (_Jahrbuch_, VII. 139). See also
+Prato, _Una nov. pop. monferrina_, Como, 1882; and Finamore, _Trad. pop.
+abruzzesi_, Nos. 17, 19.
+
+References to other European versions will be found in Koehler's notes to
+Widter-Wolf, No. 10. See also Grimm, No. 92; Ralston's _R. F. T._ p.
+132, and Chap. I., note 11, of the present work.
+
+[15] A work of this kind, similar in scope to Nisard's _Hist. des Livres
+populaires_, is greatly to be desired, and ought to be undertaken before
+the great changes in the social condition of Italy shall have rendered
+such a task difficult, if not impossible.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+STORIES OF ORIENTAL ORIGIN.
+
+[1] There are three Italian translations of the _Pantschatantra_, all of
+the XVI. century. Two, _Discorsi degli Animali_, by Angelo Firenzuola,
+1548, and _La Filosofia Morale_, by Doni, 1552, represent the Hebrew
+translation by Rabbi Joel (1250), from which they are derived through
+the _Directorium humanae vitae_ of Johannes de Capua (1263-78); the
+third, _Del Governo de' Regni_, by G. Nuti, 1583, is from the Greek
+version of Simeon Seth (1080). A full account of the various
+translations of the _Pantschatantra_ may be found in Max Mueller's
+_Chips_, Vol. IV. p. 165, "The Migration of Fables." See also Benfey,
+_Pant._ I. pp. 1-19, _Buddhist Birth Stories_; or, _Jataka Tales_, By
+V. Fausboell and T. W. Rhys Davids, Boston, 1880, p. xciii., and Landau,
+_Die Quellen des Decamerone_, mentioned in the following note.
+
+_The Seven Wise Masters_ was also translated into Italian at an early
+date. One version, _Il Libro dei Sette Savj di Roma_, Pisa, 1864, edited
+by Prof. A. D'Ancona, is a XIII. century translation from a French prose
+version (Cod. 7974, _Bib. nat._); another, of the same date, _Storia d'
+una crudele Matrigna_, Bologna, 1862, is from an uncertain source, from
+which is probably derived a third version, _Il Libro dei Sette Savi di
+Roma tratto da un codice del secolo XIV._ per cura di Antonio Cappelli,
+Bologna, 1865. The MS. from which the version edited by Della Lucia in
+1832 (reprinted at Bologna, 1862) was taken has been recently discovered
+and printed in _Operette inedite o rare, Libreria Dante_, Florence,
+1883, No. 3. A fourth version of the end of the XIII. or the beginning
+of the XIV. century is still inedited, it is mentioned by D'Ancona in
+the _Libro dei Sette Savj_, p. xxviii., and its contents given. The
+latest and most curious version is _I Compassionevoli Avvenimenti di
+Erasto_, a work of the XVI. century (first edition, Venice, 1542) which
+contains four stories found in no other version of the Seven Wise
+Masters. The popularity of this version, the source of which is unknown,
+was great. See D'Ancona, _op. cit._, pp. xxxi.-xxxiv.
+
+The _Disciplina Clericalis_ was not known, apparently, in Italy as a
+collection, but the separate stories were known as early as Boccaccio,
+who borrowed the outlines of three of his stories from it (VII. 4; VIII.
+10: X. 8). Three of the stories of the _Disc. Cler._ are also found in
+the Ital. trans. of Frate Jacopo da Cessole's book on Chess
+(_Volgarizzamento del libro de' Costumi e degli offizii de' nobili sopra
+il giuoco degli Scachi_, Milan, 1829) and reprinted in _Libro di Novelle
+Antiche_, Bologna, 1868, Novelle III., IV., and VI. This translation is
+of the XII. century. Other stories from the _Disc. Cler._ are found in
+the _Cento nov. ant._, Gualt., LIII., XXXI., LXVI., Borg., LXXIV.
+(_Cent. nov._, Biagi, pp. 226, 51, 58); and in Cintio, _Gli Ecatommiti_,
+I, 3; VII. 6.
+
+[2] It has been generally supposed that the Oriental element was
+introduced into European literature from Spain through the medium of the
+French. We shall see later that this was the case with the famous
+collection of tales just mentioned, the _Disciplina Clericalis_.
+Oriental elements are also found in the French _fabliaux_ which are
+supposed to have furnished Boccaccio with the plots of a number of his
+novels. See Landau, _Die Quellen des Decamerone_, 2d ed., Vienna, 1884,
+p. 107. Professor Bartoli in his _I Precursori del Boccaccio e alcune
+delle sue Fonti_, Florence, 1876, endeavors to show that Boccaccio may
+have taken the above mentioned novels from sources common to them and
+the French _fabliaux_. It is undeniable that there was in the Middle
+Ages an immense mass of stories common to the whole western world, and
+diffused by oral tradition as well as by literary means, and it is very
+unsafe to say that any one literary version is taken directly from
+another. Sufficient attention has not been paid to the large Oriental
+element in European entertaining literature prior to the Renaissance. In
+early Italian literature besides Boccaccio, the _Cento novelle antiche_
+abound in Oriental elements. See D'Ancona, _Le Fonti del Novellino_, in
+the _Romania_, vol. III. pp. 164-194, since republished in _Studj di
+Critica e Storia Letteraria_, Bologna, 1880, pp. 219-359.
+
+[3] See Introduction, Notes 3, 7.
+
+[4] In the _Pantschatantra_ (Benfey's trans, vol. II. p. 120) this story
+is as follows: A merchant confides to a neighbor some iron scales or
+balances for safe-keeping. When he wishes them back he is told that the
+mice have eaten them up. The merchant is silent, and some time after
+asks his neighbor to lend him his son to aid him in bathing. After the
+bath the merchant shuts the boy up in a cave, and when the father asks
+where he is, is told that a falcon has carried him off. The neighbor
+exclaimed: "Thou liar, how can a falcon carry away a boy?" The merchant
+responded: "Thou veracious man! If a falcon cannot carry away a boy,
+neither can mice eat iron scales. Therefore give me back my scales if
+you desire your son." See also Benfey, _Pant._ I. p. 283. La Fontaine
+has used the same story for his fable of _Le Depositaire infidele_
+(livre IX. 1): see also references in _Fables inedites_, vol. II. p.
+193.
+
+[5] The fables in Pitre of non-Oriental origin may be mentioned here;
+they are: No. 271, "_Brancaliuni_," found also in Straparola, X. 2; No.
+272, "The Two Mice," compare Aesop, ed. Furia, 198, and Schneller, No.
+59; No. 274, "Wind, Water, and Honor," found in Straparola, XI. 2; No.
+275, "Godfather Wolf and Godmother Fox"; No. 276, "The Lion, the Wolf,
+and the Fox," Aesop, ed. Furia, 233; No. 277, "The Fox," see _Roman du
+Renart_, Paris, 1828, I. p. 129, and _Nov. tosc._ No. 69; No. 278,
+"L'Acidduzzu (Pretty Little Bird)," compare Asbj. & Moe, No. 42,
+Bernoni, _Punt._ III. p. 69, "_El Galo_," Nerucci, _Cincelle da
+Bambini_, p. 38; No. 279, "The Wolf and the Finch," Gonz., No. 66, _Nov.
+tosc._ No. 52 (add to Koehler's references: Asbj. & M., Nos. 42, 102,
+[Dasent, _Tales from the Fjeld_, p. 35, "The Greedy Cat,"] and Bernoni,
+_Punt._ III. p. 69); and finally No. 280, "The Cricket and the Ants,"
+see Aesop, ed. Furia, 121, La Fontaine, _La Cigale et la Fourmi_, livre
+I. 1: see copious references in Robert, _Fables inedites_, I. p. 2. For
+Bernoni, III. p. 69, "_El Galo_," and Pitre, No. 279, see Chap. V. pp.
+270, 272.
+
+There are two fables in Coronedi-Berti's collection: No. 20: "_La Fola
+del Corov_," and No. 21, "_La Fola dla Voulp_." The first is the
+well-known fable of the crow in the peacock's feathers; for copious
+references see Robert, _Fables inedites_, I. p. 247, to La Fontaine's
+_Le Geai pare des plumes du Paon_, livre IV, fab. IX., and Oesterley to
+Kirchhof's _Wendunmuth_, 7, 52. In the second fable the fox leaves her
+little ones at home, bidding them admit no one without a counter-sign.
+The wolf learns it from the simple little foxes themselves, gains
+admission, and eats two of them up. The mother takes her revenge in
+almost the same way as does the fox in Pitre's fable, No. 277.
+
+[6] This fable is also found in Pitre, No. 273, "The Man, the Wolf, and
+the Fox," and in Gonz., No. 69, "Lion, Horse, and Fox:" see Benfey,
+_Pant._ I. 113, and Koehler's references to Gonz., No. 69.
+
+There is also a version of this fable in Morosi, p. 75, which is as
+follows:--
+
+
+XLIX. THE MAN, THE SERPENT, AND THE FOX.
+
+There was once a huntsman, who, in passing a quarry, found a serpent
+under a large stone. The serpent asked the hunter to liberate him, but
+the latter said: "I will not free you, for you will eat me." The serpent
+replied: "Liberate me, for I will not eat you." When the hunter had set
+the serpent at liberty, the latter wanted to devour him, but the hunter
+said: "What are you doing? Did you not promise me that you would not eat
+me?" The serpent replied that hunger did not observe promises. The
+hunter then said: "If you have no right to eat me, will you do it?"
+"No," answered the serpent. "Let us go, then," said the hunter, "and ask
+three times." They went into the woods and found a greyhound, and asked
+him, and he replied: "I had a master, and I went hunting and caught
+hares, and when I carried them home my master had nothing too good to
+give me to eat; now, when I cannot overtake even a tortoise, because I
+am old, my master wishes to kill me; for this reason I condemn you to be
+eaten by the serpent; for he who does good finds evil." "Do you hear? We
+have one judge," said the serpent. They continued their journey, and
+found a horse, and asked him, and he too replied that the serpent was
+right to eat the man, "for," he said, "I had a master, who fed me when I
+could travel; now that I can do so no longer, he would like to hang me."
+The serpent said: "Behold, two judges!" They went on, and found a fox.
+The huntsman said: "Fox, you must aid me. Listen: I was passing a
+quarry, and found this serpent dying under a large stone, and he asked
+aid from me, and I released him, and now he wants to eat me." The fox
+answered: "I will be the judge. Let us return to the quarry, to see how
+the serpent was." They went there, and put the stone on the serpent, and
+the fox asked: "Is that the way you were?" "Yes," answered the serpent.
+"Very well, then, stay so always!" said the fox.
+
+[7] The individual stories of the _Thousand and One Nights_ were known
+in Europe long before the collection, which was not translated into
+French until 1704-1717. This is shown by the fact that some of the XIII.
+century _fabliaux_ embody stories of the _Thousand and One Nights_. See
+Note 10. An interesting article by Mr. H. C. Coote on "Folk-Lore, the
+source of some of M. Galland's Tales," will be found in the _Folk-Lore
+Record_, vol. III. pp. 178-191.
+
+[8] The Sicilian versions are in Pitre, No. 81. The version from
+Palermo, of which Pitre gives only a _resume_, is printed entire in F.
+Sabatini, _La Lanterna, Nov. pop. sicil._ Imola, 1878. The Roman
+version, "How Cajusse was married," is in Busk, p. 158; and the Mantuan
+in Visentini, No. 35. Tuscan versions may be found in the _Rivista di
+Lett. pop._ p. 267; De Nino, No. 5; and a version from Bergamo in the
+same periodical, p. 288. For the episode of the "Magician with no heart
+in his body," see Chap. I. note 12.
+
+[9] See Pitre, No. 36, and Gonz., No. 5, with Koehler's copious
+references. As this story is found in Chap. I. p. 17, it is only
+mentioned here for the sake of completeness.
+
+There is another complete version of "The Forty Thieves" in Nerucci, No.
+54, _Cicerchia, o i ventidua Ladri_. The thieves are twenty-two, and
+_cicerchia_ is the magic word that opens and shuts the robbers' cave. A
+version in Ortoli, p. 137, has seven thieves.
+
+[10] Pitre, No. 164, "The Three Hunchbacks;" Straparola, V. 3. It is
+also found in the _fabliau_, _Les Trois Bossus_, Barbazan-Meon, III.
+245; for copious references see Von der Hagen, _Gesammtabenteuer_, III.
+p. xxxv. _et seq._ Pitre, No. 165, "_Fra Ghiniparu_," is a variation of
+the above theme, and finds its counterpart in the _fabliau_ of _Le
+Sacristain de Cluni_: see _Gesammtabenteuer_, _ut sup._ Other versions
+are in Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, No. 9, and _Nov. tosc._ No. 58.
+
+[11] The story is, properly speaking, in the introduction to the
+_Thousand and One Nights_: see Lane, _The Thousand and One Nights_,
+London, 1865, I. 10. See Straparola, XII. 3, and _Schmipf und Ernst_ von
+Johannes Pauli, herausgegeben von Hermann Oesterley (_Bibliothek des
+litt. Vereins_, LXXXV.), Stuttgart, 1866, No. 134, "_Ein boesz weib
+tugenhaft zemachen_."
+
+[12] For the first story, see _Thousand and One Nights_ (ed. Breslau),
+IX. 129; _Pent._ V. 7; Gonz., No. 45; Hahn, No. 47; and Grimm, No. 129.
+For the second, see _Thousand and One Nights_ (ed. Breslau), II. 196;
+ed. Lane, III. 41.
+
+[13] See Lane, I. 140, and, for the transformations, p. 156. This story
+is also in Straparola, VIII. 5. It is well known in the North of Europe
+from the Grimm tale (No. 68), "The Thief and his Master," To the
+references in Grimm, II. p. 431, may be added: _Revue Celtique_, I. 132,
+II.; Benfey, _Pant._ I. p. 410; Brueyre, 253; Ralston, _R. F. T._ 229;
+Asbj. & M., No. 57 [Dasent, _Pop. Tales_, No. XXXIX.] (comp. Nos. 9, 46
+[Dasent, _Pop. Tales_, Nos. XXIII., IX.]); Hahn, No. 68; Bernhauer,
+_Vierzig Viziere_, p. 195; _Orient und Occident_, II. 313; III. 374;
+Grundtvig, I. 248; Juelg, _Kalmuekische Maerchen, Einleitung_, p. 1; and F.
+J. Child, _English and Scottish Popular Ballads_, Part II. p. 399, "The
+Twa Magicians."
+
+[14] The principal sources of information in regard to the _Disciplina
+Clericalis_ and its author are the two editions of Paris and Berlin:
+_Disciplina Clericalis_: auctore Petro Alphonsi, Ex-Judaeo Hispano,
+Parisiis, MDCCCXXIV. 2 vols. (Societe des Bibliophiles francais); Petri
+Alfonsi Disciplina Clericalis, zum ersten Mal herausgegeben mit
+Einleitung und Anmerkungen von Fr. Wilh. Val. Schmidt, Berlin, 1827. The
+first edition was edited by J. Labouderie, Vicar-general of Avignon, and
+as only two hundred and fifty copies were printed, it is now very
+scarce. Schmidt even had not seen it: and when he published his own
+edition, three years later, thought it the first. The Paris edition
+contains the best text, and has besides two Old-French translations, one
+in prose, the other in verse. The Berlin edition is, however, more
+valuable on account of the notes.
+
+[15] This is the story shortly after mentioned, Pitre, No. 138, "The
+Treasure." The date of the _Cento nov. ant._ cannot be accurately fixed;
+the compilation was probably made at the end of the XIII. cent.,
+although individual stories may be of an earlier date.
+
+[16] See _Disciplina Cler._ ed. Schmidt, pp. 63 and 142. For copious
+references see Oesterley's _Gesta Rom._ cap. 106.
+
+[17] There are several literary Italian versions of this story: one in
+Casalicchio, VI., I., VI.; and in Cintio, _Ecatommiti_, I. 3. There is
+another popular version in Imbriani's _Nov. fior._ p. 616, "The Three
+Friends."
+
+[18] See _Disc. Cler._ ed. Schmidt, pp. 50 and 128. The version in the
+_Cento nov. ant._ ed. Gualt, No. 31, is as follows: Messer Azzolino had
+a story-teller, whom he made tell stories during the long winter nights.
+It happened one night that the story-teller had a great mind to sleep,
+and Azzolino asked him to tell stories. The story-teller began to relate
+a story about a peasant who had a hundred bezants. He went to market to
+buy sheep, and had two for a bezant. Returning home with his sheep, a
+river that he had crossed was greatly swollen by a heavy rain that had
+fallen. Standing on the bank he saw a poor fisherman with an exceedingly
+small boat, so small that it would only hold the peasant and one sheep
+at a time. Then the peasant began to cross with one sheep, and began to
+row: the river was wide. He rows and crosses. And the story-teller
+ceased relating. Azzolino said: "Go on." And the story-teller answered:
+"Let the sheep cross, and then I will tell the story." For the sheep
+would not be over in a year, so that meanwhile he could sleep at his
+leisure.
+
+The story passed from the _Disc. Cler._ into the Spanish collection _El
+Libro de los Enxemplos_, No. 85. A similar story is also found in Grimm,
+No. 86, "The Fox and the Geese."
+
+[19] The word translated bank (_bancu_) is here used to indicate a
+buried treasure. The most famous of these concealed treasures was that
+of Ddisisa, a hill containing caves, and whose summit is crowned by the
+ruins of an Arab castle. This treasure is mentioned also in Pitre, No.
+230, "The Treasure of Ddisisa," where elaborate directions are given for
+finding it.
+
+[20] See Pitre, vol. IV. p. 401, and _Nov. fior._ p. 572.
+
+[21] See _Disc. Cler._ ed. Schmidt, pp. 64 and 147, where the story is
+as follows: A certain tailor to the king had, among others, an
+apprentice named Nedui. On one occasion the king's officers brought warm
+bread and honey, which the tailor and his apprentices ate without
+waiting for Nedui, who happened to be absent. When one of the officers
+asked why they did not wait for Nedui, the tailor answered that he did
+not like honey. When Nedui returned, and learned what had taken place,
+he determined to be revenged; and when he had a chance he told the
+officer who superintended the work done for the king that the tailor
+often went into a frenzy and beat or killed the bystanders. The officer
+said that if they could tell when the attack was coming on, they would
+bind him, so that he could not injure any one. Nedui said it was easy to
+tell; the first symptoms were the tailor's looking here and there,
+beating the ground with his hands, and getting up and seizing his seat.
+The next day Nedui securely hid his master's shears, and when the latter
+began to look for them, and feel about on the floor, and lift up his
+seat, the officer called in the guard and had the tailor bound, and, for
+fear he should beat any one, soundly thrashed. At last the poor tailor
+succeeded in obtaining an explanation; and when he asked Nedui: "When
+did you know me to be insane?" the latter responded: "When did you know
+me not to eat honey?" See also references in Kirchhof's _Wendunmuth_, I.
+243.
+
+[22] In the original the admonitions are in the form of a verse, as
+follows:--
+
+    "_Primu:_ Cu' cancia la via vecchia pi la nova,
+              Le guai ch' 'un circannu dda li trova.
+     _Secunnu:_ Vidi assai e parra pocu.
+     _Terzu:_ Pensa la cosa avanti chi la fai,
+              Ca la cosa pinsata e bedda assai."
+
+
+
+[23] See _Disc. Cler._ ed. Schmidt, pp. 61 and 141. This story is also
+found in the _Gesta Romanorum_, cap. 103; Gonz., No. 81, where copious
+references by Oesterley and Koehler may be found; in Nerucci, No. 53; and
+in a distorted version in Ortoli, p. 118: see also _Giornale Napoletano
+della Domenica_, August 20, 1882; Pitre, "_I Tre Pareri_," and _Notes
+and Queries_, London, February 7, March 14, 1885.
+
+[24] See Note 1 of this chapter.
+
+[25] In the original, what the husband, wife, and king, say, is in
+verse, as follows:--
+
+    "Vigna era e Vigna son,
+      Amata era e piu non son;
+    E non so per qual cagion,
+      Che la Vigna a perso la so stagion."
+
+    "Vigna eri e Vigna sei,
+      Amata eri e piu non sei:
+    Per la branca del leon
+      La Vigna a perso la so stagion."
+
+    "Ne la Vigna io son intrato,
+      Di quei pampani n' o tocato;
+    Ma lo guiro per la corona che porto in capo,
+      Che de quel fruto no ghe n' o gustato."
+
+This story is also found in Pitre, No. 76, "_Lu Bracceri di manu manca_"
+("The Usher on the Left Hand," _i. e._, of the king, who also had one on
+his right hand); _Pomiglianesi_, No. 6, "_Villa_;" and, in the shape of
+a poetical dialogue, in Vigo, _Raccolta amplissima di Canti popolari
+siciliani_. Secunda ediz. Catania, 1870-1874, No. 5145.
+
+The story is told of Pier delle Vigne by Jacopo d'Aqui (XIII. cent.) in
+his _Chronicon imaginis mundi_, and of the Marchese di Pescara by
+Brantome, _Vie des Dames galantes_. These versions will be found with
+copious references in Pitre and Imbriani as cited above: see also,
+_Cantilene e Ballate, Strambotti e Madrigali nei Secoli XIII. e XIV._, A
+cura di Giosue Carducci, Pisa, 1871, p. 26. The story is discussed in an
+exhaustive manner by S. Prato in the _Romania_, vol. XII. p. 535; XIV.
+p. 132, "_L' Orma del Leone_."
+
+[26] For the Oriental versions see _Essai sur les Fables indiennes_,
+_par_ A. Loiseleur Deslongchamps, Paris, 1838, p. 96; _Das Buch von den
+sieben weisen Meistern_, aus dem Hebraeischen und Griechischen zum ersten
+Male uebersetzt von H. Sengelmann, Halle, 1842, p. 40 (_Mischle
+Sandabar_), p. 87 (_Syntipas_), _Tausend und Eine Nacht_, Deutsch von
+Max Habicht, Von der Hagen und Schall, Breslau, 1836, vol. XV. p. 112
+(Arabic); _Li Romans des Sept Sages_, nach der Pariser Handschrift
+herausgegeben von H. A. Keller, Tuebingen, 1836, p. cxxxviii.;
+_Dyocletianus Leben_, von Hans von Buehel, herausgegeben von A. Keller,
+Quedlinburg und Leipzig, 1841, p. 45. All students of this subject are
+acquainted with Domenico Comparetti's masterly essay _Ricerche intorno
+al Libro di Sindibad_, Milan, 1869, which has recently been made
+accessible to English readers in a version published by the English
+Folk-Lore Society in 1882. The Persian and Arabic texts may be consulted
+in an English translation, reprinted with valuable introduction and
+notes in the following work: _The Book of Sindibad; or, The Story of
+the King, his Son, the Damsel, and the Seven Vazirs_, From the Persian
+and Arabic, with Introduction, Notes, and an Appendix, by W. A.
+Clouston. Privately printed, 1884 [Glasgow], pp. xvii.-lvi.
+
+[27] For the original version in the various forms of the Western _Seven
+Wise Masters_, see Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, p. 162; Keller, _Romans_, p.
+ccxxix., and _Dyocletianus_, p. 63; and D'Ancona, _Il Libro dei Sette
+Savi di Roma_, p. 121. To the references in D'Ancona may be added: _Deux
+Redactions du Roman des Sept Sages_, G. Paris, Paris, 1876, pp. 47, 162;
+Benfey, in _Orient und Occident_, III. 420; _Romania_, VI. p. 182;
+_Melusine_, p. 384; and _Basque Legends_, collected by Rev. W. Webster,
+London, 1879, pp. 136, 137.
+
+[28] See Grimm, No. 33, "The Three Languages;" Hahn, No. 33; _Basque
+Legends_, p. 137; and _Melusine_, p. 300. There is a verbose version in
+the _Fiabe Mantovane_, No. 23, "_Bobo_."
+
+[29] See Herodotus, with a commentary by J. W. Blakesley, London, 1854,
+I. p. 254, n. 343. For the literature of this story, and for various
+other Italian versions, see _La Leggenda del Tesoro di Rampsinite_,
+Stanislao Prato, Como, 1882; and Ralston's notes to Schiefner's _Tibetan
+Tales_, p. xlvii.
+
+[30] For the story in the _Seven Wise Masters_, see D'Ancona, _op. cit._
+p. 108; Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, p. 146; Keller, _Romans_, p. cxciii.,
+and _Dyoclet_. p. 55.
+
+Besides the popular versions in Italian, the story is also found in
+Bandello, I., XXV., who follows Herodotus closely.
+
+[31] For the story in the _Seven Wise Masters_ see D'Ancona, _op. cit._
+p. 120; Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, p. 158; Keller, _Romans_, p. ccxxxvii.,
+and _Dyoclet._ p. 61. Literary versions of this story are in Straparola,
+II. 11; _Pecorone_, II. 2; Malespini, 53; Bandello, I. 3; and Sercambi,
+XIII. See Pitre, IV. pp. 407, 442.
+
+[32] The literature of this famous collection of tales will best be
+found in an article by Wilhelm Pertsch, "_Ueber Nachschabi's
+Papagaienbuch_" in the _Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlaendischen
+Gesellschaft_, Bd. XXI. pp. 505-551. Prof. H. Brockhaus discovered that
+the eighth night of Nachschabi's version was nothing but a version of
+the _Seven Wise Masters_ containing seven stories. Nachschabi, in
+preparing his work, used probably the oldest version of the _Seven Wise
+Masters_ of which we have any knowledge. Professor Brockhaus made this
+discovery known in a brief pamphlet entitled: _Die Sieben Weisen Meister
+von Nachschabi_, Leipzig, 1843, of which only twelve copies were
+printed. The above, except the Persian text, was reprinted in the
+_Blaett. fuer lit. Unterhaltung_, 1843, Nos. 242, 243 (pp. 969 _et seq._);
+and, in an Italian translation, in D'Ancona's _Il Libro dei Sette Savi
+di Roma_.
+
+The Persian version of Qadiri (a compend of Nachschabi's) is the one
+most frequently translated. The German translation: _Toutinameh_. Eine
+Sammlung pers. Maerchen, von C. J. L. Iken, mit einem Anhange von J. G.
+L. Kosegarten, Stuttgart, 1822, is easily found. The Turkish version is
+elegantly translated by G. Rosen: _Tuti-nameh, das Papagaienbuch_, eine
+Sammlung orientalischer Erzaehlungen nach der tuerkischen Bearbeitung zum
+ersten Male uebersetzt von G. Rosen, Leipzig, 1858, 2 vols.
+
+[33] The preservation of the frame of the _Cukasaptati_ in Italian
+popular tales is only paralleled, to our knowledge, by the preservation
+of the _Seven Wise Masters_ in a Magyar popular tale. See _La Tradizione
+dei Sette Savi nelle Novelline magiare_. Lettera al Prof. A. D'Ancona di
+E. Teza, Bologna, 1864.
+
+It is possible that the Italian stories containing the frame of the
+_Cukasaptati_ may have been developed from the story in the _Seven Wise
+Masters_ which is found in both the Oriental and Occidental versions.
+The spirit of Folk-tales seems to us averse to expansion, and that
+condensation is the rule. We think it more likely that it was by way of
+oral tradition, or from some now lost collection of Oriental tales once
+known in Italy.
+
+[34] It is in the work by Teza mentioned in the last note, p. 52.
+
+[35] See Pitre, vol. I. p. 23. The three stories in one are called
+_Donna Viulanti_ (Palermo) and _Lu Frati e lu Soru_ (Salaparuta).
+
+[36] See Chapter I. note 7.
+
+[37] The Italian versions are: Pitre, No. 78, "_Lu Zu Viritati_" ("Uncle
+Truth"); Gonz., No. 8, "_Bauer Wahrhaft_" ("Farmer Truth"); _XII. Conti
+Pomiglianesi_, p. 1, "_Giuseppe 'A Vereta_" ("Truthful Joseph," the
+version translated by us); p. 6, another version from same place and
+with same name; and in Straparola, III. 5. References to Oriental
+sources maybe found in Koehler's notes to Gonz., No. 8, and Oesterley's
+notes to _Gesta Rom._ cap. 111.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In addition to the Oriental elements mentioned in the third chapter,
+Stanislao Prato has discovered the story of Nala in a popular tale from
+Pitigliano (Tuscany), see S. Prato, _La Leggenda indiana di Nala in una
+novella popolare pitiglianese_, Como, 1881. (Extracted from _I Nuovi
+Goliardi_.)
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+LEGENDS AND GHOST STORIES.
+
+[1] It is the LXXV. novel of the _Testo_ Gualteruzzi (Biagi, p. 108):
+_Qui conta come Domeneddio s' accompagno con un giullare_. The Lord once
+went in company with a jester. One day the former went to a funeral, and
+the latter to a marriage. The Lord called the dead to life again, and
+was richly rewarded. He gave the jester some of the money with which he
+bought a kid, roasted it and ate the kidneys himself. His companion
+asked where they were, and the jester answered that in that country the
+kids had none. The next time the Lord went to a wedding and the jester
+to a funeral, but he could not revive the dead, and was considered a
+deceiver, and condemned to the gallows. The Lord wished to know who ate
+the kidneys, but the other persisted in his former answer; but in spite
+of this the Lord raises the dead, and the jester is set at liberty. Then
+the Lord said he wished to dissolve their partnership, and made three
+piles of money, one for himself, another for the jester, and the third
+for the one who ate the kidneys. Then the jester said: "By my faith, now
+that you speak thus, I will tell you that I ate them; I am so old that
+I ought not to tell lies now." So some things are proved by money, which
+a man would not tell to escape from death. For the sources and
+imitations of this story see D'Ancona, _Le Fonti del Novellino_, in the
+_Romania_, No. 10, p. 180, (_Studj_, p. 333). To D'Ancona's references
+may be added the following: Grimm, 147, "The Old Man made young again";
+Asbjornsen and Moe, No. 21 [Dasent, _Pop. Tales_, No. XIV.], _Ny Samm._
+No. 101 [Dasent, _Tales from the Fjeld_, p. 94, "Peik"]; Ralston, _R. F.
+T._ p. 350; Simrock's _Deutsche Maerchen_, Nos. 31^b (p. 148), 32;
+_Romania_, No. 24, p. 578, "_Le Foie de Mouton_" (E. Cosquin, _Contes
+pop. lorrains_, No. 30); Brueyre, p. 330; and an Italian version, which
+is simply an amplification of the one in the _Cento nov. ant._, in the
+recently published _Sessanta Nov. pop. montalesi_, Nerucci, No. 31.
+
+[2] See _Jahrbuch_, VII. pp. 28, 396. The professional pride of the
+smith finds a parallel in an Irish story in Kennedy, "How St. Eloi was
+punished for the sin of Pride." Before the saint became religious he was
+a goldsmith, but sometimes amused himself by shoeing horses, and boasted
+that he had never found his master in anything. One day a stranger
+stopped at his forge and asked permission to shoe his horse. Eloi
+consented, and was very much surprised to see the stranger break off the
+horse's leg at the shoulder, carry it into the smithy and shoe it. Then
+the stranger put on again the horse's leg, and asked Eloi if he knew any
+one who could do such a good piece of work. Eloi tries himself, and
+fails miserably. The stranger, who is Eloi's guardian angel, cures the
+horse, reproves the smith for his pride, and disappears. See Brueyre, p.
+329, and Blade, _Agenais_, p. 61, and Koehler's notes, p. 157.
+
+[3] Bernoni, _Punt._ I. p. 1, "_I cinque brazzi de Tela_." See Benfey,
+_Pant._ I. p. 497, where the same story (without the coarseness of the
+Italian version) is related of Buddha, who tells the hospitable woman
+that "what she begins shall not end until sunset." She begins to measure
+linen and it lengthens in her hands so that she continues to measure it
+all day. The envious neighbor receives the same gift, but before she
+begins to measure the linen, she thinks she will water the swine; the
+bucket does not become empty until evening, and the whole neighborhood
+is inundated. See Benfey's parallels, _ut. sup._ pp. 497-98, and Grimm,
+No. 87, notes.
+
+[4] These four legends are in Pitre, _Cinque Novelline popolari
+siciliane_, Palermo, 1878. In the third story, "_San Pietru e so
+cumpari_," St. Peter gets something to eat from a stingy man by a play
+on the word _mussu_, "snout," and _cu lu mussu_, "to be angry." For a
+similar story see Pitre, III. 312. A parallel to the first of the above
+legends may be found in Finamore, No. 34, IV., where are also some other
+legends of St. Peter.
+
+Since the above note was written, some similar legends have been
+published by Salomone Marino in the _Archivio per lo Studio delle
+Tradizioni popolari_, vol. II. p. 553. One "The Just suffers for the
+Sinner" ("_Chianci lu giustu pri lu piccaturi_") relates how St. Peter
+complained to our Lord that the innocent were punished with the guilty.
+Our Lord made no answer, but shortly after commanded St. Peter to pick
+up a piece of honey-comb filled with bees, and put it in the bosom of
+his dress. One of the bees stung him, and St. Peter in his anger killed
+them all, and when the Lord rebuked him, excused himself by saying: "How
+could I tell among so many bees which one stung me?" The Lord answered:
+"Am I wrong then, when I punish men likewise? _Chianci lu giustu pri lu
+piccaturi._"
+
+Another legend relates the eagerness of St. Peter's sister to marry.
+Thrice she sent her brother to our Lord to ask his consent, and thrice
+the Lord, with characteristic patience, answered: "Tell her to do what
+she wishes."
+
+A third legend explains why some are rich and some are poor in this
+world. Adam and Eve had twenty-four children, and one day the Lord
+passed by the house, and the parents concealed twelve of their children
+under a tub. The Lord, at the parents' request, blessed the twelve with
+riches and happiness. After he had departed, the parents realized what
+they had done, and called the Master back. When he heard that they had
+told him a falsehood about the number of their children, he replied that
+the blessing was bestowed and there was no help for it. "Oh!" said Adam
+in anguish, "what will become of them?" The Lord replied: "Let those who
+are not blessed serve the others, and let those who are blessed support
+them." "And this is why in the world half are rich and half are poor,
+and the latter serve the former, and the former support the latter."
+
+The last of these legends which I shall mention is entitled: "All things
+are done for money." ("_Tutti cosi su' fatti pri dinari._") There once
+died a poor beggar who had led a pious life, and was destined for
+paradise. When his soul arrived at the gate and knocked, St. Peter asked
+who he was and told him to wait. The poor soul waited two months behind
+the gate, but St. Peter did not open it for him. Meanwhile, a wealthy
+baron died and went, exceptionally, to paradise. His soul did not need
+even to knock, for the gate was thrown open, and St. Peter exclaimed:
+"Throw open the gate, let the baron pass! Come in Sir Baron, your
+servant, what an honor!" The soul of the beggar squeezed in, and said to
+himself: "The world is not the only one who worships money; in heaven
+itself there is this law, that all things are done for money."
+
+[5] Pitre, No. 126, where other Sicilian versions are mentioned. A
+version from Siena is in T. Gradi, _Proverbi e Modi di dire_, p. 23,
+repeated in the same author's _Saggio di Letture varie_, p. 52, and
+followed by an article by Tommaseo, originally printed in the
+_Institutore_ of Turin, in which Servian and Greek parallels are given.
+Besides the Venetian variant mentioned in the text, there are versions
+from Umbria and Piedmont cited by Pitre, a Tuscan one in _Nov. tosc._
+No. 26, and one from the Tyrol in Schneller, No. 4. Pitre, in his notes
+to _Nov. tosc._ No. 26, mentions several other versions from Piedmont,
+Friuli, and Benevento. An exact version is also found in Corsica: see
+Ortoli, p. 235.
+
+[6] This reminds one of the "Sabbath of the Damned:" see Douhet,
+_Dictionnaire des Legendes_, Paris, 1855, p. 1040.
+
+[7] Pitre, in a note to this story, mentions several proverbial sayings
+in which Pilate's name occurs: "To wash one's hands of the matter like
+Pilate," and "To come into a thing like Pilate in the Creed," to express
+engaging in a matter unwillingly, or to indicate something that is _mal
+a propos_.
+
+[8] Pitre, I. p. cxxxvii., and Pitre, _Appunti di Botanica popolare
+siciliana_, in the _Rivista Europea_, May, 1875, p. 441.
+
+[9] Pitre, I. p. cxxxviii.
+
+[10] This legend is mentioned in a popular Sicilian legend in verse, see
+Pitre, _Canti pop. sic._ II. p. 368, and is the subject of a chap-book,
+the title of which is given by Pitre, _Fiabe_, vol. IV. p. 397.
+
+[11] _Preghiere pop. veneziane_ raccolte da Dom. Giuseppe Bernoni, p.
+18.
+
+[12] Pitre, I. p. cxxxiii. For earlier appearances of the Wandering Jew
+in Italian literature, see A. D'Ancona, _La Leggenda dell' Ebreo
+errante, Nuova Antologia_, serie II. vol. XXIII. 1880, p. 425;
+_Romania_, vol. X. p. 212, _Le Juif errant en Italia au XIII^e siecle_,
+G. Paris and A. D'Ancona; vol. XII. p. 112, _Encore le Juif errant en
+Italie_, A. D'Ancona, and _Giornale Storico_, vol. III. p. 231, R.
+Renier, where an Italian text of the XVIII. cent. is printed for the
+first time. The myth of the Wandering Jew can best be studied in the
+following recent works: G. Paris, _Le Juif Errant, Extrait de
+l'Encyclopedie des Sciences Religieuses_, Paris, 1880; Dr. L. Neubaur,
+_Die Sage vom ewigen Juden_, Leipzig, 1884; P. Cassel, _Ahasverus, die
+Sage vom ewigen Juden_, Berlin, 1885. The name Buttadeu (Buttadaeus in
+the Latin texts of the XVII. cent.) has been explained in various ways.
+It is probably from the Ital. verb _buttare_, to thrust away, and _dio_,
+God.
+
+[13] Crivoliu is a corruption of Gregoriu, Gregory, and the legend is,
+as Koehler says, a peculiar transformation of the well-known legend of
+"Gregory on the Stone." For the legend in general, see A. D'Ancona's
+Introduction to the _Leggenda di Vergogna e la Leggenda di Giuda_,
+Bologna, 1869, and F. Lippold, _Ueber die Quelle des Gregorius
+Hartmann's von Aue_, Leipzig, 1869, p. 50 _et seq._ See also Pitre's
+notes to No. 117. An example of this class of stories from Cyprus may be
+found in the _Jahrb._ XI. p. 357.
+
+[14] See Koehler's notes to Gonz., No. 90, and _Sacre Rappresentazioni
+dei Secoli XIV.-XVI._ raccolte e illustrate di A. D'Ancona, Florence,
+1872, III. p. 435. There is another legend of St. James of Galicia in
+Busk, p. 208, entitled "The Pilgrims." A husband and wife make the usual
+vow to St. James that if he will give them children they will make the
+pilgrimage to Santiago. When the children are fifteen and sixteen the
+parents start on the pilgrimage, taking with them the son, and leaving
+the daughter in charge of a priest, who wrote slanderous letters about
+her, whereupon the son returned suddenly, slew his sister, and threw her
+body in a ditch. A king's son happened to pass by, found the body, and
+discovered that it still contained life. He had her cured, and married
+her, and they afterwards became king and queen. While the king was once
+at war, the viceroy tempted the queen, and when she would not listen to
+him, killed her two children and slandered her to the king. The queen
+took the bodies of the children and wandered about until she met the
+Madonna, who took the children, and the queen went to Galicia. The king
+and viceroy also made a pilgrimage to the same place where the queen's
+parents had dwelt since the supposed death of their daughter. All met at
+the saint's shrine and forgave each other, and the Madonna restored the
+children alive and well.
+
+There are two or three other stories in Pitre and Gonz. in which saints
+appear in the _role_ of good fairies, aiding the hero when in trouble.
+One of these stories, "The Thankful Dead" (Gonz., No. 74), has already
+been mentioned in Chapter II. p. 131; two others may be briefly
+mentioned here. The first is Gonz., No. 74, "Of one who by the help of
+St. Joseph won the king's daughter." A king proclaims that he will give
+his daughter to any one who builds a ship that will go by land and
+water. The youngest of three brothers constructs such a vessel by the
+help of St. Joseph, after his two brothers have failed. The saint, who
+is not known to the youth, accompanies him on the voyage on the
+condition that he shall receive the half of everything that the youth
+receives. During the voyage they take on board a man who can fill a sack
+with mist, one who can tear up half a forest and carry the trees on his
+back, a man who can drink up half a river, one who can always hit what
+he shoots at, and one who walks with such long steps that when one foot
+is in Catania the other is in Messina. The king refuses to give his
+daughter to the youth in spite of the ship that goes by land and water.
+The youth, however, by the help of his wonderful servants and St.
+Joseph, fulfils all the king's requirements, and carries away the
+princess. When the youth returned home with his bride and treasures, St.
+Joseph called on him to fulfil his promise to him. The youth gives him
+half of his treasures, and even half of the crown he had won. The saint
+reminds him that the best of his possessions yet remains undivided,--his
+bride. The youth determines to keep his promise, draws his sword, and is
+about to cut his bride in two, when St. Joseph reveals himself, blesses
+the pair, and disappears.
+
+This story is sometimes found as a version of the "Thankful Dead," see
+Chapter II. note 12. The second story is Pitre, No. 116, "St. Michael
+the Archangel and one of his devotees," of which there is a version in
+Gonz., No. 76, called, "The Story of Giuseppino." In the first version a
+child, Pippino, is sold by his parents to the king in order to obtain
+the means to duly celebrate the feast of St. Michael, to whom they were
+devoted. The child is brought up in the palace as the princess's
+playmate; but when he grows up the king is anxious to get rid of him,
+and so sends him on a voyage in an unseaworthy vessel. St. Michael
+appears to the lad, and tells him to load the ship with salt. They set
+sail, and the rotten ship is about to go to pieces, when the saint
+appears and changes the ship into a vessel all of gold. They sell the
+cargo to a king who has never tasted salt before, and return to their
+own country wealthy. The next voyage Pippino, by the saint's advice,
+takes a cargo of cats, which they sell to the king of a country overrun
+by mice. Pippino returns and marries the king's daughter. In the version
+in Gonz., Giuseppino is a king's son, who leaves his home to see the
+world, and becomes the stable-boy of the king whose daughter he marries.
+The three cargoes are: salt, cats, and uniforms. On the last voyage,
+Giuseppino captures a hostile fleet, and makes his prisoners put on the
+uniforms he has in his ship. With this army he returns, and compels the
+king to give him his daughter. St. Joseph acts the same part in this
+version as St. Michael in Pitre's.
+
+The story of "Whittington and his Cat" will at once occur to the reader.
+See Pitre's notes to No. 116, and vol. IV. p. 395, and Koehler to Gonz.,
+No. 76.
+
+[15] Koehler has no note on this legend, and I have been unable to find
+in the list of saints any name of which Oniria or Neria may be a
+corruption.
+
+[16] The references to this story will best be found in Pauli's _Schimpf
+und Ernst_, ed. Oesterley, No. 682, and in the same editor's notes to
+the _Gesta Romanorum_, cap. 80. To these may be added a story by De
+Trueba in his _Narraciones populares_, p. 65, entitled, "_Las Dudas de
+San Pedro_;" Luzel, _Legendes Chretiennes_, I. 282, II. 4; _Fiore di
+Virtu_, Naples, 1870, p. 68; Etienne de Bourbon, No. 396 (_Anecdotes
+historiques, legendes et apologues tires du Receuil inedit d'Etienne de
+Bourbon_), pub. pour la Societe de l'Hist. de France par A. Lecoy de la
+Marche, Paris, 1877.
+
+Since the above was written, several important contributions to the
+literature of this story have been made. The first in point of time and
+importance is a paper by Gaston Paris in the _Comptes Rendus_ of the
+Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, vol. VIII. pp. 427-449
+(reprinted in _La Poesie du Moyen Age_, Lecons et Lectures par Gaston
+Paris, Paris, 1885). Next may be mentioned "_The Literary History of
+Parnell's Hermit_," by W. E. A. Axon, London, 1881 (reprinted from the
+Seventh Volume of the Third Series of _Memoirs of the Manchester
+Literary and Philosophical Society, Session 1879-80_). An Icelandic
+version is in _Islendzk Aeventyri, Islaendische Legenden, Novellen und
+Maerchen_, herausgegeben von Hugo Gering, Halle, 1884, vol. II. p. 247.
+The legend is clearly shown by Gaston Paris to be of Jewish origin.
+
+[17] There is another version of this story in Gonz., No. 86, "_Von dem
+frommen Kinde_" ("The Pious Child"), Koehler in his notes cites Grimm's
+_Children's Legends_, No. 9, and Schneller, No. 1. In this last story a
+pious child is cruelly treated by his step-mother, and leaves his home
+to live in a convent. One day he notices in a corner a neglected
+crucifix covered with dust and cobwebs. He sees how thin the figure is,
+and at meal-time brings his food where the crucifix is and begins to
+feed the image, which opens its mouth and eats with appetite. As the
+image grows stouter the pious child grows thinner. The Superior learns
+one day the fact, and tells the child to ask the Lord to invite him and
+the Superior to his table. The next day both die suddenly after mass.
+
+In a story in Gonz., No. 47, "Of the pious youth who went to Rome," the
+youth talks to the image on the crucifix in a familiar way, and receives
+information about questions put to him by various persons. The youth
+also dies suddenly at the end of the story.
+
+[18] Pitre, No. 111. Another Sicilian version is in Gonz., No. 88, "The
+Story of Spadonia." Spadonia is the son of a king, who every day has
+bread baked and sent to the souls in purgatory by means of an ass sent
+for that purpose by the Lord. Spadonia becomes king, and sends one of
+his servants, Peppe, to see where the ass goes. Peppe crosses a river of
+clear water, one of milk, and one of blood. Then he sees the thin oxen
+in a rich pasture, and the reverse; in addition he beholds a forest with
+small and large trees together, and a handsome youth cutting down now a
+large tree, now a small one, with a single stroke of a bright axe. Then
+he passed through a door with the ass, and sees St. Joseph, and St.
+Peter, and all the saints, and among them God the Father. Farther on
+Peppe sees many saints, and among them the parents of Spadonia. Finally
+Peppe comes where the Saviour and his Mother are on a throne. The Lord
+says to him that Spadonia must marry a maiden named Secula, and open an
+inn, in which any one may eat and lodge without cost. The Lord then
+explains what Peppe has seen. The river of water is the good deeds of
+men which aid and refresh the poor souls in purgatory; the river of milk
+is that with which Christ was nourished; and the river of blood that
+shed for sinners. The thin cattle are the usurers, the fat, the poor who
+trust in God, the youth felling the trees is Death.
+
+Peppe returns and tells his master all he had seen, and Spadonia wanders
+forth in search of a maiden called Secula. He finds at last a poor girl
+so called, and marries her, and opens an inn as he had been directed.
+After a time the Lord and his Apostles visit the inn, and the king and
+his wife wait on them, and treat them with the utmost consideration. The
+next day after they had departed Spadonia and his wife find out who
+their guests were, and hasten after them in spite of a heavy storm. When
+they overtake the Lord they ask pardon for their sins, and eternal
+happiness for all belonging to them. The Lord grants their request, and
+tells them to be prepared at Christmas, when he will come for them. They
+return home, give all their property to the poor, and at Christmas they
+confess, take communion, and die peacefully near each other, together
+with Secula's old parents.
+
+This curious legend has no parallels in Italy out of Sicily. It is,
+however, found in the rest of Europe, the best parallel being _L'Homme
+aux dents rouges_, in Blade, _Agenais_, p. 52. Koehler cites Blade,
+_Contes et proverbes pop. rec. en Armagnac_, p. 59, and Asbjornsen, No.
+62 [Dasent, _Tales from the Fjeld_, p. 160, "Friends in Life and
+Death"]. To these may be added the story in Schneller, p. 215, and the
+references given by Koehler in his notes to Gonz., No. 88.
+
+[19] See Champfleury, _De la litterature populaire en France. Recherches
+sur les origines et les variations de la legende du bonhomme Misere_,
+Paris, 1861. It contains a reprint of the oldest yet known edition of
+the chap-book, that of 1719. The most valuable references to the legend
+in general will be found (besides the above work, and Grimm's notes to
+Nos. 81, 82) in the _Jahrb._ V. pp. 4, 23; VII. 128, 268; and in Pitre's
+notes, vol. III. p. 63, and IV. pp. 398, 439. All the Italian versions
+are mentioned in the text or following notes. To the stories from the
+various parts of Europe mentioned in the articles above cited, may be
+added Webster, _Basque Legends_, pp. 195, 199. Since this note was
+written another Tuscan version has been published by Pitre in his _Nov.
+tosc._ No. 28, who cites in his notes: Ortoli, p. 1, Sec. 1, No. XXII.
+(Corsica); and two literary versions in Cintio de' Fabritii, Venice,
+1726, _Origine de' volgari proverbi_, and Domenico Batacchi in his
+_Novelle galanti: La Vita e la Morte di Prete Ulivo_.
+
+[20] See Pitre, No. 125.
+
+[21] See Busk, p. 178.
+
+[22] See Busk, p. 183.
+
+[23] _Novelline di Sto. Stefano_, No. XXXII. A version from Monferrato
+is found in Comparetti, No. 34, entitled, "_La Morte Burlata_" ("Death
+Mocked"), in which a schoolmaster, who is a magician, tells one of his
+scholars that he will grant him every day any favor he may ask. The
+first day the scholar asks that any one who climbs his pear-tree must
+remain there; the second day he asks that whoever approaches his
+fireplace to warm himself must stay there; and finally he asks to win
+always with a pack of cards that he has. When the possessor of these
+favors has lived a hundred years Death comes for him, but is made to
+climb the tree, and is forced to grant the owner another hundred years
+of life. The fireplace procures another respite, and then the man dies
+and goes to paradise; but the Lord will not admit him, for he had not
+asked for mercy. Hell will not receive him, for he had been a good man;
+so he goes to the gate of purgatory and begins playing cards, with souls
+for stakes, and wins enough to form a regiment. Then he goes to
+paradise, and the Lord tells him he can enter alone. But he persists in
+going in with all those who are attached to him; so all the souls enter
+too.
+
+[24] _Novelline di Sto. Stefano_, No. 33. A similar story, told in
+greater detail, is in Schneller, No. 17, "_Der Stoepselwirth_" ("The
+Tapster"). A generous host ruins himself by his hospitality, and borrows
+money of the Devil for seven years; if he cannot repay it his soul is to
+belong to the lender. The host continues his liberality, and at the end
+of seven years is poorer than before. The Lord, St. Peter, and St. John
+come to the tavern and tell the landlord to ask three favors. He asks
+that whoever climbs his fig-tree may remain there; whoever sits on his
+sofa must stay there; and finally, whoever puts his hands in a certain
+chest must keep them there. The Devil first sends his eldest son after
+the money. The host sends him up the fig-tree, and then gives him a
+sound beating. Then the Devil sends his second son, whom the landlord
+invites to sit on his sofa, and gives him a sound thrashing too. Finally
+the Devil himself comes, and the host tells him to get his money himself
+out of the chest. The Devil sticks fast, and is set free only on
+condition of renouncing all claims to the landlord's soul.
+
+The conclusion of the story is like that of "Beppo Pipetta."
+
+There is another story about a bargain with the Devil in the _Novelline
+di Sto. Stefano_, No. 35, "_Le Donne ne sanno un punto piu del diavolo_"
+("Women know a point more than the Devil"). A fowler sells his soul to
+the Devil for twelve years of life and plenty of birds. When the time is
+nearly up the fowler's wife persuades him to alter his bargain with the
+Devil a little. The latter is to give up his claim if the former can
+find a bird unknown to the Devil. The Devil consents, and comes the last
+day and recognizes easily every bird, until finally the fowler's wife,
+disguised with tar and feathers, comes out of a case and frightens the
+fowler and the Devil so that he runs away.
+
+The mysterious bird recalls the one in Grimm, No. 46, "Fitcher's Bird."
+
+[25] _Jahrbuch_, VII. 121. The wonderful sack occurs in another Venetian
+story, Widter-Wolf, No. 14, "_Der Hoellenpfoertner_" ("The Porter of
+Hell"). The gifts are: a gun that never misses, a violin that makes
+every one dance, and a sack into which every one must spring when
+commanded by the owner. See Koehler's notes to this story, _Jahrb_. VII.
+268. A Corsican version is in Ortoli, p. 155. The episode of the Devil
+beaten in the sack is also found in Comparetti, No. 49, "_Il Ramaio_." A
+wandering smith gives alms to St. Peter and the Lord, and receives in
+return a pouch like the above. When the Devil comes to fetch him he
+wishes him in his sack, and gives him a good pounding. When the smith
+dies he gets into paradise by throwing his bag inside and wishing
+himself in it.
+
+There are two other stories in which the Devil gets worsted: they are
+Gianandrea, No. VI, "_Quattordici_" ("Fourteen"), and _Fiabe Mantovane_,
+No. II, "_Pacchione_" In these stories a cunning person is sent to the
+Devil to bring back a load of gold. The cunning person takes a long pair
+of tongs, catches the Devil by the nose, loads his horse, and returns in
+safety.
+
+The first part of the story of "_Quattordici_" is found in the Basque
+Legend of "Fourteen:" see Webster, p. 195.
+
+[26] Another Venetian version is in Widter-Wolf, No. 3, "_Der Gevatter
+Tod_" ("Godfather Death"). There are also two Sicilian versions: Pitre,
+No. 109, "_La Morti e so figghiozzu_" ("Death and her Godson"); and
+Gonz., No. 19, "_Gevatter Tod_," which do not differ materially from the
+version given in our text. References to European parallels may be found
+in Koehler's notes to Widter-Wolf, No. 3, _Jahrb._ VII. p. 19; to Gonz.,
+No. 19, and in Grimm's notes to No. 44.
+
+[27] Widter-Wolf, No. 16, "_Der standhafter Buesser_" ("The Constant
+Penitent"), _Jahrb._ VII. p. 273. For parallels, see Koehler's article,
+_Die Legende von dem Ritter in der Capelle_, _Jahrb._ VI. p. 326.
+
+[28] Bernoni, _Legg. fant._ p. 3. The translation in text, as well as
+that of the two following stories, I have taken from _The Cornhill
+Magazine_, July, 1875, "Venetian Popular Legends," p. 86.
+
+Another story illustrating the same point is found in Pitre, No. 110,
+_Li Cumpari di S. Giuvanni_, which is translated as follows by Ralston
+in _Fraser's Magazine_, April, 1876, "Sicilian Fairy Tales," p. 424.
+
+
+LXXII. THE GOSSIPS OF ST. JOHN.
+
+Once upon a time there lived a husband and wife, and they were both
+bound in gossipry with a certain man. The husband got arrested, and was
+taken away to prison. Now the gossip was very fond of his cummer, and
+used often to go and visit her. One day she said to him: "Gossip, shall
+we go and see my husband?" "_Gnursi, cummari_" ("Certainly, cummer"),
+said her gossip; so off they went. On the way they bought a large
+melon--for it was the melon season--to take to the poor prisoner. We are
+but flesh and blood! The gossip and his cummer sinned against St. John.
+In short, they brought things to a pretty pass. St. John wasn't going to
+let that pass unpunished. When they had come to the prison and had
+visited the prisoner, before going away they wanted to make a present to
+the jailer; so they gave him the melon. He cut it open before their
+eyes. Horror of horrors! When the melon was cut open, there was found in
+the middle of it a head! Now this was the head of St. John, which had
+slipped itself in there for the purpose of bringing home their sin to
+the minds of the gossips. The matter immediately came to the ears of
+justice, and they were arrested. They confessed the wrong they had done.
+The husband was set at liberty, and the gossip and his cummer were sent
+to the gallows.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In regard to Saint John and the relationship of godfather, see Pitre's
+note in vol. I. p. 73.
+
+[29] Bernoni, p. 7; _Cornhill Magazine_, p. 88.
+
+[30] Bernoni, p. 17; _Cornhill Magazine_, p. 89.
+
+[31] Bernoni, p. 19. There are prose versions of the closely related
+story of Don Juan in Busk, p. 202, "_Don Giovanni_," and in _Nov. tosc._
+No. 21, "_Don Giovanni_." There are poetical versions of this legend in
+G. Ferraro, _Canti popolari raccolti a Pontelagoscuro_, No. 19; "_La
+Testa di Morto_," in _Rivista di Filologia Romanza_, vol. II. p. 204;
+Ive, _Canti pop. istriani_, Turin, 1877, cap. xxv. No. 6, "_Lionzo_;"
+Salomone-Marino, _Leggende pop. sicil._ XXVII. "_Lionziu_."
+
+[32] Pitre, No. 128. The version in the text is Ralston's condensation,
+taken from _Fraser's Magazine_, p. 433. As Pitre notes, there is some
+slight resemblance between this story and that of "_Cattarinetta_" in
+Schneller, No. 5, which has a close parallel in Bernoni, _Trad. pop.
+venez. Punt._ III. p. 76, "_Nono Cocon_" and one not so close in
+Papanti, _Nov. pop. livor_, No. 1, "_La Mencherina_," p. 7. There is a
+close parallel to the Sicilian story in a Tuscan tale, "_La Gamba_"
+("The Leg"), in _Novelline pop. toscane_, pubb. da G. Pitre, p. 12. In a
+note Pitre mentions a variant from Pratovecchio in which the leg is of
+gold. He also gives copious references to versions from all parts of
+Europe. The English reader will recall at once Halliwell's story of
+"Teeny-Tiny" (_Nursery Tales_, p. 25). To the above references may be
+added: "_Le Pendu_" in Cosquin, _Contes pop. lorrains_, No. 41, in
+_Romania_, No. 28, p. 580. Since the above note was written, another
+Tuscan version has been published by Pitre, _Nov. tosc._ No. 19.
+
+[33] Pitre, No. 203. The parallels to this story may best be found in J.
+Grimm's _Kleinere Schriften_, III. p. 414, _Der Traum von dem Schatz auf
+der Bruecke_. To Grimm's references may be added: Graesse, _Sagenschatz
+Sachsen's_, No. 587; Wolf, _Hesseche Sagen_, No. 47; Kuhn, _Westfalische
+Sagen_, No. 169; and _Vierzig Veziere_, p. 270.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+NURSERY TALES.
+
+[1] The verse in this story is given somewhat differently by Bolza,
+_Canzoni pop. Comasche_, Vienna, 1866, Note 9:--
+
+    "La storia de Sior Intento,
+    Che dura molto tempo,
+    Che mai no se destriga;
+    Vole che ve la diga?"
+
+The story of Mr. Attentive, which lasts a long time, which is never
+explained, do you wish me to tell it?
+
+There are in Bernoni, _Punt._ II. pp. 53, 54, two or three other rhymes
+of this class that may be given here.
+
+
+ONCE UPON A TIME.
+
+Once upon a time--that I remember--into a blind-man's eye--a fly
+went--and I thought--that it was a quail--wretched blind-man--go away
+from here!
+
+
+ONE AND ANOTHER.
+
+Fiaba, aba--Questa xe una--Muro e malta--Questa xe un' altra, Story,
+ory--This is one--Wall and mud--This is another.
+
+    "A long one and a short one,
+    Do you wish me to tell you a long one?
+    This is the finger and this is the nail.
+    Do you wish me to tell you a short one?
+    This is the finger and this the end of it."
+
+[2] Pitre, No. 141. In the notes to this story are given some more of
+this class.
+
+"Once upon a time there was a page who drew three carts: one of wine,
+one of bread, and one of relishes.... And once upon a time there was a
+page."
+
+Some poetical versions are given in the same place from various parts of
+Italy.
+
+    "Once upon a time,
+    An old man and an old woman
+    Were on top of a mountain...
+    Be quiet, for I am going to tell you it."
+
+    --Naples.
+
+
+    "Once upon a time there was a man
+    Behind the church
+    With a basket on his back...
+    But be still if I am to tell you it!"
+
+    --Milan, _Nov. fior._ p. 570.
+
+Some more rhymes of this class may be found in Papanti, _Nov. pop.
+livor_, p. 17: "Once upon a time there was a man, whose name was
+Boccabella, who skinned his wife to make a skirt; and skinned his
+children to make some towels."
+
+    "Once upon a time there was a man,
+    A woman, and a little bottle...
+    Listen to this!"
+
+    "Once upon a time there was a king
+    Who ate more than you;
+    He ate bread and cheese,
+    Pull, pull this nose."
+
+Here the speaker pulls the child's nose.
+
+    "Once upon a time there was a rich poor man
+    Who had seven daughters to marry:
+    On one hand there came a felon,
+    And on the other seven blisters."
+
+[3] _Rivista di Letteratura popolare_, vol. I. p. 161 (1878). "_Una
+Variante toscana della Novella del Petit Poucet_." Versions from the
+Marches, the Abruzzi, and Tuscany may now be found in _Giornale di
+Filologia romanza_, II. p. 23; Finamore, _Tradizioni popolari
+abruzzesi_, 1882, No. 47, p. 233; and _Nov. tosc._ No. 42.
+
+[4] The myth of "Tom Thumb" has been thoroughly examined in an admirable
+monograph: _Le Petit Poucet et la Grande Ourse_ par Gaston Paris, Paris,
+1875. The author says in conclusion (p. 52): "Si nous cherchons enfin
+quels sont les peuples qui nous offrent soit ce conte, soit cette
+denomination, nous voyons qu'ils comprennent essentiellement les peuples
+slaves (lithuanien, esclavon) et germaniques (allemand, danois, suedois,
+anglais). Les contes des Albanais, des Roumains et des Grecs modernes
+sont sans doute empruntes aux Slaves, comme une tres-grande partie de la
+mythologie populaire de ces nations. Le nom wallon et le conte forezien
+nous montrent en France (ainsi que le _titre_ du conte de Perrault) la
+legende de Poucet: mais elle a pu fort bien, comme tant d'autres recits
+semblables, y etre apportee par les Germains. Ni en Italie, ni en
+Espagne, ni dans les pays celtiques je n'ai trouve trace du conte ou du
+nom." This latter statement must now, of course, be modified. To the
+references in Paris' book may be added: _Romania_, No. 32, p. 59
+(Cosquin, No. 53), and Koehler in _Zeit. f. rom. Phil._ III. p. 617.
+
+The transformation of the chick-peas into children has a parallel in the
+Greek story of "Pepper-Corn" shortly to be mentioned.
+
+[5] The discussion of this point may best be found in the following
+works: Halliwell's _Nursery Rhymes of England_ (_Percy Soc._ IV.),
+London, 1842, pp. 2, 159; _Romania_, I. p. 218; and _Un Canto popolare
+piemontese e un Canto religioso popolare israelitico_. Note e confronti
+di Cesare Foa, Padova, 1879. The references to the other European
+versions of this story may be found in _Romania_, No. 28, p. 546
+(Cosquin, No. 34), and Koehler in _Zeit. f. rom. Phil._ III. 156.
+
+[6] Halliwell's _Nursery Rhymes_, p. 160.
+
+[7] There is a poetical version of this story in Vigo, _Raccolta
+amplissima di Canti pop. sicil._ 2^{da} ediz. Catania, 1870-1874, No.
+4251, beginning:--
+
+    "Susi, Bittudda
+    Va scupa la casa.
+    --Signura, non pozzu
+    Mi doli lu cozzu," etc.
+
+The ending, however, is incomplete.
+
+[8] Imbriani, _Pomiglianesi_, p. 232, "_Micco_."
+
+[9] The version from Siena is in _Saggio di Letture varie per i Giovani_
+di T. Gradi, Torino, 1865, p. 175, "_La Novella di Petuzzo_;" the Tuscan
+(Florence) version is in Imbriani, _Nov. fior._ p. 548, "_Petruzzo_."
+Another Tuscan version may be found in Nerucci, _Cincelle da Bambini_,
+No. 7; and one from Apulia in _Archivio_, III. p. 69.
+
+[10] Bernoni, _Punt._ III. p. 72, "_Petin-Petele_."
+
+[11] The first part of this story is found also in a Tuscan version
+given by Corazzini in his _Componimenti minori_, p. 412, "_Il Cecio_"
+("The Chick-pea"). The chick-pea is swallowed by a cock, that is eaten
+by a pig, that is killed by a calf, that is killed and cooked by an
+innkeeper's wife for her sick daughter, who recovers, and is given in
+marriage to the owner of the chick-pea.
+
+The sexton's doubt as to how he shall invest the money he has found is a
+frequent trait in Italian stories, and is found in several mentioned in
+this chapter. See notes in Papanti, _Nov. pop. livor._ p. 29. Copious
+references to this class of stories may be found in the _Romania_, Nos.
+24, p. 576, and 28, p. 548; Koehler in _Zeitschrift fuer rom. Phil._ II.
+351; Grimm, No. 80; _Orient und Occident_, II. 123; Blade, _Agenais_,
+No. 5; _Melusine_, 148, 218, 426; and Brueyre, p. 376. See also
+Halliwell, p. 33, "The Cat and the Mouse."
+
+[12] This version is a variant of a story in the same collection, p.
+236, which cannot well be translated, as it is mostly in rhyme. There is
+another version from Montella in the _Principato Ulteriore_, p. 241,
+"_Lo Haddro e lo Sorece_" ("The Cock and the Mouse"), which has a
+satirical ending. The beginning is like that of the other versions: the
+cock and the mouse go to gather pears; one falls and wounds the mouse's
+head. The mouse goes to the physician, who demands rags, the ragman asks
+for the tail of the dog. The dog demands bread, the baker wood, the
+mountain an axe; the iron-monger says: "Go to the _galantuomo_
+(gentleman, wealthy person), get some money, and I will give you the
+axe." The mouse goes to the _galantuomo_, who says: "Sit down and write,
+and then I will give you the money." So the mouse begins to write for
+the _galantuomo_, but his head swells and he dies. A similar story is
+found in Corsica, see Ortoli, p. 237.
+
+[13] It remains to mention two poetical versions: one in Corazzini, from
+Verona, _op. cit._ p. 139, which begins:--
+
+    "Cos' e questo?
+    La camera del Vesco.
+    Cos' e dentro?
+    Pan e vin," etc.
+
+"What is this? The bishop's chamber. What is in it? Bread and wine.
+Where is my share? The cat has eaten it. Where is the cat? The stick has
+beaten him. Where is the stick? The fire has burned it. Where is the
+fire? The water has quenched it. Where is the water? The ox has drunk
+it. Where is the ox? Out in the fields. Who is behind there? My friend
+Matthew. What has he in his hand? A piece of bread. What has he on his
+feet? A pair of torn shoes. What has he on his back? A whale. What has
+he in his belly? A balance. What has he on his head? A cap upside down."
+
+The choice of objects is determined by the rhyme, _e. g._:--
+
+    "Cosa g'alo in schena?
+    Na balena.
+    Cosa g'alo in panza?
+    Una balanza."
+
+The second poetical version is from Turin, and is given by Foa, _op.
+cit._ p. 5. It begins:--
+
+    1. "A j'era' na crava
+        C' a pasturava,
+        A m' a rout 'l bout
+        Oh 'l bon vin c'a j'era' nt 'l me bout
+        L' e la crava c' a' m l' a rout!
+
+    2. "A j'e riva-ie l' luv
+        L' a mangia la crava
+        C' a pasturava
+        C' a m' ha rout 'l bout," etc. (_ut supra._)
+
+The following is a literal prose translation of this curious version.
+
+"There was a goat that was feeding, it has broken my bottle. Oh, the
+good wine that was in my bottle, it is the goat that has broken it! Then
+came the wolf that ate the goat that was feeding, that broke my bottle,
+etc. Then came the dog, that barked at the wolf, that ate the goat, etc.
+Then came the stick that beat the dog, that barked at the wolf, etc.
+Then came the fire that burned the stick, that beat the dog, etc. Then
+came the water that quenched the fire, that burned the stick, etc. Then
+came the ox, that drank the water, that quenched the fire, etc. Then
+came the butcher that killed the ox, that drank the water, etc. Then
+came the hangman that hung the butcher, that killed the ox, etc. Then
+came death, and carried away the hangman, that hung the butcher, etc.
+Then came the wind, that carried away death, that carried away the
+hangman," etc.
+
+A variant of this song reminds one more closely of the prose versions.
+
+"Then came the hangman that hung the butcher, etc. Then came the rat
+that gnawed the cord, that hung the butcher, etc. Then came the cat that
+ate the rat, that gnawed the cord, etc. Then came the dog that caught
+the cat, that ate the rat, that gnawed the cord," etc.
+
+The above Italian version, it will be clearly seen, is only a popular
+rendition of the Jewish hymn in the _Sepher Haggadah_. Foa, in the work
+above cited, gives another version from Orio Canarese, and also a number
+of Italian versions of the "Song of the Kid." His conclusion is the same
+as that of Gaston Paris in the _Romania_, I. p. 224, that the "Song of
+the Kid" is not of Jewish origin, but was introduced into the _Haggadah_
+from the popular song or story.
+
+[14] A version of this story is found in Morosi's _Studi sui Dialetti
+greci_, Lecce, 1870.
+
+
+LXXXIX. THE GOAT AND THE FOX.
+
+Once upon a time a goat entered the den of the fox while the latter was
+absent. At night the fox returned home, and finding the goat fled
+because frightened by the horns. A wolf passed by, and was also
+terrified. Then came a hedgehog and entered the den, and pricked the
+goat with its quills. The goat came out, and the wolf killed it, and the
+fox ate it.
+
+[15] Grimm, No. 30. Another version from the North of Europe is in
+Asbjornsen, No. 103 [Dasent, _Tales from the Fjeld_, p. 30, "The Death
+of Chanticleer"]. Several French versions may be found in the _Romania_,
+No. 22, p. 244, and _Melusine_, p. 424. There is a Spanish version in
+Caballero's _Cuentos_, etc., Leipzig, 1878, p. 3, "_La Hormiguita_"
+("The Little Ant"). There is a curious version in Hahn's _Griechische
+und Albanesische Maerchen_, Leipzig, 1864, No. 56, "Pepper-Corn." The
+story is from Smyrna, and is as follows:--
+
+
+PEPPER-CORN.
+
+Once upon a time there was an old man and an old woman who had no
+children; and one day the old woman went into the fields and picked a
+basket of beans. When she had finished, she looked into the basket and
+said: "I wish all the beans were little children." Scarcely had she
+uttered these words when a whole crowd of little children sprang out of
+the basket and danced about her. Such a family seemed too large for the
+old woman, so she said: "I wish you would all become beans again."
+Immediately the children climbed back into the basket and became beans
+again, all except one little boy, whom the old woman took home with her.
+
+He was so small that everybody called him little Pepper-Corn, and so
+good and charming that everybody loved him.
+
+One day the old woman was cooking her soup and little Pepper-Corn
+climbed up on the kettle and looked in to see what was cooking, but he
+slipped and fell into the boiling broth and was scalded to death. The
+old woman did not notice until meal-time that he was missing, and looked
+in vain for him everywhere to call him to dinner.
+
+At last they sat down to the table without little Pepper-Corn, and when
+they poured the soup out of the kettle into the dish the body of little
+Pepper-Corn floated on top.
+
+Then the old man and the old woman began to mourn and cry: "Dear
+Pepper-Corn is dead, dear Pepper-Corn is dead."
+
+When the dove heard it she tore out her feathers, and cried: "Dear
+Pepper-Corn is dead. The old man and the old woman are mourning."
+
+When the apple-tree saw that the dove tore out her feathers it asked her
+why she did so, and when it learned the reason it shook off all its
+apples.
+
+In like manner, the well near by poured out all its water, the queen's
+maid broke her pitcher, the queen broke her arm, and the king threw his
+crown on the ground so that it broke into a thousand pieces; and when
+his people asked him what the matter was, he answered: "Dear Pepper-Corn
+is dead, the old man and the old woman mourn, the dove has torn out her
+feathers, the apple-tree has shaken off all its apples, the well has
+poured out all its water, the maid has broken her pitcher, the queen has
+broken her arm, and I, the king, have lost my crown; dear Pepper-Corn is
+dead."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+See also Benfey, _Pant._ I. p. 191. There is also a version in Morosi,
+_op. cit._, given by Imbriani in _Pomiglianesi_, p. 268; and mention is
+made of one from the Abruzzi in Finamore, _Trad. pop. abruzzesi_, p.
+244.
+
+[16] In addition to the versions mentioned in the text, Imbriani
+(_Pomiglianesi_, pp. 250, 252) gives two versions from Lecco.
+
+The following version is found in Morosi, p. 73.
+
+
+XC. THE ANT AND THE MOUSE.
+
+There was once an ant who, while sweeping her house one day, found three
+_quattrini_, and began to say: "What shall I buy? What shall I buy?
+Shall I buy meat? No, because meat has bones, and I should choke. Shall
+I buy fish? No, for fish has bones, and I should be scratched." After
+she had mentioned many other things, she concluded to buy a red ribbon.
+She put it on, and sat in the window. An ox passed by and said: "How
+pretty you are! do you want me for your husband?" She said: "Sing, so
+that I may hear your voice." The ox with great pride raised his voice.
+After the ant had heard it, she said: "No, no, you frighten me."
+
+A dog passed by, and the same happened to him as to the ox. After many
+animals had passed, a little mouse went by and said: "How pretty you
+are! do you want me for your husband?" She said: "Let me hear you sing."
+The mouse sang, and went, _pi, pi, pi!_ His voice pleased the ant, and
+she took him for her husband.
+
+Sunday came, and while the ant was with her friends, the mouse said: "My
+dear little ant, I am going to see whether the meat that you have put on
+the fire is done." He went, and when he smelled the odor of the meat, he
+wanted to take a little; he put in one paw and burned it; he put in the
+other, and burned that too; he stuck in his nose, and the smoke drew him
+into the pot, and the poor little mouse was all burned. The ant waited
+for him to eat. She waited two, she waited three hours, the mouse did
+not come. When she could wait no longer, she put the dinner on the
+table. But when she took out the meat, out came the mouse dead. When she
+saw him the ant began to weep, and all her friends; and the ant remained
+a widow, because he who is a mouse must be a glutton. If you don't
+believe it, go to her house and you will see her.
+
+[17] Other Italian versions are: Pitre, No. 136, "_Li Vecchi_" ("The Old
+Folks"); and _Nov. fior._ p. 567, "The Story of Signor Donato."
+
+[18] There are two versions of this story in Pitre, No. 139, and notes.
+They differ but little from the one we have translated. An Istrian
+version is in Ive, _Fiabe pop. rovignesi_, 1878, No. 4, "_I tri fardai_"
+and a Corsican one in Ortoli, p. 278.
+
+[19] Other Italian versions are: Coronedi-Berti, p. 49, "_La Fola d'
+Zanninein_;" and Bernoni, _Trad. pop._ p. 79, "_Rosseto_."
+
+[20] There is another Italian version in _Fiabe Mantovane_, No. 31, "The
+Wolf." The only parallel I can find to this story out of Italy is a
+negro story in _Lippincott's Magazine_, December, 1877, "Folk-Lore of
+the Southern Negroes," p. 753, "Tiny Pig." Allusion is made to the
+Anglo-Saxon story of the "Three Blue Pigs," but I have been unable to
+find it.
+
+[21] A Sicilian version is in Pitre, No. 278, "_L'Acidduzzu_" ("Little
+Bird"), and one from Tuscany in Nerucci, _Cincelle da Bambini_, No. 12.
+
+[22] Koehler, in his notes to this story, gives parallels from various
+parts of Europe. To these may be added Asbjornsen and Moe, Nos. 42, 102
+[Dasent, _Tales from the Fjeld_, p. 35, "The Greedy Cat"]. Comp.
+Halliwell, p. 29, "The story of Chicken-licken." A French version is in
+the _Romania_, No. 32, p. 554 (Cosquin, No. 45), where copious
+references to this class of stories may be found. Add to these those by
+Koehler in _Zeitschrift fuer rom. Phil._ III. p. 617.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+STORIES AND JESTS.
+
+[1] A well-known literary version of this story is Sachetti, Nov. IV.
+Copious references to this popular story will be found in Oesterley's
+notes to Pauli's _Schimpf und Ernst_, No. 55; see also Pitre, IV. pp.
+392, 437. The entire literature of the subject is summed up in a
+masterly manner by Professor F. J. Child in _English and Scottish
+Popular Ballads_, Part II. p. 403.
+
+[2] There is a version from Siena in Gradi, _Saggio di Letture varie_,
+p. 179, "_Tea, Tecla e Teopista_;" and from Rome in Busk, pp. 357, 367.
+References to other European versions of this story may be found in
+Grimm, Nos. 34, 104; Schneller, No. 56, "_Die naerrischen Weiber_;"
+Zingerle, _Maerchen_, I. No. 14; Dasent's _Tales from the Norse_, p. 191,
+"Not a Pin to choose between Them" (Asbj. & M., No. 10); Ralston, _R. F.
+T._ pp. 52-54; _Jahrbuch_, V. 3, Koehler to Cenac Moncaut's _Contes pop.
+de la Gascogne_, p. 32, "_Maitre Jean l'habile Homme_;" _Orient und
+Occident_, II. p. 319; Koehler to Campbell, No. 20, "The Three Wise Men,"
+p. 686, to No. 48, "Sgire Mo Chealag."
+
+[3] This story is sometimes found as one of the episodes of the last
+tale, as for example in Schneller, No. 56. Imbriani, _Pomiglianesi_, p.
+227, cites as parallels: Coronedi-Berti, XII. "_La fola dla Patalocca_;"
+Beroaldo di Verville, _Le Moyen de Parvenir_, LXXVIII.; and a story in
+_La Civilta italiana_, 1865, No. 13. See also _Romania_, VI. p. 551 (E.
+Cosquin, _Contes pop. lorrains_, No. 22), and _Jahrb._ VIII. 267, Koehler
+to the above cited story in the _Civilta ital._ from Calabria. It is
+also the story of "The Miser and his Wife" in Halliwell, p. 31.
+
+[4] There is a literary version in Straparola, VIII. 1. Other literary
+versions are cited in Pitre, IV. p. 443.
+
+[5] Pitre, No. 257, where references to other Italian versions may be
+found. See also Pitre, IV. pp. 412 and 447; and Koehler's notes to Blade,
+_Contes pop. recueillis en Agenais_, p. 155, for other European
+versions. Additional references may be found in Oesterley's notes to
+Pauli's _Schimpf und Ernst_, No. 595. A similar story is in Pitre's
+_Nov. tosc._ No. 67.
+
+[6] Pitre, No. 180. A literary version is in Straparola, VIII. 6. For
+other references see Schmidt, Straparola, p. 329; and Oesterley's notes
+to Pauli's _Schimpf und Ernst_, No. 357.
+
+[7] This story is found in Gonz., No. 75, "_Von Firrazzanu_," and is
+(with the queen's attempt to punish him for it) the only joke in that
+collection relating to Firrazzanu. A literary version is in Bandello,
+_Novelle_, IV. 27.
+
+[8] See Pitre, No. 156, var. 5 (III. p. 181).
+
+[9] Imbriani in his notes to Pitre (IV. p. 417) gives a French version
+of this joke entitled: _Un Neveu pratique_.
+
+[10] The name Giufa is retained in many localities with slight phonetic
+changes. Thus it is Giuca in Trapani; Giucha in the Albanian colonies in
+Sicily; in Acri, Giuvali; and in Tuscany, Rome, and the Marches, Giucca.
+Pitre, III. p. 371, adds that the name Giufa is the same as that of an
+Arab tribe. The best known continental counterparts of Giufa are
+Bertoldino and Cacasenno (see Olindo Guerrini, _La Vita e le Opere di
+Giulio Cesare Croce_, Bologna, 1879, pp. 257-279). Tuscan versions of
+the stories of Giufa given in the text may be found in _Nov. tosc._ pp.
+179-193.
+
+[11] The same story is told by Miss Busk, "The Booby," p. 371, and is in
+the _Pent._ I. 4. It is probably founded on the well-known fable of
+Aesop, "_Homo fractor simulacri_" (ed. Furia, No. 21), which seems very
+widely spread. A Russian version, from Afanasieff, is in De Gub., _Zool.
+Myth._ I. p. 176. See also Benfey, _Pant._ I. p. 478; and Koehler to
+Gonz., No. 37.
+
+[12] In Gonz., No. 37, Giufa takes the cloth, and on his way to the
+dyer's sits down to rest on a heap of stones in a field. A lizard creeps
+out from the stones, and Giufa, taking it for the dyer, leaves the cloth
+on the stones and returns home. His mother, of course, sends him
+immediately back for the cloth, but it has disappeared, as well as the
+lizard. Giufa cries: "Dyer, if you don't give me back my cloth I will
+tear down your house." Then he begins to pull down the heap of stones,
+and finds a pot of money which had been hidden there. He takes it home
+to his mother, who gives him his supper and sends him to bed, and then
+buries the money under the stairs. Then she fills her apron with figs
+and raisins, climbs upon the roof, and throws figs and raisins down the
+chimney into Giufa's mouth as he lies in his bed. Giufa is well pleased
+with this, and eats his fill. The next morning he tells his mother that
+the Christ child has thrown him figs and raisins from heaven the night
+before. Giufa cannot keep the pot of money a secret, but tells every one
+about it, and finally is accused before the judge. The officers of
+justice go to Giufa's mother and say: "Your son has everywhere told that
+you have kept a pot of money which he found. Do you not know that money
+that is found must be delivered up to the court?" The mother protests
+that she knows nothing about the money, and that Giufa is always telling
+stupid stories. "But mother," said Giufa, "don't you remember when I
+brought you home the pot, and in the night the Christ child rained figs
+and raisins from heaven into my mouth?" "There, you see how stupid he
+is," says the mother, "and that he does not know what he says." The
+officers of justice go away thinking, "Giufa is too stupid!"
+
+Koehler, in his Notes to Gonz., No. 37, cites as parallels to the above,
+_Pent._ I. 4, and _Thousand and One Nights_, Breslau trans. XI.
+
+144. For the rain of figs and raisins he refers to _Jahrb._ VIII. 266
+and 268; and to Campbell, II. 385, for a shower of milk porridge. See
+Note 16 of this chapter, and _Indian Fairy Tales_, p. 257.
+
+[13] See Max Mueller's _Chips_, II. p. 229, and Benfey, _Pant._ I. p.
+293.
+
+[14] See Imbriani, _Nov. fior._ p. 545; Papanti, _Nov. pop. livor._ No.
+3; and Bernoni, _Punt._ III. p. 83.
+
+[15] See Robert, _Fables inedites_, II. p. 136. The Italian literary
+versions are: Morlini, XXI., Straparola, XIII. 4; and two stories
+mentioned by Imbriani in his _Nov. fior._ pp. 545, 546.
+
+[16] This episode is in Strap. XIII. 4; Pitre, IV. p. 291, gives a
+version from the Albanian colony of Piana de' Greci, sixteen miles from
+Palermo. In the same vol., p. 444, he gives a variant from Erice in
+which, after Giufa has killed the "_canta-la-notti_," his mother climbs
+a fig-tree and rains down figs into the mouth of Giufa, who is standing
+under. In this way she saves herself from the accusation of having
+thrown a murdered man into the well. See Note 12. For another Sicilian
+version of this episode see Gonz., No. 37 (I. p. 252).
+
+[17] Papanti, p. 65. Copious references will be found in Papanti, pp.
+72-81; Oesterley to Pauli, _Schimpf und Ernst_, No. 416; and Kirchof,
+_Wendunmuth_, I. 122; and Koehler's notes to Sercambi's Novels in
+_Jahrb._ XII. p. 351.
+
+[18] Koehler, in his notes to Gonz., No. 37 (II. p. 228), cites for this
+story: _Thousand and One Days_, V. 119; _Pent._ I. 4; Grimm, II. 382;
+Morlini, No. 49; Zingerle, I. 255; Bebelius, _Facetiae_, I. 21; Blade,
+_Contes et Proverbes_, Paris, 1867, p. 21; and Bertoldino (Florence,
+Salani), p. 31, "_Bertoldino entra nella cesta dell' oca a covare in
+cambio di lei_." In the story in the _Fiabe Mant._ No. 44, "_Il Pazzo_"
+("The Fool"), the booby kills his own mother by feeding her too much
+macaroni when she is ill.
+
+[19] See Pitre, No. 190, var. 9; _Jahrb._ V. 18; Simrock, _Deutsche
+Maerchen_, No. 18 (_Orient und Occident_, III. p. 373); Hahn, No. 34;
+_Jahrb._ VIII. 267; _Melusine_, p. 89; _Nov. fior._ p. 601; _Romania_,
+VI. p. 551; Busk, pp. 369, 374; and _Fiabe Mant._ No. 44.
+
+In the Sicilian stories Giufa simply takes the door off its hinges and
+carries it to his mother, who is in church. In the other Italian
+versions the booby takes the door with him, and at night carries it up
+into a tree. Robbers come and make a division of their booty under the
+tree, and the booby lets the door fall, frightens them away, and takes
+their money himself.
+
+[20] See Koehler's notes to Gonz., II. p. 228. To these may be added, for
+the story of Giufa planting the ears and tails of the swine in the
+marsh: Ortoli, p. 208; _Melusine_, p. 474; and _Romania_, VII. p. 556,
+where copious references to parallels from all of Europe may be found.
+In the story in Ortoli, cited above, the priest's mother is killed, as
+in text.
+
+[21] For the literal throwing of eyes, see: _Jahrb._ V. p. 19; Grimm,
+No. 32 (I. p. 382); _Nov. fior._ p. 595; Webster, _Basque Legends_, p.
+69; _Orient und Occident_, II. 684 (Koehler to Campbell, No. 45).
+
+[22] See Gonz., Nos. 70, 71, and Koehler's notes, II. p. 247. Other
+Italian versions are: De Gub., _Sto. Stefano_, No. 30; Widter-Wolf, No.
+18, and Koehler's notes (_Jahrb._ VII. 282); Strap., I. 3: _Nov. fior._
+p. 604; _Fiabe Mant._ No. 13. To these may be added: _Romania_, V. p.
+357; VI. p. 539; and VIII. p. 570.
+
+[23] See Pitre's notes, IV. pp. 124, 412; and F. Liebrecht in the
+_Academy_, vol. IV. p. 421.
+
+[24] See Pitre's notes, IV. pp. 140, 448; Wright's _Latin Stories_, pp.
+49, 226.
+
+[25] Pitre, No. 290. See Papanti, _op. cit._ p. 197, where other
+versions are cited. To these may be added the story in Marcolf, see
+Guerrini, _Vita di G. C. Croce_, p. 215; and _Marcolphus, Hoc est
+Disputationis_, etc., in _Epistolae obscuror, virorum_, Frankf. a. M.,
+1643, p. 593.
+
+There is another story in Pitre (No. 200) which is also attributed to
+Dante. It is called:--
+
+
+CVI. PETER FULLONE AND THE EGG.
+
+Once upon a time Peter Fullone, the stone-cutter, was working at the
+cemetery, near the church of Santo Spirito; a man passed by and said:
+"Peter, what is the best mouthful?" Fullone answered: "An egg;" and
+stopped.
+
+A year later Fullone was working in the same place, sitting on the
+ground and breaking stones. The man who had questioned him the year
+before passed by again and said: "Peter, with what?" meaning: what is
+good to eat with an egg. "With salt," answered Peter Fullone. He had
+such a wise head that after a year he remembered a thing that a
+passer-by had said.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The cemetery alluded to, Pitre says, is beyond the gate of St. Agatha,
+near the ancient church of Sto. Spirito, where the Sicilian Vespers
+began. An interesting article on Peter Fullone may be found in Pitre,
+_Studi di Poesia popolare_, p. 109, "_Pietro Fullone e le Sfide popolari
+siciliane_."
+
+The sight-seer in Florence has noticed, on the east side of the square
+in which the cathedral stands, a block of stone built into the wall of a
+house, and bearing the inscription, "_Sasso di Dante_." The guide-books
+inform the traveller that this is the stone on which the great poet was
+wont to sit on summer evenings. Tradition says that an unknown person
+once accosted Dante seated in his favorite place, and asked: "What is
+the best mouthful?" Dante answered: "An egg." A year after, the same
+man, whom Dante had not seen meanwhile, approached and asked: "With
+what?" Dante immediately replied: "With salt."
+
+A poet, Carlo Gabrielli, put this incident into rhyme, and drew from it
+the following moral (_senso_):--
+
+    "L'acuto ingegno grande apporta gloria;
+    Maggior, se v'e congiunta alta memoria."
+
+See Papanti, _op. cit._ pp. 183, 205.
+
+[26] This story is told in almost the same words in Pitre, No. 297, "The
+Peasant and the King." There are several Italian literary versions, the
+best known being in the _Cento nov. ant._ ed. Borghini, Nov. VI.: see
+D'Ancona's notes to this novel in the _Romania_, III. p. 185, "_Le Fonti
+del Novellino_." It is also found in the _Gesta Romanorum_, cap. 57, see
+notes in Oesterley's edition; and in Simrock's _Deutsche Maerchen_, No.
+8, see Liebrecht's notes in _Orient und Occident_, III. p. 372. To the
+above may, finally, be added Koehler's notes to Gonz., No. 50 (II. p.
+234).
+
+[27] Comparetti, No. 43, "_La Ragazza astuta_" (Barga). The first part
+of the story, dividing the fowl, and sending the presents, which are
+partly eaten on the way, is found in Gonz., No. 1, "_Die Kluge
+Bauerntochter_" ("The Peasant's Clever Daughter"). See Koehler's notes to
+Gonz., No. 1 (II. 205); and to Nasr-eddin's _Schwaenke_ in _Orient und
+Occident_, I. p. 444. Grimm, No. 94, "The Peasant's Wise Daughter,"
+contains all the episodes of the Italian story except the division of
+the fowl. An Italian version in the _Fiabe Mant._ No. 36, "_La giovane
+accorta_," contains the episode of the mortar. The king sends word to
+the clever daughter that she must procure for him some _ahime_ (sneeze)
+salad. She sent him some ordinary salad with some garlic sprinkled over
+it, and when he touched it he sneezed (and formed the sound represented
+by the word _ahime_). The rest of the story contains the episode lacking
+in the other popular Italian versions, but found in Grimm, and
+technically known as "_halb geritten_." For this episode see _Gesta
+Romanorum_, ed. Oesterley, cap. 124, and Pauli, 423.
+
+Another Italian version from Bergamo may be found in Corazzini, p. 482,
+"_La Storia del Pestu d' or_" ("The Story of the Gold Pestle"), which is
+like the version in the text from the episode of the mortar on. In the
+story from Bergamo it is a gold pestle, and not a mortar, that is found,
+and the story of "_halb geritten_" is retained. The episode of the foal
+is changed into a sharp answer made (at the queen's suggestion) by the
+king's herdsman to his master, who had failed to pay him for his
+services. A version from Montale, Nerucci, p. 18, "_Il Mortajo d'oro_"
+("The Golden Mortar"), contains all the episodes of the story in the
+text (including "_halb geritten_") except the division of the fowl. The
+first part of the story is found in a tale from Cyprus, in the _Jahrb._
+XI. p. 360.
+
+A parallel to the story in our text may also be found in Ralston's _R.
+F. T._ p. 30. The literature of the story of "The Clever Girl" may be
+found in Child's _English and Scottish Popular Ballads_, Part I. p. 6,
+"The Elfin Knight."
+
+[28] _Fiabe Mantovane_, No. 41, "_Gambara_." The Italian for crab is
+_gambero_. There is a Tuscan story (_Nov. pop. tosc._ p. 8), "_Il Medico
+grillo_" ("Doctor Cricket"), with reference perhaps to the other meaning
+of _grillo_, whim, fancy, which reminds one of the story in the text.
+The pretended doctor cures a king's daughter by making her laugh so hard
+that she dislodges a fish-bone that had stuck in her throat. Doctor
+Cricket becomes so popular that the other doctors starve, and finally
+ask the king to kill him. The king refuses, but sets him a difficult
+task to do, namely, to cure all the patients in the hospital; failing to
+accomplish this, he is to be killed or dismissed. Doctor Cricket has a
+huge cauldron of water heated, and then goes into the wards and tells
+the patients that when the water is hot they are all to be put into it,
+but if any one wishes to depart he can go away then. Of course they all
+run away in haste, and when the king comes the hospital is empty. The
+doctor is then richly rewarded, and returns to his home.
+
+For parallels to our story see Pitre's notes, vol. IV. p. 442, and to
+the Tuscan story above-mentioned.
+
+Another Tuscan version has recently been published in _Nov. tosc._ No.
+60. See also Grimm, No. 98; Asbjornsen, _Ny Sam._ No. 82 [Dasent, _Tales
+from the Fjeld_, p. 139, "The Charcoal Burner"]; Caballero, _Cuentos_,
+p. 68; _Orient und Occident_, I. 374; and Benfey, _Pant._ I. 374. There
+is a story in Straparola (XIII. 6) that recalls the story in our text. A
+mother sends her stupid son to find "good day" (_il buon di_). The youth
+stretched himself in the road near the city gate where he could observe
+all those who entered or left the town. Now it happened that three
+citizens had gone out into the fields to take possession of a treasure
+that they had discovered. On their return they greeted the youth in the
+road with "good day." The youth said, when the first one saluted him: "I
+have one of them," meaning one of the good days, and so on with the
+other two. The citizens who had found the treasure, believing that they
+were discovered, and that the youth would inform the magistrates of the
+find, shared the treasure with him.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF WORKS MOST FREQUENTLY REFERRED TO IN THE NOTES.
+
+(_For works relating directly to Italian Popular Tales, see
+Bibliography._)
+
+
+Asbjornsen: Norske Folke-Eventyr fortalte af P. Chr. Asbjornsen. Ny
+Samling. Christiania, 1871. 8^o. [English version in Tales from the
+Fjeld. A second series of Popular Tales from the Norse of P. Chr.
+Asbjornsen. By G. W. Dasent, London, 1874.]
+
+Asbjornsen and Moe: Norse Folke-Eventyr fortalte af P. Chr. Asbjornsen
+og Jorgen Moe. 5^{te} Udgave. Christiania, 1874. 8^o. [Partly translated
+by G. W. Dasent in Popular Tales from the Norse. 2d ed. Edinburgh, 1859.
+New York, 1859.]
+
+Basque Legends: collected, chiefly in the Labourd, by the Rev. Wentworth
+Webster. London, 2d ed. 1879. 8^o.
+
+Benfey, Pantschatantra: Fuenf Buecher indischer Fabeln, Maerchen und
+Erzaehlungen. Aus dem Sanskrit uebersetzt mit Einleitung und Anmerkungen
+von Theodor Benfey. Erster Theil, Einleitung. Leipzig, 1859. 8^o.
+
+Blade: Contes populaires recueillis en Agenais par M. Jean-Francois
+Blade suivis de notes comparatives par M. Reinhold Koehler. Paris, 1874.
+8^o.
+
+Brueyre: Contes populaires de la Grande-Bretagne par Loys Brueyre.
+Paris, 1875. 8^o.
+
+Cosquin, Emmanuel: Contes populaires lorrains recueillis dans un village
+du Barrois, a Montiers-sur-Baulx (Meuse), _Romania_, V. 83, 133; VI.
+212, 529; VII. 527; VIII. 545; IX. 377; X. 117, 543.
+
+Cox: The Mythology of the Aryan Nations. By G. W. Cox. 2 vols. London,
+1870. 8^o.
+
+Dunlop-Liebrecht: Geschichte der Prosadichtung. Aus dem englischen von
+F. Liebrecht. Berlin, 1851. 8^o.
+
+Folk-Lore Record, London, 1879-1882. 5 vols. 8^o.
+
+Gesammtabenteuer. Von F. H. von der Hagen. 3 vols. Stuttgart und
+Tuebingen, 1850. 8^o.
+
+Gesta Romanorum von Herm. Oesterley. Berlin, 1872. 8^o.
+
+Graesse, J. G. T.: Die grossen Sagenkreise des Mittelalters. Dresden und
+Leipzig, 1842. 8^o.
+
+Grimm, The Brothers: Grimm's Household Tales. With the Author's Notes
+translated from the German and edited by M. Hunt. With an Introduction
+by A. Lang, M. A. In two volumes. London: G. Bell & Sons. 1884. (Bohn's
+Standard Library.) [This excellent version contains all the stories and
+notes of the third edition of the original text, Goettingen, 1856, the
+third volume of which, containing the notes, is rather scarce. The
+numbers of the stories correspond in the German and English editions,
+and the latter will be cited for the convenience of the reader.]
+
+Grundtwig: Danske Folkeminder, Viser, Sagn og Eventyr. Udgivne af Svend
+Grundtwig. Kjobenhavn, 1861. 1^{ste}-3^{die} Samling. 8^o.
+
+Hahn: Griechische und Albanesische Maerchen. Gesammelt, uebersetzt und
+erlaeutert von J. G. von Hahn. Leipzig, 1864. 2 vols. 8^o.
+
+Halliwell, J. O.: Popular Rhymes and Nursery Tales. London, 1849. 12^o.
+
+Kreutzwald: Ehstnische Maerchen. Aufgezeichnet von Friedrich Kreutzwald.
+Halle, 1869. 8^o.
+
+Luzel: Contes bretons recueillis et traduits par F. M. Luzel. Quimperle,
+1870. 8^o.
+
+Melusine: Revue de Mythologie, Litt. pop., Traditions et usages, dirigee
+par MM. H. Gaidoz et E. Rolland. Paris, 1877, 1884. 4^o.
+
+Nisard, Ch.: Histoire des Livres populaires. Paris, 1854. 2 vols. 8^o.
+
+Novelle Ant. Biagi: Le Novelle Antiche dei codici
+Panciatichiano-Palatino 138 e Laurenziano-Gaddiano 193, con una
+introduzione etc per Guido Biagi. Florence, 1880. 8^o.
+
+Novelle Ant. Borg: Le Cento Novelle Antiche secondo l'edizione del
+MDXXV. corrette ed illustrate con note. Milano, 1825. 8^o.
+
+Novelle Ant. Gualt.: Cento Novelle Antiche. Libro di Novelle e di Bel
+parlar gentile (Gualteruzzi da Fano). Florence (Naples), 1727. 8^o.
+
+Novelle Ant. Papanti. _Romania_, vol. III. p. 189.
+
+Old Deccan Days, or Hindoo Fairy Legends. Collected by M. Frere.
+Philadelphia: Lippincott & Co. 1868.
+
+Orient und Occident insbes. in ihren gegenwaertigen Beziehungen.
+Forschungen und Mittheilungen. Eine Vierteljahrschrift herausgegeben von
+Theodor Benfey. Vols I.-III. Goettingen, 1860-1864. 8^o.
+
+Ralston: Russian Folk-Tales. By W. R. S. Ralston. London, 1873. 8^o.
+[There is an American reprint, without date.]
+
+Robert: Fables inedites des XII^e, XIII^e, XIV^e Siecles et Fables de La
+Fontaine. Par A. C. M. Robert. 2 vols. Paris, 1825. 8^o.
+
+Romania: Recueil Trimestriel consacre a l'etude des langues et des
+litteratures romanes. Publie par P. Meyer et G. Paris. Paris, 1872,
+still in course of publication.
+
+Rondallayre, lo: Quentos populars catalans coleccionats per F. Maspons y
+Labros. Barcelona, 1871. 18^o.
+
+Schiefner, F. Anton von: Tibetan Tales, done into English from the
+German, with an Introduction by W. R. S. Ralston, M. A. London, 1882
+(Truebner's Oriental Series).
+
+Stokes, Maive: Indian Fairy Tales. With notes by Mary Stokes, and an
+Introduction by W. R. S. Ralston, M. A. London, 1880.
+
+Sacre Rappresentazioni dei Secoli XIV., XV., XVI. Raccolte e illustrate
+per cura di Alessandro D'Ancona. Florence, 1872. 3 vols. 16^o.
+
+Schimpf und Ernst: J. Pauli. Herausgegeben von Herm. Oesterley.
+Bibliothek des Litt. Vereins in Stuttgart. Bd. LXXXV. Stuttgart, 1866.
+8^o.
+
+Tausend und Eine Nacht. Arabische Erzaehlungen. Deutsch von M. Habicht,
+von der Hagen und C. Schall. Breslau, 1836. 15 vols. 8^o.
+
+Wendunmuth: Hans Wilhelm Kirchhof, Wendunmuth. Herausgegeben von Herm.
+Oesterley. Bibliothek des Litt. Vereins in Stuttgart. Bd. XCV.-XCIX. 5
+vols. 8^o. Tuebingen, 1869.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+Admonitions, the Three, story of, 157.
+
+Andromeda, or Princess freed from Dragon, 335.
+
+Angiola, the Fair, story of, 26.
+
+Animal brothers-in-law, 60;
+  animal children, 324;
+  animals, dispute of, settled by hero, 31.
+
+Ant and the Mouse, story of the, 376.
+
+Apple, unequally divided, indicates true friend, 204
+
+Ass, story of the, 190.
+
+Ass that lays Money, story of the, 123.
+
+
+Baker's Apprentice, story of the, 212.
+
+Barber, story of the, 241.
+
+Basile, Giambattista, xi.
+
+Bastianelo, story of, 279.
+
+Beauty and the Beast, 7.
+
+Beppo Pipetta, story of, 222.
+
+Bierde, story of, 68.
+
+Bird, magic, bestowing gifts, 43;
+  bird, transformation into, 2, 13.
+
+Blood of children restores uncle to life, 87.
+
+Bluebeard, 77.
+
+Bone of hero as musical instrument discovering murderers, 41;
+  human bone to be eaten, 81.
+
+Bonhomme Misere, 215, 222, 367.
+
+Boots, magic, faster than wind, 143.
+
+Bottles, seven, filled with tears, 322.
+
+Bride, the Forgotten, 58, 71.
+
+Bride, the True, 57, 71, 102.
+
+Brother Giovannone, story of, 217.
+
+Brothers, three, born from mother eating magic fish, 30.
+
+Buchettino, story of, 265.
+
+Bucket, story of the, 100.
+
+Buddha, parable of, 294.
+
+Buttadeu, story of, 197.
+
+
+Capon divided in peculiar manner, 311.
+
+Cat and the Mouse, story of the, 257.
+
+Catherine and her Fate, story of, 105.
+
+Cento Novelle Antiche, 154, 188.
+
+Chess, winning at, disposes of princess's hand, 123.
+
+Chick-Pea, Little, story of, 242.
+
+Children born from chick-peas, 243;
+  from fish, 30, 335;
+  apple-peel, 344;
+  Children promised to witches, 25;
+  to Devil, 136.
+
+Christmas, story of, 283.
+
+Cinderella, story of, 42.
+
+Cistern, story of the, 36.
+
+Clever Girl, story of the, 311.
+
+Clever Peasant, story of the, 309.
+
+Cloak that renders invisible, 123, 1.
+
+Cloud, story of the, 30.
+
+Cobbler, the, story of, 94.
+
+Cock, story of the, 270.
+
+Cock and the Mouse, story of the, 252.
+
+Cock that wished to become Pope, story of the, 272.
+
+Constantine's leprosy healed by St. Silvester, 202.
+
+Cook, story of the, 275.
+
+Crab, story of, 314.
+
+Crivoliu, story of, 198.
+
+Cross protects child against Devil, 137.
+
+Crumb in the Beard, story of the, 110.
+
+Crystal Casket, story of the, 326.
+
+Cukasaptati, Oriental collection of tales, 167, 359.
+
+Cupid and Psyche, 1, 77.
+
+Cure by laughing, 119, 347.
+
+Curse of the Seven Children, story of the, 54.
+
+Cymbal, prince concealed in, 64.
+
+
+Danae, 336.
+
+Dante, 309, 381.
+
+Daughters, two, good and bad, 100.
+
+Der Kaiser und der Abt, Buerger's poem of, 275.
+
+Devil, how the, married Three Sisters, story of, 78.
+
+Disciplina Clericalis of Petrus Alphonsi, 154, 157, 352, 355.
+
+Doctor's Apprentice, story of the, 287.
+
+Dog's face, by witch's imprecation, 29;
+  dogs substituted for queen's children, 19.
+
+Doll which moves, sees, and dresses itself, 114;
+  king's son in love with, 117, 180.
+
+Don Firiulieddu, story of, 241.
+
+Don Joseph Pear, story of, 127.
+
+Don Juan, 235.
+
+Don Quixote, 155.
+
+Doves recall forgotten bride, 75;
+  indicate future Pope, 200.
+
+
+Eagle carries hero up from cave, 40.
+
+Eat, My Clothes! story of, 296.
+
+Egg which kills fairy, 32.
+
+Eyes, diseased, cured by feather of griffin, 40.
+
+
+Fables of Oriental origin, 150, 353.
+
+Fabliaux, French, 149, 352.
+
+Fair Brow, story of, 131.
+
+Fairies' gifts, 19, 99, 100, 102.
+
+Fate personified, 105.
+
+Feast Day, a, story of, 261.
+
+Figs producing horns, 121.
+
+Fiorita, the Fair, story of, 61.
+
+Firrazzanu, stories of, 289, 290;
+  Firrazzanu's Wife and the Queen, 288.
+
+Flesh of hero given to eagle, 40.
+
+Flight of lovers and pursuit by witch, 28, 74, 335.
+
+Fool, story of the, 302.
+
+Forbidden chamber, 77, 79.
+
+Fountain of wine and oil, 72.
+
+Fox as Puss in Boots, 127.
+
+
+Gentleman who kicked a Skull, story of the, 236.
+
+Gesta Romanorum, 183.
+
+Giant with no heart in his body, 32, 335, 355;
+  giant outwitted by men, 89, 94, 95.
+
+Giufa's Exploits, story of, 297.
+
+Giufa and the Judge, story of, 293.
+
+Giufa and the Plaster Statue, story of, 291.
+
+Goat and the Fox, story of the, 375.
+
+Goat, the Iron, 256.
+
+Godfather and Godmother of St. John who made love, story of, 228.
+
+Godfather Misery, story of, 221.
+
+Godmother Fox, 254.
+
+Gold, magician's body turned to, 333.
+
+Gossips of St. John, story of the, 369.
+
+Gregory on the Stone, 198, 363.
+
+Griffin, story of the, 40.
+
+Grimm's Tales cited in text:
+  Allerleirauh, 42;
+  Brother Lustig, 215;
+  Clever Alice, 279;
+  Clever People, 279;
+  Doctor Knowall, 314;
+  Faithful John, 85;
+  Feather Bird [Fitcher's Bird], 77;
+  Golden Goose, 261;
+  Goose-Girl, 57;
+  Handless Maiden, 25;
+  King Thrushbeard, 109;
+  Little Mouse, Little Bird, and the Sausage, 260;
+  Master Thief, 215;
+  Robber Bridegroom, 77;
+  Spider and the Flea, 256;
+  White and the Black Bride, 58;
+  Wood-cutter's Child [Our Lady's Child], 77.
+
+Groomsman, story of the, 231.
+
+
+Hair, tresses used as ladder, 3, 27, 72, 83, 335.
+
+Hands, clasped, prevent child's birth, 6.
+
+Heart of saint eaten by maiden produces child, 208.
+
+Hermit as adviser, 7, 14, 20.
+
+Horn that blows out soldiers, 123.
+
+House that Jack built, 247.
+
+Humpbacks, the Two, story of, 103.
+
+Hump removed by fairies, 103;
+  added to humpback, 104.
+
+
+In this World one weeps and another laughs, story of, 190.
+
+Ingrates, story of the, 150.
+
+
+Joseph and his Brethren, 211.
+
+Journey of our Saviour on Earth, 189.
+
+Judas, story of, 195.
+
+Just Man, story of the, 226.
+
+
+King Bean, story of, 12.
+
+King, Crystal, story of the, 6.
+
+King John and the Abbot of Canterbury, Percy's poem of, 275.
+
+King Lear, 333.
+
+King of Love, story of the, 1.
+
+King who wanted a Beautiful Wife, story of the, 97.
+
+Kiss of mother makes hero forget bride, 71, 74, 343.
+
+
+La Fontaine, fables of, cited, 149, 294.
+
+Language of Animals, story of the, 161.
+
+Leprosy healed by human blood, 207.
+
+Life-giving ointment or leaves, 326.
+
+Lionbruno, story of, 136.
+
+Long May, 284.
+
+Lord, St. Peter, and the Apostles, story of the, 186.
+
+Lord, St. Peter, and the Blacksmith, story of the, 188.
+
+Lord's Will, 192.
+
+Love of the Three Oranges, story of the, 338.
+
+
+Malchus at the Column, story of, 197.
+
+Malchus, Desperate, story of, 196.
+
+Man, the Serpent, and the Fox, story of the, 354.
+
+Maria Wood, Fair, story of, 48.
+
+Mason and his Son, story of the, 163.
+
+Massariol, domestic spirit of the Venetians, 237.
+
+Medusa, 336.
+
+Melusina, 1.
+
+Mother-in-law ill-treats son's wife, 56;
+  killed by boiling oil, 57.
+
+Mr. Attentive, story of, 240.
+
+
+Nala, story of, in an Italian popular tale, 360
+
+Nero, 308.
+
+
+Occasion, story of, 215.
+
+Old Deccan Days, stories from, cited, 85.
+
+Omelet, Little, story of the, 294.
+
+Oraggio and Bianchinetta, story of, 58.
+
+Oriental elements in Italian popular tales, 149, 352.
+
+Orlanda, the Fairy, story of, 114.
+
+
+Pandora's box, 5.
+
+Pantschatantra, Italian versions of, 351.
+
+Parish Priest of San Marcuola, story of, 234.
+
+Parnell's Hermit, 210, 365.
+
+Parrot, story of the, first version, 168;
+  second version, 169;
+  third version, 173.
+
+Peasant and the Master, story of the, 150.
+
+Penance, Knight's, 227.
+
+Pentamerone, xi.
+
+Pepper-Corn, story of, 375.
+
+Perrault, Charles, xii.
+
+Persecution of innocent wife, 326.
+
+Peter Fullone and the Egg, story of, 381.
+
+Physician, wife disguised as, 15;
+  princess disguised as, 170.
+
+Pier delle Vigne, 159.
+
+Pig, little, that would not go over the stile, 247.
+
+Pilate, story of, 194.
+
+Pitidda, story of, 248.
+
+Polyphemus, myth of, 89.
+
+Pot that cooks without any fire, 305.
+
+Proverbial sayings, 308, 309.
+
+Purse always full of money, 19, 120, 143.
+
+Puss in Boots, story of, 348.
+
+
+Rabbit that carries things, 304.
+
+Rain of figs and raisins, 380.
+
+Rampsinitus, treasure house of, 163.
+
+Riddle, bride won by solving, 66;
+  proposed by suitor, 68;
+  in general, 343.
+
+Ring, as means of recognition, 51;
+  turns red and stops steamer at owner's forgetfulness, 114;
+  ring which causes sneezing, 119.
+
+Rose discovers concealed princess, 65.
+
+Ruby, magic, does all that owner asks, 138.
+
+
+Saddaedda, story of, 238.
+
+St. James of Galicia, story of, 202.
+
+St. Oniria or Neria, 208.
+
+St. Peter and the Robbers, 185.
+
+St. Peter's Mamma, 192.
+
+St. Peter and his Sisters, story of, 193.
+
+Sanctuary, privilege of, 38.
+
+Sarnelli, Pompeo, Bishop of Bisceglie, xii.
+
+Scissors they were, story of, 285.
+
+Sepher Haggadah, Jewish hymn in, 375.
+
+Seven Wise Masters, the, 159, 160, 161, 167, 168;
+  Italian versions of, 351;
+  in general, 358;
+  Magyar version, 359.
+
+Sexton's Nose, story of the, 250.
+
+Shepherd, story of the, 156.
+
+Shepherd who made the King's Daughter laugh, story of the, 119.
+
+Shoes, iron, worn out in search of husband, 7, 322;
+  in search of wife, 142.
+
+Sick prince and secret remedy, 325.
+
+Silence of princess disenchants brothers, 55.
+
+Sir Fiorante, Magician, story of, 322.
+
+Sisters' envy, 7, 17.
+
+Sisters, Two, 58, 338.
+
+Skein of silk outweighs king's treasures, 108.
+
+Sleep, magic, 82.
+
+Slipper, lost by Cinderella, 46.
+
+Snake, youngest daughter marries, 322.
+
+Snow-White-Fire-Red, story of, 72.
+
+Star on daughter's brow, 18, 101.
+
+Statue, in love with, story of, 85.
+
+Statue, transformation into, 22, 34, 86.
+
+Stepmother, story of the, 331.
+
+Stepmother persecutes daughter-in-law, 326, 331.
+
+Stick, magic, beats thief, 125.
+
+Straparola, Giovan Francesco, x.
+
+Sultan's daughter, 132.
+
+Swan-maidens, 76.
+
+Sympathetic objects: ring, 11, 19;
+  fish-bone, 30;
+  in general, 326.
+
+
+Tablecloth, magic, producing food, 120, 125.
+
+Tasks, 5, 7, 30;
+  set suitor by father-in law, 65.
+
+Thankful Dead, episode of, 131, 350, 364.
+
+Thirteenth, story of, 90.
+
+Thoughtless Abbot, story of the, 276.
+
+Thousand and One Nights, stories from in Italian popular tales, 151;
+  Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp, 152;
+  Forty Thieves, 152;
+  Third Calendar, 153;
+  Two Envious Sisters, 153;
+  The Hunchback, 153;
+  The Ass, the Ox, and the Peasant, 153;
+  Prince Ahmed and the Fairy Peribanu, 153;
+  Sindbad's Fourth Voyage, 153;
+  The Second Royal Mendicant, 153.
+
+Three Brothers, story of the, 263.
+
+Three Goslings, story of the, 267.
+
+Tobit, 211.
+
+Tokens, magic: apple, pomegranate, crown, 36.
+
+Tom Thumb, 242, 372.
+
+Torches, nuptial, 6.
+
+Transformation of hero into bird, 2, 13;
+  eagle, 32;
+  ant, 32;
+  lion, 33.
+  See _Statue_.
+
+Treasure, story of the, 156.
+
+Treasure stories, 238.
+
+True and Untrue, 325.
+
+Truthful Joseph, story of, 184.
+
+Turk, in Sicilian tales, 1, 2, 178.
+
+Turkish corsairs, 132.
+
+Tuti-Nameh, 167, 359.
+
+
+Uncle Capriano, story of, 303.
+
+
+Vineyard I was and Vineyard I am, story of, 159.
+
+
+Wager, story of the, 284.
+
+Wandering Jew, 197, 363.
+
+Water and Salt, story of, 332.
+
+Water, Dancing, the Singing Apple, and the Speaking Bird, story of the, 17.
+
+Water of life, 53.
+
+Whistle that brings dead to life, 306;
+  whistle which makes people dance, 120.
+
+Whittington and his Cat, 365.
+
+Witches' council under tree, 14;
+  imprecation, 338.
+
+Wooden dress, disguise of heroine, 48.
+
+
+Zelinda and the Monster, story of, 7.
+
+
+
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