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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The English Husbandman, by Gervase Markham
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The English Husbandman
+       The First Part: Contayning the Knowledge of the true Nature
+       of euery Soyle within this Kingdome: how to Plow it; and
+       the manner of the Plough, and other Instruments
+
+Author: Gervase Markham
+
+Release Date: October 12, 2007 [EBook #22973]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ENGLISH HUSBANDMAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Pryor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's note
+
+Spellings are inconsistent, especially the use of ée and ee. Notes of
+changes that have been made for obvious misprints, and of other
+anomalies, are at the end of this etext.
+
+There are many sidenotes in the original. They are indicated thus:
+{SN: }, and have been grouped together at the start of the paragraph
+in which they appear.]
+
+
+
+
+  THE
+  ENGLISH
+  HVSBANDMAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _The first Part_:
+     CONTAYNING
+  the Knowledge of the true Nature
+  of euery Soyle within this Kingdome:
+  how to Plow it; and the manner of the
+  Plough, and other Instruments
+  belonging thereto.
+
+  _TOGETHER WITH THE_
+  Art of Planting, Grafting, and Gardening
+  after our latest and rarest fashion.
+
+  A worke neuer written before by any Author:
+  and now newly compiled for the benefit
+  of this KINGDOME.
+
+  _By_ G. M.
+
+  _Bramo assai, poco, spero nulla chieggio._
+
+_LONDON:_ Printed by _T. S._ for _Iohn Browne_, and are to be sould at
+his shop in Saint _Dunstanes_ Church-yard.
+
+1613.
+
+
+
+
+  TO THE RIGHT
+  HONOVRABLE,
+  and his singular good Lord,
+  the Lord _Clifton_, Baron of
+  Layton.
+
+
+It was a custome (right Honorable, and my most singular good Lord) both
+amongst the auntient _Romans_, and also amongst the wise
+_Lacedemonians_, that euery idle person should giue an account of the
+expence of his howers: Now I that am most idle, and least imployed in
+your Familie, present here vnto your Lordships hands an account of the
+expence of my idle time, which how well, or ill, it is, your Noble
+wisedome must both iudge and correct; onely this I am acertain'd, that
+for the generall rules and Maximes of the whole worke, they are most
+infallibly true, and perfectly agreeing with our English climate. Now if
+your Lordship shall doubt of the true tast of the liquor because it
+proceedeth from such a vessell as my selfe, whom you may imagine vtterly
+vnseasoned vvith any of these knowledges, beleeue it (my most best Lord)
+that for diuers yeeres, wherein I liued most happily, I liued a
+Husbandman, amongst Husbandmen of most excellent knowledge; during all
+which time I let no obseruation ouer-slip me: for I haue euer from my
+Cradle beene naturally giuen to obserue, and albe I haue not that oylie
+tongue of ostentation which loueth euer to be babling all, and somewhat
+more then it knoweth, drawing from ignorance admiration, and from
+wisedome laughter, filling meale-times with much vnprofitable noyse; yet
+I thanke my maker I haue a breast which containeth contentment inough
+for my selfe, and I hope much benefit for the whole Kingdome; how euer
+or whatsoeuer it is, it is all your Lordships, vnder the couert of whose
+fauourable protection if it may finde grace it is the vttermost aime
+whereunto my wishes aspire, nor shall I feare the malignitie of the
+curious, for it is not to them but the honest plaine English Husbandman,
+I intend my labours, vvhose defender you haue euer beene, and for whose
+Honorable prosperitie both they and I will continually pray.
+
+  _Your honours in all
+  seruiceable humblenesse_,
+
+  G. M.
+
+
+
+
+The Epistle to the generall and gentle Reader.
+
+
+Although (generall reader) the nature of this worst part of this last
+age hath conuerted all things to such vildnesse that whatsoeuer is
+truely good is now esteemed most vitious, learning being derided,
+fortitude drawne into so many definitions that it consisteth in meere
+words onely, and although nothing is happy or prosperous, but meere
+fashion & ostentation, a tedious fustian-tale at a great mans table,
+stuft with bigge words, with out sence, or a mimicke Iester, that can
+play three parts in one; the Foole, the Pandar and the Parasit, yet
+notwithstanding in this apostate age I haue aduentured to thrust into
+the world this booke, which nothing at all belongeth to the silken
+scorner, but to the plaine russet honest Husbandman, for whose
+particular benefit, and the kingdomes generall profit, I haue with much
+paine, care, and industry, passed through the same. Now for the motiues
+which first drew me to vndertake the worke, they were diuers: as first,
+when I saw one man translate and paraphrase most excellently vpon
+_Virgils Georgickes_, a worke onely belonging to the Italian climbe, &
+nothing agreeable with ours another translates _Libault & Steuens_, a
+worke of infinit excellency, yet onely proper and naturall to the
+French, and not to vs: and another takes collections from _Zenophon_, and
+others; all forrainers and vtterly vnacquainted with our climbes: when
+this I beheld, and saw with what good liking they were entertained of
+all men; and that euery man was dumbe to speake any thing of the
+_Husbandry_ of our owne kingdome, I could not but imagine it a worke most
+acceptable to men, and most profitable to the kingdome, to set downe the
+true manner and nature of our right English _Husbandry_, our soyle being
+as delicate, apt, and fit for increase as any forraine soyle whatsoeuer,
+and as farre out-going other kingdomes in some commoditie, as they vs in
+other some. Hence, and from these considerations, I began this worke, of
+which I haue here sent thee but a small tast, which if I finde accepted,
+according to mine intent, I will not cease (God permitting mee life) to
+passe through all manner of English _Husbandry_ and _Huswifery_ whatsoeuer,
+without omission of the least scruple that can any way belong to either
+of their knowledges. Now gentle reader whereas you may be driuen to some
+amazement, at two titles which insue in the booke, namely, a former part
+before the first, and the first part, you shall vnderstand that those
+first sheetes were detained both from the Stationer and me, till the
+booke was almost all printed; and my selfe by extreame sicknesse kept
+from ouer-viewing the same, wherefore I must intreate your fauour in
+this impression and the rather in as much as there wanteth neither any
+of the words or matter whatsoeuer: _Farewell_.
+
+  Thine
+  _G. M._
+
+
+
+
+  A
+  FORMER PART,
+  before the first Part: Being an absolute perfect Introduction into
+  all the Rules of true Husbandry; and must first of all be read, or
+  the Readers labour will be frustrate.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_The Proem of the Author. What a Husbandman is: His Vtilitie and
+Necessitie._
+
+
+It is a common Adage in our English spéech, that a man generally séene
+in all things can bée particularly perfect or compleate in none: Which
+Prouerbe there is no question will both by the curious and enuious be
+heauily imposed vpon my backe, because in this, and other workes, I haue
+delt with many things of much importance, and such as any one of them
+would require a whole liues experience, whereas neither my Birth, my
+Education, nor the generall course of my life can promise no
+singularitie in any part of those Artes they treate of: but for
+suggestions (the liberty whereof the wisedome of Kings could neuer
+bridle) let them poison themselues with their owne gall, they shall not
+so much as make me looke ouer my shoulder from my labour: onely to the
+curteous and well meaning I giue this satisfaction, I am but onely a
+publique Notary, who record the most true and infallible experience of
+the best knowing Husbands in this land.
+
+Besides, I am not altogether vnséene in these misteries I write of: for
+it is well knowne I followed the profession of a Husbandman so long my
+selfe, as well might make mee worthy to be a graduate in the vocation:
+wherein my simplicitie was not such but I both obserued well those which
+were estéemed famous in the profession, and preserued to my selfe those
+rules which I found infallible by experience. _Virgill_ was an excellent
+Poet, and a seruant, of trusty account, to _Augustus_, whose court and
+study-imployments would haue said he should haue little knowledge in
+rurall businesse, yet who hath set downe more excellently the manner of
+Italian Husbandry then himselfe, being a perfect lanthorne, from whose
+light both Italie and other countries haue séene to trace into the true
+path of profit and frugallitie? _Steuens_ and _Libault_, two famous
+Phisitions, a profession that neuer medleth with the Plough, yet who
+hath done more rarely! nay, their workes are vtterly vncontrolable
+touching all manner of french Husbandry whatsoeuer; so my selfe although
+by profession I am onely a horse-man, it being the predominant outward
+vertue I can boast of, yet why may not I, hauing the sence of man, by
+the ayde of obseruation and relation, set downe all the rules and
+principles of our English Husbandry in as good and as perfect order as
+any of the former? there is no doubt but I may and this I dare bouldly
+assure vnto all Readers that there is not any rule prescribed through
+this whole worke, but hath his authoritie from as good and well
+experienced men, in the Art of which the rule treateth, as any this
+kingdome can produce: neither haue I béene so hasty, or willing, to
+publish this part as men may imagining, for it is well knowne it hath
+laine at rest this many yéeres, and onely now at the Instigation of
+many of my friends is bolted into the world, to try the censure of wits,
+and to giue aide to the ignorant Husbandman. Wherefore to leaue off any
+further digression, I will fall to mine intended purpose: and because
+the whole scope of my labour hath all his aime and reuerence to the
+English Husbandman, I will first shew you what a Husbandman is.
+
+{SN: The definition of a Husbandman.}
+A Husbandman is he which with discretion and good order tilleth the
+ground in his due seasons, making it fruitfull to bring forth Corne, and
+plants, meete for the sustenance of man. This Husbandman is he to whom
+God in the scriptures giueth many blessings, for his labours of all
+other are most excellent, and therefore to be a Husbandman is to be a
+good man; whence the auntients did baptise, and wée euen to this day doe
+seriously obserue to call euery Husbandman, both in our ordinary
+conference and euery particular salutation, goodman such a one, a title
+(if wée rightly obserue it) of more honour and vertuous note, then many
+which precede it at feasts and in gaudy places.
+
+{SN: The Vtillitie of the Husbandman.}
+A Husbandman is the Maister of the earth, turning sterillitie and
+barrainenesse, into fruitfulnesse and increase, whereby all common
+wealths are maintained and upheld, it is his labour which giueth bread
+to all men and maketh vs forsake the societie of beasts drinking vpon
+the water springs, féeding vs with a much more nourishing liquor. The
+labour of the Husbandman giueth liberty to all vocations, Arts,
+misteries and trades, to follow their seuerall functions, with peace and
+industry, for the filling and emptying of his barnes is the increase and
+prosperitie of all their labours. To conclude, what can we say in this
+world is profitable where Husbandry is wanting, it being the great Nerue
+and Sinew which houldeth together all the ioynts of a Monarchie?
+
+{SN: Of the necessitie of a Husbandman.}
+Now for the necessitie, the profit inferreth it without any larger
+amplification: for if of all things it be most profitable, then of all
+things it must néeds be most necessary, sith next vnto heauenly things,
+profit is the whole aime of our liues in this world: besides it is most
+necessary for kéeping the earth in order, which else would grow wilde,
+and like a wildernesse, brambles and wéeds choaking vp better Plants,
+and nothing remayning but a Chaos of confusednesse. And thus much of the
+Husbandman his vtillity and necessitie.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+_Of the situation of the Husbandmans house; the necessaries there to
+belonging, together with the modell thereof._
+
+
+Since couerture is the most necessariest thing belonging vnto mans life,
+and that it was the first thing that euer man inuented, I thinke it not
+amisse first to beginne, before I enter into any other part of
+Husbandry, with the Husbandmans house, without which no Husbandry can be
+maintained or preserued. And albeit the generall Husbandman must take
+such a house as hée can conueniently get, and according to the custome
+and abillitie of the soyle wherein he liueth, for many countries are
+very much vnprouided of generall matter for well building: some wanting
+timber, some stone, some lime, some one thing, some another: yet to that
+Husbandman whom God hath enabled with power both of riches and euery
+other necessary fit to haue all things in a comely conuenientnesse about
+him, if he desire to plant himselfe decently and profitable, I would
+then aduise him to chuse for his situation no high hill, or great
+promontary (the seate of Princes Courts) where hée may be gazed vpon by
+the eye of euery traueller, but some pretty hard knole of constant and
+firme earth, rather assending then descending, frée from the danger of
+water, and being inuironed either with some pretty groues, of tall
+young spiers, or else with rowes of greater timber, which besids the
+pleasure and profit thereof (hauing wode so neare a mans dore) the
+shelter will be most excellent to kéepe off the bleaknesse of the sharpe
+stormes and tempests in winter, and be an excellent wormestall for
+cattell in the summer. This house would be planted, if possible, neare
+to some riuer, or fresh running brooke, but by no meanes vpon the verge
+of the riuer, nor within the danger of the ouerflow thereof: for the one
+is subiect to too much coldnesse and moisture, the other to danger. You
+shall plant the face, or forefront, of your house vpon the rising of the
+Sunne, that the vigor of his warmth may at no time depart from some part
+thereof, but that as he riseth on the oneside so he may set on the
+other. You shall place the vpper or best end of your house, as namely,
+where your dining Parlor and cheifest roomes are, which euer would haue
+their prospect into your garden, to the South, that your buttery,
+kitching and other inferiour offices may stand to the North, coldnesse
+bringing vnto them a manifold benefit. Now touching the forme, fashion,
+or modell of the house, it is impossible almost for any man to prescribe
+a certaine forme, the world is so plentifull in inuention and euery mans
+minde so much adicted to nouelty and curiouity, yet for as much as it is
+most commended by the generall consent of all the auntients, and that
+from the modell of that proportion may be contracted and drawne the most
+curious formes that are almost at this day extant, I will commend vnto
+you that modell which beareth the proportion of the Roman _H._ which as
+it is most plaine of all other, and most easie for conuaiance, so if a
+man vpon that plaine song, (hauing a great purse) will make descant,
+there is no proportion in which he may with best ease show more
+curiositie, and therefore for the plaine Husbandmans better
+vnderstanding I will here shew him a _facsimile_ (for to adde a scale
+were néedlesse in this generall worke, all men not being desirous to
+build of one bignesse) & this it is:
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Here you behould the modell of a plaine country mans house, without
+plaster or imbosture, because it is to be intended that it is as well to
+be built of studde and plaster, as of lime and stone, or if timber be
+not plentifull it may be built of courser woode, and couered with lime
+and haire, yet if a man would bestow cost in this modell, the foure
+inward corners of the hall would be conuenient for foure turrets, and
+the foure gauell ends, being thrust out with bay windowes might be
+formed in any curious manner: and where I place a gate and a plaine
+pale, might be either a tarrisse, or a gatehouse: of any fashion
+whatsoeuer, besides all those windowes which I make plaine might be made
+bay windowes, either with battlements, or without, but the scope of my
+booke tendeth onely to the vse of the honest Husbandman, and not to
+instruct men of dignitie, who in Architecture are able wonderfully to
+controle me; therefore that the Husbandman may know the vse of this
+_facsimile_, he shall vnderstand it by this which followeth.
+
+_A._ Signifieth the great hall.
+
+_B._ The dining Parlor for entertainment of strangers.
+
+_C._ An inward closset within the Parlor for the Mistrisses vse, for
+necessaries.
+
+_D._ A strangers lodging within the Parlor.
+
+_E._ A staire-case into the roomes ouer the Parlor.
+
+_F._ A staire-case into the Good-mans roomes ouer the Kitchin and
+Buttery.
+
+_G._ The Skréene in the hall.
+
+_H._ An inward cellar within the buttery, which may serue for a Larder.
+
+_I._ The Buttery.
+
+_K._ The Kitchin, in whose range may be placed a bruing lead, and
+conuenient Ouens, the bruing vessels adioyning.
+
+_L._ The Dairy house for necessary businesse.
+
+_M._ The Milke house.
+
+_N._ A faire sawne pale before the formost court.
+
+_O._ The great gate to ride in at to the hall dore.
+
+_P._ A place where a Pumpe would be placed to serue the offices of the
+house.
+
+{Illustration: This figure signifieth the dores of the house.}
+
+{Illustration: This figure signifieth the windowes of the house.}
+
+{Illustration: This figure signifieth the Chimnies of the house.}
+
+Now you shall further vnderstand that on the South side of your house,
+you shall plant your Garden and Orchard, as wel for the prospect thereof
+to al your best roomes, as also because your house will be a defence
+against the Northerne coldnesse, whereby your fruits will much better
+prosper. You shall on the West side of your house, within your inward
+dairy and kitchin court, fence in a large base court, in the midst
+whereof would be a faire large Pond, well ston'd and grauelled in the
+bottome, in which your Cattell may drinke, and horses when necessitie
+shall vrge be washt: for I doe by no meanes alow washing of horses after
+instant labour. Néere to this Pond you shall build your Doue-coate, for
+Pigions delight much in the water: and you shall by no meanes make your
+Doue-house too high, for Pigions cannot endure a high mount, but you
+shall build it moderately, cleane, neate, and close, with water
+pentisses to kéepe away vermine. On the North side of your base-court
+you shall build your Stables, Oxe-house, Cow-house, and Swine-coates,
+the dores and windowes opening all to the South. On the South side of
+the base-court, you shall builde your Hay-barnes, Corne-barnes,
+pullen-houses for Hennes, Capons, Duckes, and Géese, your french Kilne,
+and Malting flowres, with such like necessaries: and ouer crosse betwixt
+both these sides, you shall build your bound houels, to cary your Pease,
+of good and sufficient timber, vnder which you shall place when they are
+out of vse your Cartes, Waynes, Tumbrels, Ploughs, Harrowes, and such
+like, together with Plough timber, and axletrées: all which would very
+carefully be kept from wet, which of all things doth soonest rot and
+consume them. And thus much of the Husbandmans house, and the
+necessaries there to belonging.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+_Of the seuerall parts and members of an ordinarie Plough, and of the
+ioyning of them together._
+
+
+If a workeman of any trade, or mistery, cannot giue directions how, and
+in what manner, the tooles where with he worketh should be made or
+fashioned, doubtlesse hée shall neuer worke well with them, nor know
+when they are in temper and when out. And so it fareth with the
+Husbandman, for if hée know not how his Plough should be made, nor the
+seuerall members of which it consisteth, with the vertue and vse of
+euery member, it is impossible that euer hée should make a good furrow,
+or turne ouer his ground in Husbandly manner: Therefore that euery
+Husbandman may know how a well shaped Plough is made, he shall
+vnderstand that the first member thereof, as being the strongest and
+most principallest péece of timber belonging to the same, is called the
+Plough-beame, being a large long péece of timber much bending, according
+to the forme of this figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+This beame hath no certaine length nor thicknesse, but is proportioned
+according to the ground, for if it be for a clay ground the length is
+almost seauen foote, if for any other mixt or lighter earth, then fiue
+or sixe foote is long inough.
+
+The second member or part of the Plough, is called the skeath, and is a
+péece of woode of two foote and a halfe in length, and of eight inches
+in breadth, and two inches in thicknesse: it is driuen extreamly hard
+into the Plough-beame, slopewise, so that ioyned they present this
+figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+The third part is called the Ploughes principall hale, and doth belong
+to the left hand being a long bent péece of woode, some what strong in
+the midst, and so slender at the vpper end that a man may easily gripe
+it, which being fixed with the rest presenteth this figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+The fourth part is the Plough head, which must be fixed with the sheath
+& the head all at one instant in two seuerall mortisse holes: it is a
+flat péece of timber, almost thrée foote in length if it be for clay
+ground, otherwise shorter, of breadth seauen inches, and of thicknesse
+too inches and a halfe, which being ioyned to the rest presenteth this
+figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+The fift part is the Plough spindels, which are two small round pieces
+of woode, which coupleth together the hales, as in this figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+The sixt part is the right hand hale, through which the other end of the
+spindels runne, and is much slenderer then the left hand hale, for it is
+put to no force, but is onely a stay and aide to the Plough houlder when
+hée cometh to heauy, stiffe, and strong worke, and being ioyned with the
+rest presenteth this figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+The seauenth part is the Plough-rest, which is a small péece of woode,
+which is fixt at one end in the further nicke of the Plough head, and
+the other end to the Ploughs right-hand hale, as you may sée by this
+figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+The eight part is called the shelboard, and is a broad board of more
+then an inche thicknesse, which couereth all the right side of the
+Plough, and is fastned with two strong pinnes of woode through the
+sheath, and the right-hand hale, according to this figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+The ninth part is the coulture, which is a long péece of Iron, made
+sharpe at the neather end, and also sharpe on one side and being for a
+stiffe clay it must be straight without bending, which passeth by a
+mortisse-hole through the beame, and to this coulture belongeth an Iron
+ring, which windeth about the beame and kéepeth it in strength from
+breaking as may appeare by this figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+The tenth part of a compleate Plough, is the share; which is fixed to
+the Plough head, and is that which cutteth and turneth vp the earth: if
+it be for a mixt earth then it is made without a wing, or with a very
+small one, but if it be for a déepe, or stiffe clay, then it is made
+with a large wing, or an outward point, like the figure following.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+The eleuenth part of a perfect Plough is called the Plough foote, and is
+through a mortisse-hole fastned at the farre end of all the beame with a
+wedge or two, so as the Husbandman may at his discretion set it higher
+or lower, at his pleasure: the vse of it is to giue the Plough earth, or
+put it from the earth, as you please, for the more you driue it
+downeward, the more it raiseth the beame from the ground, and maketh the
+Irons forsake the earth, and the more you driue it vpward the more it
+letteth downe the beame, and so maketh the Irons bite the sorer; the
+figure whereof is this.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Thus haue you all the parts and members of a Plough, and how they be
+knit and ioyned together, wherein I would wish you to obserue to make
+your Plough-wright euer rather giue your Plough land then put her from
+the land, that is, rather leaning towards the earth and biting sore,
+then euer slipping out of the ground: for if it haue two much earth the
+Husbandman may help it in the houlding, but if it haue too little, then
+of necessitie it must make foule worke: but for as much as the error and
+amends lye both in the office of the Plough-wright, I will not trouble
+the Husbandman with the reformation thereof.
+
+Now you shall vnderstand that there is one other thing belonging to the
+Plough, which albe it be no member thereof, yet is it so necessary that
+the Husbandman which liueth in durty and stiffe clayes can neuer goe to
+Plough without it, and it is called the Aker-staffe, being a pretty
+bigge cudgell, of about a yarde in length, with an Iron spud at the end,
+according to this figure:
+
+{Illustration}
+
+This Akerstaffe the Husbandman is euer to carry within his Plough, and
+when at any time the Irons, shelboard, or Plough, are choaked with durt,
+clay, or filth, which will cling about the ould stubble, then with this
+Akerstaffe you shall put the same off (your Plough still going) and so
+kéepe her cleane and smooth that your worke may lye the handsomer; and
+this you must euer doe with your right hand: for the Plough choaketh
+euer on the shelboard side, and betwéene the Irons. And thus much
+touching the perfect Plough, and the members thereof.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IIII.
+
+_How the Husbandman shall temper his Plough, and make her fit for his
+worke._
+
+
+A Plough is to a Husbandman like an Instrument in the hand of a
+Musition, which if it be out of tune can neuer make good Musicke, and so
+if the Plough, being out of order, if the Husbandman haue not the
+cunning to temper it and set it in the right way, it is impossible that
+euer his labour should come to good end.
+
+It is very necessary then that euery good Husbandman know that a Plough
+being perfectly well made, the good order or disorder thereof consisteth
+in the placing of the Plough-Irons and the Plough-foote. Know then, that
+for the placing of the Irons, the share would be set to looke a little
+into the ground: and because you shall not bruise, or turne, the point
+thereof, you shall knocke it fast vpon the head, either with a crooked
+Rams-horne, or else with some piece of soft Ash woode: and you shall
+obserue that it stand plaine, flat, and leuell, without wrying or
+turning either vpward or downeward: for if it runne not euen vpon the
+earth it will neuer make a good furrow, onely as before I said, the
+point must looke a little downeward.
+
+Now, for the coulture, you must place it slopewise through the beame, so
+as the point of it and the point of the share may as it were touch the
+ground at one instant, yet if the coulture point be a little thought the
+longer it shall not be amisse: yet for a more certaine direction and to
+try whether your Irons stand true I or no, you shall take a string, and
+measure from the mortisse-hole through which the coulture passeth, to
+the point of the coulture, and so kéeping your vpper hand constant lay
+the same length to the of point your share, and if one measure serue
+them both right, there being no difference betwéene them, then the Irons
+stand true for their length, otherwise they stand false.
+
+Now your coulture albe it stand true for the length, yet it may stand
+either too much to the land, or too much from the land, either of which
+is a great errour, and will kéepe the Plough from going true: your
+coulture therefore shall haue certaine wedges of ould dry Ash woode,
+that is to say, one before the coulture on the vpper side the beame, and
+another on the land side, or left side, the coulture on the vpper side
+the beame also; then you shall haue another wedge behinde the coulture
+vnderneath the beame, and one on the furrow side, or right side, the
+beame vnderneath also. Now, if your coulture haue too much land, then
+you shall driue in your vpper side wedge and ease the contrary: if it
+haue too little land, then you shall contrarily driue in your right side
+vnder wedge and ease the other: If your coulture stand too forward, then
+you shall driue in your vpper wedge which standeth before the coulture;
+and if it stand too backward and too néere your share, then you shall
+driue in your vnder wedge which standeth behinde the coulture: if your
+coulture standeth awry any way, then are either your side wedges too
+small, or else not euen and plaine cut, which faults you must amend, and
+then all will be perfect. Now, when your Irons are iust and truely
+placed, then you shall driue in euery wedge hard and firme, that no
+shaking or other straine may loosen them: as for the Plough foote it
+also must haue a wedge or two, which when your Plough goeth right and to
+your contentment (for the foote will kéepe it from sinking or rising)
+then you shall also driue them in hard, that the foote may not stirre
+from the true place where you did set it. And that these things when a
+man commeth into the field may not be to séeke, it is the office of
+euery good Husbandman neuer to goe forth with his Plough but to haue his
+Hatchet in a socket, fixt to his Plough beame, and a good piece of hard
+wedge woode, in case any of your wedges should shake out and be lost.
+
+{SN: Of holding the Plough.}
+When your Plough is thus ordered and tempered in good manner, and made
+fit for her worke, it then resteth that you know the skill and
+aduantages in holding thereof, which indéed are rules of much
+diuersitie, for if it be a stiffe, blacke clay which you Plow, then can
+you not Plow too déepe, nor make your furrowes too bigge: if it be a
+rich hassell ground, and not much binding, then reasonable furrowes,
+laid closse, are the best: but if it be any binding, stony, or sandy
+ground, then you cannot make your furrowes too small. As touching the
+gouerning of your Plough, if you sée shée taketh too much land, then you
+shall writh your left hand a little to the left side and raise your
+Plough rest somewhat from the ground: if shée taketh too little earth,
+then you shall raise vp your left hand, and carry your Plough as in a
+direct line: If your Plough-Irons forbeare and will not bite on the
+earth at all, then it is a signe that you hang too heauy on the Plough
+hales, raising the head of the Plough from the ground, which errour you
+must amend, and of the two rather raise it vp behind then before, but to
+doe neither is best, for the Plough hale is a thing for the hand to
+gouerne, and not to make a leaning stocke of: And thus much touching the
+tempring of the Plough and making her fit for worke.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+_The manner of Plowing the rich, stiffe, blacke Clay, his Earings,
+Plough, and other Instruments._
+
+
+Of all soyles in this our kingdome there is none so rich and fruitfull,
+if it be well handled and Husbanded, as is that which we call the
+stiffe, blacke, Clay, and indeed is more blacker to looke on then any
+other soyle, yet some times it will turne vp very blewish, with many
+white vaines in it, which is a very speciall note to know his
+fruitfulnesse; for that blewish earth mixt with white is nothing else
+but very rich Marle, an earth that in Cheshire, Lanckashire, and many
+other countries, serueth to Manure and make fat their barrainest land in
+such sort that it will beare Corne seauen yeeres together. This blacke
+clay as it is the best soyle, well Husbanded, so it is of all soyles the
+worst if it be ill Husbanded: for if it loose but one ardor, or
+seasenable Plowing, it will not be recouered in foure yéeres after, but
+will naturally of it selfe put forth wilde Oates, Thistels, and all
+manner of offensiue wéedes, as Cockle, Darnell, and such like: his
+labour is strong, heauy, and sore, vnto the cattell that tilleth it, but
+to the Husbandman is more easie then any other soyle, for this asketh
+but foure times Plowing ouer at the most, where diuers other soyles aske
+fiue times, and sixe times, as shalbe shewed hereafter. But to come to
+the Plowing of this soyle, I hold it méete to beginne with the beginning
+of the yéere, which with Husbandmen is at Plow-day, being euer the first
+Munday after the Twelft-day, at which time you shall goe forth with your
+draught, & begin to plow your Pease-earth, that is, the earth where you
+meane to sow your Pease, or Beanes: for I must giue you to vnderstand,
+that these Clayes are euer more naturall for Beanes then Pease, not but
+that they will beare both alike, only the Husbandman imployeth them more
+for Beanes, because pease & fitches wil grow vpon euery soyle, but
+Beanes wil grow no where but on the clayes onely. This Pease-earth is
+euer where barley grew the yéere before, & hath the stubble yet
+remayning thereon. You shal plow this Pease-earth euer vpward, that is,
+you shall beginne on the ridge of the land, & turne all your furrowes
+vp, one against another, except your lands lye too high (which seldome
+can be séene) and then you shall begin at the furrow, & cast downe your
+land.
+
+Now, when you haue plowed all your Pease-ground, you shall let it so
+lye, till it haue receiued diuers Frosts, some Raine, and then a fayre
+season, which betwixt plow-day and Saint _Valentines_ day you shalbe
+sure to inioy: and this is called, _The letting of Land lye to baite_:
+for without this rest, and these seasons, it is impossible to make these
+Clayes harrow, or yéelde any good mould at all. After your Land hath
+receiued his kindely baite, then you shall cast in your séede, of
+Beanes, or Pease: but in my conceit, an equall mixture of them is the
+best séede of all, for if the one faile, the other will be sure to hit:
+and when your land is sowne you shall harrow it with a harrow that hath
+woodden téeth.
+
+The next Ardor after this, is the sowing of your Barley in your fallow
+field: the next is the fallowing of your ground for Barley the next
+yéere: the next Ardor is the Summer-stirring of that which you fallowed:
+the next is the foyling of that which you Summer-stirde: and the last is
+the Winter rigging of that which you foil'd: of all which Ardors, and
+the manner of Plowing them, with their seasons, I haue written
+sufficiently in the first Chapter of the next part; where I speake of
+simple earths vncompounded.
+
+Now whereas I told you before that these clayes were heauy worke for
+your Cattell, it is necessary that I shew you how to ease them, and
+which way they may draw to their most aduantage, which onely is by
+drawing in beare-geares, an inuention the skilfull Husbandman hath found
+out, wherein foure horses shall draw as much as sixe, and sixe as eight,
+being geard in any other contrary fashion. Now because the name onely
+bettereth not your knowledge, you shall heare behould the figure and
+manner thereof.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Now you shall vnderstand the vse of this Figure by the figures therein
+contayned, that is to say, the figure
+
+(1) presenteth the plough-cleuisse, which being ioyned to the
+plough-beame, extendeth, with a chaine, vnto the first Toastrée: and
+touching this Cleuisse, you shall vnderstand, that it must be made with
+thrée nickes in the midst thereof, that if the Plough haue too much land
+giuen it in the making, that is, if it turne vp too much land, then the
+chaine shall be put in the outwardmost nicke to the land side, that is,
+the nicke towards your right hand: but if it take too little land, then
+it shall be put in the nicke next the furrow, that is, towards the right
+hand: but if it goe euen and well, then you shall kéepe it in the middle
+nicke, which is the iust guide of true proportion. And thus this
+Cleuisse is a helpe for the euill making or going of a plough.
+
+(2) Is the hind-most Toastrée, that is, a broad piece of Ash woode,
+thrée inches broad, which going crosse the chaine, hath the Swingletrées
+fastned vnto it, by which the horses draw. Now you shall vnderstand that
+in this Toastrée is great helpe and aduantage: for if the two horses
+which draw one against the other, be not of equall strength, but that
+the one doth ouer-draw the other, then you shall cause that end of the
+Toastrée by which the weaker horse drawes, to be longer from the chaine
+then the other, by at least halfe a foote, and that shall giue the
+weaker horse such an aduantage, that his strength shall counterpoyse
+with the stronger horse. Now there be some especiall Husbandmen that
+finding this disaduantage in the Toastrée, and that by the vncertaine
+shortening, and lenthening of the Toastrée, they haue sometimes more
+disaduantaged the strong horse, then giuen helpe to the weake, therefore
+they haue inuented another Toastrée, with a double chaine, and a round
+ring, which is of that excellent perfection in draught, that if a Foale
+draw against an olde horse, yet the Foale shall draw no more then the
+abilitie of his owne strength, each taking his worke by himselfe, as if
+they drew by single chaines. Now because this Toastrée is such a notable
+Implement both in Plough, Cart, or Waine, and so worthy to be imitated
+of all good husbands, I thinke it not amisse to shew you the figure
+thereof.
+
+{Illustration: The Toastree with double chaines.}
+
+(3) The Swingletrées, being pieces of Ash wood cut in proportion
+afore-shewed, to which the Treates, by which the horses draw, are
+fastned with strong loopes.
+
+(4) The Treates by which the horses draw, being strong cords made of the
+best Hempe.
+
+(5) The place betwéene the Treats, where the horses must stand.
+
+(6) The Hames, which girt the Collers about, to which the other end of
+the Treats are fastned, being compassed pieces of wood, eyther cleane
+Ash, or cleane Oake.
+
+(7) The round Withes of wood, or broad thongs of leather, to put about
+the horses necke, to beare the maine chayne from the ground, that it
+trouble not the horses in their going.
+
+(8) The Single-linckes of Iron, which ioyne the Swingle-trées vnto the
+Toastrées.
+
+(9) The Belly-bands, which passe vnder the belly of the horse, and are
+made fast to both sides of the Treates, kéeping them downe, that when
+the horse drawes, his coller may not choake him: being made of good
+small line or coard.
+
+(10) The Backe-bands, which going ouer the horses backe, and being made
+fast to both sides of the Treates, doe hold them, so as when the horses
+turne, the Treates doe not fall vnder their féete.
+
+{SN: How many beasts in a plough.}
+Thus I haue giuen you the perfect portraiture of a well yoakt Plough,
+together with his Implements, and the vse of them, being the best which
+hath yet béene found out by any of our skilfullest English Husbandmen,
+whose practise hath béene vpon these déepe, stiffe, blacke clayes. Now
+you shall vnderstand, that for the number of Cattell to be vsed in these
+ploughes, that in fallowing your land, and plowing your Pease-earth,
+eight good Cattell are the best number, as being the strongest, and
+within the compasse of gouernment, whereas more were but troublesome,
+and in all your other Ardors, sixe good beasts are sufficient, yet if it
+be so, that eyther want of abilitie, or other necessity vrge, you shall
+know that sixe beasts will suffice eyther to fallow, or to plow
+Pease-earth, and foure beasts for euery other Ardor or earing: and lesse
+then this number is most insufficient, as appeares by daily experience,
+when poore men kill their Cattell onely by putting them to ouer-much
+labour. And thus much touching the plowing of the blacke clay.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+_The manner of plowing the white or gray Clay, his Earings, Plough, and
+Instruments._
+
+
+Now as touching the white or gray clay, you shall vnderstand that it is
+of diuers and sundry natures, altering according to his tempers of wet
+or drynesse: the wet being more tough, and the dry more brittle: his
+mixture and other characters I haue shewed in a former Chapter,
+wherefore for his manner of plowing (obseruing my first methode, which
+is to beginne with the beginning of the yéere, I meane at Christmas) it
+is thus:
+
+{SN: Of sowing of Pease and Beanes.}
+If you finde that any of this white or gray clay, lying wet, haue lesse
+mixture of stone or chaulke in it, and so consequently be more tough, as
+it doth many times fall out, and that vpon such land, that yéere, you
+are to sow your Pease and Beanes: for as in the former blacke clay, so
+in this gray clay you shall begin with your Pease-earth euer: then
+immediately after Plow-day, you shall plow vp such ground as you finde
+so tough, in the selfe-same manner as you did plow the blacke clay, and
+so let it lye to baite till the frost haue seasoned it, and then sow it
+accordingly. But if you haue no such tough land, but that it holdes it
+owne proper nature, being so mixt with small stones and chaulke, that it
+will breake in reasonable manner, then you shall stay till the latter
+end of Ianuary, at what time, if the weather be seasonable, and
+inclining to drynesse, you shall beginne to plow your Pease-earth, in
+this manner: First, you shall cause your séedes-man to sow the land with
+single casts, as was shewed vpon the blacke clay, with this caution,
+that the greater your séede is, (that is, the more Beanes you sow) the
+greater must be your quantitie: and being sowne, you shall bring your
+plough, and beginning at the furrow of the land, you shall plow euery
+furrow downeward vpon the Pease and Beanes: which is called sowing of
+Pease vnder furrow: and in this manner you shall sow all your Pease and
+Beanes, which is cleane contrary to your blacke clay. Besides, whereas
+vpon the stiffe clay it is conuenient to take as large furrowes as you
+please, vpon this kinde of gray clay you shall take as small furrowes as
+is possible. Now the reason for this manner of plowing your Pease-earth,
+is, because it is a light kinde of breaking earth, so that should it be
+sowne according to the stiffe blacke clay, it would neuer couer your
+Pease, but leaue them bare, both to be destroyed by the Fowles of the
+ayre, and the bitternesse of the weather. As soone as your Pease and
+Beanes are risen a fingers length aboue the earth, then if you finde
+that any of your lands doe lye very rough, and that the clods be great,
+it shall not be amisse, to take a payre of woodden Harrowes, and harrow
+ouer all your rough lands, the benefit whereof is this, that it will
+both breake the hard clots, and so giue those Pease leaue to sprout
+through the earth, which before lay bound in and drowned, and also lay
+your lands smooth and cleane, that the Mowers when they come to mowe
+your Pease and Beanes, shall haue better worke, and mowe them with more
+ease, and much better to the owners profit. For you must vnderstand that
+where you sow Beanes, there it is euer more profit to mowe them with
+Sythes, then to reape them with Hookes, and much sooner, and with lesse
+charge performed. The limitation of time for this Ardor of earing, is
+from the latter end of Ianuary vntill the beginning of March, not
+forgetting this rule, that to sow your Pease and Beanes in a shower, so
+it be no beating raine is most profitable: because they, as Wheat, take
+delight in a fresh and a moyst mould.
+
+{SN: Of sowing of Barley.}
+After the beginning of March, you shall beginne to sow your Barley vpon
+that ground which the yéere before did lye fallow, and is commonly
+called your tilth, or fallow field: and if any part of it consist of
+stiffe and tough ground, then you shall, vpon such ground, sow your
+Barley vnder furrow, in such manner and fashion as I described vnto you
+for the sowing of your stiffe blacke clay: but if it be (as for the most
+part these gray and white clayes are) of a much lighter, and as it were,
+fussie temper, then you shall first plow your land vpward, cleane and
+well, without baukes or stiches: and hauing so plowed it, you shall then
+sow it with Barley, that is to say, with double casts, I meane,
+bestowing twise so many casts of Barley, as you would doe if you were to
+sow it with Pease. And as soone as you haue sowne your Barley, you shall
+take a payre of woodden Harrowes, and harrow it as small as is possible:
+and this is called sowing aboue furrow.
+
+{SN: Of sowing Oates.}
+Now if you haue any land, which eyther through the badnesse of the
+soyle, or for want of manure, is more barrayne, and hard to bring forth
+then generally the rest of your land is, then you shall not bestow
+Barley thereupon, but sow it with Oates, in such manner and fashion as
+is appointed for the sowing of Pease, that is to say, if it be stiffe
+ground you shall sow it aboue furrow, if it be light ground, then you
+shall sow it vnder furrow, knowing this for a rule, that the barraynest
+ground will euer beare indifferent Oates, but if the ground haue any
+small hart, then it will beare Oates in great abundance: neither néede
+you to be very precise for the oft plowing of your ground before you sow
+your Oates, because Oates will grow very well if they be sowne vpon
+reasonable ground, at the first plowing: whence it comes to passe that
+many Husbandmen doe oft sow their Oates where they should sow their
+Pease, and in the same manner as they doe sow their Pease, and it is
+held for a rule of good husbandry also: because if the ground be held
+any thing casuall for Pease, it is better to haue good Oates then
+naughty Pease: besides, your Oates are both a necessary graine in the
+house, as for Oate-meale, for the pot, for Puddings, and such like, and
+also for the stable, for Prouender, and the féeding of all manner of
+Poultry. The time for sowing of your Barley and Oates, is from from the
+first of March till the first of Aprill, obseruing euer to sow your
+Oates first, and your Barley after, for it being onely a Summer graine,
+would participate as little as may be with any part of the Winter.
+
+{SN: Of Fallowing.}
+{SN: Of sleighting Barley.}
+About the middest of Aprill you shall beginne to fallow that part of
+your ground, which you entend shall take rest that yéere, and so become
+your fallow or tilth-field. And in fallowing this gray or white clay,
+you shall obserue all those rules and ceremonies, which are formerly
+described for the fallowing of the stiffe blacke clay, knowing that
+there is in this worke no difference betwéene the blacke clay, and the
+gray clay, but both to be plowed after one manner, that is to say, to
+haue all the furrowes cast downeward, and the ridges of the lands laid
+largely open, and of a good depth, onely the furrowes which you turne
+vpon this gray clay must be much smaller and lesse then those which you
+turne vpon your stiffe blacke clay, because this earth is more naturally
+inclined to binde and cleaue together then that of the blacke clay. The
+time for fallowing of this ground, is from the middest of Aprill vntill
+the middest of May: at what time you shall perceiue your Barley to
+appeare aboue the ground, so that then you shall beginne to sleight and
+smooth it: but not with backe Harrowes, as was described for the blacke
+clay, because this gray clay being not so fat and rich, but more
+inclined to fastnesse and hardnesse, therefore it will not sunder and
+breake so easily as the other: wherefore when you will smooth or sleight
+this ground, you shall take a round piece of wood, being in compasse
+about at least thirty inches, and in length sixe foote, hauing at each
+end a strong pinne of Iron, to which making fast two small poales, by
+which the horse shall draw, yet in such sort that the round piece of
+wood may roule and turne about as the horse drawes it: and with this you
+shall roule ouer all your Barley, and by the waight of the round piece
+of wood bruise and breake all the hard clots asunder. This is called
+amongst Husbandmen a Rouler, and is for this purpose of sleighting and
+smoothing of grounds of great vse and profit. Now you shall vnderstand
+that you must not at any time sleight or smooth your Corne, but after a
+shower of Raine, for if the mould be not a little moistned the rouler
+will not haue power to breake it.
+
+Now for as much as this rouler is of so good vse and yet not generally
+vsed in this kingdome, I thinke it not amisse to shew you the figure
+thereof.
+
+{Illustration: The great Rouler.}
+
+As soone as you haue roulled ouer your Barley, & laid it so smooth as
+you can with your rouler, if then you perceiue any hard clots, such as
+the rouler cannot breake, then you shal send forth your seruants with
+long clotting béetels, made broad and flat, and with them you shall
+breake asunder all those hard clots, and so lay your Barley as smooth
+and cleane as is possible: the profit whereof you shall both finde in
+the multiplying of your Corne and also in the sauing of your sithes
+from breaking, at such time as you shall come to mowe your Corne, and
+gather in your Haruest.
+
+{SN: Of Summer-stirring.}
+{SN: Of weeding.}
+{SN: Of stone gathering.}
+Your Barley being thus laide smooth, you shall then follow your other
+necessary businesses, as preparing of your fewell, and other néedements
+for houshould, vntill the beginning of Iune, at which time you shall
+beginne to Summer-stirre your fallow field, which shalbe done in all
+points after the same manner as you did Summer-stirre your blacke Clay,
+that is to say, you shall beginne in the ridge of the land, and as when
+you fallowed your land you turned your furrowes downeward, so now in
+Summer-stirring, you shall turne your furrowes vpward and close the
+ridge of you land againe. As soone as this Ardor is finished, or when
+the vnseasonablenesse of the weather, as either too much wet, or too
+much drynesse shall hinder you from Plowing, you shall then looke into
+your Cornefields, that is to say: first into your Wheate and Rye field,
+and if there you shall finde any store of wéedes, as Thistell, Darnell,
+Tare-Cockle, or such like, you shall with weede-hookes, or nippers of
+woode, cut, or plucke them vp by the rootes; and also if you finde any
+annoyance of stones, which hinders the growth of your Corne, as
+generally it happens in this soyle, you shall then cause some Boyes and
+Girles, or other waste persons, to gather them vp and lay them in heapes
+at the lands ends, to be imployed either about the mending of high wayes
+or other occasions, and for this purpose their is a generall custome in
+most Villages, that euery houshoulder is bound to send out one seruant
+to be imployed about this businesse: whence it comes to passe, that it
+is called common worke, as being done at the generall charge of the
+whole Parish. After you haue wéeded your Wheate and Rye, you shall then
+wéede your Barley also, which being finished about the midst of Iuly,
+you shall then beginne to looke into your medowes and to the preparing
+of your Hay haruest.
+
+{SN: Of foyling.}
+Now at such time as either the vnseasonablenesse of the weather, or the
+growth of your grasse shall hinder you from following that businesse of
+Haruest, you shall then looke into your fallow or tilth field againe,
+and whereas before at your Summer-stirring you Plowed your land vpward,
+now you shall beginne to foile, that is to say, you shall cast your land
+downe againe, and open the ridge: and this Ardor of all other Ardors you
+must by no meanes neglect vpon the gray, white clay, because it being
+most subiect vnto wéede, and the hardest to bring to a fine mould, this
+Ardor of all others, doth both consume the one and makes perfect the
+other, and the drier season you doe foile your land in, the better it
+is, and the more it doth breake and sunder the clots in pieces: for as
+in Summer-stirring the greater clots you raise vp, and the rougher your
+land lies the better it is, because it is a token of great store of
+mould, so when you foile, the more you breake the clots in pieces the
+better season will your land take, and the richer it wilbe when the
+séede is sowne into it: And the season for the foiling of this soile is
+from the midst of Iuly till the midst of September.
+
+{SN: Of Manuring.}
+Now albe I haue omitted the Manuring of this land in his due place, as
+namely, from the midst of Aprill, till the end of May, yet you shall
+vnderstand that of all other things it is not in any wise to be
+neglected by the carefull Husbandman, both because the soyle being not
+so rich as the blacke Clay, will very hardly bring forth his séede
+without Manure, and also because it is for the most part subiect vnto
+much wet, and stones, both which are signes of cold and barrainenesse.
+Now for those Manures, which are best and most proper for this soile,
+you shall vnderstand that all those which I formerlie described for the
+blacke Claies, as namely, Oxe or Cowes dung, Horse dung and Shéepes
+dung, are also very good for this soile, and to be vsed in the same
+manner as is specified in the former Chapter: but if you haue not such
+store of this Manure as will serue to compasse your whole land, you
+shall then vnderstand, that the blacke mud, or durt which lies in the
+bottome of olde ponds, or else standing lakes, is also a very good
+manure for this soile, or else straw which is spread in high-wayes, and
+so rotted by the great concourse or vse of much trauelling, and after in
+the Spring-time shouelled vp in great heapes, is a good manure for this
+earth: but if you finde this soile to be subiect to extraordinary wet
+and coldnesse, you shall then know that the ashes eyther of wood, coale,
+or straw, is a very good manure for it. But aboue all other, and then
+which there is no manure more excellent for cold barraine clayes of this
+nature, the Pigions dung, or the dung of houshold Pullen, as Capons,
+Hennes, Chickens, Turkies, and such like, so there be no Goose-dung
+amongst it, is the best of all other: but not to be vsed in such sort as
+the other manures, that is to say, to be laid in great heapes vpon the
+land, or to be spread from the Cart vpon the land, for neyther is there
+such abundance of such manure to be gotten, nor if there were, it would
+not be held for good husbandrie to make lauish hauocke of a thing so
+precious.
+
+{SN: The vse of Pigion or Pullen-dung.}
+You shall then know that for the vse of Pigion or Pullen-dung, it is
+thus: you shall first with your hand breake it as small as may be, and
+then put it into the Hopper, in such sort as you put your corne when you
+sow it: and then looke how you sow your corne, in such sort you shall
+sow your Pigion or Pullen-dung: which done, you shall immediately put
+your Barley into the same Hopper, and so sow it after the Pigions or
+Pullen-dung: by which you are to vnderstand that this kinde of manuring
+is to be vsed onely in Séede-time, and at no other season. This manure
+is of the same nature that shéepes manure is, and doth last but onely
+for one yéere, onely it is much hotter, as being in the greatest
+extremitie of heate. Now if it happen that you cannot get any of this
+Pigions or Pullen-dung, because it is scarce, and not in euery mans
+power, if then you take Lime and sow it vpon your land in such sort as
+is before said of the Pigions-dung, and then sow your corne after it,
+you shall finde great profit to come thereon, especially in colde wet
+soiles, such as for the most part, these gray white clayes are.
+
+{SN: Of sowing Wheate.}
+After your land is foild, which worke would be finished by the middest
+of September, then you shall beginne to sow your Wheate, Rye, and
+Maslin, which in all things must be done as is before set downe for the
+blacke clay, the choice of séede, and euery obseruation being all one:
+for Wheate not taking delight in a very rich ground, doth prosper best
+vpon this indifferent soile. Whence it comes that in these gray white
+clayes, you shall for the most part, sée more Wheate sowne then any
+other Graine whatsoeuer. But as touching your Rye and Maslin, that euer
+desires a rich ground and a fine mould, and therefore you shall make
+choise of your better earth for that Séede, and also obserue to helpe it
+with manure, or else shéepes folding, in such manner as is described in
+the former Chapter, where I spake of the sowing of Wheate, Rye, and
+Maslin.
+
+{SN: Of winter-ridging.}
+As soone as you haue sowne your Wheate, Rye, and Maslin, you shall then
+about the latter end of October, beginne to Winter ridge, or set vp your
+land for the whole yéere: which you shall doe in all points, as you doe
+vpon the blacke clay, without any change or alteration. And the
+limitation for this Ardor is, from the latter end of October vntill the
+beginning of December, wherein your yéeres worke is made perfect and
+compleate.
+
+{SN: Obseruations.}
+Now you shall vnderstand, that although I haue in this generall sort
+passed ouer the Ardors and seuerall Earings of this white or gray clay,
+any of which are in no wise to be neglected: yet there are sundry other
+obseruations to be held of the carefull Husbandman, especially in the
+laying of his land: as thus, if the soile be of good temper, fruitfull,
+drie, and of a well mixed mould, not being subiect to any naturall
+spring or casting forth of moisture, but rather through the natiue
+warmth drying vp all kinde of fluxes or colde moistures, neyther binding
+or strangling the Séede, nor yet holding it in such loosenesse, that it
+loose his force of increasing, in this case it is best to lay your
+lands flat and leuell, without ridges or furrowes, as is done in many
+parts of Cambridge-shire, some parts of Essex, and some parts of
+Hartford-shire: but if the clay be fruitfull and of good temper, yet
+either by the bordering of great hils, the ouer-flow of small brookes,
+or some other casuall meanes it is subiect to much wet or drowning, in
+this case you shall lay your lands large and high, with high ridges and
+déepe furrowes, as generally you sée in Lincolne-shire,
+Nottingham-shire, Huntington-shire, and most of the middle Shires in
+England. But if the land be barraine, colde, wet, subiect to much
+binding, and doth bring forth great store of wéedes, then you shall lay
+your land in little stiches, that is to say, not aboue thrée or foure
+furrowes at the most together, as is generally séene in Middlesex,
+Hartford-shire, Kent and Surrey: for by that meanes neither shall the
+land binde and choake the Corne, nor shall the wéede so ouer-runne it,
+but that the Husbandman may with good ease helpe to strengthen and
+clense it, the many furrowes both giuing him many passages, whereby he
+may correct those enormities, and also in such sort conuaying away the
+water and other moistures, that there cannot be made any land more
+fruitfull.
+
+{SN: Of the Plough.}
+Now to speake of the Plough which is best and most proper for this gray
+or white clay, of which we now speake, you shall vnderstand that it
+differeth excéeding much from that of which we spake concerning the
+blacke clay: I, and in such sort, that there is but small alliance or
+affinitie betwéene them: as thus for example:
+
+First, it is not so large and great as that for the blacke clay: for the
+head thereof is not aboue twentie inches in length, and not aboue one
+inch and a halfe in thicknesse, the maine beame thereof is not aboue
+fiue foot long, & the rest is broader by an inch and more then that for
+the blacke clay: this Plough also hath but one hale, & that is onely the
+left hand Hale: for the Plough-staffe, or Aker-staffe serueth euer in
+stead of the right hand Hale, so that the Rough-staues are fixed, the
+vpper vnto the shelboard, and the neather vnto the Plough-rest, as for
+your better vnderstanding you may perceiue by this figure.
+
+{Illustration: The Plough with one Hale.}
+
+Now you shall vnderstand that the especiall care which is to be held in
+the making of this Plough, is, that it be wide and open in the hinder
+part, that it may turne and lay the furrowes one vpon another: whereas
+if it should be any thing straitned in the hinder part, considering that
+this clay naturally is somewhat brittle of it selfe, and that the
+furrowes which you plow must of necessitie be very narrow and little, it
+were not possible so to lay them, but that they would fall downe backe
+againe, and inforce the Plow-man to lose his labour. Also you shall
+vnderstand that whereas in the former plough, which is for the blacke
+clay, you may turne the shelboard, that is, when the one end is worne,
+you may eftsoones turne the other, and make it serue the like season: in
+this Plough you must neuer turne the shelboard, because the rising wing
+of the Share will so defend it, that it will euer last as long as the
+Plough-head, without change or turning.
+
+Now for the Irons belonging vnto this Plough, which is the Share and
+Coulture, there is more difference in them then in the Plough: for to
+speake first of the Share, whereas the former Share for the blacke clay,
+was made broad, plaine, and with a large wing, this Share must be made
+narrow, sharpe, and small, with no wing at all, hauing from the vpper
+part thereof, close by the shelboard, a certaine rising wing, or broad
+piece of Iron, which comming vp and arming that part of the shelboard
+which turnes ouer the land, defends the wood from the sharpe mould,
+which hauing the mixture of pible stone in it, would otherwise in lesse
+then one dayes worke consume the shelboard vnto nothing, forcing the
+Plow-man to much trouble and double cost. The fashion of the Share is
+presented in this Figure following.
+
+{Illustration: The Share.}
+
+This Share is onely made that it may take a small furrow, and so by
+breaking the earth oftner then any other Share, causeth the land to
+yéeld a good and plentifull mould, and also kéepe it from binding or
+choaking the séede when it is cast into it.
+
+Now for the Coulture, it differeth from the former Coulture both in
+breadth and thicknesse, but especially in compasse: for whereas the
+former Coulture for the blacke clay, was made straight, narrow, and
+thicke, this must be compassed like an halfe bent bow: it must be
+broader then thrée fingers, and thinner then halfe an inche, according
+to this Figure.
+
+{Illustration: The Coulture.}
+
+Now when these Irons, the Shelboard, and other implements are fixed vnto
+the Plough, you shall perceiue that the Plough will carry the proportion
+of this Figure following.
+
+{Illustration: The Plough for the gray Clay.}
+
+Hauing thus shewed you the substance, difference, and contraries of
+these two Ploughs, which belong to these two seuerall clayes, the blacke
+and gray, you shall vnderstand that there is no clay-ground whatsoeuer,
+which is without other mixture, but one of these Ploughs will
+sufficiently serue to eare and order it: for all clayes are of one of
+these tempers.
+
+{SN: The vse and handling.}
+Now for the vse and manner of handling or holding this Plough, it
+differeth nothing in particular obseruation from the vse and handling
+of the Plough formerly described, more then in the largenesse and
+smalnesse of the furrowes: for as before I said, whereas the blacke clay
+must be raised with a great furrow, and a broad stitch, this gray clay
+must be raised with a small furrow, and a narrow stitch: and although
+this plough haue nothing but a left hand Hale, yet considering the
+Plough-staffe, vpon which the Plow-man resteth his right hand, it is all
+one as if he had a right. And indéede, to make your knowledge the more
+perfect, you shall know that these gray clayes are generally in their
+owne natures so wet, tough, and slimy, and doe so clogge, cleaue, and
+choake vp the Plough, that hée which holds it shall haue enough to doe
+with his right hand onely to clense and kéepe the Plough from choaking,
+insomuch that if there were another Hale, yet the Plow-man should haue
+no leasure to hold it.
+
+{SN: Of the draught or Teame.}
+Now for the Draught or Teame which should draw this Plough, they ought
+in all points, as well in strength as tryuing to be the same with those
+before shewed for the vse of the blacke clay: as namely, eyther Oxen or
+Horse, or Horse and Oxen mixt together, according to the custome of the
+soile wherein the Plow-man liues, or his abilitie in prouision,
+obseruing euer to kéepe his number of beasts for his Plough certaine,
+that is to say, for fallowing, and Pease-earth, neuer vnder sixe, and
+for all other Ardors foure at the least. And thus much for the plowing
+of this gray or white clay.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VII.
+
+_The manner of plowing the red-Sand, his Earings, Plough, and Implements._
+
+
+Next vnto these Clayes, which are soiles simple and vncompound, as being
+perfect in their owne natures, without the helpe of other mixtures, I
+place the Sand soiles, as being of like qualitie, not borrowing any
+thing but from their owne natures, nor bréeding any defects more then
+their owne naturall imperfections: and of Sands, sith the red Sand is
+the best and most fruitfull, therefore it is fit that it take prioritie
+of place, and be here first spoken of.
+
+You shall then vnderstand that this red Sand, albeit it is the best of
+Sands, yet it is the worst of many soiles, as being of it selfe of such
+a hot and drie nature, that it scorcheth the séede, and dryeth vp that
+nutriment and fatnesse which should occasion increase: whereby it comes
+to passe, that the Barley which growes vpon this red Sand is euer more
+yealow, leane and withered, then that which growes vpon the clayes or
+other mixt earths. This Sand especially taketh delight in Rye, because
+it is a Graine which loues warmth aboue all other, and yet
+notwithstanding, if it be well ordered, manured and plowed, it will
+bring forth good store of Barley, albeit the Barley be not so good as
+Clay-Barley, either for the colour, or for the yéeld, whether it be in
+meale or in Malt.
+
+{SN: Of Fallowing.}
+Now for the manner of Earing or plowing this redde Sand, it differeth
+much from both the former soyles, insomuch that for your better
+vnderstanding, I must in many places alter my former methode, yet so
+little as may be, because I am loath to alter or clogge the memory of
+the Reader: wherefore to pursue my purpose. As soone as Christmas is
+ended, that is to say, about the middest of Ianuary, you shall goe with
+your Plough into that field where the Haruest before did grow your Rye,
+and there you shall in your plowing cast your lands downe-ward, and open
+the ridges well, for this yéere it must be your fallow field: for as in
+the former soiles, wée did diuide the fields either into thrée parts,
+that is, one for Barley and Wheate, another for Pease, and the third
+fallow, which is the best diuision: or into foure parts, that is, one
+for Wheate and Rye, another for Barley, a third for Pease, and a fourth
+fallow, which is the worst diuision and most toilesome, so in this red
+Sand soile, we must euer diuide it into thrée parts, that is, one for
+Barley, another for Rye, and a third fallow. For this Sand-soile being
+hot, drie, and light, will neither bring forth good Beanes nor good
+Pease, and therefore that Ardor is in this place but onely to be spoke
+of by way of discourse in vrgent necessitie.
+
+Wherefore (as before I said) about the middest of Ianuary you shall
+beginne to lay fallow that field, where formerly did grow your Rye, the
+manner of plowing whereof differeth nothing from the manner of plowing
+the clayes before written of, onely that the discretion of the Plow-man
+must thus farre forth gouerne him, that in as much as this soile is
+lighter, dryer, and of a more loose temper, by so much the more he must
+be carefull to make his furrowes lesse, and to lay them the closer
+together: & also in as much as this soile, through his naturall warmth
+and temperate moisture, is excéeding apt to bring forth much wéede,
+especially Brakes, Ling, Brambles, and such like, therefore the Plow-man
+shall be very carefull to plow all his furrowes very cleane, without
+baukes or other impediments by which may be ingendred any of these
+inconueniences.
+
+{SN: Of Spring-foyling.}
+After you haue thus broke vp and fallowed your fallow or tilth-field,
+the limitation of which time is from the middest of Ianuary vntill the
+middest of February, you shall then at the middest of February, when the
+clay-men begin to sow their Beanes and Pease, goe with your plough into
+your other fallow-field, which all the yéere before hath laine fallow
+and already receiued at your hands at least foure seuerall Ardors; as
+Fallowing, Summer-stirring, Foyling, and Winter-rigging; and there you
+shall plow all that field ouer the fift time, which is called the
+Spring-foyling: and in this Ardor you shall plow all your lands vpward,
+in such sort as when you Winter-ridge it, by which meanes you shall plow
+vp all those wéedes which haue sprung forth in the Winter season. For
+you must vnderstand that in these light, hot, sandy soiles, there is a
+continuall spring (though not of good fruits) yet of wéeds, quicks, and
+other inconueniences: for it is a rule amongst Husbandmen, that warme
+soiles are neuer idle, that is, they are euer bringing forth something.
+
+{SN: Of Sowing March-Rye.}
+Now the limitation for this Ardor is from the middest of Februarie
+vntill the middest of March, at which time you shall, by comparing
+former experience with your present iudgement, take into your
+consideration the state, goodnesse, and powerfulnesse of your land, I
+meane especially of this fallow-field, which hath laine fallow the yéere
+before, and hath now receiued fiue Ardors: and if you finde any part of
+it, either for want of good ordoring in former times, or for want of
+manure in the present yéere, to be growne so leane and out of hart, that
+you feare it hath not strength enough to beare Barley, you shall then at
+this time, being the middest of March, sow such land with Rye, which of
+Husbandmen is called the sowing of March-Rye: and this Rye is to be
+sowne and harrowed in such sort as you did sow it vpon the clay soiles,
+that is to say, aboue furrow, and not vnder furrow, except the land be
+very full of quickes, that is, of Brakes, Ling, Brambles, Dockes, or
+such like, and then you shall first with a paire of Iron harrowes, that
+is, with harrowes that haue Iron téeth, first of all harrow the land
+ouer, and by that meanes teare vp by the rootes all those quickes, and
+so bring them from the land: which done, you shall sow the land ouer
+with Rye, and then plow it downeward which is vnder furrow: & as soone
+as it is plowed, you shall then with a paire of Iron Harrowes harrow it
+all ouer so excéedingly, that the mould may be made as fine, and the
+land lie as smooth as is possible.
+
+{SN: Of the harrow.}
+Now because I haue in the former Chapters spoke of Harrowes and
+harrowing, yet haue not deliuered vnto you the shape and proportion
+thereof, and because both the woodden harrow and the Iron harrow haue
+all one shape, and differ in nothing but the téeth onely, I thinke it
+not amisse before I procéede any further to shew you in this Figure the
+true shape of a right Harrow.
+
+{Illustration: The Harrow.}
+
+The parts of this Harrow consisteth of buls, staues, and téeth: of buls,
+which are broad thicke pieces eyther of well seasoned Willow, or Sallow,
+being at least thrée inches euery way square, into which are fastned the
+téeth: of staues, which are round pieces of well seasoned Ash, being
+about two inches and a halfe about, which going thorow the buls, holde
+the buls firmely in equall distance one from the other: and of téeth,
+which are either long pinnes of wood or Iron, being at least fiue
+inches in length, which are made fast, and set slope-wise through the
+buls.
+
+{SN: The diuersitie of Harrowes.}
+Now you shall vnderstand that Harrowes are of two kindes, that is,
+single and double: the single Harrow is called of Husbandmen the
+Horse-harrow, and is not aboue foure foote square: the double Harrow is
+called the Oxe-harrow, and it must be at least seauen foote square, and
+the téeth must euer be of Iron. Now whereas I spake of the Horse-harrow
+and the Oxe-harrow, it is to be vnderstood that the single Harrow doth
+belong to the Horse, because Horses drawing single, doe draw each a
+seuerall Harrow by himselfe, albeit in the common vse of harrowing, we
+couple two horses euer together, and so make them draw two single
+Harrowes: but Oxen not being in good Husbandry to be separated, because
+euer two must draw in one yoake, therefore was the double Harrow
+deuised, containing in substance and worke as much as two single
+Harrowes.
+
+{SN: The vse of Harrowes.}
+Now for the vse of Harrowes. The woodden Harrow which is the Harrow with
+woodden téeth, is euer to be vsed vpon clay grounds and light grounds,
+which through drynesse doth grow loose, and fals to mould of it owne
+nature, as most commonly Sand grounds doe also: and the Iron Harrow
+which is the Harrow with Iron téeth, is euer to be vsed vpon binding
+grounds, such as through drynesse grow so hard that they will not be
+sundered, and through wet turne soone to mire and loose durt. Now
+whereas there be mingled earths, which neither willingly yéeld to mould,
+nor yet bindes so sore, but small industry breaks it, of which earth I
+shall speake hereafter, to such grounds the best Husbands vse a mixture,
+that is to say, one woodden Harrow, and one Iron Harrow, that the
+woodden Harrow turning ouer and loosening the loosest mould, the Iron
+Harrow comming after, may breake the stiffer clots, and so consequently
+turne all the earth to a fine mould. And thus much for Harrowes.
+
+{SN: Of the sowing of Pulse.}
+{SN: Of Pease, Lentles, and Lupines.}
+Now to returne to my former purpose touching the tillage of this red
+Sand: if (as before I said) you finde any part of your fallow-field too
+weake to beare Barley, then is your March-Rye, a graine which will take
+vpon a harder earth: but if the ground be too weake either for Barley or
+Rye, (for both those Séedes desire some fatnesse of ground) then shall
+you spare plowing it at all vntill this time of the yéere, which is
+mid-March, and then you shall plow it, and sow it with either the
+smallest Pease you can get, or else with our true English Fitches, which
+by forraine Authors are called _Lentles_, that is, white Fitches, or
+_Lupines_, which are red Fitches: for all these thrée sorts of Pulse
+will grow vpon very barraine soiles, and in their growth doe manure and
+make rich the ground: yet your Pease desire some hart of ground, your
+_Lentles_, or white Fitches, lesse, and your _Lupines_, or red Fitches,
+the least of all, as being apt to grow vpon the barrainest soile: so
+likewise your Pease doe manure barraine ground well, your _Lentles_
+better and your _Lupines_ the best of all.
+
+Now for the nature and vse of these graines, the Pease as all Husbandmen
+know, are both good for the vse of man in his bread, as are vsed in
+Leicester-shire, Lincolne-shire, Nottingham-shire, and many other
+Countries: and also for Horses in their Prouender, as is vsed generally
+ouer all England: for _Lentles_, or white Fitches, or the _Lupines_
+which are redde Fitches, they are both indifferent good in bread for
+man, especially if the meale be well scalded before it be knodden (for
+otherwise the sauour is excéeding rancke) or else they are a very good
+foode being sodden in the manner of Leaps-Pease, especially at Sea, in
+long iourneyes where fresh meate is most exceeding scarce: so that
+rather then your land should lye idle, and bring forth no profit, I
+conclude it best to sow these Pulses, which both bring forth commoditie,
+and also out of their owne natures doe manure and inrich your ground,
+making it more apt and fit to receiue much better Séede.
+
+For the manner of sowing these thrée sorts of Pulse: you shall sow them
+euer vnder furrow, in such sort as is described for the sowing of Pease
+and Beanes vpon the white or gray clay which is of indifferent drinesse
+and apt to breake.
+
+{SN: Of Manuring.}
+Now the limitation for this Ardor or séede time, is from the middest of
+March, till the middest of Aprill: then from the middest of Aprill, till
+the middest of May, you shall make your especiall worke, to be onely the
+leading forth of your Manure to that field which you did fallow, or lay
+tilth that present yéere immediatelie after Christmas, and of which I
+first spake in this Chapter. And herein is to be vnderstood, that the
+best and principallest Manure for this redde-sand, is the ouldest Manure
+of beasts which can be-gotten, which you shall know by the excéeding
+blacknesse and rottennesse thereof, being in the cutting both soft and
+smooth, all of one substance, as if it were well compact morter, without
+any shew of straw or other stuffe which is vnrotted, for this dung is of
+all the fattest and coolest, and doth best agrée with the nature of this
+hot sand. Next to the dung of beasts, is the dung of Horses if it be old
+also, otherwise it is somewhat of the hottest, the rubbish of old
+houses, or the swéepings of flowres, or the scowrings of old Fish-ponds,
+or other standing waters where beasts and horses are vsed to drinke, or
+be washt, or wherevnto the water and moisture of dunghills haue recourse
+are all good Manures for this redde-sand: as for the Manure of Shéepe
+vpon this redde-sand, it is the best of all in such places as you meane
+to sow Rie, but not fully so good where you doe intend to sow your
+Barley: if it be a cold moist redde-sand (which is seldome found but in
+some particular low countries) then it doth not amisse to Manure it most
+with Shéepe, or else with Chaulke, Lime, or Ashes, of which you can get
+the greatest plentie: if this soile be subiect to much wéede and
+quickes, as generally it is, then after you haue torne vp the wéedes and
+quickes with Harrowes, you shall with rakes, rake them together, and
+laying them in heapes vpon the land, you shall burne them and then
+spreading the ashes they will be a very good Manure, and in short space
+destroy the wéedes also; likewise if your land be much ouergrowne with
+wéedes, if when you sheare your Rie you leaue a good long stubble, and
+then mowing the stubble burne it vpon the land, it is both a good Manure
+and also a good meanes to destroy the wéedes.
+
+{SN: Of sowing Barley.}
+After your Manure is lead forth and either spread vpon the lands, or set
+in great heapes, so as the land may be couered ouer with Manure (for it
+is to be obserued that this soile must be throughly Manured) then about
+the middest of May, which is the time when this worke should be
+finished, you shall repaire with your Plough into the other fallow
+field, which was prepared the yéere before for this yéeres Barley, &
+there you shall sow it all ouer with Barley aboue furrow, that is to
+say, you shall first Plough it, then sow it, and after Harrow it, making
+the mould as fine and smooth as may be, which is done with easie labour,
+because this sand of it owne nature is as fine as ashes.
+
+{SN: Of Summer-stirring.}
+{SN: Of sleighting.}
+Now the limitation for this séede time, is from the middest of May, till
+the middest of Iune, wherein if any man demand why it should not be
+sowne in March and Aprill, according as it is sowne in the former
+soiles, I answere, that first this redde-sand cannot be prepared, or
+receiue his full season in weather, and earings, before this time of the
+yéere, and next that these redde-sands, by how much they are hotter and
+drier then the other claies, by so much they may wel stay the longer
+before they receiue their séede, because that so much the sooner the
+séede doth sprout in them, & also the sooner ripen being kept warmer at
+the roote then in any could soile whatsoeuer. As soone as the middest of
+Iune approacheth, you shall then beginne to Summer-stirre your fallow
+field, and to turne your Manure into your land, in such sort as you did
+vpon your clay soiles, for this Ardor of Summer-stirring altereth in no
+soile, and this must be done from the middest of Iune, till the middest
+of Iuly, for as touching sleighting, clotting, or smoothing of this
+Barley field, it is seldome in vse, because the finenesse of the sand
+will lay the land smooth inough without sleighting: yet if you finde
+that any particular land lieth more rough then the rest, it shall not be
+amisse, if with your backe Harrowes you smooth it a little within a day
+or two after it is sowne.
+
+{SN: Of Foiling.}
+{SN: Of sowing Rye.}
+From the middest of Iuly vntill the middest of August, you shall foile
+and throw downe your fallow field againe, if your lands lie well and in
+good order, but if any of your lands doe lie in the danger of water, or
+by vse of Plowing are growne too flat, both which are hinderances to the
+growth of Corne, then when you foile your lands you shall Plow them
+vpward, and so by that meanes raise the ridges one furrow higher. After
+you haue foiled your land, which must be about the middest of August,
+then will your Barley be ready to mowe, for these hot soiles haue euer
+an earely haruest, which as soone as it is mowne and carried into the
+Barne, forthwith you shall with all expedition carry forth such Manure
+as you may conueniently spare, and lay it vpon that land from whence you
+receiued your Barley, which is most barraine: and if you want cart
+Manure, you shall then lay your fould of Shéepe thereupon, and as soone
+as it is Manured, you shall immediately Plow both it & the rest, which
+Ardor should be finished by the middest of September, and so suffered to
+rest vntill the beginning of October, at which time you shall beginne to
+sow all that field ouer with Rye in such sort as hath béene spoken of in
+former places.
+
+{SN: Obiection.}
+Now in as much as the ignorant Husbandman may very easiely imagine that
+I reckon vp his labours too thicke, and therein leaue him no leasure for
+his necessarie businesses, especially because I appoint him to foile his
+land from the middest of Iuly, till the middest of August, which is both
+a busie time for his Hay haruest, and also for his Rye shearing.
+
+{SN: Answere.}
+To this I make answere, that I write not according to that which poore
+men are able (for it were infinit to looke into estates) but according
+as euery good Husband ought, presupposing that he which will liue by the
+Plough, ought to pursue all things belonging vnto the Plough, and then
+he shall finde that there is no day in the yéere, but the Saboth, but it
+is necessarie that the Plough be going: yet to reconcile the poore and
+the rich together, they shall vnterstand, that when I speake of Plowing
+in the time of Haruest, I doe not meane that they should neglect any
+part of that principall Worke, which is the true recompence of their
+labour: but because whilst the dew is vpon the ground, or when there is
+either raine or mizling there is then no time for Haruest Worke, then my
+meaning is that the carefull Husbandman shall take those aduantages, and
+rising earelier in the mornings, be sure to be at his Plough two howers
+before the dew be from the ground, knowing that the getting but of one
+hower in the day compasseth a great worke in a month, neither shall hée
+néede to feare the ouer toiling of his cattell, sith at that time of the
+yéere Grasse being at greatest plenty, strongest and fullest of hart,
+Corne scattered almost in euery corner, and the mouth of the beast not
+being muzeld in his labour, there is no question but he will indure and
+worke more then at any other season.
+
+{SN: Of Winter ridging.}
+In the beginning of Nouember, you shall beginne to Winter-ridge your
+fallow, or tilth-field, which in all points shalbe done according to the
+forme described in the former soiles: for that Ardor of all other neuer
+altereth, because it is as it were a defence against the latter spring,
+which else would fill the lands full of wéedes, and also against the
+rigor of Winter, and therefore it doth lay vp the furrow close together,
+which taking the season of the frost, winde, and weather makes the mould
+ripe, mellow, and light: and the limitation for this Ardor, is from the
+beginning of Nouember, vntill the middest of December.
+
+{SN: Of the Plough.}
+{SN: Of the coulture.}
+Now as touching the Plough which is best and most proper for this
+redde-sand, it differeth nothing in shape and composure of members from
+that Plough which is described for the blacke Clay, hauing necessarily
+two hales, because the ground being loose and light, the Plough will
+with great difficulty hold land, but with the least disorder be euer
+ready to runne into the furrow, so that a right hand hale is most
+necessarie for the houlding of the plough euen, onely the difference of
+the two Ploughes consisteth in this, that the plough for this red-sand,
+must be much lesse then the plough for the blacke Clay houlding in the
+sizes of the timber the due proportion of the plough for the white or
+gray clay, or if it be somewhat lesse it is not amisse, as the head
+being eightéene inches, the maine beame not aboue foure foote, and
+betwéene the hinder part of the rest, and the out-most part of the
+plough head in the hinder end not aboue eight inches. Now for the
+Plough-Irons which doe belong vnto this plough, the Coulture is to be
+made circular, in such proportion as the coulture for the gray, or white
+clay, and in the placing, or tempering vpon the Plough it is to be set
+an inch at least lower then the share, that it may both make way before
+the share, and also cut déeper into the land, to make the furrow haue
+more easie turning.
+
+{SN: Of the share.}
+Now for the share, it differeth in shape from both the former shares,
+for it is neither so large nor out-winged, as that for the gray Clay,
+for this share is onely made broad to the Plough ward, and small to the
+point of the share, with onely a little peake and no wing according to
+this figure.
+
+{Illustration: The share.}
+
+{SN: Of the plough-slip.}
+These Plough-irons, both coulture and share, must be well stéeled and
+hardned at the points, because these sandy soiles being full of moisture
+and gréete, will in short space weare and consume the Irons, to the
+great hinderance and cost of the Husbandman, if it be not preuented by
+stéele and hardning, which notwithstanding will waste also in these
+soiles, so that you must at least twise in euery Ardor haue your Irons
+to the Smith, and cause him to repaire them both with Iron and stéele,
+besides these Irons, of coulture and share, you must also haue a long
+piece of Iron, which must be iust of the length of the Plough head, and
+as broad as the Plough head is thicke, and in thicknesse a quarter of an
+inch: and this piece of Iron must be nailed vpon the outside of the
+Plough head, next vnto the land, onely to saue the Plough head from
+wearing, for when the Plough is worne it can then no longer hould the
+land, and this piece of Iron is called of Husbandmen the Plough-slip and
+presenteth this figure.
+
+{Illustration: The Plough-slip.}
+
+{SN: Of Plough clouts.}
+Ouer and besides this Plough-slip, their are certaine other pieces of
+Iron which are made in the fashion of broad thinne plates, and they be
+called Plough clouts, and are to be nailed vpon the shelboard, to defend
+it from the earth or furrow which it turneth ouer, which in very short
+space would weare the woode and put the Husbandman to double charge.
+
+{SN: The houlding of the Plough.}
+Thus hauing shewed you the parts, members, and implements, belonging to
+this Plough, it rests that I procéede vnto the teame or draught: for to
+speake of the vse and handling of this Plough, it is néedelesse, because
+it is all one with those Ploughes, of which I haue spoken in the former
+Chapters, and he which can hould and handle a Plough in stiffe clayes
+must néedes (except he be excéeding simple) hould a Plough in these
+light sands, in as much as the worke is much more easie and the Plough a
+great deale lesse chargeable.
+
+{SN: Of the draught.}
+Now for the Draught or Teame, they ought to be as in the former Soiles,
+Oxen or Horses, yet the number not so great: for foure Beasts are
+sufficient to plow any Ardor vpon this soile, nay, thrée Horses if they
+be of reasenable strength will doe as much as sixe vpon either of the
+Clay-soiles: asfor their attire or Harnessing, the Beare-geares, before
+described, are the best and most proper. And thus much concerning this
+red Sand, wherein you are to take this briefe obseruation with you, that
+the Graines which are best to be sowne vpon it, are onely Rye, Barley,
+small Pease, _Lentles_ and _Lupines_, otherwise called Fitches, and the
+graines to which it is aduerse, are Wheat, Beanes and Maslin.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VIII.
+
+_The manner of plowing the white Sand, his Earings, Plough, and
+Implements._
+
+
+Next vnto this red Sand, is the white sand, which is much more barraine
+then the red Sand, yet by the industry of the Husbandman in plowing, and
+by the cost of Manure it is made to beare corne in reasonable plentie.
+Now of white Sands there be two kindes, the one a white Sand mixt with a
+kinde of Marle, as that in Norffolke, Suffolke, and other such like
+places butting vpon the Sea-coast: the other a white Sand with Pible, as
+in some parts of Surrey, about Ancaster in Lincolne shire, and about
+Salisbury in Wil-shire.
+
+{SN: Of the white Sand with Pible.}
+Now for this white Sand with Pible, it is the barrainest, and least
+fruitfull in bringing forth, because it hath nothing but a hot dustie
+substance in it. For the manner of Earing thereof, it agréeth in all
+points with the redde Sand, the Ardors being all one, the Tempers,
+Manurings and all other appurtenances: the Séede also which it delights
+in is all one with the red Sand, as namely, Rye, Barley, Pease and
+Fitches. Wherefore who so shall dwell vpon such a soile, I must referre
+him to the former Chapter of the red Sand, and therein he shall finde
+sufficient instruction how to behaue himselfe vpon this earth:
+remembring that in as much as it is more barraine then the red Sand, by
+so much it craueth more care and cost, both in plowing and manuring
+thereof, which two labours onely make perfect the ill ground.
+
+{SN: Of the white Sand with Marle.}
+Now for the white Sand which hath as it were a certaine mixture, or
+nature of Marle in it, you shall vnderstand that albeit vnto the eye it
+be more dry and dustie then the red Sand, yet it is fully as rich as the
+red Sand: for albe it doe not beare Barley in as great plenty as the red
+Sand, yet it beareth Wheate abundantly, which the red Sand seldome or
+very hardly bringeth forth.
+
+{SN: Of Fallowing.}
+Wherefore to procéede to the Earings or tillage of this white Marly
+sand, you shall vnderstand that about the middest of Ianuary is fit time
+to beginne to fallow your field which shall be tilth and rest for this
+yéere: wherein by the way, before I procéede further, you shall take
+this obseruation with you, that whereas in the former soiles I diuided
+the fields into thrée & foure parts, this soile cannot conueniently, if
+it be well husbanded, be diuided into any more parts then two, that is
+to say, a fallow field, and a Wheat-field: in which Wheate-field if you
+haue any land richer then other, you may bestow Barley vpon it, vpon the
+second you may bestow Wheat, vpon the third sort of ground Rye, and vpon
+the barrainest, Pease or Fitches: and yet all these must be sowne within
+one field, because in this white sand, Wheate and Rye will not grow
+after Barley or Pease, nor Barley and Pease after Wheate or Rye. Your
+fields being then diuided into two parts, that is, one for corne, the
+other for rest, you shall as before I said, about the middest of Ianuary
+beginne to fallow your Tith-field, which in all obseruations you shall
+doe according as is mentioned for the red sand.
+
+{SN: Of sowing Pease.}
+About the middest of March, if you haue any barraine or wasted ground
+within your fallow field, or if you haue any occasion to breake vp any
+new ground, which hath not béene formerly broake vp, in eyther of these
+cases you shall sow Pease or Fitches thereupon, and those Pease or
+Fitches you shall sow vnder furrow as hath béene before described.
+
+{SN: Of Spring-fallowing.}
+About the middest of Aprill you shall plow your fallow-field ouer
+againe, in such manner as you plowed when you fallowed it first: and
+this is called Spring-fallowing, and is of great benefit because at that
+time the wéedes and quickes beginning to spring, nay, to flowrish, by
+reason that the heate of the climbe puts them forth sooner then in other
+soyles, if they should not be plowed vp before they take too strong
+roote, they would not onely ouer-runne, but also eate out the hart of
+the Land.
+
+{SN: Of sowing Barley.}
+About the middest of May you shall beginne to sow your Barley vpon the
+richest part of your old fallow-field, which at the Michaelmas before,
+when you did sow your Wheate, and Rye, and Maslin, you did reserue for
+that purpose: and this Barley you shall sow in such sort as is mentioned
+in the former Chapter of the red Sand, in so much that this Ardor being
+finished, which is the last part of your Séede-time, your whole field
+shall be furnished eyther with Wheate, if it hold a temperate fatnesse,
+or with Wheate and Barley, if it be rich and richer, or with Wheate,
+Barley and Pulse, if it be rich, poore or extreame barraine: and the
+manner of sowing all these seuerall séedes is described in the Chapters
+going before.
+
+{SN: Of Summer-stirring.}
+About the middest of Iune you shall beginne to Summer-stirre your
+fallow-field, in such sort as was spoken of in the former Chapters
+concerning the other soiles: for in this Ardor there is no alteration of
+methode, but onely in gouernment of the Plough, considering the
+heauinesse and lightnesse of the earth. During this Ardor you shall
+busily apply your labour in leading forth your Manure, for it may at
+great ease be done both at one season, neyther the Plough hindering the
+Cart, nor the Cart staying the Plough: for this soile being more light
+and easie in worke then any other soile whatsoeuer, doth euer preserue
+so many Cattell for other imployment that both workes may goe forward
+together, as shall be shewed when wee come to speake of the Plough, and
+the Teame which drawes it.
+
+{SN: Of Manuring.}
+Now as touching the Manures most fit for this soyle, they be all those
+of which we haue formerly written, ashes onely excepted, which being of
+an hot nature doe scald the Séede, and detaine it from all
+fruitfulnesse, being mixt with this hot soile, so is likewise Lyme, and
+the burning of stubble: other Manures are both good and occasion much
+fertilitie, as being of a binding and coole nature, and holding together
+that loosenesse which in his too much separation taketh all nutriment
+from the earth.
+
+{SN: Of Weeding.}
+After you haue ledde forth your Manure, and Summer-stird your Land, you
+shall then about the beginning of Iulie looke into your Corne-field, and
+if you perceiue any Thistles, or any other superfluous wéedes to annoy
+your Corne, you shall then (as is before said) either cut, or plucke
+them vp by the rootes.
+
+{SN: Of Foyling.}
+About the middest of August you shall beginne to foile or cast downe
+your fallow-field againe, and in that Ardor you shall be very carefull
+to plow cleane and leaue no wéedes vncut vp: for in these hot soiles if
+any wéedes be left with the least roote, so that they may knit and bring
+forth séede, the annoyance thereof will remaine for at least foure
+yéeres after, which is a double fallowing. And to the end that you may
+cut vp all such wéedes cleane, although both your Share and Coulture
+misse them, you shall haue the rest of your Plough in the vnder part
+which strokes alongst the earth filled all full of dragges of Iron, that
+is, of olde crooked nailes or great tenter-hookes, such as vpon the
+putting downe of your right hand when you come néere a wéed shall catch
+hold thereof and teare it vp by the rootes, as at this day is vsed be
+many particular Husbands in this kingdome, whose cares, skils, and
+industries are not inferiour to the best whatsoeuer.
+
+{SN: Of Sowing Wheate and Rye.}
+{SN: The choise of Seede.}
+About the middest of September, you shall beginne to sow your Wheate and
+Rye vpon your fallow field, which Graine vpon this soile is to be
+reckoned the most principall: and you shall sow it in the same manner
+that is described in the former Chapters, wherein your especiallest care
+is the choise of your séede: for in this soile your whole-straw Wheate,
+nor your great Pollard taketh any delight, neither your Organe, for all
+those thrée must haue a firme and a strong mould: but your
+Chilter-wheate, your Flaxen-wheate, your White-pollard, and your
+Red-wheate, which are the Wheates which yéeld the purest and finest
+meale, (although they grow not in so great abundance) are the séedes
+which are most proper and naturall for this soile. As for Rye or Maslin,
+according to the goodnesse of the ground so you shall bestow your séede:
+for it is a generall rule, that wheresoeuer your Wheate growes, there
+will euer Rye grow, but Rye will many times grow where Wheate will not
+prosper; and therefore for the sowing of your Rye, it must be according
+to the temper of the earth, and the necessitie of your houshold: for
+Wheate being a richer graine then Rye, if you be assured that your
+ground will beare Wheate well, it is small Husbandrie to sow more Rye or
+Maslin then for your house: but if it be too hot for Wheate, and kindly
+for Rye, then it is better to haue good Rye, then ill Wheate. Now for
+the sowing of your Rye or Maslin in this soile, it differeth nothing
+from the former soiles, either in plowing or any other obseruation, that
+is to say, it must be plowed aboue furrow: for Rye being the most tender
+graine, it can neither abide the waight of earth, nor yet moisture; the
+one, as it were, burying, and the other drowning the vigour and strength
+of the séede.
+
+{SN: Of Winter-ridging.}
+About the beginning of Nouember you shall Winter-ridge your fallow
+field, I meane that part which you doe preserue for Barley (for the
+other part is furnished with séede) and this Winter-ridging differeth
+nothing from the Winter ridging of other soiles, onely you shall a
+little more precisely obserue to set vp your lands more straight and
+high then in other soiles, both to defend them from wet, which this
+soile is much subiect vnto, because commonly some great riuer is neare
+it, and also for the preseruing of the strength and goodnesse of the
+Manure within the land which by lying open and vnclosed would soone be
+washt forth and consumed.
+
+{SN: Of the clensing of lands, or drawing of water-furrowes.}
+Now sith I haue here occasion to speake something of the draining of
+lands, and the kéeping of them from the annoyance of superfluous wet,
+whether it be by invndation or otherwise, you shall vnderstand that it
+is the especiall office and dutie of euery good Husbandman, not onely in
+this soile, but in all other whatsoeuer, to haue a principall respect to
+the kéeping of his land dry, and to that end hée shall diligently (as
+soone as he hath Winter-rigged his land) take a carefull view how his
+lands lie, which way the descent goes from whence annoyance or water may
+possibly come, and so consequently from those obseruations, with a Spade
+or strong Plough, of extraordinary greatnesse, draw certaine déepe
+furrowes from descent vnto descent, by which meanes all the water may be
+conuayed from his lands, eyther into some common Sewer, Lake, Brooke, or
+other maine Riuer: and to this end it is both a rule in the common Lawes
+of our Land, and a laudable custome in the Common-wealth of euery Towne,
+that for as much as many Townes haue their lands lie in common, that is
+to say, mixed neighbour with neighbour, few or none hauing aboue two or
+three lands at the most lying together in one place, therefore euery man
+shall ioyne, and make their water-furrowes one from another, vntill such
+time as the water be conuayed into some common issue, as well hée whose
+lands be without all danger, as he that is troubled with the greatest
+annoyance, and herein euery one shall beare his particular charge: which
+is an Act of great vertue and goodnesse.
+
+{SN: Of the Plough.}
+Now for the Plough which is to plow this white sand it doth differ
+nothing in size, proportion, and vse of handling from the Plough
+described for the red Sand, onely it hath one addition more, that is to
+say, at the further end of the maine Beame of the Plough, where you
+fixe your Plough-foote, there you shall place a little paire of round
+whéeles, which bearing the Beame vpon a loose mouing Axletrée, being
+iust the length of two furrows and no more, doth so certainly guide the
+Plough in his true furrow that it can neither lose the land by swaruing
+(as in these light soiles euery Plough is apt to doe) nor take too much
+land, eyther by the gréedinesse of the plough or sharpnesse of the
+Irons, neither can it drownd through the easie lightnesse of the earth,
+nor runne too shallow through the fussinesse of the mould, but the
+whéeles being made of a true proportion, which should not be aboue
+twelue inches from the centre, the Plough with a reasonable hand of
+gouernment shall runne in a direct and euen furrow: the proportion of
+which Plough is contained in this Figure.
+
+{Illustration: The Plough with Wheeles.}
+
+This plough of all others I hold to be most ancient, and as being the
+modell of the first inuention, and at this day is preserued both in
+France, Germany, & Italy, and no other proportion of Ploughes knowne,
+both as we perceiue by our experience in séeing them plow, & also by
+reading of their writings: for neither in _Virgil_, _Columella_,
+_Xenophon_, nor any olde Writer: nor in _Heresbachius_, _Steuens_, nor
+_Libault_, being later Writers, finde wée any other Plough bequeathed
+vnto our memories. Yet it is most certaine, that in many of our English
+soiles, this Plough is of little profit, as we finde by daily experience
+both in our clayes, and many of our mixt earths: for in truth this
+Plough is but onely for light, sandy, or grauelly soiles, as for the
+most part these forraine Countries are, especially about the sea-coast,
+or the borders of great Cities, from whence these Writers most generally
+tooke the presidents for their writings.
+
+{SN: Of the plough-Irons.}
+Now for the parts of this Plough, it consisteth of the same members
+which the former Ploughs doe, onely that in stead of the Plough-foote it
+hath a paire of whéeles. It hath also but one Hale, in such sort as the
+Plough for the gray or white clay. The beame also of this Plough is much
+more straight then the former, by which meanes the Skeath is not full so
+long. The Irons belonging vnto this Plough are of the fashion of the
+former Irons, onely they be somewhat lesse, that is to say, the Coulture
+is not so long, neyther so full bent as that for the red Sand, nor so
+straight as that for the blacke clay, but as it were holding a meane
+betwéene both: so likewise the Share is not fully so broad as that for
+the red sand, nor so narrow as that for the gray clay, but holds as it
+were a middle size betwéene both, somewhat leaning in proportion to the
+shape of that for the blacke clay. As for the Plough-slip,
+Plough-clouts, and other implements which are to defend the wood from
+the hardnesse of the earth, they are the same, and in the same wise to
+be vsed as those for the red Sand.
+
+{SN: Of the draught.}
+Now for the Draught or Teame which drawes this Plough, they are as in
+all other Draughts, Oxen or Horses, but for the number thereof they
+differ much from those which are formerly written of: for you shall
+vnderstand that in this white sandy soile, which is of all soiles the
+lightest, eyther two good Horses, or two good Oxen are a number
+sufficient to plow any Ardor vpon this soile whatsoeuer, as by daily
+experience we may sée in those countries whose soile consists of this
+white light Sand, of which wée haue now written: neyther shall the
+Plow-man vpon this soile néede any person to driue or order his Plough
+more then himselfe: for the soile being so light and easie to cut, the
+Plough so nimble, and the Cattell so few and so neare him, hauing euer
+his right hand at libertie (because his plough hath but onely a left
+hand Hale) he hath liberty euer to carry a goade or whip in his right
+hand, to quicken and set forward his Cattell, and also a line which
+being fastned to the heads of the Beasts, hée may with it euer when hée
+comes to the lands end, stop them and turne them vpon which hand he
+pleases. And thus much for the tillage and ordering of this white Sand.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IX.
+
+_The manner of plowing the Grauell with Pible stones, or the Grauell with
+Flint, their Earings, Plough, and implements._
+
+
+Hauing in the plainest manner I can written sufficiently already of the
+foure simple and vncompounded soiles, to wit, two Clayes, blacke and
+gray, and two Sands, red and white, it now rests that I also giue you
+some perfect touch or taste of the mixt or compounded soiles, as namely,
+the grauell which is a kinde of hard sand, clay and stone mixt together:
+and of Grauels there be two kindes, that is to say, one that is mixt
+with little small Pible stones, as in many parts of Middlesex, Kent, and
+Surry: and the Grauell mixt with broad Flints, as in many parts of
+Hartford-shire, Essex, and sundry such places. These Grauels are both,
+in generall, subiect to much barrainnesse, especially if they be
+accompanied with any extraordinary moisture, yet with the good labour of
+plowing, and with the cost of much Manure, they are brought to
+reasonable fruitfulnesse, where it comes to passe that the Plow-man
+which is master of such a soile, if either he liue not neare some Citie
+or Market-towne, where great store of Manure, by the concourse of
+people, is daily bred, and so consequently is very cheape, or else haue
+not in his owne store and bréede, meanes to raise good store of Manure,
+hée shall seldome thriue and prosper thereupon. Now although in these
+grauell soiles there is a diuersity of mixture, as the one mingled with
+small Pibles, which indéede is the worst mixture, the other with broad
+Flints, which is the better signe of fruitfulnesse: yet in their order
+of tillage or Earings, in their wéeding and cleansing, and in all other
+ardors and obseruations, they differ nothing at all, the beginning and
+ending of each seuerall worke being all one.
+
+Now for the manner of worke belonging vnto these two soiles, it altereth
+in no respect nor obseruation eyther in Plough, plowing, manuring,
+weeding, or any other thing whatsoeuer, from that of the white sand, the
+same times of the yéere, the same Séedes, and the same Earings being
+euer to be obserued, wherefore it shall be needlesse to write so amply
+of these soiles as of the former, because being all one with the white
+Sand, without alteration, it were but to write one thing twice, and
+therefore I referre the Reader to the former Chapter, and also the
+Husbandman that shall liue vpon either of these soiles, onely with these
+few caueats: First, that for the laying his lands, hée shall lay them in
+little small stitches, that is, not hauing aboue foure furrowes laid
+together, as it were for one land, in such sort as you sée in
+Hartford-shire, Essex, Middlesex, Kent and Surry: for this soile being
+for the most part subiect to much moisture and hardnesse, if it should
+be laid in great lands, according to the manner of the North parts, it
+would ouer-burden, choake and confound the séed which is throwne into
+it. Secondly, you shall not goe about to gather off the stones which
+séeme as it were to couer the lands, both because the labour is infinite
+and impossible, as also because those stones are of good vse, and as it
+were a certaine Manuring and helpe vnto the ground: for the nature of
+this Grauell being colde and moist, these stones doe in the winter time,
+defend and kéepe the sharpnesse of the Frosts and bleake windes from
+killing the heart or roote of the séedes, and also in the Summer it
+defends the scorching heate of the Sunne from parching and drying vp the
+Séede, which in this grauelly soile doth not lie so well couered, as in
+other soyles, especially if this kinde of earth be inuironed with any
+great hils (as most commonly it is) the reflection whereof makes the
+heate much more violent. And lastly, to obserue that there is no manure
+better or more kindly for this kinde of earth then Chaulke, white Marle,
+or Lyme: for all other matters whatsoeuer the former Chapter of the
+white Sand, will giue you sufficient instructions.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. X.
+
+_The manner of plowing the blacke Clay mixt with red Sand, and the white
+Clay mixt with white Sand, their Earings, Plough and Implements._
+
+
+Next to these grauelly soiles, there be also two other compounded
+earths, as namely, the blacke Clay mixt with red Sand, and the white
+Clay mixt with white sand, which albe they differ in composition of
+mould, yet they hold one nature in their Tillage and Husbandry:
+wherefore first to speake of the blacke Clay mixt with red Sand, which
+(as before I said) is called of Husbandmen an hassell earth, you shall
+vnderstand that it is a very rich and good soile, very fruitfull both
+for Corne and Grasse: for Corne, being apt to beare any séede
+whatsoeuer: and for Grasse, as naturally putting it forth very earely in
+the yéere, by which your Cattell shall get reliefe sooner then in other
+soiles of colder nature: for both the blacke and white claies doe
+seldome flowrish with any store of Grasse before Iune, which is the
+time of wood-seare, and this soile will boast of some plenty about the
+beginning of Aprill at the furthest: but for Grasse we shall speake in
+his proper place.
+
+{SN: Of fallowing.}
+Now for his tillage it is thus: you shall about the middest of Ianuary,
+beginne to fallow that field which you intend that yéere shall lye at
+rest or tilth, and you shall fallow it in such sort as is specified in
+the Chapter of the blacke clay: onely you shall raise small furrowes and
+Plow the land cleane, being sure to open and cast the land downeward if
+the land lie high and round, otherwise you shall neuer at any time cast
+the land downe but ridge it vp, that is to say, when you fallow it, you
+shall cast the first furrow downeward, and so likewise the second, which
+two furrowes being cleane ploughed, will lay the land open inough, that
+is, there wilbe no part of the ridge vnploughed: which done, by changing
+your hand and the gate of your Plough, you shall plough those furrowes
+backe againe and lay them vpward, and so plough the whole land vpward,
+also laying it round and high: the reason for this manner of plowing
+being this, that for as much as this land being mixt of clay and sand,
+must néedes be a sore binding land, therefore if it should be laid flat,
+if any great raine or wet should fall, and a present drought follow it,
+neither should you possibly force your Plough to enter into it and
+breake it, or being broken should you get so much mould as to couer your
+Corne and giue the séede comfort, whereas vpon the contrary part, if it
+be laid high and vpright, it must necessarily be laid hollow and light,
+in so much that you may both Plough it at your pleasure, and also beget
+so perfect a mould as any other soile whatsoeuer, both because the wet
+hath liberty to auoide through the hollownesse, and also because the
+Sunne and weather hath power to enter and season it, wherefore in
+conclusion you shall fallow this field downeward if it lye high and
+vpright, otherwise you shall fallow it vpward as the meanes to bring it
+to the best Ardor.
+
+Now for this fallow field it must euer be made where the yéere before
+you did reape your Pease, in case you haue but thrée fields, or where
+you did reape your Wheate, Rye, and Maslin, in case you haue foure
+fields, according to the manner of the blacke clay.
+
+{SN: Of sowing Pease.}
+About the middest of February, which is within a day or two of Saint
+_Valentines_ day, if the season be any thing constant in fairenesse and
+drinesse, you shall then beginne to sow your Pease, for you must
+vnderstand that albeit this soile will beare Beanes, yet they are
+nothing so naturall for it as Pease, both because they are an hungry
+séede and doe much impaire and wast the ground, and also because they
+prosper best in a fat, loose, and tough earth, which is contrary to this
+hard and drie soile: but especially if you haue foure fields, you shall
+forbeare to sow any Beanes at all, least you loose two commodities, that
+is, both quantitie of graine (because Beanes are not so long and
+fruitfull vpon this earth, as vpon the clayes) and the Manuring of your
+ground, which Pease out of their owne natures doe, both by the
+smoothering of the ground and their owne fatnesse, when your Beanes doe
+pill and sucke the hart out of the earth.
+
+Now for the manner of sowing your Pease, you shall sow them aboue
+furrow, that is, first plough the land vpward, then immediately sow your
+Pease, and instantly after Harrow them, the Plough, the Séedes-man, and
+the Harrower, by due course, following each other, and so likewise you
+may sow Oates vpon this soile.
+
+{SN: Of sowing Barley.}
+About the middest of March, which is almost a fortnight before our Lady
+day, you shall beginne to sow your Barley, which Barley you shall sow
+neither vnder-furrow nor aboue, but after this order: first, you shall
+plow your land downeward, beginning at the furrow and so assending
+vpward to the ridge of the land, which as soone as you haue opened, you
+shall then by pulling the plough out of the earth, and laying the
+shelboard crosse the ridge, you shall fill the ridge in againe with the
+same mould which you plowed vp: this done, your séedes-man shall bring
+his Barley and sow the land aboue furrow: after the land is sowne, you
+shall then Harrow it as small as may be, first with a paire of woodden
+Harrowes, and after with a paire of Iron Harrowes, or else with a double
+Oxe Harrow, for this earth being somewhat hard and much binding, will
+aske great care and dilligence in breaking.
+
+{SN: Of sleighting.}
+After your Barley is sowne, you shall about the latter end of Aprill
+beginne to smooth and sleight your land, both with the backe Harrowes
+and with the rouler, and looke what clots they faile to breake, you
+shall with clotting beetles beate them asunder, making your mould as
+fine and laying your land as smooth as is possible.
+
+{SN: Of Summer-stirring.}
+About the middest of May, you shall, if any wet fall, beginne to
+Summer-stirre your land, or if no wet fall, you shall doe your indeauour
+to Summer-stirre your land, rather aduenturing to breake two ploughes,
+then to loose one day in that labour, knowing this, that one land
+Summer-stird in a dry season, is better then thrée Summer-stird in a wet
+or moist weather, both because it giues the earth a better temper, and
+kils the wéedes with more assurednesse, and as I speake of
+Summer-stirring, so I speake of all other Ardors, that the drier they
+are done the better they are euer done: and in this season you shall
+also gather the stones from your ground.
+
+{SN: Obiection.}
+Now it may be obiected, that if it be best to plough in drie seasons, it
+is then best to fallow also in a dry season, and by that meanes not to
+beginne to fallow vntill the beginning of May, as is prescribed for the
+blacke clay, and so to deferre the Summer-stirring till the next month
+after, sith of necessitie Ianuary must either be wet or else vnkindely.
+
+{SN: Answere.}
+To this I make answere, that most true it is, that the land which is
+last fallowed is euer the best and most fruitfull, yet this mixt earth
+which is compound of sand and clay, is such a binding earth, that if it
+be not taken and fallowed in a moist-time of the yéere, as namely, in
+Ianuary or February, but suffered to lye till May, at which time the
+drought hath so entered into him, that the greatest part of his moisture
+is decaied, then I say, the nature of the ground is such and so hard,
+that it wilbe impossible to make any plough enter into it, so that you
+shall not onely aduenture the losse of that speciall Ardor, but also of
+all the rest which should follow after, and so consequently loose the
+profit of your land: where contrary wise if you fallow it at the
+beginning of the yéere, as in Ianuary, and February, albe they be wet,
+yet shall you lay vp your furrowes and make the earth more loose, by
+which meanes you shall compasse all the other Earings which belong to
+your soile: for to speake briefely, late fallowing belongs vnto claies,
+which by drought are made loose and light, and earely fallowings vnto
+mixt soiles, such as these which by drinesse doe ingender and binde
+close together.
+
+{SN: Of weeding.}
+About the middest of Iune, you shall beginne to wéede your Corne, in
+such sort as hath béene before described in the former Chapters: and
+although this soile naturally of it selfe (if it haue receiued his whole
+Ardor in due seasons, and haue béene Ploughed cleane, according to the
+office of a good Husband) doth neither put forth Thistle or other wéede,
+yet if it want either the one or the other, it is certaine that it puts
+them forth in great abundance, for by Thistles and wéedes, vpon this
+soile, is euer knowne the goodnesse and dilligence of the Husbandman.
+
+{SN: Of Foiling.}
+About the middest of Iuly, you shall beginne to foile your land, in such
+sort also as hath béene mentioned in the former Chapters, onely with
+this obseruation that if any of your lands lie flat, you shall then, in
+your foiling, plough those lands vpward and not downeward, holding your
+first precept that in this soile, your lands must lie high, light, and
+hollow, which if you sée they doe, then you may if you please in your
+foiling cast them downeward, because at Winter ridging you may set them
+vp againe.
+
+{SN: Of Manuring.}
+Now for as much as in this Chapter I haue hitherto omitted to speake of
+Manuring this soile, you shall vnderstand that it is not because I hold
+it so rich that it néedeth no Manure, but because I know there is
+nothing more néedfull vnto it then Manure, in so much that I wish not
+the Husbandman of this ground to binde himselfe vnto any one particular
+season of the yéere for the leading forth of his Manure, but to bestow
+all his leasurable houres and rest from other workes onely vpon this
+labor, euen through the circuit of the whole yéere, knowing this most
+precisely, that at what time of the yéere so euer you shall lay Manure
+vpon this earth it will returne much profit.
+
+As for the choise of Manures vpon this soile they are all those
+whatsoeuer, of which I haue formerly intreated in any of the other
+Chapters, no Manure whatsoeuer comming amisse to this ground: prouided
+that the Husbandman haue this respect to lay vpon his moystest and
+coldest ground his hottest Manures, and vpon his hottest and driest
+earth his coolest and moistest Manures: the hot Manures being
+Shéepes-dung, Pigions-dung, Pullen-dung, Lyme, Ashes, and such like: the
+coole being Oxe-dung, Horse-dung, the scowrings of Ponds, Marle, and
+such like.
+
+{SN: Of Winter-ridging.}
+About the middest of September you shall beginne to Winter-ridge your
+Land, which in all points you shall doe according as is mentioned in the
+former Chapters of the Clayes: for in this Ardor there is neuer any
+difference, onely this one small obseruation, that you may aduenture to
+Winter-ridge this mixt earth sooner then any other: for many of our best
+English Husbandmen which liue vpon this soile doe hold this opinion,
+that if it be Winter-ridged so earely in the yéere, that through the
+vertue of the latter spring it put forth a certaine gréene wéede like
+mosse, bring short and soft, that the land is so much the better
+therefore, being as they imagine both fed and comforted by such a
+slender expression which doth not take from the land any hart, but like
+a warme couering doth ripen and make mellow the mould, and this cannot
+be effected but onely by earely Winter-ridging.
+
+{SN: Of Sowing of Wheate, Rye, and Maslin.}
+At the end of September you shall beginne to sow your Wheate, Rye, and
+Maslin, all which Graines are very naturall, good, and profitable vpon
+this soile, and are to be sowne after the same manner, and with the same
+obseruations which are specified in the former Chapter of the blacke
+clay, that is to say, the Wheate vnder furrow, and vnharrowed, the Rye
+and Maslin aboue furrow, and well harrowed. And herein is also to be
+remembred all those precepts mentioned in the Chapter of the blacke
+Clay, touching the diuision of the fields, that is to say, if you haue
+three fields, you shall then sow your Wheate, Rye and Maslin in your
+fallow-field, and so saue both the Foyling and double manuring of so
+much earth: but if you haue foure fields, then you shall sow those
+graines vpon that land from whence the same yéere you did reape your
+Pease; your Wheate hauing no other Manure then that which came by the
+Pease, your Rye hauing, if possible, eyther Manure from the Cart, or
+from the Folde, in such sort as hath béene shewed in the Chapter of the
+blacke Clay, and this of Husbandmen is called Inam-wheate or Inam-rye,
+that is, white-corne sowne after white-corne, as Barley after Barley, or
+hard-corne after hard-corne, which is wheate after Pease.
+
+{SN: Of the plough.}
+Now for the Plough which is most proper for this soile it is to be made
+of a middle size betwixt that for the blacke Clay, and that for the red
+Sand, being not all out so bigge and vnwieldy as the first, nor so
+slender and nimble as the latter, but taking a middle proportion from
+them both, you shall make your Plough of a competent fitnesse.
+
+{SN: Of the plough-Irons.}
+As for the Irons, the Share must be of the same proportion that the
+Share for the red Sand is, yet a little thought bigger, and the Coulture
+of the fashion of that Coulture, onely not full so much bent, but
+all-out as sharpe and as long: and these Irons must be euer well
+maintained with stéele, for this mixt earth is euer the hardest, and
+weareth both the Plough and Irons soonest, and therefore it is agréed
+by all Husbandmen that this Plough must not at any time want his
+Plough-slip, except at the first going of the Plough you shall finde
+that it hath too much land, that is to say, by the crosse setting on of
+the beame, that it runneth too gréedily into the land, which to helpe,
+you shall let your Plough goe without a plough-slip, till the
+plough-head be so much worne, that it take no more but an ordinary
+furrow, and then you shall set on your Plough-slips and Plough clouts
+also: but I write this in case there be imperfection in the Plough,
+which if it be otherwise, then this obseruation is néedlesse.
+
+{SN: Of the Teame.}
+Now for the Teame or Draught which shall draw this Plough, they are as
+the former, Oxen or Horses, and their number the same that is prescribed
+for the blacke Clay, as namely, eight or sixe Beasts for Pease-earth,
+for Fallowing, and Summer-stirring, and sixe or foure for all other
+Ardors: for you must vnderstand that this mixt and binding soile,
+through his hardnesse, and glutenous holding together, is as hard to
+plow as any clay-soile whatsoeuer, and in some speciall seasons more by
+many degrées.
+
+{SN: Of the white clay with white Sand.}
+Now for the white clay mixt with white sand, it is an earth much more
+barraine, then this former mixt earth, and bringeth forth nothing
+without much care, diligence, and good order: yet, for his manner of
+Earings, in their true natures euery way doe differ nothing from the
+Earings of this blacke clay and red Sand, onely the Séede which must be
+sowne vpon this soile differeth from the former: for vpon this soile in
+stead of Barley you must sow most Oates, as a Graine which will take
+much strength from little fertilitie: and in stead of Rye you shall sow
+more Wheate and more Pease, or in stead of Pease then you shall sow
+Fitches of eyther kinde which you please, and the increase will be
+(though not in abundance, yet) so sufficient as shall well quit the
+Plow-mans labour.
+
+{SN: Of Manuring.}
+Now for the Manuring of this ground, you shall vnderstand that Marle is
+the chiefest: for neyther will any man suppose that this hard soile
+should bring vp cattell sufficient to manure it, nor if it would, yet
+that Manure were not so good: for a barraine clay being mixt with a most
+barraine sand, it must consequently follow that the soile must be of all
+the barenest, insomuch that to giue perfect strength and life vnto it,
+there is nothing better then Marle, which being a fat and strong clay,
+once incorporated within these weake moulds, it must néedes giue them
+the best nourishment, loosening the binding substance, and binding that
+weaknesse which occasioneth the barrainnesse: but of this Marle I shall
+haue more occasion to speake hereafter in a particular Chapter, onely
+thus much I must let you vnderstand, that this soile, albe it be not
+within any degrée of praise for the bringing forth of Corne, yet it is
+very apt and fruitfull for the bréeding of grasse, insomuch that it will
+beare you corne for at least nine yéeres together (without the vse of
+any fallow or Tilth-field) if it be well marled, and immediately after
+it will beare you very good bréeding grasse, or else reasonable Medow
+for as many yéeres after, as by daily experience we sée in the Countries
+of Lancaster and Chester. So that the consequence being considered, this
+ground is not but to be held indifferent fruitfull: for whereas other
+soiles afore shewed (which beare abundance of Graine) are bound to be
+manured once in thrée yéeres, this soile, albe it beare neither so rich
+graine, nor so much plenty, yet it néedes marling not aboue once in
+sixtéene or eightéene yéeres: and albe Marle be a Manure of the greatest
+cost, yet the profit by continuance is so equall that the labour is
+neuer spent without his reward, as shall more largely appeare hereafter.
+
+{SN: Of the Plough.}
+As touching the Plough, it is the same which is mentioned in the other
+soile of the blacke Clay, and red Sand, altering nothing eyther in
+quantitie of timber, or strength of Irons: so that to make any large
+description thereof, is but to double my former discourses, and make my
+writings tedious.
+
+For to conclude briefely, these two soiles differ onely but in fatnesse
+and strength of nature, not in Earing, or plowing, so that the labours
+of tillage being equall there is not any alteration more then the true
+diligence of much manuring, which will bréede an affinitie or alyance
+betwixt both these soiles. And thus much for this blacke Clay and red
+Sand, or white Clay and white Sand.
+
+
+
+
+{Illustration}
+
+  THE
+  FIRST PART
+  OF THE ENGLISH
+  Husbandman:
+  Contayning, the manner of plowing and Manuring all sorts of Soyles,
+  together with the manner of planting and setting of Corne.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_Of the manner of plowing all simple Earths, which are vncompounded._
+
+
+That many famous and learned men, both in Fraunce, Spaine, Italy and
+Germany, haue spent all their best time in shewing vnto the world the
+excellencie of their experiences, in this onely renowned Arte of
+Husbandry, their large and learned Volumes, most excellently written, in
+that kinde, are witnesses: from whence we by translations haue gotten
+some contentment, though but small profit; because those forraine
+clymates, differing much from ours, both in nature of earth, and temper
+of Ayre, the rules and obseruations belonging vnto them can be little
+auailable to vs, more then to know what is done in such parts, a thing
+more appertaining to our conference then practise. But now, that other
+kingdomes may sée though wée write lesse yet wée know as much as
+belongeth to the office of the English Husbandman, I, though the meanest
+of many millions, haue vndertaken to deliuer vnto the world all the true
+rudiments, obseruations and knowledges what soeuer, which hath any
+affinitie or alliance with English Husbandry. And for as much as the
+best and principallest part of Husbandry consisteth in the plowing and
+earring of the ground (for in that onely _Adam_ began his first labours)
+I thinke it not vnméete, first to treate of that subiect, procéeding so
+from braunch to braunch, till I haue giuen euery one sufficient
+knowledge.
+
+To speake then first of the Tilling of Grounds. You shall well
+vnderstand, that it is the office of euery good Husbandman before he put
+his plough into the earth, truly to consider the nature of his Grounds,
+and which is of which quallitie and temper. To procéede then to our
+purpose; all soyles what soeuer, in this our kingdome of England, are
+reduced into two kindes onely, that is to say, Simple or Compound.
+Simple, are those which haue no mixture with others of a contrary
+quallitie, as are your stiffe clayes, or your loose sands: your stiffe
+clayes are likewise diuers, as a blacke clay, a blew clay, and a clay
+like vnto Marble. Your sands are also diuers, as a red sand, a white
+sand, a yellow sand, and a sand like vnto dust. Your mixt earths are
+where any of these clayes and sands are equally or vnindifferently mixed
+together, as shalbe at large declared hereafter. Now as touching the
+tilling of your simple clayes, it is to be noted, that the blacke clay,
+of all earth, is the most fruitfull, and demandeth from the Husbandman
+the least toyle, yet bringeth forth his increase in the greatest
+abundance: it will well and sufficiently bring forth thrée crops, eare
+it desire rest: namely, the first of Barly, the second of Pease, and the
+third of Wheate: It doth not desire much Manure, for it is naturally of
+it selfe so fat, rich, and fruitfull, that if you adde strength vnto his
+strength, by heaping Manure or Compasse thereupon, you make it either
+blast, and mildew the Corne that growes, with the too much fatnesse of
+the earth, or else through his extreame rankenesse, to bring it vp in
+such abundance that it is not able to stand vpright when it is shot vp,
+but falling downe flat to the ground, and the eares of Corne smothering
+one another, they bring forth nothing but light Corne, like an emptie
+huske, without a kirnell. The best Manure or Compasse therefore that you
+can giue such ground, is then to plow it in orderly and dew seasons, as
+thus: you shall begin to fallow, or breake vp this soyle, at the
+beginning of May, at which time you shall plow it déepe, & take vp a
+large furrow, and if your Lands lye any thing flat, it shalbe méete that
+you begin on the ridge of the land, and turne all your furrowes vpward,
+but if your Lands lye high and vpright, then shall you begin in the
+furrow and turne all your furrowes downeward, which is called of
+Husbandmen, the casting downe of Land. This first plowing of ground, or
+as Husbandmen tearme it, the first ardor, is called fallowing: the
+second ardor, which we call stirring of ground, or sommer stirring, you
+shall begin in Iuly, which is of great consequence, for by meanes of it
+you shall kill all manner of wéedes and thistells that would annoy your
+Land. In this ardor you must oft obserue that if when you fallowed you
+did set vp your Land, then now when you stirre you must cast downe your
+Land, and so contrarily, if before you did cast downe, then now you must
+set vp: your third ardor, which is called of Husbandmen, winter
+ridgeing, or setting vp Land for the whole yéere, you shall begin at the
+latter end of September, and you must euer obserue that in this third
+ardor you doe alwaies ridge vp your Land, that is to say, you most turne
+euery furrow vpward and lay them as close together as may be, for
+should you doe otherwise, that is to say, either lay them flat or
+loosely, the winter season would so beat and bake them together, that
+when you should sow your séede you would hardly get your plough into the
+ground.
+
+Now your fourth and last ardor, which must be when you sow your séede,
+you shall begin euer about the midst of March, at least one wéeke before
+our Ladies day, commonly called the Annunciation of _Mary_, and this
+ardor you shall euer plow downeward, laying your ridges very well open,
+and you shall euer obserue in this ardor, first to sow your séede, and
+then after to plow your ground, turning your séede into the earth, which
+is called of Husbandmen, sowing vnderfurrow: as soone as your ground is
+plowed you shall harrow it with an harrow whose téeth are all of wood,
+for these simple earths are of easie temper and will of themselues fall
+to dust, then after you haue thus sowne your ground, if then there
+remaine any clots or lumpes of earth vnbroken, you shall let them rest
+till after the next shower of raine, at which time you shall either with
+a heauie rouler, or the backside of your harrowes, runne ouer your
+Lands, which is called the sleighting of ground, and it will not onely
+breake such clots to dust, but also lay your Land plaine and smoth,
+leauing no impediment to hinder the Corne from sprouting and comming
+forth. In this same ordor as you are appointed for this blacke clay, in
+this same manner you shall ordor both your blew clay & your clay which
+is like vnto marble. Now as touching the plough which is fittest for
+these clayes, it must be large and strong, the beame long and well
+bending, the head thicke and large, the skéeth broad, strong, and well
+sloaping, the share with a very large wing, craueing much earth, and the
+coulter long, thicke and very straight.
+
+Now touching those lands which are simple and vncompounded, you shall
+vnderstand that euery good Husbandman must begin his first ardor (which
+is to fallow them) at the beginning of Ianuary, hée must sooner stirre
+them, which is the second ardor, at the latter end of Aprill, he shall
+cast them downe againe, which is called foyling of Land, at the
+beginning of Iuly, which is the third ardor, and wherein is to be noted,
+that how soeuer all other ardors are plowed, yet this must euer be cast
+downward: the fourth ardor, which is winter-stirring or winter-ridgeing,
+must euer begin at the end of September, and the fift and last ardor
+must be performed when you sow your ground, which would be at the
+middest of May, at the soonest, and if your leasure and abilitie will
+giue you leaue, if you turne ouer your ground againe in Ianuary, it will
+be much better, for these sands can neuer haue too much plowing, nor too
+much Manure, and therefore for them both, you shall apply them so oft as
+your leasure will conueniently serue, making no spare when either the
+way or opportunitie will giue you leaue. Now for as much as all sands,
+being of a hot nature, are the fittest to bring foorth Rye, which is a
+graine delighting in drynesse onely, you shall vnderstand, that then you
+shall not néed to plow your ground aboue foure times ouer, that is, you
+shall fallow, sommer stirre, foyle, and in September sow your Corne: and
+as these ardors serue the red sand, so are they sufficient for your
+white sand, and your yealow sand also. As touching the ploughes fit for
+these light earths, they would be little and strong, hauing a short
+slender beame and a crooked; a narrow and thinne head, a slender skéeth,
+a share without a wing, a coulter thinne and very crooked, and a paire
+of hales much bending forward towards the man; and with this manner of
+plough you may plow diuers mixt and compounded earths, as the blacke
+clay and red sand, or the red sand and white grauell: and thus much as
+touching earths that are simple and vncompounded.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+_Of the manner of plowing the blacke clay mixt with white sand, and the
+white clay mixt with red sand: their Earrings, Plough, and Implements._
+
+
+As touching the mixture of these two seuerall soyles, that is to say,
+the blacke clay with white sand, and the white clay with red sand, they
+differ not in the nature of plowing, sowing, or in Manuring, from the
+soyle which is mixt of a blacke clay and red sand, of which I haue
+sufficiently intreated before: onely thus much you shall vnderstand,
+that the blacke clay mixt with white sand is so much better and richer
+then the white clay mixt with red sand, by as much as the blacke clay is
+better then the white clay: and although some Husbandmen in our Land,
+hould them to be both of one temper and goodnesse, reasoning thus, that
+by how much the blacke clay is better then the white, by so much the red
+sand is better then the white sand, so that what the mixture of the one
+addeth, the mixture of the other taketh away, and so maketh them all one
+in fruitfulnesse and goodnesse: but in our common experience it doth not
+so fall out, for wée finde that the blacke clay mixt with white sand, if
+it be ordered in the forme of good Husbandry, that is to say, be plowed
+ouer at least foure times, before it come to be sowne, and that it be
+Manured and compassed in Husbandly fashion, which is to allow at least
+eight waine-load to an Aker, that if then vpon such Land you shall sow
+either Organe Wheat (in the south parts called red Wheat) or flaxen, or
+white Pollard Wheat, that such Wheat will often mildew, and turne as
+blacke as soote, which onely showeth too much richnesse and fatnesse in
+the earth, which the white clay mixt with red sand hath neuer beene
+séene to doe, especially so long as it is vsed in any Husbandly
+fashion, neither will the white clay mixt with red sand indure to be
+deuided into foure fields, that is to say, to beare thrée seuerall
+crops, one after another, as namely, Barly, Pease, and Wheat, without
+rest, which the blacke clay mixt with white sand many times doth, and
+thereby againe showeth his better fruitfulnesse: neuerthelesse, in
+generalitie I would not wish any good Husbandman, and especially such as
+haue much tillage, to deuide either of these soyles into any more then
+thrée fields, both because hee shall ease himselfe and his Cattell of
+much toyle, shall not at any time loose the best seasons for his best
+workes, and make his commodities, and fruit of his hands labours, by
+many degrées more certaine.
+
+You shall also vnderstand, that both these soyles are very much binding,
+especially the white clay with red sand, both because the clay,
+procéeding from a chaukie and limie substance, and not hauing in it much
+fatnesse or fertillitie (which occasioneth seperation) being mixt with
+the red sand, which is of a much more hardnesse and aptnesse to knit
+together, with such tough matter, it must necessarilie binde and cleaue
+together, and so likewise the blacke clay, from whence most naturally
+procéedeth your best limestone, being mixt with white sand, doth also
+binde together and stifle the séede, if it be not preuented by good
+Husbandry.
+
+You shall therefore in the plowing and earring of these two soyles,
+obserue two especiall notes; the first, that by no meanes you plow it in
+the wet, that is, in any great glut of raine: for if you either lay it
+vp, or cast it downe, when it is more like morter then earth, if then
+any sunshine, or faire weather, doe immediately follow vpon it, it will
+so drie and bake it, that if it be sowne, neither will the séede haue
+strength to sprout thorrow it, nor being in any of your other summer
+ardors, shall you by any meanes make your plough enter into it againe,
+when the season falleth for other plowing. The second, that you haue
+great care you lay your Land high and round, that the furrowes, as it
+were standing vpright one by another, or lying light and hollow, one
+vpon another, you may with more ease, at any time, enter in your plough,
+and turne your moulde which way you please, either in the heate of
+Sommer, or any other time of the yéere whatsoeuer.
+
+Now as touching the plough, which is most best and proper for these
+soyles, it would be the same in sise which is formerly directed for the
+red sand, onely the Irons must be altered, for the Coulter would be more
+long, sharpe, and bending, and the share so narrow, sharpe, and small as
+can conueniently be made, according as is formerly expressed, that not
+hauing power to take vp any broad furrow, the furrowes by reason of
+there slendernesse may lye many, and those many both hollow, light and
+at any time easily to be broken.
+
+As for the Teame which is best to worke in this soyle, they may be
+either Horses or Oxen, or Oxen and Horse mixt together, according to the
+Husbandmans abillitie, but if hée be a Lord of his owne pleasure and may
+commaund, and haue euery thing which is most apt and proper, then in
+these two soyles, I preferre the Teame of Horses single, rather then
+Oxen, especially in any winter or moist ardor, because they doe not
+tread and foyle the ground making it mirie and durtie as the Oxe doth,
+but going all in one furrow, doe kéepe the Land in his constant
+firmenesse.
+
+As touching the clotting, sleighting, wéeding, and dressing of these two
+soyles, they differ in nothing from the former mixt earths, but desire
+all one manner of dilligence: and thus much for these two soyles the
+blacke clay mixt with white sand, and the white clay with white red
+sand.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+_A comparison of all the former soyles together, and most especiall notes
+for giuing the ignorant Husbandman perfect vnderstanding, of what is
+written before._
+
+
+The reason why I haue thus at large discoursed of euery seuerall soyle,
+both simple and compounded, is to show vnto the industrious Husbandman,
+the perfect and true reason of the generall alteration of our workes in
+Husbandry, through this our Realme of England: for if all our Land, as
+it is one kingdome, were likewise of one composition, mixture, and
+goodnesse, it were then excéeding preposterous to sée those diuersities,
+alterations, I, and euen contrary manners of procéedings in Husbandry,
+which are daily and hourely vsed: but euery man in his owne worke knowes
+the alteration of clymates. Yet for so much as this labour of Husbandry,
+consisteth not for the most part in the knowing and vnderstanding
+breast, but in the rude, simple, and ignorant Clowne, who onely knoweth
+how to doe his labour, but cannot giue a reason why he doth such labour,
+more then the instruction of his parents, or the custome of the
+Countrie, where it comes to passe (and I haue many times séene the same
+to mine admiration) that the skillfullest Clowne which is bred in the
+clay soyles, when hée hath béene brought to the sandy ground, hée could
+neither hould the plough, temper the plough, nor tell which way in good
+order to driue the Cattell, the heauinesse of the one labour being so
+contrary to the lightnesse of the other, that not hauing a temperance,
+or vnderstanding in his hands, hée hath béene put euen vnto his wittes
+ends; therefore I thinke it conuenient, in this place, by a slight
+comparison of soyles together, to giue the simplest Husbandman such
+direct & plaine rules that he shall with out the study of his braines,
+attaine to absolute knowledge of euery seuerall mixture of earth: and
+albeit hée shall not be able distinctly to say at the first that it is
+compounded of such and such earths, yet hée shall be very able to
+deliuer the true reason and manner how such ground (of what nature
+soeuer) shall be Husbanded and tilled.
+
+Therefore to begin the Husbandman, is to vnderstand, that generally
+there are but two soyles for him to regard, for in them consisteth the
+whole Arte of Husbandry: as namely, the open and loose earth, and the
+close and fast binding earth, and these two soyles being meare opposites
+and contraries, most necessarily require in the Husbandman a double
+vnderstanding, for there is no soyle, of what simplicitie or mixture
+soeuer it be, but it is either loose or fast.
+
+Now to giue you my meaning of these two words, _loose_ and _fast_, it
+is, that euery soyle which vpon parching and dry weather, euen when the
+Sunne beames scorcheth, and as it were baketh the earth, if then the
+ground vpon such excéeding drought doe moulder and fall to dust, so that
+whereas before when it did retaine moisture it was heauie, tough, and
+not to be seperated, now hauing lost that glewinesse it is light, loose,
+and euen with a mans foote to be spurnd to ashes, all such grounds are
+tearmed loose and open grounds, because at no time they doe binde in or
+imprison the séede (the frost time onely excepted, which is by
+accidence, and not from the nature of the soyle:) and all such grounds
+as in their moisture or after the fall of any sodaine raine are soft,
+plyable, light, and easie to be wrought, but after when they come to
+loose that moistnesse and that the powerfulnesse of the Sunne hath as it
+were drid vp their veynes, if then such earths become hard, firme, and
+not to be seperated, then are those soyles tearmed fast and binding
+soyles, for if there ardors be not taken in their due times, and their
+séede cast into them in perfect and due seasons, neither is it possible
+for the Plowman to plow them, nor for the séede to sprout through, the
+earth being so fastned and as it were stone-like fixt together. Now
+sithence that all soyles are drawne into these two heads, fastnes, and
+loosenesse, and to them is annexed the diuersitie of all tillage, I will
+now show the simple Husbandman which earths be loose, and which fast,
+and how without curiositie to know and to distinguish them.
+
+Breifely, all soyles that are simple and of themselues vncompounded, as
+namely, all claies, as blacke, white, gray, or blew, and all sands, as
+either red, white, or blacke, are open and loose soyles: the claies
+because the body and substance of them being held together by moistnes,
+that moisture being dryed vp, their strength and stifnesse decayeth, and
+sands by reason of their naturall lightnesse, which wanting a more moist
+and fixt body to be ioyned with them doe loose all strength of binding
+or holding together. Now all mixt or compound earths (except the
+compositions of one and the same kinds, as clay with clay, or sand with
+sand) are euer fast and binding earths: for betwixt sand and clay, or
+clay & grauell, is such an affinitie, that when they be mixt together
+the sand doth giue to the clay such hardnesse and drynesse, and the clay
+to the sand such moisture and coldnesse, that being fixt together they
+make one hard body, which through the warmth of the Sunne bindeth and
+cleaueth together. But if it be so that the ignorance of the Husbandman
+cannot either through the subtiltie of his eye sight, or the
+obseruations gathered from his experience, distinguish of these soyles,
+and the rather, sith many soyles are so indifferently mixt, and the
+colour so very perfect, that euen skill it selfe may be deceiued: as
+first to speake of what mixture some soyles consist, yet for as much as
+it is sufficient for the Husbandman to know which is loose and which is
+binding, hée shall onely when he is perplext with these differences, vse
+this experiment, hée shall take a good lumpe of that earth whose
+temperature hée would know, and working it with water and his wet
+hands, like a péece of past, he shall then as it were make a cake
+thereof, and laying it before an hot fire, there let it lye, till all
+the moisture be dried & backt out of it, then taking it into your hands
+and breaking it in péeces, if betwéene your fingers it moulder and fall
+into a small dust, then be assured it is a loose, simple, and
+vncompounded earth, but if it breake hard and firme, like a stone, and
+when you crumble it betwéene your fingers it be rough, gréetie, and
+shining, then be assured it is a compounded fast-binding earth, and is
+compounded of clay and sand, and if in the baking it doe turne red or
+redish, it is compounded of a gray clay and red sand, but if it be
+browne or blewish, then it is a blacke clay & white sand, but if when
+you breake it you finde therein many small pibles, then the mixture is
+clay and grauell. Now there be some mixt soyles, after they are thus
+bak't, although they be hard and binding, yet they will not be so
+excéeding hard and stone-like as other soyles will be, and that is where
+the mixture is vnequall, as where the clay is more then the sand, or the
+sand more then the clay.
+
+When you haue by this experiment found out the nature of your earth, and
+can tell whether it be simple or compounded, you shall then looke to the
+fruitfulnesse thereof, which generally you shall thus distinguish.
+First, that clayes, simple and of themselues vncompounded, are of all
+the most fruitfull, of which, blacke is the best, that next to clayes,
+your mixt earths are most fertill, and the mixture of the blacke clay
+and red sand, called a hasell earth, is the best, and that your sands
+are of all soyles most barraine, of which the red sand for profit hath
+euer the preheminence.
+
+Now for the generall tillage and vse of these grounds, you shall
+vnderstand that the simple and vncompounded grounds, being loose and
+open (if they lye frée from the danger of water) the Lands may be layd
+the flattest and greatest, the furrowes turned vp the largest and
+closest, and the plough and plough-Irons, most large and massie, onely
+those for the sandy grounds must be more slender then those for the
+clayes and much more nimble, as hath béene showed before. Now for the
+mixt earths, you shall lay your Lands high, round, and little, set your
+furrowes vpright, open, and so small as is possible, and make your
+plough and plow Irons most nimble and slender, according to the manner
+before specified: and thus I conclude, that hée which knoweth the loose
+earth and the binding earth, can either helpe or abate the strength of
+the earth, as is néedfull, and knowes how to sorte his ploughes to each
+temper, knowes the ground and substance of all tillage.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IIII.
+
+_Of the planting or setting of Corne, and the profit thereof._
+
+
+Not that I am conceited, or carried away with any nouelty or strange
+practise, vnusually practised in this kingdome, or that I will ascribe
+vnto my selfe to giue any iudiciall approbation or allowance to things
+mearely vnfrequented, doe I publish, within my booke, this relation of
+the setting of Corne, but onely because I would not haue our English
+Husbandman to be ignorant of any skill or obscure faculty which is
+either proper to his profession, or agréeable with the fertillitie and
+nature of our clymates, and the rather, since some few yéeres agoe, this
+(as it then appeared secret) being with much admiration bruted through
+the kingdome, in so much that according to our weake accustomed
+dispositions (which euer loues strange things best) it was held so
+worthy, both for generall profit and perticular ease, that very fein
+(except the discréet) but did not alone put it in practise, but did euen
+ground strong beleifes to raise to themselues great common-wealthes by
+the profits thereof; some not onely holding insufficient arguments, in
+great places, of the invtilitie of the plough, but euen vtterly
+contemning the poore cart Iade, as a creature of no necessitie, so that
+Poulters and Carriers, were in good hope to buy Horse-flesh as they
+bought egges, at least fiue for a penie; but it hath proued otherwise,
+and the Husbandman as yet cannot loose the Horses seruice. But to
+procéede to the manner of setting or planting of Corne, it is in this
+manner.
+
+{SN: Of setting Wheate.}
+Hauing chosen out an aker of good Corne ground, you shall at the
+beginning of March, appoint at least sixe diggers or laborers with
+spades to digge vp the earth gardenwise, at least a foote and thrée
+inches déepe (which is a large spades graft) and being so digged vp, to
+rest till Iune, and then to digge it ouer againe, and in the digging to
+trench it and Manure it, as for a garden mould, bestowing at least
+sixtéene Waine-load of Horse or Oxe Manure vpon the aker, and the Manure
+to be well couered within the earth, then so to let it rest vntill the
+beginning of October, which being the time for the setting, you shall
+then digge it vp the third time, and with rakes and béetells breake the
+moulde somewhat small, then shall you take a board of sixe foot square,
+which shalbe bored full of large wimble holes, each hole standing in
+good order, iust sixe inches one from another, then laying the board
+vpon the new digged ground, you shall with a stick, made for the
+purpose, through euery hole in the board, make a hole into the ground,
+at least fore inches déepe, and then into euery such hole you shall drop
+a Corne of Wheate, and so remouing the board from place to place, goe
+all ouer the ground that you haue digged, and so set each seuerall Corne
+sixe inches one from another, and then with a rake you shall rake ouer
+and couer all the holes with earth, in such sort that they may not be
+discerned. And herein you are to obserue by the way that a quarte of
+Wheate will set your aker: which Wheate is not to be taken as it falles
+out by chance when you buy it in the market, but especially culd and
+pickt out of the eare, being neither the vppermost Cornes which grow in
+the toppes of the eares, nor the lowest, which grow at the setting on of
+the stalke, both which, most commonly are light and of small substance,
+but those which are in the midst, and are the greatest, fullest, and
+roundest.
+
+{SN: Of setting Barly, or Pease.}
+Now in the selfe-same sort as you dresse your ground for your Wheate, in
+the selfe same manner you shall dresse your ground for Barly, onely the
+first time you digge it shalbe after the beginning of May, the second
+time and the Manuring about the midst of October, wherein you shall note
+that to your aker of Barly earth, you shall alow at least foure and
+twentie Waine-load of Manure, and the last time of your digging and
+setting shalbe at the beginning of Aprill.
+
+Now for the dressing of your earth for the setting of Pease, it is in
+all things answerable to that for Barly, onely you may saue the one
+halfe of your Manure, because a dosen Waine-load is sufficient, and the
+time for setting them, or any other pulse, is euer about the midst of
+February.
+
+{SN: Of the profit of setting Corne.}
+Now for the profit which issueth from this practise of setting of Corne,
+I must néeds confesse, if I shall speake simply of the thing, that is,
+how many foulds it doubleth and increaseth, surely it is both great and
+wonderfull: and whereas ingenerall it is reputed that an aker of set
+Corne yéeldeth as much profit as nine akers of sowne Corne, for mine
+owne part I haue séene a much greater increase, if euery Corne set in an
+aker should bring forth so much as I haue séene to procéede from some
+thrée or foure Cornes set in a garden, but I feare me the generalitie
+will neuer hould with the particular: how euer, it is most certaine that
+earth in this sort trimmed and inriched, and Corne in this sort set and
+preserued, yéeldeth at least twelue-fold more commoditie then that which
+by mans hand is confusedly throwne into the ground from the Hopper:
+whence it hath come to passe that those which by a few Cornes in their
+gardens thus set, séeing the innumerable increase, haue concluded a
+publique profit to arise thereby to the whole kingdome, not looking to
+the intricacie, trouble, and casualtie, which attends it, being such and
+so insupportable that almost no Husbandman is able to vndergoe it: to
+which we néed no better testimony then the example of those which hauing
+out of meare couetousnesse and lucre of gaine, followed it with all
+gréedinesse, séeing the mischiefes and inconueniences which hath
+incountred their workes, haue euen desisted, and forgotten that euer
+there was any such practise, and yet for mine owne part I will not so
+vtterly condemne it, that I will depriue it of all vse, but rather leaue
+it to the discretion of iudgement, and for my selfe, onely hould this
+opinion, that though it may very wel be spared from the generall vse of
+Wheat and Barly in this kingdome, yet for hastie-Pease, French Beanes,
+and such like pulse, it is of necessary imployment, both in rich and
+poore mens gardens. And thus much for the setting of Corne.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+_Of the choice of seede-Corne, and which is best for which soyle._
+
+
+Hauing thus showed vnto you the seuerall soyles and temperatures of our
+English land, together with the order of Manuring, dressing and tillage
+of the same, I thinke it méete (although I haue in generall writ
+something already touching the séede belonging to euery seuerall earth)
+now to procéede to a particular election and choice of séede-Corne, in
+which there is great care and diligence to be vsed: for as in Men,
+Beasts, Fowle, & euery mouing thing, there is great care taken for the
+choice of the bréeders, because the creatures bred doe so much
+participate of the parents that for the most part they are séene not
+onely to carry away their outward figures and semblances, but euen their
+naturall conditions and inclinations, good issuing from good, and euill
+from euill: so in the choise of séede-Corne, if their be any neglect or
+carelessenesse, the crop issuing of such corrupt séede must of force
+bring forth a more corrupt haruest, by as much as it excéedeth in the
+multiplication.
+
+{SN: The choise of seede Wheate.}
+To procéede therefore to the choise of séede-Corne, I will begin with
+Wheate, of which there are diuers kindes, as your whole straw Wheate,
+the great browne Pollard, the white Pollard, the Organe or red Wheate,
+the flaxen Wheate, and the chilter Wheate. Your whole straw Wheate, and
+browne Pollard, are knowne, the first, by his straw, which is full of
+pith, and hath in it no hollownesse (whence it comes that Husbandmen
+estéeme it so much for their thacking, allowing it to be as good and
+durable as réede:) the latter is knowne by his eare, which is great,
+white, and smooth, without anes or beard vpon it: in the hand they are
+both much like one to another, being of all Wheates the biggest,
+roundest and fullest: they be somewhat of a high colour, and haue vpon
+them a very thicke huske, which making the meale somewhat browne causeth
+the Baker not all together to estéeme them for his purest manchet, yet
+the yéeld of flower which cometh from them is as great and greater then
+any other Wheate whatsoeuer. These two sortes of Wheate are to be sowne
+vpon the fallow field, as crauing the greatest strength and fatnesse of
+ground, whence it comes that they are most commonly séene to grow vpon
+the richest and stiffest blacke clayes, being a graine of that strength
+that they will seldome or neuer mildew or turne blacke, as the other
+sortes of Wheate will doe, if the strength of the ground be not abated
+before they be throwne into the earth. Now for the choise of these two
+Wheates, if you be compelled to buy them in the market, you must regard
+that you buy that which is the cleanest and fairest, being vtterly
+without any wéedes, as darnell, cockell, tares or any other foulnesse
+whatsoeuer: you shall looke that the Wheate, as neare as may be, hould
+all of one bignesse and all of one colour, for to beholde it contrary,
+that is to say, to see some great Cornes, some little, some high
+coloured, some pale, so that in their mixture they resemble changeable
+taffata, is an apparant signe that the Corne is not of one kinde but
+mixt or blended, as being partly whole-straw, partly Pollard, partly
+Organe, and partly Chelter. For the flaxen, it is naturally so white
+that it cannot be mixt but it may easily be discerned, and these mixt
+séedes are neuer good, either for the ground or the vse of man. Againe
+you shall carefully looke that neither this kinde of Wheate, nor any
+other that you buy for séede be blacke at the ends, for that is a signe
+that the graine comming from too rich a soyle was mildewed, and then it
+will neuer be fruitfull or proue good séede, as also you shall take care
+that it be not too white at the ends, showing the Corne to be as it were
+of two colours, for that is a signe that the Wheate was washt and dried
+againe, which vtterly confoundeth the strength of the Corne and takes
+from it all abilitie of bringing forth any great encrease. Now if it be
+so that you haue a crop of Wheate of your owne, so that you haue no néed
+of the market, you shall then picke out of your choisest sheafes, and
+vpon a cleane floare gently bat them with a flaile, and not thresh them
+cleane, for that Corne which is greatest, fullest, and ripest, will
+first flie out of the eare, and when you haue so batted a competent
+quantitie you shall then winnow it and dresse it cleane, both by the
+helpe of a strong winde and open siues, and so make it fit for your
+séede.
+
+I haue séene some Husbands (and truely I haue accounted them both good
+and carefull) that haue before Wheate séede time both themselues, wiues,
+children, and seruants at times of best leasure, out of a great Wheate
+mow or bay, to gleane or pull out of the sheafes, eare by eare, the most
+principall eares, and knitting them vp in small bundells to bat them and
+make their séede thereof, and questionlesse it is the best séede of all
+other: for you shall be sure that therein can be nothing but the
+cleanest and the best of the Corne, without any wéedes or foulnesse,
+which can hardly be when a man thresheth the whole sheafe, and although
+some men may thinke that this labour is great and troblesome, especially
+such as sowe great quantities of Wheate, yet let them thus farre
+encourage themselues, that if they doe the first yéere but gleane a
+bushell or two (which is nothing amongst a few persons) and sowe it vp
+on good Land, the encrease of it will the next yéere goe farre in the
+sowing the whole crop: for when I doe speake of this picking of Wheate,
+eare by eare, I doe not intend the picking of many quarters, but of so
+much as the increase thereof may amount to some quarter.
+
+Now there is also another regarde to be had (as auailable as any of the
+former) in chusing of your séede Wheate, and that is to respect the
+soyle from whence you take your séede, and the soyle into which you put
+it, as thus.
+
+If the ground whereon you meane to sowe your Wheat be a rich, blacke,
+clay, stiffe and full of fertillitie, you shall then (as neare as you
+can) chuse your séede from the barrainest mixt earth you can finde (so
+the Wheate be whole-straw or Pollard) as from a clay and grauell, or a
+clay and white sand, that your séede comming from a much more barraine
+earth then that wherein you put it, the strength may be as it were
+redoubled, and the encrease consequently amount to a higher quantitie,
+as we finde it proueth in our daylie experience; but if these barraine
+soyles doe not afforde you séede to your contentment, it shall not then
+be amisse (you sowing your Wheate vpon fallow or tilth ground) if you
+take your séede-Wheate either from an earth of like nature to your owne,
+or from any mixt earth, so that such séede come from the niams, that is,
+that it hath béene sowne after Pease, as being the third crop of the
+Land, and not from the fallow or tilth ground, for it is a maxiome
+amongst the best Husbands (though somewhat proposterous to common sence)
+bring to your rich ground séede from the barraine, and to the barraine
+séede from the rich, their reason (taken from their experience) being
+this, that the séede (as before I said) which prospereth vpon a leane
+ground being put into a rich, doth out of that superfluitie of warmth,
+strength and fatnesse, double his increase; and the séede which commeth
+from the fat ground being put into the leane, hauing all the vigour,
+fulnesse and iuyce of fertilnes, doth not onely defend it selfe against
+the hungrinesse of the ground but brings forth increase contrary to
+expectation; whence procéedeth this generall custome of good Husbands in
+this Land, that those which dwell in the barraine woode Lands, heathes
+and high mountaine countries of this kingdome, euer (as néere as they
+can) séeke out their séede in the fruitfull low vales, and very gardens
+of the earth, & so likewise those in the vales take some helpes also
+from the mountaines.
+
+Now for your other sortes of Wheate, that is to say, the white Pollard
+and the Organe, they are graines nothing so great, full, and large, as
+the whole straw, or browne Pollard, but small, bright, and very thinly
+huskt: your Organe is very red, your Pollard somewhat pale: these two
+sorts of Wheate are best to be sowne vpon the third or fourth field,
+that is to say, after your Pease, for they can by no meanes endure an
+ouer rich ground, as being tender and apt to sprout with small moisture,
+but to mildew and choake with too much fatnesse, the soyles most apt for
+them are mixt earths, especially the blacke clay and red sand, or white
+clay and red sand, for as touching other mixtures of grounds, they are
+for the most part so barraine, that they will but hardly bring forth
+Wheate vpon their fallow field, and then much worse vpon a fourth field.
+Now for any other particular choise of these two séedes, they are the
+same which I shewed in the whole straw, and great Pollard. As for the
+flaxen Wheate, and chilter Wheate, the first, is a very white Wheate
+both inward and outward, the other a pale red or déepe yellow: they are
+the least of all sorts of Wheate, yet of much more hardnes and
+toughnesse in sprouting, then either the Organe or white Pollard, and
+therefore desire somewhat a more richer soyle, and to that end they are
+for the most part sowne vpon fallow fields, in mixt earths, of what
+natures or barrainenesse soeuer, as is to be séene most generally ouer
+all the South parts of this Realme: and although vncompounded sands out
+of their owne natures, doe hardly bring forth any Wheate, yet vpon some
+of the best sands and vpon the flintie grauels, I haue séene these two
+Wheates grow in good abundance, but being seldome it is not so much to
+be respected.
+
+{SN: The choise of seede Rye.}
+After your Wheate you shall make choise of your Rie, of which there is
+not diuers kindes although it carrie diuers complections, as some
+blackish, browne, great, full and long as that which for the most part
+growes vpon the red sand, or red clay, which is thrée parts red sand
+mixt with blacke clay, and is the best Rie: the other a pale gray Rie,
+short, small, and hungry, as that which growes vpon the white sand, or
+white clay and white sand, and is the worst Rie. Now you shall
+vnderstand that your sand grounds are your onely naturall grounds for
+Rie, as being indéede not principally apt for any other graine,
+therefore when you chuse your Rie for séede, you shall chuse that which
+is brownest, full, bould, and longest, you shall haue great care that it
+be frée from wéedes or filth, sith your sand grounds, out of their owne
+naturall heat, doth put forth such store of naughtie wéeds, that except
+a man be extraordinarily carefull, both in the choise and dressing of
+his Rie, he may easily be deceiued and poyson his ground with those
+wéedes, which with great difficultie are after rooted out againe. Now
+for your séedes to each soyle, it is euer best to sow your best sand-Rie
+vpon your best clay ground, and your best clay-Rie vpon your best sand
+ground, obseruing euer this generall principle, not onely in Rie, but
+euen in Wheat, Barly, Pease and other graine of account, that is, euer
+once in thrée yéeres, to change all your séede, which you shall finde
+both to augment your encrease and to returne you double profit.
+
+{SN: The choise of seede-Barly.}
+Now for the choise of your séede-Barly, you shall vnderstand, that for
+as much as it is a graine of the greatest vse, & most tendernesse,
+therefore there is the greatest diligence to be vsed in the election
+thereof. Know then that of Barly there be diuers sorts, as namely, that
+which wée call our common Barly, being long eares with two rankes of
+Corne, narrow, close, and vpright: another called spike or
+batteldore-Barly, being a large eare with two rankes of Corne, broad,
+flat, and in fashion of a batteldore: and the third called beane-Barly,
+or Barly big, being a large foure-square eare, like vnto an eare of
+Wheate.
+
+Of these thrée Barlyes the first is most in vse, as being most apt and
+proper to euery soyle, whether it be fruitfull or barraine, in this our
+kingdome, but they haue all one shape, colour and forme, except the
+soyle alter them, onely the spike-Barly is most large and plentifull,
+the common Barly hardest and aptest to grow, and the beane-Barly least,
+palest, & tenderest, so that with vs it is more commonly séene in
+gardens then in fields, although in other Countries, as in Fraunce,
+Ireland, and such like, they sowe no other Barly at all, but with vs it
+is of no such generall estimation, and therefore I will neither giue it
+precedencie nor speake of it, otherwise then to referre it to the
+discreation of him who takes delight in many practises: but for the
+common Barly, or spike-Barly, which our experience findes to be
+excellent and of great vse, I will knit them in one, and write, my full
+opinion of them, for their choise in our séede. You shall know then that
+when you goe into the market to chuse Barly for your séede, you shall to
+your best power elect that which is whitest, fullest, and roundest,
+being as the ploughman calles it, a full bunting Corne, like the nebbe
+or beake of a Bunting, you shall obserue that it be all of one Corne,
+and not mingled, that is, clay Barly, and sand Barly together, which you
+shall distinguish by these differences: the clay Barly is of a palish,
+white, yellow colour; smoth, full, large, and round, and the sand Barly
+is of a déepe yellow, browne at the neather end, long, slender, and as
+it were, withered, and in generall no sand Barly is principall good for
+séede: but if the Barly be somewhat of a high colour, and browne at the
+neather end, yet notwithstanding is very full, bould, and bigge, then it
+is a signe that such Barly comes not from the sand, but rather from an
+ouer fat soyle, sith the fatnesse of the earth doth euer alter the
+complection of the Barly; for the whiter Barly euer the leaner soyle,
+and better séede: you shall also obserue, that there be not in it any
+light Corne, which is a kinde of hungry graine without substance, which
+although it filleth the séeds-mans hand, yet it deceiueth the ground,
+and this light Corne will commonly be amongst the best Barly: for where
+the ground is so rich that it bringeth forth the Barly too rankely,
+there the Corne, wanting power to stand vpon roote, falleth to the
+ground, and so robde of kindly ripening, bringeth forth much light and
+insufficient graine. Next this, you shall take care that in your
+séede-Barly there be not any Oates, for although they be in this case
+amongst Husbandmen accounted the best of wéede, yet are they such a
+disgrace, that euery good Husband will most diligently eschew them, and
+for that cause onely will our most industrious Husbands bestow the
+tedious labour of gleaning their Barly, eare by eare, by which
+gleanings, in a yéere, or two, they will compasse their whole séede,
+which must infallibly be without either Oates or any wéede whatsoeuer:
+and although some grounds, especially your richest blacke clayes, will
+out of the abundance of their fruitfulnesse (as not induring to be Idle)
+bring forth naturally a certaine kinde of wilde Oates, which makes some
+ignorant Husbands lesse carefull of their séede, as supposing that those
+wilde ones are a poisoning to their graine, but they are infinetly
+deceiued: for such wilde Oates, wheresoeuer they be, doe shake and fall
+away long before the Barly be ready, so that the Husbandman doth carry
+of them nothing into the Barne, but the straw onely. Next Oates, you
+must be carefull that there be in your Barly no other foule wéede: for
+whatsoeuer you sow, you must looke for the increase of the like nature,
+and therefore as before I said in the Wheate, so in the Barly, I would
+wish euery good Husband to imploy some time in gleaning out of his Mow
+the principall eares of Barly, which being batted, drest, and sowne, by
+it selfe, albeit no great quantitie at the first, yet in time it may
+extend to make his whole séede perfect, and then hée shall finde his
+profit both in the market, where hée shall (for euery vse) sell with the
+déerest, and in his owne house where he shall finde his yeeld redoubled.
+
+Now for fitting of seuerall séedes to seuerall soyles, you shall
+obserue, that the best séede-Barly for your clay field, is ninam Barly,
+sowne vpon the clay field, that is to say, Barly which is sowne where
+Barly last grew, or a second crop of Barly: for the ground hauing his
+pride abated in the first croppe, the second, though it be nothing néere
+so much in quantitie, yet that Corne which it doth bring forth is most
+pure, most white, most full, and the best of all séedes whatsoeuer, and
+as in case of this soyle, so in all other like soyles which doe hould
+that strength or fruitfulnesse in them that they are either able of
+themselues, or with some helpe of Manure in the latter end of the yéere,
+to bring forth two croppes of Barly, one after the other: but if either
+your soyle deny you this strength, or the distance of place bereaue you
+of the commoditie thereof, then you shall vnderstand that Barly from a
+hasell ground is the best séede, for the clay ground, and Barly from the
+clay ground is the best séede, not onely for the hasell earth, but euen
+for all mixt earths whatsoeuer, and the Barly which procéedes from the
+mixt earths is the best séede for all simple and vncompounded sands or
+grauells, as wée finde, both by their increasings and dayly experience.
+
+{SN: The choise of seede-Beanes, Pease, and Pulse.}
+Now for the choise of séede-Beanes, Pease, or other Pulse, the scruple
+is nothing néere so great as of other séedes, because euery one that
+knowes any graine, can distinguish them when hée sées them: besides they
+are of that massie waight, and so well able to indure the strength of
+the winde, that they are easie to be seuered from any wéede or filth
+whatsoeuer: it resteth therefore that I onely giue you instruction how
+to imploy them.
+
+You shall vnderstand therefore, that if your soyle be a stiffe, blacke,
+rich, clay, that then your best séede is cleane Beanes, or at the least
+thrée partes Beanes, and but one part Pease: if it be a gray, or white
+clay, then Beanes and Pease equally mixt together: if the best mixt
+earths, as a blacke clay and red sand, blacke clay and white sand, or
+white clay and red sand, then your séede must be cleane Pease onely: if
+it be white clay and white sand, blacke clay and blacke sand, then your
+séede must be Pease and Fitches mixt together: but if it be grauell or
+sand simple, or grauell and sand compounded, then your séede must be
+either cleane Fitches, cleane Bucke, or cleane Tares, or else Fitches,
+Bucke and Tares mixt together.
+
+{SN: The choise of seede-Oates.}
+Now to conclude with the choise of your Oates. You shall vnderstand that
+there be diuers kindes of them, as namely, the great long white Oate,
+the great long blacke Oate, the cut Oate, and the skegge: the two first
+of these are knowne by their greatnesse and colours, for they are long,
+full, bigge, and smooth, and are fittest to be sowne vpon the best of
+barraine grounds, for sith Oates are the worst of graine, I will giue
+them no other prioritie of place. The next of these, which is the cut
+Oate, it is of a pale yealow colour, short, smooth, and thicke, the
+increase of them is very great, and they are the fittest to be sowne
+vpon the worst of best grounds, for most commonly where you sée them,
+you shall also sée both good Wheate, good Barly, and good Beanes and
+Pease also. Now for the skegge Oate, it is a little, small, hungry,
+leane Oate, with a beard at the small end like a wilde Oate, and is good
+for small vse more then Pullen onely: it is a séede méete for the
+barrainest and worst earth, as fit to grow but there where nothing of
+better profit will grow. And thus much for those séedes which are apt
+and in vse in our English soyles: wherein if any man imagine me guiltie
+of errour, in that I haue omitted particularly to speake of the séede of
+blend-Corne, or Masline, which is Wheate and Rye mixt together, I
+answere him, that sith I haue shewed him how to chuse both the best
+Wheate and the best Rye, it is an easie matter to mixe them according to
+his owne discretion.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+_Of the time of Haruest and the gathering in of Corne._
+
+
+{SN: The getting in of Masline.}
+{SN: The getting in of Wheate.}
+Next vnto plowing, it is necessary that I place Reaping, sith it is the
+end, hope, and perfection of the labour, and both the merit and
+incouragement which maketh the toyle both light and portable: then to
+procéede vnto the time of Haruest. You shall vnderstand that it is
+requisite for euery good Husband about the latter end of Iuly, if the
+soyle wherein he liueth be of any hot temper, or about the beginning of
+August, if it be of temperate warmth, with all dilligence constantly to
+beholde his Rye, which of all graines is the first that ripeneth, and if
+he shall perceiue that the hull of the eare beginneth to open, and that
+the blacke toppes of the Corne doth appeare, he may then be assured that
+the Corne is fully ripe, and ready for the Sickle, so that instantly he
+shall prouide his Reapers, according to the quantitie of his graine: for
+if hée shall neglect his Rye but one day more then is fit, it is such a
+hasty graine, that it will shale forth of the huske to the ground, to
+the great losse of the Husbandman. When hée hath prouided his shearers,
+which he shall be carefull to haue very good, he shall then looke that
+neither out of their wantonnesse nor emulation, they striue which shall
+goe fastest, or ridd most ground, for from thence procéedeth many errors
+in their worke, as namely, scattering, and leauing the Corne vncut
+behind them, the cutting the heads of the Corne off so that they are not
+possible to be gathered, and many such like incommodities, but let them
+goe soberly and constantly, and sheare the Rye at least fourtéene inches
+aboue the ground. Then he must looke that the gatherers which follow the
+Reapers doe also gather cleane, & the binders binde the Sheafes fast
+from breaking, then if you finde that the bottomes of the Sheafes be
+full of gréenes, or wéedes, it shall not be amisse to let the Sheafes
+lye one from another for a day, that those gréenes may wither, but if
+you feare any Raine or foule weather, which is the onely thing which
+maketh Rye shale, then you shall set it vp in Shockes, each Shocke
+containing at least seauen Sheafes, in this manner: first, you shall
+place foure Sheafes vpright close together, and the eares vpwards, then
+you shall take other thrée Sheafes and opening them and turning the
+eares downeward couer the other foure Sheafes that stoode vpwards, and
+so let them stand, vntill you may with good conueniencie lead them home,
+which would be done without any protraction. Next after your cleane Rye,
+you shall in the selfe-same sort reape your blend-Corne, or Masline: and
+albeit your Wheate will not be fully so ripe as your Rye, yet you shall
+not stay your labour, being well assured that your Rye is ready, because
+Wheate will harden of it selfe after it is shorne, with lying onely.
+After you haue got in your Rye and blend-Corne, you shall then looke
+vnto your cleane Wheate, and taking heare and there an eare thereof,
+rubbe them in your hand, and if you finde that the Corne hath all
+perfection saue a little hardning onely, you shall then forthwith set
+your Reapers vnto it, who shall sheare it in all things as they did
+sheare your Rye, onely they shall not put it in Shockes for a day or
+more, but let the Sheafes lye single, that the winde and Sunne may both
+wither the gréenes, and harden the Corne: which done, you shall put the
+Sheafes into great Shockes, that is to say, at least twelue or
+fouretéene Sheafes in a Shocke, the one halfe standing close together
+with the eares vpward, the other halfe lying crosse ouerthwart those
+eares, and their eares downeward, and in this sort you shall let your
+Wheate stand for at least two dayes before you lead it.
+
+Now it is a custome in many Countries of this kingdome, not to sheare
+their Wheate, but to mow it, but in my conceit and in generall
+experience, it is not so good: for it both maketh the Wheate foule, and
+full of wéede, and filleth vp a great place with little commoditie, as
+for the vse of thacking, which is the onely reason of such disorderly
+cutting, there is neither the straw that is shorne, nor the stubble
+which is left behinde, but are both of sufficiencie inough for such an
+imployment, if it passe through the hands of a workman, as we sée in
+dayly experience.
+
+{SN: The getting in of Barly.}
+Next to your Wheate, you shall haue regard to your Barly, for it
+sodainely ripeneth, and must be cut downe assoone as you perceiue the
+straw is turned white, to the bottome, and the eares bended downe to the
+groundward. Your Barly you shall not sheare, although it is a fashion in
+some Country, both because it is painefull and profitlesse, but you
+shall Mowe it close to the ground, and although in generall it be the
+custome of our kingdome, after your Barly is mowen and hath lyne a day
+or two in swathe, then with rackes to racke it together, and make it
+into great cockes, and so to leade it to the Barne, yet I am of this
+opinion that if your Barly be good and cleane without thistles or
+wéedes, that if then to euery sitheman, or Mower you alot two followers,
+that is to say, a gatherer, who with a little short rake and a small
+hooke shall gather the Corne together, and a binder, who shall make
+bands and binde vp the Barly in smale Sheafes, that questionlesse you
+shall finde much more profit thereby: and although some thinke the
+labour troublesome and great, yet for mine owne part, I haue séene very
+great croppes inned in this manner, and haue séene two women, that with
+great ease, haue followed and bound after a most principall Mower, which
+made me vnderstand that the toyle was not so great as mine imagination;
+and the profit ten-fold greater then the labour: but if your Corne be
+ill Husbanded, and full of thistles, wéedes, and all filthinesse, then
+this practise is to be spared, and the loose cocking vp of your Corne is
+much better. Assoone as you haue cleansed any Land of Barly, you shall
+then immediatly cause one with a great long rake, of at least thirtie
+téeth, being in a sling bound bauticke-wise crosse his body, to draw it
+from one end of the Land to the other, all ouer the Land, that he may
+thereby gather vp all the loose Corne which is scattered, and carry it
+where your other Corne standeth, obseruing euer, as your cheifest rule,
+that by no meanes you neither leade Barly, nor any other graine
+whatsoeuer, when it is wet, no although it be but moistned with the dew
+onely: for the least dankishnesse, more then the sweate which it
+naturally taketh, will soone cause it to putrifie.
+
+{SN: The getting in of Oates.}
+Now for the gathering in of your Oates, they be a graine of such
+incertaintie, ripening euer according to the weather, & not after any
+setled or naturall course, that you are to looke to no constant season,
+but to take them vpon the first show of ripenesse, and that with such
+diligence that you must rather take them before, then after they be
+ripe, because if they tarry but halfe a day too long, they will shed
+vpon the ground, & you shal loose your whole profit. The time then
+fittest to cut your Oates is, assoone as they be somewhat more then
+halfe changed, but not altogether changed, that is, when they are more
+then two parts white, and yet the gréene not vtterly extinguished, the
+best cutting of them is to mow them (albeit I haue séene them shorne in
+some places) & being mowen to let them dry and ripen in the swathe, as
+naturally they will doe, and then if you bind them vp in Sheafes, as you
+should binde your Barly, it is best: for to carry them in the loose
+cocke, as many doe, is great losse and hindrance of profit.
+
+{SN: The getting in of Pulse.}
+After you haue got in your white Corne, you shall then looke vnto your
+Pulse, as Beanes, Pease, Fitches, and such like, which you shall know to
+be ready by the blacknesse of the straw: for it is a rule, whensoeuer
+the straw turnes, the Pulse is ripe. If then it be cleane Beanes, or
+Beanes and Pease mixt, you shall mowe them, and being cleane Beanes rake
+them into heapes, and so make them vp into cockes, but if they be mixt
+you shall with hookes fould the Beanes into the Pease, and make little
+round reapes thereof, which after they haue béene turned and dryed, you
+may put twenty reapes together, and thereof make a cocke, and so lead
+them, and stacke them: but if they be cleane Pease, or Pease and
+Fitches, then you shall not mowe them, but with long hookes cut them
+from the ground, which is called Reaping, and so foulding them together
+into small reapes, as you did your Pease and Beanes, let them be turned
+and dryed, and so cocked, and carried either to the Barne, stacke, or
+houell.
+
+Now hauing thus brought in, and finished your Haruest, you shall then
+immediately mowe vp the stubble, both of your Wheate, Rye, and Masline,
+and with all expedition there-with thacke, and couer from Raine and
+weather, all such graine as for want of house-roome, you are compeld to
+lay abroad, either in stacke, or vpon houell: but if no such necessitie
+be, and that you haue not other more necessary imployment for your
+stubble, it shall be no part of ill Husbandry to let the stubble rot
+vpon the Land, which will be a reasonable Manuring or fatting of the
+earth.
+
+Now hauing brought your Corne into the Barne, it is a lesson néedlesse
+to giue any certaine rules how to spend or vtter it forth, sith euery
+man must be ruled according to his affaires, and necessitie, yet sith in
+mine owne experience I haue taken certaine setled rules from those who
+haue made themselues great estates by a most formall and strickt course
+in their Husbandry, I thinke it not amisse to show you what I haue noted
+from them, touching the vtterance and expence of their graine: first,
+for your expence in your house, it is méete that you haue euer so much
+of euery seuerall sort of graine thresht, as shall from time to time
+maintaine your family: then for that which you intend shall returne to
+particular profit, you shall from a fortnight before Michaelmas, till a
+fortnight after, thresh vp all such Wheate, Rye, & Masline, as you
+intend to sell for séede, which must be winnowed, fand, and drest so
+cleane as is possible, for at that time it will giue the greatest price;
+but as soone as séede-time is past, you shall then thresh no more of
+those graines till it be neare Midsummer, but begin to thresh vp all
+such Barly as you intend to conuert and make into Malt, and so from
+Michaelmas till Candlemas, apply nothing but Malting, for in that time
+graine is euer the cheapest, because euery Barne being full, some must
+sell for the payment of rents, some must sell to pay seruants wages, and
+some for their Christmas prouisions: in which time Corne abating and
+growing scarse, the price of necessitie must afterwards rise: at
+Candlemas you shall begin to thresh all those Pease which you intend to
+sell for séede, because the time being then, and euery man, out of
+necessitie, inforced to make his prouision, it cannot be but they must
+néedes passe at a good price and reckoning.
+
+After Pease séede-time, you shall then thresh vp all that Barly which
+you meane to sell for séede, which euer is at the dearest reckoning of
+any graine whatsoeuer, especially if it be principally good and cleane.
+After your séede-Barly is sould, you may then thresh vp all such Wheate,
+Rye, and Masline, as you intend to sell: for it euer giueth the greatest
+price from the latter end of May vntill the beginning of September. In
+September you shall begin to sell your Malt, which being old and hauing
+lyne ripening the most part of the yéere, must now at the latter end of
+the yéere, when all old store is spent, and the new cannot be come to
+any perfection, be most deare, and of the greatest estimation: and thus
+being a man of substance in the world, and able to put euery thing to
+the best vse, you may by these vsuall obseruations, and the helpe of a
+better iudgement, imploy the fruits of your labours to the best profit,
+and sell euery thing at the highest price, except you take vpon you to
+giue day and sell vpon trust, which if you doe, you may then sell at
+what vnconscionable reckoning you will, which because such vnnaturall
+exactions neither agrée with charitie, nor humanitie, I will forbeare to
+giue rules for the same, and referre euery man that is desirous of such
+knowledge, to the examples of the world, wherein he shall finde
+presidents inough for such euill customes. And thus much for the first
+part of this worke, which containeth the manner of Plowing and tillage
+onely.
+
+
+
+
+  THE SECOND PART
+  OF THE FIRST BOOKE OF
+  the English Husbandman,
+  Contayning the Art of Planting, Grafting and Gardening, either for
+  pleasure or profit; together with the vse and ordering of Woodes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_Of the Scyte, Modell, Squares, and Fashion of a perfect Orchard._
+
+
+Although many authors which I haue read, both in Italian, French, and
+Dutch, doe make a diuersitie and distinguishment of Orchardes, as
+namely, one for profit, which they fashion rudely and without forme, the
+other for delight, which they make comely, decent, and with all good
+proportion, deuiding the quarters into squares, making the alleyes of a
+constant breadth, and planting the fruit-trées in arteficiall rowes: yet
+for as much as the comelinesse and well contriuing of the ground, doth
+nothing abate, but rather increase the commoditie, I will therefore
+ioyne them both together, and make them onely but one Orchard. Now for
+the scyte and placing of this Orchard, I haue in the modell of my
+Country house, or Husbandmans Farme, shewed you where if it be possible
+it should stand, and both what Sunne & ayre it should lye open vpon: but
+if the scyte or ground-plot of your house will not giue you leaue to
+place your Orchard according to your wish, you shall then be content to
+make a vertue of necessitie, and plant it in such a place as is most
+conuenient, and nearest alyed to that forme before prescribed.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Now when you haue found out a perfect ground-plot, you shall then cast
+it into a great large square, which you shall fence in either with a
+stone or bricke wall, high, strong pale, or great ditch with a
+quicke-set hedge, but the wall is best and most durable, and that wall
+would haue vpon the inside within twelue or fourtéene foote on of
+another, Iames or outshoots of stone or bricke, betweene which you may
+plant and plash those fruit-trées which are of greatest tendernesse, the
+South and West Sunne hauing power to shine vpon them.
+
+When you haue thus fenc'st in this great square, you shall then cast
+foure large alleyes, at least fourtéene foote broad, from the wall round
+about, and so likewise two other alleyes of like breadth, directly
+crosse ouerthwart the ground-plot, which will deuide the great square
+into foure lesser squares, according to the figure before set downe.
+
+The figure 1. sheweth the alleyes which both compasse about, and also
+crosse ouer the ground-plot, and the figure 2. sheweth the foure
+quarters where the fruit-trées are to be planted.
+
+Now if either the true nature and largnesse of the ground be sufficient,
+or your owne abilitie of pursse so great that you may compasse your
+desires in these earthly pleasures, it shall not be amisse, but a matter
+of great state, to make your ground-plot full as bigge againe, that is
+to say, to containe eight large quarters, the first foure being made of
+an euen leuell, the other foure being raysed at least eight foote higher
+then the first, with conuenient stayres of state for ascending to the
+same, to be likewise vpon another euen leuell of like forme, and if in
+the center of the alleyes, being the mid-point betwéene the squares,
+might be placed any quaint fountaines or any other antique standard, the
+platforme would be more excellent and if vpon the ascent from one leuell
+to another there might be built some curious and arteficiall banquetting
+house, it would giue luster to the Orchard.
+
+Now for the planting and furnishing of these quarters: you shall
+vnderstand that if your Orchard containe but foure quarters, then the
+first shalbe planted with Apple-trées of all sorts, the second with
+Peares and Wardens of all sorts, the third with Quinces & Chesnutes, the
+fourth with Medlars & seruices. Against the North side of your Orchard
+wall against which the South sunne reflects, you shall plant the
+Abricot, Verdochio, Peach, and Damaske-plumbe: against the East side of
+the wall, the whit Muskadine Grape, the Pescod-plumbe, and the
+Emperiall-plumbe: against the West side the grafted Cherries, and the
+Oliue-trée: and against the South side the Almond, & Figge trée. Round
+about the skirts of euery other outward or inward alley, you shall
+plant, the Wheate-plumbe, both yealow & redde, the Rye-plumbe, the
+Damson, the Horse-clog, Bulleys of all kindes, ordinary french Cherryes,
+Filberts, and Nuts of all sorts, together with the Prune-plumbe, and
+other such like stone fruits. But if your Orchard be of state and
+prospect, so that it containe eight quarters or more (according to the
+limitation of the earth) then you shall in euery seuerall quarter plant
+a seuerall fruit, as Apple-trées in one quarter, Peares in another,
+Quinces in another, Wardens in another, and so forth of the rest. Also
+you shall obserue in planting your Apples, Peares, and Plumbes, that you
+plant your summer or early fruit by themselues, and the Winter or long
+lasting fruit by themselues. Of Apples, your Ienitings, Wibourns,
+Pomederoy, and Quéene-Apples are reckoned the best earely fruits,
+although their be diuers others, and the Pippin, Peare-maine,
+Apple-Iohn, and Russetting, your best Winter and long lasting fruit,
+though there be a world of other: for the tastes of Apples are infinite,
+according to there composition and mixture in grafting. Of Peares your
+golden Peare, your Katherine-Peare, your Lording, and such like, are the
+first, and your stone-Peare, Warden-Peare, and choake-Peare, those which
+indure longest. And of Plumbes the rye-plumbe is first, your
+Wheate-plumbe next, and all the other sorts of plumbes ripen all most
+together in one season, if they haue equall warmth, and be all of like
+comfortable standing.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Now for the orderly placing of your trées, you shall vnderstand that
+your Plumbe-trées (which are as it were a fence or guard about your
+great quarters) would be placed in rowes one by one, aboue fiue foote
+distance one from another, round about each skirt of euery alley: your
+Apple-trées & other greater fruit which are to be planted in the
+quarters, would be placed in such arteficiall rowes that which way
+soeuer a man shall cast his eyes yet hée shall sée the trées euery way
+stand in rowes, making squares, alleyes, and deuisions, according to a
+mans imagination, according to the figure before, which I would haue
+you suppose to be one quarter in an Orchard, and by it you may easily
+compound the rest: wherein you shall vnderstand that the lesser prickes
+doe figure your Plumbe-trées, & the greater prickes your Apple trées,
+and such other large fruit.
+
+Now you shall vnderstand that euery one of these great trées which
+furnish the maine quarter, shall stand in a direct line, iust twelue
+foote one from another, which is a space altogether sufficient inough
+for there spreading, without waterdropping or annoying one another;
+prouided that the Fruiterer, according to his duty, be carefull to
+preserue the trees vpright and to vnderprope them when by the violence
+of the winde they shall swarue any way. Vpon the ascent or rising from
+one leuell to another, you may plant the Barberry-trées, Feberries, and
+Raspberries, of all sorts, which being spreading, thorny and sharpe
+trées, take great delight to grow thicke and close together, by which
+meanes often times they make a kinde of wall, hedge, or fencing, where
+they stand.
+
+Hauing thus shewed you the ground-plot and proportion of your Orchard,
+with the seuerall deuisions, ascents, and squares, that should be
+contained therein, and the fruits which are to furnish euery such square
+and deuision, and their orderly placing, it now rests that you
+vnderstand that this Orchard-plot, so neare as you can bring it to
+passe, doe stand most open and plaine, vpon the South and West sunne,
+and most defended from the East and North windes and bitternesse, which
+being obserued your plot is then perfect and absolute.
+
+Now forasmuch as where nature, fruitfulnesse, and situation doe take
+from a man more then the halfe part of his industrie, and by a direct
+and easie way doth lead him to that perfection which others cannot
+attaine to without infinit labour and trauell: and whereas it is nothing
+so commendable to maintaine beautie, as to make deformitie beautifull, I
+will speake something of the framing of Orchard-plots there where both
+nature, the situation, and barrainnesse, doe vtterly deny the enioying
+of any such commoditie, as where the ground is vneuen, stonie, sandy, or
+in his lownesse subiect to the ouerflow of waters, all being apparant
+enemies to these places of pleasure and delight. First, for the
+vneuennesse of the ground, if that be his vttermost imperfection, you
+shall first not onely take a note with your eye, but also place a marke
+vpon the best ascent of the ground to which the leuell is fittest to be
+drawne, and then plowing the ground all ouer with a great common plough,
+by casting the furrowes downward, séeke to fill in and couer the lesser
+hollownesses of the ground, that their may not any thing appeare but the
+maine great hollowes, which with other earth which is frée from stones,
+grauell, or such like euils, you shall fill vp and make leuell with that
+part where your marke standeth, and being so leuelled, forthwith draw
+the plot of your Orchard: but if the ground be not onely vneuen but also
+barraine, you shall then to euery loade of earth you carry to the
+leuelling adde a loade of Manure, either Oxe Manure, or Horse Manure,
+the rubbish of houses, or the clensings of olde ditches, or standing
+pooles, and the earth will soone become fertill and perfect; but if the
+ground be stonie, that is, full of great stones, as it is in Darbishire
+about the Peake or East Mores, for small pibbles or small lime-stones
+are not very much hurtfull, then you shall cause such stones to be digd
+vp, and fill vp the places where they lay either with marle, or other
+rich earth, which after it hath béene setled for a yéere or two you
+shall then plough, and leuell it, and so frame forth the plot of your
+Orchard. If the ground be onely a barraine sand, so that it wanteth
+strength either to maintaine or bring forth, you shall then first digge
+that earth into great trenches, at least foure foote déepe, and filling
+them vp with Oxe Manure, mixe it with the sand, that it may change some
+part of the colour thereof and then leuelling it fashion out your
+Orchard. But lastly, and which is of all situations the worst, if you
+haue no ground to plant your Orchard vpon, but such as either through
+the neighbourhood of riuers, descent of Mountaines, or the earths owne
+naturall quallitie in casting and vomiting out water and moysture, is
+subiect to some small ouerflowes of water, by which you cannot attaine
+to the pleasure you séeke, because fruit-trées can neuer indure the
+corruption of waters, you shall then in the dryest season of the yéere,
+after you haue marked out that square or quantitie of ground which you
+intend for your Orchard, you shall then cast therein sundry ditches, at
+least sixtéene foote broad, and nine foote déepe, and not aboue twelue
+foote betwixt ditch and ditch, vpon which reserued earth casting the
+earth that you digged vp, you shall raise the banckes at least seauen
+foote high of firme earth, and kéepe in the top the full breadth of
+twelue foote, with in a foote or little more: and in the casting vp of
+these bankes you shall cause the earth to be beaten with maules and
+broad béetels that it may lye firme, fast, and leuell, and after these
+bankes haue rested a yéere or more, and are sufficiently setled, you may
+then at the neather end of the banke, neare to the verge of the water
+plant store of Osyers, which will be a good defence to the banke, and
+vpon the top and highest part of the banke you shall plant your Orchard
+and fruit-trées, so that when any inundation of water shall happen, the
+ditches shalbe able inough to receiue it; or else making a passage from
+your Orchard into some other sewer, the water excéeding his limits may
+haue a frée current or passage: besides these ditches being neatly kept,
+and comforted with fresh water, may make both pleasant and commodious
+fish-ponds. Also you must be carefull in casting these bankes that you
+doe not place them in such sort that when you are vpon one you cannot
+come to the other, but rather like a maze, so that you may at pleasure
+passe from the one to the other round about the ground, making of diuers
+bankes to the eye but one banke in substance, and of diuers ponds in
+appearance, but one in true iudgement. And thus much for the plot or
+situation of an Orchard.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+_Of the Nurserie where you shall set all manner of Kernels, and Stones,
+for the furnishing of the Orchard._
+
+
+Although great persons, out of their greatnesse and abilitie, doe buy
+their fruit trées ready grafted, and so in a moment may plant an Orchard
+of the greatest quantitie, yet sith the Husbandman must raise euery
+thing from his owne indeauours, and that I onely write for his profit, I
+therefore hould it most conuenient to beginne with the nursery or
+store-house of fruits, from whence the Orchard receiueth his beauty and
+riches.
+
+This Nursery must be a piece of principall ground, either through Art or
+Nature, strongly fenced, warme, and full of good shelter: for in it is
+onely the first infancy and tendernesse of fruit-trées, because there
+they are first kernells, or stones, after sprigs, and lastly trées.
+
+Now for the manner of chusing, sowing, and planting them in this
+nursery, I differ some thing from the french practise, who would chuse
+the kernells from the cider presse, sow them in large bedds of earth,
+and within a yeere after replant them in a wilde Orchard: now for mine
+owne part, though this course be not much faulty, yet I rather chuse
+this kinde of practise, first: to chuse your kernells either of Apples,
+Peares, or Wardens, from the best and most principallest fruit you can
+taste, for although the kernell doe bring forth no other trée but the
+plaine stocke vpon which the fruit was grafted, as thus, if the graft
+were put into a Crab-stocke the kernell brings forth onely a Crab-trée,
+yet when you taste a perfect and delicate Apple, be assured both the
+stocke and graft were of the best choise, and so such kernells of best
+reckoning. When you haue then a competent quantitie of such kernells,
+you shall take certaine large pots, in the fashion of milke-boules, all
+full of hoales in the bottome, through which the raine and superfluous
+moysture may auoyde, and either in the Months of March or Nouember (for
+those are the best seasons) fill the pots three parts full of the
+finest, blackest, and richest mould you can get, then lay your kernells
+vpon the earth, about foure fingars one from another, so many as the
+vessell can conueniently containe, and then with a siue sift vpon them
+other fine moulds almost thrée fingars thicke, and so let them rest,
+filling so many pots or vessells as shall serue to receiue your
+quantitie of kernells of all sorts. Now if any man desire to know my
+reason why I rather desire to set my kernells rather in vessells then in
+beds of earth, my answere is, that I haue often found it in mine
+experience, that the kernell of Apples, Peares, Quinces, and such like,
+are such a tender and dainty séede that it is great oddes but the wormes
+will deuoure and consume them before they sprout, who naturally delight
+in such séedes, which these vessels onely doe preuent: but to proceede.
+
+After your kernells are sprouted vp and growne to be at least seauen or
+eight inches high, you shall then within your nursery digge vp a border
+about two foote and an halfe broad, more then a foote déepe, and of such
+conuenient length as may receiue all your young plants, and hauing made
+the mould fine and rich with Manure, you shall then with your whole hand
+gripe as much of the earth that is about the plant as you can
+conueniently hould, and so take both the plant and the mould out of the
+vessell, and replant it in the new drest border: and you shall thus doe
+plant after plant, till you haue set euery one, and made them firme and
+fast in the new mould: wherein you are to obserue these two principles,
+first that you place them at least fiue foote one from another, and
+secondly, that such kernells as you set in your vessels in March, that
+you replant them in borders of earth in Nouember following, and such as
+you set in Nouember to replant in March following, and being so
+replanted to suffer them to grow till they be able to beare grafts,
+during which time you shall diligently obserue, that if any of them
+chance to put forth any superfluous branches or cyons, which may hinder
+the growth of the body of the plant, that you carefully cut them away,
+that thereby it may be the sooner inabled to beare a graft: for it is
+euer to be intended that whatsoeuer procéedeth from kernells are onely
+to be preserued for stockes to graft on, and for no other purpose.
+
+Now for the stones of Plumbes, & other stone fruit, you shall vnderstand
+that they be of two kindes, one simple and of themselues, as the
+Rye-plumbe, Wheate-plumbe, Damson, Prune-plumbe, Horse-clogge, Cherry,
+and such like, so that from the kernells of them issueth trées of like
+nature and goodnesse: the other compounded or grafted plumbes, as the
+Abricot, Pescod, Peach, Damaske, Verdochyo, Emperiall, and such like,
+from whose kernells issueth no other trées but such as the stockes were
+vpon which they were grafted. Now, for the manner of setting the first,
+which are simple and vncompounded, you shall digge vp a large bedde of
+rich and good earth a month or more before March or Nouember, and hauing
+made the mould as fine as is possible, you shall flat-wise thrust euery
+stone, a foote one from another, more then thrée fingars into the mould,
+and then with a little small rake, made for the purpose, rake the bedde
+ouer and close vp the holes, and so let them rest till they be of a
+yéeres groath, at which time you shall replant them into seuerall
+borders, as you did your Apple-trée plants and others.
+
+Now for the kernells of your compounded or grafted Plumbes, you shall
+both set them in beddes and replant them into seuerall borders, in the
+same manner as you did the other kernells of Plumbes, onely you shall
+for the space of eight and forty houres before you set them stéepe them
+in new milke, forasmuch as the stones of them are more hard, and with
+greater difficulty open and sprout in the earth, then any other stone
+whatsoeuer: and thus hauing furnished your Nursery of all sorts of
+fruits and stockes, you shall when they come to full age and bignesse
+graft them in such order as shalbe hereafter declared.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+_Of the setting or planting of the Cyons or Branches of most sorts of
+Fruit-trees._
+
+
+As you are to furnish your nursery with all sorts of kernells and
+stones, for the bréeding of stockes where on to graft the daintiest
+fruits you can compasse, so shall you also plant therein the cyons and
+branches of the best fruit trées: which cyons and branches doe bring
+forthe the same fruit which the trées doe from whence they are taken,
+and by that meanes your nursery shall euer afford you perfect trées,
+wherewith either to furnish your owne grounds, or to pleasure your
+neighbours. And herein by the way you shall vnderstand that some trées
+are more fit to be set then to be sowne, as namely, the Seruice-trée,
+the Medler, the Filbert and such like. Now for the Seruice-trée, hée is
+not at all to be grafted, but set in this wise: take of the bastard
+cyons such as be somewhat bigger then a mans thumbe, and cutting away
+the branches thereof, set it in a fine loose moulde, at least a foote
+déepe, and it will prosper exceedingly, yet the true nature of this trée
+is not to be remoued, and therefore it is conuenient that it be planted
+where it should euer continue: in like manner to the Seruice-tree, so
+you shall plant the bastard cyons of the Medlar-trée either in March or
+October, and at the waine of the moone.
+
+Now for the Filbert, or large Hassell-nut, you shall take the smallest
+cyons or wands, such as are not aboue two yéeres groath, being full of
+short heauie twigges, and grow from the roote of the maine trée, and set
+them in a loose mould, a foote déepe, without pruning or cutting away
+any of the branches, and they will prosper to your contentment. Now for
+all sorts of Plumbe-trées, Apple-trées or other fruit-trées which are
+not grafted, if you take the young cyons which grow from the rootes
+cleane from the rootes, and plant them either in the spring, or fall, in
+a fresh and fine mould, they will not onely prosper, but bring forth
+fruit of like nature and qualitie to the trées from whence they were
+taken.
+
+Now for your grafted fruit, as namely, Apples, Plumbes, Cherryes,
+Mulberries, Quinces, and such like, the cyons also and branches of them
+also will take roote and bring forth fruit of the same kinde that the
+trées did from whence they were taken: but those cyons or branches must
+euer be chosen from the vpper parts of the trées, betwixt the feast of
+all-Saints and Christmas, they must be bigger then a mans finger,
+smooth, straight, and without twigges: you shall with a sharpe chissell
+cut them from the body or armes of the trée with such care, that by no
+meanes you raise vp the barke, and then with a little yealow waxe couer
+the place from whence you cut the cyon: then hauing digged and dunged
+the earth well where you intend to plant them, and made the mould easie,
+you shall with an Iron, as bigge as your plant, make a hoale a foote
+déepe or better, and then put in your cyon and with it a few Oates, long
+stéept in water, and so fixe it firme in the mould, and if after it
+beginneth to put forth you perceiue any young cyons to put forth from
+the root thereof, you shall immediatly cut them off, & either cast them
+away or plant them in other places, for to suffer them to grow may
+bréede much hurt to the young trées. Now where as these cyons thus
+planted are for the most part small and weake, so that the smallest
+breath of winde doth shake and hurt their rootes, it shalbe good to
+pricke strong stakes by them, to which, fastning the young plant with a
+soft hay rope it may the better be defended from stormes and tempests.
+
+Next to these fruit-trées, you shall vnderstand that your bush-trées,
+as Barberryes, Gooseberryes, or Feberryes, Raspberryes, and such like,
+will also grow vpon cyons, without rootes, being cut from their maine
+rootes in Nouember, & so planted in a new fresh mould. And here by the
+way I am to giue you this note or caueat, that if at any time you finde
+any of these cyons which you haue planted not to grow and flourish
+according to your desire, but that you finde a certaine mislike or
+consumption in the plant, you shall then immediatly with a sharpe knife
+cut the plant off slope-wise vpward, about three fingars from the
+ground, and so let it rest till the next spring, at which time you shall
+beholde new cyons issue from the roote, which will be without sicknesse
+or imperfection; and from the vertue of this experiment I imagine the
+gardners of antient time found out the meanes to get young cyons from
+olde Mulberry-trées, which they doe in this manner: first, you must take
+some of the greatest armes of the Mulberry-trée about the midst of
+Nouember, and with a sharpe sawe to sawe them into bigge truncheons,
+about fiuetéene inches long, and then digging a trench in principall
+good earth, of such depth that you may couer the truncheons, being set
+vp on end, with Manure and fine mould, each truncheon being a foote one
+from another, and couerd more then foure fingars aboue the wood, not
+fayling to water them whensoeuer néede shall require, and to preserue
+them from wéeds and filthinesse, within lesse then a yéeres space you
+shall behold those truncheons to put forth young cyons, which as soone
+as they come to any groath and be twigged, then you may cut them from
+the stockes, and transplant them where you please, onely the truncheons
+you shall suffer to remaine still, and cherish them with fresh dunge,
+and they will put forth many moe cyons, both to furnish your selfe and
+your friends. And thus much for the planting and setting of cyons or
+branches.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IIII.
+
+_Of the ordinary and accustomed manner of Grafting all sorts of
+Fruit-trees._
+
+
+{SN: The mixing of Stockes and Grafts.}
+As soone as your nursery is thus amply furnished of all sorts of
+stockes, procéeding from kernells and of all sorts of trées procéeding
+from cyons, branches or vndergrowings, and that through strength of
+yéeres they are growne to sufficient abilitie to receiue grafts, which
+is to be intended that they must be at the least sixe or eight inches in
+compasse, for although lesse many times both doth and may receiue
+grafts, yet they are full of debilitie and danger, and promise no
+assurance to the worke-mans labour, you shall then beginne to graft your
+stockes with such fruits as from art and experience are méete to be
+conioyned together, as thus: you shall graft Apples vpon Apples, as the
+Pippin vpon the great Costard, the Peare-maine vpon the Ienetting, and
+the Apple-Iohn or blacke annet vpon the Pomewater or Crab-trée: to
+conclude, any Apple-stocke, Crab-tree, or wilding, is good to graft
+Apples vpon, but the best is best worthy. So for Peares, you shall graft
+them vpon Peare stockes, Quinces vpon Quinces or Crab-trées, and not
+according to the opinion of the frenchman, vpon white thorne or willow,
+the Medlar vpon the Seruice-trée, and the Seruice vpon the Medlar, also
+Cherryes vpon Cherryes, & Plumbes vpon Plumbes, as the greater Abricots
+vpon the lesser Abricots, the Peach, the Figge, or the Damson-trée, and
+to speake generally without wasting more paper, or making a long
+circumstance to slender purpose, the Damson-trée is the onely principall
+best stocke whereupon to graft any kinde of Plumbe or stone fruit
+whatsoeuer.
+
+{SN: The choise of Grafts.}
+After you haue both your stockes ready, and know which grafts to ioyne
+with which stockes, you shall then learne to cut and chuse your grafts
+in this manner: looke from what trée you desire to take your grafts, you
+shall goe vnto the very principall branches thereof, and looke vp to the
+vpper ends, and those which you finde to be fairest, smoothest, and
+fullest of sappe, hauing the little knots, budds, or eyes, standing
+close and thicke together, are the best and most perfect, especially if
+they grow vpon the East side of the trée, whereon the Sunne first
+looketh; these you shall cut from the trée in such sort that they may
+haue at least thrée fingars of the olde woode ioyning to the young
+branch, which you shall know both by the colour of the barke, as also by
+a little round seame which maketh as it were a distinction betwixt the
+seuerall growths. Now you shall euer, as néere as you can, chuse your
+grafts from a young trée, and not from an olde, and from the tops of the
+principall branches, and not from the midst of the trée, or any other
+superfluous arme or cyon; now if after you haue got your grafts you haue
+many dayes Iourneys to carry them, you shall fould them in a few fresh
+mouldes, and binde them about with hay, and hay ropes, and so carry them
+all day, and in the night bury them all ouer in the ground and they will
+containe their goodnesse for a long season.
+
+{SN: How to graft in the Cleft.}
+Hauing thus prepared your grafts, you shall then beginne to graft, which
+worke you shall vnderstand may be done in euery month of the yéere,
+except Nouember and October, but the best is to beginne about Christmas
+for all earely and forward fruit, and for the other, to stay till March:
+now hauing all your implements and necessaryes about you, fit for the
+Grafting, you shall first take your grafts, of what sort soeuer they be,
+and hauing cut the neather ends of them round and smoth without raysing
+of the barke, you shall then with a sharp knife, made in the proportion
+of a great pen-knife slice downe each side of the grafts, from the seame
+or knot which parts the olde woode from the new, euen to the neather
+end, making it flat and thinne, cheifely in the lowest part, hauing
+onely a regardfull eye vnto the pith of the graft, which you may by no
+meanes cut or touch, and when you haue thus trimmed a couple of grafts,
+for moe I doe by no meanes alow vnto one stocke, although sundry other
+skilfull workmen in this Art alow to the least stocke two grafts, to the
+indifferent great thrée, and to the greatest of all foure, yet I affirme
+two are sufficiently inough for any stocke whatsoeuer, and albeit they
+are a little the longer in couering the head, yet after they haue
+couered it the trée prospereth more in one yéere then that which
+contayneth foure grafts shall doe in two, because they cannot haue sap
+inough to maintaine them, which is the reason that trées for want of
+prosperitie grow crooked and deformed: but to my purpose. When you haue
+made your grafts ready, you shall then take a fine thinne sawe, whose
+téeth shalbe filed sharpe and euen, and with it (if the stocke be
+excéeding small) cut the stocke round off within lesse then a foote of
+the ground, but if the stocke be as bigge as a mans arme, then you may
+cut it off two or thrée foote from the ground, and so consequently the
+bigger it is the higher you may cut it, and the lesser the nearer vnto
+the earth: as soone as you haue sawne off the vpper part of the stocke,
+you shall then take a fine sharpe chissell, somewhat broader then the
+stocke, and setting it euen vpon the midst of the head of the stocke
+somewhat wide of the pith, then with a mallet of woode you shall stricke
+it in and cleaue the stocke, at least foure inches déepe, then putting
+in a fine little wedge of Iron, which may kéepe open the cleft, you
+shall take one of your grafts and looke which side of it you intend to
+place inward, and that side you shall cut much thinner then the out
+side, with a most héedfull circumspection that by no meanes you loosen
+or rayse vp the barke of the graft, cheifly on the out side, then you
+shall take the graft, and wetting it in your mouth place it in one side
+of the cleft of the stocke, and regard that the very knot or seame which
+goes about the graft, parting the olde woode from the new, do rest
+directly vpon the head of the stocke, and that the out side of the
+graft doe agrée directly with the out side of the stocke, ioyning barke
+vnto barke, and sappe vnto sappe, so euen, so smooth, and so close, that
+no ioyners worke may be discerned to ioyne more arteficially: which
+done, vpon the other side of the stocke, in the other cleft, you shall
+place your other graft, with full as much care, diligence, and euery
+other obseruation: when both your grafts are thus orderly and
+arteficially placed, you shall then by setting the haft of your chissell
+against the stocke, with all lenitie and gentlenesse, draw forth your
+wedge, in such sort that you doe not displace or alter your grafts, and
+when your wedge is forth you shall then looke vpon your grafts, and if
+you perceiue that the stocke doe pinch or squize them, which you may
+discerne both by the straitnesse and bending of the outmost barke, you
+shall then make a little wedge of some gréene sappy woode, and driuing
+it into the cleft, ease your grafts, cutting that wedge close to the
+stocke. When you haue thus made both your grafts perfect, you shall then
+take the barke of either Apple-trée, Crab-trée or Willow-trée, and with
+that barke couer the head of the stocke so close that no wet or other
+annoyance may get betwixt it and the stocke, then you shall take a
+conuenient quantitie of clay, which indéede would be of a binding
+mingled earth, and tempering it well, either with mosse or hay, lay it
+vpon the barke, and daube all the head of the stocke, euen as low as the
+bottome of the grafts, more then an inch thicke, so firme, close, and
+smooth as may be, which done, couer all that clay ouer with soft mosse,
+and that mosse with some ragges of wollen cloath, which being gently
+bound about with the inward barkes of Willow, or Osyar, let the graft
+rest to the pleasure of the highest: and this is called grafting in the
+cleft.
+
+{SN: Notes.}
+Now there be certaine obseruations or caueats to be respected in
+grafting, which I may not neglect: as first, in trimming and preparing
+your grafts for the stocke: if the grafts be either of Cherry, or
+Plumbe, you shall not cut them so thinne as the grafts of Apples,
+Quinces, or Medlars, because they haue a much larger and rounder pith,
+which by no meanes must be toucht but fortefied and preserued, onely to
+the neather end you may cut them as thinne as is possible, the pith
+onely preserued.
+
+Secondly, you shall into your greatest stockes put your greatest grafts,
+and into your least, the least, that there may be an equall strength and
+conformitie in their coniunction.
+
+Thirdly, if at any time you be inforced to graft vpon an olde trée, that
+is great and large, then you shall not graft into the body of that trée,
+because it is impossible to kéepe it from putrifaction and rotting
+before the grafts can couer the head, but you shall chuse out some of
+the principall armes or branches, which are much more slender, and graft
+them, as is before shewed, omitting not dayly to cut away all cyons,
+armes, branches, or superfluous sprigs which shall grow vnder those
+branches which you haue newly grafted: but if there be no branch, small
+or tender inough to graft in, then you shall cut away all the maine
+branches from the stocke, and couering the head with clay and mosse, let
+it rest, and within thrée or foure yéeres it will put forth new cyons,
+which will be fit to graft vpon.
+
+Fourthly, if when you either sawe off the top of your stocke, or else
+cleaue the head, you either raise vp the barke or cleaue the stocke too
+déepe, you shall then sawe the stocke againe, with a little more
+carefulnesse, so much lower as your first errour had committed a fault.
+
+Fiftly, you shall from time to time looke to the binding of the heads of
+your stockes, in so much that if either the clay doe shrinke away or the
+other couerings doe losen, by which defects ayre, or wet, may get into
+the incission, you shall presently with all spéede amend and repaire it.
+
+Lastly, if you graft in any open place where cattell doe graze, you
+shall not then forget as soone as you haue finisht your worke to bush or
+hedge in your graft, that it may be defended from any such negligent
+annoyance. And thus much for this ordinary manner of grafting, which
+although it be generall and publike to most men that knoweth any thing
+in this art, yet is it not inferiour, but the principallest and surest
+of all other.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+_Of diuers other wayes of grafting, their vses and purposes._
+
+
+Although for certainty, vse, and commodity, the manner of grafting
+already prescribed is of sufficiency inough to satisfie any constant or
+reasonable vnderstanding, yet for nouelty sake, to which our nation is
+infinitly addicted, and to satisfie the curious, who thinke their
+iudgements disparaged if they heare any authorised traueller talke of
+the things which they haue not practised, I will procéede to some other
+more quaint manners of grafting, and the rather because they are not
+altogether vnnecessary, hauing both certainety in the worke, pleasure in
+the vse, and benefit in the serious imploying of those howers which else
+might challenge the title of idlenesse, besides they are very well
+agréeing with the soyles and fruits of this Empyre of great Brittaine
+and the vnderstandings of the people, for whose seruice or benefit, I
+onely vndergoe my trauell.
+
+You shall vnderstand therefore, that there is another way to graft,
+which is called grafting betwéene the barke and tree, and it is to be
+put in vse about the latter end of February, at such time as the sappe
+beginnes to enter into the trées: and the stockes most fit for this
+manner of grafting are those which are oldest and greatest, whose graine
+being rough and vneuen, either through shaking or twinding, it is a
+thing almost impossible to make it cleaue in any good fashion, so that
+in such a case it is meete that the grafter exercise this way of
+grafting betwixt the barke and the trée, the manner whereof is thus.
+
+{SN: Grafting betweene the barke.}
+First, you shall dresse your grafts in such sort as was before discribed
+when you grafted in the cleft, onely they shall not be so long from the
+knot or seame downeward by an inch or more, neither so thicke, but as
+thinne as may be, the pith onely preserued, and at the neather end of
+all you shall cut away the barke on both sides, making that end smaller
+and narrower then it is at the ioynt or seame, then sawing off the head
+of the stocke, you shall with a sharpe knife pare the head round about,
+smooth and plaine, making the barke so euen as may be, that the barke of
+your grafts and it may ioyne like one body, then take a fine narrow
+chissell, not excéeding sharpe, but somewhat rebated, and thrust it hard
+downe betwixt the barke and the trée, somewhat more then two inches,
+according to the iust length of your graft, and then gently thrust the
+graft downe into the same place, euen close vnto the ioynt, hauing great
+care that the ioynt rest firme and constant vpon the head of the stocke,
+and thus you shall put into one stocke not aboue thrée grafts at the
+most, how euer either other mens practise, or your owne reading doe
+perswade you to the contrary. After your grafts are fixt and placed, you
+shall then couer the head with barke, clay, and mosse, as hath béene
+formerly shewed: also you shall fasten about it some bushes of thorne,
+or sharpe whinnes, which may defend and kéepe it from the annoyance of
+Pye-annats, and such like great birds.
+
+There is another way of grafting, which is called grafting in the
+scutchion, which howsoeuer it is estéemed, yet is it troublesome,
+incertaine, and to small purpose: the season for it is in summer, from
+May till August, at what time trées are fullest of sappe and fullest of
+leaues, and the manner is thus: take the highest and the principallest
+branches of the toppe of the trée you would haue grafted, and without
+cutting it from the olde woode chuse the best eye and budding place of
+the cyon, then take another such like eye or budde, being great and
+full, and first cut off the leafe hard by the budde, then hollow it with
+your knife the length of a quarter of an inch beneath the budde, round
+about the barke, close to the sappe, both aboue and below, then slit it
+downe twice so much wide of the budde, and then with a small sharpe
+chissell raise vp the scutchion, with not onely the budde in the midst
+but euen all the sappe likewise, wherein you shall first raise that side
+which is next you, and then taking the scutchion betwéene your fingars,
+raise it gently vp without breaking or brusing, and in taking it off
+hould it hard vnto the woode, to the end the sappe of the budde may
+abide in the scutchion, for if it depart from the barke and cleaue to
+the woode, your labour is lost, this done you shall take another like
+cyon, and hauing taken off the barke from it, place it in the others
+place, and in taking off this barke you must be carfull that you cut not
+the woode, but the barke onely, and this done you shall couer it all
+ouer with redde waxe, or some such glutenous matter; as for the binding
+of it with hempe and such trumpery it is vtterly dissalowed of all good
+grafters: this manner of grafting may be put in practise vpon all manner
+of cyons, from the bignesse of a mans little fingar to the bignesse of a
+slender arme.
+
+{SN: Grafting with the Leafe.}
+Not much vnlike vnto this, is the grafting with the Leafe, and of like
+worth, the art whereof is thus: any time betwixt midst May, vntill the
+midst of September, you shall chuse, from the toppe of the sunne-side of
+the trée, the most principall young cyon you can sée, whose barke is
+smoothest, whose leaues are greatest, and whose sappe is fullest, then
+cutting it from the trée note the principall leafe thereof, and cut away
+from it all the woode more then about an inch of each side of the leafe,
+then cutting away the vndermost part of the barke with your knife, take
+péece meale from the barke all the woode and sappe, saue onely that
+little part of woode and sappe which féedeth the leafe, which in any
+wise must be left behind, so that the graft will carry this figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Then goe to the body, arme, or branch of that trée which you intend to
+graft, which is to be presupposed must euer haue a smooth and tender
+barke, and with a very sharpe knife slit the barke, two slits at least,
+two inches long a péece, and about halfe an inch or more distance
+betwéene the two slits: then make another slit crosse-wise ouerthwart,
+from long slit to long slit, the figure whereof will be thus:
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Then with your knife raise the barke gently from the trée, without
+breaking, cracking, or brusing: then take your graft, and putting it
+vnder the barke lay it flat vnto the sappe of the trée, so as that
+little sappe which is left in the leafe, may without impediment cleaue
+to the sappe of the trée, then lay downe the barke close againe and
+couer the graft, and with a little vntwound hempe, or a soft wollen
+list, binde downe the barke close to the graft, and then couer all the
+incisions you haue made with greene waxe: by this manner of grafting you
+may haue vpon one trée sundry fruits, as from one Apple-tree, both
+Pippins, Peare-maines, Russettings and such like, nay, you may haue vpon
+one tree, ripe fruit all summer long, as Ienettings from one branch,
+Cislings from another, Wibourns from another, Costards and Quéene-Apples
+from others, and Pippens and Russettings, from others, which bringeth
+both delight to the eye, and admiration to the sence, and yet I would
+not haue you imagine that this kinde of grafting doth onely worke this
+effect, for as before I shewed you, if you graft in the cleft (which is
+the fastest way of all grafting) sundry fruits vpon sundry armes or
+bowes, you shall likewise haue procéeding from them sundry sorts of
+fruits, as either Apples, Plumbes, Peares or any other kind, according
+to your composition and industry; as at this day we may dayly sée in
+many great mens Orchards.
+
+{SN: Grafting on the toppes of trees.}
+There is yet another manner of grafting, and it is of all other
+especially vsed much in Italy, and yet not any thing disagréeable with
+our climate, and that is to graft on the small cyons which are on the
+toppes of fruit trées, surely an experience that carryeth in it both
+dificulty and wonder, yet being put to approbation is no lesse certaine
+then any of the other, the manner whereof is thus: you shall first after
+you haue chosen such and so many grafts as you doe intend to graft, and
+trimd them in the same manner as you haue béene taught formerly for
+grafting within the cleft, you shall then mount vp into the toppe of the
+trée, vpon which you meane to graft, and there make choise of the
+highest and most principallest cyons (being cleane barkt and round)
+that you can perceiue to grow from the trée, then laying the graft, and
+the cyon vpon which you are to graft, together, sée that they be both of
+one bignesse and roundnesse: then with your grafting knife cut the cyon
+off betwéene the olde woode and the new, and cleaue it downe an inch and
+an halfe, or two inches at the most: then put in your graft (which graft
+must not be cut thinner on one side, then on the other, but all of one
+thicknesse) and when it is in, sée that the barke of the graft both
+aboue and below, that is, vpon both sides, doe ioyne close, euen, and
+firme with the barke of the branch or cyon, and then by foulding a
+little soft towe about it, kéepe them close together, whilst with clay,
+mosse, and the in-most barke of Osyars you lappe them about to defend
+them from ayre, winde, and tempests. And herein you shall obserue to
+make your graft as short as may be, for the shortest are best, as the
+graft which hath not aboue two or thrée knots, or buddes, and no more.
+You may, if you please, with this manner of grafting graft vpon euery
+seuerall cyon, a seuerall fruit, and so haue from one trée many fruits,
+as in case of grafting with the leafe, and that with much more spéede,
+by as much as a well-growne graft is more forward and able then a weake
+tender leafe. And in these seuerall wayes already declared, consisteth
+the whole Art and substance of Grafting: from whence albeit many curious
+braines may, from preuaricating trickes, beget showes of other fashions,
+yet when true iudgement shall looke vpon their workes, he shall euer
+finde some one of these experiments the ground and substance of all
+their labours, without which they are able to doe nothing that shall
+turne to an assured commoditie.
+
+{SN: The effects of Grafting.}
+Now when you haue made your selfe perfect in the sowing, setting,
+planting and grafting of trées, you shall then learne to know the
+effects, wonders, and strange issues which doe procéede from many quaint
+motions and helpes in grafting, as thus: if you will haue Peaches,
+Cherryes, Apples, Quinces, Medlars, Damsons, or any Plumbe whatsoeuer,
+to ripen earely, as at the least two months before the ordinary time,
+and to continue at least a month longer then the accustomed course, you
+shall then graft them vpon a Mulberry stocke: and if you will haue the
+fruit to tast like spice, with a certaine delicate perfume, you shall
+boyle Honey, the powder of Cloues and Soaxe together, and being cold
+annoynt the grafts there-with before you put them into the cleft, if you
+graft Apples, Peares, or any fruit vpon a Figge-tree stocke, they will
+beare fruit without blooming: if you take an Apple graft, & a Peare
+graft, of like bignesse, and hauing clouen them, ioyne them as one body
+in grafting, the fruit they bring forth will be halfe Apple and halfe
+Peare, and so likewise of all other fruits which are of contrary tastes
+and natures: if you graft any fruit-tree, or other trée, vpon the Holly
+or vpon the Cypresse, they will be greene, and kéepe their leaues the
+whole yéere, albeit the winter be neuer so bitter.
+
+If you graft either Peach, Plumbe, or any stone-fruit vpon a Willow
+stocke, the fruit which commeth of them will be without stones.
+
+If you will change the colour of any fruit, you shall boare a hole
+slope-wise with a large auger into the body of the trée, euen vnto the
+pith, and then if you will haue the fruit yealow you shal fill the hole
+with Saferne dissolued in water: if you will haue it redde, then with
+Saunders, and of any other colour you please, and then stoppe the hole
+vp close, and couer it with red or yealow waxe: also if you mixe the
+coulour with any spice or perfume, the fruit will take a rellish or tast
+of the same: many other such like conceits and experiments are practised
+amongst men of this Art, but sith they more concerne the curious, then
+the wise, I am not so carefull to bestow my labour in giuing more
+substantiall satisfaction, knowing curiosity loues that best which
+procéedes from their most paine, and am content to referre their
+knowledge to the searching of those bookes which haue onely strangnesse
+for their subiect, resolued that this I haue written is fully sufficient
+for the plaine English husbandman.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+_Of the replanting of Trees, and furnishing the Orchard._
+
+
+As soone as your séedes, or sets, haue brought forth plants, those
+plants, through time, made able, and haue receiued grafts, and those
+grafts haue couered the heads of the stockes and put forth goodly
+branches, you shall then take them vp, and replant them, (because the
+sooner it is done the better it is done) in those seuerall places of
+your Orchard which before is appointed, and is intended to be prepared,
+both by dungging, digging, and euery orderly labour, to receiue euery
+seuerall fruit. And herein you shall vnderstand, that as the best times
+for grafting are euery month (except October and Nouember) and at the
+change of the moone, so the best times for replanting, are Nouember and
+March onely, vnlesse the ground be cold and moist and then Ianuary, or
+February must be the soonest all wayes, excepted that you doe not
+replant in the time of frost, for that is most vnholsome.
+
+{SN: The taking vp of trees.}
+Now when you will take vp your trées which you intend to replant in your
+Orchard, you shall first with a spade bare all the maine branches of the
+roote, and so by degrées digge and loosen the earth from the roote, in
+such sort that you may with your owne strength raise the young trée from
+the ground, which done, you shall not, according to the fashion of
+Fraunce, dismember, or disroabe the trée of his beauties, that is to
+say, to cut off all his vpper branches and armes, but you shall
+diligently preserue them: for I haue séene a trée thus replanted after
+the fall of the leafe to bring forth fruit in the summer following: but
+if the trée you replant be olde then it is good to cut off the maine
+branches with in a foote of the stocke, least the sappe running vpward,
+and so forsaking the roote too sodainely doe kill the whole trée.
+
+When you haue taken your trée vp, you shall obserue how, and in what
+manner, it stoode, that is, which side was vpon the South and receiued
+most comfort from the sunne, and which side was from it and receiued
+most shadow and bleaknesse, and in the same sort as it then stoode, so
+shall you replant it againe: this done you shall with a sharpe
+cutting-knife, cut off all the maine rootes, within halfe a foote of the
+trée, onely the small thriddes or twist-rootes you shall not cut at all:
+then bringing the plant into your Orchard, you shall make a round hole
+in that place where you intend to set your trée (the rankes, manner,
+distance and forme whereof hath béene all ready declared, in the first
+Chapter:) and this hole shalbe at least foure foote ouerthwart euery
+way, and at least two foote déepe, then shall you fill vp the hole
+againe, fiftéene inches déepe, with the finest blacke mould, tempered
+with Oxe dunge that you can get, so that then the hole shalbe but nine
+inches déepe, then you shall take your trée and place it vpon that
+earth, hauing care to open euery seuerall branch and thrid of the roote,
+& so to place them that they may all looke downe into the earth, and not
+any of them to looke backe and turne vpward: then shall you take of the
+earth from whence your trée was taken, and tempering it with a fourth
+part of Oxe dunge and slekt sope-asshes (for the killing of wormes)
+couer all the roote of your trée firmely and strongly: then with gréene
+soddes, cut and ioyned arteficially together, so sodde the place that
+the hole may hardly be discerned. Lastly take a strong stake, and
+driuing it hard into the ground neare vnto the new planted trée, with
+either a soft hay rope, the broad barke of Willow, or some such like
+vnfretting band, tye the trée to the stake, and it will defend it from
+the rage of winde and tempests, which should they but shake or trouble
+the roote, being new planted, it were inough to confound and spoyle the
+trée for euer.
+
+Now, although I haue vnder the title and demonstration of replanting
+one trée giuen you a generall instruction for the replanting of all
+trées whatsoeuer, yet, for as much as some are not of that strength and
+hardnesse to indure so much as some others will, therefore you shal take
+these considerations by the way, to fortefie your knowledge with.
+
+First, you shall vnderstand that all your dainty and tender grafted
+Plumbes, and fruits, as Abricots, Peaches, Damaske-Plumbes, Verdochyos,
+Pescods, Emperialls, and diuers such like, together with Orrenges,
+Cytrons, Almonds, Oliues, and others, which indéede are not familiar
+with our soyles, as being nearer neighbours to the sunne, doe delight in
+a warme, fat, earth, being somewhat sandy, or such a clay whose
+coldnesse by Manure is corrected, and therefore here with vs in the
+replanting of them you cannot bestow too much cost vpon the mould: as
+for the Damson, and all our naturall english Plumbes, they loue a fat,
+cold, earth, so that in the replanting of them if you shall lay too much
+dunge vnto their roote, you shall through the aboundant heate, doe great
+hurt vnto the trée. The cherry delighteth in any clay, so that vpon such
+soyle you may vse lesse Manure, but vpon the contrary you cannot lay too
+much. The Medlar estéemeth all earths alike, and therefore whether it be
+Manured or no it skilles not, sunne and shadow, wet and drinesse, being
+all of one force or efficacy. The Peare and Apple-trée delights in a
+strong mixt soyle, and therfore indureth Manure kindly, so doth also the
+Quince and Warden: lastly the Filbert, the Hasell, and the Chesnut, loue
+cold, leane, moist, and sandy earths, in so much that there is no
+greater enimy vnto them then a rich soyle: so that in replanting of them
+you must euer séeke rather to correct then increase fertillity.
+
+You shall also vnderstand that all such fruit-trées as you doe plant
+against the walles of your Orchard (of which I haue spoken already &
+deciphered out their places) you shall not suffer to grow as of
+themselues, round, and from the wall, but at the times of pruning and
+dressing of them (which is euer at the beginning of the spring and
+immediately after the fall) you shall as it were plash them, and spread
+them against the wall, foulding the armes in loopes of leather, and
+nayling them vnto the wall: and to that end you shall place them of such
+a fit distance one from another, that they may at pleasure spread and
+mount, without interruption: the profit whereof is at this day seene
+almost in euery great mans Orchard: and although I haue but onely
+appointed vnto the wall the most quaint fruits of forraine nations; yet
+there is no fruit of our owne, but if it be so ordered it will prosper
+and bring forth his fruit better and in greater abundance. And thus much
+for the replanting of trées and furnishing of a well proportioned
+Orchard.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VII.
+
+_Of the Dressing, Dungging, Proyning, and Preseruing of Trees._
+
+
+Sith after all the labour spent of ingendring by séede, of fortefying
+and inabling by planting, and of multiplying by grafting it is to little
+or no purpose if the trées be not maintained and preserued by dressing,
+dungging and proyning, I will therefore in this place shew you what
+belongs to that office or duty, and first, for the dressing of trees:
+you shall vnderstand that it containeth all whatsoeuer is méete for the
+good estate of the trée, as first, after your trée is planted, or
+replanted, if the season shall fall out hot, dry, and parching, insomuch
+that the moisture of the earth is sucked out by the atraction of the
+Sunne, and so the trée wanteth the nutriment of moisture, in this case
+you shall not omit euery morning before the rising of the sunne, and
+euery euening after the set of the sunne, with a great watring-pot
+filled with water, to water & bath the rootes of the trées, if they be
+young trées, and newly planted, or replanted, but not otherwise: for if
+the trées be olde, and of long growth, then you shall saue that labour,
+and onely to such olde trées you shall about the midst of Nouember, with
+a spade, digge away the earth from the vpper part of the rootes and lay
+them bare vntill it be midde-March, and then mingling such earth as is
+most agréeable with the fruit and Oxe-dunge and sope-ashes together, so
+couer them againe, and tread the earth close about them: as for the
+vncouering of your trées in summer I doe not hold it good, because the
+reflection of the sunne is somewhat too violent and dryeth the roote,
+from whence at that time the sappe naturally is gone: you shall also
+euery spring and fall of the leafe clense your fruit trées from mosse,
+which procéeding from a cold and cankerous moisture, bréedeth dislike,
+and barrainenesse in trées: this mosse you must take off with the backe
+of an olde knife and leaue the barke smooth, plaine, and vnraced: also
+if you shall dunge such trées with the dunge of Swine, it is a ready way
+to destroy the mosse.
+
+{SN: Proyning of Trees.}
+After you haue drest and trimmed your trées, you shall then proyne them,
+which is to cut away all those superfluous branches, armes, or cyons,
+which being either barraine, bruised or misplaced, doe like drones,
+steale-away that nutriment which should maintaine the better deseruing
+sinewes, and you shall vnderstand that the best time for proyning of
+trées, is in March and Aprill, at which time the sappe assending vpward,
+causeth the trées to budde: the branches you shall cut away are all such
+as shall grow out of the stocke vnderneath the place grafted, or all
+such as by the shaking of tempests shall grow in a disorderly and ill
+fashioned crookednesse, or any other, that out of a well tempered
+iudgement shall séeme superfluous and burdensome to the stocke from
+whence it springs, also such as haue by disorder béene brooken, or
+maimed, and all these you shall cut away with a hooke knife, close by
+the trée, vnlesse you haue occasion by some misfortune to cut away some
+of the maine and great armes of the trée, and then you shall not vse
+your knife for feare of tearing the barke, but taking your sawe you
+shall sawe off those great armes close by the trée, neither shall you
+sawe them off downeward but vpward, least the waight of the arme breake
+the barke from the body: And herein you shall also vnderstand that for
+as much as the mischances which beget these dismembrings doe happen at
+the latter end of Summer, in the gathering of the fruit, and that it is
+not fit such maymed and broken boughes hang vpon the trée till the
+Spring, therefore you shall cut them off in the Winter time, but not
+close to the trée by almost a foote, and so letting them rest vntill the
+spring, at that time cut them off close by the trée. Now if you finde
+the superfluitie of branches which annoy your trées to be onely small
+cyons, springing from the rootes of the trées, as it often hapneth with
+all sorts of Plumbe-trées, Cherry-trées, Nut-trées, and such like, then
+you shall in the winter, bare the rootes of those trées, and cut off
+those cyons close by the roote: but if your trées be broused or eaten by
+tame-Deare, Goates, Shéepe, Kine, Oxen, or such like, then there is no
+help for such a misfortune but onely to cut off the whole head and graft
+the stocke anew.
+
+{SN: Of Barke-bound.}
+Next to the proyning of trées, is the preseruing, phisicking, and curing
+of the diseases of trées: to which they are subiect as well as our
+naturall bodyes: and first of all, there is a disease called
+Barke-bound, which is when the barke, through a mislike and leperous
+drynesse, bindeth in the trée with such straitnesse that the sappe being
+denied passage the body growes into a consumption: it is in nature like
+vnto that disease which in beasts is called hide-bound, and the cure is
+thus: at the beginning of March take a sharpe knife, and from the toppe
+of the body of the trée, to the very roote, draw downe certaine slits,
+or incissions, cleane through the barke, vnto the very sappe of the
+trée, round about the trée, & then with the backe of your knife open
+those slits and annoint them all through with Tarre, and in short space
+it will giue libertie vnto the trée to encrease & grow: this disease
+commeth by the rubbing of cattell against the trée, especially Swine,
+who are very poyson vnto all plants.
+
+{SN: Of the Gall.}
+There is another disease in fruit-trées, called the Gall, and it eateth
+and consumeth the barke quit away, and so in time kills the trée: the
+cure is to cut and open the barke which you sée infected, and with a
+chissell to take away all that is foule and putrefied, and then to
+clappe Oxe dunge vpon the place, and it will helpe it, and this must be
+done euer in winter.
+
+{SN: Of the Canker.}
+The Canker in fruit trées is the consumption both of the barke and the
+body, & it commeth either by the dropping of trées one vpon another, or
+else when some hollow places of the trée retaineth raine water in them,
+which fretting through the barke, poysoneth the trée: the cure is to cut
+away all such boughes as by dropping bréede the euill, and if the hollow
+places cannot be smooth and made euen, then to stoppe them with clay,
+waxe, and sope-ashes mixt together.
+
+{SN: Of worme-eaten barkes.}
+If the barkes of your trées be eaten with wormes, which you shall
+perceiue by the swelling of the barke, you shall then open the barke and
+lay there-vpon swines dunge, sage, and lime beaten together, and bound
+with a cloath fast to the trée, and it will cure it: or wash the trée
+with cowes-pisse and vinegar and it will helpe it.
+
+{SN: Of Pismiers and Snailes.}
+If your young trées be troubled with Pismiers, or Snailes, which are
+very noysome vnto them, you shall take vnsleckt lime and sope-ashes and
+mingling them with wine-lées, spread it all about the roote of the trées
+so infected, and annoint the body of the trée likewise therewith, and it
+will not onely destroy them but giue comfort to the trée: the soote of a
+chimney or Oake sawe-dust spread about the roote will doe the same.
+
+{SN: Of Caterpillers, and Earewigges.}
+If Caterpillers doe annoy your young trées, who are great deuourers of
+the leaues and young buddes, and spoylers of the barke, you shall, if it
+be in the summer time, make a very strong brine of water and salt, and
+either with a garden pumpe, placed in a tubbe, or with squirts which
+haue many hoales you shall euery second day water and wash your trées,
+and it will destroy them, because the Caterpiller naturally cannot
+indure moisture, but if neuerthelesse you sée they doe continue still
+vpon your trees in Winter, then you shall when the leaues are falne away
+take dankish straw and setting it on fire smeare and burne them from the
+trée, and you shall hardly euer be troubled with them againe vpon the
+same trées: roules of hay layd on the trées will gather vp Earewigges
+and kill them.
+
+{SN: Of the barrainenesse of Trees.}
+If your trées be barraine, and albeit they flourish and spread there
+leaues brauely, yet bring forth no fruit at all, it is a great
+sicknesse, and the worst of all other: therefore you shall vnderstand it
+procéedeth of two causes: first, of two much fertillitie, and fatnesse
+of the ground, which causeth the leafe to put forth and flourish in such
+vnnaturall abundance, that all such sappe and nutriment as should knit
+and bring forth fruit, turnes onely vnto leafe, cyons, and vnprofitable
+branches, which you shall perceiue both by the abundance of the leaues
+and by the colour also, which will be of a more blacker and déeper
+gréene, and of much larger proportion then those which haue but their
+naturall and proper rights: and the cure thereof is to take away the
+earth from the roote of such trées and fill vp the place againe with
+other earth, which is of a much leaner substance: but if your trée haue
+no such infirmitie of fatnesse, but beareth his leaues and branches in
+good order and of right colour and yet notwithstanding is barraine and
+bringeth forth little or no fruit, then that disease springeth from some
+naturall defect in the trée, and the cure thereof is thus: first, you
+shall vnbare the roote of the trée, and then noting which is the
+greatest and principallest branch of all the roote, you shall with a
+great wimble boare a hole into that roote and then driue a pinne of olde
+dry Ashe into the same (for Oake is not altogether so good) and then
+cutting the pinne off close by the roote, couer all the head of the
+pinne with yealow waxe, and then lay the mould vpon the roote of the
+trée againe, and treade it hard and firmely downe, and there is no
+doubte but the trée will beare the yéere following: in Fraunce they vse
+for this infirmitie to boare a hoale in the body of the trée
+slope-wise, somewhat past the hart, and to fill vp the hoale with life
+honey and Rose-water mixt together, and incorporated for at least
+xxiiij. howers, and then to stoppe the hole with a pinne of the one
+woode: also if you wash the rootes of your trées in the drane water
+which runneth from your Barley when you stéepe it for Malt, it will cure
+this disease of barrainenesse.
+
+{SN: Of the bitternesse of Fruit.}
+If the fruit which is vpon your trées be of a bitter and sootie tast, to
+make it more pleasant and swéet you shall wash your trée all ouer with
+Swines dunge and water mixt together, & to the rootes of the trées you
+shall lay earth and Swines dunge mixt together, which must be done in
+the month of Ianuary and February onely, and it will make the fruit tast
+pleasantly. And thus much for the dressing and preseruing of trées.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VIII.
+
+_Of the Vine, and of his ordering._
+
+
+For as much as the nature, temperature, and clymate, of our soyle is not
+so truely proper and agréeing with the Vine as that of Fraunce, Italy,
+Spaine, and such like, and sith wée haue it more for delight, pleasure,
+and prospect, then for any peculyar profit, I will not vndertake
+_Monsiuer Lybaults_ painefull labour, in discribing euery curious
+perfection or defect that belongs thereunto, as if it were the onely
+iewell and commoditie of our kingdome, but onely write so much as is
+fitting for our knowledge touching the maintaynance, increase, and
+preseruation thereof, in our Orchards, Gardens, and other places of
+recreation.
+
+{SN: Of planting or setting the Vine.}
+First then to speake of the planting or setting of the Vine, your
+greatest diligence must be to séeke out the best plants, and if that
+which is most strange, rare, great and pleasant be the best, then is
+that grape which is called the Muskadine, or Sacke grape, the best, and
+haue their beginning either from Spaine, the Canary Ilands, or such like
+places: next to them is the French grape, of which there be many kindes,
+the best whereof is the grape of Orleance, the next the grape of
+Gascoynie, the next of Burdeaux, and the worst of Rochell, and not any
+of these but by industry will prosper in our English gardens: when
+therefore you chuse your plants, you shall chuse such of the young cyons
+as springing from the olde woode, you may in the cutting cut at least a
+ioynt or two of olde woode with the young: for the olde will take
+soonest, and this olde woode must be at least seauen or eight inches
+long, and the young cyon almost a yard, and the thicker and closer the
+ioynts of the young cyon are, so much the better they are: and the fit
+time for cutting and gathering these sets are in midde-Ianuary, then
+hauing prepared, digged, and dunged your earth the winter before, you
+shall at the latter end of Ianuary take two of these sets, or plants,
+placing them according to this figure:
+
+{Illustration}
+
+And lay them in the earth slope-wise, at least a foote déepe, leauing
+out of the earth, vncouered, not aboue foure or fiue ioynts, at the
+most, and then couer them with good earth firmely, closely, and
+strongly, hauing regard to raise those cyons which are without the earth
+directly vpward, obseruing after they be set, once in a month to wéede
+them, and kéepe them as cleane as is possible: for nothing is more
+noysome vnto them then the suffocating of wéeds: also you shall not
+suffer the mould to grow hard or bind about the rootes, but with a small
+spade once in a fortnight to loosen and breake the earth, because there
+rootes are so tender that the least straytning doth strangle and
+confound them. If the season doe grow dry, you may vse to water them,
+but not in such sort as you water other plants, which is to sprinckle
+water round about the earth of the rootes, but you shall with a round
+Iron made for the purpose somewhat bigger then a mans fingar, make
+certaine holes into the earth, close vpon the roote of the Vine, and
+powre therein either water, the dregges of strong-Ale, or the lées of
+Wine, or if you will you may mixe with the lées of Wine either
+Goats-milke, or Cowes-milke, and power it into the holes and it will
+nourish the Vine excéedingly, and not the Vine onely, but all sorts of
+dainty grafted Plumbes, especially Peaches.
+
+{SN: Of proyning the Vine.}
+Now for proyning the Vine, you shall vnderstand that it is euer to be
+done after the fall of the leafe, when the sappe is desended downeward,
+for if you shall proyne, or cut him, either in the spring, or when the
+sappe is aloft, it will bléede so excéedingly, that with great
+difficulty you shall saue the body of the trée from dying: and, in
+proyning of the Vine you shall obserue two things, the first, that you
+cut away all superfluous cyons and branches, both aboue and below, which
+either grow disorderly aboue, or fruitlessely below, and in cutting them
+you shall obserue, neither to cut the olde woode with the young cyon,
+nor to leaue aboue one head or leader vpon one branch: secondly, you
+shall in proyning, plash and spread the VINE thinnely against the wall,
+giuing euery seuerall branch and cyon his place, and passage, and not
+suffer it to grow loosely, rudely, or like a wilde thorne, out of all
+decency and proportion: for you must vnderstand that your Grapes doe
+grow euer vpon the youngest cyons, and if of them you shall preserue too
+many, questionlesse for want of nourishment they will lose their vertue,
+and you your profit. Now if your Vine be a very olde Vine, and that his
+fruit doth decay, either in quantitie or proportion; if then you finde
+he haue any young cyons which spring from his roote, then when you
+proyne him you shall cut away all the olde stocke, within lesse then an
+handfull of the young cyons, and make them the leaders, who will prosper
+and continue in perfection a long time after, especially if you trimme
+the rootes with fresh earth, and fresh dunge. Againe, if you be carefull
+to looke vnto your Vine, you shall perceiue close by euery bunch of
+grapes certaine small thridde-like cyons, which resemble twound wyars,
+curling and turning in many rings, these also take from the grapes very
+much nutriment, so that it shall be a labour very well imployd to cut
+them away as you perceiue them.
+
+{SN: Experiments of the Vine.}
+Now from the Vine there is gathered sundry experiments, as to haue it
+tast more pleasant then the true nature of the grape, and to smell in
+the mouth odoriferously, or as if it were perfumed, which may be done in
+this sort: Take damaske-Rose-water and boyle therein the powder of
+Cloaues, Cynamon, thrée graines of Amber, and one of Muske, and when it
+is come to be somewhat thicke, take a round goudge and make a hole in
+the maine stocke of the Vine, full as déepe as the hart thereof, and
+then put therein this medicine, then stopping the hole with Cypresse, or
+Iuniper, lay gréene-waxe thereupon, and binde a linnen cloath about it,
+and the next grapes which shall spring from that Vine will tast as if
+they were preserued or perfumed.
+
+If you will haue grapes without stones, you shall take your plants and
+plant the small ends downeward and be assured your desire is attained.
+
+The Vine naturally of himselfe doth not bring forth fruit till it haue
+béene thrée yéeres planted: but if euening and morning for the first
+month you will bath his roote with Goats-milke or Cowes-milke, it will
+beare fruit the first yéere of his planting. Lastly, you may if you
+please graft one Vine vpon another, as the swéet vpon the sower, as the
+Muskadine grape, or gréeke, vpon the Rochell or Burdeaux, the Spanish,
+or Iland grape, on the Gascoyne, and the Orleance vpon any at all: and
+these compositions are the best, and bring forth both the greatest and
+pleasantest grapes: therefore whensoeuer you will graft one grape vpon
+another, you shall doe it in the beginning of Ianuary, in this sort:
+first, after you haue chosen and trimmed your grafts, which in all sorts
+must be like the grafts of other fruits, then with a sharpe knife, you
+shall cleaue the head of the Vine, as you doe other stockes and then put
+in your graft, or cyon, being made as thinne as may be and sée that the
+barkes and sappes ioyne euen and close together, then clay it, mosse it,
+and couer it, as hath béene before declared.
+
+{SN: The medicining of the Vine.}
+If your Vine grow too ranke and thicke of leaues, so that the sappe doth
+wast it selfe in them, and you thereby lose the profit of the fruit, you
+shall then bare all the rootes of the Vine, and cast away the earth,
+filling vp the place againe with sand & ashes mingled together: but if
+the Vine be naturally of it selfe barraine, then with a goudge you shall
+make a hole halfe way through the maine body of the Vine, and driue into
+the hole a round pible stone, which although it goe straitly in, yet it
+may not fill vp the hole, but that the sicke humour of the Vine may
+passe thorrow thereat: then couer the roote with rich earth, and Oxe
+dunge mixt together, and once a day for a month water it with olde
+pisse, or vrine of a man, and it will make the trée fruitfull: if the
+Vine be troubled with Wormes, Snailes, Ants, Earewigges, or such like,
+you shall morning and euening sprinckle it ouer with cowes-pisse and
+vinegar mixt together & it will helpe it: & thus much for ordering the
+Vine.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IX.
+
+_The office of the Fruiterrer, or the Gatherer, and keeper, of Fruit._
+
+
+After you haue planted euery seuerall quarter, allye, and border within
+your Orchard, with euery seuerall fruit proper vnto his place, and that
+you haue placed them in that orderly and comely equipage which may giue
+most delight to the eye, profit to the trée, and commendations to the
+workeman, (according to the forme and order prescribed in the first
+Chapter) and that now the blessing of the highest, time, and your
+indeuours hath brought forth the haruest and recompence of your trauell,
+so that you behould the long-expected fruit hang vpon the trées, as it
+were in their ripenesse, wooing you to plucke, tast, and to deliuer them
+from the wombes of their parents, it is necessary then that you learne
+the true office of the Fruiterer, who is in due season and time to
+gather those fruits which God hath sent him: for as in the husbanding of
+our grayne if the Husbandman be neuer so carefull, or skilfull, in
+ploughing, dungging, sowing, wéeding and preseruing his crop, yet in the
+time of haruest be negligent, neither regarding the strength or ripnesse
+thereof, or in the leading and mowing respects not whether it be wet or
+dry, doth in that moments space loose the wages of his whole yéeres
+trauell, getting but durt from durt, and losse from his negligence: so
+in like case houlds it with all other fruits, if a man with neuer so
+great care and cost procure, yet if he be inrespectiue in the gathering,
+all his former businesse is vaine and to no purpose; and therefore I
+hould nothing more necessary then the relation of this office of the
+Fruiterer, which is the consummation and onely hope of our cost, and
+diligence, teaching vs to gather wisely what wée haue planted wearily,
+and to eate with contentment what we haue preserued with care.
+
+{SN: Of gathering and preseruing Cherries.}
+Know then, that of all fruits (for the most part) the Cherry is the
+soonest ripe, as being one of the oldest children of the summer, and
+therefore first of all to be spoken of in this place, yet are not all
+Cherries ripe at one instant, but some sooner then other some, according
+to the benefit of the Sunne, the warmth of the ayre, and the strength of
+sappe in the branch on which the Cherry hangeth: they are a fruit tender
+and pleasant, and therefore much subiect to be deuoured and consumed
+with Byrds of the smallest kindes, as Sparrowes, Robins, Starlings, and
+such like, especially the Iay, and the Bull-finch, who deuoure them
+stones and all, euen so fast as they rypen: for preuention whereof; if
+you haue great abundance of Cherry trées, as maine holts that be either
+one or many akers in compasse, you shall then in diuers places of your
+holts, as well in the midst, as out-corners, cause to be errected vp
+certaine long poales of Fyrre, or other woode, which may mount somewhat
+aboue the toppes of the trées, and one the toppes of those poales you
+shall place certaine clappe-milles made of broken trenchers ioyned
+together like sayles, which being moued and carryed about with the
+smallest ayre, may haue vnderneath the sayles a certaine loose little
+board, against which euery sayle may clap and make a great noyse, which
+will afright and scare the Byrds from your trées: these milles you shall
+commonly sée in Husbandmens yards placed on their stackes or houells of
+Corne, which doth preserue them from fowle and vermine: but for want of
+these clap-milles you must haue some boy or young fellow that must euery
+morning from the dawning of the day till the Sunne be more then an houre
+high, and euery euening from fiue of the clocke till nine, runne vp and
+downe your ground, whooping, showtying, and making of a great noyse, or
+now and then shooting of some Harquebush, or other Péece: but by no
+meanes to vse slings or throwing of stones, least by the miscarriage of
+his hand hée either beate downe the fruit or bruise the trees. In this
+sort hauing preserued your Cherries from destruction, you shall then
+know there ripenesse by their colours, for euer those which are most
+red, are most ripe, and when you sée any that are ripe, you shall take a
+light ladder, made either of fyrre or sallow, and setting it carefully
+against the branches, so as you neither bruise them nor the fruit, you
+shall gather those you finde ripe, not taking the fruit from the stalke,
+but nipping the stalke and fruit both together from the trée: also you
+shall be carefull in gathering to handle or touch the Cherry so little
+as may be, but the stalke onely, especially if your hands be hot, or
+sweaty, for that will change the colour of your Cherries, and make them
+looke blacke: if there be any ripe Cherries which hang out of the reach
+of your hands, then you shall haue a fine small gathering hooke of
+woode, whose bout shall be made round, and smooth, for nipping the barke
+of the branches, and with it you shall gently pull vnto you those
+branches you cannot reach: you shall also haue a little round basket of
+almost a foote déepe, made with a siue bottome, hauing a handle thwarte
+the toppe, to which a small hooke being fastned, you shall with that
+hooke hang the basket by you on some conuenient cyon, and as you gather
+the Cherries, gently lay them downe into the same, and when you haue
+filled your basket you shall descend and empty it into larger great
+baskets made of the same fashion, with siue bottomes, and hauing
+vnderneath two broad lathes or splinters, at least thrée fingers broad a
+péece, within foure inches one of the other, and going both one way
+crosse ouerthwart the basket, that if either man or woman shall carry
+them vpon their heads, which is the best manner of cariage, then the
+splinters may defend the bottome of the basket from the head of the
+party, and kéepe the Cherries from hurt or bruising, and if you haue
+occasion to carry your Cherries farre, and that the quantitie grow
+beyond the support of a man, then you shall packe them in hampers or
+panniers made with false bottoms like siues, and finely lyned on the
+out side with white straw, and so being closely trust on each side a
+Horses-backe, to carry them whether you please. You shall by no meanes
+suffer your Cherries to lye in any great or thicke heapes one vpon
+another, but vntill you sell them, or vse them, lay them as thinne as
+may be, because they are apt of themselues to sweat and catch heate, and
+that heate doth soone depriue them of the glory of their colour. When
+you gather any Cherries to preserue, you shall gather those which are
+the greatest, the ripest, you shall pull them from their stalkes one by
+one, and vse them at furthest within xxiiij. howers after the time they
+are gotten.
+
+{SN: The gathering of stone Fruit.}
+{SN: Of gathering hard Plumbes.}
+{SN: Of keeping of Plumbes.}
+For the gathering of Plumbes in generall, it is in the same manner as
+you did gather your Cherries, both with such a like ladder, such a like
+hooke, and such like vessels, onely some more speciall obseruations are
+to be obserued in gathering your dainty grafted Plumbes, then of the
+others, which are of a more hard and induring nature. You shall know
+then that for gathering of Abricots, Peaches, Date-Plumbes, and such
+like grafted Plumbes, you shall duely consider when they are perfectly
+ripe, which you shall not iudge by their dropping from the trée, which
+is a signe of ouer-much ripnesse, tending to rottennesse, but by the
+true mixture of their colour, and perfect change from their first
+complexion: for when you shall perceiue that there is no gréenenesse nor
+hardnesse in their out-sides, no, not so much as at the setting on of
+the stalke, you may then iudge that they are ready to be gathered, and
+for a perfecter tryall thereof you may if you please, take one which you
+thinke ripest from the trée, and opening it if you sée the stone comes
+cleane and dry away and not any of the in-part of the fruit cleauing
+vnto it, then you may assure your selfe that the fruit is ready to be
+gathered, which you shall with great deligence and care gather, not by
+any meanes laying one Plumbe vpon another, but each seuerally by
+another, for these dainty Plumbes are naturally so tender that the least
+touch, though of themselues, doth bruise them, and occasion
+rottennesse. Now when you haue gathered them, if either you haue desire
+to send them any iourney, as in gratulation to your friends, or for
+other priuate commoditie, you shall take some close, smooth, boxe,
+answerable to the store of fruit you are to send, and first line it
+within all ouer with white paper, then lay your Plumbes one by one all
+ouer the bottome of the boxe, then couering them all ouer with white
+paper, lay as many moe vpon the toppe of them, and couer them likewise
+with paper, as before, and so lay row vpon row with papers betwéene
+them, vntill the boxe be sufficiently filled, and then closing it vp
+sende it whether you please, and they will take the least hurt, whereas
+if you should line the boxe either with hay or straw, the very skinnes
+are so tender that the straw would print into them and bruise them
+excéedingly, and to lay any other soft thing about them, as either wooll
+or bumbast, is excéeding euill, because it heateth the Plumbes, and
+maketh them sweat, through which they both loose their colour and rot
+spéedily. As touching the gathering of Plumbes when they are hard, and
+to ripen them afterward by laying them vpon nettles, to which consenteth
+the most of our London-Fruiterrers, I am vtterly against the opinion,
+because I both know Nature to be the perfectest worke-Mistris, and where
+she is abridged of her power there euer to follow disorders and
+imperfections, as also that when such things are done, as it were
+through an ouer-hasty constraint, there cannot procéede any thing but
+abortiuenesse, and a distastfull rellish: from whence I thinke it comes
+to passe that in London a man shall very seldome tast a delicate or well
+rellisht Plumbe, vnlesse it be from such as hauing fruit of their owne,
+make no commoditie thereof more then their owne pleasures: yet thus much
+I would perswade euery one, that if they haue moe Plumbes ripe at once
+then they can vse, or spend, that then after they are gathered, to
+spread them thinnely vpon Nettles or Vine-trée leaues, and it will
+preserue them sound and well coloured a long time together, but if your
+store be so superabundant that in no reasonable time you can spend
+them, then what you doe not preserue, or make Godiniake, or Maruulade
+of, the rest you shall take and sprinkling them ouer with swéet-worte,
+or growt, and then laying them one by one (yet so as they may not touch
+one another) vpon hurdles or fleakes made of wands, or twigges, and put
+them into an Ouen after bread or Pyes haue béene taine thereout, and so
+leasurely dry them, and they will not onely last, but tast pleasantly
+all the yéere after: and in this sort you may vse all kindes of Plumbes,
+or Peares, whatsoeuer. Now for the gathering of the other ordinary sorts
+of vngrafted Plumbes, which haue both much stronger rindes, and are
+lesse subiect to rotting, you shall gather them, carry, or transport
+them, in the same manner that you did your Cherries, onely in these, as
+in all other sorts of fruit whatsoeuer, you shall not omit neuer to
+gather, or pull them from the trée, till the dewe be dryed cleane both
+from the grasse and from the trées, and that the day be dry, faire, and
+full of sunne-shine: for the least wet or moisture doth canker and rot
+the fruit.
+
+{SN: Of the gathering of Peares.}
+As touching the gathering of Peares, though sundry Fruiterrers obserue
+sundry wayes in gathering them, as some making more hast then
+good-spéed, as either to haue the first tast, or the first profit, some
+vsing more negligence, thincking their store so great it will neuer be
+consumed, and some so curious that they will not gather till the Peares
+fall into their bosomes, all which are dispraiseable fashions, yet I for
+my part would euer aduise all diligent husbands to obserue a
+mediocritie, and take the fittest season for the gathering of his fruit:
+as thus for example. If because you are vnexperienced or vnacquainted
+with the fruit you doe not know the due time of his ripening, you shall
+obserue the colour of the Peare, and if you sée it doe alter, either in
+part, or in all, you shall be assured the fruit is neare ripening, for
+Peares doe neuer change their colours, but when they doe desire to be
+taken from the trée: and of all fruit the Peare may be gathered the
+hardest, because both his owne naturall heate and peculiar quallittie
+will ripen him best with lying: yet to be more strongly fortefied in the
+knowledge of the ripenesse of your fruit, and because it is better to
+get a day too late, then an hower to earely, you shall before you gather
+your Peares, whether they be Summer fruit or Winter fruit, or whether
+you meane to spend them soone or preserue them long, take one of them
+from the trée, which is neither the ripest nor the gréenest, but betwixt
+both, and cut it through the midst with your knife, not longwise, but
+ouerthwart, and then looke into the coare where the kirnells lye, and if
+it be hollow so as the kirnells lye as it were hollow therein, the
+neather ends thereof being turned either blacke, or blackish, albeit the
+complexion of the Peare be little, or not at all altered, yet the Peares
+haue their full growth, and may very well be gathered: then laying them
+either vpon a bedde of ferne, or straw, one vpon another, in great
+thicknesse, their owne naturall heate will in short space ripen them,
+which you shall perceiue both by the spéedy changing of their colour, &
+the strength of their smell, which will be excéeding suffocating, which
+as soone as you perceiue, you shall then spread them thinner and
+thinner, vntill they be all ripe, and then lay them one by one, in such
+sort as they may not touch one another, and then they will last much the
+longer, you shall also after they be ripe, neither suffer them to haue
+straw nor ferne vnder them, but lay them either vpon some smooth table,
+boards or fleakes of wands, and they will last the longer.
+
+{SN: Of transporting, or carrying of Peares farre.}
+If you be to carry or transport Peares farre, you shall then gather them
+so much the sooner, and not suffer any ripe one to be amongst them, and
+then lyning great wicker baskets (such as will hould at least quarters a
+péece) finely within with white-straw, fill them vp with Peares, and
+then couer them with straw, and corde them aboue, and you may either
+transport them by land or Sea, whether you please, for they will ripen
+in their cariage: but when you come to your place of residence, then you
+must néeds vnpacke them and spread them thinner, or else they will rot
+and consume in a sodaine.
+
+{SN: Of gathering diuersly.}
+There be sundry wayes of gathering Peares, or other fruit, as namely, to
+climbe into the trée and to haue a basket with a line fastned thereto,
+and so when it is filled to let it downe, and cause it to be emptied,
+which labour though some of our southerne Fruiterers doe not much
+commend, yet for mine owne part I doe not sée much errour therein, but
+that it is both allowable and conuenient, both because it neither
+bruiseth the fruit, nor putteth the gatherer to any extraordinary
+labour, onely the imaginary euill is, that by climbing vp into the trée,
+hée that gathereth the fruit may indanger the breaking, slipping, and
+disbranching of many of the young cyons, which bréedeth much hurt and
+damage to the trée, but iudgement, and care, which ought to be
+apropriate to men of this quallitie, is a certaine preuenter of all such
+mischeifes. Now for such as in gathering of their fruit doe euery time
+that the basket is full bring it downe themselues from the trée, and
+empty it by powring the fruit rudely, and boystrously forth, or for
+beating of fruit downe with long poales, loggets, or such like, they are
+both most vilde and preposterous courses, the first being full of too
+much foolish and carelesse trouble, the latter of too much disorder, &
+cruelty, ruyning in a moment what hath béene many yéeres in building: as
+for the climbing the trée with a ladder, albeit it be a very good way
+for the gathering of fruit, yet if it be neuer so little indiscréetly
+handled, it as much hazardeth the breaking and bruising both of the
+fruit and the small cyons, as either climbing the trée, or any other way
+whatsoeuer.
+
+{SN: The gathering of Apples.}
+Now for the gathering of your Apples: you shall vnderstand that your
+summer fruit, as your Ieniting, Wibourne, and such like, are first to be
+gathered, whose ripenesse, you may partly know by the change of colour,
+partly by the pecking of Birds, but cheifely by the course formerly
+discribed for your knowledge of the ripenesse of the Peare, which is the
+hollownesse of coare, and liberty of the kirnell onely, and when you
+doe perceiue they are ripe, you shall gather them in such wise as hath
+béene declared for the gathering of your Peares, without respecting the
+state of the Moone, or any such like obseruation, but when you come to
+gather your Winter-fruit, which is the Pippin, Peare-maine, Russetting,
+Blacke-annat, and such like, you shall in any wise gather them in the
+wane of the Moone, and, as before I said, in the dryest season that may
+be, and if it be so that your store be so great that you cannot gather
+all in that season, yet you shall get so much of your principall fruit,
+the youngest and fairest, as is possible to be gotten, and preserue it
+for the last which you intend either to spend, or vtter. Now for the
+manner of gathering your Apples I doe not thinke you can amend or
+approue a better way then that which hath béene discribed for the
+gathering of Peares, yet some of our late practitioners (who thinke
+themselues not cunning if they be not curious) dislike that way, and
+will onely haue a gathering apron, into which hauing gathered their
+fruit, they doe empty it into larger vessells: this gathering apron is a
+strong péece of Canuas at least an ell euery way, which hauing the vpper
+end made fast about a mans necke, & the neather end with thrée loopes,
+that is, one at each corner, & one in the midst, through which you shall
+put a string, and binde it about your waste, in so much that both the
+sides of your apron being open you may put your fruit therein with which
+hand you please: this manner of gathering Apples is not amisse, yet in
+my conceit the apron is so small a defence for the Apples, that if it
+doe but knocke against the boughes as you doe moue your selfe, it cannot
+chuse but bruise the fruit very much, which ought euer to be auoyded:
+therefore still I am of this opinion, there is no better way, safer, nor
+more easie, then gathering them into a small basket, with a long line
+thereat, as hath béene before declared in the gathering of Peares. Now
+you shall carefully obserue in empting one basket into another, that you
+doe it so gently as may be, least in powring them out too rudely the
+stalkes of the fruit doe pricke one another, which although it doe
+appeare little or nothing at the first, yet it is the first ground,
+cause, and beginning of rottennesse, and therefore you shall to your
+vttermost power gather your Apples with as small stalkes as may be, so
+they haue any at all, which they must néedes haue, because that as too
+bigge stalkes doth pricke and bruise the fruit, so to haue none at all
+makes the fruit rot first in the place where the stalke should be: you
+shall also kéepe your fruit cleane from leaues, for they being gréene
+and full of moisture, when by reason of their lying close together they
+beginne to wither they strike such an heate into the Apples, that they
+mil-dew and rot instantly.
+
+{SN: Of Fallings.}
+{SN: Of carriage and keeping Fruit.}
+As touching your Fallings, which are those Apples which fall from your
+trées, either through too much ripenesse, or else through the violence
+of winde, or tempests, you shall by no meanes match them, or mixe them,
+with your gathered fruit, for they can by no meanes last or indure so
+long, for the latter which falleth by force of winde, wanting the true
+nourishment of the earth and the kindly ripening vpon the trée, must
+necessarily shrinke wither, and grow riuelled, so that your best course
+is to spend them presently, with all spéede possible: for the other
+which hath too much ripenesse from the earth, and the trée, though it be
+much better then the other, yet it cannot be long lasting, both because
+it is in the falling bruised, and also hath too much ripenesse, which is
+the first steppe to rottennesse, so that they must likewise be spent
+with all expedition. For the carriage of your Apples, if the place be
+not farre whether you should carry them, you shall then in those large
+baskets into which you last emptied them, carry them vpon cole-staues,
+or stangs, betwixt two men, and hauing brought them carefully into your
+Apple-loft, power them downe gently vpon bedds of ferne or straw, and
+lay them in reasonable large heapes, euery sort of Apples seuerall by
+themselues, without mixture, or any confusion: and for such Apples as
+you would haue to ripen soone, you shall couer them all ouer with ferne
+also, but for such as you would haue take all possible leasure in
+ripening, those you shall lay neither vpon ferne, nor straw, but vpon
+the bare boards, nay, if you lay them vpon a plaster floare (which is of
+all floares the coldest) till Saint Andrewes tide, it is not amisse, but
+very profitable, and the thinner you lay them so much the better. Now if
+you haue any farre iourney to carry your Apples, either by land, or by
+water, then trimming and lyning the insides of your baskets with ferne,
+or wheat-straw wouen as it were cleane through the basket, you shall
+packe, couer, and cord vp your Apples, in such sort as you did your
+Peares, and there is no danger in the transportation of them, be it by
+shippe, cart, waggon, or horse-backe. If you be inforced to packe sundry
+sorts of Apples in one basket, sée that betwixt euery sort you lay a
+diuision of straw, or ferne, that when they are vnpackt, you may lay
+them againe seuerally: but if when they are vnpackt, for want of roome
+you are compeld to lay some sorts together, in any wise obserue to mixe
+those sorts together which are nearest of taste, likest of colour, and
+all of one continuance in lasting: as for the packing vp of fruit in
+hogsheads, or shooting them vnder hatches when you transport them by
+Sea, I like neither of the courses, for the first is too close, and
+nothing more then the want of ayre doth rot fruit, the other is subiect
+to much wet, when the breach of euery Sea indangereth the washing of the
+Apples, and nothing doth more certainely spoyle them. The times most
+vnseasonable for the transporting of fruit, is either in the month of
+March, or generally in any frosty weather, for if the sharpe coldenesse
+of those ayres doe touch the fruit, it presently makes them looke
+blacke, and riuelled, so that there is no hope of their continuance.
+
+The place where you shall lay your fruit must neither be too open, nor
+too close, yet rather close then open, it must by no meanes be low vpon
+the ground, nor in any place of moistnesse: for moisture bréedes
+fustinesse, and such naughty smells easily enter into the fruit, and
+taint the rellish thereof, yet if you haue no other place but some low
+cellar to lay your fruit in, then you shall raise shelues round about,
+the nearest not within two foote of the ground, and lay your Apples
+thereupon, hauing them first lyned, either with swéet Rye-straw,
+Wheate-straw, or dry ferne: as these vndermost roomes are not the best,
+so are the vppermost, if they be vnséeld, the worst of all other,
+because both the sunne, winde, and weather, peircing through the tiles,
+doth annoy and hurt the fruit: the best roome then is a well séeld
+chamber, whose windowes may be shut and made close at pleasure, euer
+obseruing with straw to defend the fruit from any moist stone wall, or
+dusty mudde wall, both which are dangerous annoyances.
+
+{SN: The seperating of Fruit.}
+Now for the seperating of your fruit, you shall lay those nearest hand,
+which are first to be spent, as those which will last but till
+Alhallontide, as the Cisling, Wibourne, and such like, by themselues:
+those which will last till Christmas, as the Costard, Pome-water,
+Quéene-Apple, and such like: those which will last till Candlemas, as
+the Pome-de-roy, Goose-Apple, and such like, and those which will last
+all the yéere, as the Pippin, Duzin, Russetting, Peare-maine, and such
+like, euery one in his seuerall place, & in such order that you may
+passe from bed to bed to clense or cast forth those which be rotten or
+putrefied at your pleasure, which with all diligence you must doe,
+because those which are tainted will soone poyson the other, and
+therefore it is necessary as soone as you sée any of them tainted, not
+onely to cull them out, but also to looke vpon all the rest, and deuide
+them into thrée parts, laying the soundest by themselues, those which
+are least tainted by themselues, and those which are most tainted by
+themselues, and so to vse them all to your best benefit.
+
+Now for the turning of your longest lasting fruit, you shall know that
+about the latter end of December is the best time to beginne, if you
+haue both got and kept them in such sort as is before sayd, and not mixt
+fruit of more earely ripening amongst them: the second time you shall
+turne them, shall be about the end of February, and so consequently once
+euery month, till Penticost, for as the yéere time increaseth in heate
+so fruit growes more apt to rot: after Whitsontide you shall turne them
+once euery fortnight, alwayes in your turning making your heapes thinner
+and thinner; but if the weather be frosty then stirre not your fruit at
+all, neither when the thaw is, for then the fruit being moist may by no
+meanes be touched: also in wet weather fruit will be a little dankish,
+so that then it must be forborne also, and therefore when any such
+moistnesse hapneth, it is good to open your windowes and let the ayre
+dry your fruit before it be turned: you may open your windowe any time
+of the yéere in open weather, as long as the sunne is vpon the skye, but
+not after, except in March onely, at what time the ayre and winde is so
+sharpe that it tainteth and riuelleth all sorts of fruits whatsoeuer.
+
+{SN: To keepe Fruit in frost.}
+If the frost be very extreame, and you feare the indangering your fruit,
+it is good to couer them somewhat thicke with fine hay, or else to lay
+them couered all ouer either in Barley-chaffe, or dry Salte: as for the
+laying them in chests of Iuniper, or Cipresse, it is but a toy, and not
+worth the practise: if you hang Apples in nettes within the ayre of the
+fire it will kéepe them long, but they will be dry and withered, and
+will loose their best rellish.
+
+{SN: Of Wardens.}
+Now for the gathering, kéeping, ordering, and preseruing of Wardens,
+they are in all sorts and in all respects to be vsed as you doe vse your
+Peares, onely you are to consider that they are a fruit of a much
+stronger constitution, haue a much thicker skinne, and will endure much
+harder season: neither ought you to séeke to ripen them in hast, or
+before the ordinary time of their owne nature, and therefore to them you
+shall vse neither straw, ferne, nor hay, but onely dry boards to lay
+them vpon, and no otherwise.
+
+{SN: Of Medlars and Seruices.}
+For your Medlars, you shall gather them about the midst of October,
+after such time as the frost hath nipt and bitten them, for before they
+will not be ready, or loosen from the stalke, and then they will be
+nothing ripe, but as hard as stones, for they neuer ripen vpon the trée,
+therefore as soone as you haue gathered them, you shall packe them into
+some close vessell, and couer them all ouer, and round about, with
+thicke woollen cloathes, and about the cloathes good store of hay, and
+some other waight of boards, or such like vpon them, all which must
+bring them into an extreame heate, without which they will neuer ripen
+kindely, because their ripenesse is indéed perfect rottennesse: and
+after they haue layne thus, at least a fornight, you shall then looke
+vpon them, and turning them ouer, such as you finde ripe you shall take
+away, the rest you shall let remaine still, for they will not ripen all
+at once, and those which are halfe ripe you shall also remoue into a
+third place, least if you should kéepe them together, they should
+beginne to grow mouldy before the other were ready; and in the selfe
+same manner as you vse your Medlars, so you shall vse your Seruices, and
+they will ripen most kindely: or if you please to sticke them betwixt
+large clouen stickes, and to sprinckle a little olde beare vpon them,
+and so set them in a close roome, they will ripen as kindely as any
+other way whatsoeuer.
+
+{SN: Of Quinces.}
+Now for Quinces, they are a fruit which by no meanes you may place neare
+any other kinde of fruit, because their sent is so strong and peircing,
+that it will enter into any fruit, and cleane take way his naturall
+rellish: the time of their gathering is euer in October, and the méetest
+place to lay them in is where they may haue most ayre, so they may lye
+dry (for wet they can by no meanes indure,) also they must not lye
+close, because the smell of them is both strong & vnwholsome: the beds
+whereon they must lye must be of swéet straw, and you must both turne
+them and shift them very often, or else they will rot spéedily: for the
+transporting or carying them any long iourney, you must vse them in all
+things as you vse your Peares, & the carriage will be safe.
+
+{SN: Of Nuts.}
+For Nuts, of what sort soeuer they be, you shall know they are ripe as
+soone as you perceiue them a little browne within the huske, or as it
+were ready to fall out of the same, the skill therefore in preseruing of
+them long from drynesse, is all that can be desired at the Fruiterers
+hands: for as touching the gathering of them, there is no scruple to be
+obserued, more then to gather them cleane from the trée, with the helpe
+of hookes and such like, for as touching the bruising of them, the shell
+is defence sufficient. After they be gathered, you shall shale them, and
+take them cleane out of their huskes, and then for preseruing them from
+either Wormes or drynesse, it shall be good to lay them in some low
+cellar, where you may couer them with sand, being first put into great
+bagges or bladders: some french-men are of opinion that if you put them
+into vessels made of Wal-nut-trée, and mixe Iuy-berries amongst them, it
+will preserue them moist a long time: others thinke, but I haue found it
+vncertaine, that to preserue Nuts in Honey will kéepe them all the yéere
+as gréene, moist, and pleasant, as when they hung vpon the trée: The
+Dutch-men vse (and it is an excellent practise) to take the crusht
+Crabbes (after your verdiuyce is strained out of them) and to mixe it
+with their Nuts, and so to lay them in heapes, and it will preserue them
+long: or otherwise if they be to be transported, to put them into
+barrells and to lay one layre of crusht Crabbes, and another of Nuts,
+vntill the barrell be filled, and then to close them vp, and set them
+where they may stand coole. But aboue all these foresayd experiments,
+the best way for the preseruing of Nuts is to put them into cleane
+earthen pots, and to mixe with them good store of salt and then closing
+the pots close, to set them in some coole cellar, and couer them all
+ouer with sand, and there is no doubt but they will kéepe coole,
+pleasant, and moist, vntill new come againe, which is a time fully
+conuenient.
+
+{SN: Of Grapes.}
+Now to conclude, for the kéeping of Grapes, you shall first vnderstand
+that the best time for their gathering is in the wane of the Moone, and
+about the midst of October, as for the knowledge of his ripenesse it is
+euer at such time as his first colour is cleane altered, for all Grapes
+before they be ripe are of a déepe, thicke, greene, colour, but after
+they be ripe, they are either of a blewish redde, or of a bright shining
+pale gréene. Now for the preseruing them for our english vse, which is
+but onely for a fruit-dish at our Tables, for neither our store, nor our
+soyle, affords vs any for the wine-presse, some thinke it good, after
+they are gotten, to lay them in fine dry sand, or to glasse them vp in
+close glasses, where the ayre cannot peirce, will kéepe them long, both
+full, plumpe, and swéet, but in my conceit the best course is after they
+are gotten to hang them vpon strings bunch by bunch, in such places of
+your house as they may take the ayre of the fire, and they will last
+longest, and kéepe the swéetest.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. X.
+
+_Of the making of Cyder, or Perry._
+
+
+Cyder is a certaine liquor or drinke made of the iuyce of Apples, and
+Perrye the like, made of Peares, they are of great vse in France, and
+very wholsome for mans body, especially at the Sea, and in hot
+Countries: for they are coole and purgatiue, and doe preuent burning
+agues: with vs here in England Cyder is most made in the West parts, as
+about Deuon-shire & Cornwaile, & Perry in Worcester-shire,
+Glocester-shire, & such like, where indéede the greatest store of those
+kindes of fruits are to be found: the manner of making them is, after
+your fruit is gotten, you shall take euery Apple, or Peare, by it selfe,
+and looking vpon them, picke them cleane from all manner of filthinesse,
+as bruisings, rottennesse, worme-eating, and such like, neither leaue
+vpon them any stalkes, or the blacke buddes which are and grow vpon the
+tops of the fruit, which done you shall put them in to some very cleane
+vessell, or trough, and with béetells, made for the purpose, bruise or
+crush the Apples or Peares in péeces, & so remoue them into other cleane
+vessells, till all the fruit be bruised: then take a bagge of
+hayre-cloath, made at least a yard, or thrée quarters, square, and
+filling it full of the crusht fruit, put it in a presse of woode, made
+for the purpose, and presse out all the iuyce and moisture out of the
+fruit, turning and tossing the bagge vp and downe, vntill there be no
+more moisture to runne forth, and so baggefull after baggefull cease not
+vntill you haue prest all: wherein you are especially to obserue, that
+your vessells into which you straine your fruit be excéeding neate,
+swéet, and cleane, and there be no place of ill fauour, or annoyance
+neare them, for the liquour is most apt, especially Cyder, to take any
+infection. As soone as your liquor is prest forth and hath stoode to
+settle, about twelue houres, you shall then turne it vp into swéet
+hogsheads, as those which haue had in them last, either White-wine or
+Clarret, as for the Sacke vessell it is tollerable, but not excellent:
+you may also if you please make a small long bagge of fine linnen
+cloath, and filling it full of the powder of Cloues, Mace, Cynamon,
+Ginger, and the dry pils of Lemons, and hang it with a string at the
+bung-hole into the vessell, and it will make either the Cyder, or Perry,
+to tast as pleasantly as if it were Renish-wine, and this being done you
+shall clay vp the bung-hole with clay and salt mixt together, so close
+as is possible. And thus much for the making of Perry or Cyder.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XI.
+
+_Of the Hoppe-garden, and first of the ground and situation thereof._
+
+
+{SN: Fit ground for Hoppes.}
+That the Hoppe is of great vse and commoditie in this kingdome, both the
+Beare, which is the generall and perfect drinke of our Nation, and our
+dayly traffique, both with France, the low-Countries, and other nations,
+for this commoditie, is a continuall testimony, wherefore the first
+thing to be considered of in this worke, is the goodnesse and aptnesse
+of the ground for the bringing forth of the fruit thereof, wherein I
+thus farre consent with Maister _Scot_, that I doe not so much respect
+the writings, opinions, and demonstrations, of the Gréeke, Latine, or
+French authors, who neuer were acquainted with our soyles, as I doe the
+dayly practise and experience which I collect, both from my owne
+knowledge, and the labours of others my Countrymen, best séene and
+approued in this Art: therefore to come to my purpose, you shal
+vnderstand that the light sand, whether it be redde or white, being
+simple and vnmixed is most vnfit for the planting of Hoppes, because
+that through the barrainenesse, it neither hath comfort for the roote,
+nor through his seperate lightnesse, any strong hould to maintaine and
+kéepe vp the poales: likewise the most fertill rich, blacke clay, which
+of all soyles is the best and most fruitfull, is not to be allowed for a
+Hoppe garden, because his fatnesse and iuyce is so strong that the roote
+being as it were ouer-fedde, doth make the branches bring forth leaues
+in such infinite abundance that they leaue neither strength nor place
+for the fruit, either to knit, or put forth his treasure, as I haue
+séene by experience in many places: as for the earth which is of a
+morish, blacke, wet nature, and lyeth low, although I haue often times
+séene good Hoppes to grow thereupon, being well trencht, and the hils
+cast high to the best aduantage, yet it is not the principall ground of
+all others, because it is neuer long lasting, but apt to decay and grow
+past his strength of bearing. The grounds then which I haue generally
+séene to beare the best Hoppes, and whose natures doe the longest
+continue with such fruit, are those mixt earthes which are clayes with
+clayes, as blacke with white, or clayes and sands of any sorts, wherein
+the soyle is so corrected as neither too much fatnesse doth suffocate,
+nor too much leannesse doth pine: for I had euer rather haue my
+Hoppe-garden desire increase, then continually labour in abatement. And
+although some doe excéedingly condemne the chauke-ground for this vse,
+yet I haue not at any time séene better Hoppes, or in more plenty, then
+in such places, as at this day may be séene in many places about
+Hartford-shire. To conclude, though your best mixt earths bring forth
+the best Hoppes, yet there is no soyle, or earth, of what nature soeuer
+it be (if it lye frée from inundation) but will bring forth good Hoppes,
+if it be put into the hands of an experienced workman.
+
+{SN: Of the Situation.}
+Now, for the situation or site of your Hoppe-garden: you shall so neare
+as you can place it neare some couer or shelter, as either of hils,
+houses, high-walles, woodes or trées, so those woodes or trées be not so
+neare that they may drop vpon your Hoppe hils, for that will kill them:
+also the nearer it is planted to your dwelling house it is somuch the
+better, both because the vigilance of your owne eye is a good guarde
+thereunto, and also the labours of your work-Maister will be more
+carefull and diligent. A Hop-garden as it delighteth much in the
+pleasantnesse of the sunne, so it cannot endure by any meanes, the
+sharpenesse of the windes, frosts, or Winter weather, and therefore your
+onely care is your defence and shelter. For the bignesse of your ground,
+it must be ordered according to your abillitie or place of trade for
+that commoditie, for if you shall haue them but for your owne vse, then
+a roode or two roodes will be inough, albeit your house kéeping match
+with Nobillitie: but if you haue them for a more particuler profit,
+then you may take an Aker, two or thrée, according to your owne
+discretion; wherein you shall euer kéepe these obseruations: that one
+mans labour cannot attend aboue two thousand fiue hundred hils, that
+euery roode will beare two hundred and fiftie hils, euery hill beare at
+least two pounds and an halfe of Hoppes, (which is the iust quantitie
+that will serue to brew one quarter of Malt) and that euery hundred
+waight of Hoppes, is at the least, in a reasonable yéere, worth
+foure-nobles the hundred: so that euery roode of ground thus imployed,
+cannot be lesse worth, at the meanest reckoning, then sixe pounds by the
+yéere: for if the ground be principall good for the purpose, and well
+ordered, the profit will be much greater, in as much as the bells of the
+Hoppes will be much greater, full, and more waighty: And thus much for
+the ground and situation.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XII.
+
+_Of the ordering of the Garden, and placing of the Hils._
+
+
+As soone as you haue chosen out your platforme of ground, you shal
+either by ploughing, or digging, or by both, make it as flat & leuell as
+is possible, vnlesse it be any thing subiect vnto water, and then you
+shall giue it some small desent, and with little trenches conuaye the
+water from annoying it: you shall also the yéere before you either make
+hill or plant it with Hoppe-rootes, sowe it all ouer with hempe, which
+will not onely kill, and stifle all sorts of wéeds, but also rot the
+gréene-swarth, and make the mould mellow, and apt to receiue the rootes
+when they come to be planted.
+
+Now, as soone as your ground is thus prepared, you shall then take a
+line, and with it measure your ground ouerthwart, and to euery hill
+allow at least thrée foote of ground euery way, and betwixt hill and
+hill, at the least sixe foote distance: and when you haue marked thus
+the number of thirty or forty places, where your hils shall be placed,
+intending euer that the time of yéere for this worke must be about the
+beginning of Aprill, you shall then in the center, or midde part of
+these places made for the site of your hils, digge small square holes of
+a foote square each way, and a full foote déepe, and in these holes you
+shall set your Hoppe-rootes, that is to say, in euery hole at least
+thrée rootes, and these thrée rootes you shall ioyne together in such
+wise that the toppes of them may be of one equall height, and agréeing
+with the face or vpper part of the earth, you shall set them straight
+and vpright, and not seperating them, as many doe, and setting at each
+corner of the hole a roote, neither shall you twist them, and set both
+ends vpward, nor lay them flat or crosse-wise in the earth, neither
+shall you make the hils first and set the rootes after, nor immediately
+vpon the setting cast great hils vpon them, all which are very vilde
+wayes for the setting of Hoppes, but, as before I sayd, hauing ioyned
+your rootes together, you shall place them straight and vpright, and so
+holding them in one hand, with the other put the moulds close, firme,
+and perfectly about them, especially to each corner of the hole, which
+done you shall likewise couer the sets themselues all ouer with fine
+moulds, at least two fingers thicke, and in this sort you shall plant
+all your garden quite ouer, making the sites for your hill to stand in
+rowes and rankes, in such order that you may haue euery way betwéene the
+hils small alleyes and passages, wherein you may goe at pleasure from
+hill to hill, without any trouble or annoyance, according to that forme
+which I haue before prescribed touching the placing of your Apple-trées
+in each seuerall quarter in your Orchard: and herein you are to
+vnderstand, that in this first yéere of planting your Hoppe-garden you
+shall by no meanes fashion or make any great hils, but onely raise that
+part of the earth where your plants are set, some two or thrée fingers
+higher then the ordinary ground.
+
+{SN: The choise of Rootes.}
+Now, before I procéede any further, I thinke it not amisse to speake
+some thing touching the choise, gathering and trimming of Hoppe-rootes:
+wherefore you shall vnderstand that about the latter end of March is the
+best gathering of Hoppe-rootes, which so neare as you can you shall
+select out of some garden of good reputation, which is both carefully
+kept, and by a man of good knowledge, for there euery thing being
+preserued in his best perfection, the rootes will be the greatest and
+most apt to take: and in the choise of your rootes you shall euer chuse
+those which are the greatest, as namely, such as are at the least thrée
+or foure inches about, & ten inches long, let euery roote containe about
+thrée ioynts, and no more, and in any case let them be the cyons of the
+last yéeres growth: if they be perfectly good they haue a great gréene
+stalke with redde streakes, and a hard, broad, long, gréene, bell; if
+they be otherwise, as namely, wilde-Hoppes, then they are small and
+slender, like thriddes, their colour is all redde, euen when it is at
+least thrée yards high, whereas the best Hoppe carieth his reddish
+colour not thrée foote from the earth. Now hauing gotten such rootes as
+are good and fit for your purpose, if the season of the weather, or
+other necessitie hinder you from presently setting them, you shall then
+either lay them in some puddle, neare to your garden, or else bury them
+in the ground, vntill fit time for their planting: and of the two it is
+better to bury them then lay them in puddle, because if you so let them
+lye aboue xxiiij. houres, the rootes will be spoyled.
+
+Now after you haue in manner aforeshewed, planted your garden with
+rootes, it shall not be amisse, if the place be apt to such annoyance,
+to pricke vpon the site of euery hill a few sharpe Thornes to defend
+them from the scratching of poultry, or such like, which euer are busie
+to doe mischeife: yet of all house-fowle Géese be the worst, but if your
+fence be as it ought, high, strong, and close, it will both preuent
+their harme and this labour.
+
+{SN: Of Poales.}
+Next vnto this worke is the placing of Poales, of which we will first
+speake of the choise thereof, wherein if I discent from the opinion of
+other men, yet imagine I set downe no Oracle, but referre you to the
+experience or the practise, and so make your owne discreation the
+arbiter betwéene our discentions. It is the opinion of some, that
+Alder-poales are most proper and fit for the Hoppe-garden, both that the
+Hoppe taketh, as they say, a certaine naturall loue to that woode, as
+also that the roughnesse of the rinde is a stay & benefit to the growth
+of the Hoppe: to all which I doe not disagrée, but that there should be
+found Alder-poales of that length, as namely, xvj. or xviij. foote long,
+nine, or ten, inches in compasse, and with all rush-growne, straight,
+and fit for this vse, séemeth to mée as much as a miracle, because in my
+life I haue not beheld the like, neither doe I thinke our kingdome can
+afford it, vnlesse in some such especiall place where they are purposely
+kept and maintained, more to shew the art of their maintenance, then the
+excellency of their natures: in this one benefit, and doutlesse where
+they are so preserued, the cost of their preseruation amounteth to more
+than the goodnesse of their extraordinary quallitie, which mine author
+defends to the contrary, giuing them a larger prerogatiue, in that they
+are cheaper to the purse, more profitable to the plant, and lesse
+consumption to the common-wealth: but I greatly doubt in the
+approbation, and therefore mine aduise is not to rely onely vpon the
+Alder, and for his preheminence imagine all other poales insufficient:
+but be assured that either, the Oake-poale, the Ashe, the Béeche, the
+Aspe, or Maple, are euery way as good, as profitable, and by many
+degrées much longer lasting.
+
+{SN: The proportion of the Poale.}
+{SN: Of cutting and erecting Poales.}
+Now, if it be so that you happen to liue in the champian Country, as for
+the most part Northampton shire, Oxford-shire, some parts of Leycester
+and Rutland are, or in the wet and low Countries, as Holland, and Kesten
+in Lincolne-shire, or the Ile of Elye in Cambridge-shire, all which
+places are very barraine of woode, and yet excellent soyles to beare
+Hoppes, rather then to loose the commoditie of the Hoppe-garden I wish
+you to plant great store of Willowes, which will afforde you poales as
+sufficient as any of the other whatsoeuer, onely they are not so long
+lasting, and yet with carefull and dry keeping, I haue séene them last
+full out seauen yéeres, a time reasonably sufficient for any young
+woode, for such a vse. Thus you sée the curiositie is not very great of
+what woode so euer your poale be, so it be of young and cleane growth,
+rush-growne, (that is to say, biggest at the neather end) eightéene
+foote in length, and ten inches in compasse. These poales you shall cut
+and prepare betwixt the feast of Al-Saints, and Christmas, and so pile
+them vp in some dry place, where they may take no wet, vntill it be
+midde-Aprill, at which time (your Hoppes being shot out of the ground at
+least thrée quarters of a yarde, so that you may discerne the principall
+cyons which issue from the principall rootes) you shall then bring your
+poales into the garden, and lay them along in the alleyes, by euery hill
+so many poales as shall be sufficient for the maine branches, which
+happely the first yéere will not be aboue two or thrée poales at the
+most to a hill, but in processe of time more, as foure or fiue,
+according to the prosperitie of the plants, and the largenesse of the
+hils. After you haue thus layd your poales, you shall then beginne to
+set them vp in this sort: first, you shall take a gaue-locke, or crow of
+iron, and strike it into the earth so neare vnto the roote of the Hoppe
+as is possible, prouided alwayes that you doe not bruise, or touch the
+roote, and so stroake after stroake, cease not striking till you haue
+made a hoale at least two foote déepe, and make them a little slantwise
+inward towards the hill, that the poales in their standing may shoote
+outwards and hould their greatest distance in the toppes: this done you
+shall place the poales in those hoales, thus made with the iron crow,
+and with another péece of woode, made rammer-wise, that is to say, as
+bigge at the neather end as the biggest part of the poale, or somewhat
+more, you shall ramme in the poales, and beate the earth firme and hard
+about them: alwayes prouided, that you touch not any branch, or as
+little as you may beate with your rammer within betwéene the poales,
+onely on the out-side make them so fast that the winde, or weather, may
+not disorder or blow them downe: then lay to the bottome of euery poale
+the branch which shall ascend it, and you shall sée in a short space,
+how out of their owne natures, they will imbrace and climbe about them.
+
+Now, if it happen after your Hoppes are growne vp, yet not come to their
+full perfection, that any of your poales chance to breake, you shall
+then take a new poale, and with some soft gréene rushes, or the inmost
+gréene barke of an Alder-trée, tye the toppe of the Hoppe to the toppe
+of the new poale, then draw the broken poale out of the Hoppe (I meane
+that part which being broken lyeth vpon the ground) and as you saw it
+did winde about the olde poale (which is euer the same way that the
+sunne runnes) so you shall winde it about the new poale: then loosening
+the earth a little from the neather part of the broken poale, you may
+with your owne strength pull it cleane out of the earth, and place the
+new poale in his roome. Now, there be some which are excéeding curious
+in pulling vp these olde poales, and rather then they will shake the
+earth, or loosen the mould, they will make a paire of large pincers, or
+tarriers of iron, at least fiue foote long with sharpe téeth, and a
+clasping hooke to hould the téeth together, when they haue taken fast
+hould vpon the poale so neare the earth as is possible, and then laying
+a peice of woode vnder the tarriers, and poysing downe the other ends to
+rest the poale out of the earth without any disturbance, the modell or
+fashion of which instrument is contained in this figure:
+
+{Illustration}
+
+This instrument is not to be discommended, but to be held of good vse,
+either in binding grounds where the earth hardneth and houldeth the
+poale more then fast, or in the strength and heate of summer, when the
+drynesse of the mould will by no meanes suffer the poale to part from
+it: but otherwise it is néedlesse and may without danger be omitted.
+
+As soone as you haue sufficiently set euery hill with poales, and that
+there is no disorder in your worke, you shall when the Hoppes beginne to
+climbe, note if their be any cyons or branches which doe forsake the
+poales, and rather shoote alongst the ground then looke vp to their
+supporters, and all such as you shall so finde, you shall as before I
+sayd, either with soft gréene rushes, or the gréene barke of Elder, tye
+them gently vnto the poales, and winde them about, in the same course
+that the sunne goes, as oft as conueniently you can: and this you shall
+doe euer after the dew is gone from the ground, and not before, and this
+must be done with all possible speede, for that cyon which is the
+longest before it take vnto the poale is euer the worst and brings forth
+his fruit in the worst season.
+
+{SN: Of the Hils.}
+Now, as touching the making of your hils, you shall vnderstand that
+although generally they are not made the first yéere, yet it is not
+amisse if you omit that scruple, and beginne to make your hils as soone
+as you haue placed your poales, for if your industry be answerable to
+the desert of the labour, you shall reape as good profit the first
+yéere, as either the second or the third. To beginne therefore to make
+your hils, you shall make you an instrument like a stubbing Hoe, which
+is a toole wherewith labourers stubbe rootes out of decayed woode-land
+grounds, onely this shall be somewhat broader and thinner, somewhat in
+fashion (though twice so bigge) vnto a Coopers Addes, with a shaft at
+least foure foote long: some onely for this purpose vse a fine paring
+spade, which is euery way as good, and as profitable, the fashion of
+which is in this figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+With this paring spade, or hoe, you shall pare vp the gréene-swarth and
+vppermost earth, which is in the alleyes betwéene the hils, and lay it
+vnto the rootes of the Hoppes, raising them vp like small Mole-hils, and
+so monthly increasing them all the yéere through, make them as large as
+the site of your ground will suffer, which is at least foure or fiue
+foote ouerthwart in the bottome, and so high as conueniently that height
+will carry: you shall not by any meanes this first yéere decay any cyons
+or branches which spring from the hils, but maintaine them in their
+growth, and suffer them to climbe vp the poales, but after the first
+yéere is expired you shall not suffer aboue two or thrée cyons, at the
+most, to rise vpon one poale. After your hils are made, which as before
+I sayd would be at least foure or fiue foote square in the bottome, and
+thrée foote high, you shall then diligently euery day attend your
+garden, and if you finde any branches that being risen more then halfe
+way vp the poales, doe then forsake them and spread outward, dangling
+downe, then you shall either with the helpe of a high stoole, on which
+standing you may reach the toppe of the poale, or else with a small
+forckt sticke, put vp the branch, and winde it about the poale: you
+shall also be carefull that no wéeds or other filthinesse grow about the
+rootes of your Hoppes to choake them, but vpon the first discouery to
+destroy them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XIII.
+
+_Of the gathering of Hoppes, and the preseruing of the Poales._
+
+
+Touching the gathering of Hoppes you shall vnderstand that after Saint
+_Margarets_ day they beginne to blossome, if it be in hot and rich
+soyles, but otherwise not till Lammas: likewise in the best soyles they
+bell at Lammas, in the worst at Michaelmas, and in the best earth they
+are full ripe at Michaelmas, in the worst at Martillmas; but to know
+when they are ripe indeede, you shall perceiue the séede to loose his
+gréene colour, and looke as browne as a Hares backe, wherefore then you
+shall with all dilligence gather them, and because they are a fruit that
+will endure little or no delay, as being ready to fall as soone as they
+be ripe, and because the exchange of weather may bréede change in your
+worke, you shall vpon the first aduantage of faire weather, euen so
+soone as you shall sée the dewe exhaled and drawne from the earth, get
+all the ayde of Men, Women, and children which haue any vnderstanding,
+to helpe you, and then hauing some conuenient empty barne, or shedde,
+made either of boards or canuas, neare to the garden, in which you shall
+pull your Hoppes, you shall then beginne at the nearest part of the
+garden, and with a sharpe garden knife cut the stalkes of the Hoppes
+asunder close by the toppes of the hils; and then with a straite forke
+of iron, made broad and sharpe, for the purpose, shere vp all the
+Hoppes, and leaue the poales naked. Then hauing labouring persons for
+the purpose, let them cary them vnto the place where they are to be
+puld; and in any case cut no more then presently is caryed away as fast
+as they are cut, least if a shower of raine should happen to fall, and
+those being cut and taking wet, are in danger of spoyling. You shall
+prouide that those which pull your Hoppes be persons of good discretion,
+who must not pull them one by one, but stripe them roundly through their
+hands into baskets, mixing the young budds and small leaues with them,
+which are as good as any part of the Hoppe whatsoeuer. After you haue
+pulled all your Hoppes and carried them into such conuenient dry roomes
+as you haue prepared for that purpose, you shall then spread them vpon
+cleane floares, so thinne as may be, that the ayre may passe thorrow
+them, least lying in heapes they sweat, and so mould, before you can
+haue leasure to dry them. After your Hoppes are thus ordered, you shall
+then cleanse your garden of all such Hoppe-straw, and other trash, as in
+the gathering was scattered therein: then shall you plucke vp all your
+Hoppe-poales, in manner before shewed, and hauing either some dry
+boarded house, or shed, made for the purpose, pile then one vpon
+another, safe from winde or weather, which howsoeuer some that would
+haue their experience, like a Collossus, séeme greater then it is, doe
+disalow, yet it is the best manner of kéeping of poales, and well worthy
+the charge: but for want of such a house, it shall not be amisse to take
+first your Hoppe-straw, and lay it a good thicknesse vpon the ground,
+and with sixe strong stakes, driuen slant-wise into the earth, so as the
+vppermost ends may be inward one to another, lay then your Hoppe-poales
+betwéene the stakes, and pile them one vpon another, drawing them
+narrower and narrower to the top, and then couer them all ouer with more
+Hoppe-straw, and so let them rest till the next March, at which time
+you shall haue new occasion to vse them.
+
+{SN: Winter businesse.}
+As soone as you haue piled vp your Hoppe-poales, dry and close, then you
+shall about mid-Nouember following throw downe your hils, and lay all
+your rootes bare, that the sharpenesse of the season may nip them, and
+kéepe them from springing too earely: you shall also then bring into the
+garden olde Cow-dunge, which is at least two yéeres olde, for no new
+dunge is good, and this you shall lay in some great heape in some
+conuenient place of the garden vntill Aprill, at which time, after you
+haue wound your Hoppes about your poales, you shall then bestow vpon
+euery hill two or thrée spade-full of the Manure mixt with earth, which
+will comfort the plant and make it spring pleasantly.
+
+After your hils are puld downe, you shall with your garden spade, or
+your hoe, vndermine all the earth round about the roote of the Hoppe,
+till you come to the principall rootes thereof, and then taking the
+youngest rootes in your hand, and shaking away the earth, you shall sée
+how the new rootes grow from the olde sets, then with a sharpe knife cut
+away all those rootes as did spring the yéere before, out of your sets,
+within an inch and an halfe of the same, but euery yéere after the first
+you shall cut them close by the olde rootes. Now, if you sée any rootes
+which doe grow straight downward, without ioynts, those you shall not
+cut at all, for they are great nourishers of the plant, but if they grow
+outward, or side-wayes, they are of contrary natures, and must
+necessarily be cut away. If any of your Hoppes turne wilde, as oft it
+happens, which you shall know by the perfect rednesse of the branch,
+then you shall cut it quite vp, and plant a new roote in his place.
+After you haue cut and trimmed all your rootes, then you shall couer
+them againe, in such sort as you were taught at the first planting them,
+and so let them abide till their due time for poaling.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XIIII.
+
+_Of drying, and not drying of Hoppes, and of packing them when they are
+dried._
+
+
+Although there be much curiositie in the drying of Hoppes as well in the
+temperature of heate (which hauing any extremitie, as either of heate,
+or his contrary, bréedeth disorder in the worke) as also in the framing
+of the Ost or furnace after many new moulds and fashions, as variable as
+mens wits and experiences, yet because innouations and incertainty doth
+rather perplexe then profit, I will shunne, as much as in me lyeth, from
+loading the memory of the studious Husbandman with those stratagems
+which disable his vnderstanding from the attaining of better perfection,
+not disalowing any mans approued knowledge, or thinking that because
+such a man can mend smoking Chimnyes, therefore none but hée shall haue
+license to make Chimnyes, or that because some men can melt Mettall
+without winde, therefore it shall be vtterly vnlawfull to vse bellowes:
+these violent opinions I all together disacknowledge, and wish euery one
+the liberty of his owne thoughts, and for mine English Husband, I will
+shew him that way to dry his Hoppes which is most fit for his profit,
+safe, easie, and without extraordinary expences.
+
+First then to speake of the time which is fittest for the drying of your
+Hoppes, it is immediately as soone as they are gotten, if more vrgent
+occasions doe not delay the businesse, which if they happen, then you
+haue a forme before prescribed how to preserue them from mouldinesse and
+putrifaction till you can compasse fit time to effect the worke in. The
+manner of drying them is vpon a Kilne, of which there be two sorts, that
+is to say, an English Kilne, and a French Kilne: the English Kilne being
+composed of woode, lath, and clay, and therefore subiect to some danger
+of fire, the French, of bricke, lime, and sand, and therefore safe,
+close, and without all perill, and to be preferred much before the
+other: yet because I haue hereafter more occasion to speake of the
+nature, fashion, and edifice of Kilnes in that part of this Volumne
+where I intreate of Malting, I will cease further to mention them then
+to say that vpon a Kilne is the best drying your Hoppes, after this
+manner, hauing finely bedded your Kilne with Wheate-straw, you shall lay
+on your hayre cloath, although some disallow it, but giue no reason
+therefore, yet it cannot be hurtfull in any degrée, for it neither
+distasteth the Hoppes, nor defendeth them from the fire, making the
+worke longer then it would, but it preserueth both the Hoppes from
+filthynesse, and their séede from losse: when your hayre-cloath is
+spread, you shall cause one to deliuer you vp your Hoppes in baskets,
+which you shall spread vpon the cloath, all ouer the Kilne, at the least
+eight inches thicke, and then comming downe, and going to the hole of
+the Kilne, you shall with a little dry straw kindle the fire, and then
+maintaining it with more straw, you shall kéepe a fire a little more
+feruent then for the drying of a kilne-full of Malt, being assured that
+the same quantitie of fuell, heate, and time, which dryeth a kilne-full
+of Malt, will also dry a kilne-full of Hoppes, and if your Kilne will
+dry twenty strikes, or bushels of Malt at one drying, then it will dry
+forty of Hoppes, because being layd much thicker the quantitie can be no
+lesse then doubled, which is a spéede all together sufficient, and may
+very well serue to dry more Hoppes then any one man hath growing in this
+kingdome.
+
+Now, for as much as some men doe not alow to dry Hoppes with straw, but
+rather preferre woode, and of woode still to chuse the gréenest, yet I
+am of a contrary opinion, for I know by experience that the smoake which
+procéedeth from woode, (especially if it be greene woode) being a strong
+and sharpe vapour, doth so taint and infect the Hoppes that when those
+Hoppes come to be brewed with, they giue the drinke a smoakie taste,
+euen as if the Malt it selfe had beene woode-dryed: the vnpleasantnesse
+whereof I leaue to the iudgement of them that haue trauelled in
+York-shire, where, for the most part, is nothing but woode-dryed Malt
+onely.
+
+That you may know when your Hoppes are dry inough, you shall take a
+small long sticke, and stirring the Hoppes too and fro with it, if the
+Hoppes doe russell and make a light noyse, each as it were seperating
+one from another, then they are altogether dry inough, but if in any
+part you finde them heauy or glewing one to another, then they haue not
+inough of the fire: also when they are sufficiently and moderately dryed
+they are of a bright-browne colour, little or nothing altered from that
+they held when they were vpon the stalke, but if they be ouer dryed,
+then their colour will be redde: and if they were not well ordered
+before they were dryed, but suffered either to take wet or mould, then
+they will looke blacke when they are dry.
+
+{SN: Of the drying Hoppes.}
+There be some which are of opinion that if you doe not dry your Hoppes
+at all, it shall be no losse, but it is an errour most grose, for if
+they be not dryed, there is neither profit in their vse, nor safty in
+preseruing them.
+
+As soone as your Hoppes are sufficiently dryed, you shall by the
+plucking vp of the foure corners of your hayre-cloath thrust all your
+Hoppes together, and then putting them into baskets, carry them into
+such dry places as you haue prepared of purpose to lay them in, as
+namely, either in dry-fats, or in garners, made either of plaster, or
+boards: and herein you shall obserue to packe them close and hard
+together, which will be a meanes that if any of them be not dry, yet the
+heate they shall get by such lying will dry them fully and make them fit
+for seruice.
+
+{SN: Of packing Hoppes.}
+Now to conclude, if your store of Hoppes be so great that you shall
+trade or make Marchandize of them, then either to conuay them by land or
+Sea, it is best that you packe them into great bagges of canuas, made in
+fashion of those bagges which woole-men vse, and call them pockets, but
+not being altogether so large: these bagges you shall open, and either
+hang vp betwéene some crosse-beames, or else let downe into some lower
+floare, and then putting in your Hoppes cause a man to goe into the
+bagge and tread downe the Hoppes, so hard as is possible, pressing downe
+basket-full after basket-full, till the bagge be filled, euen vnto the
+toppe, and then with an extraordinary packe-thriede, sowing the open end
+of the bagge close together, let euery hollow place be crammed with
+Hoppes, whilst you can get one hand-full to goe in, and so hauing made
+euery corner strong and fast, let them lye dry till you haue occasion
+either to shippe or cart them. And thus much for the ordering of Hoppes,
+and their vses.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XV.
+
+_The office of the Gardiner, and first of the Earth, Situation, and
+fencing of a Garden for pleasure._
+
+
+There is to be required at the hands of euery perfect Gardiner thrée
+especiall vertues, that is to say, _Diligence_, _Industry_, and _Art_:
+the two first, as namely, _Diligence_ (vnder which word I comprehend his
+loue, care, and delight in the vertue hee professeth) and _Industry_
+(vnder which word I conclude his labour, paine, and study, which are the
+onely testimonies of his perfection) hée must reape from Nature: for, if
+hée be not inclined, euen from the strength of his blood to this loue
+and labour, it is impossible he should euer proue an absolute gardiner:
+the latter, which containeth his skill, habit, and vnderstanding in what
+hée professeth, I doubt not but hée shall gather from the abstracts or
+rules which shall follow hereafter in this Treatise, so that where
+nature, and this worke shall concurre in one subiect, there is no doubt
+to be made, but the professor shall in all points, be able to discharge
+a sufficient dutie.
+
+Now, for as much as all our antient and forraine writers (for wée are
+very sleightly beholding to our selues for these indeauours) are
+excéeding curious in the choise of earth, and situation of the plot of
+ground which is méete for the garden: yet I, that am all English
+Husbandman, and know our soyles out of the worthinesse of their owne
+natures doe as it were rebell against forraine imitation, thinking their
+owne vertues are able to propound their owne rules: and the rather when
+I call into my remembrance, that in all the forraine places I haue
+séene, there is none more worthy then our owne, and yet none ordered
+like our owne, I cannot be induced to follow the rules of Italie,
+vnlesse I were in Italie, neither those of France, vnlesse I dwelt in
+France, nor those of Germany except in Germany I had my habitation,
+knowing that the too much heate of the one, or the too much coldnesse of
+the other, must rather confound then help in our temperate climate:
+whence it comes, that our english booke-knowledge in these cases is both
+disgraced and condemned, euery one fayling in his experiments, because
+he is guided by no home-bredde, but a stranger; as if to reade the
+english tongue there were none better then an Italian Pedant. This to
+auoide, I will neither begge ayde nor authoritie from strangers, but
+reuerence them as worthies and fathers of their owne Countries.
+
+{SN: Of the ground.}
+To speake therefore first of the ground which is fit for the garden,
+albeit the best is best worthy, the labour least, and the profit most
+certaine, yet it is not méete that you refuse any earth whatsoeuer, both
+because a garden is so profitable, necessary, and such an ornament and
+grace to euery house and house-kéeper, that the dwelling place is lame
+and maymed if it want that goodly limbe, and beauty. Besides, if no
+gardens should be planted but in the best and richest soyles, it were
+infinite the losse we should sustaine in our priuate profit, and in the
+due commendations, fit for many worthy workmen, who haue reduced the
+worst and barrainest earths to as rare perfection and profit as if they
+had béene the onely soyles of this kingdome: and for mine owne part, I
+doe not wonder either at the worke of Art or Nature, when I behould in a
+goodly, rich, and fertill soyle, a garden adorned with all the delights
+and delicacies which are within mans vnderstanding, because the naturall
+goodnesse of the earth (which not induring to be idle) will bring forth
+whatsoeuer is cast into her: but when I behould vpon a barraine, dry,
+and deiected earth, such as the Peake-hils, where a man may behould Snow
+all summer, or on the East-mores, whose best hearbage is nothing but
+mosse, and iron stone, in such a place, I say, to behould a delicate,
+rich, and fruitfull garden, it shewes great worthinesse in the owner,
+and infinite Art and industry in the workeman, and makes me both admire
+and loue the begetters of such excellencies.
+
+But to returne to my purpose touching the choise of your earth for a
+garden, sith no house can conueniently be without one, and that our
+English Nation is of that great popularitie, that not the worst place
+thereof but is abundantly inhabited, I thinke it méete that you refuse
+no earth whatsoeuer to plant your garden vpon, euer obseruing this rule,
+that the more barraine it is, the more cost must be bestowed vpon it,
+both in Manuring, digging, and in trenching, as shall be shewed
+hereafter, and the more rich it is, lesse cost of such labour, and more
+curiositie in wéeding, proyning, and trimming the earth: for, as the
+first is too slow, so the latter is too swift, both in her increase and
+multiplication.
+
+Now, for the knowledge of soyles, which is good, and which is badde, I
+haue spoken sufficiently already in that part which intreateth of
+Tillage, onely this one caueat I will giue you, as soone as you haue
+markt out your garden-plot, you shall turne vp a sodde, and taking some
+part of the fresh mould, champe it betwéene your téeth in your mouth,
+and if it taste swéetish then is the mould excellent good and fit to
+receiue either seedes or plants, without much Manuring, but if it taste
+salt or bitter, then it is a great signe of barrainenesse, and must of
+necessitie be corrected with Manure: for saltnesse sheweth much
+windinesse, which choaketh and stifleth the séede, and bitternesse that
+vnnaturall heate which blasteth it before it sprout.
+
+{SN: Of the situation.}
+Now, for the situation of the garden-plot for pleasure, you shall
+vnderstand that it must euer be placed so neare vnto the dwelling house
+as is possible, both because the eye of the owner may be a guard and
+support from inconueniences, as also that the especiall roomes and
+prospects of the house may be adorned, perfumed, and inriched, with the
+delicate proportions, odorifferous smells, and wholsome ayres which
+shall ascend and vaporate from the same, as may more amply be séene in
+that former Chapter, where modelling forth the Husbandmans house, I shew
+you the site and place for his Garden, onely you must diligently
+obserue, that neare vnto this garden doe not stand any houells, stackes
+of hay, or Corne, which ouer-pearing the walls, or fence, of the same,
+may by reason of winde, or other occasion, annoy the same with straw,
+chaffe, séedes, or such like filthinesse, which doth not onely blemish
+the beauty thereof, but is also naturally very hurtfull and cankerous to
+all plants whatsoeuer. Within this garden plot would be also either some
+Well, Pumpe, Conduit, Pond, or Cesterne for water, sith a garden, at
+many times of the yéere, requireth much watering: & this place for water
+you shall order and dispose according to your abillitie, and the nature
+of the soyle, as thus: if both your reputation, and your wealth be of
+the lowest account, if then your garden aford you a plaine Well, comely
+couered, or a plaine Pump, it shall be sufficient, or if for want of
+such springs you digge a fayre Pond in some conuenient part thereof, or
+else (which is much better) erect a Cesterne of leade, into which by
+pippes may discend all the raine-water which falls about any part of the
+house, it will serue for your purpose: but if God haue bestowed vpon you
+a greater measure of his blessings, both in wealth & account, if then
+insteade of either Well, Pumpe, Pond, or Cesterne, you erect Conduits,
+or continuall running Fountaines, composed of Antique workes, according
+to the curiositie of mans inuention, it shall be more gallant and
+worthy: and these Conduits or water-courses, you may bring in pippes of
+leade from other remote or more necessary places of water springs,
+standing aboue the leuell of your garden, as euery Artist in the
+profession of such workes can more amply declare vnto you, onely for mée
+let it be sufficient to let you vnderstand that euery garden would be
+accompanied with water.
+
+Also you shall haue great care that there adioyne not vnto your
+garden-plot any common-shewers, stinking or muddy dikes, dung-hils, or
+such like, the annoyance of whose smells and euill vapors doth not onely
+corrupt and bréede infection in man, but also cankereth, killeth and
+consumeth all manner of plants, especially those which are most
+pleasant, fragrant, and odorifferous, as being of tenderest nature and
+qualitie: and for this cause diuers will not alow the moating of
+garden-plots about, imagining that the ouer great moistnesse thereof,
+and the strong smells which doe arise from the mudde in the Summer
+season, doe corrupt and putrifie the hearbes and plants within the
+compasse of the same, but I am not altogether of that opinion, for if
+the water be swéet, or the channell thereof sandy or grauelly, then
+there is no such scruple to be taken: but if it be contrary, then it is
+with all care to be auoyded, because it is euer a Maxime in this case,
+that your garden-plot must euer be compassed with the pleasantest and
+swéetest ayre that may be.
+
+The windes which you shall generally defend from your garden, are the
+Easterne windes and the Northerne, because they are sharpest, coldest,
+and bring with them tempers of most vnseasonablenesse, & albeit in
+Italie, Spaine, and such like hot Countries, they rather defend away the
+Westerne and Southerne winde, giuing frée passage to the East and North,
+yet with England it may not be so, because the naturall coldenes of our
+Climate is sufficient without any assistance to further bitternesse,
+our best industry being to be imployed rather to get warmth, which may
+nourish and bring forth our labours, then any way to diminish or weaken
+the same.
+
+This plot of ground also would lye, as neare as you can, at the foote or
+bottome of an hill, both that the hill may defend the windes and sharpe
+weather from the same, as also that you may haue certaine ascents or
+risings of state, from leuell to leuell, as was in some sort before
+shewed in the plot for the Orchard, and shall be better declared in the
+next Chapter.
+
+{SN: Of fencing the garden.}
+Now lastly for the fencing or making priuate the garden-plot, it is to
+be done according to your abillitie, and the nature of the climate
+wherein you liue: as thus, if your reuenewes will reach thereunto, and
+matter be to be got, for that purpose, where you liue, then you shall
+vnderstand that your best fence is a strong wall, either of Bricke,
+Ashler, rough-Stone, or Earth, of which you are the best-owner, or can
+with least dammage compasse: but for want either of earth to make
+bricke, or quarries out of which to get stone, it shall not then be
+amisse to fence your garden with a tall strong pale of seasoned Oake,
+fixt to a double parris raile, being lined on the inside with a thicke
+quicke-set of white-Thorne, the planting whereof shall be more largely
+spoken of where I intreate of fencing onely. But if the place where you
+liue in, be so barraine of timber that you cannot get sufficient for the
+purpose, then you shall make a studde wall, which shall be splinted and
+lomed both with earth and lime, and hayre, and copt vpon the toppe (to
+defend away wet) either with tile, slate, or straw, and this wall is
+both beautifull, and of long continuance, as may be séene in the most
+parts of the South of this kingdome: but if either your pouerty or
+climate doe deny you timber for this purpose, you shall then first make
+a small trench round about your garden-plot, and set at least foure
+rowes of quicke-set of white-Thorne, one aboue another, and then round
+about the outside, to defend the quick-set, make a tall fence of dead
+woode, being either long, small, brushy poales prickt into the earth,
+and standing vpright, and so bound together in the wast betwéene two
+other poales, according to the figure set downe,
+
+{Illustration}
+
+being so high that not any kinde of Pullen may flie ouer the same, or
+else an ordinary hedge of common woode, being beyrded vpon the toppe
+with sharpe Thornes, in such wise that not any thing may dare to
+aduenture ouer it: and this dead fence you shall repaire and maintaine
+as occasion shall require from time to time, till your quicke-set be
+growne vp, and, by continuall plashing and interfouldings, be made able
+and sufficient to fence and defend your garden, which will be within
+fiue or seauen yeeres at the most, and so continue with good order for
+euer. And thus much for the situation of gardens.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XVI.
+
+_Of the fashion of the garden-plot for pleasure, the Alleyes, Quarters,
+Digging and Dungging of the same._
+
+
+{SN: The fashion.}
+After you haue chosen out and fenced your garden-plot, according as is
+before sayd, you shall then beginne to fashion and proportion out the
+same, sith in the conuayance remaineth a great part of the gardiners
+art. And herein you shall vnderstand that there be two formes of
+proportions belonging to the garden, the first, onely beautifull, as the
+plaine, and single square, contayning onely foure quarters, with his
+large Alleyes euery way, as was discribed before in the Orchard: the
+other both beautifull and stately, as when there is one, two or thrée
+leuelled squares, each mounting seauen or eight steppes one aboue
+another, and euery square contayning foure seuerall Quarters with their
+distinct and seuerall Alleyes of equall breadth and proportion; placing
+in the center of euery square, that is to say, where the foure corners of
+the foure Quarters doe as it were neighbour and méete one another,
+either a Conduit of antique fashion, a Standard of some vnusuall deuise,
+or else some Dyall, or other Piramed, that may grace and beautifie the
+garden. And herein I would haue you vnderstand that I would not haue you
+to cast euery square into one forme or fashion of Quarters or Alleyes,
+for that would shew little varytie or inuention in Art, but rather to
+cast one in plaine Squares, another in Tryangulars, another in
+roundalls, & so a fourth according to the worthinesse of conceite, as in
+some sort you may behould by these figures, which questionlesse when
+they are adorned with their ornaments, will breed infinite delight to
+the beholders.
+
+{Illustration: The Plaine Square.}
+
+{Illustration: The Square Triangular or circular.}
+
+{Illustration: The Square of eight Diamonds.}
+
+From the modell of these Squares, Tryangles, and Rounds, any
+industrious braine may with little difficulty deriue and fashion to
+himselfe diuers other shapes and proportions, according to the nature
+and site of the earth, which may appeare more quaint and strange then
+these which are in our common vse, albeit these are in the truth of
+workmanship the perfect father and mother of all proportions whatsoeuer.
+
+{SN: The ordering of Alleyes.}
+Now, you shall vnderstand that concerning the Alleyes and walkes in this
+garden of pleasure, it is very méete that your ground, being spacious
+and large, (which is the best beauty) that you cut through the midst of
+euery Alley an ample and large path or walke, the full depth of the
+roote of the gréene-swarth, and at least the breadth of seauen or eight
+foote: and in this path you shall strow either some fine redde-sand, of
+a good binding nature, or else some fine small grauell, or for want of
+both them you may take the finest of your pit-coale-dust, which will
+both kéepe your Alleyes dry and smooth, and also not suffer any grasse
+or gréene thing to grow within them, which is disgracefull, if it be
+suffered: the French-men doe vse, to couer their Alleyes, either with
+the powder of marble, or the powder of slate-stone, or else paue them
+either with Pit-stone, Frée-stone, or Tiles, the first of which is too
+hard to get, the other great cost to small purpose, the rather sith our
+owne grauell is in euery respect as beautifull, as dry, as strong, and
+as long lasting: Onely this héedfulnesse you must diligently obserue,
+that if the situation of your garden-plot be low and much subiect to
+moisture, that then these middle-cut paths or walkes must be heightned
+vp in the midst, and made in a proportionall bent or compasse: wherein
+you shall obserue that the out most verdges of the walke must be leuell
+with the gréene-swarth which holded in each side, and the midst so truly
+raised vp in compasse, that the raine which falles may haue a passage to
+each side of the gréene-swarth. Now, the lesse this compasse is made (so
+it auoyde the water, and remaine hard) the better it is, because by
+that meanes both the eye shall be deceiued (which shewes art in the
+workman) and the more leuell they are, the more ease vnto them which
+shall continually walke vpon them.
+
+{SN: Obiection.}
+Now, if any shall obiect, why I doe not rather couet to haue these
+Alleyes or walkes rather all gréene, then thus cut and deuided, sith it
+is a most beautifull thing to see a pleasant gréene walke, my answere is
+this, that first the mixture of colours, is the onely delight of the eye
+aboue all other: for beauty being the onely obiect in which it ioyeth,
+that beautie is nothing but an excellent mixture, or consent of colours,
+as in the composition of a delicate woman the grace of her chéeke is the
+mixture of redde and white, the wonder of her eye blacke and white, and
+the beauty of her hand blewe and white, any of which is not sayd to be
+beautifull if it consist of single or simple colours: and so in these
+walkes, or Alleyes, the all gréene, nor the all yealow cannot be sayd to
+be most beautifull, but the gréene and yealow, (that is to say, the
+vntroade grasse, and the well knit grauell) being equally mixt, giue the
+eye both luster and delight beyonde all comparison.
+
+Againe, to kéepe your walkes all gréene, or grassy, you must of force
+either forbeare to tread vpon them, (which is the vse for which they
+were onely fashioned,) or treading vpon them you shall make so many
+pathes and ilfauored wayes as will be most vglie to the eye: besides the
+dewe and wet hanging vpon the grasse will so annoy you, that if you doe
+not select especiall howers to walke in, you must prouide shooes or
+bootes of extraordinary goodnesse: which is halfe a depriuement of your
+liberty, whereas these things of recreation were created for a contrary
+purpose.
+
+Now, you shall also vnderstand that as you make this sandy and smooth
+walke through the midst of your Alleyes, so you shall not omit but leaue
+as much gréene-swarth, or grasse ground of eache side the plaine path as
+may fully counteruaile the breadth of the walke, as thus for example: if
+your sandy walke be sixe foote broad, the grasse ground of each side
+it, shall be at least sixe foote also, so that the whole Alley shall be
+at least eightéene foote in breadth, which will be both comely and
+stately.
+
+{SN: Of the Quarters.}
+Your Alleyes being thus proportioned and set forth, your next worke
+shall be the ordering of your Quarters, which as I sayd before, you may
+frame into what proportions you please, as into Squares, Tryangles and
+Rounds, according to the ground, or your owne inuention: and hauing
+marked them out with lines, and the garden compasse, you shall then
+beginne to digge them in this manner: first, with a paring spade, the
+fashion whereof is formerly shewed, you shall pare away all the
+gréene-swarth, fully so déepe as the roote of the grasse shall goe, and
+cast it away, then with other digging spades you shall digge vp the
+earth, at least two foote and a halfe, or thrée foote déepe, in turning
+vp of which earth, you shall note that as any rootes of wéedes, or other
+quickes shall be raised or stirred vp, so presently with your hands to
+gather them vp, and cast them away, that your mould may (as neare as
+your dilligence can performe it) be cleane from either wilde rootes,
+stones, or such like offences: & in this digging of your Quarters you
+shall not forget but raise vp the ground of your Quarters at least two
+foote higher then your Alleyes, and where by meanes of such reasure, you
+shall want mould, there you shall supply that lacke by bringing mould
+and cleane earth from some other place, where most conueniently you may
+spare it, that your whole Quarter being digged all ouer, it may rise in
+all parts alike, and carry an orderly and well proportioned leuell
+through the whole worke.
+
+{SN: Of Dunging.}
+The best season for this first digging of your garden mould is in
+September: and after it is so digged and roughly cast vp, you shall let
+it rest till the latter end of Nouember, at what time you shall digge it
+vp againe, in manner as afore sayd, onely with these additions, that you
+shall enter into the fresh mould, halfe a spade-graft déeper then
+before, and at euery two foote breadth of ground, enlarging the trench
+both wide and déepe, fill it vp with the oldest and best Oxe or
+Cow-Manure that you can possibly get, till such time that increasing
+from two foote to two foote, you haue gone ouer and Manured all your
+quarters, hauing a principall care that your dunge or Manure lye both
+déepe and thicke, in so much that euery part of your mould may
+indifferently pertake and be inriched with the same Manure.
+
+{SN: Diuersitie of Manures.}
+Now, you shall vnderstand that although I doe particularly speake but of
+Oxe or Cow-Manure, because it is of all the fattest and strongest,
+especially being olde, yet their are diuers respects to be had in the
+Manuring of gardens: as first, if your ground be naturally of a good,
+fat, blacke, and well tempered earth, or if it be of a barraine, sandy,
+hot, yet firme mould, that in either of these cases your Oxe, Cow, or
+beast Manure is the best & most sufficient, but if it be of a colde,
+barraine, or spewing mould then it shall be good to mixe your Oxe-dunge
+with Horse-dunge, which shall be at least two yéeres olde, if you can
+get it, otherwise such as you can compasse: if your ground be good and
+fertill yet out of his drynesse in the summer-time it be giuen to riue
+and chappe as is séene in many earths; you shall then mixe your
+Oxe-dunge well with Ashes, orts of Lime, and such like: lastly, if your
+earth be too much binding and colde therewithall, then mixe your
+Oxe-dunge with chalke or marle and it is the best Manure. And thus much
+for the generall vse of earths.
+
+Now, for perticular vses you shall vnderstand that for Hearbs or Flowers
+the Oxe and Horse-dunge is the best, for rootes or Cabbages, mans ordure
+is the best, for Harty-chockes, or any such like thisly-fruit,
+Swines-dunge is most sufficient, and thus according to your setled
+determination you shall seuerally prouide for euery seuerall purpose,
+and so, God assisting, seldome faile in your profit. And this dunge you
+shall bring into your garden in little drumblars or whéele-barrowes,
+made for the purpose, such as being in common vse in euery Husbandmans
+yarde it shall be néedlesse here either to shew the figure or
+proportion thereof. And thus much for the fashion, digging, and dunging
+of gardens.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XVII.
+
+_Of the adornation and beautifying of the Garden for pleasure._
+
+
+The adornation and beautifying of gardens is not onely diuers but almost
+infinite, the industry of mens braines hourely begetting and bringing
+forth such new garments and imbroadery for the earth, that it is
+impossible to say this shall be singular, neither can any man say that
+this or that is the best, sith as mens tastes so their fancies are
+carried away with the varietie of their affections, some being pleased
+with one forme, some with another: I will not therefore giue
+preheminence to any one beauty, but discribing the faces and glories of
+all the best ornaments generaly or particularly vsed in our English
+gardens, referre euery man to the ellection of that which shall best
+agrée with his fancy.
+
+{SN: Of Knots and Mazes.}
+To beginne therefore with that which is most antient and at this day of
+most vse amongst the vulgar though least respected with great ones, who
+for the most part are wholy giuen ouer to nouelties: you shall
+vnderstand that Knots and Mazes were the first that were receiued into
+admiration, which Knots or Mazes were placed vpon the faces of each
+seuerall quarter, in this sort: first, about the verdge or square of the
+quarter was set a border of Primpe, Boxe, Lauandar, Rose-mary, or such
+like, but Primpe or Boxe is the best, and it was set thicke, at least
+eightéene inches broad at the bottome & being kept with cliping both
+smooth and leuell on the toppe and on each side, those borders as they
+were ornaments so were they also very profitable to the huswife for the
+drying of linnen cloaths, yarne, and such like: for the nature of Boxe
+and Primpe being to grow like a hedge, strong and thicke, together, the
+Gardiner, with his sheares may kéepe it as broad & plaine as himselfe
+listeth. Within this border shall your knot or maze be drawne, it being
+euer intended that before the setting of your border your quarter shall
+be the third time digged, made exceeding leuell, and smooth, without
+clot or stone, and the mould, with your garden rake of iron, so broken
+that it may lye like the finest ashes, and then with your garden mauls,
+which are broad-boards of more then two foote square set at the ends of
+strong staues, the earth shall be beaten so hard and firme together that
+it may beare the burthen of a man without shrinking. And in the beating
+of the mould you shall haue all diligent care that you preserue and
+kéepe your leuell to a hayre, for if you faile in it, you faile in your
+whole worke.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Now for the time of this labour, it is euer best about the beginning of
+February, and indifferent, about the midst of October, but for the
+setting of your Primpe, or Boxe-border, let the beginning of Nouember be
+your latest time, for so shall you be sure that it will haue taken
+roote, and the leafe will flourish in the spring following: at which
+time your ground being thus artificially prepared, you shall begin to
+draw forth your knot in this manner: first, with lines you shall draw
+the forme of the figure next before set downe, and with a small
+instrument of iron make it vpon the earth.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Which done, from the order and proportion of these lines you shall draw
+your single knots or plaine knots of the least curiositie, as may
+appeare by this figure, being one quarter of the whole Knot: euer
+proportioning your Trayles and windings according to the lines there
+discribed, which will kéepe your worke in iust proportion.
+
+But if you desire to haue knots of much more curiositie being more
+double and intricate, then you shall draw your first lines after this
+proportion here figured, pinning downe euery line firme to the earth
+with a little pinne made of woode.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Which done you shall draw your double and curious knots after the manner
+of the figure following, which is also but one quarter of the whole
+knot, for looke in what manner you doe one knot in like sort will the
+other thrée quarters succéede, your lines kéeping you in a continuall
+euen proportion.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+And in this manner as you draw these knots, with the like helps and
+lines also you shall draw out your Mazes, and laborinths, of what sort
+or kind soeuer you please, whether they be round or square. But for as
+much, as not onely the _Country-farme_, but also diuers other translated
+bookes, doe at large describe the manner of casting and proportioning
+these knots, I will not persist to write more curiously vpon them, but
+wish euery painefull gardiner which coueteth to be more satisfied
+therein, to repaire to those authors, where hée shall finde more large
+amplifications, and greater diuersities of knots, yet all tending to no
+more purpose then this which I haue all ready written.
+
+Now, as soone as you haue drawne forth and figured your knot vpon the
+face of your quarter, you shall then set it either with Germander,
+Issoppe, Time or Pinke-gilly-flowers, but of all hearbes Germander is
+the most principall best for this purpose: diuers doe vse in knots to
+set Thrift, and in time of néed it may serue, but it is not so good as
+any of the other, because it is much subiect to be slaine with frost,
+and will also spread vpon the earth in such sort that, without very
+painefull cutting, it will put your knot out of fashion.
+
+{SN: Yeallow.}
+{SN: White.}
+{SN: Blacke.}
+{SN: Red.}
+{SN: Blew.}
+{SN: Greene.}
+Now there is another beautifying or adorning of Gardens, and it is most
+generally to be séene in the gardens of Noblemen and Gentlemen, which
+may beare coate-armor, and that is, instead of the knots and mazes
+formerly spoken of, to draw vpon the faces of your quarters such Armes,
+or Ensines, as you may either beare your selfe, or will preserue for the
+memory of any friend: and these armes being drawne forth in plaine
+lines, you shall set those plaine shadowing lines either with Germander,
+Issop, or such like hearbes: and then for the more ample beautie
+thereof, if you desire to haue them in their proper and liuely colours
+(without which they haue but one quarter of their luster) you shall
+vnderstand that your colours in Armory are thus to be made. First, for
+your mettalls: you shall make your Yeallow, either of a yeallow clay,
+vsually to be had almost in euery place, or the yeallowest sand, or for
+want of both, of your Flanders Tile, which is to be bought of euery
+Iron-monger or Chandelor; and any of these you must beate to dust: for
+your White you shall make it of the coursest chalke beaten to dust, or
+of well burnt plaister, or, for necessity, of lime, but that will soone
+decay: your Blacke is to be made of your best and purest coale-dust,
+well clensed and sifted: your Red is to be made of broken vselesse
+brickes beaten to dust, and well clensed from spots: your Blew is to be
+made of white-chalke, and blacke coale dust mixed together, till the
+blacke haue brought the white to a perfect blewnes: lastly your Gréene,
+both for the naturall property belonging to your Garden, as also for
+better continuance and long lasting, you shall make of Camomill, well
+planted where any such colour is to be vsed, as for the rest of the
+colours, you shall sift them, and strow them into their proper places,
+and then with a flat beating-Béetell you shall beate it, and incorporate
+it with the earth, and as any of the colours shall decay, you shall
+diligently repaire them, and the luster will be most beautifull.
+
+There is also another beautifying of gardens, which although it last not
+the whole yéere, yet it is most quaint, rare, and best eye-pleasing, and
+thus it is: you shall vpon the face of your quarter draw a plaine double
+knot, in manner of billet-wise: for you shall vnderstand that in this
+case the plainest knot is the best, and you shall let it be more then a
+foote betwixt line and line (for in the largenesse consists much beauty)
+this knot being scored out, you shall take Tiles, or tileshreds and fixe
+them within the lines of your knot strongly within the earth, yet so as
+they may stand a good distance aboue the earth and this doe till you
+haue set out all your knot with Tile: then precisely note the seuerall
+passages of your knot, and the seuerall thrids of which it consisteth,
+and then betwixt your tiles, (which are but as the shadowing lines of
+your knot) plant in euery seuerall third, flowers of one kinde and
+colour, as thus for example: in one thrid plant your carnation
+Gilly-flower, in another your great white Geli flower, in another your
+mingle-coloured Gilly-flower, and in another your blood-red
+Gilly-flower, and so likewise if you can compasse them you may in this
+sort plant your seueral coloured Hyacinths, as the red, the blew, and
+the yealow, or your seuerall coloured _Dulippos_, and many other Italian
+and french flowers: or you may, if you please, take of euery seuerall
+plant one, and place them as afforesaid; the grace of all which is, that
+so soone as these flowers shall put forth their beauties, if you stand a
+little remote from the knot, and any thing aboue it, you shall sée it
+appeare like a knot made of diuers coloured ribans, most pleasing and
+most rare.
+
+Many other adornations and beautifyings there are which belong to the
+setting forth of a curious garden, but for as much as none are more
+rare or more estéemed then these I haue set downe, being the best
+ornaments of the best gardens of this kingdome, I thinke them tastes
+sufficient for euery husbandman, or other of better quality which
+delighteth in the beauty and well trimming of his ground.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XVIII.
+
+_How for the entertainment of any great Person, in any Parke, or other
+place of pleasure, where Sommer-bowers are made, to make a compleat
+Garden in two or three dayes._
+
+
+If the honest English husbandman, or any other, of what quallity soeuer,
+shall entertaine any Noble personage, to whom hee would giue the delight
+of all strange contentment, either in his Parke, or other remote place
+of pleasure, néere vnto Ponds, Riuer, or other waters of cléerenesse,
+after hée hath made his arbors and Summer-bowers to feast in, the
+fashion whereof is so common that euery labourer can make them, hée
+shall then marke out his garden-plot, bestowing such sleight fence
+thereon as hée shall thinke fit: then hée shall cast forth his alleys,
+and deuide them from his quarters, by paring away the gréene-swarth with
+a paring spade, finely, and euen, by a direct line (for a line must euer
+be vsed in this worke) then hauing store of labourers (after the
+vpper-most swarth is taken away) you shall cast vp the quarters, and
+then breaking the mould and leuelling it, you shall make sad the earth
+againe, then vpon your quarters you shall draw forth either Knots,
+Armes, or any other deuise which shall be best pleasing to your fancie,
+as either knots with single or double trayles, or other emblemicall
+deuise, as Birds, Beasts, and such like: and in your knots where you
+should plant hearbes, you shall take gréene-sods of the richest grasse,
+and cutting it proportionably to the knot, making a fine trench, you
+shall lay in your sod, and so ioyning sod to sod close and arteficially,
+you shall set forth your whole knot, or the portrayture of your armes,
+or other deuise, and then taking a cleane broome that hath not formerly
+béene swept withall, you shall brush all vncleanenesse from the grasse,
+and then you shall behold your knot as compleat, and as comely as if it
+had béene set with hearbes many yéeres before. Now for the portrayture
+of any liuing thing, you shall cut it forth, ioyning sod vnto sod, and
+then afterward place it into the earth. Now if within this plot of
+ground which you make your garden piece there be either naturall or
+arteficiall mounts or bankes vpon them, you may in this selfe-same
+manner with gréene sods set forth a flight, either at field or riuer, or
+the manner of hunting of any chase, or any story, or other deuise that
+you please, to the infinit admiration of all them which shall behold it:
+onely in working against mounts or bankes you must obserue to haue many
+small pinnes, to stay your worke and kéepe your sods from slipping one
+from another, till such time as you haue made euery thing fast with
+earth, which you must rame very close and hard: as for Flowers, or such
+like adorments, you may the morning before, remoue them with their earth
+from some other garden, and plant them at your best pleasure. And thus
+much for a garden to be made in the time of hasty necessity.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XIX.
+
+_How to preserue Abricots, or any kinde of curious
+outlandish-stone-fruit, and make them beare plentifully be the Spring or
+beginning of Summer neuer so bitter._
+
+
+I haue knowne diuers Noblemen, Gentlemen & men of vnder quallitie, that
+haue béene most laborious how to preserue these tender stone-fruits from
+the violence of stormes, frost and windes, and to that end haue béene at
+great cost and charges yet many times haue found much losse in their
+labours, wherefore in the end, through the practise of many experiments,
+this hath béene found (which I will here set downe) the most approuedst
+way to make them beare without all kinde of danger. After you haue
+planted your Abricot, or other delicate fruit, and plasht him vp against
+a wall in manner as hath béene before declared, you shall ouer the tops
+of the trées all along the wall, build a large pentisse, of at least
+sixe or seauen foote in length: which pentisse ouer-shaddowing the
+trées, will, as experience hath found out, so defend them, that they
+will euer beare in as plentifull manner as they haue done any particular
+yéere before. There be many that will scoffe, or at least, giue no
+credit to this experiment, because it carrieth with it no more
+curiositie, but I can assure thée that art the honest English
+Husbandman, that there is nothing more certaine and vnfallible, for I
+haue séene in one of the greatest Noblemens gardens in the kingdome,
+where such a pentisse was made, that so farre as the pentisse went, so
+farre the trées did prosper with all fruitfulnesse, and where the
+pentisse ended, not one trée bare, the spring-time being most bitter and
+wonderfull vnseasonable.
+
+Now I haue séene some great Personages (whose pursses may buy their
+pleasures at any rate) which haue in those pentisses fixed diuers strong
+hookes of Iron, and then made a canuasse of the best Poldauie, with most
+strong loopes, of small corde, which being hung vpon the Iron hookes,
+hath reacht from the pentisse to the ground, and so laced with corde and
+small pulleys, that like the saile of a ship it might be trust vp, and
+let downe at pleasure: this canuasse thus prepared is all the Spring and
+latter end of Winter to be let downe at the setting of the Sunne, and to
+be drawne vp at the rising of the Sunne againe. The practise of this I
+referre to such as haue abillitie to buy their delight, without losse,
+assuring them that all reason and experience doth finde it most probable
+to be most excellent, yet to the plaine English Husbandman I giue
+certaine assurance that the pentisse onely is sufficient enough and will
+defend all stormes whatsoeuer. And thus much for the preseruation and
+increase of all tender Stone-fruit, of what nature, or climbe bred,
+soeuer.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XX.
+
+_How to make Grapes grow as bigge, full, and as naturally, and to ripen
+in as due season, and be as long lasting as either in Fraunce or Spaine._
+
+
+Diuers of our English Gardiners, and those of the best and most
+approued'st iudgements, haue béene very industrious to bring Grapes, in
+our kingdome, to their true nature and perfection: and some great
+persons I know, that with infinit cost, and I hope prosperous successe,
+hath planted a Vineyard of many Acres, in which the hands of the best
+experienced french-men hath béene imploied: but for those great workes
+they are onely for great men, and not for the plaine English Husbandman,
+neither will such workes by any meanes prosper in many parts of our
+kingdome, especially in the North parts: and I that write for the
+generall vse, must treate of vniuersall Maximes: therefore if you desire
+to haue Grapes in their true and best kinde, most earely and longest
+lasting, you shall in the most conuenient part of your garden, which is
+euer the center or middle point thereof, build a round house, in the
+fashion of a round Doue-coate, but many degrées lower, the ground worke
+whereof shalbe aboue the ground two or thrée brickes thickenesse, vpon
+this ground-plot you shall place a groundsell, and thereon, fine, yet
+strong studs, which may reach to the roofe: these studs shalbe placed
+better then foure foote one from another, with little square bars of
+woode, such as you vse in glasse windowes, two betwixt euery two studs,
+the roofe you may make in what proportion you will, for this house may
+serue for a delicate banqueting house, and you may either couer it with
+Leade, Slate or Tile, which you please. Now, from the ground to the top,
+betwéene the studs, you shall glase it, with very strong glasse, made in
+an excéeding large square pane, well leaded and cimented. This house
+thus made, you shall obserue that through the bricke worke there be
+made, betwéene euery two studs, square holes, cleane through into the
+house; then on the out-side, opposite against those holes, you shall
+plant the roote of your Vine, hauing béene very carefull in the election
+and choise thereof: which done, as your Vine groweth you shall draw it
+through those holes, and as you vse to plash a Vine against a wall, so
+you shall plash this against the glasse window, on the in-side, and so
+soone as it shall beginne to beare Grapes you shall be sure to turne
+euery bunch, so that it may lye close to the glasse, that the reflection
+of the Sunne heating the glasse, that heate may hasten on the ripening,
+& increase the groath of your Grapes: as also the house defending off
+all manner of euill weather, these Grapes will hang ripe, vnrotted or
+withered, euen till Christmas. Thus haue I giuen you a tast of some of
+the first parts of English Husbandry, which if I shall finde
+thankefully accepted, if it please God to grant mée life, I will in my
+next Volumne, shew you the choise of all manner of Garden Hearbes and
+Flowers, both of this and other kingdomes, the seasons of their
+plantings, their florishings and orderings: I will also shew you the
+true ordering of Woodes, both high and low, as also the bréeding and
+féeding of all manner of Cattell, with the cure of all diseases incident
+vnto them, together with other parts of Husbandry, neuer before
+published by any Author: this I promise, if God be pleased: to whom be
+onely ascribed the glory of all our actions, and whose name be praised
+for euer. Amen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FINIS.
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's notes
+
+The following changes have been made and anomalies noted.
+
+
+  A Former Part
+
+  Chap. II.
+
+  'adicted to nouelty and curiouity' changed to
+  'adicted to nouelty and curiousity'
+
+  Chap. III.
+
+  'Plough houlder when hée cometh to' scan is unclear
+
+  'two much earth' probable misprint for
+  'too much earth'
+
+  Chap. IIII.
+
+  'the of point your share' changed to
+  'the point of your share'
+
+  Chap. V.
+
+  'of that which you soil'd:' changed to
+  'of that which you foil'd:'
+
+  Chap. VI.
+
+  'the ridge of you land againe.' probable misprint for
+  'the ridge of your land againe.'
+
+  'Tare-Cockle, or such like,' scan is unclear
+
+  'After your land is soild,' changed to
+  'After your land is foild,'
+
+  Chap. VII.
+
+  'and if you ffnde' changed to 'and if you finde'
+
+  'Manure of beasts which can be-gotten' probable misprint for
+  'Manure of beasts which can be gotten'
+
+  'your fould of Séepe' changed to 'your fould of Shéepe'
+
+  'frost, winde, and weathe,rmakes' changed to
+  'frost, winde, and weather, makes'
+
+  'no wing accoridng' changed to 'no wing according'
+
+  Chap. IX.
+
+  'much barrainnesse, espcially' changed to
+  'much barrainnesse, especially'
+
+  'it shall be needlesse to write' scan is unclear
+
+
+  The First Part
+
+  Chap. I.
+
+  'you most turne euery furrow' probable misprint for
+  'you must turne euery furrow'
+
+  'hée must sooner stirer' changed to
+  'hée must sooner stirre'. Scan is unclear.
+
+  Chap. II.
+
+  'euery thing with is most apt' changed to
+  'euery thing which is most apt'
+
+  Chap. III.
+
+  'their naturall lighnesse' changed to
+  'their naturall lightnesse'
+
+  'as hath, béene showed before' changed to
+  'as hath béene showed before'
+
+  Chap. IIII.
+
+  'it is most, certaine' changed to
+  'it is most certaine'
+
+  'Cornes in their gardens thus, set seeing' changed to
+  'Cornes in their gardens thus set, seeing'
+
+  Chap. V.
+
+  'vpon the or fourth field' changed to
+  'vpon the third or fourth field'
+
+  'is ninam Barly,' probable misprint for
+  'is niam Barly,'
+
+  Chap. VI.
+
+  'as we sée in dayly experience,' changed to
+  'as we sée in dayly experience.'
+
+
+  The Second Part of the First Booke
+
+  Chap. I.
+
+  'perfect ground-plot, you' scan is unclear
+
+  'twelue or fourtéene foote on of another,'
+  probable misprint for
+  'twelue or fourtéene foote one of another,'
+
+  'thorny and sharpe, trées,' changed to
+  'thorny and sharpe trées,'
+
+  Chap. IIII.
+
+  'you shall tak one of your grafts'
+  changed to
+  'you shall take one of your grafts'
+
+  Chap. V.
+
+  'Grafting betweene the barke.' scan is unclear in sidenote
+
+  'not aboue trée grafts at the most' changed to
+  'not aboue thrée grafts at the most'
+
+  'Grafting on the toppes of trees.' scan is unclear in sidenote
+
+  'and to contincu' changed to
+  'and to continue'
+
+  Chap. VI.
+
+  'Of the replanting of Trees, and furnishing the Orchard,'
+  changed to
+  'Of the replanting of Trees, and furnishing the Orchard.'
+
+  Chap. VII.
+
+  'it is a ready away' changed to
+  'it is a ready way'
+
+  'two much fertillitie' probable misprint for
+  'too much fertillitie'
+
+  'stéepe it Mfor alt' changed to
+  'stéepe it for Malt'
+
+  Chap. VIII.
+
+  'for any peculyar pofit' changed to
+  'for any peculyar profit'
+
+  Chap. IX.
+
+  'and growriuelled' changed to
+  'and grow riuelled'
+
+  'they can by meanes indure,' changed to
+  'they can by no meanes indure,'
+
+  Chap. XI.
+
+  'then contiunally labour' changed to
+  'then continually labour'
+
+  Chap. XII
+
+  'Of Poales.' scan is unclear in sidenote
+
+  Chap. XIIII
+
+  'dry more Hoppes then any one man' scan is unclear
+
+  Chap. XVII.
+
+  'then betwxit your tiles' changed to
+  'then betwixt your tiles'
+
+  Chap. XVIII.
+
+  'CHAP: XVIII.' changed to
+  'CHAP. XVIII.'
+
+  'single or double trayles,' scan unclear
+
+  Chap. XIX.
+
+  'to the pliane English Husbandman' changed to
+  'to the plaine English Husbandman'
+
+]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The English Husbandman, by Gervase Markham
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The English Husbandman, by Gervase Markham
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The English Husbandman
+       The First Part: Contayning the Knowledge of the true Nature
+              of euery Soyle within this Kingdome: how to Plow it; and
+              the manner of the Plough, and other Instruments
+
+Author: Gervase Markham
+
+Release Date: October 12, 2007 [EBook #22973]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ENGLISH HUSBANDMAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Pryor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="transnote">
+<h4>Transcriber's note</h4>
+
+<p>Spellings are inconsistent, especially the use of ée and ee. Notes of
+changes that have been made for obvious misprints, and of other
+anomalies, are listed at the <a href="#tnotes">end of this etext</a> and
+are <a class="correction" title="like this"  href="#tnotes">indicated in the text</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The following table of contents has been added for the reader's convenience.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="transnote">
+<h4>Contents</h4>
+<ul class="TOC">
+<li><a href="#Page_F_2">To the Right Honovrable, and his singular good Lord, the Lord Clifton, Baron of Layton.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Page_F_A1r">The Epistle to the generall and gentle Reader.</a></li>
+
+<li> <a href="#Page_F_A2r">A Former Part</a>, before the first Part: Being an absolute
+perfect Introduction into all the Rules of true Husbandry; and must first of all be
+read, or the Readers labour will be frustrate.
+<ul class="TOC">
+
+<li><a href="#Chap_F_I">Chap. I.</a>
+The Proem of the Author. What a Husbandman is: His Vtilitie and Necessitie.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_F_II">Chap. II.</a>
+
+Of the situation of the Husbandmans house; the necessaries there to belonging, together with the modell thereof.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_F_III">Chap. III.</a>
+
+Of the seuerall parts and members of an ordinarie Plough, and of the ioyning of them together.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_F_IIII">Chap. IIII.</a>
+
+How the Husbandman shall temper his Plough, and make her fit for his worke.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_F_V">Chap. V.</a>
+
+The manner of Plowing the rich, stiffe, blacke Clay, his Earings, Plough, and other Instruments.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_F_VI">Chap. VI.</a>
+
+The manner of plowing the white or gray Clay, his Earings, Plough, and Instruments.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_F_VII">Chap. VII.</a>
+
+The manner of plowing the red-Sand, his Earings, Plough, and Implements.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_F_VIII">Chap. VIII.</a>
+
+The manner of plowing the white Sand, his Earings, Plough, and Implements.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_F_IX">Chap. IX.</a>
+
+The manner of plowing the Grauell with Pible stones, or the Grauell with Flint, their Earings, Plough, and implements.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_F_X">Chap. X.</a>
+
+The manner of plowing the blacke Clay mixt with red Sand, and the white Clay mixt with white Sand, their Earings, Plough and Implements.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li> <a href="#Page_1_1">The First Part of the English Husbandman</a>:
+
+Contayning, the manner of plowing
+and Manuring all sorts of Soyles, together
+with the manner of planting and
+setting of Corne.
+<ul class="TOC">
+  <li><a href="#Chap_1_I">Chap. I.</a>
+
+Of the manner of plowing all simple Earths, which are vncompounded.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_1_II">Chap. II.</a>
+
+Of the manner of plowing the blacke clay mixt with white sand, and the white clay mixt with red sand: their Earrings, Plough, and Implements.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_1_III">Chap. III.</a>
+
+A comparison of all the former soyles together, and most especiall notes for giuing the ignorant Husbandman perfect vnderstanding, of what is written before.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_1_IIII">Chap. IIII.</a>
+
+Of the planting or setting of Corne, and the profit thereof.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_1_V">Chap. V.</a>
+
+Of the choice of seede-Corne, and which is best for which soyle.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_1_VI">Chap. VI.</a>
+
+Of the time of Haruest and the gathering in of Corne.</li>
+  </ul>
+</li>
+
+<li><a href="#Page_1_33">The Second Part</a> of the First Booke of the English Husbandman,
+
+Contayning the Art of Planting, Grafting
+and Gardening, either for pleasure or profit;
+together with the vse and ordering of
+Woodes.
+<ul class="TOC">
+  <li><a href="#Chap_2_I">Chap. I.</a>
+
+Of the Scyte, Modell, Squares, and Fashion of a perfect Orchard.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_II">Chap. II.</a>
+
+Of the Nurserie where you shall set all manner of Kernels, and Stones, for the furnishing of the Orchard.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_III">Chap. III.</a>
+
+Of the setting or planting of the Cyons or Branches of most sorts of Fruit-trees.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_IIII">Chap. IIII.</a>
+
+Of the ordinary and accustomed manner of Grafting all sorts of Fruit-trees.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_V">Chap. V.</a>
+
+Of diuers other wayes of grafting, their vses and purposes.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_VI">Chap. VI.</a>
+
+Of the replanting of Trees, and furnishing the Orchard.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_VII">Chap. VII.</a>
+
+Of the Dressing, Dungging, Proyning, and Preseruing of Trees.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_VIII">Chap. VIII.</a>
+
+Of the Vine, and of his ordering.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_IX">Chap. IX.</a>
+
+The office of the Fruiterrer, or the Gatherer, and keeper, of Fruit.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_X">Chap. X.</a>
+
+Of the making of Cyder, or Perry.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_XI">Chap. XI.</a>
+
+Of the Hoppe-garden, and first of the ground and situation thereof.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_XII">Chap. XII.</a>
+
+Of the ordering of the Garden, and placing of the Hils.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_XIII">Chap. XIII.</a>
+
+Of the gathering of Hoppes, and the preseruing of the Poales.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_XIIII">Chap. XIIII.</a>
+
+Of drying, and not drying of Hoppes, and of packing them when they are dried.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_XV">Chap. XV.</a>
+
+The office of the Gardiner, and first of the Earth, Situation, and fencing of a Garden for pleasure.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_XVI">Chap. XVI.</a>
+
+Of the fashion of the garden-plot for pleasure, the Alleyes, Quarters, Digging and Dungging of the same.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_XVII">Chap. XVII.</a>
+
+Of the adornation and beautifying of the Garden for pleasure.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_XVIII">Chap. XVIII.</a>
+
+How for the entertainment of any great Person, in any Parke, or other place of pleasure, where Sommer-bowers are made, to make a compleat Garden in two or three dayes.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_XIX">Chap. XIX.</a>
+
+How to preserue Abricots, or any kinde of curious outlandish-stone-fruit, and make them beare plentifully be the Spring or beginning of Summer neuer so bitter.</li>
+<li><a href="#Chap_2_XX">Chap. XX.</a>
+
+How to make Grapes grow as bigge, full, and as naturally, and to ripen in as due season, and be as long lasting as either in Fraunce or Spaine.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 333px;">
+<img src="images/titlepage.png" width="333" height="500" alt="" title="Title page" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="center" style="width: 25em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+<h1 style="border-bottom: 2px solid; padding-bottom: .5em;">
+  THE<br />
+  <span class="biggest">ENGLISH</span><br />
+  <span class="little">HVSBANDMAN</span>.
+</h1>
+
+
+<p class="center">
+  <span class="big"><i>The first Part</i>:</span><br />
+     <span class="huge">CONTAYNING</span><br />
+  <span class="big">the Knowledge of the true Nature</span><br />
+  of euery Soyle within this Kingdome:<br />
+  <span class="little">how to Plow it; and the manner of the<br />
+  Plough, and other Instruments<br />
+  belonging thereto.</span>
+</p>
+
+  <p class="center">
+<span class="bigger"><i>TOGETHER WITH THE</i></span><br />
+  Art of Planting, Grafting, and Gardening<br />
+  <span class="little">after our latest and rarest fashion.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+  A worke neuer written before by any Author:<br />
+   <span class="little">and now newly compiled for the benefit<br />
+  of this <span class="smcap">Kingdome</span>.</span><br />
+  <i>By</i> G. M.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center little">
+  <i>Bramo assai, poco, spero nulla chieggio.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>LONDON:</i><br />
+ Printed by <i>T. S.</i> for <i>Iohn Browne</i>, and are to be sould <br />
+<span class="little">at
+his shop in Saint <i>Dunstanes</i> Church-yard.<br />
+1613.</span>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="¶ 2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_2" id="Page_F_2"></a>
+<img src="images/border1.png" width="500" height="84" alt="" title="Decorative border" />
+<br />
+
+  <span class="bigger">TO THE RIGHT</span><br />
+  <span class="big">HONOVRABLE,</span><br />
+  and his singular good Lord,<br />
+  <span class="little">the Lord <i>Clifton</i>, Baron of<br />
+  <span class="smcap">Layton</span>.</span>
+</h2>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapi8"><span class="dropcap">I</span></span>t was a custome (right Honorable, and my most singular good Lord) both
+amongst the auntient <i>Romans</i>, and also amongst the wise
+<i>Lacedemonians</i>, that euery idle person should giue an account of the
+expence of his howers: Now I that am most idle, and least imployed in
+your Familie, present here vnto your Lordships hands an account of the
+expence of my idle time, which how well, or ill, it is, your Noble
+wisedome must both iudge and correct; onely this I am acertain'd, that
+for the generall rules and Maximes of the whole worke, they are most
+infallibly true, and perfectly agreeing with our English climate. Now if
+your Lordship shall doubt of the true tast of the liquor because it
+proceedeth from such a vessell as my selfe, whom you may imagine vtterly
+vnseasoned vvith any of these knowledges, beleeue it (my most best Lord)
+<span class="pagebreak" title="¶ 3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_3" id="Page_F_3"></a>
+that for diuers yeeres, wherein I liued most happily, I liued a
+Husbandman, amongst Husbandmen of most excellent knowledge; during all
+which time I let no obseruation ouer-slip me: for I haue euer from my
+Cradle beene naturally giuen to obserue, and albe I haue not that oylie
+tongue of ostentation which loueth euer to be babling all, and somewhat
+more then it knoweth, drawing from ignorance admiration, and from
+wisedome laughter, filling meale-times with much vnprofitable noyse; yet
+I thanke my maker I haue a breast which containeth contentment inough
+for my selfe, and I hope much benefit for the whole Kingdome; how euer
+or whatsoeuer it is, it is all your Lordships, vnder the couert of whose
+fauourable protection if it may finde grace it is the vttermost aime
+whereunto my wishes aspire, nor shall I feare the malignitie of the
+curious, for it is not to them but the honest plaine English Husbandman,
+I intend my labours, vvhose defender you haue euer beene, and for whose
+Honorable prosperitie both they and I will continually pray.</p>
+
+<p class="yours">
+  <i>Your honours in all<br />
+  seruiceable humblenesse</i>,</p>
+<p class="signature">
+  G. M.
+</p>
+
+
+
+<h2>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="A">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_A1r" id="Page_F_A1r"></a>
+<img src="images/border2.png" width="500" height="85" alt="" title="Decorative border" />
+<br />
+
+
+The Epistle to the generall and<br />
+<span class="little"> gentle Reader.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p class="italics"><span class="dropcapa6"><span class="dropcap">A</span></span>lthough (generall reader) the nature of this worst part of this last
+age hath conuerted all things to such vildnesse that whatsoeuer is
+truely good is now esteemed most vitious, learning being derided,
+fortitude drawne into so many definitions that it consisteth in meere
+words onely, and although nothing is happy or prosperous, but meere
+fashion &amp; ostentation, a tedious fustian-tale at a great mans table,
+stuft with bigge words, with out sence, or a mimicke Iester, that can
+play three parts in one; the Foole, the Pandar and the Parasit, yet
+notwithstanding in this apostate age I haue aduentured to thrust into
+the world this booke, which nothing at all belongeth to the silken
+scorner, but to the plaine russet honest Husbandman, for whose
+particular benefit, and the kingdomes generall profit, I haue with much
+paine, care, and industry, passed through the same. Now for the motiues
+which first drew me to vndertake the worke, they were diuers: as first,
+when I saw one man translate and paraphrase most excellently vpon
+<em>Virgils Georgickes</em>, a worke onely belonging to the Italian climbe, &amp;
+nothing agreeable with ours another translates <em>Libault &amp; Steuens</em>, a
+worke of infinit excellency, yet onely proper and naturall to the
+French, and not to vs: and
+<span class="sig" title="A1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_A1v" id="Page_F_A1v"></a>
+another takes collections from <em>Zenophon</em>, and
+others; all forrainers and vtterly vnacquainted with our climbes: when
+this I beheld, and saw with what good liking they were entertained of
+all men; and that euery man was dumbe to speake any thing of the
+<em>Husbandry</em> of our owne kingdome, I could not but imagine it a worke most
+acceptable to men, and most profitable to the kingdome, to set downe the
+true manner and nature of our right English <em>Husbandry</em>, our soyle being
+as delicate, apt, and fit for increase as any forraine soyle whatsoeuer,
+and as farre out-going other kingdomes in some commoditie, as they vs in
+other some. Hence, and from these considerations, I began this worke, of
+which I haue here sent thee but a small tast, which if I finde accepted,
+according to mine intent, I will not cease (God permitting mee life) to
+passe through all manner of English <em>Husbandry</em> and <em>Huswifery</em> whatsoeuer,
+without omission of the least scruple that can any way belong to either
+of their knowledges. Now gentle reader whereas you may be driuen to some
+amazement, at two titles which insue in the booke, namely, a former part
+before the first, and the first part, you shall vnderstand that those
+first sheetes were detained both from the Stationer and me, till the
+booke was almost all printed; and my selfe by extreame sicknesse kept
+from ouer-viewing the same, wherefore I must intreate your fauour in
+this impression and the rather in as much as there wanteth neither any
+of the words or matter whatsoeuer: <em>Farewell.</em></p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+  <span style="padding-right: 1.5em;">Thine</span><br />
+
+  <i>G. M.</i>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="A2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_A2r" id="Page_F_A2r"></a>
+<img src="images/border008.png" width="500" height="109" alt="" title="Decorative border" />
+<br />
+
+  A<br />
+
+  FORMER PART,<br />
+
+before the first Part: Being an absolute <br />
+<span class="little">perfect Introduction into
+all the </span><br />
+<span class="littler">Rules of true Husbandry; and must first of all be </span><br />
+<span class="littlest">read, or
+the Readers labour will be frustrate.</span></h2>
+
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_F_I" id="Chap_F_I"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span><br /><br />
+
+The Proem of the Author. What a Husbandman is: His Vtilitie and
+Necessitie.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapi8"><span class="dropcap">I</span></span>t is a common Adage in our English sp&eacute;ech, that a man generally s&eacute;ene
+in all things can b&eacute;e particularly perfect or compleate in none: Which
+Prouerbe there is no question will both by the curious and enuious be
+heauily imposed vpon my backe, because in this, and other workes, I haue
+delt with many things of much importance, and such as any one of them
+would require a whole liues experience, whereas neither my Birth, my
+Education, nor the generall course of my life can promise no
+singularitie in any part of those Artes they treate of: but for
+suggestions (the liberty whereof the wisedome of Kings could neuer
+bridle) let them poison themselues with their
+<span class="sig" title="A2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_A2v" id="Page_F_A2v"></a>
+owne gall, they shall not
+so much as make me looke ouer my shoulder from my labour: onely to the
+curteous and well meaning I giue this satisfaction, I am but onely a
+publique Notary, who record the most true and infallible experience of
+the best knowing Husbands in this land.</p>
+
+<p>Besides, I am not altogether vns&eacute;ene in these misteries I write of: for
+it is well knowne I followed the profession of a Husbandman so long my
+selfe, as well might make mee worthy to be a graduate in the vocation:
+wherein my simplicitie was not such but I both obserued well those which
+were est&eacute;emed famous in the profession, and preserued to my selfe those
+rules which I found infallible by experience. <i>Virgill</i> was an excellent
+Poet, and a seruant, of trusty account, to <i>Augustus</i>, whose court and
+study-imployments would haue said he should haue little knowledge in
+rurall businesse, yet who hath set downe more excellently the manner of
+Italian Husbandry then himselfe, being a perfect lanthorne, from whose
+light both Italie and other countries haue s&eacute;ene to trace into the true
+path of profit and frugallitie? <i>Steuens</i> and <i>Libault</i>, two famous
+Phisitions, a profession that neuer medleth with the Plough, yet who
+hath done more rarely! nay, their workes are vtterly vncontrolable
+touching all manner of french Husbandry whatsoeuer; so my selfe although
+by profession I am onely a horse-man, it being the predominant outward
+vertue I can boast of, yet why may not I, hauing the sence of man, by
+the ayde of obseruation and relation, set downe all the rules and
+principles of our English Husbandry in as good and as perfect order as
+any of the former? there is no doubt but I may and this I dare bouldly
+assure vnto all Readers that there is not any rule prescribed through
+this whole worke, but hath his authoritie from as good and well
+experienced men, in the Art of which the rule treateth, as any this
+kingdome can produce: neither haue I b&eacute;ene so hasty, or willing, to
+publish this part as men may imagining, for it is well knowne it hath
+
+<span class="sigvisible" title="A3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_A3r" id="Page_F_A3r"></a>
+laine at rest this many y&eacute;eres, and onely now at the Instigation of
+many of my friends is bolted into the world, to try the censure of wits,
+and to giue aide to the ignorant Husbandman. Wherefore to leaue off any
+further digression, I will fall to mine intended purpose: and because
+the whole scope of my labour hath all his aime and reuerence to the
+English Husbandman, I will first shew you what a Husbandman is.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">The definition of a Husbandman.</span>
+A Husbandman is he which with discretion and good order tilleth the
+ground in his due seasons, making it fruitfull to bring forth Corne, and
+plants, meete for the sustenance of man. This Husbandman is he to whom
+God in the scriptures giueth many blessings, for his labours of all
+other are most excellent, and therefore to be a Husbandman is to be a
+good man; whence the auntients did baptise, and w&eacute;e euen to this day doe
+seriously obserue to call euery Husbandman, both in our ordinary
+conference and euery particular salutation, goodman such a one, a title
+(if w&eacute;e rightly obserue it) of more honour and vertuous note, then many
+which precede it at feasts and in gaudy places.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">The Vtillitie of the Husbandman.</span>
+A Husbandman is the Maister of the earth, turning sterillitie and
+barrainenesse, into fruitfulnesse and increase, whereby all common
+wealths are maintained and upheld, it is his labour which giueth bread
+to all men and maketh vs forsake the societie of beasts drinking vpon
+the water springs, f&eacute;eding vs with a much more nourishing liquor. The
+labour of the Husbandman giueth liberty to all vocations, Arts,
+misteries and trades, to follow their seuerall functions, with peace and
+industry, for the filling and emptying of his barnes is the increase and
+prosperitie of all their labours. To conclude, what can we say in this
+world is profitable where Husbandry is wanting, it being the great Nerue
+and Sinew which houldeth together all the ioynts of a Monarchie?</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of the necessitie of a Husbandman.</span>
+Now for the necessitie, the profit inferreth it without any larger
+amplification: for if of all things it be most profitable,
+<span class="sig" title="A3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_A3v" id="Page_F_A3v"></a>
+then of all
+things it must n&eacute;eds be most necessary, sith next vnto heauenly things,
+profit is the whole aime of our liues in this world: besides it is most
+necessary for k&eacute;eping the earth in order, which else would grow wilde,
+and like a wildernesse, brambles and w&eacute;eds choaking vp better Plants,
+and nothing remayning but a Chaos of confusednesse. And thus much of the
+Husbandman his vtillity and necessitie.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_F_II" id="Chap_F_II"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the situation of the Husbandmans house; the necessaries there to
+belonging, together with the modell thereof.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcaps11"><span class="dropcap">S</span></span>ince couerture is the most necessariest thing belonging vnto mans life,
+and that it was the first thing that euer man inuented, I thinke it not
+amisse first to beginne, before I enter into any other part of
+Husbandry, with the Husbandmans house, without which no Husbandry can be
+maintained or preserued. And albeit the generall Husbandman must take
+such a house as h&eacute;e can conueniently get, and according to the custome
+and abillitie of the soyle wherein he liueth, for many countries are
+very much vnprouided of generall matter for well building: some wanting
+timber, some stone, some lime, some one thing, some another: yet to that
+Husbandman whom God hath enabled with power both of riches and euery
+other necessary fit to haue all things in a comely conuenientnesse about
+him, if he desire to plant himselfe decently and profitable, I would
+then aduise him to chuse for his situation no high hill, or great
+promontary (the seate of Princes Courts) where h&eacute;e may be gazed vpon by
+the eye of euery traueller, but some pretty hard knole of constant and
+firme earth, rather assending then descending, fr&eacute;e from the danger of
+water, and being inuironed
+<span class="sig" title="A4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_A4r" id="Page_F_A4r"></a>
+either with some pretty groues, of tall
+young spiers, or else with rowes of greater timber, which besids the
+pleasure and profit thereof (hauing wode so neare a mans dore) the
+shelter will be most excellent to k&eacute;epe off the bleaknesse of the sharpe
+stormes and tempests in winter, and be an excellent wormestall for
+cattell in the summer. This house would be planted, if possible, neare
+to some riuer, or fresh running brooke, but by no meanes vpon the verge
+of the riuer, nor within the danger of the ouerflow thereof: for the one
+is subiect to too much coldnesse and moisture, the other to danger. You
+shall plant the face, or forefront, of your house vpon the rising of the
+Sunne, that the vigor of his warmth may at no time depart from some part
+thereof, but that as he riseth on the oneside so he may set on the
+other. You shall place the vpper or best end of your house, as namely,
+where your dining Parlor and cheifest roomes are, which euer would haue
+their prospect into your garden, to the South, that your buttery,
+kitching and other inferiour offices may stand to the North, coldnesse
+bringing vnto them a manifold benefit. Now touching the forme, fashion,
+or modell of the house, it is impossible almost for any man to prescribe
+a certaine forme, the world is so plentifull in inuention and euery mans
+minde so much adicted to nouelty and
+<a name="c_F_A4r" id="c_F_A4r"></a>
+<a href="#tn_F_A4r" class="correction" title="changed from 'curiouity'">curiousity</a>,
+yet for as much as it is
+most commended by the generall consent of all the auntients, and that
+from the modell of that proportion may be contracted and drawne the most
+curious formes that are almost at this day extant, I will commend vnto
+you that modell which beareth the proportion of the Roman <i>H.</i> which as
+it is most plaine of all other, and most easie for conuaiance, so if a
+man vpon that plaine song, (hauing a great purse) will make descant,
+there is no proportion in which he may with best ease show more
+curiositie, and therefore for the plaine Husbandmans better
+vnderstanding I will here shew him a <i>facsimile</i> (for to adde a scale
+were n&eacute;edlesse in this generall worke, all men not being desirous to
+build of one bignesse) &amp; this it is:</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<span class="sig" title="A4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_A4v" id="Page_F_A4v"></a>
+<img src="images/illo013.png" width="550" height="429" alt="" title="Plan of house" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Here you behould the modell of a plaine country mans house, without
+plaster or imbosture, because it is to be intended that it is as well to
+be built of studde and plaster, as of lime and stone, or if timber be
+not plentifull it may be built of courser woode, and couered with lime
+and haire, yet if a man would bestow cost in this modell, the foure
+inward corners of the hall would be conuenient for foure turrets, and
+the foure gauell ends, being thrust out with bay windowes might be
+formed in any curious manner: and where I place a gate and a plaine
+pale, might be either a tarrisse, or a gatehouse: of any fashion
+whatsoeuer, besides all those windowes which I make plaine might be made
+bay windowes, either with battlements, or without, but the scope of my
+booke tendeth onely to the vse of the honest Husbandman, and not to
+instruct men of dignitie, who in
+<span class="sigvisible" title="B">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_B1r" id="Page_F_B1r"></a>
+Architecture are able wonderfully to
+controle me; therefore that the Husbandman may know the vse of this
+<i>facsimile</i>, he shall vnderstand it by this which followeth.</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent:-2em;margin-left:2em;"><span style="padding-right:.5em;"><i>A.</i></span> Signifieth the great hall.</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent:-2em;margin-left:2em;"><span style="padding-right:.5em;"><i>B.</i></span> The dining Parlor for entertainment of strangers.</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent:-2em;margin-left:2em;"><span style="padding-right:.5em;"><i>C.</i></span> An inward closset within the Parlor for the Mistrisses vse, for
+necessaries.</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent:-2em;margin-left:2em;"><span style="padding-right:.5em;"><i>D.</i></span> A strangers lodging within the Parlor.</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent:-2em;margin-left:2em;"><span style="padding-right:.5em;"><i>E.</i></span> A staire-case into the roomes ouer the Parlor.</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent:-2em;margin-left:2em;"><span style="padding-right:.5em;"><i>F.</i></span> A staire-case into the Good-mans roomes ouer the Kitchin and
+Buttery.</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent:-2em;margin-left:2em;"><span style="padding-right:.5em;"><i>G.</i></span> The Skr&eacute;ene in the hall.</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent:-2em;margin-left:2em;"><span style="padding-right:.5em;"><i>H.</i></span> An inward cellar within the buttery, which may serue for a Larder.</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent:-2em;margin-left:2em;"><span style="padding-right:.5em;"><i>I.</i></span> The Buttery.</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent:-2em;margin-left:2em;"><span style="padding-right:.5em;"><i>K.</i></span> The Kitchin, in whose range may be placed a bruing lead, and
+conuenient Ouens, the bruing vessels adioyning.</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent:-2em;margin-left:2em;"><span style="padding-right:.5em;"><i>L.</i></span> The Dairy house for necessary businesse.</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent:-2em;margin-left:2em;"><span style="padding-right:.5em;"><i>M.</i></span> The Milke house.</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent:-2em;margin-left:2em;"><span style="padding-right:.5em;"><i>N.</i></span> A faire sawne pale before the formost court.</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent:-2em;margin-left:2em;"><span style="padding-right:.5em;"><i>O.</i></span> The great gate to ride in at to the hall dore.</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent:-2em;margin-left:2em;"><span style="padding-right:.5em;"><i>P.</i></span> A place where a Pumpe would be placed to serue the offices of the
+house.</p>
+
+<p><img src="images/illo014a.png" width="67" height="27" alt="" title="Door symbol" /> This figure signifieth the dores of the house.</p>
+
+<p><img src="images/illo014b.png" width="67" height="23" alt="" title="Window symbol" /> This figure signifieth the windowes of the house.</p>
+
+<p><img src="images/illo014c.png" width="67" height="21" alt="" title="Chimney symbol" />  This figure signifieth the Chimnies of the house.</p>
+
+<p>Now you shall further vnderstand that on the South side of your house,
+you shall plant your Garden and Orchard, as wel for the prospect thereof
+to al your best roomes, as also because your house will be a defence
+against the Northerne coldnesse, whereby your fruits will much better
+prosper. You shall on the West side of your house, within your inward
+dairy and kitchin court, fence in a large base court, in the midst
+whereof would be a faire
+<span class="sig" title="B1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_B1v" id="Page_F_B1v"></a>
+large Pond, well ston'd and grauelled in the
+bottome, in which your Cattell may drinke, and horses when necessitie
+shall vrge be washt: for I doe by no meanes alow washing of horses after
+instant labour. N&eacute;ere to this Pond you shall build your Doue-coate, for
+Pigions delight much in the water: and you shall by no meanes make your
+Doue-house too high, for Pigions cannot endure a high mount, but you
+shall build it moderately, cleane, neate, and close, with water
+pentisses to k&eacute;epe away vermine. On the North side of your base-court
+you shall build your Stables, Oxe-house, Cow-house, and Swine-coates,
+the dores and windowes opening all to the South. On the South side of
+the base-court, you shall builde your Hay-barnes, Corne-barnes,
+pullen-houses for Hennes, Capons, Duckes, and G&eacute;ese, your french Kilne,
+and Malting flowres, with such like necessaries: and ouer crosse betwixt
+both these sides, you shall build your bound houels, to cary your Pease,
+of good and sufficient timber, vnder which you shall place when they are
+out of vse your Cartes, Waynes, Tumbrels, Ploughs, Harrowes, and such
+like, together with Plough timber, and axletr&eacute;es: all which would very
+carefully be kept from wet, which of all things doth soonest rot and
+consume them. And thus much of the Husbandmans house, and the
+necessaries there to belonging.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_F_III" id="Chap_F_III"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the seuerall parts and members of an ordinarie Plough, and of the
+ioyning of them together.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapi15"><span class="dropcap">I</span></span>f a workeman of any trade, or mistery, cannot giue directions how, and
+in what manner, the tooles where with he worketh should be made or
+fashioned, doubtlesse h&eacute;e shall neuer worke well with them, nor know
+when they are in temper and when out. And so it fareth with the
+Husbandman, for if h&eacute;e
+<span class="sigvisible" title="B2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_B2r" id="Page_F_B2r"></a>
+know not how his Plough should be made, nor the
+seuerall members of which it consisteth, with the vertue and vse of
+euery member, it is impossible that euer h&eacute;e should make a good furrow,
+or turne ouer his ground in Husbandly manner: Therefore that euery
+Husbandman may know how a well shaped Plough is made, he shall
+vnderstand that the first member thereof, as being the strongest and
+most principallest p&eacute;ece of timber belonging to the same, is called the
+Plough-beame, being a large long p&eacute;ece of timber much bending, according
+to the forme of this figure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo016a.png" width="500" height="150" alt="" title="Picture of plough beam" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>This beame hath no certaine length nor thicknesse, but is proportioned
+according to the ground, for if it be for a clay ground the length is
+almost seauen foote, if for any other mixt or lighter earth, then fiue
+or sixe foote is long inough.</p>
+
+<p>The second member or part of the Plough, is called the skeath, and is a
+p&eacute;ece of woode of two foote and a halfe in length, and of eight inches
+in breadth, and two inches in thicknesse: it is driuen extreamly hard
+into the Plough-beame, slopewise, so that ioyned they present this
+figure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo016b.png" width="500" height="176" alt="" title="Picture of plough beam and skeath" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="sig" title="B2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_B2v" id="Page_F_B2v"></a>
+The third part is called the Ploughes principall hale, and doth belong
+to the left hand being a long bent p&eacute;ece of woode, some what strong in
+the midst, and so slender at the vpper end that a man may easily gripe
+it, which being fixed with the rest presenteth this figure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo017a.png" width="500" height="208" alt="" title="Picture of plough with hale" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The fourth part is the Plough head, which must be fixed with the sheath
+&amp; the head all at one instant in two seuerall mortisse holes: it is a
+flat p&eacute;ece of timber, almost thr&eacute;e foote in length if it be for clay
+ground, otherwise shorter, of breadth seauen inches, and of thicknesse
+too inches and a halfe, which being ioyned to the rest presenteth this
+figure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo017b.png" width="500" height="188" alt="" title="Picture of plough with head" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="B3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_B3r" id="Page_F_B3r"></a>
+The fift part is the Plough spindels, which are two small round pieces
+of woode, which coupleth together the hales, as in this figure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo018a.png" width="500" height="218" alt="" title="Picture of plough with spindels" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The sixt part is the right hand hale, through which the other end of the
+spindels runne, and is much slenderer then the left hand hale, for it is
+put to no force, but is onely a stay and aide to the Plough houlder when
+h&eacute;e
+<a name="c_F_B3r" id="c_F_B3r"></a>
+<a class="correction" href="#tn_F_B3r" title="scan is unclear">cometh to</a>
+heauy, stiffe, and strong worke, and being ioyned with the
+rest presenteth this figure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo018b.png" width="500" height="231" alt="" title="Picture of plough with right hand hale" />
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sig" title="B3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_B3v" id="Page_F_B3v"></a>
+The seauenth part is the Plough-rest, which is a small p&eacute;ece of woode,
+which is fixt at one end in the further nicke of the Plough head, and
+the other end to the Ploughs right-hand hale, as you may s&eacute;e by this
+figure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo019a.png" width="500" height="238" alt="" title="Picture of plough with plough-rest" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The eight part is called the shelboard, and is a broad board of more
+then an inche thicknesse, which couereth all the right side of the
+Plough, and is fastned with two strong pinnes of woode through the
+sheath, and the right-hand hale, according to this figure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo019b.png" width="500" height="245" alt="" title="Picture of plough with shelboard" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="sig" title="B4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_B4r" id="Page_F_B4r"></a>
+The ninth part is the coulture, which is a long p&eacute;ece of Iron, made
+sharpe at the neather end, and also sharpe on one side and being for a
+stiffe clay it must be straight without bending, which passeth by a
+mortisse-hole through the beame, and to this coulture belongeth an Iron
+ring, which windeth about the beame and k&eacute;epeth it in strength from
+breaking as may appeare by this figure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo020.png" width="500" height="222" alt="" title="Picture of plough with coulture" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The tenth part of a compleate Plough, is the share; which is fixed to
+the Plough head, and is that which cutteth and turneth vp the earth: if
+it be for a mixt earth then it is made without a wing, or with a very
+small one, but if it be for a d&eacute;epe, or stiffe clay, then it is made
+with a large wing, or an outward point, like the figure following.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="sig" title="B4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_B4v" id="Page_F_B4v"></a>
+<img src="images/illo021a.png" width="500" height="193" alt="" title="Picture of plough with share" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The eleuenth part of a perfect Plough is called the Plough foote, and is
+through a mortisse-hole fastned at the farre end of all the beame with a
+wedge or two, so as the Husbandman may at his discretion set it higher
+or lower, at his pleasure: the vse of it is to giue the Plough earth, or
+put it from the earth, as you please, for the more you driue it
+downeward, the more it raiseth the beame from the ground, and maketh the
+Irons forsake the earth, and the more you driue it vpward the more it
+letteth downe the beame, and so maketh the Irons bite the sorer; the
+figure whereof is this.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo021b.png" width="500" height="175" alt="" title="Picture of plough foot" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Thus haue you all the parts and members of a Plough, and how they be
+knit and ioyned together, wherein I would wish you to obserue to make
+your Plough-wright
+<span class="sigvisible" title="C">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_C1r" id="Page_F_C1r"></a>
+euer rather giue your Plough land then put her from
+the land, that is, rather leaning towards the earth and biting sore,
+then euer slipping out of the ground: for if it haue
+<a name="c_F_C1r" id="c_F_C1r"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="probable misprint for 'too much earth'" href="#tn_F_C1r">two much earth</a>
+the
+Husbandman may help it in the houlding, but if it haue too little, then
+of necessitie it must make foule worke: but for as much as the error and
+amends lye both in the office of the Plough-wright, I will not trouble
+the Husbandman with the reformation thereof.</p>
+
+<p>Now you shall vnderstand that there is one other thing belonging to the
+Plough, which albe it be no member thereof, yet is it so necessary that
+the Husbandman which liueth in durty and stiffe clayes can neuer goe to
+Plough without it, and it is called the Aker-staffe, being a pretty
+bigge cudgell, of about a yarde in length, with an Iron spud at the end,
+according to this figure:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo022.png" width="500" height="90" alt="" title="Picture of an aker-staff" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>This Akerstaffe the Husbandman is euer to carry within his Plough, and
+when at any time the Irons, shelboard, or Plough, are choaked with durt,
+clay, or filth, which will cling about the ould stubble, then with this
+Akerstaffe you shall put the same off (your Plough still going) and so
+k&eacute;epe her cleane and smooth that your worke may lye the handsomer; and
+this you must euer doe with your right hand: for the Plough choaketh
+euer on the shelboard side, and betw&eacute;ene the Irons. And thus much
+touching the perfect Plough, and the members thereof.</p>
+
+<h3>
+<span class="sig" title="C1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_C1v" id="Page_F_C1v"></a>
+<a name="Chap_F_IIII" id="Chap_F_IIII"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. IIII.</span><br />
+<br />
+How the Husbandman shall temper his Plough, and make her fit for his
+worke.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapa23"><span class="dropcap">A</span></span> Plough is to a Husbandman like an Instrument in the hand of a
+Musition, which if it be out of tune can neuer make good Musicke, and so
+if the Plough, being out of order, if the Husbandman haue not the
+cunning to temper it and set it in the right way, it is impossible that
+euer his labour should come to good end.</p>
+
+<p>It is very necessary then that euery good Husbandman know that a Plough
+being perfectly well made, the good order or disorder thereof consisteth
+in the placing of the Plough-Irons and the Plough-foote. Know then, that
+for the placing of the Irons, the share would be set to looke a little
+into the ground: and because you shall not bruise, or turne, the point
+thereof, you shall knocke it fast vpon the head, either with a crooked
+Rams-horne, or else with some piece of soft Ash woode: and you shall
+obserue that ite stand plaine, flat, and leuell, without wrying or
+turning either vpward or downeward: for if it runne not euen vpon the
+earth it will neuer make a good furrow, onely as before I said, the
+point must looke a little downeward.</p>
+
+<p>Now, for the coulture, you must place it slopewise through the beame, so
+as the point of it and the point of the share may as it were touch the
+ground at one instant, yet if the coulture point be a little thought the
+longer it shall not be amisse: yet for a more certaine direction and to
+try whether your Irons stand true I or no, you shall take a string, and
+measure from the mortisse-hole through which the coulture passeth, to
+the point of the coulture, and so k&eacute;eping your vpper hand constant lay
+the same length to
+<span class="sigvisible" title="C2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_C2r" id="Page_F_C2r"></a>
+the
+<a name="c_F_C2r" id="c_F_C2r"></a>
+<a class="correction" href="#tn_F_C2r" title="changed from 'of point'">point of</a>
+your share, and if one measure serue
+them both right, there being no difference betw&eacute;ene them, then the Irons
+stand true for their length, otherwise they stand false.</p>
+
+<p>Now your coulture albe it stand true for the length, yet it may stand
+either too much to the land, or too much from the land, either of which
+is a great errour, and will k&eacute;epe the Plough from going true: your
+coulture therefore shall haue certaine wedges of ould dry Ash woode,
+that is to say, one before the coulture on the vpper side the beame, and
+another on the land side, or left side, the coulture on the vpper side
+the beame also; then you shall haue another wedge behinde the coulture
+vnderneath the beame, and one on the furrow side, or right side, the
+beame vnderneath also. Now, if your coulture haue too much land, then
+you shall driue in your vpper side wedge and ease the contrary: if it
+haue too little land, then you shall contrarily driue in your right side
+vnder wedge and ease the other: If your coulture stand too forward, then
+you shall driue in your vpper wedge which standeth before the coulture;
+and if it stand too backward and too n&eacute;ere your share, then you shall
+driue in your vnder wedge which standeth behinde the coulture: if your
+coulture standeth awry any way, then are either your side wedges too
+small, or else not euen and plaine cut, which faults you must amend, and
+then all will be perfect. Now, when your Irons are iust and truely
+placed, then you shall driue in euery wedge hard and firme, that no
+shaking or other straine may loosen them: as for the Plough foote it
+also must haue a wedge or two, which when your Plough goeth right and to
+your contentment (for the foote will k&eacute;epe it from sinking or rising)
+then you shall also driue them in hard, that the foote may not stirre
+from the true place where you did set it. And that these things when a
+man commeth into the field may not be to s&eacute;eke, it is the office of
+euery good Husbandman neuer to goe forth with his Plough but to haue his
+Hatchet in a socket, fixt to his Plough beame, and a good
+<span class="sig" title="C2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_C2v" id="Page_F_C2v"></a>
+piece of hard
+wedge woode, in case any of your wedges should shake out and be lost.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of holding the Plough.</span>
+When your Plough is thus ordered and tempered in good manner, and made
+fit for her worke, it then resteth that you know the skill and
+aduantages in holding thereof, which ind&eacute;ed are rules of much
+diuersitie, for if it be a stiffe, blacke clay which you Plow, then can
+you not Plow too d&eacute;epe, nor make your furrowes too bigge: if it be a
+rich hassell ground, and not much binding, then reasonable furrowes,
+laid closse, are the best: but if it be any binding, stony, or sandy
+ground, then you cannot make your furrowes too small. As touching the
+gouerning of your Plough, if you s&eacute;e sh&eacute;e taketh too much land, then you
+shall writh your left hand a little to the left side and raise your
+Plough rest somewhat from the ground: if sh&eacute;e taketh too little earth,
+then you shall raise vp your left hand, and carry your Plough as in a
+direct line: If your Plough-Irons forbeare and will not bite on the
+earth at all, then it is a signe that you hang too heauy on the Plough
+hales, raising the head of the Plough from the ground, which errour you
+must amend, and of the two rather raise it vp behind then before, but to
+doe neither is best, for the Plough hale is a thing for the hand to
+gouerne, and not to make a leaning stocke of: And thus much touching the
+tempring of the Plough and making her fit for worke.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>
+<a name="Chap_F_V" id="Chap_F_V"></a>
+<span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span><br />
+<br />
+The manner of Plowing the rich, stiffe, blacke Clay, his Earings,
+Plough, and other Instruments.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapo25"><span class="dropcap">O</span></span>f all soyles in this our kingdome there is none so rich and fruitfull,
+if it be well handled and Husbanded, as is that which we call the
+stiffe, blacke, Clay, and indeed is more blacker to looke on then any
+other soyle, yet some times it will turne vp
+<span class="sigvisible" title="C3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_C3r" id="Page_F_C3r"></a>
+very blewish, with many
+white vaines in it, which is a very speciall note to know his
+fruitfulnesse; for that blewish earth mixt with white is nothing else
+but very rich Marle, an earth that in Cheshire, Lanckashire, and many
+other countries, serueth to Manure and make fat their barrainest land in
+such sort that it will beare Corne seauen yeeres together. This blacke
+clay as it is the best soyle, well Husbanded, so it is of all soyles the
+worst if it be ill Husbanded: for if it loose but one ardor, or
+seasenable Plowing, it will not be recouered in foure y&eacute;eres after, but
+will naturally of it selfe put forth wilde Oates, Thistels, and all
+manner of offensiue w&eacute;edes, as Cockle, Darnell, and such like: his
+labour is strong, heauy, and sore, vnto the cattell that tilleth it, but
+to the Husbandman is more easie then any other soyle, for this asketh
+but foure times Plowing ouer at the most, where diuers other soyles aske
+fiue times, and sixe times, as shalbe shewed hereafter. But to come to
+the Plowing of this soyle, I hold it m&eacute;ete to beginne with the beginning
+of the y&eacute;ere, which with Husbandmen is at Plow-day, being euer the first
+Munday after the Twelft-day, at which time you shall goe forth with your
+draught, &amp; begin to plow your Pease-earth, that is, the earth where you
+meane to sow your Pease, or Beanes: for I must giue you to vnderstand,
+that these Clayes are euer more naturall for Beanes then Pease, not but
+that they will beare both alike, only the Husbandman imployeth them more
+for Beanes, because pease &amp; fitches wil grow vpon euery soyle, but
+Beanes wil grow no where but on the clayes onely. This Pease-earth is
+euer where barley grew the y&eacute;ere before, &amp; hath the stubble yet
+remayning thereon. You shal plow this Pease-earth euer vpward, that is,
+you shall beginne on the ridge of the land, &amp; turne all your furrowes
+vp, one against another, except your lands lye too high (which seldome
+can be s&eacute;ene) and then you shall begin at the furrow, &amp; cast downe your
+land.</p>
+
+<p>Now, when you haue plowed all your Pease-ground, you shall let it so
+lye, till it haue receiued diuers Frosts,
+<span class="sig" title="C3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_C3v" id="Page_F_C3v"></a>
+some Raine, and then a fayre
+season, which betwixt plow-day and Saint <i>Valentines</i> day you shalbe
+sure to inioy: and this is called, <i>The letting of Land lye to baite</i>:
+for without this rest, and these seasons, it is impossible to make these
+Clayes harrow, or y&eacute;elde any good mould at all. After your Land hath
+receiued his kindely baite, then you shall cast in your s&eacute;ede, of
+Beanes, or Pease: but in my conceit, an equall mixture of them is the
+best s&eacute;ede of all, for if the one faile, the other will be sure to hit:
+and when your land is sowne you shall harrow it with a harrow that hath
+woodden t&eacute;eth.</p>
+
+<p>The next Ardor after this, is the sowing of your Barley in your fallow
+field: the next is the fallowing of your ground for Barley the next
+y&eacute;ere: the next Ardor is the Summer-stirring of that which you fallowed:
+the next is the foyling of that which you Summer-stirde: and the last is
+the Winter rigging of that which you
+<a name="c_F_C3v" id="c_F_C3v"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'soil'd'" href="#tn_F_C3v">foil'd</a>:
+of all which Ardors, and
+the manner of Plowing them, with their seasons, I haue written
+sufficiently in the first Chapter of the next part; where I speake of
+simple earths vncompounded.</p>
+
+<p>Now whereas I told you before that these clayes were heauy worke for
+your Cattell, it is necessary that I shew you how to ease them, and
+which way they may draw to their most aduantage, which onely is by
+drawing in beare-geares, an inuention the skilfull Husbandman hath found
+out, wherein foure horses shall draw as much as sixe, and sixe as eight,
+being geard in any other contrary fashion. Now because the name onely
+bettereth not your knowledge, you shall heare behould the figure and
+manner thereof.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="sig" title="C4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_C4r" id="Page_F_C4r"></a>
+<img src="images/illo028.png" width="500" height="711" alt="" title="Picture of bear-geares" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="sig" title="C4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_C4v" id="Page_F_C4v"></a>
+Now you shall vnderstand the vse of this Figure by the figures therein
+contayned, that is to say, the figure</p>
+
+<p>(1) presenteth the plough-cleuisse, which being ioyned to the
+plough-beame, extendeth, with a chaine, vnto the first Toastr&eacute;e: and
+touching this Cleuisse, you shall vnderstand, that it must be made with
+thr&eacute;e nickes in the midst thereof, that if the Plough haue too much land
+giuen it in the making, that is, if it turne vp too much land, then the
+chaine shall be put in the outwardmost nicke to the land side, that is,
+the nicke towards your right hand: but if it take too little land, then
+it shall be put in the nicke next the furrow, that is, towards the right
+hand: but if it goe euen and well, then you shall k&eacute;epe it in the middle
+nicke, which is the iust guide of true proportion. And thus this
+Cleuisse is a helpe for the euill making or going of a plough.</p>
+
+<p>(2) Is the hind-most Toastr&eacute;e, that is, a broad piece of Ash woode,
+thr&eacute;e inches broad, which going crosse the chaine, hath the Swingletr&eacute;es
+fastned vnto it, by which the horses draw. Now you shall vnderstand that
+in this Toastr&eacute;e is great helpe and aduantage: for if the two horses
+which draw one against the other, be not of equall strength, but that
+the one doth ouer-draw the other, then you shall cause that end of the
+Toastr&eacute;e by which the weaker horse drawes, to be longer from the chaine
+then the other, by at least halfe a foote, and that shall giue the
+weaker horse such an aduantage, that his strength shall counterpoyse
+with the stronger horse. Now there be some especiall Husbandmen that
+finding this disaduantage in the Toastr&eacute;e, and that by the vncertaine
+shortening, and lenthening of the Toastr&eacute;e, they haue sometimes more
+disaduantaged the strong horse, then giuen helpe to the weake, therefore
+they haue inuented another Toastr&eacute;e, with a double chaine, and a round
+ring, which is of that excellent perfection in draught, that if a Foale
+draw against an olde horse, yet the Foale shall draw no more then the
+abilitie of his owne strength, each taking his worke by himselfe, as
+<span class="sigvisible" title="D">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_D1r" id="Page_F_D1r"></a>
+if
+they drew by single chaines. Now because this Toastr&eacute;e is such a notable
+Implement both in Plough, Cart, or Waine, and so worthy to be imitated
+of all good husbands, I thinke it not amisse to shew you the figure
+thereof.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<p class="caption"> The Toastree with double chaines.</p>
+<img src="images/illo030.png" width="500" height="381" alt="" title=" The Toastree with double chaines." />
+</div>
+
+<p>(3) The Swingletr&eacute;es, being pieces of Ash wood cut in proportion
+afore-shewed, to which the Treates, by which the horses draw, are
+fastned with strong loopes.</p>
+
+<p>(4) The Treates by which the horses draw, being strong cords made of the
+best Hempe.</p>
+
+<p>(5) The place betw&eacute;ene the Treats, where the horses must stand.</p>
+
+<p>(6) The Hames, which girt the Collers about, to which the other end of
+the Treats are fastned, being compassed pieces of wood, eyther cleane
+Ash, or cleane Oake.</p>
+
+<p>(7) The round Withes of wood, or broad thongs of leather, to put about
+the horses necke, to beare the maine chayne from the ground, that it
+trouble not the horses in their going.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sig" title="D1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_D1v" id="Page_F_D1v"></a>
+(8) The Single-linckes of Iron, which ioyne the Swingle-tr&eacute;es vnto the
+Toastr&eacute;es.</p>
+
+<p>(9) The Belly-bands, which passe vnder the belly of the horse, and are
+made fast to both sides of the Treates, k&eacute;eping them downe, that when
+the horse drawes, his coller may not choake him: being made of good
+small line or coard.</p>
+
+<p>(10) The Backe-bands, which going ouer the horses backe, and being made
+fast to both sides of the Treates, doe hold them, so as when the horses
+turne, the Treates doe not fall vnder their f&eacute;ete.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">How many beasts in a plough.</span>
+Thus I haue giuen you the perfect portraiture of a well yoakt Plough,
+together with his Implements, and the vse of them, being the best which
+hath yet b&eacute;ene found out by any of our skilfullest English Husbandmen,
+whose practise hath b&eacute;ene vpon these d&eacute;epe, stiffe, blacke clayes. Now
+you shall vnderstand, that for the number of Cattell to be vsed in these
+ploughes, that in fallowing your land, and plowing your Pease-earth,
+eight good Cattell are the best number, as being the strongest, and
+within the compasse of gouernment, whereas more were but troublesome,
+and in all your other Ardors, sixe good beasts are sufficient, yet if it
+be so, that eyther want of abilitie, or other necessity vrge, you shall
+know that sixe beasts will suffice eyther to fallow, or to plow
+Pease-earth, and foure beasts for euery other Ardor or earing: and lesse
+then this number is most insufficient, as appeares by daily experience,
+when poore men kill their Cattell onely by putting them to ouer-much
+labour. And thus much touching the plowing of the blacke clay.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="D2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_D2r" id="Page_F_D2r"></a>
+<a name="Chap_F_VI" id="Chap_F_VI"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span><br />
+<br />
+The manner of plowing the white or gray Clay, his Earings, Plough, and
+Instruments.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapn58"><span class="dropcap">N</span></span>ow as touching the white or gray clay, you shall vnderstand that it is
+of diuers and sundry natures, altering according to his tempers of wet
+or drynesse: the wet being more tough, and the dry more brittle: his
+mixture and other characters I haue shewed in a former Chapter,
+wherefore for his manner of plowing (obseruing my first methode, which
+is to beginne with the beginning of the y&eacute;ere, I meane at Christmas) it
+is thus:</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of sowing of Pease and Beanes.</span>
+If you finde that any of this white or gray clay, lying wet, haue lesse
+mixture of stone or chaulke in it, and so consequently be more tough, as
+it doth many times fall out, and that vpon such land, that y&eacute;ere, you
+are to sow your Pease and Beanes: for as in the former blacke clay, so
+in this gray clay you shall begin with your Pease-earth euer: then
+immediately after Plow-day, you shall plow vp such ground as you finde
+so tough, in the selfe-same manner as you did plow the blacke clay, and
+so let it lye to baite till the frost haue seasoned it, and then sow it
+accordingly. But if you haue no such tough land, but that it holdes it
+owne proper nature, being so mixt with small stones and chaulke, that it
+will breake in reasonable manner, then you shall stay till the latter
+end of Ianuary, at what time, if the weather be seasonable, and
+inclining to drynesse, you shall beginne to plow your Pease-earth, in
+this manner: First, you shall cause your s&eacute;edes-man to sow the land with
+single casts, as was shewed vpon the blacke clay, with this caution,
+that the greater your s&eacute;ede is, (that is, the more Beanes you sow) the
+greater must be your quantitie: and being sowne, you shall bring your
+plough,
+<span class="sig" title="D2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_D2v" id="Page_F_D2v"></a>
+and beginning at the furrow of the land, you shall plow euery
+furrow downeward vpon the Pease and Beanes: which is called sowing of
+Pease vnder furrow: and in this manner you shall sow all your Pease and
+Beanes, which is cleane contrary to your blacke clay. Besides, whereas
+vpon the stiffe clay it is conuenient to take as large furrowes as you
+please, vpon this kinde of gray clay you shall take as small furrowes as
+is possible. Now the reason for this manner of plowing your Pease-earth,
+is, because it is a light kinde of breaking earth, so that should it be
+sowne according to the stiffe blacke clay, it would neuer couer your
+Pease, but leaue them bare, both to be destroyed by the Fowles of the
+ayre, and the bitternesse of the weather. As soone as your Pease and
+Beanes are risen a fingers length aboue the earth, then if you finde
+that any of your lands doe lye very rough, and that the clods be great,
+it shall not be amisse, to take a payre of woodden Harrowes, and harrow
+ouer all your rough lands, the benefit whereof is this, that it will
+both breake the hard clots, and so giue those Pease leaue to sprout
+through the earth, which before lay bound in and drowned, and also lay
+your lands smooth and cleane, that the Mowers when they come to mowe
+your Pease and Beanes, shall haue better worke, and mowe them with more
+ease, and much better to the owners profit. For you must vnderstand that
+where you sow Beanes, there it is euer more profit to mowe them with
+Sythes, then to reape them with Hookes, and much sooner, and with lesse
+charge performed. The limitation of time for this Ardor of earing, is
+from the latter end of Ianuary vntill the beginning of March, not
+forgetting this rule, that to sow your Pease and Beanes in a shower, so
+it be no beating raine is most profitable: because they, as Wheat, take
+delight in a fresh and a moyst mould.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of sowing of Barley.</span>
+After the beginning of March, you shall beginne to sow your Barley vpon
+that ground which the y&eacute;ere before did lye fallow, and is commonly
+called your tilth, or fallow field: and if any part of it consist of
+stiffe and tough ground,
+<span class="sigvisible" title="D3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_D3r" id="Page_F_D3r"></a>
+then you shall, vpon such ground, sow your
+Barley vnder furrow, in such manner and fashion as I described vnto you
+for the sowing of your stiffe blacke clay: but if it be (as for the most
+part these gray and white clayes are) of a much lighter, and as it were,
+fussie temper, then you shall first plow your land vpward, cleane and
+well, without baukes or stiches: and hauing so plowed it, you shall then
+sow it with Barley, that is to say, with double casts, I meane,
+bestowing twise so many casts of Barley, as you would doe if you were to
+sow it with Pease. And as soone as you haue sowne your Barley, you shall
+take a payre of woodden Harrowes, and harrow it as small as is possible:
+and this is called sowing aboue furrow.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of sowing Oates.</span>
+Now if you haue any land, which eyther through the badnesse of the
+soyle, or for want of manure, is more barrayne, and hard to bring forth
+then generally the rest of your land is, then you shall not bestow
+Barley thereupon, but sow it with Oates, in such manner and fashion as
+is appointed for the sowing of Pease, that is to say, if it be stiffe
+ground you shall sow it aboue furrow, if it be light ground, then you
+shall sow it vnder furrow, knowing this for a rule, that the barraynest
+ground will euer beare indifferent Oates, but if the ground haue any
+small hart, then it will beare Oates in great abundance: neither n&eacute;ede
+you to be very precise for the oft plowing of your ground before you sow
+your Oates, because Oates will grow very well if they be sowne vpon
+reasonable ground, at the first plowing: whence it comes to passe that
+many Husbandmen doe oft sow their Oates where they should sow their
+Pease, and in the same manner as they doe sow their Pease, and it is
+held for a rule of good husbandry also: because if the ground be held
+any thing casuall for Pease, it is better to haue good Oates then
+naughty Pease: besides, your Oates are both a necessary graine in the
+house, as for Oate-meale, for the pot, for Puddings, and such like, and
+also for the stable, for Prouender, and the f&eacute;eding of all manner of
+Poultry. The time for sowing of your Barley and Oates, is from
+<span class="sig" title="D3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_D3v" id="Page_F_D3v"></a>
+from the
+first of March till the first of Aprill, obseruing euer to sow your
+Oates first, and your Barley after, for it being onely a Summer graine,
+would participate as little as may be with any part of the Winter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Fallowing.</span>
+About the middest of Aprill you shall beginne to fallow that part of
+your ground, which you entend shall take rest that y&eacute;ere, and so become
+your fallow or tilth-field. And in fallowing this gray or white clay,
+you shall obserue all those rules and ceremonies, which are formerly
+described for the fallowing of the stiffe blacke clay, knowing that
+there is in this worke no difference betw&eacute;ene the blacke clay, and the
+gray clay, but both to be plowed after one manner, that is to say, to
+haue all the furrowes cast downeward, and the ridges of the lands laid
+largely open, and of a good depth, onely the furrowes which you turne
+vpon this gray clay must be much smaller and lesse then those which you
+turne vpon your stiffe blacke clay, because this earth is more naturally
+inclined to binde and cleaue together then that of the blacke clay. The
+time for fallowing of this ground, is from the middest of Aprill vntill
+the middest of May: at what time you shall perceiue your Barley to
+appeare aboue the ground,
+<span class="rightnote">Of sleighting Barley.</span>
+so that then you shall beginne to sleight and
+smooth it: but not with backe Harrowes, as was described for the blacke
+clay, because this gray clay being not so fat and rich, but more
+inclined to fastnesse and hardnesse, therefore it will not sunder and
+breake so easily as the other: wherefore when you will smooth or sleight
+this ground, you shall take a round piece of wood, being in compasse
+about at least thirty inches, and in length sixe foote, hauing at each
+end a strong pinne of Iron, to which making fast two small poales, by
+which the horse shall draw, yet in such sort that the round piece of
+wood may roule and turne about as the horse drawes it: and with this you
+shall roule ouer all your Barley, and by the waight of the round piece
+of wood bruise and breake all the hard clots asunder. This is called
+amongst Husbandmen a Rouler, and is for this purpose of sleighting and
+
+<span class="sig" title="D4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_D4r" id="Page_F_D4r"></a>
+smoothing of grounds of great vse and profit. Now you shall vnderstand
+that you must not at any time sleight or smooth your Corne, but after a
+shower of Raine, for if the mould be not a little moistned the rouler
+will not haue power to breake it.</p>
+
+<p>Now for as much as this rouler is of so good vse and yet not generally
+vsed in this kingdome, I thinke it not amisse to shew you the figure
+thereof.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<p class="caption">The great Rouler.</p>
+<img src="images/illo036.png" width="500" height="396" alt="" title="The great Rouler." />
+</div>
+
+<p>As soone as you haue roulled ouer your Barley, &amp; laid it so smooth as
+you can with your rouler, if then you perceiue any hard clots, such as
+the rouler cannot breake, then you shal send forth your seruants with
+long clotting b&eacute;etels, made broad and flat, and with them you shall
+breake asunder all those hard clots, and so lay your Barley as smooth
+and cleane as is possible: the profit whereof you shall both finde in
+the multiplying of your Corne and also in the
+<span class="sig" title="D4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_D4v" id="Page_F_D4v"></a>
+sauing of your sithes
+from breaking, at such time as you shall come to mowe your Corne, and
+gather in your Haruest.</p>
+
+<p>Your Barley being thus laide smooth, you shall then follow your other
+necessary businesses, as preparing of your fewell, and other n&eacute;edements
+for houshould, vntill the beginning of Iune, at which time you shall
+beginne to Summer-stirre your fallow field, which shalbe done in all
+points after the same manner as you did Summer-stirre your blacke Clay,
+<span class="rightnote">Of Summer-stirring.</span>
+that is to say, you shall beginne in the ridge of the land, and as when
+you fallowed your land you turned your furrowes downeward, so now in
+Summer-stirring, you shall turne your furrowes vpward and close the
+ridge of
+<a name="c_F_D4va" id="c_F_D4va"></a>
+<a class="correction" href="#tn_F_D4va" title="probable misprint for 'your'">you</a>
+land againe. As soone as this Ardor is finished, or when
+the vnseasonablenesse of the weather, as either too much wet, or too
+much drynesse shall hinder you from Plowing, you shall then looke into
+your Cornefields, that is to say: first into your Wheate and Rye field,
+and if there you shall finde any store of w&eacute;edes,
+<span class="rightnote">Of weeding.</span>
+as Thistell, Darnell,
+Tare-Cockle,
+<a name="c_F_D4vb" id="c_F_D4vb"></a>
+<a class="correction" href="#tn_F_D4vb" title="scan is unclear">or such like,</a>
+you shall with weede-hookes, or nippers of
+woode, cut, or plucke them vp by the rootes; and also if you finde any
+annoyance of stones, which hinders the growth of your Corne, as
+generally it happens in this soyle, you shall then cause some Boyes and
+Girles, or other waste persons,
+<span class="rightnote">Of stone gathering.</span>
+to gather them vp and lay them in heapes
+at the lands ends, to be imployed either about the mending of high wayes
+or other occasions, and for this purpose their is a generall custome in
+most Villages, that euery houshoulder is bound to send out one seruant
+to be imployed about this businesse: whence it comes to passe, that it
+is called common worke, as being done at the generall charge of the
+whole Parish. After you haue w&eacute;eded your Wheate and Rye, you shall then
+w&eacute;ede your Barley also, which being finished about the midst of Iuly,
+you shall then beginne to looke into your medowes and to the preparing
+of your Hay haruest.</p>
+
+<p>Now at such time as either the vnseasonablenesse of
+<span class="sigvisible" title="E">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_E1r" id="Page_F_E1r"></a>
+the weather,
+<span class="rightnote">Of foyling.</span>
+or the
+growth of your grasse shall hinder you from following that businesse of
+Haruest, you shall then looke into your fallow or tilth field againe,
+and whereas before at your Summer-stirring you Plowed your land vpward,
+now you shall beginne to foile, that is to say, you shall cast your land
+downe againe, and open the ridge: and this Ardor of all other Ardors you
+must by no meanes neglect vpon the gray, white clay, because it being
+most subiect vnto w&eacute;ede, and the hardest to bring to a fine mould, this
+Ardor of all others, doth both consume the one and makes perfect the
+other, and the drier season you doe foile your land in, the better it
+is, and the more it doth breake and sunder the clots in pieces: for as
+in Summer-stirring the greater clots you raise vp, and the rougher your
+land lies the better it is, because it is a token of great store of
+mould, so when you foile, the more you breake the clots in pieces the
+better season will your land take, and the richer it wilbe when the
+s&eacute;ede is sowne into it: And the season for the foiling of this soile is
+from the midst of Iuly till the midst of September.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of Manuring.</span>
+Now albe I haue omitted the Manuring of this land in his due place, as
+namely, from the midst of Aprill, till the end of May, yet you shall
+vnderstand that of all other things it is not in any wise to be
+neglected by the carefull Husbandman, both because the soyle being not
+so rich as the blacke Clay, will very hardly bring forth his s&eacute;ede
+without Manure, and also because it is for the most part subiect vnto
+much wet, and stones, both which are signes of cold and barrainenesse.
+Now for those Manures, which are best and most proper for this soile,
+you shall vnderstand that all those which I formerlie described for the
+blacke Claies, as namely, Oxe or Cowes dung, Horse dung and Sh&eacute;epes
+dung, are also very good for this soile, and to be vsed in the same
+manner as is specified in the former Chapter: but if you haue not such
+store of this Manure as will serue to compasse your whole land, you
+shall then vnderstand, that the blacke mud, or durt which lies
+<span class="sig" title="E1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_E1v" id="Page_F_E1v"></a>
+in the
+bottome of olde ponds, or else standing lakes, is also a very good
+manure for this soile, or else straw which is spread in high-wayes, and
+so rotted by the great concourse or vse of much trauelling, and after in
+the Spring-time shouelled vp in great heapes, is a good manure for this
+earth: but if you finde this soile to be subiect to extraordinary wet
+and coldnesse, you shall then know that the ashes eyther of wood, coale,
+or straw, is a very good manure for it. But aboue all other, and then
+which there is no manure more excellent for cold barraine clayes of this
+nature, the Pigions dung, or the dung of houshold Pullen, as Capons,
+Hennes, Chickens, Turkies, and such like, so there be no Goose-dung
+amongst it, is the best of all other: but not to be vsed in such sort as
+the other manures, that is to say, to be laid in great heapes vpon the
+land, or to be spread from the Cart vpon the land, for neyther is there
+such abundance of such manure to be gotten, nor if there were, it would
+not be held for good husbandrie to make lauish hauocke of a thing so
+precious.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">The vse of Pigion or Pullen-dung.</span>
+You shall then know that for the vse of Pigion or Pullen-dung, it is
+thus: you shall first with your hand breake it as small as may be, and
+then put it into the Hopper, in such sort as you put your corne when you
+sow it: and then looke how you sow your corne, in such sort you shall
+sow your Pigion or Pullen-dung: which done, you shall immediately put
+your Barley into the same Hopper, and so sow it after the Pigions or
+Pullen-dung: by which you are to vnderstand that this kinde of manuring
+is to be vsed onely in S&eacute;ede-time, and at no other season. This manure
+is of the same nature that sh&eacute;epes manure is, and doth last but onely
+for one y&eacute;ere, onely it is much hotter, as being in the greatest
+extremitie of heate. Now if it happen that you cannot get any of this
+Pigions or Pullen-dung, because it is scarce, and not in euery mans
+power, if then you take Lime and sow it vpon your land in such sort as
+is before said of the Pigions-dung, and then sow your corne after it,
+you shall finde great profit to come thereon,
+<span class="sigvisible" title="E2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_E2r" id="Page_F_E2r"></a>
+especially in colde wet
+soiles, such as for the most part, these gray white clayes are.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of sowing Wheate.</span>
+After your land is
+<a name="c_F_E2r" id="c_F_E2r"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'soild'" href="#tn_F_E2r">foild</a>,
+which worke would be finished by the middest
+of September, then you shall beginne to sow your Wheate, Rye, and
+Maslin, which in all things must be done as is before set downe for the
+blacke clay, the choice of s&eacute;ede, and euery obseruation being all one:
+for Wheate not taking delight in a very rich ground, doth prosper best
+vpon this indifferent soile. Whence it comes that in these gray white
+clayes, you shall for the most part, s&eacute;e more Wheate sowne then any
+other Graine whatsoeuer. But as touching your Rye and Maslin, that euer
+desires a rich ground and a fine mould, and therefore you shall make
+choise of your better earth for that S&eacute;ede, and also obserue to helpe it
+with manure, or else sh&eacute;epes folding, in such manner as is described in
+the former Chapter, where I spake of the sowing of Wheate, Rye, and
+Maslin.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of winter-ridging.</span>
+As soone as you haue sowne your Wheate, Rye, and Maslin, you shall then
+about the latter end of October, beginne to Winter ridge, or set vp your
+land for the whole y&eacute;ere: which you shall doe in all points, as you doe
+vpon the blacke clay, without any change or alteration. And the
+limitation for this Ardor is, from the latter end of October vntill the
+beginning of December, wherein your y&eacute;eres worke is made perfect and
+compleate.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Obseruations.</span>
+Now you shall vnderstand, that although I haue in this generall sort
+passed ouer the Ardors and seuerall Earings of this white or gray clay,
+any of which are in no wise to be neglected: yet there are sundry other
+obseruations to be held of the carefull Husbandman, especially in the
+laying of his land: as thus, if the soile be of good temper, fruitfull,
+drie, and of a well mixed mould, not being subiect to any naturall
+spring or casting forth of moisture, but rather through the natiue
+warmth drying vp all kinde of fluxes or colde moistures, neyther binding
+or strangling the S&eacute;ede, nor yet holding it in such loosenesse, that it
+loose
+<span class="sig" title="E2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_E2v" id="Page_F_E2v"></a>
+his force of increasing, in this case it is best to lay your
+lands flat and leuell, without ridges or furrowes, as is done in many
+parts of Cambridge-shire, some parts of Essex, and some parts of
+Hartford-shire: but if the clay be fruitfull and of good temper, yet
+either by the bordering of great hils, the ouer-flow of small brookes,
+or some other casuall meanes it is subiect to much wet or drowning, in
+this case you shall lay your lands large and high, with high ridges and
+d&eacute;epe furrowes, as generally you s&eacute;e in Lincolne-shire,
+Nottingham-shire, Huntington-shire, and most of the middle Shires in
+England. But if the land be barraine, colde, wet, subiect to much
+binding, and doth bring forth great store of w&eacute;edes, then you shall lay
+your land in little stiches, that is to say, not aboue thr&eacute;e or foure
+furrowes at the most together, as is generally s&eacute;ene in Middlesex,
+Hartford-shire, Kent and Surrey: for by that meanes neither shall the
+land binde and choake the Corne, nor shall the w&eacute;ede so ouer-runne it,
+but that the Husbandman may with good ease helpe to strengthen and
+clense it, the many furrowes both giuing him many passages, whereby he
+may correct those enormities, and also in such sort conuaying away the
+water and other moistures, that there cannot be made any land more
+fruitfull.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of the Plough.</span>
+Now to speake of the Plough which is best and most proper for this gray
+or white clay, of which we now speake, you shall vnderstand that it
+differeth exc&eacute;eding much from that of which we spake concerning the
+blacke clay: I, and in such sort, that there is but small alliance or
+affinitie betw&eacute;ene them: as thus for example:</p>
+
+<p>First, it is not so large and great as that for the blacke clay: for the
+head thereof is not aboue twentie inches in length, and not aboue one
+inch and a halfe in thicknesse, the maine beame thereof is not aboue
+fiue foot long, &amp; the rest is broader by an inch and more then that for
+the blacke clay: this Plough also hath but one hale, &amp; that is onely the
+left hand Hale: for the Plough-staffe, or Aker-staffe serueth euer in
+stead of the right hand Hale, so that the Rough-staues
+<span class="sigvisible" title="E3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_E3r" id="Page_F_E3r"></a>
+are fixed, the
+vpper vnto the shelboard, and the neather vnto the Plough-rest, as for
+your better vnderstanding you may perceiue by this figure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<p class="caption">The Plough with one Hale.</p>
+<img src="images/illo042.png" width="500" height="243" alt="" title="The Plough with one Hale." />
+</div>
+
+<p>Now you shall vnderstand that the especiall care which is to be held in
+the making of this Plough, is, that it be wide and open in the hinder
+part, that it may turne and lay the furrowes one vpon another: whereas
+if it should be any thing straitned in the hinder part, considering that
+this clay naturally is somewhat brittle of it selfe, and that the
+furrowes which you plow must of necessitie be very narrow and little, it
+were not possible so to lay them, but that they would fall downe backe
+againe, and inforce the Plow-man to lose his labour. Also you shall
+vnderstand that whereas in the former plough, which is for the blacke
+clay, you may turne the shelboard, that is, when the one end is worne,
+you may eftsoones turne the other, and make it serue the like season: in
+this Plough you must neuer turne the shelboard, because the rising wing
+of the Share will so defend it, that it will euer last as long as the
+Plough-head, without change or turning.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sig" title="E3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_E3v" id="Page_F_E3v"></a>
+Now for the Irons belonging vnto this Plough, which is the Share and
+Coulture, there is more difference in them then in the Plough: for to
+speake first of the Share, whereas the former Share for the blacke clay,
+was made broad, plaine, and with a large wing, this Share must be made
+narrow, sharpe, and small, with no wing at all, hauing from the vpper
+part thereof, close by the shelboard, a certaine rising wing, or broad
+piece of Iron, which comming vp and arming that part of the shelboard
+which turnes ouer the land, defends the wood from the sharpe mould,
+which hauing the mixture of pible stone in it, would otherwise in lesse
+then one dayes worke consume the shelboard vnto nothing, forcing the
+Plow-man to much trouble and double cost. The fashion of the Share is
+presented in this Figure following.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<p class="caption"> The Share.</p>
+<img src="images/illo043.png" width="500" height="146" alt="" title=" The Share." />
+</div>
+
+<p>This Share is onely made that it may take a small furrow, and so by
+breaking the earth oftner then any other Share, causeth the land to
+y&eacute;eld a good and plentifull mould, and also k&eacute;epe it from binding or
+choaking the s&eacute;ede when it is cast into it.</p>
+
+<p>Now for the Coulture, it differeth from the former Coulture both in
+breadth and thicknesse, but especially in compasse: for whereas the
+former Coulture for the blacke clay, was made straight, narrow, and
+thicke, this must be compassed like an halfe bent bow: it must be
+broader then thr&eacute;e fingers, and thinner then halfe an inche, according
+to this Figure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="sig" title="E4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_E4r" id="Page_F_E4r"></a>
+<p class="caption"> The Coulture.</p>
+<img src="images/illo044a.png" width="500" height="147" alt="" title=" The Coultur." />
+</div>
+
+<p>Now when these Irons, the Shelboard, and other implements are fixed vnto
+the Plough, you shall perceiue that the Plough will carry the proportion
+of this Figure following.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<p class="caption"> The Plough for the gray Clay.</p>
+<img src="images/illo044b.png" width="500" height="186" alt="" title=" The Plough for the gray Clay." />
+</div>
+
+<p>Hauing thus shewed you the substance, difference, and contraries of
+these two Ploughs, which belong to these two seuerall clayes, the blacke
+and gray, you shall vnderstand that there is no clay-ground whatsoeuer,
+which is without other mixture, but one of these Ploughs will
+sufficiently serue to eare and order it: for all clayes are of one of
+these tempers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">The vse and handling.</span>
+Now for the vse and manner of handling or holding this Plough, it
+differeth nothing in particular obseruation from
+<span class="sig" title="E4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_E4v" id="Page_F_E4v"></a>
+the vse and handling
+of the Plough formerly described, more then in the largenesse and
+smalnesse of the furrowes: for as before I said, whereas the blacke clay
+must be raised with a great furrow, and a broad stitch, this gray clay
+must be raised with a small furrow, and a narrow stitch: and although
+this plough haue nothing but a left hand Hale, yet considering the
+Plough-staffe, vpon which the Plow-man resteth his right hand, it is all
+one as if he had a right. And ind&eacute;ede, to make your knowledge the more
+perfect, you shall know that these gray clayes are generally in their
+owne natures so wet, tough, and slimy, and doe so clogge, cleaue, and
+choake vp the Plough, that h&eacute;e which holds it shall haue enough to doe
+with his right hand onely to clense and k&eacute;epe the Plough from choaking,
+insomuch that if there were another Hale, yet the Plow-man should haue
+no leasure to hold it.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of the draught or Teame.</span>
+Now for the Draught or Teame which should draw this Plough, they ought
+in all points, as well in strength as tryuing to be the same with those
+before shewed for the vse of the blacke clay: as namely, eyther Oxen or
+Horse, or Horse and Oxen mixt together, according to the custome of the
+soile wherein the Plow-man liues, or his abilitie in prouision,
+obseruing euer to k&eacute;epe his number of beasts for his Plough certaine,
+that is to say, for fallowing, and Pease-earth, neuer vnder sixe, and
+for all other Ardors foure at the least. And thus much for the plowing
+of this gray or white clay.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="F">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_F1r" id="Page_F_F1r"></a>
+<a name="Chap_F_VII" id="Chap_F_VII"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span><br />
+<br />
+The manner of plowing the red-Sand, his Earings, Plough, and Implements.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapn46"><span class="dropcap">N</span></span>ext vnto these Clayes, which are soiles simple and vncompound, as being
+perfect in their owne natures, without the helpe of other mixtures, I
+place the Sand soiles, as being of like qualitie, not borrowing any
+thing but from their owne natures, nor br&eacute;eding any defects more then
+their owne naturall imperfections: and of Sands, sith the red Sand is
+the best and most fruitfull, therefore it is fit that it take prioritie
+of place, and be here first spoken of.</p>
+
+<p>You shall then vnderstand that this red Sand, albeit it is the best of
+Sands, yet it is the worst of many soiles, as being of it selfe of such
+a hot and drie nature, that it scorcheth the s&eacute;ede, and dryeth vp that
+nutriment and fatnesse which should occasion increase: whereby it comes
+to passe, that the Barley which growes vpon this red Sand is euer more
+yealow, leane and withered, then that which growes vpon the clayes or
+other mixt earths. This Sand especially taketh delight in Rye, because
+it is a Graine which loues warmth aboue all other, and yet
+notwithstanding, if it be well ordered, manured and plowed, it will
+bring forth good store of Barley, albeit the Barley be not so good as
+Clay-Barley, either for the colour, or for the y&eacute;eld, whether it be in
+meale or in Malt.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of Fallowing.</span>
+Now for the manner of Earing or plowing this redde Sand, it differeth
+much from both the former soyles, insomuch that for your better
+vnderstanding, I must in many places alter my former methode, yet so
+little as may be, because I am loath to alter or clogge the memory of
+the Reader: wherefore to pursue my purpose. As soone as Christmas is
+ended, that is to say, about the middest of
+<span class="sig" title="F1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_F1v" id="Page_F_F1v"></a>
+Ianuary, you shall goe with
+your Plough into that field where the Haruest before did grow your Rye,
+and there you shall in your plowing cast your lands downe-ward, and open
+the ridges well, for this y&eacute;ere it must be your fallow field: for as in
+the former soiles, w&eacute;e did diuide the fields either into thr&eacute;e parts,
+that is, one for Barley and Wheate, another for Pease, and the third
+fallow, which is the best diuision: or into foure parts, that is, one
+for Wheate and Rye, another for Barley, a third for Pease, and a fourth
+fallow, which is the worst diuision and most toilesome, so in this red
+Sand soile, we must euer diuide it into thr&eacute;e parts, that is, one for
+Barley, another for Rye, and a third fallow. For this Sand-soile being
+hot, drie, and light, will neither bring forth good Beanes nor good
+Pease, and therefore that Ardor is in this place but onely to be spoke
+of by way of discourse in vrgent necessitie.</p>
+
+<p>Wherefore (as before I said) about the middest of Ianuary you shall
+beginne to lay fallow that field, where formerly did grow your Rye, the
+manner of plowing whereof differeth nothing from the manner of plowing
+the clayes before written of, onely that the discretion of the Plow-man
+must thus farre forth gouerne him, that in as much as this soile is
+lighter, dryer, and of a more loose temper, by so much the more he must
+be carefull to make his furrowes lesse, and to lay them the closer
+together: &amp; also in as much as this soile, through his naturall warmth
+and temperate moisture, is exc&eacute;eding apt to bring forth much w&eacute;ede,
+especially Brakes, Ling, Brambles, and such like, therefore the Plow-man
+shall be very carefull to plow all his furrowes very cleane, without
+baukes or other impediments by which may be ingendred any of these
+inconueniences.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Spring-foyling.</span>
+After you haue thus broke vp and fallowed your fallow or tilth-field,
+the limitation of which time is from the middest of Ianuary vntill the
+middest of February, you shall then at the middest of February, when the
+clay-men begin to sow their Beanes and Pease, goe with your plough into
+your other fallow-field, which all the y&eacute;ere before hath laine
+<span class="sigvisible" title="F2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_F2r" id="Page_F_F2r"></a>
+fallow
+and already receiued at your hands at least foure seuerall Ardors; as
+Fallowing, Summer-stirring, Foyling, and Winter-rigging; and there you
+shall plow all that field ouer the fift time, which is called the
+Spring-foyling: and in this Ardor you shall plow all your lands vpward,
+in such sort as when you Winter-ridge it, by which meanes you shall plow
+vp all those w&eacute;edes which haue sprung forth in the Winter season. For
+you must vnderstand that in these light, hot, sandy soiles, there is a
+continuall spring (though not of good fruits) yet of w&eacute;eds, quicks, and
+other inconueniences: for it is a rule amongst Husbandmen, that warme
+soiles are neuer idle, that is, they are euer bringing forth something.</p>
+
+<p>Now the limitation for this Ardor is from the middest of Februarie
+vntill the middest of March, at which time you shall, by comparing
+former experience with your present iudgement, take into your
+consideration the state, goodnesse, and powerfulnesse of your land, I
+meane especially of this fallow-field, which hath laine fallow the y&eacute;ere
+before, and hath now receiued fiue Ardors: and if you
+<a name="c_F_F2r" id="c_F_F2r"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'ffnde'" href="#tn_F_F2r">finde</a>
+any part of
+it, either for want of good ordoring in former times, or for want of
+manure in the present y&eacute;ere, to be growne so leane and out of hart, that
+you feare it hath not strength enough to beare Barley, you shall then at
+this time, being the middest of March, sow such land with Rye, which of
+Husbandmen is called the sowing of March-Rye:
+<span class="rightnote">Of Sowing March-Rye.</span>
+and this Rye is to be
+sowne and harrowed in such sort as you did sow it vpon the clay soiles,
+that is to say, aboue furrow, and not vnder furrow, except the land be
+very full of quickes, that is, of Brakes, Ling, Brambles, Dockes, or
+such like, and then you shall first with a paire of Iron harrowes, that
+is, with harrowes that haue Iron t&eacute;eth, first of all harrow the land
+ouer, and by that meanes teare vp by the rootes all those quickes, and
+so bring them from the land: which done, you shall sow the land ouer
+with Rye, and then plow it downeward which is vnder furrow: &amp; as soone
+as it is plowed, you shall then with a paire of Iron
+<span class="sig" title="F2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_F2v" id="Page_F_F2v"></a>
+Harrowes harrow it
+all ouer so exc&eacute;edingly, that the mould may be made as fine, and the
+land lie as smooth as is possible.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of the harrow.</span>
+Now because I haue in the former Chapters spoke of Harrowes and
+harrowing, yet haue not deliuered vnto you the shape and proportion
+thereof, and because both the woodden harrow and the Iron harrow haue
+all one shape, and differ in nothing but the t&eacute;eth onely, I thinke it
+not amisse before I proc&eacute;ede any further to shew you in this Figure the
+true shape of a right Harrow.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<p class="caption"> The Harrow.</p>
+<img src="images/illo049.png" width="500" height="436" alt="" title=" The Harrow." />
+</div>
+
+<p>The parts of this Harrow consisteth of buls, staues, and t&eacute;eth: of buls,
+which are broad thicke pieces eyther of well seasoned Willow, or Sallow,
+being at least thr&eacute;e inches euery way square, into which are fastned the
+t&eacute;eth: of staues, which are round pieces of well seasoned Ash, being
+about two inches and a halfe about, which going thorow the buls, holde
+the buls firmely in equall distance one from the other: and of t&eacute;eth,
+which are either long pinnes
+<span class="sigvisible" title="F3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_F3r" id="Page_F_F3r"></a>
+of wood or Iron, being at least fiue
+inches in length, which are made fast, and set slope-wise through the
+buls.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">The diuersitie of Harrowes.</span>
+Now you shall vnderstand that Harrowes are of two kindes, that is,
+single and double: the single Harrow is called of Husbandmen the
+Horse-harrow, and is not aboue foure foote square: the double Harrow is
+called the Oxe-harrow, and it must be at least seauen foote square, and
+the t&eacute;eth must euer be of Iron. Now whereas I spake of the Horse-harrow
+and the Oxe-harrow, it is to be vnderstood that the single Harrow doth
+belong to the Horse, because Horses drawing single, doe draw each a
+seuerall Harrow by himselfe, albeit in the common vse of harrowing, we
+couple two horses euer together, and so make them draw two single
+Harrowes: but Oxen not being in good Husbandry to be separated, because
+euer two must draw in one yoake, therefore was the double Harrow
+deuised, containing in substance and worke as much as two single
+Harrowes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">The vse of Harrowes.</span>
+Now for the vse of Harrowes. The woodden Harrow which is the Harrow with
+woodden t&eacute;eth, is euer to be vsed vpon clay grounds and light grounds,
+which through drynesse doth grow loose, and fals to mould of it owne
+nature, as most commonly Sand grounds doe also: and the Iron Harrow
+which is the Harrow with Iron t&eacute;eth, is euer to be vsed vpon binding
+grounds, such as through drynesse grow so hard that they will not be
+sundered, and through wet turne soone to mire and loose durt. Now
+whereas there be mingled earths, which neither willingly y&eacute;eld to mould,
+nor yet bindes so sore, but small industry breaks it, of which earth I
+shall speake hereafter, to such grounds the best Husbands vse a mixture,
+that is to say, one woodden Harrow, and one Iron Harrow, that the
+woodden Harrow turning ouer and loosening the loosest mould, the Iron
+Harrow comming after, may breake the stiffer clots, and so consequently
+turne all the earth to a fine mould. And thus much for Harrowes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of the sowing of Pulse.</span>
+Now to returne to my former purpose touching the tillage of this red
+Sand: if (as before I said) you finde any
+<span class="sig" title="F3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_F3v" id="Page_F_F3v"></a>
+part of your fallow-field too
+weake to beare Barley, then is your March-Rye, a graine which will take
+vpon a harder earth: but if the ground be too weake either for Barley or
+Rye, (for both those S&eacute;edes desire some fatnesse of ground) then shall
+you spare plowing it at all vntill this time of the y&eacute;ere, which is
+mid-March, and then you shall plow it, and sow it with either the
+smallest Pease you can get,
+<span class="rightnote">Of Pease, Lentles, and Lupines.</span>
+or else with our true English Fitches, which
+by forraine Authors are called <i>Lentles</i>, that is, white Fitches, or
+<i>Lupines</i>, which are red Fitches: for all these thr&eacute;e sorts of Pulse
+will grow vpon very barraine soiles, and in their growth doe manure and
+make rich the ground: yet your Pease desire some hart of ground, your
+<i>Lentles</i>, or white Fitches, lesse, and your <i>Lupines</i>, or red Fitches,
+the least of all, as being apt to grow vpon the barrainest soile: so
+likewise your Pease doe manure barraine ground well, your <i>Lentles</i>
+better and your <i>Lupines</i> the best of all.</p>
+
+<p>Now for the nature and vse of these graines, the Pease as all Husbandmen
+know, are both good for the vse of man in his bread, as are vsed in
+Leicester-shire, Lincolne-shire, Nottingham-shire, and many other
+Countries: and also for Horses in their Prouender, as is vsed generally
+ouer all England: for <i>Lentles</i>, or white Fitches, or the <i>Lupines</i>
+which are redde Fitches, they are both indifferent good in bread for
+man, especially if the meale be well scalded before it be knodden (for
+otherwise the sauour is exc&eacute;eding rancke) or else they are a very good
+foode being sodden in the manner of Leaps-Pease, especially at Sea, in
+long iourneyes where fresh meate is most exceeding scarce: so that
+rather then your land should lye idle, and bring forth no profit, I
+conclude it best to sow these Pulses, which both bring forth commoditie,
+and also out of their owne natures doe manure and inrich your ground,
+making it more apt and fit to receiue much better S&eacute;ede.</p>
+
+<p>For the manner of sowing these thr&eacute;e sorts of Pulse: you shall sow them
+euer vnder furrow, in such sort as is described for the sowing of Pease
+and Beanes vpon the
+<span class="sig" title="F4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_F4r" id="Page_F_F4r"></a>
+white or gray clay which is of indifferent drinesse
+and apt to breake.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of Manuring.</span>
+Now the limitation for this Ardor or s&eacute;ede time, is from the middest of
+March, till the middest of Aprill: then from the middest of Aprill, till
+the middest of May, you shall make your especiall worke, to be onely the
+leading forth of your Manure to that field which you did fallow, or lay
+tilth that present y&eacute;ere immediatelie after Christmas, and of which I
+first spake in this Chapter. And herein is to be vnderstood, that the
+best and principallest Manure for this redde-sand, is the ouldest Manure
+of beasts which can
+<a name="c_F_F4r" id="c_F_F4r"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="probable misprint for 'be gotten'" href="#tn_F_F4r">be-gotten,</a>
+which you shall know by the exc&eacute;eding
+blacknesse and rottennesse thereof, being in the cutting both soft and
+smooth, all of one substance, as if it were well compact morter, without
+any shew of straw or other stuffe which is vnrotted, for this dung is of
+all the fattest and coolest, and doth best agr&eacute;e with the nature of this
+hot sand. Next to the dung of beasts, is the dung of Horses if it be old
+also, otherwise it is somewhat of the hottest, the rubbish of old
+houses, or the sw&eacute;epings of flowres, or the scowrings of old Fish-ponds,
+or other standing waters where beasts and horses are vsed to drinke, or
+be washt, or wherevnto the water and moisture of dunghills haue recourse
+are all good Manures for this redde-sand: as for the Manure of Sh&eacute;epe
+vpon this redde-sand, it is the best of all in such places as you meane
+to sow Rie, but not fully so good where you doe intend to sow your
+Barley: if it be a cold moist redde-sand (which is seldome found but in
+some particular low countries) then it doth not amisse to Manure it most
+with Sh&eacute;epe, or else with Chaulke, Lime, or Ashes, of which you can get
+the greatest plentie: if this soile be subiect to much w&eacute;ede and
+quickes, as generally it is, then after you haue torne vp the w&eacute;edes and
+quickes with Harrowes, you shall with rakes, rake them together, and
+laying them in heapes vpon the land, you shall burne them and then
+spreading the ashes they will be a very good Manure, and in short space
+destroy the w&eacute;edes also;
+<span class="sig" title="F4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_F4v" id="Page_F_F4v"></a>
+likewise if your land be much ouergrowne with
+w&eacute;edes, if when you sheare your Rie you leaue a good long stubble, and
+then mowing the stubble burne it vpon the land, it is both a good Manure
+and also a good meanes to destroy the w&eacute;edes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of sowing Barley.</span>
+After your Manure is lead forth and either spread vpon the lands, or set
+in great heapes, so as the land may be couered ouer with Manure (for it
+is to be obserued that this soile must be throughly Manured) then about
+the middest of May, which is the time when this worke should be
+finished, you shall repaire with your Plough into the other fallow
+field, which was prepared the y&eacute;ere before for this y&eacute;eres Barley, &amp;
+there you shall sow it all ouer with Barley aboue furrow, that is to
+say, you shall first Plough it, then sow it, and after Harrow it, making
+the mould as fine and smooth as may be, which is done with easie labour,
+because this sand of it owne nature is as fine as ashes.</p>
+
+<p>Now the limitation for this s&eacute;ede time, is from the middest of May, till
+the middest of Iune, wherein if any man demand why it should not be
+sowne in March and Aprill, according as it is sowne in the former
+soiles, I answere, that first this redde-sand cannot be prepared, or
+receiue his full season in weather, and earings, before this time of the
+y&eacute;ere, and next that these redde-sands, by how much they are hotter and
+drier then the other claies, by so much they may wel stay the longer
+before they receiue their s&eacute;ede, because that so much the sooner the
+s&eacute;ede doth sprout in them, &amp; also the sooner ripen being kept warmer at
+the roote then in any could soile whatsoeuer.
+<span class="rightnote">Of Summer-stirring.</span>
+As soone as the middest of
+Iune approacheth, you shall then beginne to Summer-stirre your fallow
+field, and to turne your Manure into your land, in such sort as you did
+vpon your clay soiles, for this Ardor of Summer-stirring altereth in no
+soile, and this must be done from the middest of Iune, till the middest
+of Iuly,
+<span class="rightnote">Of sleighting.</span>
+for as touching sleighting, clotting, or smoothing of this
+Barley field, it is seldome in vse, because the finenesse of the sand
+will lay the land smooth inough
+<span class="sigvisible" title="G">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_G1r" id="Page_F_G1r"></a>
+without sleighting: yet if you finde
+that any particular land lieth more rough then the rest, it shall not be
+amisse, if with your backe Harrowes you smooth it a little within a day
+or two after it is sowne.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of Foiling.</span>
+From the middest of Iuly vntill the middest of August, you shall foile
+and throw downe your fallow field againe, if your lands lie well and in
+good order, but if any of your lands doe lie in the danger of water, or
+by vse of Plowing are growne too flat, both which are hinderances to the
+growth of Corne, then when you foile your lands you shall Plow them
+vpward, and so by that meanes raise the ridges one furrow higher.
+<span class="rightnote">Of sowing Rye.</span>
+After
+you haue foiled your land, which must be about the middest of August,
+then will your Barley be ready to mowe, for these hot soiles haue euer
+an earely haruest, which as soone as it is mowne and carried into the
+Barne, forthwith you shall with all expedition carry forth such Manure
+as you may conueniently spare, and lay it vpon that land from whence you
+receiued your Barley, which is most barraine: and if you want cart
+Manure, you shall then lay your fould of
+<a name="c_F_G1r" id="c_F_G1r"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'S&eacute;epe'" href="#tn_F_G1r">Sh&eacute;epe</a>
+thereupon, and as soone
+as it is Manured, you shall immediately Plow both it &amp; the rest, which
+Ardor should be finished by the middest of September, and so suffered to
+rest vntill the beginning of October, at which time you shall beginne to
+sow all that field ouer with Rye in such sort as hath b&eacute;ene spoken of in
+former places.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Obiection.</span>
+Now in as much as the ignorant Husbandman may very easiely imagine that
+I reckon vp his labours too thicke, and therein leaue him no leasure for
+his necessarie businesses, especially because I appoint him to foile his
+land from the middest of Iuly, till the middest of August, which is both
+a busie time for his Hay haruest, and also for his Rye shearing.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Answere.</span>
+To this I make answere, that I write not according to that which poore
+men are able (for it were infinit to looke into estates) but according
+as euery good Husband ought, presupposing that he which will liue by the
+Plough, ought
+<span class="sig" title="G1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_G1v" id="Page_F_G1v"></a>
+to pursue all things belonging vnto the Plough, and then
+he shall finde that there is no day in the y&eacute;ere, but the Saboth, but it
+is necessarie that the Plough be going: yet to reconcile the poore and
+the rich together, they shall vnterstand, that when I speake of Plowing
+in the time of Haruest, I doe not meane that they should neglect any
+part of that principall Worke, which is the true recompence of their
+labour: but because whilst the dew is vpon the ground, or when there is
+either raine or mizling there is then no time for Haruest Worke, then my
+meaning is that the carefull Husbandman shall take those aduantages, and
+rising earelier in the mornings, be sure to be at his Plough two howers
+before the dew be from the ground, knowing that the getting but of one
+hower in the day compasseth a great worke in a month, neither shall h&eacute;e
+n&eacute;ede to feare the ouer toiling of his cattell, sith at that time of the
+y&eacute;ere Grasse being at greatest plenty, strongest and fullest of hart,
+Corne scattered almost in euery corner, and the mouth of the beast not
+being muzeld in his labour, there is no question but he will indure and
+worke more then at any other season.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Winter ridging.</span>
+In the beginning of Nouember, you shall beginne to Winter-ridge your
+fallow, or tilth-field, which in all points shalbe done according to the
+forme described in the former soiles: for that Ardor of all other neuer
+altereth, because it is as it were a defence against the latter spring,
+which else would fill the lands full of w&eacute;edes, and also against the
+rigor of Winter, and therefore it doth lay vp the furrow close together,
+which taking the season of the frost, winde, and
+<a name="c_F_G1v" id="c_F_G1v"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'weathe,rmakes'" href="#tn_F_G1v">weather, makes</a>
+the mould
+ripe, mellow, and light: and the limitation for this Ardor, is from the
+beginning of Nouember, vntill the middest of December.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of the Plough.</span>
+Now as touching the Plough which is best and most proper for this
+redde-sand, it differeth nothing in shape and composure of members from
+that Plough which is described for the blacke Clay, hauing necessarily
+two hales, because the ground being loose and light, the
+<span class="sigvisible" title="G2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_G2r" id="Page_F_G2r"></a>
+Plough will
+with great difficulty hold land, but with the least disorder be euer
+ready to runne into the furrow, so that a right hand hale is most
+necessarie for the houlding of the plough euen, onely the difference of
+the two Ploughes consisteth in this, that the plough for this red-sand,
+must be much lesse then the plough for the blacke Clay houlding in the
+sizes of the timber the due proportion of the plough for the white or
+gray clay, or if it be somewhat lesse it is not amisse, as the head
+being eight&eacute;ene inches, the maine beame not aboue foure foote, and
+betw&eacute;ene the hinder part of the rest, and the out-most part of the
+plough head in the hinder end not aboue eight inches.
+<span class="rightnote">Of the coulture.</span>
+Now for the
+Plough-Irons which doe belong vnto this plough, the Coulture is to be
+made circular, in such proportion as the coulture for the gray, or white
+clay, and in the placing, or tempering vpon the Plough it is to be set
+an inch at least lower then the share, that it may both make way before
+the share, and also cut d&eacute;eper into the land, to make the furrow haue
+more easie turning.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of the share.</span>
+Now for the share, it differeth in shape from both the former shares,
+for it is neither so large nor out-winged, as that for the gray Clay,
+for this share is onely made broad to the Plough ward, and small to the
+point of the share, with onely a little peake and no wing
+<a name="c_F_G2r" id="c_F_G2r"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'accoridng'" href="#tn_F_G2r">according</a>
+to
+this figure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<p class="caption"> The share.</p>
+<img src="images/illo056.png" width="500" height="86" alt="" title=" The share." />
+</div>
+
+<p>These Plough-irons, both coulture and share, must be well st&eacute;eled and
+hardned at the points, because these sandy soiles being full of moisture
+and gr&eacute;ete, will in short space weare and consume the Irons, to the
+great hinderance
+<span class="sig" title="G2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_G2v" id="Page_F_G2v"></a>
+and cost of the Husbandman, if it be not preuented by
+st&eacute;ele and hardning, which notwithstanding will waste also in these
+soiles, so that you must at least twise in euery Ardor haue your Irons
+to the Smith, and cause him to repaire them both with Iron and st&eacute;ele,
+besides these Irons, of coulture and share,
+<span class="rightnote">Of the plough-slip.</span>
+you must also haue a long
+piece of Iron, which must be iust of the length of the Plough head, and
+as broad as the Plough head is thicke, and in thicknesse a quarter of an
+inch: and this piece of Iron must be nailed vpon the outside of the
+Plough head, next vnto the land, onely to saue the Plough head from
+wearing, for when the Plough is worne it can then no longer hould the
+land, and this piece of Iron is called of Husbandmen the Plough-slip and
+presenteth this figure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<p class="caption"> The Plough-slip.</p>
+<img src="images/illo057.png" width="500" height="61" alt="" title=" The Plough-slip." />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Plough clouts.</span>
+Ouer and besides this Plough-slip, their are certaine other pieces of
+Iron which are made in the fashion of broad thinne plates, and they be
+called Plough clouts, and are to be nailed vpon the shelboard, to defend
+it from the earth or furrow which it turneth ouer, which in very short
+space would weare the woode and put the Husbandman to double charge.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">The houlding of the Plough.</span>
+Thus hauing shewed you the parts, members, and implements, belonging to
+this Plough, it rests that I proc&eacute;ede vnto the teame or draught: for to
+speake of the vse and handling of this Plough, it is n&eacute;edelesse, because
+it is all one with those Ploughes, of which I haue spoken in the former
+Chapters, and he which can hould and handle a Plough in stiffe clayes
+must n&eacute;edes (except he be exc&eacute;eding simple) hould a Plough in these
+light sands, in as much as the worke is much more easie and the Plough a
+great deale lesse chargeable.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="G3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_G3r" id="Page_F_G3r"></a>
+<span class="rightnote">Of the draught.</span>
+Now for the Draught or Teame, they ought to be as in the former Soiles,
+Oxen or Horses, yet the number not so great: for foure Beasts are
+sufficient to plow any Ardor vpon this soile, nay, thr&eacute;e Horses if they
+be of reasenable strength will doe as much as sixe vpon either of the
+Clay-soiles: asfor their attire or Harnessing, the Beare-geares, before
+described, are the best and most proper. And thus much concerning this
+red Sand, wherein you are to take this briefe obseruation with you, that
+the Graines which are best to be sowne vpon it, are onely Rye, Barley,
+small Pease, <i>Lentles</i> and <i>Lupines</i>, otherwise called Fitches, and the
+graines to which it is aduerse, are Wheat, Beanes and Maslin.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_F_VIII" id="Chap_F_VIII"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span><br />
+<br />
+The manner of plowing the white Sand, his Earings, Plough, and
+Implements.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapn58"><span class="dropcap">N</span></span>ext vnto this red Sand, is the white sand, which is much more barraine
+then the red Sand, yet by the industry of the Husbandman in plowing, and
+by the cost of Manure it is made to beare corne in reasonable plentie.
+Now of white Sands there be two kindes, the one a white Sand mixt with a
+kinde of Marle, as that in Norffolke, Suffolke, and other such like
+places butting vpon the Sea-coast: the other a white Sand with Pible, as
+in some parts of Surrey, about Ancaster in Lincolne shire, and about
+Salisbury in Wil-shire.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of the white Sand with Pible.</span>
+Now for this white Sand with Pible, it is the barrainest, and least
+fruitfull in bringing forth, because it hath nothing but a hot dustie
+substance in it. For the manner of Earing thereof, it agr&eacute;eth in all
+points with the redde Sand, the Ardors being all one, the Tempers,
+Manurings and all other appurtenances: the S&eacute;ede also which it delights
+in is all one with the red Sand, as namely, Rye,
+<span class="sig" title="G3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_G3v" id="Page_F_G3v"></a>
+Barley, Pease and
+Fitches. Wherefore who so shall dwell vpon such a soile, I must referre
+him to the former Chapter of the red Sand, and therein he shall finde
+sufficient instruction how to behaue himselfe vpon this earth:
+remembring that in as much as it is more barraine then the red Sand, by
+so much it craueth more care and cost, both in plowing and manuring
+thereof, which two labours onely make perfect the ill ground.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of the white Sand with Marle.</span>
+Now for the white Sand which hath as it were a certaine mixture, or
+nature of Marle in it, you shall vnderstand that albeit vnto the eye it
+be more dry and dustie then the red Sand, yet it is fully as rich as the
+red Sand: for albe it doe not beare Barley in as great plenty as the red
+Sand, yet it beareth Wheate abundantly, which the red Sand seldome or
+very hardly bringeth forth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Fallowing.</span>
+Wherefore to proc&eacute;ede to the Earings or tillage of this white Marly
+sand, you shall vnderstand that about the middest of Ianuary is fit time
+to beginne to fallow your field which shall be tilth and rest for this
+y&eacute;ere: wherein by the way, before I proc&eacute;ede further, you shall take
+this obseruation with you, that whereas in the former soiles I diuided
+the fields into thr&eacute;e &amp; foure parts, this soile cannot conueniently, if
+it be well husbanded, be diuided into any more parts then two, that is
+to say, a fallow field, and a Wheat-field: in which Wheate-field if you
+haue any land richer then other, you may bestow Barley vpon it, vpon the
+second you may bestow Wheat, vpon the third sort of ground Rye, and vpon
+the barrainest, Pease or Fitches: and yet all these must be sowne within
+one field, because in this white sand, Wheate and Rye will not grow
+after Barley or Pease, nor Barley and Pease after Wheate or Rye. Your
+fields being then diuided into two parts, that is, one for corne, the
+other for rest, you shall as before I said, about the middest of Ianuary
+beginne to fallow your Tith-field, which in all obseruations you shall
+doe according as is mentioned for the red sand.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of sowing Pease.</span>
+About the middest of March, if you haue any barraine
+<span class="sig" title="G4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_G4r" id="Page_F_G4r"></a>
+or wasted ground
+within your fallow field, or if you haue any occasion to breake vp any
+new ground, which hath not b&eacute;ene formerly broake vp, in eyther of these
+cases you shall sow Pease or Fitches thereupon, and those Pease or
+Fitches you shall sow vnder furrow as hath b&eacute;ene before described.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Spring-fallowing.</span>
+About the middest of Aprill you shall plow your fallow-field ouer
+againe, in such manner as you plowed when you fallowed it first: and
+this is called Spring-fallowing, and is of great benefit because at that
+time the w&eacute;edes and quickes beginning to spring, nay, to flowrish, by
+reason that the heate of the climbe puts them forth sooner then in other
+soyles, if they should not be plowed vp before they take too strong
+roote, they would not onely ouer-runne, but also eate out the hart of
+the Land.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of sowing Barley.</span>
+About the middest of May you shall beginne to sow your Barley vpon the
+richest part of your old fallow-field, which at the Michaelmas before,
+when you did sow your Wheate, and Rye, and Maslin, you did reserue for
+that purpose: and this Barley you shall sow in such sort as is mentioned
+in the former Chapter of the red Sand, in so much that this Ardor being
+finished, which is the last part of your S&eacute;ede-time, your whole field
+shall be furnished eyther with Wheate, if it hold a temperate fatnesse,
+or with Wheate and Barley, if it be rich and richer, or with Wheate,
+Barley and Pulse, if it be rich, poore or extreame barraine: and the
+manner of sowing all these seuerall s&eacute;edes is described in the Chapters
+going before.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Summer-stirring.</span>
+About the middest of Iune you shall beginne to Summer-stirre your
+fallow-field, in such sort as was spoken of in the former Chapters
+concerning the other soiles: for in this Ardor there is no alteration of
+methode, but onely in gouernment of the Plough, considering the
+heauinesse and lightnesse of the earth. During this Ardor you shall
+busily apply your labour in leading forth your Manure, for it may at
+great ease be done both at one season, neyther the Plough hindering the
+Cart, nor the Cart staying the
+<span class="sig" title="G4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_G4v" id="Page_F_G4v"></a>
+Plough: for this soile being more light
+and easie in worke then any other soile whatsoeuer, doth euer preserue
+so many Cattell for other imployment that both workes may goe forward
+together, as shall be shewed when wee come to speake of the Plough, and
+the Teame which drawes it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Manuring.</span>
+Now as touching the Manures most fit for this soyle, they be all those
+of which we haue formerly written, ashes onely excepted, which being of
+an hot nature doe scald the S&eacute;ede, and detaine it from all
+fruitfulnesse, being mixt with this hot soile, so is likewise Lyme, and
+the burning of stubble: other Manures are both good and occasion much
+fertilitie, as being of a binding and coole nature, and holding together
+that loosenesse which in his too much separation taketh all nutriment
+from the earth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Weeding.</span>
+After you haue ledde forth your Manure, and Summer-stird your Land, you
+shall then about the beginning of Iulie looke into your Corne-field, and
+if you perceiue any Thistles, or any other superfluous w&eacute;edes to annoy
+your Corne, you shall then (as is before said) either cut, or plucke
+them vp by the rootes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Foyling.</span>
+About the middest of August you shall beginne to foile or cast downe
+your fallow-field againe, and in that Ardor you shall be very carefull
+to plow cleane and leaue no w&eacute;edes vncut vp: for in these hot soiles if
+any w&eacute;edes be left with the least roote, so that they may knit and bring
+forth s&eacute;ede, the annoyance thereof will remaine for at least foure
+y&eacute;eres after, which is a double fallowing. And to the end that you may
+cut vp all such w&eacute;edes cleane, although both your Share and Coulture
+misse them, you shall haue the rest of your Plough in the vnder part
+which strokes alongst the earth filled all full of dragges of Iron, that
+is, of olde crooked nailes or great tenter-hookes, such as vpon the
+putting downe of your right hand when you come n&eacute;ere a w&eacute;ed shall catch
+hold thereof and teare it vp by the rootes, as at this day is vsed be
+many particular Husbands in this kingdome, whose cares, skils, and
+industries are not inferiour to the best whatsoeuer.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="H">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_H1r" id="Page_F_H1r"></a>
+<span class="rightnote">Of Sowing Wheate and Rye.</span>
+About the middest of September, you shall beginne to sow your Wheate and
+Rye vpon your fallow field, which Graine vpon this soile is to be
+reckoned the most principall: and you shall sow it in the same manner
+that is described in the former Chapters, wherein your especiallest care
+is the choise of your s&eacute;ede: <span class="rightnote">The choise of Seede.</span>
+for in this soile your whole-straw Wheate,
+nor your great Pollard taketh any delight, neither your Organe, for all
+those thr&eacute;e must haue a firme and a strong mould: but your
+Chilter-wheate, your Flaxen-wheate, your White-pollard, and your
+Red-wheate, which are the Wheates which y&eacute;eld the purest and finest
+meale, (although they grow not in so great abundance) are the s&eacute;edes
+which are most proper and naturall for this soile. As for Rye or Maslin,
+according to the goodnesse of the ground so you shall bestow your s&eacute;ede:
+for it is a generall rule, that wheresoeuer your Wheate growes, there
+will euer Rye grow, but Rye will many times grow where Wheate will not
+prosper; and therefore for the sowing of your Rye, it must be according
+to the temper of the earth, and the necessitie of your houshold: for
+Wheate being a richer graine then Rye, if you be assured that your
+ground will beare Wheate well, it is small Husbandrie to sow more Rye or
+Maslin then for your house: but if it be too hot for Wheate, and kindly
+for Rye, then it is better to haue good Rye, then ill Wheate. Now for
+the sowing of your Rye or Maslin in this soile, it differeth nothing
+from the former soiles, either in plowing or any other obseruation, that
+is to say, it must be plowed aboue furrow: for Rye being the most tender
+graine, it can neither abide the waight of earth, nor yet moisture; the
+one, as it were, burying, and the other drowning the vigour and strength
+of the s&eacute;ede.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of Winter-ridging.</span>
+About the beginning of Nouember you shall Winter-ridge your fallow
+field, I meane that part which you doe preserue for Barley (for the
+other part is furnished with s&eacute;ede) and this Winter-ridging differeth
+nothing from the Winter ridging of other soiles, onely you shall a
+little more precisely obserue to set vp your lands more straight and
+<span class="sig" title="H1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_H1v" id="Page_F_H1v"></a>
+high then in other soiles, both to defend them from wet, which this
+soile is much subiect vnto, because commonly some great riuer is neare
+it, and also for the preseruing of the strength and goodnesse of the
+Manure within the land which by lying open and vnclosed would soone be
+washt forth and consumed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of the clensing of lands, or drawing of water-furrowes.</span>
+Now sith I haue here occasion to speake something of the draining of
+lands, and the k&eacute;eping of them from the annoyance of superfluous wet,
+whether it be by invndation or otherwise, you shall vnderstand that it
+is the especiall office and dutie of euery good Husbandman, not onely in
+this soile, but in all other whatsoeuer, to haue a principall respect to
+the k&eacute;eping of his land dry, and to that end h&eacute;e shall diligently (as
+soone as he hath Winter-rigged his land) take a carefull view how his
+lands lie, which way the descent goes from whence annoyance or water may
+possibly come, and so consequently from those obseruations, with a Spade
+or strong Plough, of extraordinary greatnesse, draw certaine d&eacute;epe
+furrowes from descent vnto descent, by which meanes all the water may be
+conuayed from his lands, eyther into some common Sewer, Lake, Brooke, or
+other maine Riuer: and to this end it is both a rule in the common Lawes
+of our Land, and a laudable custome in the Common-wealth of euery Towne,
+that for as much as many Townes haue their lands lie in common, that is
+to say, mixed neighbour with neighbour, few or none hauing aboue two or
+three lands at the most lying together in one place, therefore euery man
+shall ioyne, and make their water-furrowes one from another, vntill such
+time as the water be conuayed into some common issue, as well h&eacute;e whose
+lands be without all danger, as he that is troubled with the greatest
+annoyance, and herein euery one shall beare his particular charge: which
+is an Act of great vertue and goodnesse.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of the Plough.</span>
+Now for the Plough which is to plow this white sand it doth differ
+nothing in size, proportion, and vse of handling from the Plough
+described for the red Sand, onely it hath one addition more, that is to
+say, at the further end of
+<span class="sigvisible" title="H2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_H2r" id="Page_F_H2r"></a>
+the maine Beame of the Plough, where you
+fixe your Plough-foote, there you shall place a little paire of round
+wh&eacute;eles, which bearing the Beame vpon a loose mouing Axletr&eacute;e, being
+iust the length of two furrows and no more, doth so certainly guide the
+Plough in his true furrow that it can neither lose the land by swaruing
+(as in these light soiles euery Plough is apt to doe) nor take too much
+land, eyther by the gr&eacute;edinesse of the plough or sharpnesse of the
+Irons, neither can it drownd through the easie lightnesse of the earth,
+nor runne too shallow through the fussinesse of the mould, but the
+wh&eacute;eles being made of a true proportion, which should not be aboue
+twelue inches from the centre, the Plough with a reasonable hand of
+gouernment shall runne in a direct and euen furrow: the proportion of
+which Plough is contained in this Figure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<p class="caption"> The Plough with Wheeles.</p>
+<img src="images/illo064.png" width="500" height="198" alt="" title=" The Plough with Wheeles." />
+</div>
+
+<p>This plough of all others I hold to be most ancient, and as being the
+modell of the first inuention, and at this day is preserued both in
+France, Germany, &amp; Italy, and no other proportion of Ploughes knowne,
+both as we perceiue by our experience in s&eacute;eing them plow, &amp; also by
+reading of their writings: for neither in <i>Virgil</i>, <i>Columella</i>,
+<i>Xenophon</i>,
+<span class="sig" title="H2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_H2v" id="Page_F_H2v"></a>
+nor any olde Writer: nor in <i>Heresbachius</i>, <i>Steuens</i>, nor
+<i>Libault</i>, being later Writers, finde w&eacute;e any other Plough bequeathed
+vnto our memories. Yet it is most certaine, that in many of our English
+soiles, this Plough is of little profit, as we finde by daily experience
+both in our clayes, and many of our mixt earths: for in truth this
+Plough is but onely for light, sandy, or grauelly soiles, as for the
+most part these forraine Countries are, especially about the sea-coast,
+or the borders of great Cities, from whence these Writers most generally
+tooke the presidents for their writings.</p>
+
+<p>Now for the parts of this Plough, it consisteth of the same members
+which the former Ploughs doe, onely that in stead of the Plough-foote it
+hath a paire of wh&eacute;eles. It hath also but one Hale, in such sort as the
+Plough for the gray or white clay. The beame also of this Plough is much
+more straight then the former, by which meanes the Skeath is not full so
+long.
+<span class="rightnote">Of the plough-Irons.</span>
+The Irons belonging vnto this Plough are of the fashion of the
+former Irons, onely they be somewhat lesse, that is to say, the Coulture
+is not so long, neyther so full bent as that for the red Sand, nor so
+straight as that for the blacke clay, but as it were holding a meane
+betw&eacute;ene both: so likewise the Share is not fully so broad as that for
+the red sand, nor so narrow as that for the gray clay, but holds as it
+were a middle size betw&eacute;ene both, somewhat leaning in proportion to the
+shape of that for the blacke clay. As for the Plough-slip,
+Plough-clouts, and other implements which are to defend the wood from
+the hardnesse of the earth, they are the same, and in the same wise to
+be vsed as those for the red Sand.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of the draught.</span>
+Now for the Draught or Teame which drawes this Plough, they are as in
+all other Draughts, Oxen or Horses, but for the number thereof they
+differ much from those which are formerly written of: for you shall
+vnderstand that in this white sandy soile, which is of all soiles the
+lightest, eyther two good Horses, or two good Oxen are a number
+sufficient to plow any Ardor vpon this soile whatsoeuer,
+<span class="sigvisible" title="H3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_H3r" id="Page_F_H3r"></a>
+as by daily
+experience we may s&eacute;e in those countries whose soile consists of this
+white light Sand, of which w&eacute;e haue now written: neyther shall the
+Plow-man vpon this soile n&eacute;ede any person to driue or order his Plough
+more then himselfe: for the soile being so light and easie to cut, the
+Plough so nimble, and the Cattell so few and so neare him, hauing euer
+his right hand at libertie (because his plough hath but onely a left
+hand Hale) he hath liberty euer to carry a goade or whip in his right
+hand, to quicken and set forward his Cattell, and also a line which
+being fastned to the heads of the Beasts, h&eacute;e may with it euer when h&eacute;e
+comes to the lands end, stop them and turne them vpon which hand he
+pleases. And thus much for the tillage and ordering of this white Sand.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_F_IX" id="Chap_F_IX"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span><br />
+<br />
+The manner of plowing the Grauell with Pible stones, or the Grauell with
+Flint, their Earings, Plough, and implements.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcaph95"><span class="dropcap">H</span></span>auing in the plainest manner I can written sufficiently already of the
+foure simple and vncompounded soiles, to wit, two Clayes, blacke and
+gray, and two Sands, red and white, it now rests that I also giue you
+some perfect touch or taste of the mixt or compounded soiles, as namely,
+the grauell which is a kinde of hard sand, clay and stone mixt together:
+and of Grauels there be two kindes, that is to say, one that is mixt
+with little small Pible stones, as in many parts of Middlesex, Kent, and
+Surry: and the Grauell mixt with broad Flints, as in many parts of
+Hartford-shire, Essex, and sundry such places. These Grauels are both,
+in generall, subiect to much barrainnesse,
+<a name="c_F_H3r" id="c_F_H3r"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'espcially'" href="#tn_F_G2r">especially</a>
+if they be
+accompanied with any extraordinary moisture, yet with the good labour of
+plowing, and with the cost of much Manure, they are
+<span class="sig" title="H3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_H3v" id="Page_F_H3v"></a>
+brought to
+reasonable fruitfulnesse, where it comes to passe that the Plow-man
+which is master of such a soile, if either he liue not neare some Citie
+or Market-towne, where great store of Manure, by the concourse of
+people, is daily bred, and so consequently is very cheape, or else haue
+not in his owne store and br&eacute;ede, meanes to raise good store of Manure,
+h&eacute;e shall seldome thriue and prosper thereupon. Now although in these
+grauell soiles there is a diuersity of mixture, as the one mingled with
+small Pibles, which ind&eacute;ede is the worst mixture, the other with broad
+Flints, which is the better signe of fruitfulnesse: yet in their order
+of tillage or Earings, in their w&eacute;eding and cleansing, and in all other
+ardors and obseruations, they differ nothing at all, the beginning and
+ending of each seuerall worke being all one.</p>
+
+<p>Now for the manner of worke belonging vnto these two soiles, it altereth
+in no respect nor obseruation eyther in Plough, plowing, manuring,
+weeding, or any other thing whatsoeuer, from that of the white sand, the
+same times of the y&eacute;ere, the same S&eacute;edes, and the same Earings being
+euer to be obserued, wherefore
+<a name="c_F_H3v" id="c_F_H3v"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="scan is unclear" href="#tn_F_H3v">it shall be needlesse to write</a>
+so amply
+of these soiles as of the former, because being all one with the white
+Sand, without alteration, it were but to write one thing twice, and
+therefore I referre the Reader to the former Chapter, and also the
+Husbandman that shall liue vpon either of these soiles, onely with these
+few caueats: First, that for the laying his lands, h&eacute;e shall lay them in
+little small stitches, that is, not hauing aboue foure furrowes laid
+together, as it were for one land, in such sort as you s&eacute;e in
+Hartford-shire, Essex, Middlesex, Kent and Surry: for this soile being
+for the most part subiect to much moisture and hardnesse, if it should
+be laid in great lands, according to the manner of the North parts, it
+would ouer-burden, choake and confound the s&eacute;ed which is throwne into
+it. Secondly, you shall not goe about to gather off the stones which
+s&eacute;eme as it were to couer the lands, both because the labour is infinite
+and impossible, as also because
+<span class="sig" title="H4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_H4r" id="Page_F_H4r"></a>
+those stones are of good vse, and as it
+were a certaine Manuring and helpe vnto the ground: for the nature of
+this Grauell being colde and moist, these stones doe in the winter time,
+defend and k&eacute;epe the sharpnesse of the Frosts and bleake windes from
+killing the heart or roote of the s&eacute;edes, and also in the Summer it
+defends the scorching heate of the Sunne from parching and drying vp the
+S&eacute;ede, which in this grauelly soile doth not lie so well couered, as in
+other soyles, especially if this kinde of earth be inuironed with any
+great hils (as most commonly it is) the reflection whereof makes the
+heate much more violent. And lastly, to obserue that there is no manure
+better or more kindly for this kinde of earth then Chaulke, white Marle,
+or Lyme: for all other matters whatsoeuer the former Chapter of the
+white Sand, will giue you sufficient instructions.</p>
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_F_X" id="Chap_F_X"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. X.</span><br />
+<br />
+The manner of plowing the blacke Clay mixt with red Sand, and the white
+Clay mixt with white Sand, their Earings, Plough and Implements.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapn105"><span class="dropcap">N</span></span>ext to these grauelly soiles, there be also two other compounded
+earths, as namely, the blacke Clay mixt with red Sand, and the white
+Clay mixt with white sand, which albe they differ in composition of
+mould, yet they hold one nature in their Tillage and Husbandry:
+wherefore first to speake of the blacke Clay mixt with red Sand, which
+(as before I said) is called of Husbandmen an hassell earth, you shall
+vnderstand that it is a very rich and good soile, very fruitfull both
+for Corne and Grasse: for Corne, being apt to beare any s&eacute;ede
+whatsoeuer: and for Grasse, as naturally putting it forth very earely in
+the y&eacute;ere, by which your Cattell shall get reliefe sooner then in other
+soiles of colder nature: for both the blacke and white claies doe
+seldome flowrish with
+<span class="sig" title="H4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_H4v" id="Page_F_H4v"></a>
+any store of Grasse before Iune, which is the
+time of wood-seare, and this soile will boast of some plenty about the
+beginning of Aprill at the furthest: but for Grasse we shall speake in
+his proper place.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of fallowing.</span>
+Now for his tillage it is thus: you shall about the middest of Ianuary,
+beginne to fallow that field which you intend that y&eacute;ere shall lye at
+rest or tilth, and you shall fallow it in such sort as is specified in
+the Chapter of the blacke clay: onely you shall raise small furrowes and
+Plow the land cleane, being sure to open and cast the land downeward if
+the land lie high and round, otherwise you shall neuer at any time cast
+the land downe but ridge it vp, that is to say, when you fallow it, you
+shall cast the first furrow downeward, and so likewise the second, which
+two furrowes being cleane ploughed, will lay the land open inough, that
+is, there wilbe no part of the ridge vnploughed: which done, by changing
+your hand and the gate of your Plough, you shall plough those furrowes
+backe againe and lay them vpward, and so plough the whole land vpward,
+also laying it round and high: the reason for this manner of plowing
+being this, that for as much as this land being mixt of clay and sand,
+must n&eacute;edes be a sore binding land, therefore if it should be laid flat,
+if any great raine or wet should fall, and a present drought follow it,
+neither should you possibly force your Plough to enter into it and
+breake it, or being broken should you get so much mould as to couer your
+Corne and giue the s&eacute;ede comfort, whereas vpon the contrary part, if it
+be laid high and vpright, it must necessarily be laid hollow and light,
+in so much that you may both Plough it at your pleasure, and also beget
+so perfect a mould as any other soile whatsoeuer, both because the wet
+hath liberty to auoide through the hollownesse, and also because the
+Sunne and weather hath power to enter and season it, wherefore in
+conclusion you shall fallow this field downeward if it lye high and
+vpright, otherwise you shall fallow it vpward as the meanes to bring it
+to the best Ardor.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="I">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_I1r" id="Page_F_I1r"></a>
+Now for this fallow field it must euer be made where the y&eacute;ere before
+you did reape your Pease, in case you haue but thr&eacute;e fields, or where
+you did reape your Wheate, Rye, and Maslin, in case you haue foure
+fields, according to the manner of the blacke clay.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of sowing Pease.</span>
+About the middest of February, which is within a day or two of Saint
+<i>Valentines</i> day, if the season be any thing constant in fairenesse and
+drinesse, you shall then beginne to sow your Pease, for you must
+vnderstand that albeit this soile will beare Beanes, yet they are
+nothing so naturall for it as Pease, both because they are an hungry
+s&eacute;ede and doe much impaire and wast the ground, and also because they
+prosper best in a fat, loose, and tough earth, which is contrary to this
+hard and drie soile: but especially if you haue foure fields, you shall
+forbeare to sow any Beanes at all, least you loose two commodities, that
+is, both quantitie of graine (because Beanes are not so long and
+fruitfull vpon this earth, as vpon the clayes) and the Manuring of your
+ground, which Pease out of their owne natures doe, both by the
+smoothering of the ground and their owne fatnesse, when your Beanes doe
+pill and sucke the hart out of the earth.</p>
+
+<p>Now for the manner of sowing your Pease, you shall sow them aboue
+furrow, that is, first plough the land vpward, then immediately sow your
+Pease, and instantly after Harrow them, the Plough, the S&eacute;edes-man, and
+the Harrower, by due course, following each other, and so likewise you
+may sow Oates vpon this soile.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of sowing Barley.</span>
+About the middest of March, which is almost a fortnight before our Lady
+day, you shall beginne to sow your Barley, which Barley you shall sow
+neither vnder-furrow nor aboue, but after this order: first, you shall
+plow your land downeward, beginning at the furrow and so assending
+vpward to the ridge of the land, which as soone as you haue opened, you
+shall then by pulling the plough out of the earth, and laying the
+shelboard crosse the ridge, you shall fill the ridge in againe with the
+same mould which
+<span class="sig" title="I1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_I1v" id="Page_F_I1v"></a>
+you plowed vp: this done, your s&eacute;edes-man shall bring
+his Barley and sow the land aboue furrow: after the land is sowne, you
+shall then Harrow it as small as may be, first with a paire of woodden
+Harrowes, and after with a paire of Iron Harrowes, or else with a double
+Oxe Harrow, for this earth being somewhat hard and much binding, will
+aske great care and dilligence in breaking.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of sleighting.</span>
+After your Barley is sowne, you shall about the latter end of Aprill
+beginne to smooth and sleight your land, both with the backe Harrowes
+and with the rouler, and looke what clots they faile to breake, you
+shall with clotting beetles beate them asunder, making your mould as
+fine and laying your land as smooth as is possible.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Summer-stirring.</span>
+About the middest of May, you shall, if any wet fall, beginne to
+Summer-stirre your land, or if no wet fall, you shall doe your indeauour
+to Summer-stirre your land, rather aduenturing to breake two ploughes,
+then to loose one day in that labour, knowing this, that one land
+Summer-stird in a dry season, is better then thr&eacute;e Summer-stird in a wet
+or moist weather, both because it giues the earth a better temper, and
+kils the w&eacute;edes with more assurednesse, and as I speake of
+Summer-stirring, so I speake of all other Ardors, that the drier they
+are done the better they are euer done: and in this season you shall
+also gather the stones from your ground.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Obiection.</span>
+Now it may be obiected, that if it be best to plough in drie seasons, it
+is then best to fallow also in a dry season, and by that meanes not to
+beginne to fallow vntill the beginning of May, as is prescribed for the
+blacke clay, and so to deferre the Summer-stirring till the next month
+after, sith of necessitie Ianuary must either be wet or else vnkindely.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Answere.</span>
+To this I make answere, that most true it is, that the land which is
+last fallowed is euer the best and most fruitfull, yet this mixt earth
+which is compound of sand and clay, is such a binding earth, that if it
+be not taken and fallowed in a moist-time of the y&eacute;ere, as namely, in
+
+<span class="sigvisible" title="I2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_I2r" id="Page_F_I2r"></a>
+Ianuary or February, but suffered to lye till May, at which time the
+drought hath so entered into him, that the greatest part of his moisture
+is decaied, then I say, the nature of the ground is such and so hard,
+that it wilbe impossible to make any plough enter into it, so that you
+shall not onely aduenture the losse of that speciall Ardor, but also of
+all the rest which should follow after, and so consequently loose the
+profit of your land: where contrary wise if you fallow it at the
+beginning of the y&eacute;ere, as in Ianuary, and February, albe they be wet,
+yet shall you lay vp your furrowes and make the earth more loose, by
+which meanes you shall compasse all the other Earings which belong to
+your soile: for to speake briefely, late fallowing belongs vnto claies,
+which by drought are made loose and light, and earely fallowings vnto
+mixt soiles, such as these which by drinesse doe ingender and binde
+close together.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of weeding.</span>
+About the middest of Iune, you shall beginne to w&eacute;ede your Corne, in
+such sort as hath b&eacute;ene before described in the former Chapters: and
+although this soile naturally of it selfe (if it haue receiued his whole
+Ardor in due seasons, and haue b&eacute;ene Ploughed cleane, according to the
+office of a good Husband) doth neither put forth Thistle or other w&eacute;ede,
+yet if it want either the one or the other, it is certaine that it puts
+them forth in great abundance, for by Thistles and w&eacute;edes, vpon this
+soile, is euer knowne the goodnesse and dilligence of the Husbandman.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of Foiling.</span>
+About the middest of Iuly, you shall beginne to foile your land, in such
+sort also as hath b&eacute;ene mentioned in the former Chapters, onely with
+this obseruation that if any of your lands lie flat, you shall then, in
+your foiling, plough those lands vpward and not downeward, holding your
+first precept that in this soile, your lands must lie high, light, and
+hollow, which if you s&eacute;e they doe, then you may if you please in your
+foiling cast them downeward, because at Winter ridging you may set them
+vp againe.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sig" title="I2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_I2v" id="Page_F_I2v"></a>
+<span class="rightnote">Of Manuring.</span>
+Now for as much as in this Chapter I haue hitherto omitted to speake of
+Manuring this soile, you shall vnderstand that it is not because I hold
+it so rich that it n&eacute;edeth no Manure, but because I know there is
+nothing more n&eacute;edfull vnto it then Manure, in so much that I wish not
+the Husbandman of this ground to binde himselfe vnto any one particular
+season of the y&eacute;ere for the leading forth of his Manure, but to bestow
+all his leasurable houres and rest from other workes onely vpon this
+labor, euen through the circuit of the whole y&eacute;ere, knowing this most
+precisely, that at what time of the y&eacute;ere so euer you shall lay Manure
+vpon this earth it will returne much profit.</p>
+
+<p>As for the choise of Manures vpon this soile they are all those
+whatsoeuer, of which I haue formerly intreated in any of the other
+Chapters, no Manure whatsoeuer comming amisse to this ground: prouided
+that the Husbandman haue this respect to lay vpon his moystest and
+coldest ground his hottest Manures, and vpon his hottest and driest
+earth his coolest and moistest Manures: the hot Manures being
+Sh&eacute;epes-dung, Pigions-dung, Pullen-dung, Lyme, Ashes, and such like: the
+coole being Oxe-dung, Horse-dung, the scowrings of Ponds, Marle, and
+such like.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of Winter-ridging.</span>
+About the middest of September you shall beginne to Winter-ridge your
+Land, which in all points you shall doe according as is mentioned in the
+former Chapters of the Clayes: for in this Ardor there is neuer any
+difference, onely this one small obseruation, that you may aduenture to
+Winter-ridge this mixt earth sooner then any other: for many of our best
+English Husbandmen which liue vpon this soile doe hold this opinion,
+that if it be Winter-ridged so earely in the y&eacute;ere, that through the
+vertue of the latter spring it put forth a certaine gr&eacute;ene w&eacute;ede like
+mosse, bring short and soft, that the land is so much the better
+therefore, being as they imagine both fed and comforted by such a
+slender expression which doth not take from the land any hart, but like
+a warme couering doth ripen and
+<span class="sig" title="I3r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_I3r" id="Page_F_I3r"></a>
+make mellow the mould, and this cannot
+be effected but onely by earely Winter-ridging.</p>
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of Sowing of Wheate, Rye, and Maslin.</span>
+At the end of September you shall beginne to sow your Wheate, Rye, and
+Maslin, all which Graines are very naturall, good, and profitable vpon
+this soile, and are to be sowne after the same manner, and with the same
+obseruations which are specified in the former Chapter of the blacke
+clay, that is to say, the Wheate vnder furrow, and vnharrowed, the Rye
+and Maslin aboue furrow, and well harrowed. And herein is also to be
+remembred all those precepts mentioned in the Chapter of the blacke
+Clay, touching the diuision of the fields, that is to say, if you haue
+three fields, you shall then sow your Wheate, Rye and Maslin in your
+fallow-field, and so saue both the Foyling and double manuring of so
+much earth: but if you haue foure fields, then you shall sow those
+graines vpon that land from whence the same y&eacute;ere you did reape your
+Pease; your Wheate hauing no other Manure then that which came by the
+Pease, your Rye hauing, if possible, eyther Manure from the Cart, or
+from the Folde, in such sort as hath b&eacute;ene shewed in the Chapter of the
+blacke Clay, and this of Husbandmen is called Inam-wheate or Inam-rye,
+that is, white-corne sowne after white-corne, as Barley after Barley, or
+hard-corne after hard-corne, which is wheate after Pease.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of the plough.</span>
+Now for the Plough which is most proper for this soile it is to be made
+of a middle size betwixt that for the blacke Clay, and that for the red
+Sand, being not all out so bigge and vnwieldy as the first, nor so
+slender and nimble as the latter, but taking a middle proportion from
+them both, you shall make your Plough of a competent fitnesse.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of the plough-Irons.</span>
+As for the Irons, the Share must be of the same proportion that the
+Share for the red Sand is, yet a little thought bigger, and the Coulture
+of the fashion of that Coulture, onely not full so much bent, but
+all-out as sharpe and as long: and these Irons must be euer well
+maintained with st&eacute;ele, for this mixt earth is euer the hardest, and
+
+<span class="sig" title="I3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_I3v" id="Page_F_I3v"></a>
+weareth both the Plough and Irons soonest, and therefore it is agr&eacute;ed
+by all Husbandmen that this Plough must not at any time want his
+Plough-slip, except at the first going of the Plough you shall finde
+that it hath too much land, that is to say, by the crosse setting on of
+the beame, that it runneth too gr&eacute;edily into the land, which to helpe,
+you shall let your Plough goe without a plough-slip, till the
+plough-head be so much worne, that it take no more but an ordinary
+furrow, and then you shall set on your Plough-slips and Plough clouts
+also: but I write this in case there be imperfection in the Plough,
+which if it be otherwise, then this obseruation is n&eacute;edlesse.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of the Teame.</span>
+Now for the Teame or Draught which shall draw this Plough, they are as
+the former, Oxen or Horses, and their number the same that is prescribed
+for the blacke Clay, as namely, eight or sixe Beasts for Pease-earth,
+for Fallowing, and Summer-stirring, and sixe or foure for all other
+Ardors: for you must vnderstand that this mixt and binding soile,
+through his hardnesse, and glutenous holding together, is as hard to
+plow as any clay-soile whatsoeuer, and in some speciall seasons more by
+many degr&eacute;es.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of the white clay with white Sand.</span>
+Now for the white clay mixt with white sand, it is an earth much more
+barraine, then this former mixt earth, and bringeth forth nothing
+without much care, diligence, and good order: yet, for his manner of
+Earings, in their true natures euery way doe differ nothing from the
+Earings of this blacke clay and red Sand, onely the S&eacute;ede which must be
+sowne vpon this soile differeth from the former: for vpon this soile in
+stead of Barley you must sow most Oates, as a Graine which will take
+much strength from little fertilitie: and in stead of Rye you shall sow
+more Wheate and more Pease, or in stead of Pease then you shall sow
+Fitches of eyther kinde which you please, and the increase will be
+(though not in abundance, yet) so sufficient as shall well quit the
+Plow-mans labour.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of Manuring.</span>
+Now for the Manuring of this ground, you shall vnderstand that Marle is
+the chiefest: for neyther will any
+<span class="sig" title="I4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_I4r" id="Page_F_I4r"></a>
+man suppose that this hard soile
+should bring vp cattell sufficient to manure it, nor if it would, yet
+that Manure were not so good: for a barraine clay being mixt with a most
+barraine sand, it must consequently follow that the soile must be of all
+the barenest, insomuch that to giue perfect strength and life vnto it,
+there is nothing better then Marle, which being a fat and strong clay,
+once incorporated within these weake moulds, it must n&eacute;edes giue them
+the best nourishment, loosening the binding substance, and binding that
+weaknesse which occasioneth the barrainnesse: but of this Marle I shall
+haue more occasion to speake hereafter in a particular Chapter, onely
+thus much I must let you vnderstand, that this soile, albe it be not
+within any degr&eacute;e of praise for the bringing forth of Corne, yet it is
+very apt and fruitfull for the br&eacute;eding of grasse, insomuch that it will
+beare you corne for at least nine y&eacute;eres together (without the vse of
+any fallow or Tilth-field) if it be well marled, and immediately after
+it will beare you very good br&eacute;eding grasse, or else reasonable Medow
+for as many y&eacute;eres after, as by daily experience we s&eacute;e in the Countries
+of Lancaster and Chester. So that the consequence being considered, this
+ground is not but to be held indifferent fruitfull: for whereas other
+soiles afore shewed (which beare abundance of Graine) are bound to be
+manured once in thr&eacute;e y&eacute;eres, this soile, albe it beare neither so rich
+graine, nor so much plenty, yet it n&eacute;edes marling not aboue once in
+sixt&eacute;ene or eight&eacute;ene y&eacute;eres: and albe Marle be a Manure of the greatest
+cost, yet the profit by continuance is so equall that the labour is
+neuer spent without his reward, as shall more largely appeare hereafter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of the Plough.</span>
+As touching the Plough, it is the same which is mentioned in the other
+soile of the blacke Clay, and red Sand, altering nothing eyther in
+quantitie of timber, or strength of Irons: so that to make any large
+description thereof, is but to double my former discourses, and make my
+writings tedious.</p>
+
+<p>For to conclude briefely, these two soiles differ onely
+<span class="sig" title="I4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_F_I4v" id="Page_F_I4v"></a>
+but in fatnesse
+and strength of nature, not in Earing, or plowing, so that the labours
+of tillage being equall there is not any alteration more then the true
+diligence of much manuring, which will br&eacute;ede an affinitie or alyance
+betwixt both these soiles. And thus much for this blacke Clay and red
+Sand, or white Clay and white Sand.</p>
+
+
+
+<h2>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="B">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_B1r" id="Page_1_B1r"></a>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="1">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_1" id="Page_1_1"></a>
+<img src="images/border078.png" width="500" height="125" alt="" title="Decorative border" />
+<br />
+
+  THE<br />
+
+  <span class="big">FIRST PART</span><br />
+
+  OF THE ENGLISH<br />
+
+  Husbandman:<br /><br />
+
+
+<span class="little">Contayning, the manner of plowing</span><br />
+<span class="littler"> and Manuring all sorts of Soyles, together</span> <br />
+<span class="littlest">with the manner of planting and <br />
+setting of Corne.</span></h2>
+
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_1_I" id="Chap_1_I"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the manner of plowing all simple Earths, which are vncompounded.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapt78"><span class="dropcap">T</span></span>hat many famous and learned men, both in Fraunce, Spaine, Italy and
+Germany, haue spent all their best time in shewing vnto the world the
+excellencie of their experiences, in this onely renowned Arte of
+Husbandry, their large and learned Volumes, most excellently written, in
+that kinde, are witnesses: from whence we by translations haue gotten
+some contentment, though but small profit; because those forraine
+clymates, differing
+<span class="pagevisible" title="2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_2" id="Page_1_2"></a>
+<span class="sig" title="B1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_B1v" id="Page_1_B1v"></a>
+much from ours, both in nature of earth, and temper
+of Ayre, the rules and obseruations belonging vnto them can be little
+auailable to vs, more then to know what is done in such parts, a thing
+more appertaining to our conference then practise. But now, that other
+kingdomes may s&eacute;e though w&eacute;e write lesse yet w&eacute;e know as much as
+belongeth to the office of the English Husbandman, I, though the meanest
+of many millions, haue vndertaken to deliuer vnto the world all the true
+rudiments, obseruations and knowledges what soeuer, which hath any
+affinitie or alliance with English Husbandry. And for as much as the
+best and principallest part of Husbandry consisteth in the plowing and
+earring of the ground (for in that onely <i>Adam</i> began his first labours)
+I thinke it not vnm&eacute;ete, first to treate of that subiect, proc&eacute;eding so
+from braunch to braunch, till I haue giuen euery one sufficient
+knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>To speake then first of the Tilling of Grounds. You shall well
+vnderstand, that it is the office of euery good Husbandman before he put
+his plough into the earth, truly to consider the nature of his Grounds,
+and which is of which quallitie and temper. To proc&eacute;ede then to our
+purpose; all soyles what soeuer, in this our kingdome of England, are
+reduced into two kindes onely, that is to say, Simple or Compound.
+Simple, are those which haue no mixture with others of a contrary
+quallitie, as are your stiffe clayes, or your loose sands: your stiffe
+clayes are likewise diuers, as a blacke clay, a blew clay, and a clay
+like vnto Marble. Your sands are also diuers, as a red sand, a white
+sand, a yellow sand, and a sand like vnto dust. Your mixt earths are
+where any of these clayes and sands are equally or vnindifferently mixed
+together, as shalbe at large declared hereafter. Now as touching the
+tilling of your simple clayes, it is to be noted, that the blacke clay,
+of all earth, is the most fruitfull, and demandeth from the Husbandman
+the least toyle, yet bringeth forth his increase in the greatest
+abundance: it will well and sufficiently
+<span class="pagevisible" title="3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_3" id="Page_1_3"></a>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="B2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_B2r" id="Page_1_B2r"></a>
+bring forth thr&eacute;e crops, eare
+it desire rest: namely, the first of Barly, the second of Pease, and the
+third of Wheate: It doth not desire much Manure, for it is naturally of
+it selfe so fat, rich, and fruitfull, that if you adde strength vnto his
+strength, by heaping Manure or Compasse thereupon, you make it either
+blast, and mildew the Corne that growes, with the too much fatnesse of
+the earth, or else through his extreame rankenesse, to bring it vp in
+such abundance that it is not able to stand vpright when it is shot vp,
+but falling downe flat to the ground, and the eares of Corne smothering
+one another, they bring forth nothing but light Corne, like an emptie
+huske, without a kirnell. The best Manure or Compasse therefore that you
+can giue such ground, is then to plow it in orderly and dew seasons, as
+thus: you shall begin to fallow, or breake vp this soyle, at the
+beginning of May, at which time you shall plow it d&eacute;epe, &amp; take vp a
+large furrow, and if your Lands lye any thing flat, it shalbe m&eacute;ete that
+you begin on the ridge of the land, and turne all your furrowes vpward,
+but if your Lands lye high and vpright, then shall you begin in the
+furrow and turne all your furrowes downeward, which is called of
+Husbandmen, the casting downe of Land. This first plowing of ground, or
+as Husbandmen tearme it, the first ardor, is called fallowing: the
+second ardor, which we call stirring of ground, or sommer stirring, you
+shall begin in Iuly, which is of great consequence, for by meanes of it
+you shall kill all manner of w&eacute;edes and thistells that would annoy your
+Land. In this ardor you must oft obserue that if when you fallowed you
+did set vp your Land, then now when you stirre you must cast downe your
+Land, and so contrarily, if before you did cast downe, then now you must
+set vp: your third ardor, which is called of Husbandmen, winter
+ridgeing, or setting vp Land for the whole y&eacute;ere, you shall begin at the
+latter end of September, and you must euer obserue that in this third
+ardor you doe alwaies ridge vp your Land, that is to say, you
+<a name="c_1_3" id="c_1_3"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="probable misprint for 'must'" href="#tn_1_3">most</a> turne
+euery furrow vpward and
+<span class="sig" title="B2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_B2v" id="Page_1_B2v"></a>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="4">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_4" id="Page_1_4"></a>
+lay them as close together as may be, for
+should you doe otherwise, that is to say, either lay them flat or
+loosely, the winter season would so beat and bake them together, that
+when you should sow your s&eacute;ede you would hardly get your plough into the
+ground.</p>
+
+<p>Now your fourth and last ardor, which must be when you sow your s&eacute;ede,
+you shall begin euer about the midst of March, at least one w&eacute;eke before
+our Ladies day, commonly called the Annunciation of <i>Mary</i>, and this
+ardor you shall euer plow downeward, laying your ridges very well open,
+and you shall euer obserue in this ardor, first to sow your s&eacute;ede, and
+then after to plow your ground, turning your s&eacute;ede into the earth, which
+is called of Husbandmen, sowing vnderfurrow: as soone as your ground is
+plowed you shall harrow it with an harrow whose t&eacute;eth are all of wood,
+for these simple earths are of easie temper and will of themselues fall
+to dust, then after you haue thus sowne your ground, if then there
+remaine any clots or lumpes of earth vnbroken, you shall let them rest
+till after the next shower of raine, at which time you shall either with
+a heauie rouler, or the backside of your harrowes, runne ouer your
+Lands, which is called the sleighting of ground, and it will not onely
+breake such clots to dust, but also lay your Land plaine and smoth,
+leauing no impediment to hinder the Corne from sprouting and comming
+forth. In this same ordor as you are appointed for this blacke clay, in
+this same manner you shall ordor both your blew clay &amp; your clay which
+is like vnto marble. Now as touching the plough which is fittest for
+these clayes, it must be large and strong, the beame long and well
+bending, the head thicke and large, the sk&eacute;eth broad, strong, and well
+sloaping, the share with a very large wing, craueing much earth, and the
+coulter long, thicke and very straight.</p>
+
+<p>Now touching those lands which are simple and vncompounded, you shall
+vnderstand that euery good Husbandman must begin his first ardor (which
+is to fallow them) at the beginning of Ianuary, h&eacute;e must sooner
+<a name="c_1_4" id="c_1_4"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'stirer'; scan is unclear" href="#tn_1_4">stirre</a>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="B3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_B3r" id="Page_1_B3r"></a>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="5">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_5" id="Page_1_5"></a>
+them, which is the second ardor, at the latter end of Aprill, he shall
+cast them downe againe, which is called foyling of Land, at the
+beginning of Iuly, which is the third ardor, and wherein is to be noted,
+that how soeuer all other ardors are plowed, yet this must euer be cast
+downward: the fourth ardor, which is winter-stirring or winter-ridgeing,
+must euer begin at the end of September, and the fift and last ardor
+must be performed when you sow your ground, which would be at the
+middest of May, at the soonest, and if your leasure and abilitie will
+giue you leaue, if you turne ouer your ground againe in Ianuary, it will
+be much better, for these sands can neuer haue too much plowing, nor too
+much Manure, and therefore for them both, you shall apply them so oft as
+your leasure will conueniently serue, making no spare when either the
+way or opportunitie will giue you leaue. Now for as much as all sands,
+being of a hot nature, are the fittest to bring foorth Rye, which is a
+graine delighting in drynesse onely, you shall vnderstand, that then you
+shall not n&eacute;ed to plow your ground aboue foure times ouer, that is, you
+shall fallow, sommer stirre, foyle, and in September sow your Corne: and
+as these ardors serue the red sand, so are they sufficient for your
+white sand, and your yealow sand also. As touching the ploughes fit for
+these light earths, they would be little and strong, hauing a short
+slender beame and a crooked; a narrow and thinne head, a slender sk&eacute;eth,
+a share without a wing, a coulter thinne and very crooked, and a paire
+of hales much bending forward towards the man; and with this manner of
+plough you may plow diuers mixt and compounded earths, as the blacke
+clay and red sand, or the red sand and white grauell: and thus much as
+touching earths that are simple and vncompounded.</p>
+
+<h3>
+<span class="sig" title="B3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_B3v" id="Page_1_B3v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="6">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_6" id="Page_1_6"></a>
+<a name="Chap_1_II" id="Chap_1_II"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the manner of plowing the blacke clay mixt with white sand, and the
+white clay mixt with red sand: their Earrings, Plough, and Implements.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapa23"><span class="dropcap">A</span></span>s touching the mixture of these two seuerall soyles, that is to say,
+the blacke clay with white sand, and the white clay with red sand, they
+differ not in the nature of plowing, sowing, or in Manuring, from the
+soyle which is mixt of a blacke clay and red sand, of which I haue
+sufficiently intreated before: onely thus much you shall vnderstand,
+that the blacke clay mixt with white sand is so much better and richer
+then the white clay mixt with red sand, by as much as the blacke clay is
+better then the white clay: and although some Husbandmen in our Land,
+hould them to be both of one temper and goodnesse, reasoning thus, that
+by how much the blacke clay is better then the white, by so much the red
+sand is better then the white sand, so that what the mixture of the one
+addeth, the mixture of the other taketh away, and so maketh them all one
+in fruitfulnesse and goodnesse: but in our common experience it doth not
+so fall out, for w&eacute;e finde that the blacke clay mixt with white sand, if
+it be ordered in the forme of good Husbandry, that is to say, be plowed
+ouer at least foure times, before it come to be sowne, and that it be
+Manured and compassed in Husbandly fashion, which is to allow at least
+eight waine-load to an Aker, that if then vpon such Land you shall sow
+either Organe Wheat (in the south parts called red Wheat) or flaxen, or
+white Pollard Wheat, that such Wheat will often mildew, and turne as
+blacke as soote, which onely showeth too much richnesse and fatnesse in
+the earth, which the white clay mixt with red sand hath neuer beene
+s&eacute;ene to doe, especially so long as it is vsed in any
+<span class="sig" title="B4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_B4r" id="Page_1_B4r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="7">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_7" id="Page_1_7"></a>
+Husbandly
+fashion, neither will the white clay mixt with red sand indure to be
+deuided into foure fields, that is to say, to beare thr&eacute;e seuerall
+crops, one after another, as namely, Barly, Pease, and Wheat, without
+rest, which the blacke clay mixt with white sand many times doth, and
+thereby againe showeth his better fruitfulnesse: neuerthelesse, in
+generalitie I would not wish any good Husbandman, and especially such as
+haue much tillage, to deuide either of these soyles into any more then
+thr&eacute;e fields, both because hee shall ease himselfe and his Cattell of
+much toyle, shall not at any time loose the best seasons for his best
+workes, and make his commodities, and fruit of his hands labours, by
+many degr&eacute;es more certaine.</p>
+
+<p>You shall also vnderstand, that both these soyles are very much binding,
+especially the white clay with red sand, both because the clay,
+proc&eacute;eding from a chaukie and limie substance, and not hauing in it much
+fatnesse or fertillitie (which occasioneth seperation) being mixt with
+the red sand, which is of a much more hardnesse and aptnesse to knit
+together, with such tough matter, it must necessarilie binde and cleaue
+together, and so likewise the blacke clay, from whence most naturally
+proc&eacute;edeth your best limestone, being mixt with white sand, doth also
+binde together and stifle the s&eacute;ede, if it be not preuented by good
+Husbandry.</p>
+
+<p>You shall therefore in the plowing and earring of these two soyles,
+obserue two especiall notes; the first, that by no meanes you plow it in
+the wet, that is, in any great glut of raine: for if you either lay it
+vp, or cast it downe, when it is more like morter then earth, if then
+any sunshine, or faire weather, doe immediately follow vpon it, it will
+so drie and bake it, that if it be sowne, neither will the s&eacute;ede haue
+strength to sprout thorrow it, nor being in any of your other summer
+ardors, shall you by any meanes make your plough enter into it againe,
+when the season falleth for other plowing. The second, that you haue
+great care you lay your Land high and round, that the furrowes,
+<span class="sig" title="B4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_B4v" id="Page_1_B4v"></a>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="8">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_8" id="Page_1_8"></a>
+as it
+were standing vpright one by another, or lying light and hollow, one
+vpon another, you may with more ease, at any time, enter in your plough,
+and turne your moulde which way you please, either in the heate of
+Sommer, or any other time of the y&eacute;ere whatsoeuer.</p>
+
+<p>Now as touching the plough, which is most best and proper for these
+soyles, it would be the same in sise which is formerly directed for the
+red sand, onely the Irons must be altered, for the Coulter would be more
+long, sharpe, and bending, and the share so narrow, sharpe, and small as
+can conueniently be made, according as is formerly expressed, that not
+hauing power to take vp any broad furrow, the furrowes by reason of
+there slendernesse may lye many, and those many both hollow, light and
+at any time easily to be broken.</p>
+
+<p>As for the Teame which is best to worke in this soyle, they may be
+either Horses or Oxen, or Oxen and Horse mixt together, according to the
+Husbandmans abillitie, but if h&eacute;e be a Lord of his owne pleasure and may
+commaund, and haue euery thing
+<a name="c_1_8" id="c_1_8"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'with'" href="#tn_1_8">which</a>
+is most apt and proper, then in
+these two soyles, I preferre the Teame of Horses single, rather then
+Oxen, especially in any winter or moist ardor, because they doe not
+tread and foyle the ground making it mirie and durtie as the Oxe doth,
+but going all in one furrow, doe k&eacute;epe the Land in his constant
+firmenesse.</p>
+
+<p>As touching the clotting, sleighting, w&eacute;eding, and dressing of these two
+soyles, they differ in nothing from the former mixt earths, but desire
+all one manner of dilligence: and thus much for these two soyles the
+blacke clay mixt with white sand, and the white clay with white red
+sand.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="C">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_C1r" id="Page_1_C1r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="9">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_9" id="Page_1_9"></a>
+<a name="Chap_1_III" id="Chap_1_III"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span><br />
+<br />
+A comparison of all the former soyles together, and most especiall notes
+for giuing the ignorant Husbandman perfect vnderstanding, of what is
+written before.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapt88"><span class="dropcap">T</span></span>he reason why I haue thus at large discoursed of euery seuerall soyle,
+both simple and compounded, is to show vnto the industrious Husbandman,
+the perfect and true reason of the generall alteration of our workes in
+Husbandry, through this our Realme of England: for if all our Land, as
+it is one kingdome, were likewise of one composition, mixture, and
+goodnesse, it were then exc&eacute;eding preposterous to s&eacute;e those diuersities,
+alterations, I, and euen contrary manners of proc&eacute;edings in Husbandry,
+which are daily and hourely vsed: but euery man in his owne worke knowes
+the alteration of clymates. Yet for so much as this labour of Husbandry,
+consisteth not for the most part in the knowing and vnderstanding
+breast, but in the rude, simple, and ignorant Clowne, who onely knoweth
+how to doe his labour, but cannot giue a reason why he doth such labour,
+more then the instruction of his parents, or the custome of the
+Countrie, where it comes to passe (and I haue many times s&eacute;ene the same
+to mine admiration) that the skillfullest Clowne which is bred in the
+clay soyles, when h&eacute;e hath b&eacute;ene brought to the sandy ground, h&eacute;e could
+neither hould the plough, temper the plough, nor tell which way in good
+order to driue the Cattell, the heauinesse of the one labour being so
+contrary to the lightnesse of the other, that not hauing a temperance,
+or vnderstanding in his hands, h&eacute;e hath b&eacute;ene put euen vnto his wittes
+ends; therefore I thinke it conuenient, in this place, by a slight
+comparison of soyles together, to giue the simplest Husbandman such
+direct &amp; plaine rules that he
+<span class="sig" title="C1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_C1v" id="Page_1_C1v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="10">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_10" id="Page_1_10"></a>
+shall with out the study of his braines,
+attaine to absolute knowledge of euery seuerall mixture of earth: and
+albeit h&eacute;e shall not be able distinctly to say at the first that it is
+compounded of such and such earths, yet h&eacute;e shall be very able to
+deliuer the true reason and manner how such ground (of what nature
+soeuer) shall be Husbanded and tilled.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore to begin the Husbandman, is to vnderstand, that generally
+there are but two soyles for him to regard, for in them consisteth the
+whole Arte of Husbandry: as namely, the open and loose earth, and the
+close and fast binding earth, and these two soyles being meare opposites
+and contraries, most necessarily require in the Husbandman a double
+vnderstanding, for there is no soyle, of what simplicitie or mixture
+soeuer it be, but it is either loose or fast.</p>
+
+<p>Now to giue you my meaning of these two words, <i>loose</i> and <i>fast</i>, it
+is, that euery soyle which vpon parching and dry weather, euen when the
+Sunne beames scorcheth, and as it were baketh the earth, if then the
+ground vpon such exc&eacute;eding drought doe moulder and fall to dust, so that
+whereas before when it did retaine moisture it was heauie, tough, and
+not to be seperated, now hauing lost that glewinesse it is light, loose,
+and euen with a mans foote to be spurnd to ashes, all such grounds are
+tearmed loose and open grounds, because at no time they doe binde in or
+imprison the s&eacute;ede (the frost time onely excepted, which is by
+accidence, and not from the nature of the soyle:) and all such grounds
+as in their moisture or after the fall of any sodaine raine are soft,
+plyable, light, and easie to be wrought, but after when they come to
+loose that moistnesse and that the powerfulnesse of the Sunne hath as it
+were drid vp their veynes, if then such earths become hard, firme, and
+not to be seperated, then are those soyles tearmed fast and binding
+soyles, for if there ardors be not taken in their due times, and their
+s&eacute;ede cast into them in perfect and due seasons, neither is it possible
+for
+<span class="sigvisible" title="C2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_C2r" id="Page_1_C2r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="11">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_11" id="Page_1_11"></a>
+the Plowman to plow them, nor for the s&eacute;ede to sprout through, the
+earth being so fastned and as it were stone-like fixt together. Now
+sithence that all soyles are drawne into these two heads, fastnes, and
+loosenesse, and to them is annexed the diuersitie of all tillage, I will
+now show the simple Husbandman which earths be loose, and which fast,
+and how without curiositie to know and to distinguish them.</p>
+
+<p>Breifely, all soyles that are simple and of themselues vncompounded, as
+namely, all claies, as blacke, white, gray, or blew, and all sands, as
+either red, white, or blacke, are open and loose soyles: the claies
+because the body and substance of them being held together by moistnes,
+that moisture being dryed vp, their strength and stifnesse decayeth, and
+sands by reason of their naturall <a name="c_1_11" id="c_1_11"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'lighnesse'" href="#tn_1_11">lightnesse</a>,
+which wanting a more moist
+and fixt body to be ioyned with them doe loose all strength of binding
+or holding together. Now all mixt or compound earths (except the
+compositions of one and the same kinds, as clay with clay, or sand with
+sand) are euer fast and binding earths: for betwixt sand and clay, or
+clay &amp; grauell, is such an affinitie, that when they be mixt together
+the sand doth giue to the clay such hardnesse and drynesse, and the clay
+to the sand such moisture and coldnesse, that being fixt together they
+make one hard body, which through the warmth of the Sunne bindeth and
+cleaueth together. But if it be so that the ignorance of the Husbandman
+cannot either through the subtiltie of his eye sight, or the
+obseruations gathered from his experience, distinguish of these soyles,
+and the rather, sith many soyles are so indifferently mixt, and the
+colour so very perfect, that euen skill it selfe may be deceiued: as
+first to speake of what mixture some soyles consist, yet for as much as
+it is sufficient for the Husbandman to know which is loose and which is
+binding, h&eacute;e shall onely when he is perplext with these differences, vse
+this experiment, h&eacute;e shall take a good lumpe of that earth whose
+temperature h&eacute;e would know, and working it with
+<span class="sig" title="C2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_C2v" id="Page_1_C2v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="12">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_12" id="Page_1_12"></a>
+water and his wet
+hands, like a p&eacute;ece of past, he shall then as it were make a cake
+thereof, and laying it before an hot fire, there let it lye, till all
+the moisture be dried &amp; backt out of it, then taking it into your hands
+and breaking it in p&eacute;eces, if betw&eacute;ene your fingers it moulder and fall
+into a small dust, then be assured it is a loose, simple, and
+vncompounded earth, but if it breake hard and firme, like a stone, and
+when you crumble it betw&eacute;ene your fingers it be rough, gr&eacute;etie, and
+shining, then be assured it is a compounded fast-binding earth, and is
+compounded of clay and sand, and if in the baking it doe turne red or
+redish, it is compounded of a gray clay and red sand, but if it be
+browne or blewish, then it is a blacke clay &amp; white sand, but if when
+you breake it you finde therein many small pibles, then the mixture is
+clay and grauell. Now there be some mixt soyles, after they are thus
+bak't, although they be hard and binding, yet they will not be so
+exc&eacute;eding hard and stone-like as other soyles will be, and that is where
+the mixture is vnequall, as where the clay is more then the sand, or the
+sand more then the clay.</p>
+
+<p>When you haue by this experiment found out the nature of your earth, and
+can tell whether it be simple or compounded, you shall then looke to the
+fruitfulnesse thereof, which generally you shall thus distinguish.
+First, that clayes, simple and of themselues vncompounded, are of all
+the most fruitfull, of which, blacke is the best, that next to clayes,
+your mixt earths are most fertill, and the mixture of the blacke clay
+and red sand, called a hasell earth, is the best, and that your sands
+are of all soyles most barraine, of which the red sand for profit hath
+euer the preheminence.</p>
+
+<p>Now for the generall tillage and vse of these grounds, you shall
+vnderstand that the simple and vncompounded grounds, being loose and
+open (if they lye fr&eacute;e from the danger of water) the Lands may be layd
+the flattest and greatest, the furrowes turned vp the largest and
+closest, and the plough and plough-Irons, most large and massie,
+<span class="sigvisible" title="C3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_C3r" id="Page_1_C3r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="13">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_13" id="Page_1_13"></a>
+onely
+those for the sandy grounds must be more slender then those for the
+clayes and much more nimble, as
+<a name="c_1_13" id="c_1_13"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'hath, b&eacute;ene'" href="#tn_1_13">hath b&eacute;ene</a>
+showed before. Now for the
+mixt earths, you shall lay your Lands high, round, and little, set your
+furrowes vpright, open, and so small as is possible, and make your
+plough and plow Irons most nimble and slender, according to the manner
+before specified: and thus I conclude, that h&eacute;e which knoweth the loose
+earth and the binding earth, can either helpe or abate the strength of
+the earth, as is n&eacute;edfull, and knowes how to sorte his ploughes to each
+temper, knowes the ground and substance of all tillage.</p>
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_1_IIII" id="Chap_1_IIII"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. IIII.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the planting or setting of Corne, and the profit thereof.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapn92"><span class="dropcap">N</span></span>ot that I am conceited, or carried away with any nouelty or strange
+practise, vnusually practised in this kingdome, or that I will ascribe
+vnto my selfe to giue any iudiciall approbation or allowance to things
+mearely vnfrequented, doe I publish, within my booke, this relation of
+the setting of Corne, but onely because I would not haue our English
+Husbandman to be ignorant of any skill or obscure faculty which is
+either proper to his profession, or agr&eacute;eable with the fertillitie and
+nature of our clymates, and the rather, since some few y&eacute;eres agoe, this
+(as it then appeared secret) being with much admiration bruted through
+the kingdome, in so much that according to our weake accustomed
+dispositions (which euer loues strange things best) it was held so
+worthy, both for generall profit and perticular ease, that very fein
+(except the discr&eacute;et) but did not alone put it in practise, but did euen
+ground strong beleifes to raise to themselues great common-wealthes by
+the
+<span class="sig" title="C3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_C3v" id="Page_1_C3v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="14">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_14" id="Page_1_14"></a>
+profits thereof; some not onely holding insufficient arguments, in
+great places, of the invtilitie of the plough, but euen vtterly
+contemning the poore cart Iade, as a creature of no necessitie, so that
+Poulters and Carriers, were in good hope to buy Horse-flesh as they
+bought egges, at least fiue for a penie; but it hath proued otherwise,
+and the Husbandman as yet cannot loose the Horses seruice. But to
+proc&eacute;ede to the manner of setting or planting of Corne, it is in this
+manner.</p>
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of setting Wheate.</span>
+Hauing chosen out an aker of good Corne ground, you shall at the
+beginning of March, appoint at least sixe diggers or laborers with
+spades to digge vp the earth gardenwise, at least a foote and thr&eacute;e
+inches d&eacute;epe (which is a large spades graft) and being so digged vp, to
+rest till Iune, and then to digge it ouer againe, and in the digging to
+trench it and Manure it, as for a garden mould, bestowing at least
+sixt&eacute;ene Waine-load of Horse or Oxe Manure vpon the aker, and the Manure
+to be well couered within the earth, then so to let it rest vntill the
+beginning of October, which being the time for the setting, you shall
+then digge it vp the third time, and with rakes and b&eacute;etells breake the
+moulde somewhat small, then shall you take a board of sixe foot square,
+which shalbe bored full of large wimble holes, each hole standing in
+good order, iust sixe inches one from another, then laying the board
+vpon the new digged ground, you shall with a stick, made for the
+purpose, through euery hole in the board, make a hole into the ground,
+at least fore inches d&eacute;epe, and then into euery such hole you shall drop
+a Corne of Wheate, and so remouing the board from place to place, goe
+all ouer the ground that you haue digged, and so set each seuerall Corne
+sixe inches one from another, and then with a rake you shall rake ouer
+and couer all the holes with earth, in such sort that they may not be
+discerned. And herein you are to obserue by the way that a quarte of
+Wheate will set your aker: which Wheate is not to be taken as it falles
+out by chance when you buy it
+<span class="sig" title="C4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_C4r" id="Page_1_C4r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="15">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_15" id="Page_1_15"></a>
+in the market, but especially culd and
+pickt out of the eare, being neither the vppermost Cornes which grow in
+the toppes of the eares, nor the lowest, which grow at the setting on of
+the stalke, both which, most commonly are light and of small substance,
+but those which are in the midst, and are the greatest, fullest, and
+roundest.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of setting Barly, or Pease.</span>
+Now in the selfe-same sort as you dresse your ground for your Wheate, in
+the selfe same manner you shall dresse your ground for Barly, onely the
+first time you digge it shalbe after the beginning of May, the second
+time and the Manuring about the midst of October, wherein you shall note
+that to your aker of Barly earth, you shall alow at least foure and
+twentie Waine-load of Manure, and the last time of your digging and
+setting shalbe at the beginning of Aprill.</p>
+
+<p>Now for the dressing of your earth for the setting of Pease, it is in
+all things answerable to that for Barly, onely you may saue the one
+halfe of your Manure, because a dosen Waine-load is sufficient, and the
+time for setting them, or any other pulse, is euer about the midst of
+February.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Of the profit of setting Corne.</span>
+Now for the profit which issueth from this practise of setting of Corne,
+I must n&eacute;eds confesse, if I shall speake simply of the thing, that is,
+how many foulds it doubleth and increaseth, surely it is both great and
+wonderfull: and whereas ingenerall it is reputed that an aker of set
+Corne y&eacute;eldeth as much profit as nine akers of sowne Corne, for mine
+owne part I haue s&eacute;ene a much greater increase, if euery Corne set in an
+aker should bring forth so much as I haue s&eacute;ene to proc&eacute;ede from some
+thr&eacute;e or foure Cornes set in a garden, but I feare me the generalitie
+will neuer hould with the particular: how euer, it is
+<a name="c_1_15" id="c_1_15"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'most, certaine'" href="#tn_1_15">most certaine</a>
+that
+earth in this sort trimmed and inriched, and Corne in this sort set and
+preserued, y&eacute;eldeth at least twelue-fold more commoditie then that which
+by mans hand is confusedly throwne into the ground from the Hopper:
+whence it hath come to passe that those
+<span class="sig" title="C4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_C4v" id="Page_1_C4v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="16">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_16" id="Page_1_16"></a>
+which by a few Cornes in their
+gardens
+<a name="c_1_16" id="c_1_16"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'thus, set seeing'" href="#tn_1_16">thus set, s&eacute;eing</a>
+the innumerable increase, haue concluded a
+publique profit to arise thereby to the whole kingdome, not looking to
+the intricacie, trouble, and casualtie, which attends it, being such and
+so insupportable that almost no Husbandman is able to vndergoe it: to
+which we n&eacute;ed no better testimony then the example of those which hauing
+out of meare couetousnesse and lucre of gaine, followed it with all
+gr&eacute;edinesse, s&eacute;eing the mischiefes and inconueniences which hath
+incountred their workes, haue euen desisted, and forgotten that euer
+there was any such practise, and yet for mine owne part I will not so
+vtterly condemne it, that I will depriue it of all vse, but rather leaue
+it to the discretion of iudgement, and for my selfe, onely hould this
+opinion, that though it may very wel be spared from the generall vse of
+Wheat and Barly in this kingdome, yet for hastie-Pease, French Beanes,
+and such like pulse, it is of necessary imployment, both in rich and
+poore mens gardens. And thus much for the setting of Corne.</p>
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_1_V" id="Chap_1_V"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the choice of seede-Corne, and which is best for which soyle.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcaph95"><span class="dropcap">H</span></span>auing thus showed vnto you the seuerall soyles and temperatures of our
+English land, together with the order of Manuring, dressing and tillage
+of the same, I thinke it m&eacute;ete (although I haue in generall writ
+something already touching the s&eacute;ede belonging to euery seuerall earth)
+now to proc&eacute;ede to a particular election and choice of s&eacute;ede-Corne, in
+which there is great care and diligence to be vsed: for as in Men,
+Beasts, Fowle, &amp; euery mouing thing, there is great care taken for the
+choice of the br&eacute;eders, because the creatures bred doe so much
+participate of the parents that for the most
+<span class="sigvisible" title="D">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_D1r" id="Page_1_D1r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="17">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_17" id="Page_1_17"></a>
+part they are s&eacute;ene not
+onely to carry away their outward figures and semblances, but euen their
+naturall conditions and inclinations, good issuing from good, and euill
+from euill: so in the choise of s&eacute;ede-Corne, if their be any neglect or
+carelessenesse, the crop issuing of such corrupt s&eacute;ede must of force
+bring forth a more corrupt haruest, by as much as it exc&eacute;edeth in the
+multiplication.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">The choise of seede Wheate.</span>
+To proc&eacute;ede therefore to the choise of s&eacute;ede-Corne, I will begin with
+Wheate, of which there are diuers kindes, as your whole straw Wheate,
+the great browne Pollard, the white Pollard, the Organe or red Wheate,
+the flaxen Wheate, and the chilter Wheate. Your whole straw Wheate, and
+browne Pollard, are knowne, the first, by his straw, which is full of
+pith, and hath in it no hollownesse (whence it comes that Husbandmen
+est&eacute;eme it so much for their thacking, allowing it to be as good and
+durable as r&eacute;ede:) the latter is knowne by his eare, which is great,
+white, and smooth, without anes or beard vpon it: in the hand they are
+both much like one to another, being of all Wheates the biggest,
+roundest and fullest: they be somewhat of a high colour, and haue vpon
+them a very thicke huske, which making the meale somewhat browne causeth
+the Baker not all together to est&eacute;eme them for his purest manchet, yet
+the y&eacute;eld of flower which cometh from them is as great and greater then
+any other Wheate whatsoeuer. These two sortes of Wheate are to be sowne
+vpon the fallow field, as crauing the greatest strength and fatnesse of
+ground, whence it comes that they are most commonly s&eacute;ene to grow vpon
+the richest and stiffest blacke clayes, being a graine of that strength
+that they will seldome or neuer mildew or turne blacke, as the other
+sortes of Wheate will doe, if the strength of the ground be not abated
+before they be throwne into the earth. Now for the choise of these two
+Wheates, if you be compelled to buy them in the market, you must regard
+that you buy that which is the cleanest and fairest, being vtterly
+without any w&eacute;edes, as darnell, cockell, tares or
+<span class="sig" title="D1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_D1v" id="Page_1_D1v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="18">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_18" id="Page_1_18"></a>
+any other foulnesse
+whatsoeuer: you shall looke that the Wheate, as neare as may be, hould
+all of one bignesse and all of one colour, for to beholde it contrary,
+that is to say, to see some great Cornes, some little, some high
+coloured, some pale, so that in their mixture they resemble changeable
+taffata, is an apparant signe that the Corne is not of one kinde but
+mixt or blended, as being partly whole-straw, partly Pollard, partly
+Organe, and partly Chelter. For the flaxen, it is naturally so white
+that it cannot be mixt but it may easily be discerned, and these mixt
+s&eacute;edes are neuer good, either for the ground or the vse of man. Againe
+you shall carefully looke that neither this kinde of Wheate, nor any
+other that you buy for s&eacute;ede be blacke at the ends, for that is a signe
+that the graine comming from too rich a soyle was mildewed, and then it
+will neuer be fruitfull or proue good s&eacute;ede, as also you shall take care
+that it be not too white at the ends, showing the Corne to be as it were
+of two colours, for that is a signe that the Wheate was washt and dried
+againe, which vtterly confoundeth the strength of the Corne and takes
+from it all abilitie of bringing forth any great encrease. Now if it be
+so that you haue a crop of Wheate of your owne, so that you haue no n&eacute;ed
+of the market, you shall then picke out of your choisest sheafes, and
+vpon a cleane floare gently bat them with a flaile, and not thresh them
+cleane, for that Corne which is greatest, fullest, and ripest, will
+first flie out of the eare, and when you haue so batted a competent
+quantitie you shall then winnow it and dresse it cleane, both by the
+helpe of a strong winde and open siues, and so make it fit for your
+s&eacute;ede.</p>
+
+<p>I haue s&eacute;ene some Husbands (and truely I haue accounted them both good
+and carefull) that haue before Wheate s&eacute;ede time both themselues, wiues,
+children, and seruants at times of best leasure, out of a great Wheate
+mow or bay, to gleane or pull out of the sheafes, eare by eare, the most
+principall eares, and knitting them vp in small bundells to bat them and
+make their s&eacute;ede thereof,
+<span class="sigvisible" title="D2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_D2r" id="Page_1_D2r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="19">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_19" id="Page_1_19"></a>
+and questionlesse it is the best s&eacute;ede of all
+other: for you shall be sure that therein can be nothing but the
+cleanest and the best of the Corne, without any w&eacute;edes or foulnesse,
+which can hardly be when a man thresheth the whole sheafe, and although
+some men may thinke that this labour is great and troblesome, especially
+such as sowe great quantities of Wheate, yet let them thus farre
+encourage themselues, that if they doe the first y&eacute;ere but gleane a
+bushell or two (which is nothing amongst a few persons) and sowe it vp
+on good Land, the encrease of it will the next y&eacute;ere goe farre in the
+sowing the whole crop: for when I doe speake of this picking of Wheate,
+eare by eare, I doe not intend the picking of many quarters, but of so
+much as the increase thereof may amount to some quarter.</p>
+
+<p>Now there is also another regarde to be had (as auailable as any of the
+former) in chusing of your s&eacute;ede Wheate, and that is to respect the
+soyle from whence you take your s&eacute;ede, and the soyle into which you put
+it, as thus.</p>
+
+<p>If the ground whereon you meane to sowe your Wheat be a rich, blacke,
+clay, stiffe and full of fertillitie, you shall then (as neare as you
+can) chuse your s&eacute;ede from the barrainest mixt earth you can finde (so
+the Wheate be whole-straw or Pollard) as from a clay and grauell, or a
+clay and white sand, that your s&eacute;ede comming from a much more barraine
+earth then that wherein you put it, the strength may be as it were
+redoubled, and the encrease consequently amount to a higher quantitie,
+as we finde it proueth in our daylie experience; but if these barraine
+soyles doe not afforde you s&eacute;ede to your contentment, it shall not then
+be amisse (you sowing your Wheate vpon fallow or tilth ground) if you
+take your s&eacute;ede-Wheate either from an earth of like nature to your owne,
+or from any mixt earth, so that such s&eacute;ede come from the niams, that is,
+that it hath b&eacute;ene sowne after Pease, as being the third crop of the
+Land, and not from the fallow or tilth
+<span class="sig" title="D2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_D2v" id="Page_1_D2v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="20">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_20" id="Page_1_20"></a>
+ground, for it is a maxiome
+amongst the best Husbands (though somewhat proposterous to common sence)
+bring to your rich ground s&eacute;ede from the barraine, and to the barraine
+s&eacute;ede from the rich, their reason (taken from their experience) being
+this, that the s&eacute;ede (as before I said) which prospereth vpon a leane
+ground being put into a rich, doth out of that superfluitie of warmth,
+strength and fatnesse, double his increase; and the s&eacute;ede which commeth
+from the fat ground being put into the leane, hauing all the vigour,
+fulnesse and iuyce of fertilnes, doth not onely defend it selfe against
+the hungrinesse of the ground but brings forth increase contrary to
+expectation; whence proc&eacute;edeth this generall custome of good Husbands in
+this Land, that those which dwell in the barraine woode Lands, heathes
+and high mountaine countries of this kingdome, euer (as n&eacute;ere as they
+can) s&eacute;eke out their s&eacute;ede in the fruitfull low vales, and very gardens
+of the earth, &amp; so likewise those in the vales take some helpes also
+from the mountaines.</p>
+
+<p>Now for your other sortes of Wheate, that is to say, the white Pollard
+and the Organe, they are graines nothing so great, full, and large, as
+the whole straw, or browne Pollard, but small, bright, and very thinly
+huskt: your Organe is very red, your Pollard somewhat pale: these two
+sorts of Wheate are best to be sowne vpon the
+<a name="c_1_20" id="c_1_20"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="word omitted in orginal" href="#tn_1_20">third</a>
+or fourth field,
+that is to say, after your Pease, for they can by no meanes endure an
+ouer rich ground, as being tender and apt to sprout with small moisture,
+but to mildew and choake with too much fatnesse, the soyles most apt for
+them are mixt earths, especially the blacke clay and red sand, or white
+clay and red sand, for as touching other mixtures of grounds, they are
+for the most part so barraine, that they will but hardly bring forth
+Wheate vpon their fallow field, and then much worse vpon a fourth field.
+Now for any other particular choise of these two s&eacute;edes, they are the
+same which I shewed in the whole straw, and great Pollard. As for the
+flaxen
+<span class="sigvisible" title="D3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_D3r" id="Page_1_D3r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="21">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_21" id="Page_1_21"></a>
+Wheate, and chilter Wheate, the first, is a very white Wheate
+both inward and outward, the other a pale red or d&eacute;epe yellow: they are
+the least of all sorts of Wheate, yet of much more hardnes and
+toughnesse in sprouting, then either the Organe or white Pollard, and
+therefore desire somewhat a more richer soyle, and to that end they are
+for the most part sowne vpon fallow fields, in mixt earths, of what
+natures or barrainenesse soeuer, as is to be s&eacute;ene most generally ouer
+all the South parts of this Realme: and although vncompounded sands out
+of their owne natures, doe hardly bring forth any Wheate, yet vpon some
+of the best sands and vpon the flintie grauels, I haue s&eacute;ene these two
+Wheates grow in good abundance, but being seldome it is not so much to
+be respected.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">The choise of seede Rye.</span>
+After your Wheate you shall make choise of your Rie, of which there is
+not diuers kindes although it carrie diuers complections, as some
+blackish, browne, great, full and long as that which for the most part
+growes vpon the red sand, or red clay, which is thr&eacute;e parts red sand
+mixt with blacke clay, and is the best Rie: the other a pale gray Rie,
+short, small, and hungry, as that which growes vpon the white sand, or
+white clay and white sand, and is the worst Rie. Now you shall
+vnderstand that your sand grounds are your onely naturall grounds for
+Rie, as being ind&eacute;ede not principally apt for any other graine,
+therefore when you chuse your Rie for s&eacute;ede, you shall chuse that which
+is brownest, full, bould, and longest, you shall haue great care that it
+be fr&eacute;e from w&eacute;edes or filth, sith your sand grounds, out of their owne
+naturall heat, doth put forth such store of naughtie w&eacute;eds, that except
+a man be extraordinarily carefull, both in the choise and dressing of
+his Rie, he may easily be deceiued and poyson his ground with those
+w&eacute;edes, which with great difficultie are after rooted out againe. Now
+for your s&eacute;edes to each soyle, it is euer best to sow your best sand-Rie
+vpon your best clay ground, and your best clay-Rie vpon your best sand
+ground, obseruing
+<span class="sig" title="D3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_D3v" id="Page_1_D3v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="22">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_22" id="Page_1_22"></a>
+euer this generall principle, not onely in Rie, but
+euen in Wheat, Barly, Pease and other graine of account, that is, euer
+once in thr&eacute;e y&eacute;eres, to change all your s&eacute;ede, which you shall finde
+both to augment your encrease and to returne you double profit.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">The choise of seede-Barly.</span>
+Now for the choise of your s&eacute;ede-Barly, you shall vnderstand, that for
+as much as it is a graine of the greatest vse, &amp; most tendernesse,
+therefore there is the greatest diligence to be vsed in the election
+thereof. Know then that of Barly there be diuers sorts, as namely, that
+which w&eacute;e call our common Barly, being long eares with two rankes of
+Corne, narrow, close, and vpright: another called spike or
+batteldore-Barly, being a large eare with two rankes of Corne, broad,
+flat, and in fashion of a batteldore: and the third called beane-Barly,
+or Barly big, being a large foure-square eare, like vnto an eare of
+Wheate.</p>
+
+<p>Of these thr&eacute;e Barlyes the first is most in vse, as being most apt and
+proper to euery soyle, whether it be fruitfull or barraine, in this our
+kingdome, but they haue all one shape, colour and forme, except the
+soyle alter them, onely the spike-Barly is most large and plentifull,
+the common Barly hardest and aptest to grow, and the beane-Barly least,
+palest, &amp; tenderest, so that with vs it is more commonly s&eacute;ene in
+gardens then in fields, although in other Countries, as in Fraunce,
+Ireland, and such like, they sowe no other Barly at all, but with vs it
+is of no such generall estimation, and therefore I will neither giue it
+precedencie nor speake of it, otherwise then to referre it to the
+discreation of him who takes delight in many practises: but for the
+common Barly, or spike-Barly, which our experience findes to be
+excellent and of great vse, I will knit them in one, and write, my full
+opinion of them, for their choise in our s&eacute;ede. You shall know then that
+when you goe into the market to chuse Barly for your s&eacute;ede, you shall to
+your best power elect that which is whitest, fullest, and roundest,
+being as the ploughman calles it, a full bunting Corne, like the nebbe
+or beake of a Bunting,
+<span class="sig" title="D4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_D4r" id="Page_1_D4r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="23">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_23" id="Page_1_23"></a>
+you shall obserue that it be all of one Corne,
+and not mingled, that is, clay Barly, and sand Barly together, which you
+shall distinguish by these differences: the clay Barly is of a palish,
+white, yellow colour; smoth, full, large, and round, and the sand Barly
+is of a d&eacute;epe yellow, browne at the neather end, long, slender, and as
+it were, withered, and in generall no sand Barly is principall good for
+s&eacute;ede: but if the Barly be somewhat of a high colour, and browne at the
+neather end, yet notwithstanding is very full, bould, and bigge, then it
+is a signe that such Barly comes not from the sand, but rather from an
+ouer fat soyle, sith the fatnesse of the earth doth euer alter the
+complection of the Barly; for the whiter Barly euer the leaner soyle,
+and better s&eacute;ede: you shall also obserue, that there be not in it any
+light Corne, which is a kinde of hungry graine without substance, which
+although it filleth the s&eacute;eds-mans hand, yet it deceiueth the ground,
+and this light Corne will commonly be amongst the best Barly: for where
+the ground is so rich that it bringeth forth the Barly too rankely,
+there the Corne, wanting power to stand vpon roote, falleth to the
+ground, and so robde of kindly ripening, bringeth forth much light and
+insufficient graine. Next this, you shall take care that in your
+s&eacute;ede-Barly there be not any Oates, for although they be in this case
+amongst Husbandmen accounted the best of w&eacute;ede, yet are they such a
+disgrace, that euery good Husband will most diligently eschew them, and
+for that cause onely will our most industrious Husbands bestow the
+tedious labour of gleaning their Barly, eare by eare, by which
+gleanings, in a y&eacute;ere, or two, they will compasse their whole s&eacute;ede,
+which must infallibly be without either Oates or any w&eacute;ede whatsoeuer:
+and although some grounds, especially your richest blacke clayes, will
+out of the abundance of their fruitfulnesse (as not induring to be Idle)
+bring forth naturally a certaine kinde of wilde Oates, which makes some
+ignorant Husbands lesse carefull of their s&eacute;ede, as supposing that those
+wilde ones are a poisoning
+<span class="sig" title="D4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_D4v" id="Page_1_D4v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="24">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_24" id="Page_1_24"></a>
+to their graine, but they are infinetly
+deceiued: for such wilde Oates, wheresoeuer they be, doe shake and fall
+away long before the Barly be ready, so that the Husbandman doth carry
+of them nothing into the Barne, but the straw onely. Next Oates, you
+must be carefull that there be in your Barly no other foule w&eacute;ede: for
+whatsoeuer you sow, you must looke for the increase of the like nature,
+and therefore as before I said in the Wheate, so in the Barly, I would
+wish euery good Husband to imploy some time in gleaning out of his Mow
+the principall eares of Barly, which being batted, drest, and sowne, by
+it selfe, albeit no great quantitie at the first, yet in time it may
+extend to make his whole s&eacute;ede perfect, and then h&eacute;e shall finde his
+profit both in the market, where h&eacute;e shall (for euery vse) sell with the
+d&eacute;erest, and in his owne house where he shall finde his yeeld redoubled.</p>
+
+<p>Now for fitting of seuerall s&eacute;edes to seuerall soyles, you shall
+obserue, that the best s&eacute;ede-Barly for your clay field, is
+<a name="c_1_24" id="c_1_24"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="probable misprint for 'niam'" href="#tn_1_20">ninam</a>
+Barly,
+sowne vpon the clay field, that is to say, Barly which is sowne where
+Barly last grew, or a second crop of Barly: for the ground hauing his
+pride abated in the first croppe, the second, though it be nothing n&eacute;ere
+so much in quantitie, yet that Corne which it doth bring forth is most
+pure, most white, most full, and the best of all s&eacute;edes whatsoeuer, and
+as in case of this soyle, so in all other like soyles which doe hould
+that strength or fruitfulnesse in them that they are either able of
+themselues, or with some helpe of Manure in the latter end of the y&eacute;ere,
+to bring forth two croppes of Barly, one after the other: but if either
+your soyle deny you this strength, or the distance of place bereaue you
+of the commoditie thereof, then you shall vnderstand that Barly from a
+hasell ground is the best s&eacute;ede, for the clay ground, and Barly from the
+clay ground is the best s&eacute;ede, not onely for the hasell earth, but euen
+for all mixt earths whatsoeuer, and the Barly which proc&eacute;edes from the
+mixt earths is the best s&eacute;ede for all simple and vncompounded sands or
+grauells,
+<span class="sigvisible" title="E">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_E1r" id="Page_1_E1r"></a>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="25">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_25" id="Page_1_25"></a>
+as w&eacute;e finde, both by their increasings and dayly experience.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">The choise of seede-Beanes, Pease, and Pulse.</span>
+Now for the choise of s&eacute;ede-Beanes, Pease, or other Pulse, the scruple
+is nothing n&eacute;ere so great as of other s&eacute;edes, because euery one that
+knowes any graine, can distinguish them when h&eacute;e s&eacute;es them: besides they
+are of that massie waight, and so well able to indure the strength of
+the winde, that they are easie to be seuered from any w&eacute;ede or filth
+whatsoeuer: it resteth therefore that I onely giue you instruction how
+to imploy them.</p>
+
+<p>You shall vnderstand therefore, that if your soyle be a stiffe, blacke,
+rich, clay, that then your best s&eacute;ede is cleane Beanes, or at the least
+thr&eacute;e partes Beanes, and but one part Pease: if it be a gray, or white
+clay, then Beanes and Pease equally mixt together: if the best mixt
+earths, as a blacke clay and red sand, blacke clay and white sand, or
+white clay and red sand, then your s&eacute;ede must be cleane Pease onely: if
+it be white clay and white sand, blacke clay and blacke sand, then your
+s&eacute;ede must be Pease and Fitches mixt together: but if it be grauell or
+sand simple, or grauell and sand compounded, then your s&eacute;ede must be
+either cleane Fitches, cleane Bucke, or cleane Tares, or else Fitches,
+Bucke and Tares mixt together.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">The choise of seede-Oates.</span>
+Now to conclude with the choise of your Oates. You shall vnderstand that
+there be diuers kindes of them, as namely, the great long white Oate,
+the great long blacke Oate, the cut Oate, and the skegge: the two first
+of these are knowne by their greatnesse and colours, for they are long,
+full, bigge, and smooth, and are fittest to be sowne vpon the best of
+barraine grounds, for sith Oates are the worst of graine, I will giue
+them no other prioritie of place. The next of these, which is the cut
+Oate, it is of a pale yealow colour, short, smooth, and thicke, the
+increase of them is very great, and they are the fittest to be sowne
+vpon the worst of best grounds, for most commonly where you s&eacute;e them,
+you shall also s&eacute;e both good Wheate, good Barly, and good Beanes and
+Pease
+<span class="sig" title="E1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_E1v" id="Page_1_E1v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="26">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_26" id="Page_1_26"></a>
+also. Now for the skegge Oate, it is a little, small, hungry,
+leane Oate, with a beard at the small end like a wilde Oate, and is good
+for small vse more then Pullen onely: it is a s&eacute;ede m&eacute;ete for the
+barrainest and worst earth, as fit to grow but there where nothing of
+better profit will grow. And thus much for those s&eacute;edes which are apt
+and in vse in our English soyles: wherein if any man imagine me guiltie
+of errour, in that I haue omitted particularly to speake of the s&eacute;ede of
+blend-Corne, or Masline, which is Wheate and Rye mixt together, I
+answere him, that sith I haue shewed him how to chuse both the best
+Wheate and the best Rye, it is an easie matter to mixe them according to
+his owne discretion.</p>
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_1_VI" id="Chap_1_VI"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the time of Haruest and the gathering in of Corne.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="dropcapn105"><span class="dropcap">N</span></span>ext vnto plowing, it is necessary that I place Reaping, sith it is the
+end, hope, and perfection of the labour, and both the merit and
+incouragement which maketh the toyle both light and portable: then to
+proc&eacute;ede vnto the time of Haruest. You shall vnderstand that it is
+requisite for euery good Husband about the latter end of Iuly, if the
+soyle wherein he liueth be of any hot temper, or about the beginning of
+August, if it be of temperate warmth, with all dilligence constantly to
+beholde his Rye, which of all graines is the first that ripeneth, and if
+he shall perceiue that the hull of the eare beginneth to open, and that
+the blacke toppes of the Corne doth appeare, he may then be assured that
+the Corne is fully ripe, and ready for the Sickle, so that instantly he
+shall prouide his Reapers, according to the quantitie of his graine: for
+if h&eacute;e shall neglect his Rye but one day more then is fit, it is such a
+hasty graine, that it will
+<span class="sigvisible" title="E2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_E2r" id="Page_1_E2r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="27">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_27" id="Page_1_27"></a>
+shale forth of the huske to the ground, to
+the great losse of the Husbandman. When h&eacute;e hath prouided his shearers,
+which he shall be carefull to haue very good, he shall then looke that
+neither out of their wantonnesse nor emulation, they striue which shall
+goe fastest, or ridd most ground, for from thence proc&eacute;edeth many errors
+in their worke, as namely, scattering, and leauing the Corne vncut
+behind them, the cutting the heads of the Corne off so that they are not
+possible to be gathered, and many such like incommodities, but let them
+goe soberly and constantly, and sheare the Rye at least fourt&eacute;ene inches
+aboue the ground. Then he must looke that the gatherers which follow the
+Reapers doe also gather cleane, &amp; the binders binde the Sheafes fast
+from breaking, then if you finde that the bottomes of the Sheafes be
+full of gr&eacute;enes, or w&eacute;edes, it shall not be amisse to let the Sheafes
+lye one from another for a day, that those gr&eacute;enes may wither, but if
+you feare any Raine or foule weather, which is the onely thing which
+maketh Rye shale, then you shall set it vp in Shockes, each Shocke
+containing at least seauen Sheafes, in this manner: first, you shall
+place foure Sheafes vpright close together, and the eares vpwards, then
+you shall take other thr&eacute;e Sheafes and opening them and turning the
+eares downeward couer the other foure Sheafes that stoode vpwards, and
+so let them stand, vntill you may with good conueniencie lead them home,
+which would be done without any protraction. <span class="rightnote">The getting in of Masline.</span>
+Next after your cleane Rye,
+you shall in the selfe-same sort reape your blend-Corne, or Masline: and
+albeit your Wheate will not be fully so ripe as your Rye, yet you shall
+not stay your labour, being well assured that your Rye is ready, because
+Wheate will harden of it selfe after it is shorne, with lying onely.
+<span class="rightnote">The getting in of Wheate.</span>
+After you haue got in your Rye and blend-Corne, you shall then looke
+vnto your cleane Wheate, and taking heare and there an eare thereof,
+rubbe them in your hand, and if you finde that the Corne hath all
+perfection saue a little hardning onely, you shall
+<span class="sig" title="E2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_E2v" id="Page_1_E2v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="28">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_28" id="Page_1_28"></a>
+then forthwith set
+your Reapers vnto it, who shall sheare it in all things as they did
+sheare your Rye, onely they shall not put it in Shockes for a day or
+more, but let the Sheafes lye single, that the winde and Sunne may both
+wither the gr&eacute;enes, and harden the Corne: which done, you shall put the
+Sheafes into great Shockes, that is to say, at least twelue or
+fouret&eacute;ene Sheafes in a Shocke, the one halfe standing close together
+with the eares vpward, the other halfe lying crosse ouerthwart those
+eares, and their eares downeward, and in this sort you shall let your
+Wheate stand for at least two dayes before you lead it.</p>
+
+<p>Now it is a custome in many Countries of this kingdome, not to sheare
+their Wheate, but to mow it, but in my conceit and in generall
+experience, it is not so good: for it both maketh the Wheate foule, and
+full of w&eacute;ede, and filleth vp a great place with little commoditie, as
+for the vse of thacking, which is the onely reason of such disorderly
+cutting, there is neither the straw that is shorne, nor the stubble
+which is left behinde, but are both of sufficiencie inough for such an
+imployment, if it passe through the hands of a workman, as we s&eacute;e in
+dayly
+<a name="c_1_28" id="c_1_28"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'experience,'" href="#tn_1_28">experience.</a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">The getting in of Barly.</span>
+Next to your Wheate, you shall haue regard to your Barly, for it
+sodainely ripeneth, and must be cut downe assoone as you perceiue the
+straw is turned white, to the bottome, and the eares bended downe to the
+groundward. Your Barly you shall not sheare, although it is a fashion in
+some Country, both because it is painefull and profitlesse, but you
+shall Mowe it close to the ground, and although in generall it be the
+custome of our kingdome, after your Barly is mowen and hath lyne a day
+or two in swathe, then with rackes to racke it together, and make it
+into great cockes, and so to leade it to the Barne, yet I am of this
+opinion that if your Barly be good and cleane without thistles or
+w&eacute;edes, that if then to euery sitheman, or Mower you alot two followers,
+that is to say, a gatherer,
+<span class="sigvisible" title="E3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_E3r" id="Page_1_E3r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="29">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_29" id="Page_1_29"></a>
+who with a little short rake and a small
+hooke shall gather the Corne together, and a binder, who shall make
+bands and binde vp the Barly in smale Sheafes, that questionlesse you
+shall finde much more profit thereby: and although some thinke the
+labour troublesome and great, yet for mine owne part, I haue s&eacute;ene very
+great croppes inned in this manner, and haue s&eacute;ene two women, that with
+great ease, haue followed and bound after a most principall Mower, which
+made me vnderstand that the toyle was not so great as mine imagination;
+and the profit ten-fold greater then the labour: but if your Corne be
+ill Husbanded, and full of thistles, w&eacute;edes, and all filthinesse, then
+this practise is to be spared, and the loose cocking vp of your Corne is
+much better. Assoone as you haue cleansed any Land of Barly, you shall
+then immediatly cause one with a great long rake, of at least thirtie
+t&eacute;eth, being in a sling bound bauticke-wise crosse his body, to draw it
+from one end of the Land to the other, all ouer the Land, that he may
+thereby gather vp all the loose Corne which is scattered, and carry it
+where your other Corne standeth, obseruing euer, as your cheifest rule,
+that by no meanes you neither leade Barly, nor any other graine
+whatsoeuer, when it is wet, no although it be but moistned with the dew
+onely: for the least dankishnesse, more then the sweate which it
+naturally taketh, will soone cause it to putrifie.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">The getting in of Oates.</span>
+Now for the gathering in of your Oates, they be a graine of such
+incertaintie, ripening euer according to the weather, &amp; not after any
+setled or naturall course, that you are to looke to no constant season,
+but to take them vpon the first show of ripenesse, and that with such
+diligence that you must rather take them before, then after they be
+ripe, because if they tarry but halfe a day too long, they will shed
+vpon the ground, &amp; you shal loose your whole profit. The time then
+fittest to cut your Oates is, assoone as they be somewhat more then
+halfe changed, but not altogether changed, that is, when they are more
+then two parts white, and yet the gr&eacute;ene not vtterly
+<span class="sig" title="E3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_E3v" id="Page_1_E3v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="30">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_30" id="Page_1_30"></a>
+extinguished, the
+best cutting of them is to mow them (albeit I haue s&eacute;ene them shorne in
+some places) &amp; being mowen to let them dry and ripen in the swathe, as
+naturally they will doe, and then if you bind them vp in Sheafes, as you
+should binde your Barly, it is best: for to carry them in the loose
+cocke, as many doe, is great losse and hindrance of profit.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">The getting in of Pulse.</span>
+After you haue got in your white Corne, you shall then looke vnto your
+Pulse, as Beanes, Pease, Fitches, and such like, which you shall know to
+be ready by the blacknesse of the straw: for it is a rule, whensoeuer
+the straw turnes, the Pulse is ripe. If then it be cleane Beanes, or
+Beanes and Pease mixt, you shall mowe them, and being cleane Beanes rake
+them into heapes, and so make them vp into cockes, but if they be mixt
+you shall with hookes fould the Beanes into the Pease, and make little
+round reapes thereof, which after they haue b&eacute;ene turned and dryed, you
+may put twenty reapes together, and thereof make a cocke, and so lead
+them, and stacke them: but if they be cleane Pease, or Pease and
+Fitches, then you shall not mowe them, but with long hookes cut them
+from the ground, which is called Reaping, and so foulding them together
+into small reapes, as you did your Pease and Beanes, let them be turned
+and dryed, and so cocked, and carried either to the Barne, stacke, or
+houell.</p>
+
+<p>Now hauing thus brought in, and finished your Haruest, you shall then
+immediately mowe vp the stubble, both of your Wheate, Rye, and Masline,
+and with all expedition there-with thacke, and couer from Raine and
+weather, all such graine as for want of house-roome, you are compeld to
+lay abroad, either in stacke, or vpon houell: but if no such necessitie
+be, and that you haue not other more necessary imployment for your
+stubble, it shall be no part of ill Husbandry to let the stubble rot
+vpon the Land, which will be a reasonable Manuring or fatting of the
+earth.</p>
+
+<p>Now hauing brought your Corne into the Barne, it is a lesson n&eacute;edlesse
+to giue any certaine rules how to spend
+<span class="sig" title="E4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_E4r" id="Page_1_E4r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="31">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_31" id="Page_1_31"></a>
+or vtter it forth, sith euery
+man must be ruled according to his affaires, and necessitie, yet sith in
+mine owne experience I haue taken certaine setled rules from those who
+haue made themselues great estates by a most formall and strickt course
+in their Husbandry, I thinke it not amisse to show you what I haue noted
+from them, touching the vtterance and expence of their graine: first,
+for your expence in your house, it is m&eacute;ete that you haue euer so much
+of euery seuerall sort of graine thresht, as shall from time to time
+maintaine your family: then for that which you intend shall returne to
+particular profit, you shall from a fortnight before Michaelmas, till a
+fortnight after, thresh vp all such Wheate, Rye, &amp; Masline, as you
+intend to sell for s&eacute;ede, which must be winnowed, fand, and drest so
+cleane as is possible, for at that time it will giue the greatest price;
+but as soone as s&eacute;ede-time is past, you shall then thresh no more of
+those graines till it be neare Midsummer, but begin to thresh vp all
+such Barly as you intend to conuert and make into Malt, and so from
+Michaelmas till Candlemas, apply nothing but Malting, for in that time
+graine is euer the cheapest, because euery Barne being full, some must
+sell for the payment of rents, some must sell to pay seruants wages, and
+some for their Christmas prouisions: in which time Corne abating and
+growing scarse, the price of necessitie must afterwards rise: at
+Candlemas you shall begin to thresh all those Pease which you intend to
+sell for s&eacute;ede, because the time being then, and euery man, out of
+necessitie, inforced to make his prouision, it cannot be but they must
+n&eacute;edes passe at a good price and reckoning.</p>
+
+<p>After Pease s&eacute;ede-time, you shall then thresh vp all that Barly which
+you meane to sell for s&eacute;ede, which euer is at the dearest reckoning of
+any graine whatsoeuer, especially if it be principally good and cleane.
+After your s&eacute;ede-Barly is sould, you may then thresh vp all such Wheate,
+Rye, and Masline, as you intend to sell: for it euer giueth the greatest
+price from the latter end of May vntill the
+<span class="sig" title="E4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_E4v" id="Page_1_E4v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="32">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_32" id="Page_1_32"></a>
+beginning of September. In
+September you shall begin to sell your Malt, which being old and hauing
+lyne ripening the most part of the y&eacute;ere, must now at the latter end of
+the y&eacute;ere, when all old store is spent, and the new cannot be come to
+any perfection, be most deare, and of the greatest estimation: and thus
+being a man of substance in the world, and able to put euery thing to
+the best vse, you may by these vsuall obseruations, and the helpe of a
+better iudgement, imploy the fruits of your labours to the best profit,
+and sell euery thing at the highest price, except you take vpon you to
+giue day and sell vpon trust, which if you doe, you may then sell at
+what vnconscionable reckoning you will, which because such vnnaturall
+exactions neither agr&eacute;e with charitie, nor humanitie, I will forbeare to
+giue rules for the same, and referre euery man that is desirous of such
+knowledge, to the examples of the world, wherein he shall finde
+presidents inough for such euill customes. And thus much for the first
+part of this worke, which containeth the manner of Plowing and tillage
+onely.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="F">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_F1r" id="Page_1_F1r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="33">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_33" id="Page_1_33"></a>
+<img src="images/border112.png" width="500" height="82" alt="" title="Decorative border" />
+<br />
+
+<span class="big">THE SECOND PART</span><br />
+
+  OF THE FIRST BOOKE OF<br />
+
+  the English Husbandman,<br />
+<br />
+
+
+<span class="little">Contayning the Art of Planting, Grafting</span><br />
+<span class="littler">and Gardening, either for pleasure or profit;</span><br />
+<span class="littlest">together with the vse and ordering of <br />
+<i>Woodes</i>.</span></h2>
+
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_2_I" id="Chap_2_I"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the Scyte, Modell, Squares, and Fashion of a perfect Orchard.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapa112"><span class="dropcap">A</span></span>lthough many authors which I haue read, both in Italian, French, and
+Dutch, doe make a diuersitie and distinguishment of Orchardes, as
+namely, one for profit, which they fashion rudely and without forme, the
+other for delight, which they make comely, decent, and with all good
+proportion, deuiding the quarters into squares, making the alleyes of a
+constant breadth, and planting the fruit-tr&eacute;es in arteficiall rowes: yet
+for as much as the comelinesse and well contriuing of the ground, doth
+nothing abate, but rather increase the commoditie, I will therefore
+ioyne them both together, and make them onely but one Orchard. Now for
+the scyte and placing of
+<span class="sig" title="F1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_F1v" id="Page_1_F1v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="34">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_34" id="Page_1_34"></a>
+this Orchard, I haue in the modell of my
+Country house, or Husbandmans Farme, shewed you where if it be possible
+it should stand, and both what Sunne &amp; ayre it should lye open vpon: but
+if the scyte or ground-plot of your house will not giue you leaue to
+place your Orchard according to your wish, you shall then be content to
+make a vertue of necessitie, and plant it in such a place as is most
+conuenient, and nearest alyed to that forme before prescribed.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo113.png" width="500" height="477" alt="" title="Plan of orchard" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Now when you haue found out a perfect
+<a name="c_1_34" id="c_1_34"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="scan is unclear" href="#tn_1_34">ground-plot, you</a>
+shall then cast
+it into a great large square, which you shall
+<span class="sigvisible" title="F2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_F2r" id="Page_1_F2r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="35">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_35" id="Page_1_35"></a>
+fence in either with a
+stone or bricke wall, high, strong pale, or great ditch with a
+quicke-set hedge, but the wall is best and most durable, and that wall
+would haue vpon the inside within twelue or fourt&eacute;ene foote
+<a name="c_1_35" id="c_1_35"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="probably misprint for 'one'" href="#tn_1_35">on</a>
+of
+another, Iames or outshoots of stone or bricke, betweene which you may
+plant and plash those fruit-tr&eacute;es which are of greatest tendernesse, the
+South and West Sunne hauing power to shine vpon them.</p>
+
+<p>When you haue thus fenc'st in this great square, you shall then cast
+foure large alleyes, at least fourt&eacute;ene foote broad, from the wall round
+about, and so likewise two other alleyes of like breadth, directly
+crosse ouerthwart the ground-plot, which will deuide the great square
+into foure lesser squares, according to the figure before set downe.</p>
+
+<p>The figure 1. sheweth the alleyes which both compasse about, and also
+crosse ouer the ground-plot, and the figure 2. sheweth the foure
+quarters where the fruit-tr&eacute;es are to be planted.</p>
+
+<p>Now if either the true nature and largnesse of the ground be sufficient,
+or your owne abilitie of pursse so great that you may compasse your
+desires in these earthly pleasures, it shall not be amisse, but a matter
+of great state, to make your ground-plot full as bigge againe, that is
+to say, to containe eight large quarters, the first foure being made of
+an euen leuell, the other foure being raysed at least eight foote higher
+then the first, with conuenient stayres of state for ascending to the
+same, to be likewise vpon another euen leuell of like forme, and if in
+the center of the alleyes, being the mid-point betw&eacute;ene the squares,
+might be placed any quaint fountaines or any other antique standard, the
+platforme would be more excellent and if vpon the ascent from one leuell
+to another there might be built some curious and arteficiall banquetting
+house, it would giue luster to the Orchard.</p>
+
+<p>Now for the planting and furnishing of these quarters: you shall
+vnderstand that if your Orchard containe but foure quarters, then the
+first shalbe planted with Apple-tr&eacute;es
+<span class="sig" title="F2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_F2v" id="Page_1_F2v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="36">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_36" id="Page_1_36"></a>
+of all sorts, the second with
+Peares and Wardens of all sorts, the third with Quinces &amp; Chesnutes, the
+fourth with Medlars &amp; seruices. Against the North side of your Orchard
+wall against which the South sunne reflects, you shall plant the
+Abricot, Verdochio, Peach, and Damaske-plumbe: against the East side of
+the wall, the whit Muskadine Grape, the Pescod-plumbe, and the
+Emperiall-plumbe: against the West side the grafted Cherries, and the
+Oliue-tr&eacute;e: and against the South side the Almond, &amp; Figge tr&eacute;e. Round
+about the skirts of euery other outward or inward alley, you shall
+plant, the Wheate-plumbe, both yealow &amp; redde, the Rye-plumbe, the
+Damson, the Horse-clog, Bulleys of all kindes, ordinary french Cherryes,
+Filberts, and Nuts of all sorts, together with the Prune-plumbe, and
+other such like stone fruits. But if your Orchard be of state and
+prospect, so that it containe eight quarters or more (according to the
+limitation of the earth) then you shall in euery seuerall quarter plant
+a seuerall fruit, as Apple-tr&eacute;es in one quarter, Peares in another,
+Quinces in another, Wardens in another, and so forth of the rest. Also
+you shall obserue in planting your Apples, Peares, and Plumbes, that you
+plant your summer or early fruit by themselues, and the Winter or long
+lasting fruit by themselues. Of Apples, your Ienitings, Wibourns,
+Pomederoy, and Qu&eacute;ene-Apples are reckoned the best earely fruits,
+although their be diuers others, and the Pippin, Peare-maine,
+Apple-Iohn, and Russetting, your best Winter and long lasting fruit,
+though there be a world of other: for the tastes of Apples are infinite,
+according to there composition and mixture in grafting. Of Peares your
+golden Peare, your Katherine-Peare, your Lording, and such like, are the
+first, and your stone-Peare, Warden-Peare, and choake-Peare, those which
+indure longest. And of Plumbes the rye-plumbe is first, your
+Wheate-plumbe next, and all the other sorts of plumbes ripen all most
+together in one season, if they haue equall warmth, and be all of like
+comfortable standing.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="sigvisible" title="F3r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_F3r" id="Page_1_F3r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="37">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_37" id="Page_1_37"></a>
+<img src="images/illo115.png" width="500" height="490" alt="" title="Plan of trees in orchard" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Now for the orderly placing of your tr&eacute;es, you shall vnderstand that
+your Plumbe-tr&eacute;es (which are as it were a fence or guard about your
+great quarters) would be placed in rowes one by one, aboue fiue foote
+distance one from another, round about each skirt of euery alley: your
+Apple-tr&eacute;es &amp; other greater fruit which are to be planted in the
+quarters, would be placed in such arteficiall rowes that which way
+soeuer a man shall cast his eyes yet h&eacute;e shall s&eacute;e the tr&eacute;es euery way
+stand in rowes, making squares, alleyes, and deuisions, according to a
+mans imagination,
+<span class="sig" title="F3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_F3v" id="Page_1_F3v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="38">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_38" id="Page_1_38"></a>
+according to the figure before, which I would haue
+you suppose to be one quarter in an Orchard, and by it you may easily
+compound the rest: wherein you shall vnderstand that the lesser prickes
+doe figure your Plumbe-tr&eacute;es, &amp; the greater prickes your Apple tr&eacute;es,
+and such other large fruit.</p>
+
+<p>Now you shall vnderstand that euery one of these great tr&eacute;es which
+furnish the maine quarter, shall stand in a direct line, iust twelue
+foote one from another, which is a space altogether sufficient inough
+for there spreading, without waterdropping or annoying one another;
+prouided that the Fruiterer, according to his duty, be carefull to
+preserue the trees vpright and to vnderprope them when by the violence
+of the winde they shall swarue any way. Vpon the ascent or rising from
+one leuell to another, you may plant the Barberry-tr&eacute;es, Feberries, and
+Raspberries, of all sorts, which being spreading, thorny and
+<a name="c_1_38" id="c_1_38"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'sharpe,'" href="#tn_1_38">sharpe</a>
+tr&eacute;es, take great delight to grow thicke and close together, by which
+meanes often times they make a kinde of wall, hedge, or fencing, where
+they stand.</p>
+
+<p>Hauing thus shewed you the ground-plot and proportion of your Orchard,
+with the seuerall deuisions, ascents, and squares, that should be
+contained therein, and the fruits which are to furnish euery such square
+and deuision, and their orderly placing, it now rests that you
+vnderstand that this Orchard-plot, so neare as you can bring it to
+passe, doe stand most open and plaine, vpon the South and West sunne,
+and most defended from the East and North windes and bitternesse, which
+being obserued your plot is then perfect and absolute.</p>
+
+<p>Now forasmuch as where nature, fruitfulnesse, and situation doe take
+from a man more then the halfe part of his industrie, and by a direct
+and easie way doth lead him to that perfection which others cannot
+attaine to without infinit labour and trauell: and whereas it is nothing
+so commendable to maintaine beautie, as to make deformitie beautifull, I
+will speake something of the framing
+<span class="sig" title="F4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_F4r" id="Page_1_F4r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="39">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_39" id="Page_1_39"></a>
+of Orchard-plots there where both
+nature, the situation, and barrainnesse, doe vtterly deny the enioying
+of any such commoditie, as where the ground is vneuen, stonie, sandy, or
+in his lownesse subiect to the ouerflow of waters, all being apparant
+enemies to these places of pleasure and delight. First, for the
+vneuennesse of the ground, if that be his vttermost imperfection, you
+shall first not onely take a note with your eye, but also place a marke
+vpon the best ascent of the ground to which the leuell is fittest to be
+drawne, and then plowing the ground all ouer with a great common plough,
+by casting the furrowes downward, s&eacute;eke to fill in and couer the lesser
+hollownesses of the ground, that their may not any thing appeare but the
+maine great hollowes, which with other earth which is fr&eacute;e from stones,
+grauell, or such like euils, you shall fill vp and make leuell with that
+part where your marke standeth, and being so leuelled, forthwith draw
+the plot of your Orchard: but if the ground be not onely vneuen but also
+barraine, you shall then to euery loade of earth you carry to the
+leuelling adde a loade of Manure, either Oxe Manure, or Horse Manure,
+the rubbish of houses, or the clensings of olde ditches, or standing
+pooles, and the earth will soone become fertill and perfect; but if the
+ground be stonie, that is, full of great stones, as it is in Darbishire
+about the Peake or East Mores, for small pibbles or small lime-stones
+are not very much hurtfull, then you shall cause such stones to be digd
+vp, and fill vp the places where they lay either with marle, or other
+rich earth, which after it hath b&eacute;ene setled for a y&eacute;ere or two you
+shall then plough, and leuell it, and so frame forth the plot of your
+Orchard. If the ground be onely a barraine sand, so that it wanteth
+strength either to maintaine or bring forth, you shall then first digge
+that earth into great trenches, at least foure foote d&eacute;epe, and filling
+them vp with Oxe Manure, mixe it with the sand, that it may change some
+part of the colour thereof and then leuelling it fashion out your
+Orchard. But lastly, and which is of all situations
+<span class="sig" title="F4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_F4v" id="Page_1_F4v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="40">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_40" id="Page_1_40"></a>
+the worst, if you
+haue no ground to plant your Orchard vpon, but such as either through
+the neighbourhood of riuers, descent of Mountaines, or the earths owne
+naturall quallitie in casting and vomiting out water and moysture, is
+subiect to some small ouerflowes of water, by which you cannot attaine
+to the pleasure you s&eacute;eke, because fruit-tr&eacute;es can neuer indure the
+corruption of waters, you shall then in the dryest season of the y&eacute;ere,
+after you haue marked out that square or quantitie of ground which you
+intend for your Orchard, you shall then cast therein sundry ditches, at
+least sixt&eacute;ene foote broad, and nine foote d&eacute;epe, and not aboue twelue
+foote betwixt ditch and ditch, vpon which reserued earth casting the
+earth that you digged vp, you shall raise the banckes at least seauen
+foote high of firme earth, and k&eacute;epe in the top the full breadth of
+twelue foote, with in a foote or little more: and in the casting vp of
+these bankes you shall cause the earth to be beaten with maules and
+broad b&eacute;etels that it may lye firme, fast, and leuell, and after these
+bankes haue rested a y&eacute;ere or more, and are sufficiently setled, you may
+then at the neather end of the banke, neare to the verge of the water
+plant store of Osyers, which will be a good defence to the banke, and
+vpon the top and highest part of the banke you shall plant your Orchard
+and fruit-tr&eacute;es, so that when any inundation of water shall happen, the
+ditches shalbe able inough to receiue it; or else making a passage from
+your Orchard into some other sewer, the water exc&eacute;eding his limits may
+haue a fr&eacute;e current or passage: besides these ditches being neatly kept,
+and comforted with fresh water, may make both pleasant and commodious
+fish-ponds. Also you must be carefull in casting these bankes that you
+doe not place them in such sort that when you are vpon one you cannot
+come to the other, but rather like a maze, so that you may at pleasure
+passe from the one to the other round about the ground, making of diuers
+bankes to the eye but one banke in substance, and of diuers ponds in
+appearance, but one in true iudgement. And thus much for the plot or
+situation of an Orchard.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="G">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_G1r" id="Page_1_G1r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="41">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_41" id="Page_1_41"></a>
+<a name="Chap_2_II" id="Chap_2_II"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the Nurserie where you shall set all manner of Kernels, and Stones,
+for the furnishing of the Orchard.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapa119"><span class="dropcap">A</span></span>lthough great persons, out of their greatnesse and abilitie, doe buy
+their fruit tr&eacute;es ready grafted, and so in a moment may plant an Orchard
+of the greatest quantitie, yet sith the Husbandman must raise euery
+thing from his owne indeauours, and that I onely write for his profit, I
+therefore hould it most conuenient to beginne with the nursery or
+store-house of fruits, from whence the Orchard receiueth his beauty and
+riches.</p>
+
+<p>This Nursery must be a piece of principall ground, either through Art or
+Nature, strongly fenced, warme, and full of good shelter: for in it is
+onely the first infancy and tendernesse of fruit-tr&eacute;es, because there
+they are first kernells, or stones, after sprigs, and lastly tr&eacute;es.</p>
+
+<p>Now for the manner of chusing, sowing, and planting them in this
+nursery, I differ some thing from the french practise, who would chuse
+the kernells from the cider presse, sow them in large bedds of earth,
+and within a yeere after replant them in a wilde Orchard: now for mine
+owne part, though this course be not much faulty, yet I rather chuse
+this kinde of practise, first: to chuse your kernells either of Apples,
+Peares, or Wardens, from the best and most principallest fruit you can
+taste, for although the kernell doe bring forth no other tr&eacute;e but the
+plaine stocke vpon which the fruit was grafted, as thus, if the graft
+were put into a Crab-stocke the kernell brings forth onely a Crab-tr&eacute;e,
+yet when you taste a perfect and delicate Apple, be assured both the
+stocke and graft were of the best choise, and so such kernells of best
+reckoning. When you haue then a competent quantitie of such kernells,
+you
+<span class="sig" title="G1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_G1v" id="Page_1_G1v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="42">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_42" id="Page_1_42"></a>
+shall take certaine large pots, in the fashion of milke-boules, all
+full of hoales in the bottome, through which the raine and superfluous
+moysture may auoyde, and either in the Months of March or Nouember (for
+those are the best seasons) fill the pots three parts full of the
+finest, blackest, and richest mould you can get, then lay your kernells
+vpon the earth, about foure fingars one from another, so many as the
+vessell can conueniently containe, and then with a siue sift vpon them
+other fine moulds almost thr&eacute;e fingars thicke, and so let them rest,
+filling so many pots or vessells as shall serue to receiue your
+quantitie of kernells of all sorts. Now if any man desire to know my
+reason why I rather desire to set my kernells rather in vessells then in
+beds of earth, my answere is, that I haue often found it in mine
+experience, that the kernell of Apples, Peares, Quinces, and such like,
+are such a tender and dainty s&eacute;ede that it is great oddes but the wormes
+will deuoure and consume them before they sprout, who naturally delight
+in such s&eacute;edes, which these vessels onely doe preuent: but to proceede.</p>
+
+<p>After your kernells are sprouted vp and growne to be at least seauen or
+eight inches high, you shall then within your nursery digge vp a border
+about two foote and an halfe broad, more then a foote d&eacute;epe, and of such
+conuenient length as may receiue all your young plants, and hauing made
+the mould fine and rich with Manure, you shall then with your whole hand
+gripe as much of the earth that is about the plant as you can
+conueniently hould, and so take both the plant and the mould out of the
+vessell, and replant it in the new drest border: and you shall thus doe
+plant after plant, till you haue set euery one, and made them firme and
+fast in the new mould: wherein you are to obserue these two principles,
+first that you place them at least fiue foote one from another, and
+secondly, that such kernells as you set in your vessels in March, that
+you replant them in borders of earth in Nouember following, and such as
+you set in Nouember to replant in March
+<span class="sigvisible" title="G2r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_G2r" id="Page_1_G2r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="43">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_43" id="Page_1_43"></a>
+following, and being so
+replanted to suffer them to grow till they be able to beare grafts,
+during which time you shall diligently obserue, that if any of them
+chance to put forth any superfluous branches or cyons, which may hinder
+the growth of the body of the plant, that you carefully cut them away,
+that thereby it may be the sooner inabled to beare a graft: for it is
+euer to be intended that whatsoeuer proc&eacute;edeth from kernells are onely
+to be preserued for stockes to graft on, and for no other purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Now for the stones of Plumbes, &amp; other stone fruit, you shall vnderstand
+that they be of two kindes, one simple and of themselues, as the
+Rye-plumbe, Wheate-plumbe, Damson, Prune-plumbe, Horse-clogge, Cherry,
+and such like, so that from the kernells of them issueth tr&eacute;es of like
+nature and goodnesse: the other compounded or grafted plumbes, as the
+Abricot, Pescod, Peach, Damaske, Verdochyo, Emperiall, and such like,
+from whose kernells issueth no other tr&eacute;es but such as the stockes were
+vpon which they were grafted. Now, for the manner of setting the first,
+which are simple and vncompounded, you shall digge vp a large bedde of
+rich and good earth a month or more before March or Nouember, and hauing
+made the mould as fine as is possible, you shall flat-wise thrust euery
+stone, a foote one from another, more then thr&eacute;e fingars into the mould,
+and then with a little small rake, made for the purpose, rake the bedde
+ouer and close vp the holes, and so let them rest till they be of a
+y&eacute;eres groath, at which time you shall replant them into seuerall
+borders, as you did your Apple-tr&eacute;e plants and others.</p>
+
+<p>Now for the kernells of your compounded or grafted Plumbes, you shall
+both set them in beddes and replant them into seuerall borders, in the
+same manner as you did the other kernells of Plumbes, onely you shall
+for the space of eight and forty houres before you set them st&eacute;epe them
+in new milke, forasmuch as the stones of them are more hard, and with
+greater difficulty open and sprout in
+<span class="sig" title="G2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_G2v" id="Page_1_G2v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="44">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_44" id="Page_1_44"></a>
+the earth, then any other stone
+whatsoeuer: and thus hauing furnished your Nursery of all sorts of
+fruits and stockes, you shall when they come to full age and bignesse
+graft them in such order as shalbe hereafter declared.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_2_III" id="Chap_2_III"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the setting or planting of the Cyons or Branches of most sorts of
+Fruit-trees.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapa119"><span class="dropcap">A</span></span>s you are to furnish your nursery with all sorts of kernells and
+stones, for the br&eacute;eding of stockes where on to graft the daintiest
+fruits you can compasse, so shall you also plant therein the cyons and
+branches of the best fruit tr&eacute;es: which cyons and branches doe bring
+forthe the same fruit which the tr&eacute;es doe from whence they are taken,
+and by that meanes your nursery shall euer afford you perfect tr&eacute;es,
+wherewith either to furnish your owne grounds, or to pleasure your
+neighbours. And herein by the way you shall vnderstand that some tr&eacute;es
+are more fit to be set then to be sowne, as namely, the Seruice-tr&eacute;e,
+the Medler, the Filbert and such like. Now for the Seruice-tr&eacute;e, h&eacute;e is
+not at all to be grafted, but set in this wise: take of the bastard
+cyons such as be somewhat bigger then a mans thumbe, and cutting away
+the branches thereof, set it in a fine loose moulde, at least a foote
+d&eacute;epe, and it will prosper exceedingly, yet the true nature of this tr&eacute;e
+is not to be remoued, and therefore it is conuenient that it be planted
+where it should euer continue: in like manner to the Seruice-tree, so
+you shall plant the bastard cyons of the Medlar-tr&eacute;e either in March or
+October, and at the waine of the moone.</p>
+
+<p>Now for the Filbert, or large Hassell-nut, you shall take the smallest
+cyons or wands, such as are not aboue two y&eacute;eres groath, being full of
+short heauie twigges, and grow from the roote of the maine tr&eacute;e, and set
+them in a
+<span class="sigvisible" title="G3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_G3r" id="Page_1_G3r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="45">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_45" id="Page_1_45"></a>
+loose mould, a foote d&eacute;epe, without pruning or cutting away
+any of the branches, and they will prosper to your contentment. Now for
+all sorts of Plumbe-tr&eacute;es, Apple-tr&eacute;es or other fruit-tr&eacute;es which are
+not grafted, if you take the young cyons which grow from the rootes
+cleane from the rootes, and plant them either in the spring, or fall, in
+a fresh and fine mould, they will not onely prosper, but bring forth
+fruit of like nature and qualitie to the tr&eacute;es from whence they were
+taken.</p>
+
+<p>Now for your grafted fruit, as namely, Apples, Plumbes, Cherryes,
+Mulberries, Quinces, and such like, the cyons also and branches of them
+also will take roote and bring forth fruit of the same kinde that the
+tr&eacute;es did from whence they were taken: but those cyons or branches must
+euer be chosen from the vpper parts of the tr&eacute;es, betwixt the feast of
+all-Saints and Christmas, they must be bigger then a mans finger,
+smooth, straight, and without twigges: you shall with a sharpe chissell
+cut them from the body or armes of the tr&eacute;e with such care, that by no
+meanes you raise vp the barke, and then with a little yealow waxe couer
+the place from whence you cut the cyon: then hauing digged and dunged
+the earth well where you intend to plant them, and made the mould easie,
+you shall with an Iron, as bigge as your plant, make a hoale a foote
+d&eacute;epe or better, and then put in your cyon and with it a few Oates, long
+st&eacute;ept in water, and so fixe it firme in the mould, and if after it
+beginneth to put forth you perceiue any young cyons to put forth from
+the root thereof, you shall immediatly cut them off, &amp; either cast them
+away or plant them in other places, for to suffer them to grow may
+br&eacute;ede much hurt to the young tr&eacute;es. Now where as these cyons thus
+planted are for the most part small and weake, so that the smallest
+breath of winde doth shake and hurt their rootes, it shalbe good to
+pricke strong stakes by them, to which, fastning the young plant with a
+soft hay rope it may the better be defended from stormes and tempests.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sig" title="G3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_G3v" id="Page_1_G3v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="46">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_46" id="Page_1_46"></a>
+Next to these fruit-tr&eacute;es, you shall vnderstand that your bush-tr&eacute;es,
+as Barberryes, Gooseberryes, or Feberryes, Raspberryes, and such like,
+will also grow vpon cyons, without rootes, being cut from their maine
+rootes in Nouember, &amp; so planted in a new fresh mould. And here by the
+way I am to giue you this note or caueat, that if at any time you finde
+any of these cyons which you haue planted not to grow and flourish
+according to your desire, but that you finde a certaine mislike or
+consumption in the plant, you shall then immediatly with a sharpe knife
+cut the plant off slope-wise vpward, about three fingars from the
+ground, and so let it rest till the next spring, at which time you shall
+beholde new cyons issue from the roote, which will be without sicknesse
+or imperfection; and from the vertue of this experiment I imagine the
+gardners of antient time found out the meanes to get young cyons from
+olde Mulberry-tr&eacute;es, which they doe in this manner: first, you must take
+some of the greatest armes of the Mulberry-tr&eacute;e about the midst of
+Nouember, and with a sharpe sawe to sawe them into bigge truncheons,
+about fiuet&eacute;ene inches long, and then digging a trench in principall
+good earth, of such depth that you may couer the truncheons, being set
+vp on end, with Manure and fine mould, each truncheon being a foote one
+from another, and couerd more then foure fingars aboue the wood, not
+fayling to water them whensoeuer n&eacute;ede shall require, and to preserue
+them from w&eacute;eds and filthinesse, within lesse then a y&eacute;eres space you
+shall behold those truncheons to put forth young cyons, which as soone
+as they come to any groath and be twigged, then you may cut them from
+the stockes, and transplant them where you please, onely the truncheons
+you shall suffer to remaine still, and cherish them with fresh dunge,
+and they will put forth many moe cyons, both to furnish your selfe and
+your friends. And thus much for the planting and setting of cyons or
+branches.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>
+<span class="sig" title="G4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_G4r" id="Page_1_G4r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="47">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_47" id="Page_1_47"></a>
+<a name="Chap_2_IIII" id="Chap_2_IIII"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. IIII.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the ordinary and accustomed manner of Grafting all sorts of
+Fruit-trees.</h3>
+
+<p>
+<span class="dropcapa23"><span class="dropcap">A</span></span>s soone as your nursery is thus amply furnished of all sorts of
+stockes, proc&eacute;eding from kernells and of all sorts of tr&eacute;es proc&eacute;eding
+from cyons, branches or vndergrowings, and that through strength of
+y&eacute;eres they are growne to sufficient abilitie to receiue grafts, which
+is to be intended that they must be at the least sixe or eight inches in
+compasse, for although lesse many times both doth and may receiue
+grafts, yet they are full of debilitie and danger, and promise no
+assurance to the worke-mans labour, you shall then beginne to graft your
+stockes with such fruits as from art and experience are m&eacute;ete to be
+conioyned together, as thus:
+<span class="rightnote">The mixing of Stockes and Grafts.</span>
+you shall graft Apples vpon Apples, as the
+Pippin vpon the great Costard, the Peare-maine vpon the Ienetting, and
+the Apple-Iohn or blacke annet vpon the Pomewater or Crab-tr&eacute;e: to
+conclude, any Apple-stocke, Crab-tree, or wilding, is good to graft
+Apples vpon, but the best is best worthy. So for Peares, you shall graft
+them vpon Peare stockes, Quinces vpon Quinces or Crab-tr&eacute;es, and not
+according to the opinion of the frenchman, vpon white thorne or willow,
+the Medlar vpon the Seruice-tr&eacute;e, and the Seruice vpon the Medlar, also
+Cherryes vpon Cherryes, &amp; Plumbes vpon Plumbes, as the greater Abricots
+vpon the lesser Abricots, the Peach, the Figge, or the Damson-tr&eacute;e, and
+to speake generally without wasting more paper, or making a long
+circumstance to slender purpose, the Damson-tr&eacute;e is the onely principall
+best stocke whereupon to graft any kinde of Plumbe or stone fruit
+whatsoeuer.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">The choise of Grafts.</span>
+After you haue both your stockes ready, and know
+<span class="sig" title="G4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_G4v" id="Page_1_G4v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="48">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_48" id="Page_1_48"></a>
+which grafts to ioyne
+with which stockes, you shall then learne to cut and chuse your grafts
+in this manner: looke from what tr&eacute;e you desire to take your grafts, you
+shall goe vnto the very principall branches thereof, and looke vp to the
+vpper ends, and those which you finde to be fairest, smoothest, and
+fullest of sappe, hauing the little knots, budds, or eyes, standing
+close and thicke together, are the best and most perfect, especially if
+they grow vpon the East side of the tr&eacute;e, whereon the Sunne first
+looketh; these you shall cut from the tr&eacute;e in such sort that they may
+haue at least thr&eacute;e fingars of the olde woode ioyning to the young
+branch, which you shall know both by the colour of the barke, as also by
+a little round seame which maketh as it were a distinction betwixt the
+seuerall growths. Now you shall euer, as n&eacute;ere as you can, chuse your
+grafts from a young tr&eacute;e, and not from an olde, and from the tops of the
+principall branches, and not from the midst of the tr&eacute;e, or any other
+superfluous arme or cyon; now if after you haue got your grafts you haue
+many dayes Iourneys to carry them, you shall fould them in a few fresh
+mouldes, and binde them about with hay, and hay ropes, and so carry them
+all day, and in the night bury them all ouer in the ground and they will
+containe their goodnesse for a long season.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">How to graft in the Cleft.</span>
+Hauing thus prepared your grafts, you shall then beginne to graft, which
+worke you shall vnderstand may be done in euery month of the y&eacute;ere,
+except Nouember and October, but the best is to beginne about Christmas
+for all earely and forward fruit, and for the other, to stay till March:
+now hauing all your implements and necessaryes about you, fit for the
+Grafting, you shall first take your grafts, of what sort soeuer they be,
+and hauing cut the neather ends of them round and smoth without raysing
+of the barke, you shall then with a sharp knife, made in the proportion
+of a great pen-knife slice downe each side of the grafts, from the seame
+or knot which parts the olde woode from the new, euen to the neather
+end, making it flat and
+<span class="sigvisible" title="H">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_H1r" id="Page_1_H1r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="49">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_49" id="Page_1_49"></a>
+thinne, cheifely in the lowest part, hauing
+onely a regardfull eye vnto the pith of the graft, which you may by no
+meanes cut or touch, and when you haue thus trimmed a couple of grafts,
+for moe I doe by no meanes alow vnto one stocke, although sundry other
+skilfull workmen in this Art alow to the least stocke two grafts, to the
+indifferent great thr&eacute;e, and to the greatest of all foure, yet I affirme
+two are sufficiently inough for any stocke whatsoeuer, and albeit they
+are a little the longer in couering the head, yet after they haue
+couered it the tr&eacute;e prospereth more in one y&eacute;ere then that which
+contayneth foure grafts shall doe in two, because they cannot haue sap
+inough to maintaine them, which is the reason that tr&eacute;es for want of
+prosperitie grow crooked and deformed: but to my purpose. When you haue
+made your grafts ready, you shall then take a fine thinne sawe, whose
+t&eacute;eth shalbe filed sharpe and euen, and with it (if the stocke be
+exc&eacute;eding small) cut the stocke round off within lesse then a foote of
+the ground, but if the stocke be as bigge as a mans arme, then you may
+cut it off two or thr&eacute;e foote from the ground, and so consequently the
+bigger it is the higher you may cut it, and the lesser the nearer vnto
+the earth: as soone as you haue sawne off the vpper part of the stocke,
+you shall then take a fine sharpe chissell, somewhat broader then the
+stocke, and setting it euen vpon the midst of the head of the stocke
+somewhat wide of the pith, then with a mallet of woode you shall stricke
+it in and cleaue the stocke, at least foure inches d&eacute;epe, then putting
+in a fine little wedge of Iron, which may k&eacute;epe open the cleft, you
+shall
+<a name="c_1_49" id="c_1_49"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'tak'" href="#tn_1_49">take</a>
+one of your grafts and looke which side of it you intend to
+place inward, and that side you shall cut much thinner then the out
+side, with a most h&eacute;edfull circumspection that by no meanes you loosen
+or rayse vp the barke of the graft, cheifly on the out side, then you
+shall take the graft, and wetting it in your mouth place it in one side
+of the cleft of the stocke, and regard that the very knot or seame which
+goes about the graft, parting the olde woode from the new, do rest
+directly
+<span class="sig" title="H1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_H1v" id="Page_1_H1v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="50">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_50" id="Page_1_50"></a>
+vpon the head of the stocke, and that the out side of the
+graft doe agr&eacute;e directly with the out side of the stocke, ioyning barke
+vnto barke, and sappe vnto sappe, so euen, so smooth, and so close, that
+no ioyners worke may be discerned to ioyne more arteficially: which
+done, vpon the other side of the stocke, in the other cleft, you shall
+place your other graft, with full as much care, diligence, and euery
+other obseruation: when both your grafts are thus orderly and
+arteficially placed, you shall then by setting the haft of your chissell
+against the stocke, with all lenitie and gentlenesse, draw forth your
+wedge, in such sort that you doe not displace or alter your grafts, and
+when your wedge is forth you shall then looke vpon your grafts, and if
+you perceiue that the stocke doe pinch or squize them, which you may
+discerne both by the straitnesse and bending of the outmost barke, you
+shall then make a little wedge of some gr&eacute;ene sappy woode, and driuing
+it into the cleft, ease your grafts, cutting that wedge close to the
+stocke. When you haue thus made both your grafts perfect, you shall then
+take the barke of either Apple-tr&eacute;e, Crab-tr&eacute;e or Willow-tr&eacute;e, and with
+that barke couer the head of the stocke so close that no wet or other
+annoyance may get betwixt it and the stocke, then you shall take a
+conuenient quantitie of clay, which ind&eacute;ede would be of a binding
+mingled earth, and tempering it well, either with mosse or hay, lay it
+vpon the barke, and daube all the head of the stocke, euen as low as the
+bottome of the grafts, more then an inch thicke, so firme, close, and
+smooth as may be, which done, couer all that clay ouer with soft mosse,
+and that mosse with some ragges of wollen cloath, which being gently
+bound about with the inward barkes of Willow, or Osyar, let the graft
+rest to the pleasure of the highest: and this is called grafting in the
+cleft.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Notes.</span>
+Now there be certaine obseruations or caueats to be respected in
+grafting, which I may not neglect: as first, in trimming and preparing
+your grafts for the stocke: if the grafts be either of Cherry, or
+Plumbe, you shall not
+<span class="sigvisible" title="H2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_H2r" id="Page_1_H2r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="51">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_51" id="Page_1_51"></a>
+cut them so thinne as the grafts of Apples,
+Quinces, or Medlars, because they haue a much larger and rounder pith,
+which by no meanes must be toucht but fortefied and preserued, onely to
+the neather end you may cut them as thinne as is possible, the pith
+onely preserued.</p>
+
+<p>Secondly, you shall into your greatest stockes put your greatest grafts,
+and into your least, the least, that there may be an equall strength and
+conformitie in their coniunction.</p>
+
+<p>Thirdly, if at any time you be inforced to graft vpon an olde tr&eacute;e, that
+is great and large, then you shall not graft into the body of that tr&eacute;e,
+because it is impossible to k&eacute;epe it from putrifaction and rotting
+before the grafts can couer the head, but you shall chuse out some of
+the principall armes or branches, which are much more slender, and graft
+them, as is before shewed, omitting not dayly to cut away all cyons,
+armes, branches, or superfluous sprigs which shall grow vnder those
+branches which you haue newly grafted: but if there be no branch, small
+or tender inough to graft in, then you shall cut away all the maine
+branches from the stocke, and couering the head with clay and mosse, let
+it rest, and within thr&eacute;e or foure y&eacute;eres it will put forth new cyons,
+which will be fit to graft vpon.</p>
+
+<p>Fourthly, if when you either sawe off the top of your stocke, or else
+cleaue the head, you either raise vp the barke or cleaue the stocke too
+d&eacute;epe, you shall then sawe the stocke againe, with a little more
+carefulnesse, so much lower as your first errour had committed a fault.</p>
+
+<p>Fiftly, you shall from time to time looke to the binding of the heads of
+your stockes, in so much that if either the clay doe shrinke away or the
+other couerings doe losen, by which defects ayre, or wet, may get into
+the incission, you shall presently with all sp&eacute;ede amend and repaire it.</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, if you graft in any open place where cattell doe graze, you
+shall not then forget as soone as you haue finisht your worke to bush or
+hedge in your graft, that it may be defended from any such negligent
+annoyance. And thus
+<span class="sig" title="H2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_H2v" id="Page_1_H2v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="52">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_52" id="Page_1_52"></a>
+much for this ordinary manner of grafting, which
+although it be generall and publike to most men that knoweth any thing
+in this art, yet is it not inferiour, but the principallest and surest
+of all other.</p>
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_2_V" id="Chap_2_V"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of diuers other wayes of grafting, their vses and purposes.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapa119"><span class="dropcap">A</span></span>lthough for certainty, vse, and commodity, the manner of grafting
+already prescribed is of sufficiency inough to satisfie any constant or
+reasonable vnderstanding, yet for nouelty sake, to which our nation is
+infinitly addicted, and to satisfie the curious, who thinke their
+iudgements disparaged if they heare any authorised traueller talke of
+the things which they haue not practised, I will proc&eacute;ede to some other
+more quaint manners of grafting, and the rather because they are not
+altogether vnnecessary, hauing both certainety in the worke, pleasure in
+the vse, and benefit in the serious imploying of those howers which else
+might challenge the title of idlenesse, besides they are very well
+agr&eacute;eing with the soyles and fruits of this Empyre of great Brittaine
+and the vnderstandings of the people, for whose seruice or benefit, I
+onely vndergoe my trauell.</p>
+
+<p>You shall vnderstand therefore, that there is another way to graft,
+which is called grafting betw&eacute;ene the barke and tree, and it is to be
+put in vse about the latter end of February, at such time as the sappe
+beginnes to enter into the tr&eacute;es: and the stockes most fit for this
+manner of grafting are those which are oldest and greatest, whose graine
+being rough and vneuen, either through shaking or twinding, it is a
+thing almost impossible to make it cleaue in any good fashion, so that
+in such a case it is meete that
+<span class="sigvisible" title="H3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_H3r" id="Page_1_H3r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="53">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_53" id="Page_1_53"></a>
+the grafter exercise this way of
+grafting betwixt the barke and the tr&eacute;e, the manner whereof is thus.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">
+<a name="c_1_53a" id="c_1_53a"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="scan is unclear" href="#tn_1_53a">Grafting betweene the barke.</a></span>
+First, you shall dresse your grafts in such sort as was before discribed
+when you grafted in the cleft, onely they shall not be so long from the
+knot or seame downeward by an inch or more, neither so thicke, but as
+thinne as may be, the pith onely preserued, and at the neather end of
+all you shall cut away the barke on both sides, making that end smaller
+and narrower then it is at the ioynt or seame, then sawing off the head
+of the stocke, you shall with a sharpe knife pare the head round about,
+smooth and plaine, making the barke so euen as may be, that the barke of
+your grafts and it may ioyne like one body, then take a fine narrow
+chissell, not exc&eacute;eding sharpe, but somewhat rebated, and thrust it hard
+downe betwixt the barke and the tr&eacute;e, somewhat more then two inches,
+according to the iust length of your graft, and then gently thrust the
+graft downe into the same place, euen close vnto the ioynt, hauing great
+care that the ioynt rest firme and constant vpon the head of the stocke,
+and thus you shall put into one stocke not aboue
+<a name="c_1_53b" id="c_1_53b"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'tr&eacute;e'" href="#tn_1_53b">thr&eacute;e</a>
+grafts at the
+most, how euer either other mens practise, or your owne reading doe
+perswade you to the contrary. After your grafts are fixt and placed, you
+shall then couer the head with barke, clay, and mosse, as hath b&eacute;ene
+formerly shewed: also you shall fasten about it some bushes of thorne,
+or sharpe whinnes, which may defend and k&eacute;epe it from the annoyance of
+Pye-annats, and such like great birds.</p>
+
+<p>There is another way of grafting, which is called grafting in the
+scutchion, which howsoeuer it is est&eacute;emed, yet is it troublesome,
+incertaine, and to small purpose: the season for it is in summer, from
+May till August, at what time tr&eacute;es are fullest of sappe and fullest of
+leaues, and the manner is thus: take the highest and the principallest
+branches of the toppe of the tr&eacute;e you would haue grafted, and without
+cutting it from the olde woode chuse the best eye and budding place of
+the cyon, then take another such
+<span class="sig" title="H3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_H3v" id="Page_1_H3v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="54">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_54" id="Page_1_54"></a>
+like eye or budde, being great and
+full, and first cut off the leafe hard by the budde, then hollow it with
+your knife the length of a quarter of an inch beneath the budde, round
+about the barke, close to the sappe, both aboue and below, then slit it
+downe twice so much wide of the budde, and then with a small sharpe
+chissell raise vp the scutchion, with not onely the budde in the midst
+but euen all the sappe likewise, wherein you shall first raise that side
+which is next you, and then taking the scutchion betw&eacute;ene your fingars,
+raise it gently vp without breaking or brusing, and in taking it off
+hould it hard vnto the woode, to the end the sappe of the budde may
+abide in the scutchion, for if it depart from the barke and cleaue to
+the woode, your labour is lost, this done you shall take another like
+cyon, and hauing taken off the barke from it, place it in the others
+place, and in taking off this barke you must be carfull that you cut not
+the woode, but the barke onely, and this done you shall couer it all
+ouer with redde waxe, or some such glutenous matter; as for the binding
+of it with hempe and such trumpery it is vtterly dissalowed of all good
+grafters: this manner of grafting may be put in practise vpon all manner
+of cyons, from the bignesse of a mans little fingar to the bignesse of a
+slender arme.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Grafting with the Leafe.</span>
+Not much vnlike vnto this, is the grafting with the Leafe, and of like
+worth, the art whereof is thus: any time betwixt midst May, vntill the
+midst of September, you shall chuse, from the toppe of the sunne-side of
+the tr&eacute;e, the most principall young cyon you can s&eacute;e, whose barke is
+smoothest, whose leaues are greatest, and whose sappe is fullest, then
+cutting it from the tr&eacute;e note the principall leafe thereof, and cut away
+from it all the woode more then about an inch of each side of the leafe,
+then cutting away the vndermost part of the barke with your knife, take
+p&eacute;ece meale from the barke all the woode and sappe, saue onely that
+little part of woode and sappe which f&eacute;edeth the leafe, which in any
+wise must be left behind, so that the graft will carry this figure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="sig" title="H4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_H4r" id="Page_1_H4r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="55">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_55" id="Page_1_55"></a>
+<img src="images/illo133a.png" width="500" height="126" alt="" title="A graft" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Then goe to the body, arme, or branch of that tr&eacute;e which you intend to
+graft, which is to be presupposed must euer haue a smooth and tender
+barke, and with a very sharpe knife slit the barke, two slits at least,
+two inches long a p&eacute;ece, and about halfe an inch or more distance
+betw&eacute;ene the two slits: then make another slit crosse-wise ouerthwart,
+from long slit to long slit, the figure whereof will be thus:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo133b.png" width="500" height="477" alt="" title="A tree with an H" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Then with your knife raise the barke gently from the
+<span class="sig" title="H4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_H4v" id="Page_1_H4v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="56">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_56" id="Page_1_56"></a>
+tr&eacute;e, without
+breaking, cracking, or brusing: then take your graft, and putting it
+vnder the barke lay it flat vnto the sappe of the tr&eacute;e, so as that
+little sappe which is left in the leafe, may without impediment cleaue
+to the sappe of the tr&eacute;e, then lay downe the barke close againe and
+couer the graft, and with a little vntwound hempe, or a soft wollen
+list, binde downe the barke close to the graft, and then couer all the
+incisions you haue made with greene waxe: by this manner of grafting you
+may haue vpon one tr&eacute;e sundry fruits, as from one Apple-tree, both
+Pippins, Peare-maines, Russettings and such like, nay, you may haue vpon
+one tree, ripe fruit all summer long, as Ienettings from one branch,
+Cislings from another, Wibourns from another, Costards and Qu&eacute;ene-Apples
+from others, and Pippens and Russettings, from others, which bringeth
+both delight to the eye, and admiration to the sence, and yet I would
+not haue you imagine that this kinde of grafting doth onely worke this
+effect, for as before I shewed you, if you graft in the cleft (which is
+the fastest way of all grafting) sundry fruits vpon sundry armes or
+bowes, you shall likewise haue proc&eacute;eding from them sundry sorts of
+fruits, as either Apples, Plumbes, Peares or any other kind, according
+to your composition and industry; as at this day we may dayly s&eacute;e in
+many great mens Orchards.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">
+<a name="c_1_56" id="c_1_56"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="scan is unclear" href="#tn_1_56">Grafting on the toppes of trees.</a></span>
+There is yet another manner of grafting, and it is of all other
+especially vsed much in Italy, and yet not any thing disagr&eacute;eable with
+our climate, and that is to graft on the small cyons which are on the
+toppes of fruit tr&eacute;es, surely an experience that carryeth in it both
+dificulty and wonder, yet being put to approbation is no lesse certaine
+then any of the other, the manner whereof is thus: you shall first after
+you haue chosen such and so many grafts as you doe intend to graft, and
+trimd them in the same manner as you haue b&eacute;ene taught formerly for
+grafting within the cleft, you shall then mount vp into the toppe of the
+tr&eacute;e, vpon which you meane to graft, and there make choise of the
+<span class="sigvisible" title="I">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_I1r" id="Page_1_I1r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="57">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_57" id="Page_1_57"></a>
+highest and most principallest cyons (being cleane barkt and round)
+that you can perceiue to grow from the tr&eacute;e, then laying the graft, and
+the cyon vpon which you are to graft, together, s&eacute;e that they be both of
+one bignesse and roundnesse: then with your grafting knife cut the cyon
+off betw&eacute;ene the olde woode and the new, and cleaue it downe an inch and
+an halfe, or two inches at the most: then put in your graft (which graft
+must not be cut thinner on one side, then on the other, but all of one
+thicknesse) and when it is in, s&eacute;e that the barke of the graft both
+aboue and below, that is, vpon both sides, doe ioyne close, euen, and
+firme with the barke of the branch or cyon, and then by foulding a
+little soft towe about it, k&eacute;epe them close together, whilst with clay,
+mosse, and the in-most barke of Osyars you lappe them about to defend
+them from ayre, winde, and tempests. And herein you shall obserue to
+make your graft as short as may be, for the shortest are best, as the
+graft which hath not aboue two or thr&eacute;e knots, or buddes, and no more.
+You may, if you please, with this manner of grafting graft vpon euery
+seuerall cyon, a seuerall fruit, and so haue from one tr&eacute;e many fruits,
+as in case of grafting with the leafe, and that with much more sp&eacute;ede,
+by as much as a well-growne graft is more forward and able then a weake
+tender leafe. And in these seuerall wayes already declared, consisteth
+the whole Art and substance of Grafting: from whence albeit many curious
+braines may, from preuaricating trickes, beget showes of other fashions,
+yet when true iudgement shall looke vpon their workes, he shall euer
+finde some one of these experiments the ground and substance of all
+their labours, without which they are able to doe nothing that shall
+turne to an assured commoditie.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">The effects of Grafting.</span>
+Now when you haue made your selfe perfect in the sowing, setting,
+planting and grafting of tr&eacute;es, you shall then learne to know the
+effects, wonders, and strange issues which doe proc&eacute;ede from many quaint
+motions and helpes in grafting, as thus: if you will haue Peaches,
+Cherryes, Apples, Quinces, Medlars, Damsons, or any
+<span class="sig" title="I1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_I1v" id="Page_1_I1v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="58">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_58" id="Page_1_58"></a>
+Plumbe whatsoeuer,
+to ripen earely, as at the least two months before the ordinary time,
+and to
+<a name="c_1_58" id="c_1_58"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'contincu'" href="#tn_1_58">continue</a>
+at least a month longer then the accustomed course, you
+shall then graft them vpon a Mulberry stocke: and if you will haue the
+fruit to tast like spice, with a certaine delicate perfume, you shall
+boyle Honey, the powder of Cloues and Soaxe together, and being cold
+annoynt the grafts there-with before you put them into the cleft, if you
+graft Apples, Peares, or any fruit vpon a Figge-tree stocke, they will
+beare fruit without blooming: if you take an Apple graft, &amp; a Peare
+graft, of like bignesse, and hauing clouen them, ioyne them as one body
+in grafting, the fruit they bring forth will be halfe Apple and halfe
+Peare, and so likewise of all other fruits which are of contrary tastes
+and natures: if you graft any fruit-tree, or other tr&eacute;e, vpon the Holly
+or vpon the Cypresse, they will be greene, and k&eacute;epe their leaues the
+whole y&eacute;ere, albeit the winter be neuer so bitter.</p>
+
+<p>If you graft either Peach, Plumbe, or any stone-fruit vpon a Willow
+stocke, the fruit which commeth of them will be without stones.</p>
+
+<p>If you will change the colour of any fruit, you shall boare a hole
+slope-wise with a large auger into the body of the tr&eacute;e, euen vnto the
+pith, and then if you will haue the fruit yealow you shal fill the hole
+with Saferne dissolued in water: if you will haue it redde, then with
+Saunders, and of any other colour you please, and then stoppe the hole
+vp close, and couer it with red or yealow waxe: also if you mixe the
+coulour with any spice or perfume, the fruit will take a rellish or tast
+of the same: many other such like conceits and experiments are practised
+amongst men of this Art, but sith they more concerne the curious, then
+the wise, I am not so carefull to bestow my labour in giuing more
+substantiall satisfaction, knowing curiosity loues that best which
+proc&eacute;edes from their most paine, and am content to referre their
+knowledge to the searching of those bookes which haue onely strangnesse
+for their subiect, resolued that this I haue written is fully sufficient
+for the plaine English husbandman.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="I2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_I2r" id="Page_1_I2r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="59">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_59" id="Page_1_59"></a>
+<a name="Chap_2_VI" id="Chap_2_VI"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span><br />
+<br />
+
+Of the replanting of Trees, and furnishing the
+<a name="c_1_59" id="c_1_59"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'Orchard,'" href="#tn_1_59">Orchard.</a>
+</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapa137"><span class="dropcap">A</span></span>s soone as your s&eacute;edes, or sets, haue brought forth plants, those
+plants, through time, made able, and haue receiued grafts, and those
+grafts haue couered the heads of the stockes and put forth goodly
+branches, you shall then take them vp, and replant them, (because the
+sooner it is done the better it is done) in those seuerall places of
+your Orchard which before is appointed, and is intended to be prepared,
+both by dungging, digging, and euery orderly labour, to receiue euery
+seuerall fruit. And herein you shall vnderstand, that as the best times
+for grafting are euery month (except October and Nouember) and at the
+change of the moone, so the best times for replanting, are Nouember and
+March onely, vnlesse the ground be cold and moist and then Ianuary, or
+February must be the soonest all wayes, excepted that you doe not
+replant in the time of frost, for that is most vnholsome.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">The taking vp of trees.</span>
+Now when you will take vp your tr&eacute;es which you intend to replant in your
+Orchard, you shall first with a spade bare all the maine branches of the
+roote, and so by degr&eacute;es digge and loosen the earth from the roote, in
+such sort that you may with your owne strength raise the young tr&eacute;e from
+the ground, which done, you shall not, according to the fashion of
+Fraunce, dismember, or disroabe the tr&eacute;e of his beauties, that is to
+say, to cut off all his vpper branches and armes, but you shall
+diligently preserue them: for I haue s&eacute;ene a tr&eacute;e thus replanted after
+the fall of the leafe to bring forth fruit in the summer following: but
+if the tr&eacute;e you replant be olde then it is good to cut off the maine
+branches with in a foote of the stocke, least the
+<span class="sig" title="I2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_I2v" id="Page_1_I2v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="60">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_60" id="Page_1_60"></a>
+sappe running vpward,
+and so forsaking the roote too sodainely doe kill the whole tr&eacute;e.</p>
+
+<p>When you haue taken your tr&eacute;e vp, you shall obserue how, and in what
+manner, it stoode, that is, which side was vpon the South and receiued
+most comfort from the sunne, and which side was from it and receiued
+most shadow and bleaknesse, and in the same sort as it then stoode, so
+shall you replant it againe: this done you shall with a sharpe
+cutting-knife, cut off all the maine rootes, within halfe a foote of the
+tr&eacute;e, onely the small thriddes or twist-rootes you shall not cut at all:
+then bringing the plant into your Orchard, you shall make a round hole
+in that place where you intend to set your tr&eacute;e (the rankes, manner,
+distance and forme whereof hath b&eacute;ene all ready declared, in the first
+Chapter:) and this hole shalbe at least foure foote ouerthwart euery
+way, and at least two foote d&eacute;epe, then shall you fill vp the hole
+againe, fift&eacute;ene inches d&eacute;epe, with the finest blacke mould, tempered
+with Oxe dunge that you can get, so that then the hole shalbe but nine
+inches d&eacute;epe, then you shall take your tr&eacute;e and place it vpon that
+earth, hauing care to open euery seuerall branch and thrid of the roote,
+&amp; so to place them that they may all looke downe into the earth, and not
+any of them to looke backe and turne vpward: then shall you take of the
+earth from whence your tr&eacute;e was taken, and tempering it with a fourth
+part of Oxe dunge and slekt sope-asshes (for the killing of wormes)
+couer all the roote of your tr&eacute;e firmely and strongly: then with gr&eacute;ene
+soddes, cut and ioyned arteficially together, so sodde the place that
+the hole may hardly be discerned. Lastly take a strong stake, and
+driuing it hard into the ground neare vnto the new planted tr&eacute;e, with
+either a soft hay rope, the broad barke of Willow, or some such like
+vnfretting band, tye the tr&eacute;e to the stake, and it will defend it from
+the rage of winde and tempests, which should they but shake or trouble
+the roote, being new planted, it were inough to confound and spoyle the
+tr&eacute;e for euer.</p>
+
+<p>Now, although I haue vnder the title and demonstration
+<span class="sigvisible" title="I3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_I3r" id="Page_1_I3r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="61">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_61" id="Page_1_61"></a>
+of replanting
+one tr&eacute;e giuen you a generall instruction for the replanting of all
+tr&eacute;es whatsoeuer, yet, for as much as some are not of that strength and
+hardnesse to indure so much as some others will, therefore you shal take
+these considerations by the way, to fortefie your knowledge with.</p>
+
+<p>First, you shall vnderstand that all your dainty and tender grafted
+Plumbes, and fruits, as Abricots, Peaches, Damaske-Plumbes, Verdochyos,
+Pescods, Emperialls, and diuers such like, together with Orrenges,
+Cytrons, Almonds, Oliues, and others, which ind&eacute;ede are not familiar
+with our soyles, as being nearer neighbours to the sunne, doe delight in
+a warme, fat, earth, being somewhat sandy, or such a clay whose
+coldnesse by Manure is corrected, and therefore here with vs in the
+replanting of them you cannot bestow too much cost vpon the mould: as
+for the Damson, and all our naturall english Plumbes, they loue a fat,
+cold, earth, so that in the replanting of them if you shall lay too much
+dunge vnto their roote, you shall through the aboundant heate, doe great
+hurt vnto the tr&eacute;e. The cherry delighteth in any clay, so that vpon such
+soyle you may vse lesse Manure, but vpon the contrary you cannot lay too
+much. The Medlar est&eacute;emeth all earths alike, and therefore whether it be
+Manured or no it skilles not, sunne and shadow, wet and drinesse, being
+all of one force or efficacy. The Peare and Apple-tr&eacute;e delights in a
+strong mixt soyle, and therfore indureth Manure kindly, so doth also the
+Quince and Warden: lastly the Filbert, the Hasell, and the Chesnut, loue
+cold, leane, moist, and sandy earths, in so much that there is no
+greater enimy vnto them then a rich soyle: so that in replanting of them
+you must euer s&eacute;eke rather to correct then increase fertillity.</p>
+
+<p>You shall also vnderstand that all such fruit-tr&eacute;es as you doe plant
+against the walles of your Orchard (of which I haue spoken already &amp;
+deciphered out their places) you shall not suffer to grow as of
+themselues, round, and from the wall, but at the times of pruning and
+dressing of them (which is euer at the beginning of the spring and
+immediately
+<span class="sig" title="I3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_I3v" id="Page_1_I3v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="62">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_62" id="Page_1_62"></a>
+after the fall) you shall as it were plash them, and spread
+them against the wall, foulding the armes in loopes of leather, and
+nayling them vnto the wall: and to that end you shall place them of such
+a fit distance one from another, that they may at pleasure spread and
+mount, without interruption: the profit whereof is at this day seene
+almost in euery great mans Orchard: and although I haue but onely
+appointed vnto the wall the most quaint fruits of forraine nations; yet
+there is no fruit of our owne, but if it be so ordered it will prosper
+and bring forth his fruit better and in greater abundance. And thus much
+for the replanting of tr&eacute;es and furnishing of a well proportioned
+Orchard.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_2_VII" id="Chap_2_VII"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the Dressing, Dungging, Proyning, and Preseruing of Trees.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcaps140"><span class="dropcap">S</span></span>ith after all the labour spent of ingendring by s&eacute;ede, of fortefying
+and inabling by planting, and of multiplying by grafting it is to little
+or no purpose if the tr&eacute;es be not maintained and preserued by dressing,
+dungging and proyning, I will therefore in this place shew you what
+belongs to that office or duty, and first, for the dressing of trees:
+you shall vnderstand that it containeth all whatsoeuer is m&eacute;ete for the
+good estate of the tr&eacute;e, as first, after your tr&eacute;e is planted, or
+replanted, if the season shall fall out hot, dry, and parching, insomuch
+that the moisture of the earth is sucked out by the atraction of the
+Sunne, and so the tr&eacute;e wanteth the nutriment of moisture, in this case
+you shall not omit euery morning before the rising of the sunne, and
+euery euening after the set of the sunne, with a great watring-pot
+filled with water, to water &amp; bath the rootes of the tr&eacute;es, if they be
+young tr&eacute;es, and newly planted, or replanted, but not otherwise: for
+<span class="sig" title="I4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_I4r" id="Page_1_I4r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="63">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_63" id="Page_1_63"></a>
+if
+the tr&eacute;es be olde, and of long growth, then you shall saue that labour,
+and onely to such olde tr&eacute;es you shall about the midst of Nouember, with
+a spade, digge away the earth from the vpper part of the rootes and lay
+them bare vntill it be midde-March, and then mingling such earth as is
+most agr&eacute;eable with the fruit and Oxe-dunge and sope-ashes together, so
+couer them againe, and tread the earth close about them: as for the
+vncouering of your tr&eacute;es in summer I doe not hold it good, because the
+reflection of the sunne is somewhat too violent and dryeth the roote,
+from whence at that time the sappe naturally is gone: you shall also
+euery spring and fall of the leafe clense your fruit tr&eacute;es from mosse,
+which proc&eacute;eding from a cold and cankerous moisture, br&eacute;edeth dislike,
+and barrainenesse in tr&eacute;es: this mosse you must take off with the backe
+of an olde knife and leaue the barke smooth, plaine, and vnraced: also
+if you shall dunge such tr&eacute;es with the dunge of Swine, it is a ready
+<a name="c_1_63" id="c_1_63"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'away'" href="#tn_1_63">way</a>
+to destroy the mosse.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Proyning of Trees.</span>
+After you haue drest and trimmed your tr&eacute;es, you shall then proyne them,
+which is to cut away all those superfluous branches, armes, or cyons,
+which being either barraine, bruised or misplaced, doe like drones,
+steale-away that nutriment which should maintaine the better deseruing
+sinewes, and you shall vnderstand that the best time for proyning of
+tr&eacute;es, is in March and Aprill, at which time the sappe assending vpward,
+causeth the tr&eacute;es to budde: the branches you shall cut away are all such
+as shall grow out of the stocke vnderneath the place grafted, or all
+such as by the shaking of tempests shall grow in a disorderly and ill
+fashioned crookednesse, or any other, that out of a well tempered
+iudgement shall s&eacute;eme superfluous and burdensome to the stocke from
+whence it springs, also such as haue by disorder b&eacute;ene brooken, or
+maimed, and all these you shall cut away with a hooke knife, close by
+the tr&eacute;e, vnlesse you haue occasion by some misfortune to cut away some
+of the maine and great armes of the tr&eacute;e, and then you shall not vse
+your knife for feare of tearing the barke,
+<span class="sig" title="I4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_I4v" id="Page_1_I4v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="64">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_64" id="Page_1_64"></a>
+but taking your sawe you
+shall sawe off those great armes close by the tr&eacute;e, neither shall you
+sawe them off downeward but vpward, least the waight of the arme breake
+the barke from the body: And herein you shall also vnderstand that for
+as much as the mischances which beget these dismembrings doe happen at
+the latter end of Summer, in the gathering of the fruit, and that it is
+not fit such maymed and broken boughes hang vpon the tr&eacute;e till the
+Spring, therefore you shall cut them off in the Winter time, but not
+close to the tr&eacute;e by almost a foote, and so letting them rest vntill the
+spring, at that time cut them off close by the tr&eacute;e. Now if you finde
+the superfluitie of branches which annoy your tr&eacute;es to be onely small
+cyons, springing from the rootes of the tr&eacute;es, as it often hapneth with
+all sorts of Plumbe-tr&eacute;es, Cherry-tr&eacute;es, Nut-tr&eacute;es, and such like, then
+you shall in the winter, bare the rootes of those tr&eacute;es, and cut off
+those cyons close by the roote: but if your tr&eacute;es be broused or eaten by
+tame-Deare, Goates, Sh&eacute;epe, Kine, Oxen, or such like, then there is no
+help for such a misfortune but onely to cut off the whole head and graft
+the stocke anew.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Barke-bound.</span>
+Next to the proyning of tr&eacute;es, is the preseruing, phisicking, and curing
+of the diseases of tr&eacute;es: to which they are subiect as well as our
+naturall bodyes: and first of all, there is a disease called
+Barke-bound, which is when the barke, through a mislike and leperous
+drynesse, bindeth in the tr&eacute;e with such straitnesse that the sappe being
+denied passage the body growes into a consumption: it is in nature like
+vnto that disease which in beasts is called hide-bound, and the cure is
+thus: at the beginning of March take a sharpe knife, and from the toppe
+of the body of the tr&eacute;e, to the very roote, draw downe certaine slits,
+or incissions, cleane through the barke, vnto the very sappe of the
+tr&eacute;e, round about the tr&eacute;e, &amp; then with the backe of your knife open
+those slits and annoint them all through with Tarre, and in short space
+it will giue libertie vnto the tr&eacute;e to encrease &amp; grow: this disease
+commeth by the rubbing of cattell against the tr&eacute;e, especially Swine,
+who are very poyson vnto all plants.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="K">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_K1r" id="Page_1_K1r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="65">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_65" id="Page_1_65"></a>
+<span class="rightnote">Of the Gall.</span>
+There is another disease in fruit-tr&eacute;es, called the Gall, and it eateth
+and consumeth the barke quit away, and so in time kills the tr&eacute;e: the
+cure is to cut and open the barke which you s&eacute;e infected, and with a
+chissell to take away all that is foule and putrefied, and then to
+clappe Oxe dunge vpon the place, and it will helpe it, and this must be
+done euer in winter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of the Canker.</span>
+The Canker in fruit tr&eacute;es is the consumption both of the barke and the
+body, &amp; it commeth either by the dropping of tr&eacute;es one vpon another, or
+else when some hollow places of the tr&eacute;e retaineth raine water in them,
+which fretting through the barke, poysoneth the tr&eacute;e: the cure is to cut
+away all such boughes as by dropping br&eacute;ede the euill, and if the hollow
+places cannot be smooth and made euen, then to stoppe them with clay,
+waxe, and sope-ashes mixt together.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of worme-eaten barkes.</span>
+If the barkes of your tr&eacute;es be eaten with wormes, which you shall
+perceiue by the swelling of the barke, you shall then open the barke and
+lay there-vpon swines dunge, sage, and lime beaten together, and bound
+with a cloath fast to the tr&eacute;e, and it will cure it: or wash the tr&eacute;e
+with cowes-pisse and vinegar and it will helpe it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Pismiers and Snailes.</span>
+If your young tr&eacute;es be troubled with Pismiers, or Snailes, which are
+very noysome vnto them, you shall take vnsleckt lime and sope-ashes and
+mingling them with wine-l&eacute;es, spread it all about the roote of the tr&eacute;es
+so infected, and annoint the body of the tr&eacute;e likewise therewith, and it
+will not onely destroy them but giue comfort to the tr&eacute;e: the soote of a
+chimney or Oake sawe-dust spread about the roote will doe the same.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Caterpillers, and Earewigges.</span>
+If Caterpillers doe annoy your young tr&eacute;es, who are great deuourers of
+the leaues and young buddes, and spoylers of the barke, you shall, if it
+be in the summer time, make a very strong brine of water and salt, and
+either with a garden pumpe, placed in a tubbe, or with squirts which
+haue many hoales you shall euery second day water and wash your tr&eacute;es,
+and it will destroy them, because
+<span class="sig" title="K1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_K1v" id="Page_1_K1v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="66">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_66" id="Page_1_66"></a>
+the Caterpiller naturally cannot
+indure moisture, but if neuerthelesse you s&eacute;e they doe continue still
+vpon your trees in Winter, then you shall when the leaues are falne away
+take dankish straw and setting it on fire smeare and burne them from the
+tr&eacute;e, and you shall hardly euer be troubled with them againe vpon the
+same tr&eacute;es: roules of hay layd on the tr&eacute;es will gather vp Earewigges
+and kill them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of the barrainenesse of Trees.</span>
+If your tr&eacute;es be barraine, and albeit they flourish and spread there
+leaues brauely, yet bring forth no fruit at all, it is a great
+sicknesse, and the worst of all other: therefore you shall vnderstand it
+proc&eacute;edeth of two causes: first, of
+<a name="c_1_66" id="c_1_66"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="probable misprint for 'too'" href="#tn_1_66">two</a>
+much fertillitie, and fatnesse
+of the ground, which causeth the leafe to put forth and flourish in such
+vnnaturall abundance, that all such sappe and nutriment as should knit
+and bring forth fruit, turnes onely vnto leafe, cyons, and vnprofitable
+branches, which you shall perceiue both by the abundance of the leaues
+and by the colour also, which will be of a more blacker and d&eacute;eper
+gr&eacute;ene, and of much larger proportion then those which haue but their
+naturall and proper rights: and the cure thereof is to take away the
+earth from the roote of such tr&eacute;es and fill vp the place againe with
+other earth, which is of a much leaner substance: but if your tr&eacute;e haue
+no such infirmitie of fatnesse, but beareth his leaues and branches in
+good order and of right colour and yet notwithstanding is barraine and
+bringeth forth little or no fruit, then that disease springeth from some
+naturall defect in the tr&eacute;e, and the cure thereof is thus: first, you
+shall vnbare the roote of the tr&eacute;e, and then noting which is the
+greatest and principallest branch of all the roote, you shall with a
+great wimble boare a hole into that roote and then driue a pinne of olde
+dry Ashe into the same (for Oake is not altogether so good) and then
+cutting the pinne off close by the roote, couer all the head of the
+pinne with yealow waxe, and then lay the mould vpon the roote of the
+tr&eacute;e againe, and treade it hard and firmely downe, and there is no
+doubte but the tr&eacute;e will beare the y&eacute;ere following: in Fraunce they vse
+for this infirmitie to boare
+<span class="sigvisible" title="K2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_K2r" id="Page_1_K2r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="67">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_67" id="Page_1_67"></a>
+a hoale in the body of the tr&eacute;e
+slope-wise, somewhat past the hart, and to fill vp the hoale with life
+honey and Rose-water mixt together, and incorporated for at least
+xxiiij. howers, and then to stoppe the hole with a pinne of the one
+woode: also if you wash the rootes of your tr&eacute;es in the drane water
+which runneth from your Barley when you st&eacute;epe it
+<a name="c_1_67a" id="c_1_67a"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'Mfor alt'" href="#tn_1_67a">for Malt</a>,
+it will cure
+this disease of barrainenesse.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of the bitternesse of Fruit.</span>
+If the fruit which is vpon your tr&eacute;es be of a bitter and sootie tast, to
+make it more pleasant and sw&eacute;et you shall wash your tr&eacute;e all ouer with
+Swines dunge and water mixt together, &amp; to the rootes of the tr&eacute;es you
+shall lay earth and Swines dunge mixt together, which must be done in
+the month of Ianuary and February onely, and it will make the fruit tast
+pleasantly. And thus much for the dressing and preseruing of tr&eacute;es.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_2_VIII" id="Chap_2_VIII"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the Vine, and of his ordering.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapf145"><span class="dropcap">F</span></span>or as much as the nature, temperature, and clymate, of our soyle is not
+so truely proper and agr&eacute;eing with the Vine as that of Fraunce, Italy,
+Spaine, and such like, and sith w&eacute;e haue it more for delight, pleasure,
+and prospect, then for any peculyar
+<a name="c_1_67b" id="c_1_67b"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'pofit'" href="#tn_1_67b">profit</a>,
+I will not vndertake
+<i>Monsiuer Lybaults</i> painefull labour, in discribing euery curious
+perfection or defect that belongs thereunto, as if it were the onely
+iewell and commoditie of our kingdome, but onely write so much as is
+fitting for our knowledge touching the maintaynance, increase, and
+preseruation thereof, in our Orchards, Gardens, and other places of
+recreation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of planting or setting the Vine.</span>
+First then to speake of the planting or setting of the Vine, your
+greatest diligence must be to s&eacute;eke out the best plants, and if that
+which is most strange, rare, great and pleasant be the best, then is
+that grape which is called
+<span class="sig" title="K2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_K2v" id="Page_1_K2v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="68">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_68" id="Page_1_68"></a>
+the Muskadine, or Sacke grape, the best, and
+haue their beginning either from Spaine, the Canary Ilands, or such like
+places: next to them is the French grape, of which there be many kindes,
+the best whereof is the grape of Orleance, the next the grape of
+Gascoynie, the next of Burdeaux, and the worst of Rochell, and not any
+of these but by industry will prosper in our English gardens: when
+therefore you chuse your plants, you shall chuse such of the young cyons
+as springing from the olde woode, you may in the cutting cut at least a
+ioynt or two of olde woode with the young: for the olde will take
+soonest, and this olde woode must be at least seauen or eight inches
+long, and the young cyon almost a yard, and the thicker and closer the
+ioynts of the young cyon are, so much the better they are: and the fit
+time for cutting and gathering these sets are in midde-Ianuary, then
+hauing prepared, digged, and dunged your earth the winter before, you
+shall at the latter end of Ianuary take two of these sets, or plants,
+placing them according to this figure:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo146.png" width="500" height="439" alt="" title="Two vine sets" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="K3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_K3r" id="Page_1_K3r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="69">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_69" id="Page_1_69"></a>
+And lay them in the earth slope-wise, at least a foote d&eacute;epe, leauing
+out of the earth, vncouered, not aboue foure or fiue ioynts, at the
+most, and then couer them with good earth firmely, closely, and
+strongly, hauing regard to raise those cyons which are without the earth
+directly vpward, obseruing after they be set, once in a month to w&eacute;ede
+them, and k&eacute;epe them as cleane as is possible: for nothing is more
+noysome vnto them then the suffocating of w&eacute;eds: also you shall not
+suffer the mould to grow hard or bind about the rootes, but with a small
+spade once in a fortnight to loosen and breake the earth, because there
+rootes are so tender that the least straytning doth strangle and
+confound them. If the season doe grow dry, you may vse to water them,
+but not in such sort as you water other plants, which is to sprinckle
+water round about the earth of the rootes, but you shall with a round
+Iron made for the purpose somewhat bigger then a mans fingar, make
+certaine holes into the earth, close vpon the roote of the Vine, and
+powre therein either water, the dregges of strong-Ale, or the l&eacute;es of
+Wine, or if you will you may mixe with the l&eacute;es of Wine either
+Goats-milke, or Cowes-milke, and power it into the holes and it will
+nourish the Vine exc&eacute;edingly, and not the Vine onely, but all sorts of
+dainty grafted Plumbes, especially Peaches.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of proyning the Vine.</span>
+Now for proyning the Vine, you shall vnderstand that it is euer to be
+done after the fall of the leafe, when the sappe is desended downeward,
+for if you shall proyne, or cut him, either in the spring, or when the
+sappe is aloft, it will bl&eacute;ede so exc&eacute;edingly, that with great
+difficulty you shall saue the body of the tr&eacute;e from dying: and, in
+proyning of the Vine you shall obserue two things, the first, that you
+cut away all superfluous cyons and branches, both aboue and below, which
+either grow disorderly aboue, or fruitlessely below, and in cutting them
+you shall obserue, neither to cut the olde woode with the young cyon,
+nor to leaue aboue one head or leader vpon one branch: secondly, you
+shall in proyning, plash and spread the VINE
+<span class="sig" title="K3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_K3v" id="Page_1_K3v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="70">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_70" id="Page_1_70"></a>
+thinnely against the wall,
+giuing euery seuerall branch and cyon his place, and passage, and not
+suffer it to grow loosely, rudely, or like a wilde thorne, out of all
+decency and proportion: for you must vnderstand that your Grapes doe
+grow euer vpon the youngest cyons, and if of them you shall preserue too
+many, questionlesse for want of nourishment they will lose their vertue,
+and you your profit. Now if your Vine be a very olde Vine, and that his
+fruit doth decay, either in quantitie or proportion; if then you finde
+he haue any young cyons which spring from his roote, then when you
+proyne him you shall cut away all the olde stocke, within lesse then an
+handfull of the young cyons, and make them the leaders, who will prosper
+and continue in perfection a long time after, especially if you trimme
+the rootes with fresh earth, and fresh dunge. Againe, if you be carefull
+to looke vnto your Vine, you shall perceiue close by euery bunch of
+grapes certaine small thridde-like cyons, which resemble twound wyars,
+curling and turning in many rings, these also take from the grapes very
+much nutriment, so that it shall be a labour very well imployd to cut
+them away as you perceiue them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Experiments of the Vine.</span>
+Now from the Vine there is gathered sundry experiments, as to haue it
+tast more pleasant then the true nature of the grape, and to smell in
+the mouth odoriferously, or as if it were perfumed, which may be done in
+this sort: Take damaske-Rose-water and boyle therein the powder of
+Cloaues, Cynamon, thr&eacute;e graines of Amber, and one of Muske, and when it
+is come to be somewhat thicke, take a round goudge and make a hole in
+the maine stocke of the Vine, full as d&eacute;epe as the hart thereof, and
+then put therein this medicine, then stopping the hole with Cypresse, or
+Iuniper, lay gr&eacute;ene-waxe thereupon, and binde a linnen cloath about it,
+and the next grapes which shall spring from that Vine will tast as if
+they were preserued or perfumed.</p>
+
+<p>If you will haue grapes without stones, you shall take your plants and
+plant the small ends downeward and be assured your desire is attained.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sig" title="K4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_K4r" id="Page_1_K4r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="71">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_71" id="Page_1_71"></a>
+The Vine naturally of himselfe doth not bring forth fruit till it haue
+b&eacute;ene thr&eacute;e y&eacute;eres planted: but if euening and morning for the first
+month you will bath his roote with Goats-milke or Cowes-milke, it will
+beare fruit the first y&eacute;ere of his planting. Lastly, you may if you
+please graft one Vine vpon another, as the sw&eacute;et vpon the sower, as the
+Muskadine grape, or gr&eacute;eke, vpon the Rochell or Burdeaux, the Spanish,
+or Iland grape, on the Gascoyne, and the Orleance vpon any at all: and
+these compositions are the best, and bring forth both the greatest and
+pleasantest grapes: therefore whensoeuer you will graft one grape vpon
+another, you shall doe it in the beginning of Ianuary, in this sort:
+first, after you haue chosen and trimmed your grafts, which in all sorts
+must be like the grafts of other fruits, then with a sharpe knife, you
+shall cleaue the head of the Vine, as you doe other stockes and then put
+in your graft, or cyon, being made as thinne as may be and s&eacute;e that the
+barkes and sappes ioyne euen and close together, then clay it, mosse it,
+and couer it, as hath b&eacute;ene before declared.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">The medicining of the Vine.</span>
+If your Vine grow too ranke and thicke of leaues, so that the sappe doth
+wast it selfe in them, and you thereby lose the profit of the fruit, you
+shall then bare all the rootes of the Vine, and cast away the earth,
+filling vp the place againe with sand &amp; ashes mingled together: but if
+the Vine be naturally of it selfe barraine, then with a goudge you shall
+make a hole halfe way through the maine body of the Vine, and driue into
+the hole a round pible stone, which although it goe straitly in, yet it
+may not fill vp the hole, but that the sicke humour of the Vine may
+passe thorrow thereat: then couer the roote with rich earth, and Oxe
+dunge mixt together, and once a day for a month water it with olde
+pisse, or vrine of a man, and it will make the tr&eacute;e fruitfull: if the
+Vine be troubled with Wormes, Snailes, Ants, Earewigges, or such like,
+you shall morning and euening sprinckle it ouer with cowes-pisse and
+vinegar mixt together &amp; it will helpe it: &amp; thus much for ordering the
+Vine.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>
+<span class="sig" title="K4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_K4v" id="Page_1_K4v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="72">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_72" id="Page_1_72"></a>
+<a name="Chap_2_IX" id="Chap_2_IX"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span><br />
+<br />
+The office of the Fruiterrer, or the Gatherer, and keeper, of Fruit.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapa150"><span class="dropcap">A</span></span>fter you haue planted euery seuerall quarter, allye, and border within
+your Orchard, with euery seuerall fruit proper vnto his place, and that
+you haue placed them in that orderly and comely equipage which may giue
+most delight to the eye, profit to the tr&eacute;e, and commendations to the
+workeman, (according to the forme and order prescribed in the first
+Chapter) and that now the blessing of the highest, time, and your
+indeuours hath brought forth the haruest and recompence of your trauell,
+so that you behould the long-expected fruit hang vpon the tr&eacute;es, as it
+were in their ripenesse, wooing you to plucke, tast, and to deliuer them
+from the wombes of their parents, it is necessary then that you learne
+the true office of the Fruiterer, who is in due season and time to
+gather those fruits which God hath sent him: for as in the husbanding of
+our grayne if the Husbandman be neuer so carefull, or skilfull, in
+ploughing, dungging, sowing, w&eacute;eding and preseruing his crop, yet in the
+time of haruest be negligent, neither regarding the strength or ripnesse
+thereof, or in the leading and mowing respects not whether it be wet or
+dry, doth in that moments space loose the wages of his whole y&eacute;eres
+trauell, getting but durt from durt, and losse from his negligence: so
+in like case houlds it with all other fruits, if a man with neuer so
+great care and cost procure, yet if he be inrespectiue in the gathering,
+all his former businesse is vaine and to no purpose; and therefore I
+hould nothing more necessary then the relation of this office of the
+Fruiterer, which is the consummation and onely hope of our cost, and
+diligence, teaching vs to gather wisely what w&eacute;e haue planted
+<span class="sigvisible" title="L">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_L1r" id="Page_1_L1r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="73">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_73" id="Page_1_73"></a>
+wearily,
+and to eate with contentment what we haue preserued with care.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of gathering and preseruing Cherries.</span>
+Know then, that of all fruits (for the most part) the Cherry is the
+soonest ripe, as being one of the oldest children of the summer, and
+therefore first of all to be spoken of in this place, yet are not all
+Cherries ripe at one instant, but some sooner then other some, according
+to the benefit of the Sunne, the warmth of the ayre, and the strength of
+sappe in the branch on which the Cherry hangeth: they are a fruit tender
+and pleasant, and therefore much subiect to be deuoured and consumed
+with Byrds of the smallest kindes, as Sparrowes, Robins, Starlings, and
+such like, especially the Iay, and the Bull-finch, who deuoure them
+stones and all, euen so fast as they rypen: for preuention whereof; if
+you haue great abundance of Cherry tr&eacute;es, as maine holts that be either
+one or many akers in compasse, you shall then in diuers places of your
+holts, as well in the midst, as out-corners, cause to be errected vp
+certaine long poales of Fyrre, or other woode, which may mount somewhat
+aboue the toppes of the tr&eacute;es, and one the toppes of those poales you
+shall place certaine clappe-milles made of broken trenchers ioyned
+together like sayles, which being moued and carryed about with the
+smallest ayre, may haue vnderneath the sayles a certaine loose little
+board, against which euery sayle may clap and make a great noyse, which
+will afright and scare the Byrds from your tr&eacute;es: these milles you shall
+commonly s&eacute;e in Husbandmens yards placed on their stackes or houells of
+Corne, which doth preserue them from fowle and vermine: but for want of
+these clap-milles you must haue some boy or young fellow that must euery
+morning from the dawning of the day till the Sunne be more then an houre
+high, and euery euening from fiue of the clocke till nine, runne vp and
+downe your ground, whooping, showtying, and making of a great noyse, or
+now and then shooting of some Harquebush, or other P&eacute;ece: but by no
+meanes to vse slings or throwing of stones, least by the miscarriage
+<span class="sig" title="L1c">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_L1v" id="Page_1_L1v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="74">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_74" id="Page_1_74"></a>
+of
+his hand h&eacute;e either beate downe the fruit or bruise the trees. In this
+sort hauing preserued your Cherries from destruction, you shall then
+know there ripenesse by their colours, for euer those which are most
+red, are most ripe, and when you s&eacute;e any that are ripe, you shall take a
+light ladder, made either of fyrre or sallow, and setting it carefully
+against the branches, so as you neither bruise them nor the fruit, you
+shall gather those you finde ripe, not taking the fruit from the stalke,
+but nipping the stalke and fruit both together from the tr&eacute;e: also you
+shall be carefull in gathering to handle or touch the Cherry so little
+as may be, but the stalke onely, especially if your hands be hot, or
+sweaty, for that will change the colour of your Cherries, and make them
+looke blacke: if there be any ripe Cherries which hang out of the reach
+of your hands, then you shall haue a fine small gathering hooke of
+woode, whose bout shall be made round, and smooth, for nipping the barke
+of the branches, and with it you shall gently pull vnto you those
+branches you cannot reach: you shall also haue a little round basket of
+almost a foote d&eacute;epe, made with a siue bottome, hauing a handle thwarte
+the toppe, to which a small hooke being fastned, you shall with that
+hooke hang the basket by you on some conuenient cyon, and as you gather
+the Cherries, gently lay them downe into the same, and when you haue
+filled your basket you shall descend and empty it into larger great
+baskets made of the same fashion, with siue bottomes, and hauing
+vnderneath two broad lathes or splinters, at least thr&eacute;e fingers broad a
+p&eacute;ece, within foure inches one of the other, and going both one way
+crosse ouerthwart the basket, that if either man or woman shall carry
+them vpon their heads, which is the best manner of cariage, then the
+splinters may defend the bottome of the basket from the head of the
+party, and k&eacute;epe the Cherries from hurt or bruising, and if you haue
+occasion to carry your Cherries farre, and that the quantitie grow
+beyond the support of a man, then you shall packe them in hampers or
+panniers made with
+<span class="sigvisible" title="L2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_L2r" id="Page_1_L2r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="75">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_75" id="Page_1_75"></a>
+false bottoms like siues, and finely lyned on the
+out side with white straw, and so being closely trust on each side a
+Horses-backe, to carry them whether you please. You shall by no meanes
+suffer your Cherries to lye in any great or thicke heapes one vpon
+another, but vntill you sell them, or vse them, lay them as thinne as
+may be, because they are apt of themselues to sweat and catch heate, and
+that heate doth soone depriue them of the glory of their colour. When
+you gather any Cherries to preserue, you shall gather those which are
+the greatest, the ripest, you shall pull them from their stalkes one by
+one, and vse them at furthest within xxiiij. howers after the time they
+are gotten.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">The gathering of stone Fruit.</span>
+For the gathering of Plumbes in generall, it is in the same manner as
+you did gather your Cherries, both with such a like ladder, such a like
+hooke, and such like vessels, onely some more speciall obseruations are
+to be obserued in gathering your dainty grafted Plumbes, then of the
+others, which are of a more hard and induring nature. You shall know
+then that for gathering of Abricots, Peaches, Date-Plumbes, and such
+like grafted Plumbes, you shall duely consider when they are perfectly
+ripe, which you shall not iudge by their dropping from the tr&eacute;e, which
+is a signe of ouer-much ripnesse, tending to rottennesse, but by the
+true mixture of their colour, and perfect change from their first
+complexion: for when you shall perceiue that there is no gr&eacute;enenesse nor
+hardnesse in their out-sides, no, not so much as at the setting on of
+the stalke, you may then iudge that they are ready to be gathered, and
+for a perfecter tryall thereof you may if you please, take one which you
+thinke ripest from the tr&eacute;e, and opening it if you s&eacute;e the stone comes
+cleane and dry away and not any of the in-part of the fruit cleauing
+vnto it, then you may assure your selfe that the fruit is ready to be
+gathered, which you shall with great deligence and care gather, not by
+any meanes laying one Plumbe vpon another, but each seuerally by
+another, for these dainty Plumbes are naturally so tender that the least
+touch, though of themselues, doth bruise them,
+<span class="sig" title="L2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_L2v" id="Page_1_L2v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="76">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_76" id="Page_1_76"></a>
+and occasion
+rottennesse. Now when you haue gathered them, if either you haue desire
+to send them any iourney, as in gratulation to your friends, or for
+other priuate commoditie, you shall take some close, smooth, boxe,
+answerable to the store of fruit you are to send, and first line it
+within all ouer with white paper, then lay your Plumbes one by one all
+ouer the bottome of the boxe, then couering them all ouer with white
+paper, lay as many moe vpon the toppe of them, and couer them likewise
+with paper, as before, and so lay row vpon row with papers betw&eacute;ene
+them, vntill the boxe be sufficiently filled, and then closing it vp
+sende it whether you please, and they will take the least hurt, whereas
+if you should line the boxe either with hay or straw, the very skinnes
+are so tender that the straw would print into them and bruise them
+exc&eacute;edingly, and to lay any other soft thing about them, as either wooll
+or bumbast, is exc&eacute;eding euill, because it heateth the Plumbes, and
+maketh them sweat, through which they both loose their colour and rot
+sp&eacute;edily.
+<span class="rightnote">Of gathering hard Plumbes.</span>
+As touching the gathering of Plumbes when they are hard, and
+to ripen them afterward by laying them vpon nettles, to which consenteth
+the most of our London-Fruiterrers, I am vtterly against the opinion,
+because I both know Nature to be the perfectest worke-Mistris, and where
+she is abridged of her power there euer to follow disorders and
+imperfections, as also that when such things are done, as it were
+through an ouer-hasty constraint, there cannot proc&eacute;ede any thing but
+abortiuenesse, and a distastfull rellish: from whence I thinke it comes
+to passe that in London a man shall very seldome tast a delicate or well
+rellisht Plumbe, vnlesse it be from such as hauing fruit of their owne,
+make no commoditie thereof more then their owne pleasures:
+<span class="rightnote">Of keeping of Plumbes.</span>
+yet thus much
+I would perswade euery one, that if they haue moe Plumbes ripe at once
+then they can vse, or spend, that then after they are gathered, to
+spread them thinnely vpon Nettles or Vine-tr&eacute;e leaues, and it will
+preserue them sound and well coloured a long time together, but if your
+store be
+<span class="sigvisible" title="L3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_L3r" id="Page_1_L3r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="77">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_77" id="Page_1_77"></a>
+so superabundant that in no reasonable time you can spend
+them, then what you doe not preserue, or make Godiniake, or Maruulade
+of, the rest you shall take and sprinkling them ouer with sw&eacute;et-worte,
+or growt, and then laying them one by one (yet so as they may not touch
+one another) vpon hurdles or fleakes made of wands, or twigges, and put
+them into an Ouen after bread or Pyes haue b&eacute;ene taine thereout, and so
+leasurely dry them, and they will not onely last, but tast pleasantly
+all the y&eacute;ere after: and in this sort you may vse all kindes of Plumbes,
+or Peares, whatsoeuer. Now for the gathering of the other ordinary sorts
+of vngrafted Plumbes, which haue both much stronger rindes, and are
+lesse subiect to rotting, you shall gather them, carry, or transport
+them, in the same manner that you did your Cherries, onely in these, as
+in all other sorts of fruit whatsoeuer, you shall not omit neuer to
+gather, or pull them from the tr&eacute;e, till the dewe be dryed cleane both
+from the grasse and from the tr&eacute;es, and that the day be dry, faire, and
+full of sunne-shine: for the least wet or moisture doth canker and rot
+the fruit.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of the gathering of Peares.</span>
+As touching the gathering of Peares, though sundry Fruiterrers obserue
+sundry wayes in gathering them, as some making more hast then
+good-sp&eacute;ed, as either to haue the first tast, or the first profit, some
+vsing more negligence, thincking their store so great it will neuer be
+consumed, and some so curious that they will not gather till the Peares
+fall into their bosomes, all which are dispraiseable fashions, yet I for
+my part would euer aduise all diligent husbands to obserue a
+mediocritie, and take the fittest season for the gathering of his fruit:
+as thus for example. If because you are vnexperienced or vnacquainted
+with the fruit you doe not know the due time of his ripening, you shall
+obserue the colour of the Peare, and if you s&eacute;e it doe alter, either in
+part, or in all, you shall be assured the fruit is neare ripening, for
+Peares doe neuer change their colours, but when they doe desire to be
+taken from the tr&eacute;e: and of all fruit the Peare may be gathered the
+hardest,
+<span class="sig" title="L3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_L3v" id="Page_1_L3v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="78">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_78" id="Page_1_78"></a>
+because both his owne naturall heate and peculiar quallittie
+will ripen him best with lying: yet to be more strongly fortefied in the
+knowledge of the ripenesse of your fruit, and because it is better to
+get a day too late, then an hower to earely, you shall before you gather
+your Peares, whether they be Summer fruit or Winter fruit, or whether
+you meane to spend them soone or preserue them long, take one of them
+from the tr&eacute;e, which is neither the ripest nor the gr&eacute;enest, but betwixt
+both, and cut it through the midst with your knife, not longwise, but
+ouerthwart, and then looke into the coare where the kirnells lye, and if
+it be hollow so as the kirnells lye as it were hollow therein, the
+neather ends thereof being turned either blacke, or blackish, albeit the
+complexion of the Peare be little, or not at all altered, yet the Peares
+haue their full growth, and may very well be gathered: then laying them
+either vpon a bedde of ferne, or straw, one vpon another, in great
+thicknesse, their owne naturall heate will in short space ripen them,
+which you shall perceiue both by the sp&eacute;edy changing of their colour, &amp;
+the strength of their smell, which will be exc&eacute;eding suffocating, which
+as soone as you perceiue, you shall then spread them thinner and
+thinner, vntill they be all ripe, and then lay them one by one, in such
+sort as they may not touch one another, and then they will last much the
+longer, you shall also after they be ripe, neither suffer them to haue
+straw nor ferne vnder them, but lay them either vpon some smooth table,
+boards or fleakes of wands, and they will last the longer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of transporting, or carrying of Peares farre.</span>
+If you be to carry or transport Peares farre, you shall then gather them
+so much the sooner, and not suffer any ripe one to be amongst them, and
+then lyning great wicker baskets (such as will hould at least quarters a
+p&eacute;ece) finely within with white-straw, fill them vp with Peares, and
+then couer them with straw, and corde them aboue, and you may either
+transport them by land or Sea, whether you please, for they will ripen
+in their cariage: but when you come to your place of residence, then you
+must
+<span class="sig" title="L4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_L4r" id="Page_1_L4r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="79">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_79" id="Page_1_79"></a>
+n&eacute;eds vnpacke them and spread them thinner, or else they will rot
+and consume in a sodaine.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of gathering diuersly.</span>
+There be sundry wayes of gathering Peares, or other fruit, as namely, to
+climbe into the tr&eacute;e and to haue a basket with a line fastned thereto,
+and so when it is filled to let it downe, and cause it to be emptied,
+which labour though some of our southerne Fruiterers doe not much
+commend, yet for mine owne part I doe not s&eacute;e much errour therein, but
+that it is both allowable and conuenient, both because it neither
+bruiseth the fruit, nor putteth the gatherer to any extraordinary
+labour, onely the imaginary euill is, that by climbing vp into the tr&eacute;e,
+h&eacute;e that gathereth the fruit may indanger the breaking, slipping, and
+disbranching of many of the young cyons, which br&eacute;edeth much hurt and
+damage to the tr&eacute;e, but iudgement, and care, which ought to be
+apropriate to men of this quallitie, is a certaine preuenter of all such
+mischeifes. Now for such as in gathering of their fruit doe euery time
+that the basket is full bring it downe themselues from the tr&eacute;e, and
+empty it by powring the fruit rudely, and boystrously forth, or for
+beating of fruit downe with long poales, loggets, or such like, they are
+both most vilde and preposterous courses, the first being full of too
+much foolish and carelesse trouble, the latter of too much disorder, &amp;
+cruelty, ruyning in a moment what hath b&eacute;ene many y&eacute;eres in building: as
+for the climbing the tr&eacute;e with a ladder, albeit it be a very good way
+for the gathering of fruit, yet if it be neuer so little indiscr&eacute;etly
+handled, it as much hazardeth the breaking and bruising both of the
+fruit and the small cyons, as either climbing the tr&eacute;e, or any other way
+whatsoeuer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">The gathering of Apples.</span>
+Now for the gathering of your Apples: you shall vnderstand that your
+summer fruit, as your Ieniting, Wibourne, and such like, are first to be
+gathered, whose ripenesse, you may partly know by the change of colour,
+partly by the pecking of Birds, but cheifely by the course formerly
+discribed for your knowledge of the ripenesse of the Peare, which is the
+hollownesse of coare, and liberty of the kirnell
+<span class="sig" title="L4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_L4v" id="Page_1_L4v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="80">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_80" id="Page_1_80"></a>
+onely, and when you
+doe perceiue they are ripe, you shall gather them in such wise as hath
+b&eacute;ene declared for the gathering of your Peares, without respecting the
+state of the Moone, or any such like obseruation, but when you come to
+gather your Winter-fruit, which is the Pippin, Peare-maine, Russetting,
+Blacke-annat, and such like, you shall in any wise gather them in the
+wane of the Moone, and, as before I said, in the dryest season that may
+be, and if it be so that your store be so great that you cannot gather
+all in that season, yet you shall get so much of your principall fruit,
+the youngest and fairest, as is possible to be gotten, and preserue it
+for the last which you intend either to spend, or vtter. Now for the
+manner of gathering your Apples I doe not thinke you can amend or
+approue a better way then that which hath b&eacute;ene discribed for the
+gathering of Peares, yet some of our late practitioners (who thinke
+themselues not cunning if they be not curious) dislike that way, and
+will onely haue a gathering apron, into which hauing gathered their
+fruit, they doe empty it into larger vessells: this gathering apron is a
+strong p&eacute;ece of Canuas at least an ell euery way, which hauing the vpper
+end made fast about a mans necke, &amp; the neather end with thr&eacute;e loopes,
+that is, one at each corner, &amp; one in the midst, through which you shall
+put a string, and binde it about your waste, in so much that both the
+sides of your apron being open you may put your fruit therein with which
+hand you please: this manner of gathering Apples is not amisse, yet in
+my conceit the apron is so small a defence for the Apples, that if it
+doe but knocke against the boughes as you doe moue your selfe, it cannot
+chuse but bruise the fruit very much, which ought euer to be auoyded:
+therefore still I am of this opinion, there is no better way, safer, nor
+more easie, then gathering them into a small basket, with a long line
+thereat, as hath b&eacute;ene before declared in the gathering of Peares. Now
+you shall carefully obserue in empting one basket into another, that you
+doe it so gently as may be, least in powring them out too rudely the
+stalkes
+<span class="sigvisible" title="M">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_M1r" id="Page_1_M1r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="81">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_81" id="Page_1_81"></a>
+of the fruit doe pricke one another, which although it doe
+appeare little or nothing at the first, yet it is the first ground,
+cause, and beginning of rottennesse, and therefore you shall to your
+vttermost power gather your Apples with as small stalkes as may be, so
+they haue any at all, which they must n&eacute;edes haue, because that as too
+bigge stalkes doth pricke and bruise the fruit, so to haue none at all
+makes the fruit rot first in the place where the stalke should be: you
+shall also k&eacute;epe your fruit cleane from leaues, for they being gr&eacute;ene
+and full of moisture, when by reason of their lying close together they
+beginne to wither they strike such an heate into the Apples, that they
+mil-dew and rot instantly.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Fallings.</span>
+As touching your Fallings, which are those Apples which fall from your
+tr&eacute;es, either through too much ripenesse, or else through the violence
+of winde, or tempests, you shall by no meanes match them, or mixe them,
+with your gathered fruit, for they can by no meanes last or indure so
+long, for the latter which falleth by force of winde, wanting the true
+nourishment of the earth and the kindly ripening vpon the tr&eacute;e, must
+necessarily shrinke wither, and
+<a name="c_1_81" id="c_1_81"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'growriuelled'" href="#tn_1_81">grow riuelled</a>,
+so that your best course
+is to spend them presently, with all sp&eacute;ede possible: for the other
+which hath too much ripenesse from the earth, and the tr&eacute;e, though it be
+much better then the other, yet it cannot be long lasting, both because
+it is in the falling bruised, and also hath too much ripenesse, which is
+the first steppe to rottennesse, so that they must likewise be spent
+with all expedition.
+<span class="rightnote">Of carriage and keeping Fruit.</span>
+For the carriage of your Apples, if the place be
+not farre whether you should carry them, you shall then in those large
+baskets into which you last emptied them, carry them vpon cole-staues,
+or stangs, betwixt two men, and hauing brought them carefully into your
+Apple-loft, power them downe gently vpon bedds of ferne or straw, and
+lay them in reasonable large heapes, euery sort of Apples seuerall by
+themselues, without mixture, or any confusion: and for such Apples as
+you would haue to ripen soone, you
+<span class="sig" title="M1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_M1v" id="Page_1_M1v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="82">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_82" id="Page_1_82"></a>
+shall couer them all ouer with ferne
+also, but for such as you would haue take all possible leasure in
+ripening, those you shall lay neither vpon ferne, nor straw, but vpon
+the bare boards, nay, if you lay them vpon a plaster floare (which is of
+all floares the coldest) till Saint Andrewes tide, it is not amisse, but
+very profitable, and the thinner you lay them so much the better. Now if
+you haue any farre iourney to carry your Apples, either by land, or by
+water, then trimming and lyning the insides of your baskets with ferne,
+or wheat-straw wouen as it were cleane through the basket, you shall
+packe, couer, and cord vp your Apples, in such sort as you did your
+Peares, and there is no danger in the transportation of them, be it by
+shippe, cart, waggon, or horse-backe. If you be inforced to packe sundry
+sorts of Apples in one basket, s&eacute;e that betwixt euery sort you lay a
+diuision of straw, or ferne, that when they are vnpackt, you may lay
+them againe seuerally: but if when they are vnpackt, for want of roome
+you are compeld to lay some sorts together, in any wise obserue to mixe
+those sorts together which are nearest of taste, likest of colour, and
+all of one continuance in lasting: as for the packing vp of fruit in
+hogsheads, or shooting them vnder hatches when you transport them by
+Sea, I like neither of the courses, for the first is too close, and
+nothing more then the want of ayre doth rot fruit, the other is subiect
+to much wet, when the breach of euery Sea indangereth the washing of the
+Apples, and nothing doth more certainely spoyle them. The times most
+vnseasonable for the transporting of fruit, is either in the month of
+March, or generally in any frosty weather, for if the sharpe coldenesse
+of those ayres doe touch the fruit, it presently makes them looke
+blacke, and riuelled, so that there is no hope of their continuance.</p>
+
+<p>The place where you shall lay your fruit must neither be too open, nor
+too close, yet rather close then open, it must by no meanes be low vpon
+the ground, nor in any place of moistnesse: for moisture br&eacute;edes
+fustinesse, and such
+<span class="sigvisible" title="M2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_M2r" id="Page_1_M2r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="83">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_83" id="Page_1_83"></a>
+naughty smells easily enter into the fruit, and
+taint the rellish thereof, yet if you haue no other place but some low
+cellar to lay your fruit in, then you shall raise shelues round about,
+the nearest not within two foote of the ground, and lay your Apples
+thereupon, hauing them first lyned, either with sw&eacute;et Rye-straw,
+Wheate-straw, or dry ferne: as these vndermost roomes are not the best,
+so are the vppermost, if they be vns&eacute;eld, the worst of all other,
+because both the sunne, winde, and weather, peircing through the tiles,
+doth annoy and hurt the fruit: the best roome then is a well s&eacute;eld
+chamber, whose windowes may be shut and made close at pleasure, euer
+obseruing with straw to defend the fruit from any moist stone wall, or
+dusty mudde wall, both which are dangerous annoyances.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">The seperating of Fruit.</span>
+Now for the seperating of your fruit, you shall lay those nearest hand,
+which are first to be spent, as those which will last but till
+Alhallontide, as the Cisling, Wibourne, and such like, by themselues:
+those which will last till Christmas, as the Costard, Pome-water,
+Qu&eacute;ene-Apple, and such like: those which will last till Candlemas, as
+the Pome-de-roy, Goose-Apple, and such like, and those which will last
+all the y&eacute;ere, as the Pippin, Duzin, Russetting, Peare-maine, and such
+like, euery one in his seuerall place, &amp; in such order that you may
+passe from bed to bed to clense or cast forth those which be rotten or
+putrefied at your pleasure, which with all diligence you must doe,
+because those which are tainted will soone poyson the other, and
+therefore it is necessary as soone as you s&eacute;e any of them tainted, not
+onely to cull them out, but also to looke vpon all the rest, and deuide
+them into thr&eacute;e parts, laying the soundest by themselues, those which
+are least tainted by themselues, and those which are most tainted by
+themselues, and so to vse them all to your best benefit.</p>
+
+<p>Now for the turning of your longest lasting fruit, you shall know that
+about the latter end of December is the best time to beginne, if you
+haue both got and kept them in such sort as is before sayd, and not mixt
+fruit of more
+<span class="sig" title="M2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_M2v" id="Page_1_M2v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="84">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_84" id="Page_1_84"></a>
+earely ripening amongst them: the second time you shall
+turne them, shall be about the end of February, and so consequently once
+euery month, till Penticost, for as the y&eacute;ere time increaseth in heate
+so fruit growes more apt to rot: after Whitsontide you shall turne them
+once euery fortnight, alwayes in your turning making your heapes thinner
+and thinner; but if the weather be frosty then stirre not your fruit at
+all, neither when the thaw is, for then the fruit being moist may by no
+meanes be touched: also in wet weather fruit will be a little dankish,
+so that then it must be forborne also, and therefore when any such
+moistnesse hapneth, it is good to open your windowes and let the ayre
+dry your fruit before it be turned: you may open your windowe any time
+of the y&eacute;ere in open weather, as long as the sunne is vpon the skye, but
+not after, except in March onely, at what time the ayre and winde is so
+sharpe that it tainteth and riuelleth all sorts of fruits whatsoeuer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">To keepe Fruit in frost.</span>
+If the frost be very extreame, and you feare the indangering your fruit,
+it is good to couer them somewhat thicke with fine hay, or else to lay
+them couered all ouer either in Barley-chaffe, or dry Salte: as for the
+laying them in chests of Iuniper, or Cipresse, it is but a toy, and not
+worth the practise: if you hang Apples in nettes within the ayre of the
+fire it will k&eacute;epe them long, but they will be dry and withered, and
+will loose their best rellish.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Wardens.</span>
+Now for the gathering, k&eacute;eping, ordering, and preseruing of Wardens,
+they are in all sorts and in all respects to be vsed as you doe vse your
+Peares, onely you are to consider that they are a fruit of a much
+stronger constitution, haue a much thicker skinne, and will endure much
+harder season: neither ought you to s&eacute;eke to ripen them in hast, or
+before the ordinary time of their owne nature, and therefore to them you
+shall vse neither straw, ferne, nor hay, but onely dry boards to lay
+them vpon, and no otherwise.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Medlars and Seruices.</span>
+For your Medlars, you shall gather them about the midst of October,
+after such time as the frost hath nipt and
+<span class="sigvisible" title="M3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_M3r" id="Page_1_M3r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="85">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_85" id="Page_1_85"></a>
+bitten them, for before they
+will not be ready, or loosen from the stalke, and then they will be
+nothing ripe, but as hard as stones, for they neuer ripen vpon the tr&eacute;e,
+therefore as soone as you haue gathered them, you shall packe them into
+some close vessell, and couer them all ouer, and round about, with
+thicke woollen cloathes, and about the cloathes good store of hay, and
+some other waight of boards, or such like vpon them, all which must
+bring them into an extreame heate, without which they will neuer ripen
+kindely, because their ripenesse is ind&eacute;ed perfect rottennesse: and
+after they haue layne thus, at least a fornight, you shall then looke
+vpon them, and turning them ouer, such as you finde ripe you shall take
+away, the rest you shall let remaine still, for they will not ripen all
+at once, and those which are halfe ripe you shall also remoue into a
+third place, least if you should k&eacute;epe them together, they should
+beginne to grow mouldy before the other were ready; and in the selfe
+same manner as you vse your Medlars, so you shall vse your Seruices, and
+they will ripen most kindely: or if you please to sticke them betwixt
+large clouen stickes, and to sprinckle a little olde beare vpon them,
+and so set them in a close roome, they will ripen as kindely as any
+other way whatsoeuer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Quinces.</span>
+Now for Quinces, they are a fruit which by no meanes you may place neare
+any other kinde of fruit, because their sent is so strong and peircing,
+that it will enter into any fruit, and cleane take way his naturall
+rellish: the time of their gathering is euer in October, and the m&eacute;etest
+place to lay them in is where they may haue most ayre, so they may lye
+dry (for wet they can by
+<a name="c_1_85" id="c_1_85"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="'no' does not appear in original" href="#tn_1_85">no</a> meanes indure,) also they must not lye
+close, because the smell of them is both strong &amp; vnwholsome: the beds
+whereon they must lye must be of sw&eacute;et straw, and you must both turne
+them and shift them very often, or else they will rot sp&eacute;edily: for the
+transporting or carying them any long iourney, you must vse them in all
+things as you vse your Peares, &amp; the carriage will be safe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Nuts.</span>
+For Nuts, of what sort soeuer they be, you shall know
+<span class="sig" title="M3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_M3v" id="Page_1_M3v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="86">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_86" id="Page_1_86"></a>
+they are ripe as
+soone as you perceiue them a little browne within the huske, or as it
+were ready to fall out of the same, the skill therefore in preseruing of
+them long from drynesse, is all that can be desired at the Fruiterers
+hands: for as touching the gathering of them, there is no scruple to be
+obserued, more then to gather them cleane from the tr&eacute;e, with the helpe
+of hookes and such like, for as touching the bruising of them, the shell
+is defence sufficient. After they be gathered, you shall shale them, and
+take them cleane out of their huskes, and then for preseruing them from
+either Wormes or drynesse, it shall be good to lay them in some low
+cellar, where you may couer them with sand, being first put into great
+bagges or bladders: some french-men are of opinion that if you put them
+into vessels made of Wal-nut-tr&eacute;e, and mixe Iuy-berries amongst them, it
+will preserue them moist a long time: others thinke, but I haue found it
+vncertaine, that to preserue Nuts in Honey will k&eacute;epe them all the y&eacute;ere
+as gr&eacute;ene, moist, and pleasant, as when they hung vpon the tr&eacute;e: The
+Dutch-men vse (and it is an excellent practise) to take the crusht
+Crabbes (after your verdiuyce is strained out of them) and to mixe it
+with their Nuts, and so to lay them in heapes, and it will preserue them
+long: or otherwise if they be to be transported, to put them into
+barrells and to lay one layre of crusht Crabbes, and another of Nuts,
+vntill the barrell be filled, and then to close them vp, and set them
+where they may stand coole. But aboue all these foresayd experiments,
+the best way for the preseruing of Nuts is to put them into cleane
+earthen pots, and to mixe with them good store of salt and then closing
+the pots close, to set them in some coole cellar, and couer them all
+ouer with sand, and there is no doubt but they will k&eacute;epe coole,
+pleasant, and moist, vntill new come againe, which is a time fully
+conuenient.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Grapes.</span>
+Now to conclude, for the k&eacute;eping of Grapes, you shall first vnderstand
+that the best time for their gathering is in the wane of the Moone, and
+about the midst of October,
+<span class="sig" title="M4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_M4r" id="Page_1_M4r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="87">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_87" id="Page_1_87"></a>
+as for the knowledge of his ripenesse it is
+euer at such time as his first colour is cleane altered, for all Grapes
+before they be ripe are of a d&eacute;epe, thicke, greene, colour, but after
+they be ripe, they are either of a blewish redde, or of a bright shining
+pale gr&eacute;ene. Now for the preseruing them for our english vse, which is
+but onely for a fruit-dish at our Tables, for neither our store, nor our
+soyle, affords vs any for the wine-presse, some thinke it good, after
+they are gotten, to lay them in fine dry sand, or to glasse them vp in
+close glasses, where the ayre cannot peirce, will k&eacute;epe them long, both
+full, plumpe, and sw&eacute;et, but in my conceit the best course is after they
+are gotten to hang them vpon strings bunch by bunch, in such places of
+your house as they may take the ayre of the fire, and they will last
+longest, and k&eacute;epe the sw&eacute;etest.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_2_X" id="Chap_2_X"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. X.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the making of Cyder, or Perry.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapc165"><span class="dropcap">C</span></span>yder is a certaine liquor or drinke made of the iuyce of Apples, and
+Perrye the like, made of Peares, they are of great vse in France, and
+very wholsome for mans body, especially at the Sea, and in hot
+Countries: for they are coole and purgatiue, and doe preuent burning
+agues: with vs here in England Cyder is most made in the West parts, as
+about Deuon-shire &amp; Cornwaile, &amp; Perry in Worcester-shire,
+Glocester-shire, &amp; such like, where ind&eacute;ede the greatest store of those
+kindes of fruits are to be found: the manner of making them is, after
+your fruit is gotten, you shall take euery Apple, or Peare, by it selfe,
+and looking vpon them, picke them cleane from all manner of filthinesse,
+as bruisings, rottennesse, worme-eating, and such like, neither leaue
+vpon them any stalkes, or the blacke buddes which are and grow vpon the
+tops of the fruit, which done you shall put them in to some
+<span class="sig" title="M4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_M4v" id="Page_1_M4v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="88">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_88" id="Page_1_88"></a>
+very cleane
+vessell, or trough, and with b&eacute;etells, made for the purpose, bruise or
+crush the Apples or Peares in p&eacute;eces, &amp; so remoue them into other cleane
+vessells, till all the fruit be bruised: then take a bagge of
+hayre-cloath, made at least a yard, or thr&eacute;e quarters, square, and
+filling it full of the crusht fruit, put it in a presse of woode, made
+for the purpose, and presse out all the iuyce and moisture out of the
+fruit, turning and tossing the bagge vp and downe, vntill there be no
+more moisture to runne forth, and so baggefull after baggefull cease not
+vntill you haue prest all: wherein you are especially to obserue, that
+your vessells into which you straine your fruit be exc&eacute;eding neate,
+sw&eacute;et, and cleane, and there be no place of ill fauour, or annoyance
+neare them, for the liquour is most apt, especially Cyder, to take any
+infection. As soone as your liquor is prest forth and hath stoode to
+settle, about twelue houres, you shall then turne it vp into sw&eacute;et
+hogsheads, as those which haue had in them last, either White-wine or
+Clarret, as for the Sacke vessell it is tollerable, but not excellent:
+you may also if you please make a small long bagge of fine linnen
+cloath, and filling it full of the powder of Cloues, Mace, Cynamon,
+Ginger, and the dry pils of Lemons, and hang it with a string at the
+bung-hole into the vessell, and it will make either the Cyder, or Perry,
+to tast as pleasantly as if it were Renish-wine, and this being done you
+shall clay vp the bung-hole with clay and salt mixt together, so close
+as is possible. And thus much for the making of Perry or Cyder.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="N">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_N1r" id="Page_1_N1r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="89">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_89" id="Page_1_89"></a>
+<a name="Chap_2_XI" id="Chap_2_XI"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. XI.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the Hoppe-garden, and first of the ground and situation thereof.</h3>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Fit ground for Hoppes.</span>
+<span class="dropcapt167"><span class="dropcap">T</span></span>hat the Hoppe is of great vse and commoditie in this kingdome, both the
+Beare, which is the generall and perfect drinke of our Nation, and our
+dayly traffique, both with France, the low-Countries, and other nations,
+for this commoditie, is a continuall testimony, wherefore the first
+thing to be considered of in this worke, is the goodnesse and aptnesse
+of the ground for the bringing forth of the fruit thereof, wherein I
+thus farre consent with Maister <i>Scot</i>, that I doe not so much respect
+the writings, opinions, and demonstrations, of the Gr&eacute;eke, Latine, or
+French authors, who neuer were acquainted with our soyles, as I doe the
+dayly practise and experience which I collect, both from my owne
+knowledge, and the labours of others my Countrymen, best s&eacute;ene and
+approued in this Art: therefore to come to my purpose, you shal
+vnderstand that the light sand, whether it be redde or white, being
+simple and vnmixed is most vnfit for the planting of Hoppes, because
+that through the barrainenesse, it neither hath comfort for the roote,
+nor through his seperate lightnesse, any strong hould to maintaine and
+k&eacute;epe vp the poales: likewise the most fertill rich, blacke clay, which
+of all soyles is the best and most fruitfull, is not to be allowed for a
+Hoppe garden, because his fatnesse and iuyce is so strong that the roote
+being as it were ouer-fedde, doth make the branches bring forth leaues
+in such infinite abundance that they leaue neither strength nor place
+for the fruit, either to knit, or put forth his treasure, as I haue
+s&eacute;ene by experience in many places: as for the earth which is of a
+morish, blacke, wet nature, and lyeth low, although I haue often times
+s&eacute;ene good Hoppes to grow thereupon, being well trencht, and the
+<span class="sig" title="N1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_N1v" id="Page_1_N1v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="90">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_90" id="Page_1_90"></a>
+hils
+cast high to the best aduantage, yet it is not the principall ground of
+all others, because it is neuer long lasting, but apt to decay and grow
+past his strength of bearing. The grounds then which I haue generally
+s&eacute;ene to beare the best Hoppes, and whose natures doe the longest
+continue with such fruit, are those mixt earthes which are clayes with
+clayes, as blacke with white, or clayes and sands of any sorts, wherein
+the soyle is so corrected as neither too much fatnesse doth suffocate,
+nor too much leannesse doth pine: for I had euer rather haue my
+Hoppe-garden desire increase, then
+<a name="c_1_90" id="c_1_90"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'contiunally'" href="#tn_1_90">continually</a> labour in abatement. And
+although some doe exc&eacute;edingly condemne the chauke-ground for this vse,
+yet I haue not at any time s&eacute;ene better Hoppes, or in more plenty, then
+in such places, as at this day may be s&eacute;ene in many places about
+Hartford-shire. To conclude, though your best mixt earths bring forth
+the best Hoppes, yet there is no soyle, or earth, of what nature soeuer
+it be (if it lye fr&eacute;e from inundation) but will bring forth good Hoppes,
+if it be put into the hands of an experienced workman.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of the Situation.</span>
+Now, for the situation or site of your Hoppe-garden: you shall so neare
+as you can place it neare some couer or shelter, as either of hils,
+houses, high-walles, woodes or tr&eacute;es, so those woodes or tr&eacute;es be not so
+neare that they may drop vpon your Hoppe hils, for that will kill them:
+also the nearer it is planted to your dwelling house it is somuch the
+better, both because the vigilance of your owne eye is a good guarde
+thereunto, and also the labours of your work-Maister will be more
+carefull and diligent. A Hop-garden as it delighteth much in the
+pleasantnesse of the sunne, so it cannot endure by any meanes, the
+sharpenesse of the windes, frosts, or Winter weather, and therefore your
+onely care is your defence and shelter. For the bignesse of your ground,
+it must be ordered according to your abillitie or place of trade for
+that commoditie, for if you shall haue them but for your owne vse, then
+a roode or two roodes will be inough, albeit your house k&eacute;eping match
+<span class="sigvisible" title="N2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_N2r" id="Page_1_N2r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="91">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_91" id="Page_1_91"></a>
+with Nobillitie: but if you haue them for a more particuler profit,
+then you may take an Aker, two or thr&eacute;e, according to your owne
+discretion; wherein you shall euer k&eacute;epe these obseruations: that one
+mans labour cannot attend aboue two thousand fiue hundred hils, that
+euery roode will beare two hundred and fiftie hils, euery hill beare at
+least two pounds and an halfe of Hoppes, (which is the iust quantitie
+that will serue to brew one quarter of Malt) and that euery hundred
+waight of Hoppes, is at the least, in a reasonable y&eacute;ere, worth
+foure-nobles the hundred: so that euery roode of ground thus imployed,
+cannot be lesse worth, at the meanest reckoning, then sixe pounds by the
+y&eacute;ere: for if the ground be principall good for the purpose, and well
+ordered, the profit will be much greater, in as much as the bells of the
+Hoppes will be much greater, full, and more waighty: And thus much for
+the ground and situation.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_2_XII" id="Chap_2_XII"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. XII.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the ordering of the Garden, and placing of the Hils.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapa23"><span class="dropcap">A</span></span>s soone as you haue chosen out your platforme of ground, you shal
+either by ploughing, or digging, or by both, make it as flat &amp; leuell as
+is possible, vnlesse it be any thing subiect vnto water, and then you
+shall giue it some small desent, and with little trenches conuaye the
+water from annoying it: you shall also the y&eacute;ere before you either make
+hill or plant it with Hoppe-rootes, sowe it all ouer with hempe, which
+will not onely kill, and stifle all sorts of w&eacute;eds, but also rot the
+gr&eacute;ene-swarth, and make the mould mellow, and apt to receiue the rootes
+when they come to be planted.</p>
+
+<p>Now, as soone as your ground is thus prepared, you shall then take a
+line, and with it measure your ground
+<span class="sig" title="N2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_N2v" id="Page_1_N2v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="92">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_92" id="Page_1_92"></a>
+ouerthwart, and to euery hill
+allow at least thr&eacute;e foote of ground euery way, and betwixt hill and
+hill, at the least sixe foote distance: and when you haue marked thus
+the number of thirty or forty places, where your hils shall be placed,
+intending euer that the time of y&eacute;ere for this worke must be about the
+beginning of Aprill, you shall then in the center, or midde part of
+these places made for the site of your hils, digge small square holes of
+a foote square each way, and a full foote d&eacute;epe, and in these holes you
+shall set your Hoppe-rootes, that is to say, in euery hole at least
+thr&eacute;e rootes, and these thr&eacute;e rootes you shall ioyne together in such
+wise that the toppes of them may be of one equall height, and agr&eacute;eing
+with the face or vpper part of the earth, you shall set them straight
+and vpright, and not seperating them, as many doe, and setting at each
+corner of the hole a roote, neither shall you twist them, and set both
+ends vpward, nor lay them flat or crosse-wise in the earth, neither
+shall you make the hils first and set the rootes after, nor immediately
+vpon the setting cast great hils vpon them, all which are very vilde
+wayes for the setting of Hoppes, but, as before I sayd, hauing ioyned
+your rootes together, you shall place them straight and vpright, and so
+holding them in one hand, with the other put the moulds close, firme,
+and perfectly about them, especially to each corner of the hole, which
+done you shall likewise couer the sets themselues all ouer with fine
+moulds, at least two fingers thicke, and in this sort you shall plant
+all your garden quite ouer, making the sites for your hill to stand in
+rowes and rankes, in such order that you may haue euery way betw&eacute;ene the
+hils small alleyes and passages, wherein you may goe at pleasure from
+hill to hill, without any trouble or annoyance, according to that forme
+which I haue before prescribed touching the placing of your Apple-tr&eacute;es
+in each seuerall quarter in your Orchard: and herein you are to
+vnderstand, that in this first y&eacute;ere of planting your Hoppe-garden you
+shall by no meanes fashion or make any great hils, but onely raise that
+part of the earth where
+<span class="sigvisible" title="N3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_N3r" id="Page_1_N3r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="93">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_93" id="Page_1_93"></a>
+your plants are set, some two or thr&eacute;e fingers
+higher then the ordinary ground.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">The choise of Rootes.</span>
+Now, before I proc&eacute;ede any further, I thinke it not amisse to speake
+some thing touching the choise, gathering and trimming of Hoppe-rootes:
+wherefore you shall vnderstand that about the latter end of March is the
+best gathering of Hoppe-rootes, which so neare as you can you shall
+select out of some garden of good reputation, which is both carefully
+kept, and by a man of good knowledge, for there euery thing being
+preserued in his best perfection, the rootes will be the greatest and
+most apt to take: and in the choise of your rootes you shall euer chuse
+those which are the greatest, as namely, such as are at the least thr&eacute;e
+or foure inches about, &amp; ten inches long, let euery roote containe about
+thr&eacute;e ioynts, and no more, and in any case let them be the cyons of the
+last y&eacute;eres growth: if they be perfectly good they haue a great gr&eacute;ene
+stalke with redde streakes, and a hard, broad, long, gr&eacute;ene, bell; if
+they be otherwise, as namely, wilde-Hoppes, then they are small and
+slender, like thriddes, their colour is all redde, euen when it is at
+least thr&eacute;e yards high, whereas the best Hoppe carieth his reddish
+colour not thr&eacute;e foote from the earth. Now hauing gotten such rootes as
+are good and fit for your purpose, if the season of the weather, or
+other necessitie hinder you from presently setting them, you shall then
+either lay them in some puddle, neare to your garden, or else bury them
+in the ground, vntill fit time for their planting: and of the two it is
+better to bury them then lay them in puddle, because if you so let them
+lye aboue xxiiij. houres, the rootes will be spoyled.</p>
+
+<p>Now after you haue in manner aforeshewed, planted your garden with
+rootes, it shall not be amisse, if the place be apt to such annoyance,
+to pricke vpon the site of euery hill a few sharpe Thornes to defend
+them from the scratching of poultry, or such like, which euer are busie
+to doe mischeife: yet of all house-fowle G&eacute;ese be the worst, but if your
+fence be as it ought, high, strong, and close, it will both preuent
+their harme and this labour.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sig" title="N3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_N3v" id="Page_1_N3v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="94">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_94" id="Page_1_94"></a>
+<span class="rightnote">
+<a name="c_1_94" id="c_1_94"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="span is unclear" href="#tn_1_94">Of Poales.</a></span>
+Next vnto this worke is the placing of Poales, of which we will first
+speake of the choise thereof, wherein if I discent from the opinion of
+other men, yet imagine I set downe no Oracle, but referre you to the
+experience or the practise, and so make your owne discreation the
+arbiter betw&eacute;ene our discentions. It is the opinion of some, that
+Alder-poales are most proper and fit for the Hoppe-garden, both that the
+Hoppe taketh, as they say, a certaine naturall loue to that woode, as
+also that the roughnesse of the rinde is a stay &amp; benefit to the growth
+of the Hoppe: to all which I doe not disagr&eacute;e, but that there should be
+found Alder-poales of that length, as namely, xvj. or xviij. foote long,
+nine, or ten, inches in compasse, and with all rush-growne, straight,
+and fit for this vse, s&eacute;emeth to m&eacute;e as much as a miracle, because in my
+life I haue not beheld the like, neither doe I thinke our kingdome can
+afford it, vnlesse in some such especiall place where they are purposely
+kept and maintained, more to shew the art of their maintenance, then the
+excellency of their natures: in this one benefit, and doutlesse where
+they are so preserued, the cost of their preseruation amounteth to more
+than the goodnesse of their extraordinary quallitie, which mine author
+defends to the contrary, giuing them a larger prerogatiue, in that they
+are cheaper to the purse, more profitable to the plant, and lesse
+consumption to the common-wealth: but I greatly doubt in the
+approbation, and therefore mine aduise is not to rely onely vpon the
+Alder, and for his preheminence imagine all other poales insufficient:
+but be assured that either, the Oake-poale, the Ashe, the B&eacute;eche, the
+Aspe, or Maple, are euery way as good, as profitable, and by many
+degr&eacute;es much longer lasting.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>Now, if it be so that you happen to liue in the champian Country, as for
+the most part Northampton shire, Oxford-shire, some parts of Leycester
+and Rutland are, or in the wet and low Countries, as Holland, and Kesten
+in Lincolne-shire, or the Ile of Elye in Cambridge-shire, all which
+places are very barraine of woode, and yet excellent
+<span class="sig" title="N4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_N4r" id="Page_1_N4r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="95">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_95" id="Page_1_95"></a>
+soyles to beare
+Hoppes, rather then to loose the commoditie of the Hoppe-garden I wish
+you to plant great store of Willowes, which will afforde you poales as
+sufficient as any of the other whatsoeuer, onely they are not so long
+lasting, and yet with carefull and dry keeping, I haue s&eacute;ene them last
+full out seauen y&eacute;eres, a time reasonably sufficient for any young
+woode, for such a vse. <span class="rightnote">The proportion of the Poale.</span>
+Thus you s&eacute;e the curiositie is not very great of
+what woode so euer your poale be, so it be of young and cleane growth,
+rush-growne, (that is to say, biggest at the neather end) eight&eacute;ene
+foote in length, and ten inches in compasse.
+<span class="rightnote">Of cutting and erecting Poales.</span>
+These poales you shall cut
+and prepare betwixt the feast of Al-Saints, and Christmas, and so pile
+them vp in some dry place, where they may take no wet, vntill it be
+midde-Aprill, at which time (your Hoppes being shot out of the ground at
+least thr&eacute;e quarters of a yarde, so that you may discerne the principall
+cyons which issue from the principall rootes) you shall then bring your
+poales into the garden, and lay them along in the alleyes, by euery hill
+so many poales as shall be sufficient for the maine branches, which
+happely the first y&eacute;ere will not be aboue two or thr&eacute;e poales at the
+most to a hill, but in processe of time more, as foure or fiue,
+according to the prosperitie of the plants, and the largenesse of the
+hils. After you haue thus layd your poales, you shall then beginne to
+set them vp in this sort: first, you shall take a gaue-locke, or crow of
+iron, and strike it into the earth so neare vnto the roote of the Hoppe
+as is possible, prouided alwayes that you doe not bruise, or touch the
+roote, and so stroake after stroake, cease not striking till you haue
+made a hoale at least two foote d&eacute;epe, and make them a little slantwise
+inward towards the hill, that the poales in their standing may shoote
+outwards and hould their greatest distance in the toppes: this done you
+shall place the poales in those hoales, thus made with the iron crow,
+and with another p&eacute;ece of woode, made rammer-wise, that is to say, as
+bigge at the neather end as the biggest part of the poale, or somewhat
+more,
+<span class="sig" title="N4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_N4v" id="Page_1_N4v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="96">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_96" id="Page_1_96"></a>
+you shall ramme in the poales, and beate the earth firme and hard
+about them: alwayes prouided, that you touch not any branch, or as
+little as you may beate with your rammer within betw&eacute;ene the poales,
+onely on the out-side make them so fast that the winde, or weather, may
+not disorder or blow them downe: then lay to the bottome of euery poale
+the branch which shall ascend it, and you shall s&eacute;e in a short space,
+how out of their owne natures, they will imbrace and climbe about them.</p>
+
+<p>Now, if it happen after your Hoppes are growne vp, yet not come to their
+full perfection, that any of your poales chance to breake, you shall
+then take a new poale, and with some soft gr&eacute;ene rushes, or the inmost
+gr&eacute;ene barke of an Alder-tr&eacute;e, tye the toppe of the Hoppe to the toppe
+of the new poale, then draw the broken poale out of the Hoppe (I meane
+that part which being broken lyeth vpon the ground) and as you saw it
+did winde about the olde poale (which is euer the same way that the
+sunne runnes) so you shall winde it about the new poale: then loosening
+the earth a little from the neather part of the broken poale, you may
+with your owne strength pull it cleane out of the earth, and place the
+new poale in his roome. Now, there be some which are exc&eacute;eding curious
+in pulling vp these olde poales, and rather then they will shake the
+earth, or loosen the mould, they will make a paire of large pincers, or
+tarriers of iron, at least fiue foote long with sharpe t&eacute;eth, and a
+clasping hooke to hould the t&eacute;eth together, when they haue taken fast
+hould vpon the poale so neare the earth as is possible, and then laying
+a peice of woode vnder the tarriers, and poysing downe the other ends to
+rest the poale out of the earth without any disturbance, the modell or
+fashion of which instrument is contained in this figure:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="sigvisible" title="O">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_O1r" id="Page_1_O1r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="97">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_97" id="Page_1_97"></a>
+<img src="images/illo175.png" width="500" height="231" alt="" title="Pincers" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>This instrument is not to be discommended, but to be held of good vse,
+either in binding grounds where the earth hardneth and houldeth the
+poale more then fast, or in the strength and heate of summer, when the
+drynesse of the mould will by no meanes suffer the poale to part from
+it: but otherwise it is n&eacute;edlesse and may without danger be omitted.</p>
+
+<p>As soone as you haue sufficiently set euery hill with poales, and that
+there is no disorder in your worke, you shall when the Hoppes beginne to
+climbe, note if their be any cyons or branches which doe forsake the
+poales, and rather shoote alongst the ground then looke vp to their
+supporters, and all such as you shall so finde, you shall as before I
+sayd, either with soft gr&eacute;ene rushes, or the gr&eacute;ene barke of Elder, tye
+them gently vnto the poales, and winde them about, in the same course
+that the sunne goes, as oft as conueniently you can: and this you shall
+doe euer after the dew is gone from the ground, and not before, and this
+must be done with all possible speede, for that cyon which is the
+longest before it take vnto the poale is euer the worst and brings forth
+his fruit in the worst season.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of the Hils.</span>
+Now, as touching the making of your hils, you shall vnderstand that
+although generally they are not made the first y&eacute;ere, yet it is not
+amisse if you omit that scruple, and
+<span class="sig" title="O1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_O1v" id="Page_1_O1v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="98">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_98" id="Page_1_98"></a>
+beginne to make your hils as soone
+as you haue placed your poales, for if your industry be answerable to
+the desert of the labour, you shall reape as good profit the first
+y&eacute;ere, as either the second or the third. To beginne therefore to make
+your hils, you shall make you an instrument like a stubbing Hoe, which
+is a toole wherewith labourers stubbe rootes out of decayed woode-land
+grounds, onely this shall be somewhat broader and thinner, somewhat in
+fashion (though twice so bigge) vnto a Coopers Addes, with a shaft at
+least foure foote long: some onely for this purpose vse a fine paring
+spade, which is euery way as good, and as profitable, the fashion of
+which is in this figure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo176.png" width="500" height="130" alt="" title="Spade" />
+</div>
+
+<p>With this paring spade, or hoe, you shall pare vp the gr&eacute;ene-swarth and
+vppermost earth, which is in the alleyes betw&eacute;ene the hils, and lay it
+vnto the rootes of the Hoppes, raising them vp like small Mole-hils, and
+so monthly increasing them all the y&eacute;ere through, make them as large as
+the site of your ground will suffer, which is at least foure or fiue
+foote ouerthwart in the bottome, and so high as conueniently that height
+will carry: you shall not by any meanes this first y&eacute;ere decay any cyons
+or branches which spring from the hils, but maintaine them in their
+growth, and suffer them to climbe vp the poales, but after the first
+y&eacute;ere is expired you shall not suffer aboue two or thr&eacute;e cyons, at the
+most, to rise vpon one poale. After your hils are made, which as before
+I sayd would be at least foure or fiue foote square in the bottome, and
+thr&eacute;e foote high, you shall then diligently euery day attend your
+garden, and if you finde any branches that being risen more
+<span class="sigvisible" title="O2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_O2r" id="Page_1_O2r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="99">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_99" id="Page_1_99"></a>
+then halfe
+way vp the poales, doe then forsake them and spread outward, dangling
+downe, then you shall either with the helpe of a high stoole, on which
+standing you may reach the toppe of the poale, or else with a small
+forckt sticke, put vp the branch, and winde it about the poale: you
+shall also be carefull that no w&eacute;eds or other filthinesse grow about the
+rootes of your Hoppes to choake them, but vpon the first discouery to
+destroy them.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_2_XIII" id="Chap_2_XIII"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. XIII.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the gathering of Hoppes, and the preseruing of the Poales.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapt88"><span class="dropcap">T</span></span>ouching the gathering of Hoppes you shall vnderstand that after Saint
+<i>Margarets</i> day they beginne to blossome, if it be in hot and rich
+soyles, but otherwise not till Lammas: likewise in the best soyles they
+bell at Lammas, in the worst at Michaelmas, and in the best earth they
+are full ripe at Michaelmas, in the worst at Martillmas; but to know
+when they are ripe indeede, you shall perceiue the s&eacute;ede to loose his
+gr&eacute;ene colour, and looke as browne as a Hares backe, wherefore then you
+shall with all dilligence gather them, and because they are a fruit that
+will endure little or no delay, as being ready to fall as soone as they
+be ripe, and because the exchange of weather may br&eacute;ede change in your
+worke, you shall vpon the first aduantage of faire weather, euen so
+soone as you shall s&eacute;e the dewe exhaled and drawne from the earth, get
+all the ayde of Men, Women, and children which haue any vnderstanding,
+to helpe you, and then hauing some conuenient empty barne, or shedde,
+made either of boards or canuas, neare to the garden, in which you shall
+pull your Hoppes, you shall then beginne at the nearest part of the
+garden, and with a sharpe garden knife cut the stalkes of the Hoppes
+asunder
+<span class="sig" title="O2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_O2v" id="Page_1_O2v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="100">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_100" id="Page_1_100"></a>
+close by the toppes of the hils; and then with a straite forke
+of iron, made broad and sharpe, for the purpose, shere vp all the
+Hoppes, and leaue the poales naked. Then hauing labouring persons for
+the purpose, let them cary them vnto the place where they are to be
+puld; and in any case cut no more then presently is caryed away as fast
+as they are cut, least if a shower of raine should happen to fall, and
+those being cut and taking wet, are in danger of spoyling. You shall
+prouide that those which pull your Hoppes be persons of good discretion,
+who must not pull them one by one, but stripe them roundly through their
+hands into baskets, mixing the young budds and small leaues with them,
+which are as good as any part of the Hoppe whatsoeuer. After you haue
+pulled all your Hoppes and carried them into such conuenient dry roomes
+as you haue prepared for that purpose, you shall then spread them vpon
+cleane floares, so thinne as may be, that the ayre may passe thorrow
+them, least lying in heapes they sweat, and so mould, before you can
+haue leasure to dry them. After your Hoppes are thus ordered, you shall
+then cleanse your garden of all such Hoppe-straw, and other trash, as in
+the gathering was scattered therein: then shall you plucke vp all your
+Hoppe-poales, in manner before shewed, and hauing either some dry
+boarded house, or shed, made for the purpose, pile then one vpon
+another, safe from winde or weather, which howsoeuer some that would
+haue their experience, like a Collossus, s&eacute;eme greater then it is, doe
+disalow, yet it is the best manner of k&eacute;eping of poales, and well worthy
+the charge: but for want of such a house, it shall not be amisse to take
+first your Hoppe-straw, and lay it a good thicknesse vpon the ground,
+and with sixe strong stakes, driuen slant-wise into the earth, so as the
+vppermost ends may be inward one to another, lay then your Hoppe-poales
+betw&eacute;ene the stakes, and pile them one vpon another, drawing them
+narrower and narrower to the top, and then couer them all ouer with more
+Hoppe-straw, and so let them rest till the next March, at which
+<span class="sigvisible" title="O3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_O3r" id="Page_1_O3r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="101">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_101" id="Page_1_101"></a>
+time
+you shall haue new occasion to vse them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Winter businesse.</span>
+As soone as you haue piled vp your Hoppe-poales, dry and close, then you
+shall about mid-Nouember following throw downe your hils, and lay all
+your rootes bare, that the sharpenesse of the season may nip them, and
+k&eacute;epe them from springing too earely: you shall also then bring into the
+garden olde Cow-dunge, which is at least two y&eacute;eres olde, for no new
+dunge is good, and this you shall lay in some great heape in some
+conuenient place of the garden vntill Aprill, at which time, after you
+haue wound your Hoppes about your poales, you shall then bestow vpon
+euery hill two or thr&eacute;e spade-full of the Manure mixt with earth, which
+will comfort the plant and make it spring pleasantly.</p>
+
+<p>After your hils are puld downe, you shall with your garden spade, or
+your hoe, vndermine all the earth round about the roote of the Hoppe,
+till you come to the principall rootes thereof, and then taking the
+youngest rootes in your hand, and shaking away the earth, you shall s&eacute;e
+how the new rootes grow from the olde sets, then with a sharpe knife cut
+away all those rootes as did spring the y&eacute;ere before, out of your sets,
+within an inch and an halfe of the same, but euery y&eacute;ere after the first
+you shall cut them close by the olde rootes. Now, if you s&eacute;e any rootes
+which doe grow straight downward, without ioynts, those you shall not
+cut at all, for they are great nourishers of the plant, but if they grow
+outward, or side-wayes, they are of contrary natures, and must
+necessarily be cut away. If any of your Hoppes turne wilde, as oft it
+happens, which you shall know by the perfect rednesse of the branch,
+then you shall cut it quite vp, and plant a new roote in his place.
+After you haue cut and trimmed all your rootes, then you shall couer
+them againe, in such sort as you were taught at the first planting them,
+and so let them abide till their due time for poaling.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>
+<span class="sig" title="O3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_O3v" id="Page_1_O3v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="102">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_102" id="Page_1_102"></a>
+<a name="Chap_2_XIIII" id="Chap_2_XIIII"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. XIIII.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of drying, and not drying of Hoppes, and of packing them when they are
+dried.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapa23"><span class="dropcap">A</span></span>lthough there be much curiositie in the drying of Hoppes as well in the
+temperature of heate (which hauing any extremitie, as either of heate,
+or his contrary, br&eacute;edeth disorder in the worke) as also in the framing
+of the Ost or furnace after many new moulds and fashions, as variable as
+mens wits and experiences, yet because innouations and incertainty doth
+rather perplexe then profit, I will shunne, as much as in me lyeth, from
+loading the memory of the studious Husbandman with those stratagems
+which disable his vnderstanding from the attaining of better perfection,
+not disalowing any mans approued knowledge, or thinking that because
+such a man can mend smoking Chimnyes, therefore none but h&eacute;e shall haue
+license to make Chimnyes, or that because some men can melt Mettall
+without winde, therefore it shall be vtterly vnlawfull to vse bellowes:
+these violent opinions I all together disacknowledge, and wish euery one
+the liberty of his owne thoughts, and for mine English Husband, I will
+shew him that way to dry his Hoppes which is most fit for his profit,
+safe, easie, and without extraordinary expences.</p>
+
+<p>First then to speake of the time which is fittest for the drying of your
+Hoppes, it is immediately as soone as they are gotten, if more vrgent
+occasions doe not delay the businesse, which if they happen, then you
+haue a forme before prescribed how to preserue them from mouldinesse and
+putrifaction till you can compasse fit time to effect the worke in. The
+manner of drying them is vpon a Kilne, of which there be two sorts, that
+is to say, an English Kilne, and a French Kilne: the English Kilne being
+composed of woode,
+<span class="sig" title="O4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_O4r" id="Page_1_O4r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="103">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_103" id="Page_1_103"></a>
+lath, and clay, and therefore subiect to some danger
+of fire, the French, of bricke, lime, and sand, and therefore safe,
+close, and without all perill, and to be preferred much before the
+other: yet because I haue hereafter more occasion to speake of the
+nature, fashion, and edifice of Kilnes in that part of this Volumne
+where I intreate of Malting, I will cease further to mention them then
+to say that vpon a Kilne is the best drying your Hoppes, after this
+manner, hauing finely bedded your Kilne with Wheate-straw, you shall lay
+on your hayre cloath, although some disallow it, but giue no reason
+therefore, yet it cannot be hurtfull in any degr&eacute;e, for it neither
+distasteth the Hoppes, nor defendeth them from the fire, making the
+worke longer then it would, but it preserueth both the Hoppes from
+filthynesse, and their s&eacute;ede from losse: when your hayre-cloath is
+spread, you shall cause one to deliuer you vp your Hoppes in baskets,
+which you shall spread vpon the cloath, all ouer the Kilne, at the least
+eight inches thicke, and then comming downe, and going to the hole of
+the Kilne, you shall with a little dry straw kindle the fire, and then
+maintaining it with more straw, you shall k&eacute;epe a fire a little more
+feruent then for the drying of a kilne-full of Malt, being assured that
+the same quantitie of fuell, heate, and time, which dryeth a kilne-full
+of Malt, will also dry a kilne-full of Hoppes, and if your Kilne will
+dry twenty strikes, or bushels of Malt at one drying, then it will dry
+forty of Hoppes, because being layd much thicker the quantitie can be no
+lesse then doubled, which is a sp&eacute;ede all together sufficient, and may
+very well serue to dry more Hoppes
+<a name="c_1_103" id="c_1_103"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="span is unclear" href="#tn_1_103">then</a>
+any one man hath growing in this
+kingdome.</p>
+
+<p>Now, for as much as some men doe not alow to dry Hoppes with straw, but
+rather preferre woode, and of woode still to chuse the gr&eacute;enest, yet I
+am of a contrary opinion, for I know by experience that the smoake which
+proc&eacute;edeth from woode, (especially if it be greene woode) being a strong
+and sharpe vapour, doth so taint and infect the Hoppes that when those
+Hoppes come to be brewed
+<span class="sig" title="O4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_O4v" id="Page_1_O4v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="104">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_104" id="Page_1_104"></a>
+with, they giue the drinke a smoakie taste,
+euen as if the Malt it selfe had beene woode-dryed: the vnpleasantnesse
+whereof I leaue to the iudgement of them that haue trauelled in
+York-shire, where, for the most part, is nothing but woode-dryed Malt
+onely.</p>
+
+<p>That you may know when your Hoppes are dry inough, you shall take a
+small long sticke, and stirring the Hoppes too and fro with it, if the
+Hoppes doe russell and make a light noyse, each as it were seperating
+one from another, then they are altogether dry inough, but if in any
+part you finde them heauy or glewing one to another, then they haue not
+inough of the fire: also when they are sufficiently and moderately dryed
+they are of a bright-browne colour, little or nothing altered from that
+they held when they were vpon the stalke, but if they be ouer dryed,
+then their colour will be redde: and if they were not well ordered
+before they were dryed, but suffered either to take wet or mould, then
+they will looke blacke when they are dry.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of the drying Hoppes.</span>
+There be some which are of opinion that if you doe not dry your Hoppes
+at all, it shall be no losse, but it is an errour most grose, for if
+they be not dryed, there is neither profit in their vse, nor safty in
+preseruing them.</p>
+
+<p>As soone as your Hoppes are sufficiently dryed, you shall by the
+plucking vp of the foure corners of your hayre-cloath thrust all your
+Hoppes together, and then putting them into baskets, carry them into
+such dry places as you haue prepared of purpose to lay them in, as
+namely, either in dry-fats, or in garners, made either of plaster, or
+boards: and herein you shall obserue to packe them close and hard
+together, which will be a meanes that if any of them be not dry, yet the
+heate they shall get by such lying will dry them fully and make them fit
+for seruice.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of packing Hoppes.</span>
+Now to conclude, if your store of Hoppes be so great that you shall
+trade or make Marchandize of them, then either to conuay them by land or
+Sea, it is best that you packe them into great bagges of canuas, made in
+fashion of those bagges which woole-men vse, and call them pockets,
+<span class="sigvisible" title="P">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_P1r" id="Page_1_P1r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="105">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_105" id="Page_1_105"></a>
+but
+not being altogether so large: these bagges you shall open, and either
+hang vp betw&eacute;ene some crosse-beames, or else let downe into some lower
+floare, and then putting in your Hoppes cause a man to goe into the
+bagge and tread downe the Hoppes, so hard as is possible, pressing downe
+basket-full after basket-full, till the bagge be filled, euen vnto the
+toppe, and then with an extraordinary packe-thriede, sowing the open end
+of the bagge close together, let euery hollow place be crammed with
+Hoppes, whilst you can get one hand-full to goe in, and so hauing made
+euery corner strong and fast, let them lye dry till you haue occasion
+either to shippe or cart them. And thus much for the ordering of Hoppes,
+and their vses.</p>
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_2_XV" id="Chap_2_XV"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. XV.</span><br />
+<br />
+The office of the Gardiner, and first of the Earth, Situation, and
+fencing of a Garden for pleasure.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapt183"><span class="dropcap">T</span></span>here is to be required at the hands of euery perfect Gardiner thr&eacute;e
+especiall vertues, that is to say, <i>Diligence</i>, <i>Industry</i>, and <i>Art</i>:
+the two first, as namely, <i>Diligence</i> (vnder which word I comprehend his
+loue, care, and delight in the vertue hee professeth) and <i>Industry</i>
+(vnder which word I conclude his labour, paine, and study, which are the
+onely testimonies of his perfection) h&eacute;e must reape from Nature: for, if
+h&eacute;e be not inclined, euen from the strength of his blood to this loue
+and labour, it is impossible he should euer proue an absolute gardiner:
+the latter, which containeth his skill, habit, and vnderstanding in what
+h&eacute;e professeth, I doubt not but h&eacute;e shall gather from the abstracts or
+rules which shall follow hereafter in this Treatise, so that where
+nature, and this worke shall concurre in one subiect, there is no doubt
+to be made, but the professor shall in all points, be able to discharge
+a sufficient dutie.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sig" title="P1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_P1v" id="Page_1_P1v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="106">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_106" id="Page_1_106"></a>
+Now, for as much as all our antient and forraine writers (for w&eacute;e are
+very sleightly beholding to our selues for these indeauours) are
+exc&eacute;eding curious in the choise of earth, and situation of the plot of
+ground which is m&eacute;ete for the garden: yet I, that am all English
+Husbandman, and know our soyles out of the worthinesse of their owne
+natures doe as it were rebell against forraine imitation, thinking their
+owne vertues are able to propound their owne rules: and the rather when
+I call into my remembrance, that in all the forraine places I haue
+s&eacute;ene, there is none more worthy then our owne, and yet none ordered
+like our owne, I cannot be induced to follow the rules of Italie,
+vnlesse I were in Italie, neither those of France, vnlesse I dwelt in
+France, nor those of Germany except in Germany I had my habitation,
+knowing that the too much heate of the one, or the too much coldnesse of
+the other, must rather confound then help in our temperate climate:
+whence it comes, that our english booke-knowledge in these cases is both
+disgraced and condemned, euery one fayling in his experiments, because
+he is guided by no home-bredde, but a stranger; as if to reade the
+english tongue there were none better then an Italian Pedant. This to
+auoide, I will neither begge ayde nor authoritie from strangers, but
+reuerence them as worthies and fathers of their owne Countries.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of the ground.</span>
+To speake therefore first of the ground which is fit for the garden,
+albeit the best is best worthy, the labour least, and the profit most
+certaine, yet it is not m&eacute;ete that you refuse any earth whatsoeuer, both
+because a garden is so profitable, necessary, and such an ornament and
+grace to euery house and house-k&eacute;eper, that the dwelling place is lame
+and maymed if it want that goodly limbe, and beauty. Besides, if no
+gardens should be planted but in the best and richest soyles, it were
+infinite the losse we should sustaine in our priuate profit, and in the
+due commendations, fit for many worthy workmen, who haue reduced the
+worst and barrainest earths to as rare perfection and profit as if they
+<span class="sigvisible" title="P2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_P2r" id="Page_1_P2r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="107">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_107" id="Page_1_107"></a>
+had b&eacute;ene the onely soyles of this kingdome: and for mine owne part, I
+doe not wonder either at the worke of Art or Nature, when I behould in a
+goodly, rich, and fertill soyle, a garden adorned with all the delights
+and delicacies which are within mans vnderstanding, because the naturall
+goodnesse of the earth (which not induring to be idle) will bring forth
+whatsoeuer is cast into her: but when I behould vpon a barraine, dry,
+and deiected earth, such as the Peake-hils, where a man may behould Snow
+all summer, or on the East-mores, whose best hearbage is nothing but
+mosse, and iron stone, in such a place, I say, to behould a delicate,
+rich, and fruitfull garden, it shewes great worthinesse in the owner,
+and infinite Art and industry in the workeman, and makes me both admire
+and loue the begetters of such excellencies.</p>
+
+<p>But to returne to my purpose touching the choise of your earth for a
+garden, sith no house can conueniently be without one, and that our
+English Nation is of that great popularitie, that not the worst place
+thereof but is abundantly inhabited, I thinke it m&eacute;ete that you refuse
+no earth whatsoeuer to plant your garden vpon, euer obseruing this rule,
+that the more barraine it is, the more cost must be bestowed vpon it,
+both in Manuring, digging, and in trenching, as shall be shewed
+hereafter, and the more rich it is, lesse cost of such labour, and more
+curiositie in w&eacute;eding, proyning, and trimming the earth: for, as the
+first is too slow, so the latter is too swift, both in her increase and
+multiplication.</p>
+
+<p>Now, for the knowledge of soyles, which is good, and which is badde, I
+haue spoken sufficiently already in that part which intreateth of
+Tillage, onely this one caueat I will giue you, as soone as you haue
+markt out your garden-plot, you shall turne vp a sodde, and taking some
+part of the fresh mould, champe it betw&eacute;ene your t&eacute;eth in your mouth,
+and if it taste sw&eacute;etish then is the mould excellent good and fit to
+receiue either seedes or plants, without much Manuring, but if it taste
+salt or bitter, then it is a
+<span class="sig" title="P2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_P2v" id="Page_1_P2v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="108">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_108" id="Page_1_108"></a>
+great signe of barrainenesse, and must of
+necessitie be corrected with Manure: for saltnesse sheweth much
+windinesse, which choaketh and stifleth the s&eacute;ede, and bitternesse that
+vnnaturall heate which blasteth it before it sprout.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of the situation.</span>
+Now, for the situation of the garden-plot for pleasure, you shall
+vnderstand that it must euer be placed so neare vnto the dwelling house
+as is possible, both because the eye of the owner may be a guard and
+support from inconueniences, as also that the especiall roomes and
+prospects of the house may be adorned, perfumed, and inriched, with the
+delicate proportions, odorifferous smells, and wholsome ayres which
+shall ascend and vaporate from the same, as may more amply be s&eacute;ene in
+that former Chapter, where modelling forth the Husbandmans house, I shew
+you the site and place for his Garden, onely you must diligently
+obserue, that neare vnto this garden doe not stand any houells, stackes
+of hay, or Corne, which ouer-pearing the walls, or fence, of the same,
+may by reason of winde, or other occasion, annoy the same with straw,
+chaffe, s&eacute;edes, or such like filthinesse, which doth not onely blemish
+the beauty thereof, but is also naturally very hurtfull and cankerous to
+all plants whatsoeuer. Within this garden plot would be also either some
+Well, Pumpe, Conduit, Pond, or Cesterne for water, sith a garden, at
+many times of the y&eacute;ere, requireth much watering: &amp; this place for water
+you shall order and dispose according to your abillitie, and the nature
+of the soyle, as thus: if both your reputation, and your wealth be of
+the lowest account, if then your garden aford you a plaine Well, comely
+couered, or a plaine Pump, it shall be sufficient, or if for want of
+such springs you digge a fayre Pond in some conuenient part thereof, or
+else (which is much better) erect a Cesterne of leade, into which by
+pippes may discend all the raine-water which falls about any part of the
+house, it will serue for your purpose: but if God haue bestowed vpon you
+a greater measure of his blessings, both in wealth &amp; account, if then
+insteade of either Well, Pumpe, Pond, or Cesterne, you erect Conduits,
+<span class="sigvisible" title="P3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_P3r" id="Page_1_P3r"></a>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="109">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_109" id="Page_1_109"></a>
+or continuall running Fountaines, composed of Antique workes, according
+to the curiositie of mans inuention, it shall be more gallant and
+worthy: and these Conduits or water-courses, you may bring in pippes of
+leade from other remote or more necessary places of water springs,
+standing aboue the leuell of your garden, as euery Artist in the
+profession of such workes can more amply declare vnto you, onely for m&eacute;e
+let it be sufficient to let you vnderstand that euery garden would be
+accompanied with water.</p>
+
+<p>Also you shall haue great care that there adioyne not vnto your
+garden-plot any common-shewers, stinking or muddy dikes, dung-hils, or
+such like, the annoyance of whose smells and euill vapors doth not onely
+corrupt and br&eacute;ede infection in man, but also cankereth, killeth and
+consumeth all manner of plants, especially those which are most
+pleasant, fragrant, and odorifferous, as being of tenderest nature and
+qualitie: and for this cause diuers will not alow the moating of
+garden-plots about, imagining that the ouer great moistnesse thereof,
+and the strong smells which doe arise from the mudde in the Summer
+season, doe corrupt and putrifie the hearbes and plants within the
+compasse of the same, but I am not altogether of that opinion, for if
+the water be sw&eacute;et, or the channell thereof sandy or grauelly, then
+there is no such scruple to be taken: but if it be contrary, then it is
+with all care to be auoyded, because it is euer a Maxime in this case,
+that your garden-plot must euer be compassed with the pleasantest and
+sw&eacute;etest ayre that may be.</p>
+
+<p>The windes which you shall generally defend from your garden, are the
+Easterne windes and the Northerne, because they are sharpest, coldest,
+and bring with them tempers of most vnseasonablenesse, &amp; albeit in
+Italie, Spaine, and such like hot Countries, they rather defend away the
+Westerne and Southerne winde, giuing fr&eacute;e passage to the East and North,
+yet with England it may not be so, because the naturall coldenes of our
+Climate is sufficient
+<span class="sig" title="P3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_P3v" id="Page_1_P3v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="110">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_110" id="Page_1_110"></a>
+without any assistance to further bitternesse,
+our best industry being to be imployed rather to get warmth, which may
+nourish and bring forth our labours, then any way to diminish or weaken
+the same.</p>
+
+<p>This plot of ground also would lye, as neare as you can, at the foote or
+bottome of an hill, both that the hill may defend the windes and sharpe
+weather from the same, as also that you may haue certaine ascents or
+risings of state, from leuell to leuell, as was in some sort before
+shewed in the plot for the Orchard, and shall be better declared in the
+next Chapter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of fencing the garden.</span>
+Now lastly for the fencing or making priuate the garden-plot, it is to
+be done according to your abillitie, and the nature of the climate
+wherein you liue: as thus, if your reuenewes will reach thereunto, and
+matter be to be got, for that purpose, where you liue, then you shall
+vnderstand that your best fence is a strong wall, either of Bricke,
+Ashler, rough-Stone, or Earth, of which you are the best-owner, or can
+with least dammage compasse: but for want either of earth to make
+bricke, or quarries out of which to get stone, it shall not then be
+amisse to fence your garden with a tall strong pale of seasoned Oake,
+fixt to a double parris raile, being lined on the inside with a thicke
+quicke-set of white-Thorne, the planting whereof shall be more largely
+spoken of where I intreate of fencing onely. But if the place where you
+liue in, be so barraine of timber that you cannot get sufficient for the
+purpose, then you shall make a studde wall, which shall be splinted and
+lomed both with earth and lime, and hayre, and copt vpon the toppe (to
+defend away wet) either with tile, slate, or straw, and this wall is
+both beautifull, and of long continuance, as may be s&eacute;ene in the most
+parts of the South of this kingdome: but if either your pouerty or
+climate doe deny you timber for this purpose, you shall then first make
+a small trench round about your garden-plot, and set at least foure
+rowes of quicke-set of white-Thorne, one aboue another, and then round
+about the outside, to
+<span class="sig" title="P4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_P4r" id="Page_1_P4r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="111">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_111" id="Page_1_111"></a>
+defend the quick-set, make a tall fence of dead
+woode, being either long, small, brushy poales prickt into the earth,
+and standing vpright, and so bound together in the wast betw&eacute;ene two
+other poales, according to the figure set downe,</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo189.png" width="500" height="417" alt="" title="Fence" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>being so high that not any kinde of Pullen may flie ouer the same, or
+else an ordinary hedge of common woode, being beyrded vpon the toppe
+with sharpe Thornes, in such wise that not any thing may dare to
+aduenture ouer it: and this dead fence you shall repaire and maintaine
+as occasion shall require from time to time, till your quicke-set be
+growne vp, and, by continuall plashing and interfouldings, be made able
+and sufficient to fence and defend your garden, which will be within
+fiue or seauen yeeres at the most, and so continue with good order for
+euer. And thus much for the situation of gardens.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>
+<span class="sig" title="P4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_P4v" id="Page_1_P4v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="112">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_112" id="Page_1_112"></a>
+<a name="Chap_2_XVI" id="Chap_2_XVI"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. XVI.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the fashion of the garden-plot for pleasure, the Alleyes, Quarters,
+Digging and Dungging of the same.</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="dropcapa119"><span class="dropcap">A</span></span>fter you haue chosen out and fenced your garden-plot, according as is
+before sayd, you shall then beginne to fashion and proportion out the
+same, sith in the conuayance remaineth a great part of the gardiners
+art.
+<span class="rightnote">The fashion.</span>
+And herein you shall vnderstand that there be two formes of
+proportions belonging to the garden, the first, onely beautifull, as the
+plaine, and single square, contayning onely foure quarters, with his
+large Alleyes euery way, as was discribed before in the Orchard: the
+other both beautifull and stately, as when there is one, two or thr&eacute;e
+leuelled squares, each mounting seauen or eight steppes one aboue
+another, and euery square contayning foure seuerall Quarters with their
+distinct and seuerall Alleyes of equall breadth and proportion; placing
+in the center of euery square, that is to say, where the foure corners of
+the foure Quarters doe as it were neighbour and m&eacute;ete one another,
+either a Conduit of antique fashion, a Standard of some vnusuall deuise,
+or else some Dyall, or other Piramed, that may grace and beautifie the
+garden. And herein I would haue you vnderstand that I would not haue you
+to cast euery square into one forme or fashion of Quarters or Alleyes,
+for that would shew little varytie or inuention in Art, but rather to
+cast one in plaine Squares, another in Tryangulars, another in
+roundalls, &amp; so a fourth according to the worthinesse of conceite, as in
+some sort you may behould by these figures, which questionlesse when
+they are adorned with their ornaments, will breed infinite delight to
+the beholders.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="sigvisible" title="Q">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_Q1r" id="Page_1_Q1r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="113">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_113" id="Page_1_113"></a>
+<p class="caption"> The Plaine Square.</p>
+<img src="images/illo191.png" width="500" height="483" alt="" title="The Plaine Square." />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="sig" title="Q1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_Q1v" id="Page_1_Q1v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="114">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_114" id="Page_1_114"></a>
+<p class="caption gap"> The Square Triangular or circular.</p>
+<img src="images/illo192.png" width="500" height="482" alt="" title="The Square Triangular or circular." />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="sigvisible" title="Q2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_Q2r" id="Page_1_Q2r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="115">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_115" id="Page_1_115"></a>
+<p class="caption gap"> The Square of eight Diamonds.</p>
+<img src="images/illo193.png" width="500" height="487" alt="" title="The Square of eight Diamonds." />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="sig" title="Q2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_Q2v" id="Page_1_Q2v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="116">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_116" id="Page_1_116"></a>
+From the modell of these Squares, Tryangles, and Rounds, any
+industrious braine may with little difficulty deriue and fashion to
+himselfe diuers other shapes and proportions, according to the nature
+and site of the earth, which may appeare more quaint and strange then
+these which are in our common vse, albeit these are in the truth of
+workmanship the perfect father and mother of all proportions whatsoeuer.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">The ordering of Alleyes.</span>
+Now, you shall vnderstand that concerning the Alleyes and walkes in this
+garden of pleasure, it is very m&eacute;ete that your ground, being spacious
+and large, (which is the best beauty) that you cut through the midst of
+euery Alley an ample and large path or walke, the full depth of the
+roote of the gr&eacute;ene-swarth, and at least the breadth of seauen or eight
+foote: and in this path you shall strow either some fine redde-sand, of
+a good binding nature, or else some fine small grauell, or for want of
+both them you may take the finest of your pit-coale-dust, which will
+both k&eacute;epe your Alleyes dry and smooth, and also not suffer any grasse
+or gr&eacute;ene thing to grow within them, which is disgracefull, if it be
+suffered: the French-men doe vse, to couer their Alleyes, either with
+the powder of marble, or the powder of slate-stone, or else paue them
+either with Pit-stone, Fr&eacute;e-stone, or Tiles, the first of which is too
+hard to get, the other great cost to small purpose, the rather sith our
+owne grauell is in euery respect as beautifull, as dry, as strong, and
+as long lasting: Onely this h&eacute;edfulnesse you must diligently obserue,
+that if the situation of your garden-plot be low and much subiect to
+moisture, that then these middle-cut paths or walkes must be heightned
+vp in the midst, and made in a proportionall bent or compasse: wherein
+you shall obserue that the out most verdges of the walke must be leuell
+with the gr&eacute;ene-swarth which holded in each side, and the midst so truly
+raised vp in compasse, that the raine which falles may haue a passage to
+each side of the gr&eacute;ene-swarth. Now, the lesse this compasse is made (so
+it auoyde the water, and remaine hard) the better it is, because
+<span class="sigvisible" title="Q3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_Q3r" id="Page_1_Q3r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="117">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_117" id="Page_1_117"></a>
+by
+that meanes both the eye shall be deceiued (which shewes art in the
+workman) and the more leuell they are, the more ease vnto them which
+shall continually walke vpon them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Obiection.</span>
+Now, if any shall obiect, why I doe not rather couet to haue these
+Alleyes or walkes rather all gr&eacute;ene, then thus cut and deuided, sith it
+is a most beautifull thing to see a pleasant gr&eacute;ene walke, my answere is
+this, that first the mixture of colours, is the onely delight of the eye
+aboue all other: for beauty being the onely obiect in which it ioyeth,
+that beautie is nothing but an excellent mixture, or consent of colours,
+as in the composition of a delicate woman the grace of her ch&eacute;eke is the
+mixture of redde and white, the wonder of her eye blacke and white, and
+the beauty of her hand blewe and white, any of which is not sayd to be
+beautifull if it consist of single or simple colours: and so in these
+walkes, or Alleyes, the all gr&eacute;ene, nor the all yealow cannot be sayd to
+be most beautifull, but the gr&eacute;ene and yealow, (that is to say, the
+vntroade grasse, and the well knit grauell) being equally mixt, giue the
+eye both luster and delight beyonde all comparison.</p>
+
+<p>Againe, to k&eacute;epe your walkes all gr&eacute;ene, or grassy, you must of force
+either forbeare to tread vpon them, (which is the vse for which they
+were onely fashioned,) or treading vpon them you shall make so many
+pathes and ilfauored wayes as will be most vglie to the eye: besides the
+dewe and wet hanging vpon the grasse will so annoy you, that if you doe
+not select especiall howers to walke in, you must prouide shooes or
+bootes of extraordinary goodnesse: which is halfe a depriuement of your
+liberty, whereas these things of recreation were created for a contrary
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Now, you shall also vnderstand that as you make this sandy and smooth
+walke through the midst of your Alleyes, so you shall not omit but leaue
+as much gr&eacute;ene-swarth, or grasse ground of eache side the plaine path as
+may fully counteruaile the breadth of the walke, as thus for example: if
+your sandy walke be sixe foote broad, the grasse
+<span class="sig" title="Q3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_Q3v" id="Page_1_Q3v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="118">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_118" id="Page_1_118"></a>
+ground of each side
+it, shall be at least sixe foote also, so that the whole Alley shall be
+at least eight&eacute;ene foote in breadth, which will be both comely and
+stately.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of the Quarters.</span>
+Your Alleyes being thus proportioned and set forth, your next worke
+shall be the ordering of your Quarters, which as I sayd before, you may
+frame into what proportions you please, as into Squares, Tryangles and
+Rounds, according to the ground, or your owne inuention: and hauing
+marked them out with lines, and the garden compasse, you shall then
+beginne to digge them in this manner: first, with a paring spade, the
+fashion whereof is formerly shewed, you shall pare away all the
+gr&eacute;ene-swarth, fully so d&eacute;epe as the roote of the grasse shall goe, and
+cast it away, then with other digging spades you shall digge vp the
+earth, at least two foote and a halfe, or thr&eacute;e foote d&eacute;epe, in turning
+vp of which earth, you shall note that as any rootes of w&eacute;edes, or other
+quickes shall be raised or stirred vp, so presently with your hands to
+gather them vp, and cast them away, that your mould may (as neare as
+your dilligence can performe it) be cleane from either wilde rootes,
+stones, or such like offences: &amp; in this digging of your Quarters you
+shall not forget but raise vp the ground of your Quarters at least two
+foote higher then your Alleyes, and where by meanes of such reasure, you
+shall want mould, there you shall supply that lacke by bringing mould
+and cleane earth from some other place, where most conueniently you may
+spare it, that your whole Quarter being digged all ouer, it may rise in
+all parts alike, and carry an orderly and well proportioned leuell
+through the whole worke.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Dunging.</span>
+The best season for this first digging of your garden mould is in
+September: and after it is so digged and roughly cast vp, you shall let
+it rest till the latter end of Nouember, at what time you shall digge it
+vp againe, in manner as afore sayd, onely with these additions, that you
+shall enter into the fresh mould, halfe a spade-graft d&eacute;eper then
+before, and at euery two foote breadth of ground, enlarging
+<span class="sig" title="Q4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_Q4r" id="Page_1_Q4r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="119">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_119" id="Page_1_119"></a>
+the trench
+both wide and d&eacute;epe, fill it vp with the oldest and best Oxe or
+Cow-Manure that you can possibly get, till such time that increasing
+from two foote to two foote, you haue gone ouer and Manured all your
+quarters, hauing a principall care that your dunge or Manure lye both
+d&eacute;epe and thicke, in so much that euery part of your mould may
+indifferently pertake and be inriched with the same Manure.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Diuersitie of Manures.</span>
+Now, you shall vnderstand that although I doe particularly speake but of
+Oxe or Cow-Manure, because it is of all the fattest and strongest,
+especially being olde, yet their are diuers respects to be had in the
+Manuring of gardens: as first, if your ground be naturally of a good,
+fat, blacke, and well tempered earth, or if it be of a barraine, sandy,
+hot, yet firme mould, that in either of these cases your Oxe, Cow, or
+beast Manure is the best &amp; most sufficient, but if it be of a colde,
+barraine, or spewing mould then it shall be good to mixe your Oxe-dunge
+with Horse-dunge, which shall be at least two y&eacute;eres olde, if you can
+get it, otherwise such as you can compasse: if your ground be good and
+fertill yet out of his drynesse in the summer-time it be giuen to riue
+and chappe as is s&eacute;ene in many earths; you shall then mixe your
+Oxe-dunge well with Ashes, orts of Lime, and such like: lastly, if your
+earth be too much binding and colde therewithall, then mixe your
+Oxe-dunge with chalke or marle and it is the best Manure. And thus much
+for the generall vse of earths.</p>
+
+<p>Now, for perticular vses you shall vnderstand that for Hearbs or Flowers
+the Oxe and Horse-dunge is the best, for rootes or Cabbages, mans ordure
+is the best, for Harty-chockes, or any such like thisly-fruit,
+Swines-dunge is most sufficient, and thus according to your setled
+determination you shall seuerally prouide for euery seuerall purpose,
+and so, God assisting, seldome faile in your profit. And this dunge you
+shall bring into your garden in little drumblars or wh&eacute;ele-barrowes,
+made for the purpose, such as being in common vse in euery Husbandmans
+yarde it
+<span class="sig" title="Q4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_Q4v" id="Page_1_Q4v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="120">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_120" id="Page_1_120"></a>
+shall be n&eacute;edlesse here either to shew the figure or
+proportion thereof. And thus much for the fashion, digging, and dunging
+of gardens.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>
+<a name="Chap_2_XVII" id="Chap_2_XVII"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. XVII.</span><br />
+<br />
+Of the adornation and beautifying of the Garden for pleasure.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapt88"><span class="dropcap">T</span></span>he adornation and beautifying of gardens is not onely diuers but almost
+infinite, the industry of mens braines hourely begetting and bringing
+forth such new garments and imbroadery for the earth, that it is
+impossible to say this shall be singular, neither can any man say that
+this or that is the best, sith as mens tastes so their fancies are
+carried away with the varietie of their affections, some being pleased
+with one forme, some with another: I will not therefore giue
+preheminence to any one beauty, but discribing the faces and glories of
+all the best ornaments generaly or particularly vsed in our English
+gardens, referre euery man to the ellection of that which shall best
+agr&eacute;e with his fancy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="rightnote">Of Knots and Mazes.</span>
+To beginne therefore with that which is most antient and at this day of
+most vse amongst the vulgar though least respected with great ones, who
+for the most part are wholy giuen ouer to nouelties: you shall
+vnderstand that Knots and Mazes were the first that were receiued into
+admiration, which Knots or Mazes were placed vpon the faces of each
+seuerall quarter, in this sort: first, about the verdge or square of the
+quarter was set a border of Primpe, Boxe, Lauandar, Rose-mary, or such
+like, but Primpe or Boxe is the best, and it was set thicke, at least
+eight&eacute;ene inches broad at the bottome &amp; being kept with cliping both
+smooth and leuell on the toppe and on each side, those borders as they
+were ornaments so were they also very profitable
+<span class="sigvisible" title="R">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_R1r" id="Page_1_R1r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="121">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_121" id="Page_1_121"></a>
+to the huswife for the
+drying of linnen cloaths, yarne, and such like: for the nature of Boxe
+and Primpe being to grow like a hedge, strong and thicke, together, the
+Gardiner, with his sheares may k&eacute;epe it as broad &amp; plaine as himselfe
+listeth. Within this border shall your knot or maze be drawne, it being
+euer intended that before the setting of your border your quarter shall
+be the third time digged, made exceeding leuell, and smooth, without
+clot or stone, and the mould, with your garden rake of iron, so broken
+that it may lye like the finest ashes, and then with your garden mauls,
+which are broad-boards of more then two foote square set at the ends of
+strong staues, the earth shall be beaten so hard and firme together that
+it may beare the burthen of a man without shrinking. And in the beating
+of the mould you shall haue all diligent care that you preserue and
+k&eacute;epe your leuell to a hayre, for if you faile in it, you faile in your
+whole worke.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo199.png" width="500" height="479" alt="" title="A pattern for a garden" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="sig" title="R1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_R1v" id="Page_1_R1v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="122">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_122" id="Page_1_122"></a>
+Now for the time of this labour, it is euer best about the beginning of
+February, and indifferent, about the midst of October, but for the
+setting of your Primpe, or Boxe-border, let the beginning of Nouember be
+your latest time, for so shall you be sure that it will haue taken
+roote, and the leafe will flourish in the spring following: at which
+time your ground being thus artificially prepared, you shall begin to
+draw forth your knot in this manner: first, with lines you shall draw
+the forme of the figure next before set downe, and with a small
+instrument of iron make it vpon the earth.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo200.png" width="500" height="484" alt="" title="A pattern for a knot" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Which done, from the order and proportion of these lines you shall draw
+your single knots or plaine knots of the least curiositie, as may
+appeare by this figure, being one quarter of the whole Knot: euer
+proportioning your Trayles and windings according to the lines there
+discribed, which will k&eacute;epe your worke in iust proportion.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="R2">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_R2r" id="Page_1_R2r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="123">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_123" id="Page_1_123"></a>
+But if you desire to haue knots of much more curiositie being more
+double and intricate, then you shall draw your first lines after this
+proportion here figured, pinning downe euery line firme to the earth
+with a little pinne made of woode.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illo201.png" width="500" height="488" alt="" title="Lines pinned to the earth" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Which done you shall draw your double and curious knots after the manner
+of the figure following, which is also but one quarter of the whole
+knot, for looke in what manner you doe one knot in like sort will the
+other thr&eacute;e quarters succ&eacute;ede, your lines k&eacute;eping you in a continuall
+euen proportion.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="sig" title="R2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_R2v" id="Page_1_R2v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="124">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_124" id="Page_1_124"></a>
+<img src="images/illo202.png" width="500" height="471" alt="" title="Double and curious knots" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>And in this manner as you draw these knots, with the like helps and
+lines also you shall draw out your Mazes, and laborinths, of what sort
+or kind soeuer you please, whether they be round or square. But for as
+much, as not onely the <i>Country-farme</i>, but also diuers other translated
+bookes, doe at large describe the manner of casting and proportioning
+these knots, I will not persist to write more curiously vpon them, but
+wish euery painefull gardiner which coueteth to be more satisfied
+therein, to repaire to those authors, where h&eacute;e shall finde more large
+amplifications, and greater diuersities of knots, yet all tending to no
+more purpose then this which I haue all ready written.</p>
+
+<p>Now, as soone as you haue drawne forth and figured your knot vpon the
+face of your quarter, you shall then set it either with Germander,
+Issoppe, Time or Pinke-gilly-flowers,
+<span class="sigvisible" title="R3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_R3r" id="Page_1_R3r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="125">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_125" id="Page_1_125"></a>
+but of all hearbes Germander is
+the most principall best for this purpose: diuers doe vse in knots to
+set Thrift, and in time of n&eacute;ed it may serue, but it is not so good as
+any of the other, because it is much subiect to be slaine with frost,
+and will also spread vpon the earth in such sort that, without very
+painefull cutting, it will put your knot out of fashion.</p>
+
+<p>Now there is another beautifying or adorning of Gardens, and it is most
+generally to be s&eacute;ene in the gardens of Noblemen and Gentlemen, which
+may beare coate-armor, and that is, instead of the knots and mazes
+formerly spoken of, to draw vpon the faces of your quarters such Armes,
+or Ensines, as you may either beare your selfe, or will preserue for the
+memory of any friend: and these armes being drawne forth in plaine
+lines, you shall set those plaine shadowing lines either with Germander,
+Issop, or such like hearbes: and then for the more ample beautie
+thereof, if you desire to haue them in their proper and liuely colours
+(without which they haue but one quarter of their luster) you shall
+vnderstand that your colours in Armory are thus to be made.
+<span class="rightnote">Yeallow.</span>
+First, for
+your mettalls: you shall make your Yeallow, either of a yeallow clay,
+vsually to be had almost in euery place, or the yeallowest sand, or for
+want of both, of your Flanders Tile, which is to be bought of euery
+Iron-monger or Chandelor; and any of these you must beate to dust:
+<span class="rightnote">White.</span>
+for
+your White you shall make it of the coursest chalke beaten to dust, or
+of well burnt plaister, or, for necessity, of lime, but that will soone
+decay:
+<span class="rightnote">Blacke.<br />
+Red.<br />
+Blew.
+</span>
+your Blacke is to be made of your best and purest coale-dust,
+well clensed and sifted:
+your Red is to be made of broken vselesse
+brickes beaten to dust, and well clensed from spots:
+your Blew is to be
+made of white-chalke, and blacke coale dust mixed together, till the
+blacke haue brought the white to a perfect blewnes:
+<span class="rightnote">Greene.</span>
+lastly your Gr&eacute;ene,
+both for the naturall property belonging to your Garden, as also for
+better continuance and long lasting, you shall make of Camomill, well
+planted where any such colour is
+<span class="sig" title="R3v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_R3v" id="Page_1_R3v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="126">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_126" id="Page_1_126"></a>
+to be vsed, as for the rest of the
+colours, you shall sift them, and strow them into their proper places,
+and then with a flat beating-B&eacute;etell you shall beate it, and incorporate
+it with the earth, and as any of the colours shall decay, you shall
+diligently repaire them, and the luster will be most beautifull.</p>
+
+<p>There is also another beautifying of gardens, which although it last not
+the whole y&eacute;ere, yet it is most quaint, rare, and best eye-pleasing, and
+thus it is: you shall vpon the face of your quarter draw a plaine double
+knot, in manner of billet-wise: for you shall vnderstand that in this
+case the plainest knot is the best, and you shall let it be more then a
+foote betwixt line and line (for in the largenesse consists much beauty)
+this knot being scored out, you shall take Tiles, or tileshreds and fixe
+them within the lines of your knot strongly within the earth, yet so as
+they may stand a good distance aboue the earth and this doe till you
+haue set out all your knot with Tile: then precisely note the seuerall
+passages of your knot, and the seuerall thrids of which it consisteth,
+and then
+<a name="c_1_126" id="c_1_126"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'betwxit'" href="#tn_1_126">betwixt</a>
+your tiles, (which are but as the shadowing lines of
+your knot) plant in euery seuerall third, flowers of one kinde and
+colour, as thus for example: in one thrid plant your carnation
+Gilly-flower, in another your great white Geli flower, in another your
+mingle-coloured Gilly-flower, and in another your blood-red
+Gilly-flower, and so likewise if you can compasse them you may in this
+sort plant your seueral coloured Hyacinths, as the red, the blew, and
+the yealow, or your seuerall coloured <i>Dulippos</i>, and many other Italian
+and french flowers: or you may, if you please, take of euery seuerall
+plant one, and place them as afforesaid; the grace of all which is, that
+so soone as these flowers shall put forth their beauties, if you stand a
+little remote from the knot, and any thing aboue it, you shall s&eacute;e it
+appeare like a knot made of diuers coloured ribans, most pleasing and
+most rare.</p>
+
+<p>Many other adornations and beautifyings there are which belong to the
+setting forth of a curious garden, but
+<span class="sig" title="R4r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_R4r" id="Page_1_R4r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="127">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_127" id="Page_1_127"></a>
+for as much as none are more
+rare or more est&eacute;emed then these I haue set downe, being the best
+ornaments of the best gardens of this kingdome, I thinke them tastes
+sufficient for euery husbandman, or other of better quality which
+delighteth in the beauty and well trimming of his ground.</p>
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_2_XVIII" id="Chap_2_XVIII"></a><span class="smcap">
+<a name="c_1_127a" id="c_1_127a"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'Chap:'" href="#tn_1_127a">Chap.</a>
+XVIII.</span><br />
+<br />
+How for the entertainment of any great Person, in any Parke, or other
+place of pleasure, where Sommer-bowers are made, to make a compleat
+Garden in two or three dayes.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapi15"><span class="dropcap">I</span></span>f the honest English husbandman, or any other, of what quallity soeuer,
+shall entertaine any Noble personage, to whom hee would giue the delight
+of all strange contentment, either in his Parke, or other remote place
+of pleasure, n&eacute;ere vnto Ponds, Riuer, or other waters of cl&eacute;erenesse,
+after h&eacute;e hath made his arbors and Summer-bowers to feast in, the
+fashion whereof is so common that euery labourer can make them, h&eacute;e
+shall then marke out his garden-plot, bestowing such sleight fence
+thereon as h&eacute;e shall thinke fit: then h&eacute;e shall cast forth his alleys,
+and deuide them from his quarters, by paring away the gr&eacute;ene-swarth with
+a paring spade, finely, and euen, by a direct line (for a line must euer
+be vsed in this worke) then hauing store of labourers (after the
+vpper-most swarth is taken away) you shall cast vp the quarters, and
+then breaking the mould and leuelling it, you shall make sad the earth
+againe, then vpon your quarters you shall draw forth either Knots,
+Armes, or any other deuise which shall be best pleasing to your fancie,
+as either knots with single or double
+<a name="c_1_127b" id="c_1_127b"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="scan is unclear" href="#tn_1_127b">trayles</a>,
+or other emblemicall
+deuise, as Birds, Beasts, and such like: and in your knots where you
+should plant hearbes, you shall take
+<span class="sig" title="R4v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_R4v" id="Page_1_R4v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="128">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_128" id="Page_1_128"></a>
+gr&eacute;ene-sods of the richest grasse,
+and cutting it proportionably to the knot, making a fine trench, you
+shall lay in your sod, and so ioyning sod to sod close and arteficially,
+you shall set forth your whole knot, or the portrayture of your armes,
+or other deuise, and then taking a cleane broome that hath not formerly
+b&eacute;ene swept withall, you shall brush all vncleanenesse from the grasse,
+and then you shall behold your knot as compleat, and as comely as if it
+had b&eacute;ene set with hearbes many y&eacute;eres before. Now for the portrayture
+of any liuing thing, you shall cut it forth, ioyning sod vnto sod, and
+then afterward place it into the earth. Now if within this plot of
+ground which you make your garden piece there be either naturall or
+arteficiall mounts or bankes vpon them, you may in this selfe-same
+manner with gr&eacute;ene sods set forth a flight, either at field or riuer, or
+the manner of hunting of any chase, or any story, or other deuise that
+you please, to the infinit admiration of all them which shall behold it:
+onely in working against mounts or bankes you must obserue to haue many
+small pinnes, to stay your worke and k&eacute;epe your sods from slipping one
+from another, till such time as you haue made euery thing fast with
+earth, which you must rame very close and hard: as for Flowers, or such
+like adorments, you may the morning before, remoue them with their earth
+from some other garden, and plant them at your best pleasure. And thus
+much for a garden to be made in the time of hasty necessity.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>
+<span class="sigvisible" title="S">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_S1r" id="Page_1_S1r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="129">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_129" id="Page_1_129"></a>
+<a name="Chap_2_XIX" id="Chap_2_XIX"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. XIX.</span><br />
+<br />
+How to preserue Abricots, or any kinde of curious
+outlandish-stone-fruit, and make them beare plentifully be the Spring or
+beginning of Summer neuer so bitter.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapi207"><span class="dropcap">I</span></span> haue knowne diuers Noblemen, Gentlemen &amp; men of vnder quallitie, that
+haue b&eacute;ene most laborious how to preserue these tender stone-fruits from
+the violence of stormes, frost and windes, and to that end haue b&eacute;ene at
+great cost and charges yet many times haue found much losse in their
+labours, wherefore in the end, through the practise of many experiments,
+this hath b&eacute;ene found (which I will here set downe) the most approuedst
+way to make them beare without all kinde of danger. After you haue
+planted your Abricot, or other delicate fruit, and plasht him vp against
+a wall in manner as hath b&eacute;ene before declared, you shall ouer the tops
+of the tr&eacute;es all along the wall, build a large pentisse, of at least
+sixe or seauen foote in length: which pentisse ouer-shaddowing the
+tr&eacute;es, will, as experience hath found out, so defend them, that they
+will euer beare in as plentifull manner as they haue done any particular
+y&eacute;ere before. There be many that will scoffe, or at least, giue no
+credit to this experiment, because it carrieth with it no more
+curiositie, but I can assure th&eacute;e that art the honest English
+Husbandman, that there is nothing more certaine and vnfallible, for I
+haue s&eacute;ene in one of the greatest Noblemens gardens in the kingdome,
+where such a pentisse was made, that so farre as the pentisse went, so
+farre the tr&eacute;es did prosper with all fruitfulnesse, and where the
+pentisse ended, not one tr&eacute;e bare, the spring-time being most bitter and
+wonderfull vnseasonable.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sig" title="S1v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_S1v" id="Page_1_S1v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="130">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_130" id="Page_1_130"></a>
+Now I haue s&eacute;ene some great Personages (whose pursses may buy their
+pleasures at any rate) which haue in those pentisses fixed diuers strong
+hookes of Iron, and then made a canuasse of the best Poldauie, with most
+strong loopes, of small corde, which being hung vpon the Iron hookes,
+hath reacht from the pentisse to the ground, and so laced with corde and
+small pulleys, that like the saile of a ship it might be trust vp, and
+let downe at pleasure: this canuasse thus prepared is all the Spring and
+latter end of Winter to be let downe at the setting of the Sunne, and to
+be drawne vp at the rising of the Sunne againe. The practise of this I
+referre to such as haue abillitie to buy their delight, without losse,
+assuring them that all reason and experience doth finde it most probable
+to be most excellent, yet to the
+<a name="c_1_130" id="c_1_130"></a>
+<a class="correction" title="changed from 'pliane'" href="#tn_1_130">plaine</a>
+English Husbandman I giue
+certaine assurance that the pentisse onely is sufficient enough and will
+defend all stormes whatsoeuer. And thus much for the preseruation and
+increase of all tender Stone-fruit, of what nature, or climbe bred,
+soeuer.</p>
+
+<h3><a name="Chap_2_XX" id="Chap_2_XX"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. XX.</span><br />
+<br />
+How to make Grapes grow as bigge, full, and as naturally, and to ripen
+in as due season, and be as long lasting as either in Fraunce or Spaine.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcapd208"><span class="dropcap">D</span></span>iuers of our English Gardiners, and those of the best and most
+approued'st iudgements, haue b&eacute;ene very industrious to bring Grapes, in
+our kingdome, to their true nature and perfection: and some great
+persons I know, that with infinit cost, and I hope prosperous successe,
+hath planted a Vineyard of many Acres, in which the hands of the best
+experienced french-men hath b&eacute;ene imploied: but for those great workes
+they are onely for great men, and not for the plaine English Husbandman,
+neither will such workes by any
+<span class="sigvisible" title="S2r">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_S2r" id="Page_1_S2r"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="131">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_131" id="Page_1_131"></a>
+meanes prosper in many parts of our
+kingdome, especially in the North parts: and I that write for the
+generall vse, must treate of vniuersall Maximes: therefore if you desire
+to haue Grapes in their true and best kinde, most earely and longest
+lasting, you shall in the most conuenient part of your garden, which is
+euer the center or middle point thereof, build a round house, in the
+fashion of a round Doue-coate, but many degr&eacute;es lower, the ground worke
+whereof shalbe aboue the ground two or thr&eacute;e brickes thickenesse, vpon
+this ground-plot you shall place a groundsell, and thereon, fine, yet
+strong studs, which may reach to the roofe: these studs shalbe placed
+better then foure foote one from another, with little square bars of
+woode, such as you vse in glasse windowes, two betwixt euery two studs,
+the roofe you may make in what proportion you will, for this house may
+serue for a delicate banqueting house, and you may either couer it with
+Leade, Slate or Tile, which you please. Now, from the ground to the top,
+betw&eacute;ene the studs, you shall glase it, with very strong glasse, made in
+an exc&eacute;eding large square pane, well leaded and cimented. This house
+thus made, you shall obserue that through the bricke worke there be
+made, betw&eacute;ene euery two studs, square holes, cleane through into the
+house; then on the out-side, opposite against those holes, you shall
+plant the roote of your Vine, hauing b&eacute;ene very carefull in the election
+and choise thereof: which done, as your Vine groweth you shall draw it
+through those holes, and as you vse to plash a Vine against a wall, so
+you shall plash this against the glasse window, on the in-side, and so
+soone as it shall beginne to beare Grapes you shall be sure to turne
+euery bunch, so that it may lye close to the glasse, that the reflection
+of the Sunne heating the glasse, that heate may hasten on the ripening,
+&amp; increase the groath of your Grapes: as also the house defending off
+all manner of euill weather, these Grapes will hang ripe, vnrotted or
+withered, euen till Christmas. Thus haue I giuen you a tast of some of
+the first parts of English Husbandry,
+<span class="sig" title="S2v">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_S2v" id="Page_1_S2v"></a>
+<span class="pagevisible" title="132">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_1_132" id="Page_1_132"></a>
+which if I shall finde
+thankefully accepted, if it please God to grant m&eacute;e life, I will in my
+next Volumne, shew you the choise of all manner of Garden Hearbes and
+Flowers, both of this and other kingdomes, the seasons of their
+plantings, their florishings and orderings: I will also shew you the
+true ordering of Woodes, both high and low, as also the br&eacute;eding and
+f&eacute;eding of all manner of Cattell, with the cure of all diseases incident
+vnto them, together with other parts of Husbandry, neuer before
+published by any Author: this I promise, if God be pleased: to whom be
+onely ascribed the glory of all our actions, and whose name be praised
+for euer. Amen.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center gap">FINIS.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="transnote">
+  <h4><a name="tnotes" id="tnotes"></a>Transcriber's notes</h4>
+
+<p>The following changes have been made and anomalies noted.</p>
+  <p class="bolder">A Former Part</p>
+<p class="bolder">Chap. II.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="tn_F_A4r" id="tn_F_A4r"></a>'adicted to nouelty and <a class="correction"  href="#c_F_A4r">curiouity</a>' changed to
+  'adicted to nouelty and curiousity' on signature <a href="#Page_F_A4r">A4r</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr012.png" width="500" height="47" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. III.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_F_B3r" id="tn_F_B3r"></a>  'Plough houlder when h&eacute;e <a class="correction"  href="#c_F_B3r">cometh to</a>' scan is unclear on signature <a href="#Page_F_B3r">B3r</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr018.png" width="100" height="26" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+  <p><a name="tn_F_C1r" id="tn_F_C1r"></a>'<a class="correction"  href="#c_F_C1r">two</a> much earth' probable misprint for
+  'too much earth' on signature  <a href="#Page_F_C1r">C1r</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr022.png" width="152" height="26" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. IIII.</p>
+
+<p> <a name="tn_F_C2r" id="tn_F_C2r"></a>'the <a class="correction"  href="#c_F_C2r">of point</a> your share' changed to
+  'the point of your share' on signature  <a href="#Page_F_C2r">C2r</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr024.png" width="205" height="26" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. V.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_F_C3v" id="tn_F_C3v"></a>
+  'of that which you <a class="correction"  href="#c_F_C3v">soil'd</a>:' changed to
+  'of that which you foil'd:' on signature  <a href="#Page_F_C3v">C3v</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr027.png" width="261" height="26" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. VI.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_F_D4va" id="tn_F_D4va"></a>
+   'the ridge of <a class="correction"  href="#c_F_D4va">you</a> land againe.' probable misprint for
+   'the ridge of your land againe.'  on signature  <a href="#Page_F_D4v">D4v</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr037a.png" width="275" height="26" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_F_D4vb" id="tn_F_D4vb"></a>
+  'Tare-Cockle, <a class="correction"  href="#c_F_D4vb">or such like,</a>' scan is unclear on signature  <a href="#Page_F_D4v">D4v</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr037b.png" width="220" height="26" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_F_E2r" id="tn_F_E2r"></a>
+  'After your land is <a class="correction"  href="#c_F_E2r">soild</a>,' changed to
+  'After your land is foild,' on signature  <a href="#Page_F_E2r">E2r</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr040.png" width="225" height="26" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. VII.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_F_F2r" id="tn_F_F2r"></a>
+  'and if you <a class="correction"  href="#c_F_F2r">ffnde</a> any part of it' changed to
+  'and if you finde any part of it' on signature  <a href="#Page_F_F2r">F2r</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr048.png" width="151" height="26" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_F_F4r" id="tn_F_F4r"></a>
+  'Manure of beasts which can <a class="correction" href="#c_F_F4r">be-gotten</a>' probable misprint for
+  'Manure of beasts which can be gotten' on signature  <a href="#Page_F_F4r">F4r</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr052.png" width="500" height="48" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_F_G1r" id="tn_F_G1r"></a>
+  'your fould of <a class="correction" href="#c_F_G1r">S&eacute;epe</a>' changed to 'your fould of Sh&eacute;epe' on signature  <a href="#Page_F_G1r">G1r</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr054.png" width="141" height="26" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_F_G1v" id="tn_F_G1v"></a>
+  'frost, winde, and <a class="correction" href="#c_F_G1v">weathe,rmakes</a>' changed to
+  'frost, winde, and weather, makes' on signature  <a href="#Page_F_G1v">G1v</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr055.png" width="153" height="26" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_F_G2r" id="tn_F_G2r"></a>
+  'no wing <a class="correction" href="#c_F_G2r">accoridng</a>' changed to 'no wing according' on signature  <a href="#Page_F_G2r">G2r</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr056.png" width="192" height="26" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. IX.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_F_H3r" id="tn_F_H3r"></a>
+  'much barrainnesse, <a class="correction" href="#c_F_H3r">espcially</a>' changed to
+  'much barrainnesse, especially' on signature  <a href="#Page_F_H3r">H3r</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr066.png" width="184" height="26" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_F_H3v" id="tn_F_H3v"></a>
+  '<a class="correction" href="#c_F_H3v">it shall be needlesse</a>' scan is unclear on signature  <a href="#Page_F_H3v">H3v</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr067.png" width="249" height="26" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p class="bolder">The First Part</p>
+<p class="bolder">Chap. I.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_3" id="tn_1_3"></a>
+  'you <a class="correction" href="#c_1_3">most</a> turne euery furrow' probable misprint for
+  'you must turne euery furrow' on page  <a href="#Page_1_3">3</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr080.png" width="266" height="26" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_4" id="tn_1_4"></a>
+  'h&eacute;e must sooner <a class="correction" href="#c_1_4">stirer</a>' changed to
+  'h&eacute;e must sooner stirre'. Scan is unclear on page  <a href="#Page_1_4">4</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr083.png" width="205" height="26" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. II.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_8" id="tn_1_8"></a>
+  'euery thing <a class="correction" href="#c_1_8">with</a> is most apt' changed to
+  'euery thing which is most apt' on page  <a href="#Page_1_8">8</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr087.png" width="293" height="32" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. III.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_11" id="tn_1_11"></a>
+  'their naturall <a class="correction" href="#c_1_11">lighnesse</a>' changed to
+  'their naturall lightnesse' on page  <a href="#Page_1_11">11</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr090.png" width="188" height="26" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_13" id="tn_1_13"></a>
+  'as <a class="correction" href="#c_1_13">hath, b&eacute;ene</a> showed before' changed to
+  'as hath b&eacute;ene showed before' on page  <a href="#Page_1_13">13</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr092.png" width="500" height="51" alt="" title="" /></p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. IIII.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_15" id="tn_1_15"></a>
+  'it is <a class="correction" href="#c_1_15">most, certaine</a>' changed to
+  'it is most certaine' on page  <a href="#Page_1_15">15</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr094.png" width="161" height="26" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_16" id="tn_1_16"></a>
+  'Cornes in their gardens <a class="correction" href="#c_1_16">thus, set seeing</a>' changed to
+  'Cornes in their gardens thus set, seeing' on page  <a href="#Page_1_16">16</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr095.png" width="219" height="26" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. V.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_20" id="tn_1_20"></a>
+  'vpon <a class="correction" href="#c_1_20">the or</a> fourth field' changed to
+  'vpon the third or fourth field' on page  <a href="#Page_1_20">20</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr099.png" width="500" height="46" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_24" id="tn_1_24"></a>
+  'is  <a class="correction" href="#c_1_24">ninam</a> Barly,' probable misprint for
+  'is niam Barly,' on page  <a href="#Page_1_24">24</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr103.png" width="175" height="26" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. VI.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_28" id="tn_1_28"></a>
+
+  'as we s&eacute;e in dayly <a class="correction" href="#c_1_28">experience,</a>' changed to
+  'as we s&eacute;e in dayly experience.' on page  <a href="#Page_1_28">28</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr107.png" width="500" height="49" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="bolder">The Second Part of the First Booke</p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. I.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_34" id="tn_1_34"></a>
+  'perfect <a class="correction" href="#c_1_34">ground-plot, you</a>' scan is unclear on page  <a href="#Page_1_34">34</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr113.png" width="244" height="26" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_35" id="tn_1_35"></a>
+  'twelue or fourt&eacute;ene foote  <a class="correction" href="#c_1_35">on</a> of another,'
+  probable misprint for
+  'twelue or fourt&eacute;ene foote one of another,' on page  <a href="#Page_1_35">35</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr113a.png" width="282" height="26" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_38" id="tn_1_38"></a>
+  'thorny and <a class="correction" href="#c_1_38">sharpe,</a> tr&eacute;es,'
+  changed to
+  'thorny and sharpe tr&eacute;es,' on page  <a href="#Page_1_38">38</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr116.png" width="500" height="47" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. IIII.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_49" id="tn_1_49"></a>
+  'you shall <a class="correction" href="#c_1_49">tak</a> one of your grafts'
+  changed to
+  'you shall take one of your grafts' on page  <a href="#Page_1_49">49</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr127.png" width="299" height="26" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. V.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_53a" id="tn_1_53a"></a>
+
+  '<a class="correction" href="#c_1_53a">Grafting betweene the barke.</a>' scan of sidenote is unclear on page  <a href="#Page_1_53">53</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr131a.png" width="126" height="70" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_53b" id="tn_1_53b"></a>
+  'not aboue <a class="correction" href="#c_1_53b">tr&eacute;e</a> grafts at the most' changed to
+  'not aboue thr&eacute;e grafts at the most' on page  <a href="#Page_1_53">53</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr131b.png" width="312" height="26" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_56" id="tn_1_56"></a>
+  '<a class="correction" href="#c_1_56">Grafting on the toppes of trees.</a>' scan of sidenote is unclear on page  <a href="#Page_1_56">56</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr134.png" width="164" height="70" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_58" id="tn_1_58"></a>
+  'and to <a class="correction" href="#c_1_58">contincu</a>' changed to
+  'and to continue' on page  <a href="#Page_1_58">58</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr136.png" width="200" height="26" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. VI.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_59" id="tn_1_59"></a>
+  'Of the replanting of Trees, and furnishing the <a class="correction" href="#c_1_59">Orchard,</a>'
+  changed to
+  'Of the replanting of Trees, and furnishing the Orchard.' on page  <a href="#Page_1_59">59</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr137.png" width="484" height="60" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. VII.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_63" id="tn_1_63"></a>
+  'it is a ready <a class="correction" href="#c_1_63">away</a>' changed to
+  'it is a ready way' on page  <a href="#Page_1_63">63</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr141.png" width="500" height="45" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_66" id="tn_1_66"></a>
+  '<a class="correction" href="#c_1_66">two</a> much fertillitie' probable misprint for
+  'too much fertillitie' on page  <a href="#Page_1_66">66</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr144.png" width="197" height="26" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_67a" id="tn_1_67a"></a>
+  'st&eacute;epe it <a class="correction" href="#c_1_67a">Mfor alt</a>' changed to
+  'st&eacute;epe it for Malt' on page  <a href="#Page_1_67">67</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr145a.png" width="159" height="26" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. VIII.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_67b" id="tn_1_67b"></a>
+ 'for any peculyar <a class="correction" href="#c_1_67b">pofit</a>' changed to
+  'for any peculyar profit' on page  <a href="#Page_1_67">67</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr145b.png" width="503" height="48" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. IX.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_81" id="tn_1_81"></a>
+  'and <a class="correction" href="#c_1_81">growriuelled</a>' changed to
+  'and grow riuelled' on page  <a href="#Page_1_81">81</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr159.png" width="500" height="47" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_85" id="tn_1_85"></a>
+  'they can <a class="correction" href="#c_1_85">by meanes</a> indure,' changed to
+  'they can by no meanes indure,' on page  <a href="#Page_1_85">85</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr163.png" width="338" height="26" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. XI.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_90" id="tn_1_90"></a>
+  'then <a class="correction" href="#c_1_90">contiunally</a> labour' changed to
+  'then continually labour' on page  <a href="#Page_1_90">90</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr168.png" width="230" height="26" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. XII.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_94" id="tn_1_94"></a>
+  '<a class="correction" href="#c_1_94">Of Poales.</a>'  scan of sidenote is unclear on page  <a href="#Page_1_94">94</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr172.png" width="168" height="50" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. XIIII.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_103" id="tn_1_103"></a>
+  'dry more Hoppes <a class="correction" href="#c_1_103">then</a> any one man' scan is unclear on page <a href="#Page_1_103">103</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr181.png" width="500" height="46" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. XVII.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_126" id="tn_1_126"></a>
+  'then <a class="correction" href="#c_1_126">betwxit</a> your tiles' changed to
+  'then betwixt your tiles' on page <a href="#Page_1_126">126</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr204.png" width="242" height="26" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. XVIII.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_127a" id="tn_1_127a"></a>
+  '<span class="smcap"><a class="correction" href="#c_1_127a">Chap:</a> XVIII.</span>' changed to
+  '<span class="smcap">Chap. XVIII.</span>' on page <a href="#Page_1_127">127</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr205a.png" width="155" height="26" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_127b" id="tn_1_127b"></a>
+
+  'single or double <a class="correction" href="#c_1_127b">trayles</a>,' scan unclear on page <a href="#Page_1_127">127</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr205b.png" width="141" height="26" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="bolder">Chap. XIX.</p>
+
+<p><a name="tn_1_130" id="tn_1_130"></a>
+
+  'to the <a class="correction" href="#c_1_130">pliane</a> English Husbandman' changed to
+  'to the plaine English Husbandman'on page <a href="#Page_1_130">130</a>.<br />
+<img src="images/corr208.png" width="275" height="26" alt="" title="" />
+</p>
+
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The English Husbandman, by Gervase Markham
+
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The English Husbandman, by Gervase Markham
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The English Husbandman
+       The First Part: Contayning the Knowledge of the true Nature
+       of euery Soyle within this Kingdome: how to Plow it; and
+       the manner of the Plough, and other Instruments
+
+Author: Gervase Markham
+
+Release Date: October 12, 2007 [EBook #22973]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ENGLISH HUSBANDMAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Pryor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's note
+
+Spellings are inconsistent, especially the use of ee and ee. Notes of
+changes that have been made for obvious misprints, and of other
+anomalies, are at the end of this etext.
+
+There are many sidenotes in the original. They are indicated thus:
+{SN: }, and have been grouped together at the start of the paragraph
+in which they appear.]
+
+
+
+
+  THE
+  ENGLISH
+  HVSBANDMAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _The first Part_:
+     CONTAYNING
+  the Knowledge of the true Nature
+  of euery Soyle within this Kingdome:
+  how to Plow it; and the manner of the
+  Plough, and other Instruments
+  belonging thereto.
+
+  _TOGETHER WITH THE_
+  Art of Planting, Grafting, and Gardening
+  after our latest and rarest fashion.
+
+  A worke neuer written before by any Author:
+  and now newly compiled for the benefit
+  of this KINGDOME.
+
+  _By_ G. M.
+
+  _Bramo assai, poco, spero nulla chieggio._
+
+_LONDON:_ Printed by _T. S._ for _Iohn Browne_, and are to be sould at
+his shop in Saint _Dunstanes_ Church-yard.
+
+1613.
+
+
+
+
+  TO THE RIGHT
+  HONOVRABLE,
+  and his singular good Lord,
+  the Lord _Clifton_, Baron of
+  Layton.
+
+
+It was a custome (right Honorable, and my most singular good Lord) both
+amongst the auntient _Romans_, and also amongst the wise
+_Lacedemonians_, that euery idle person should giue an account of the
+expence of his howers: Now I that am most idle, and least imployed in
+your Familie, present here vnto your Lordships hands an account of the
+expence of my idle time, which how well, or ill, it is, your Noble
+wisedome must both iudge and correct; onely this I am acertain'd, that
+for the generall rules and Maximes of the whole worke, they are most
+infallibly true, and perfectly agreeing with our English climate. Now if
+your Lordship shall doubt of the true tast of the liquor because it
+proceedeth from such a vessell as my selfe, whom you may imagine vtterly
+vnseasoned vvith any of these knowledges, beleeue it (my most best Lord)
+that for diuers yeeres, wherein I liued most happily, I liued a
+Husbandman, amongst Husbandmen of most excellent knowledge; during all
+which time I let no obseruation ouer-slip me: for I haue euer from my
+Cradle beene naturally giuen to obserue, and albe I haue not that oylie
+tongue of ostentation which loueth euer to be babling all, and somewhat
+more then it knoweth, drawing from ignorance admiration, and from
+wisedome laughter, filling meale-times with much vnprofitable noyse; yet
+I thanke my maker I haue a breast which containeth contentment inough
+for my selfe, and I hope much benefit for the whole Kingdome; how euer
+or whatsoeuer it is, it is all your Lordships, vnder the couert of whose
+fauourable protection if it may finde grace it is the vttermost aime
+whereunto my wishes aspire, nor shall I feare the malignitie of the
+curious, for it is not to them but the honest plaine English Husbandman,
+I intend my labours, vvhose defender you haue euer beene, and for whose
+Honorable prosperitie both they and I will continually pray.
+
+  _Your honours in all
+  seruiceable humblenesse_,
+
+  G. M.
+
+
+
+
+The Epistle to the generall and gentle Reader.
+
+
+Although (generall reader) the nature of this worst part of this last
+age hath conuerted all things to such vildnesse that whatsoeuer is
+truely good is now esteemed most vitious, learning being derided,
+fortitude drawne into so many definitions that it consisteth in meere
+words onely, and although nothing is happy or prosperous, but meere
+fashion & ostentation, a tedious fustian-tale at a great mans table,
+stuft with bigge words, with out sence, or a mimicke Iester, that can
+play three parts in one; the Foole, the Pandar and the Parasit, yet
+notwithstanding in this apostate age I haue aduentured to thrust into
+the world this booke, which nothing at all belongeth to the silken
+scorner, but to the plaine russet honest Husbandman, for whose
+particular benefit, and the kingdomes generall profit, I haue with much
+paine, care, and industry, passed through the same. Now for the motiues
+which first drew me to vndertake the worke, they were diuers: as first,
+when I saw one man translate and paraphrase most excellently vpon
+_Virgils Georgickes_, a worke onely belonging to the Italian climbe, &
+nothing agreeable with ours another translates _Libault & Steuens_, a
+worke of infinit excellency, yet onely proper and naturall to the
+French, and not to vs: and another takes collections from _Zenophon_, and
+others; all forrainers and vtterly vnacquainted with our climbes: when
+this I beheld, and saw with what good liking they were entertained of
+all men; and that euery man was dumbe to speake any thing of the
+_Husbandry_ of our owne kingdome, I could not but imagine it a worke most
+acceptable to men, and most profitable to the kingdome, to set downe the
+true manner and nature of our right English _Husbandry_, our soyle being
+as delicate, apt, and fit for increase as any forraine soyle whatsoeuer,
+and as farre out-going other kingdomes in some commoditie, as they vs in
+other some. Hence, and from these considerations, I began this worke, of
+which I haue here sent thee but a small tast, which if I finde accepted,
+according to mine intent, I will not cease (God permitting mee life) to
+passe through all manner of English _Husbandry_ and _Huswifery_ whatsoeuer,
+without omission of the least scruple that can any way belong to either
+of their knowledges. Now gentle reader whereas you may be driuen to some
+amazement, at two titles which insue in the booke, namely, a former part
+before the first, and the first part, you shall vnderstand that those
+first sheetes were detained both from the Stationer and me, till the
+booke was almost all printed; and my selfe by extreame sicknesse kept
+from ouer-viewing the same, wherefore I must intreate your fauour in
+this impression and the rather in as much as there wanteth neither any
+of the words or matter whatsoeuer: _Farewell_.
+
+  Thine
+  _G. M._
+
+
+
+
+  A
+  FORMER PART,
+  before the first Part: Being an absolute perfect Introduction into
+  all the Rules of true Husbandry; and must first of all be read, or
+  the Readers labour will be frustrate.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_The Proem of the Author. What a Husbandman is: His Vtilitie and
+Necessitie._
+
+
+It is a common Adage in our English speech, that a man generally seene
+in all things can bee particularly perfect or compleate in none: Which
+Prouerbe there is no question will both by the curious and enuious be
+heauily imposed vpon my backe, because in this, and other workes, I haue
+delt with many things of much importance, and such as any one of them
+would require a whole liues experience, whereas neither my Birth, my
+Education, nor the generall course of my life can promise no
+singularitie in any part of those Artes they treate of: but for
+suggestions (the liberty whereof the wisedome of Kings could neuer
+bridle) let them poison themselues with their owne gall, they shall not
+so much as make me looke ouer my shoulder from my labour: onely to the
+curteous and well meaning I giue this satisfaction, I am but onely a
+publique Notary, who record the most true and infallible experience of
+the best knowing Husbands in this land.
+
+Besides, I am not altogether vnseene in these misteries I write of: for
+it is well knowne I followed the profession of a Husbandman so long my
+selfe, as well might make mee worthy to be a graduate in the vocation:
+wherein my simplicitie was not such but I both obserued well those which
+were esteemed famous in the profession, and preserued to my selfe those
+rules which I found infallible by experience. _Virgill_ was an excellent
+Poet, and a seruant, of trusty account, to _Augustus_, whose court and
+study-imployments would haue said he should haue little knowledge in
+rurall businesse, yet who hath set downe more excellently the manner of
+Italian Husbandry then himselfe, being a perfect lanthorne, from whose
+light both Italie and other countries haue seene to trace into the true
+path of profit and frugallitie? _Steuens_ and _Libault_, two famous
+Phisitions, a profession that neuer medleth with the Plough, yet who
+hath done more rarely! nay, their workes are vtterly vncontrolable
+touching all manner of french Husbandry whatsoeuer; so my selfe although
+by profession I am onely a horse-man, it being the predominant outward
+vertue I can boast of, yet why may not I, hauing the sence of man, by
+the ayde of obseruation and relation, set downe all the rules and
+principles of our English Husbandry in as good and as perfect order as
+any of the former? there is no doubt but I may and this I dare bouldly
+assure vnto all Readers that there is not any rule prescribed through
+this whole worke, but hath his authoritie from as good and well
+experienced men, in the Art of which the rule treateth, as any this
+kingdome can produce: neither haue I beene so hasty, or willing, to
+publish this part as men may imagining, for it is well knowne it hath
+laine at rest this many yeeres, and onely now at the Instigation of
+many of my friends is bolted into the world, to try the censure of wits,
+and to giue aide to the ignorant Husbandman. Wherefore to leaue off any
+further digression, I will fall to mine intended purpose: and because
+the whole scope of my labour hath all his aime and reuerence to the
+English Husbandman, I will first shew you what a Husbandman is.
+
+{SN: The definition of a Husbandman.}
+A Husbandman is he which with discretion and good order tilleth the
+ground in his due seasons, making it fruitfull to bring forth Corne, and
+plants, meete for the sustenance of man. This Husbandman is he to whom
+God in the scriptures giueth many blessings, for his labours of all
+other are most excellent, and therefore to be a Husbandman is to be a
+good man; whence the auntients did baptise, and wee euen to this day doe
+seriously obserue to call euery Husbandman, both in our ordinary
+conference and euery particular salutation, goodman such a one, a title
+(if wee rightly obserue it) of more honour and vertuous note, then many
+which precede it at feasts and in gaudy places.
+
+{SN: The Vtillitie of the Husbandman.}
+A Husbandman is the Maister of the earth, turning sterillitie and
+barrainenesse, into fruitfulnesse and increase, whereby all common
+wealths are maintained and upheld, it is his labour which giueth bread
+to all men and maketh vs forsake the societie of beasts drinking vpon
+the water springs, feeding vs with a much more nourishing liquor. The
+labour of the Husbandman giueth liberty to all vocations, Arts,
+misteries and trades, to follow their seuerall functions, with peace and
+industry, for the filling and emptying of his barnes is the increase and
+prosperitie of all their labours. To conclude, what can we say in this
+world is profitable where Husbandry is wanting, it being the great Nerue
+and Sinew which houldeth together all the ioynts of a Monarchie?
+
+{SN: Of the necessitie of a Husbandman.}
+Now for the necessitie, the profit inferreth it without any larger
+amplification: for if of all things it be most profitable, then of all
+things it must needs be most necessary, sith next vnto heauenly things,
+profit is the whole aime of our liues in this world: besides it is most
+necessary for keeping the earth in order, which else would grow wilde,
+and like a wildernesse, brambles and weeds choaking vp better Plants,
+and nothing remayning but a Chaos of confusednesse. And thus much of the
+Husbandman his vtillity and necessitie.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+_Of the situation of the Husbandmans house; the necessaries there to
+belonging, together with the modell thereof._
+
+
+Since couerture is the most necessariest thing belonging vnto mans life,
+and that it was the first thing that euer man inuented, I thinke it not
+amisse first to beginne, before I enter into any other part of
+Husbandry, with the Husbandmans house, without which no Husbandry can be
+maintained or preserued. And albeit the generall Husbandman must take
+such a house as hee can conueniently get, and according to the custome
+and abillitie of the soyle wherein he liueth, for many countries are
+very much vnprouided of generall matter for well building: some wanting
+timber, some stone, some lime, some one thing, some another: yet to that
+Husbandman whom God hath enabled with power both of riches and euery
+other necessary fit to haue all things in a comely conuenientnesse about
+him, if he desire to plant himselfe decently and profitable, I would
+then aduise him to chuse for his situation no high hill, or great
+promontary (the seate of Princes Courts) where hee may be gazed vpon by
+the eye of euery traueller, but some pretty hard knole of constant and
+firme earth, rather assending then descending, free from the danger of
+water, and being inuironed either with some pretty groues, of tall
+young spiers, or else with rowes of greater timber, which besids the
+pleasure and profit thereof (hauing wode so neare a mans dore) the
+shelter will be most excellent to keepe off the bleaknesse of the sharpe
+stormes and tempests in winter, and be an excellent wormestall for
+cattell in the summer. This house would be planted, if possible, neare
+to some riuer, or fresh running brooke, but by no meanes vpon the verge
+of the riuer, nor within the danger of the ouerflow thereof: for the one
+is subiect to too much coldnesse and moisture, the other to danger. You
+shall plant the face, or forefront, of your house vpon the rising of the
+Sunne, that the vigor of his warmth may at no time depart from some part
+thereof, but that as he riseth on the oneside so he may set on the
+other. You shall place the vpper or best end of your house, as namely,
+where your dining Parlor and cheifest roomes are, which euer would haue
+their prospect into your garden, to the South, that your buttery,
+kitching and other inferiour offices may stand to the North, coldnesse
+bringing vnto them a manifold benefit. Now touching the forme, fashion,
+or modell of the house, it is impossible almost for any man to prescribe
+a certaine forme, the world is so plentifull in inuention and euery mans
+minde so much adicted to nouelty and curiouity, yet for as much as it is
+most commended by the generall consent of all the auntients, and that
+from the modell of that proportion may be contracted and drawne the most
+curious formes that are almost at this day extant, I will commend vnto
+you that modell which beareth the proportion of the Roman _H._ which as
+it is most plaine of all other, and most easie for conuaiance, so if a
+man vpon that plaine song, (hauing a great purse) will make descant,
+there is no proportion in which he may with best ease show more
+curiositie, and therefore for the plaine Husbandmans better
+vnderstanding I will here shew him a _facsimile_ (for to adde a scale
+were needlesse in this generall worke, all men not being desirous to
+build of one bignesse) & this it is:
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Here you behould the modell of a plaine country mans house, without
+plaster or imbosture, because it is to be intended that it is as well to
+be built of studde and plaster, as of lime and stone, or if timber be
+not plentifull it may be built of courser woode, and couered with lime
+and haire, yet if a man would bestow cost in this modell, the foure
+inward corners of the hall would be conuenient for foure turrets, and
+the foure gauell ends, being thrust out with bay windowes might be
+formed in any curious manner: and where I place a gate and a plaine
+pale, might be either a tarrisse, or a gatehouse: of any fashion
+whatsoeuer, besides all those windowes which I make plaine might be made
+bay windowes, either with battlements, or without, but the scope of my
+booke tendeth onely to the vse of the honest Husbandman, and not to
+instruct men of dignitie, who in Architecture are able wonderfully to
+controle me; therefore that the Husbandman may know the vse of this
+_facsimile_, he shall vnderstand it by this which followeth.
+
+_A._ Signifieth the great hall.
+
+_B._ The dining Parlor for entertainment of strangers.
+
+_C._ An inward closset within the Parlor for the Mistrisses vse, for
+necessaries.
+
+_D._ A strangers lodging within the Parlor.
+
+_E._ A staire-case into the roomes ouer the Parlor.
+
+_F._ A staire-case into the Good-mans roomes ouer the Kitchin and
+Buttery.
+
+_G._ The Skreene in the hall.
+
+_H._ An inward cellar within the buttery, which may serue for a Larder.
+
+_I._ The Buttery.
+
+_K._ The Kitchin, in whose range may be placed a bruing lead, and
+conuenient Ouens, the bruing vessels adioyning.
+
+_L._ The Dairy house for necessary businesse.
+
+_M._ The Milke house.
+
+_N._ A faire sawne pale before the formost court.
+
+_O._ The great gate to ride in at to the hall dore.
+
+_P._ A place where a Pumpe would be placed to serue the offices of the
+house.
+
+{Illustration: This figure signifieth the dores of the house.}
+
+{Illustration: This figure signifieth the windowes of the house.}
+
+{Illustration: This figure signifieth the Chimnies of the house.}
+
+Now you shall further vnderstand that on the South side of your house,
+you shall plant your Garden and Orchard, as wel for the prospect thereof
+to al your best roomes, as also because your house will be a defence
+against the Northerne coldnesse, whereby your fruits will much better
+prosper. You shall on the West side of your house, within your inward
+dairy and kitchin court, fence in a large base court, in the midst
+whereof would be a faire large Pond, well ston'd and grauelled in the
+bottome, in which your Cattell may drinke, and horses when necessitie
+shall vrge be washt: for I doe by no meanes alow washing of horses after
+instant labour. Neere to this Pond you shall build your Doue-coate, for
+Pigions delight much in the water: and you shall by no meanes make your
+Doue-house too high, for Pigions cannot endure a high mount, but you
+shall build it moderately, cleane, neate, and close, with water
+pentisses to keepe away vermine. On the North side of your base-court
+you shall build your Stables, Oxe-house, Cow-house, and Swine-coates,
+the dores and windowes opening all to the South. On the South side of
+the base-court, you shall builde your Hay-barnes, Corne-barnes,
+pullen-houses for Hennes, Capons, Duckes, and Geese, your french Kilne,
+and Malting flowres, with such like necessaries: and ouer crosse betwixt
+both these sides, you shall build your bound houels, to cary your Pease,
+of good and sufficient timber, vnder which you shall place when they are
+out of vse your Cartes, Waynes, Tumbrels, Ploughs, Harrowes, and such
+like, together with Plough timber, and axletrees: all which would very
+carefully be kept from wet, which of all things doth soonest rot and
+consume them. And thus much of the Husbandmans house, and the
+necessaries there to belonging.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+_Of the seuerall parts and members of an ordinarie Plough, and of the
+ioyning of them together._
+
+
+If a workeman of any trade, or mistery, cannot giue directions how, and
+in what manner, the tooles where with he worketh should be made or
+fashioned, doubtlesse hee shall neuer worke well with them, nor know
+when they are in temper and when out. And so it fareth with the
+Husbandman, for if hee know not how his Plough should be made, nor the
+seuerall members of which it consisteth, with the vertue and vse of
+euery member, it is impossible that euer hee should make a good furrow,
+or turne ouer his ground in Husbandly manner: Therefore that euery
+Husbandman may know how a well shaped Plough is made, he shall
+vnderstand that the first member thereof, as being the strongest and
+most principallest peece of timber belonging to the same, is called the
+Plough-beame, being a large long peece of timber much bending, according
+to the forme of this figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+This beame hath no certaine length nor thicknesse, but is proportioned
+according to the ground, for if it be for a clay ground the length is
+almost seauen foote, if for any other mixt or lighter earth, then fiue
+or sixe foote is long inough.
+
+The second member or part of the Plough, is called the skeath, and is a
+peece of woode of two foote and a halfe in length, and of eight inches
+in breadth, and two inches in thicknesse: it is driuen extreamly hard
+into the Plough-beame, slopewise, so that ioyned they present this
+figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+The third part is called the Ploughes principall hale, and doth belong
+to the left hand being a long bent peece of woode, some what strong in
+the midst, and so slender at the vpper end that a man may easily gripe
+it, which being fixed with the rest presenteth this figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+The fourth part is the Plough head, which must be fixed with the sheath
+& the head all at one instant in two seuerall mortisse holes: it is a
+flat peece of timber, almost three foote in length if it be for clay
+ground, otherwise shorter, of breadth seauen inches, and of thicknesse
+too inches and a halfe, which being ioyned to the rest presenteth this
+figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+The fift part is the Plough spindels, which are two small round pieces
+of woode, which coupleth together the hales, as in this figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+The sixt part is the right hand hale, through which the other end of the
+spindels runne, and is much slenderer then the left hand hale, for it is
+put to no force, but is onely a stay and aide to the Plough houlder when
+hee cometh to heauy, stiffe, and strong worke, and being ioyned with the
+rest presenteth this figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+The seauenth part is the Plough-rest, which is a small peece of woode,
+which is fixt at one end in the further nicke of the Plough head, and
+the other end to the Ploughs right-hand hale, as you may see by this
+figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+The eight part is called the shelboard, and is a broad board of more
+then an inche thicknesse, which couereth all the right side of the
+Plough, and is fastned with two strong pinnes of woode through the
+sheath, and the right-hand hale, according to this figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+The ninth part is the coulture, which is a long peece of Iron, made
+sharpe at the neather end, and also sharpe on one side and being for a
+stiffe clay it must be straight without bending, which passeth by a
+mortisse-hole through the beame, and to this coulture belongeth an Iron
+ring, which windeth about the beame and keepeth it in strength from
+breaking as may appeare by this figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+The tenth part of a compleate Plough, is the share; which is fixed to
+the Plough head, and is that which cutteth and turneth vp the earth: if
+it be for a mixt earth then it is made without a wing, or with a very
+small one, but if it be for a deepe, or stiffe clay, then it is made
+with a large wing, or an outward point, like the figure following.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+The eleuenth part of a perfect Plough is called the Plough foote, and is
+through a mortisse-hole fastned at the farre end of all the beame with a
+wedge or two, so as the Husbandman may at his discretion set it higher
+or lower, at his pleasure: the vse of it is to giue the Plough earth, or
+put it from the earth, as you please, for the more you driue it
+downeward, the more it raiseth the beame from the ground, and maketh the
+Irons forsake the earth, and the more you driue it vpward the more it
+letteth downe the beame, and so maketh the Irons bite the sorer; the
+figure whereof is this.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Thus haue you all the parts and members of a Plough, and how they be
+knit and ioyned together, wherein I would wish you to obserue to make
+your Plough-wright euer rather giue your Plough land then put her from
+the land, that is, rather leaning towards the earth and biting sore,
+then euer slipping out of the ground: for if it haue two much earth the
+Husbandman may help it in the houlding, but if it haue too little, then
+of necessitie it must make foule worke: but for as much as the error and
+amends lye both in the office of the Plough-wright, I will not trouble
+the Husbandman with the reformation thereof.
+
+Now you shall vnderstand that there is one other thing belonging to the
+Plough, which albe it be no member thereof, yet is it so necessary that
+the Husbandman which liueth in durty and stiffe clayes can neuer goe to
+Plough without it, and it is called the Aker-staffe, being a pretty
+bigge cudgell, of about a yarde in length, with an Iron spud at the end,
+according to this figure:
+
+{Illustration}
+
+This Akerstaffe the Husbandman is euer to carry within his Plough, and
+when at any time the Irons, shelboard, or Plough, are choaked with durt,
+clay, or filth, which will cling about the ould stubble, then with this
+Akerstaffe you shall put the same off (your Plough still going) and so
+keepe her cleane and smooth that your worke may lye the handsomer; and
+this you must euer doe with your right hand: for the Plough choaketh
+euer on the shelboard side, and betweene the Irons. And thus much
+touching the perfect Plough, and the members thereof.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IIII.
+
+_How the Husbandman shall temper his Plough, and make her fit for his
+worke._
+
+
+A Plough is to a Husbandman like an Instrument in the hand of a
+Musition, which if it be out of tune can neuer make good Musicke, and so
+if the Plough, being out of order, if the Husbandman haue not the
+cunning to temper it and set it in the right way, it is impossible that
+euer his labour should come to good end.
+
+It is very necessary then that euery good Husbandman know that a Plough
+being perfectly well made, the good order or disorder thereof consisteth
+in the placing of the Plough-Irons and the Plough-foote. Know then, that
+for the placing of the Irons, the share would be set to looke a little
+into the ground: and because you shall not bruise, or turne, the point
+thereof, you shall knocke it fast vpon the head, either with a crooked
+Rams-horne, or else with some piece of soft Ash woode: and you shall
+obserue that it stand plaine, flat, and leuell, without wrying or
+turning either vpward or downeward: for if it runne not euen vpon the
+earth it will neuer make a good furrow, onely as before I said, the
+point must looke a little downeward.
+
+Now, for the coulture, you must place it slopewise through the beame, so
+as the point of it and the point of the share may as it were touch the
+ground at one instant, yet if the coulture point be a little thought the
+longer it shall not be amisse: yet for a more certaine direction and to
+try whether your Irons stand true I or no, you shall take a string, and
+measure from the mortisse-hole through which the coulture passeth, to
+the point of the coulture, and so keeping your vpper hand constant lay
+the same length to the of point your share, and if one measure serue
+them both right, there being no difference betweene them, then the Irons
+stand true for their length, otherwise they stand false.
+
+Now your coulture albe it stand true for the length, yet it may stand
+either too much to the land, or too much from the land, either of which
+is a great errour, and will keepe the Plough from going true: your
+coulture therefore shall haue certaine wedges of ould dry Ash woode,
+that is to say, one before the coulture on the vpper side the beame, and
+another on the land side, or left side, the coulture on the vpper side
+the beame also; then you shall haue another wedge behinde the coulture
+vnderneath the beame, and one on the furrow side, or right side, the
+beame vnderneath also. Now, if your coulture haue too much land, then
+you shall driue in your vpper side wedge and ease the contrary: if it
+haue too little land, then you shall contrarily driue in your right side
+vnder wedge and ease the other: If your coulture stand too forward, then
+you shall driue in your vpper wedge which standeth before the coulture;
+and if it stand too backward and too neere your share, then you shall
+driue in your vnder wedge which standeth behinde the coulture: if your
+coulture standeth awry any way, then are either your side wedges too
+small, or else not euen and plaine cut, which faults you must amend, and
+then all will be perfect. Now, when your Irons are iust and truely
+placed, then you shall driue in euery wedge hard and firme, that no
+shaking or other straine may loosen them: as for the Plough foote it
+also must haue a wedge or two, which when your Plough goeth right and to
+your contentment (for the foote will keepe it from sinking or rising)
+then you shall also driue them in hard, that the foote may not stirre
+from the true place where you did set it. And that these things when a
+man commeth into the field may not be to seeke, it is the office of
+euery good Husbandman neuer to goe forth with his Plough but to haue his
+Hatchet in a socket, fixt to his Plough beame, and a good piece of hard
+wedge woode, in case any of your wedges should shake out and be lost.
+
+{SN: Of holding the Plough.}
+When your Plough is thus ordered and tempered in good manner, and made
+fit for her worke, it then resteth that you know the skill and
+aduantages in holding thereof, which indeed are rules of much
+diuersitie, for if it be a stiffe, blacke clay which you Plow, then can
+you not Plow too deepe, nor make your furrowes too bigge: if it be a
+rich hassell ground, and not much binding, then reasonable furrowes,
+laid closse, are the best: but if it be any binding, stony, or sandy
+ground, then you cannot make your furrowes too small. As touching the
+gouerning of your Plough, if you see shee taketh too much land, then you
+shall writh your left hand a little to the left side and raise your
+Plough rest somewhat from the ground: if shee taketh too little earth,
+then you shall raise vp your left hand, and carry your Plough as in a
+direct line: If your Plough-Irons forbeare and will not bite on the
+earth at all, then it is a signe that you hang too heauy on the Plough
+hales, raising the head of the Plough from the ground, which errour you
+must amend, and of the two rather raise it vp behind then before, but to
+doe neither is best, for the Plough hale is a thing for the hand to
+gouerne, and not to make a leaning stocke of: And thus much touching the
+tempring of the Plough and making her fit for worke.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+_The manner of Plowing the rich, stiffe, blacke Clay, his Earings,
+Plough, and other Instruments._
+
+
+Of all soyles in this our kingdome there is none so rich and fruitfull,
+if it be well handled and Husbanded, as is that which we call the
+stiffe, blacke, Clay, and indeed is more blacker to looke on then any
+other soyle, yet some times it will turne vp very blewish, with many
+white vaines in it, which is a very speciall note to know his
+fruitfulnesse; for that blewish earth mixt with white is nothing else
+but very rich Marle, an earth that in Cheshire, Lanckashire, and many
+other countries, serueth to Manure and make fat their barrainest land in
+such sort that it will beare Corne seauen yeeres together. This blacke
+clay as it is the best soyle, well Husbanded, so it is of all soyles the
+worst if it be ill Husbanded: for if it loose but one ardor, or
+seasenable Plowing, it will not be recouered in foure yeeres after, but
+will naturally of it selfe put forth wilde Oates, Thistels, and all
+manner of offensiue weedes, as Cockle, Darnell, and such like: his
+labour is strong, heauy, and sore, vnto the cattell that tilleth it, but
+to the Husbandman is more easie then any other soyle, for this asketh
+but foure times Plowing ouer at the most, where diuers other soyles aske
+fiue times, and sixe times, as shalbe shewed hereafter. But to come to
+the Plowing of this soyle, I hold it meete to beginne with the beginning
+of the yeere, which with Husbandmen is at Plow-day, being euer the first
+Munday after the Twelft-day, at which time you shall goe forth with your
+draught, & begin to plow your Pease-earth, that is, the earth where you
+meane to sow your Pease, or Beanes: for I must giue you to vnderstand,
+that these Clayes are euer more naturall for Beanes then Pease, not but
+that they will beare both alike, only the Husbandman imployeth them more
+for Beanes, because pease & fitches wil grow vpon euery soyle, but
+Beanes wil grow no where but on the clayes onely. This Pease-earth is
+euer where barley grew the yeere before, & hath the stubble yet
+remayning thereon. You shal plow this Pease-earth euer vpward, that is,
+you shall beginne on the ridge of the land, & turne all your furrowes
+vp, one against another, except your lands lye too high (which seldome
+can be seene) and then you shall begin at the furrow, & cast downe your
+land.
+
+Now, when you haue plowed all your Pease-ground, you shall let it so
+lye, till it haue receiued diuers Frosts, some Raine, and then a fayre
+season, which betwixt plow-day and Saint _Valentines_ day you shalbe
+sure to inioy: and this is called, _The letting of Land lye to baite_:
+for without this rest, and these seasons, it is impossible to make these
+Clayes harrow, or yeelde any good mould at all. After your Land hath
+receiued his kindely baite, then you shall cast in your seede, of
+Beanes, or Pease: but in my conceit, an equall mixture of them is the
+best seede of all, for if the one faile, the other will be sure to hit:
+and when your land is sowne you shall harrow it with a harrow that hath
+woodden teeth.
+
+The next Ardor after this, is the sowing of your Barley in your fallow
+field: the next is the fallowing of your ground for Barley the next
+yeere: the next Ardor is the Summer-stirring of that which you fallowed:
+the next is the foyling of that which you Summer-stirde: and the last is
+the Winter rigging of that which you foil'd: of all which Ardors, and
+the manner of Plowing them, with their seasons, I haue written
+sufficiently in the first Chapter of the next part; where I speake of
+simple earths vncompounded.
+
+Now whereas I told you before that these clayes were heauy worke for
+your Cattell, it is necessary that I shew you how to ease them, and
+which way they may draw to their most aduantage, which onely is by
+drawing in beare-geares, an inuention the skilfull Husbandman hath found
+out, wherein foure horses shall draw as much as sixe, and sixe as eight,
+being geard in any other contrary fashion. Now because the name onely
+bettereth not your knowledge, you shall heare behould the figure and
+manner thereof.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Now you shall vnderstand the vse of this Figure by the figures therein
+contayned, that is to say, the figure
+
+(1) presenteth the plough-cleuisse, which being ioyned to the
+plough-beame, extendeth, with a chaine, vnto the first Toastree: and
+touching this Cleuisse, you shall vnderstand, that it must be made with
+three nickes in the midst thereof, that if the Plough haue too much land
+giuen it in the making, that is, if it turne vp too much land, then the
+chaine shall be put in the outwardmost nicke to the land side, that is,
+the nicke towards your right hand: but if it take too little land, then
+it shall be put in the nicke next the furrow, that is, towards the right
+hand: but if it goe euen and well, then you shall keepe it in the middle
+nicke, which is the iust guide of true proportion. And thus this
+Cleuisse is a helpe for the euill making or going of a plough.
+
+(2) Is the hind-most Toastree, that is, a broad piece of Ash woode,
+three inches broad, which going crosse the chaine, hath the Swingletrees
+fastned vnto it, by which the horses draw. Now you shall vnderstand that
+in this Toastree is great helpe and aduantage: for if the two horses
+which draw one against the other, be not of equall strength, but that
+the one doth ouer-draw the other, then you shall cause that end of the
+Toastree by which the weaker horse drawes, to be longer from the chaine
+then the other, by at least halfe a foote, and that shall giue the
+weaker horse such an aduantage, that his strength shall counterpoyse
+with the stronger horse. Now there be some especiall Husbandmen that
+finding this disaduantage in the Toastree, and that by the vncertaine
+shortening, and lenthening of the Toastree, they haue sometimes more
+disaduantaged the strong horse, then giuen helpe to the weake, therefore
+they haue inuented another Toastree, with a double chaine, and a round
+ring, which is of that excellent perfection in draught, that if a Foale
+draw against an olde horse, yet the Foale shall draw no more then the
+abilitie of his owne strength, each taking his worke by himselfe, as if
+they drew by single chaines. Now because this Toastree is such a notable
+Implement both in Plough, Cart, or Waine, and so worthy to be imitated
+of all good husbands, I thinke it not amisse to shew you the figure
+thereof.
+
+{Illustration: The Toastree with double chaines.}
+
+(3) The Swingletrees, being pieces of Ash wood cut in proportion
+afore-shewed, to which the Treates, by which the horses draw, are
+fastned with strong loopes.
+
+(4) The Treates by which the horses draw, being strong cords made of the
+best Hempe.
+
+(5) The place betweene the Treats, where the horses must stand.
+
+(6) The Hames, which girt the Collers about, to which the other end of
+the Treats are fastned, being compassed pieces of wood, eyther cleane
+Ash, or cleane Oake.
+
+(7) The round Withes of wood, or broad thongs of leather, to put about
+the horses necke, to beare the maine chayne from the ground, that it
+trouble not the horses in their going.
+
+(8) The Single-linckes of Iron, which ioyne the Swingle-trees vnto the
+Toastrees.
+
+(9) The Belly-bands, which passe vnder the belly of the horse, and are
+made fast to both sides of the Treates, keeping them downe, that when
+the horse drawes, his coller may not choake him: being made of good
+small line or coard.
+
+(10) The Backe-bands, which going ouer the horses backe, and being made
+fast to both sides of the Treates, doe hold them, so as when the horses
+turne, the Treates doe not fall vnder their feete.
+
+{SN: How many beasts in a plough.}
+Thus I haue giuen you the perfect portraiture of a well yoakt Plough,
+together with his Implements, and the vse of them, being the best which
+hath yet beene found out by any of our skilfullest English Husbandmen,
+whose practise hath beene vpon these deepe, stiffe, blacke clayes. Now
+you shall vnderstand, that for the number of Cattell to be vsed in these
+ploughes, that in fallowing your land, and plowing your Pease-earth,
+eight good Cattell are the best number, as being the strongest, and
+within the compasse of gouernment, whereas more were but troublesome,
+and in all your other Ardors, sixe good beasts are sufficient, yet if it
+be so, that eyther want of abilitie, or other necessity vrge, you shall
+know that sixe beasts will suffice eyther to fallow, or to plow
+Pease-earth, and foure beasts for euery other Ardor or earing: and lesse
+then this number is most insufficient, as appeares by daily experience,
+when poore men kill their Cattell onely by putting them to ouer-much
+labour. And thus much touching the plowing of the blacke clay.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+_The manner of plowing the white or gray Clay, his Earings, Plough, and
+Instruments._
+
+
+Now as touching the white or gray clay, you shall vnderstand that it is
+of diuers and sundry natures, altering according to his tempers of wet
+or drynesse: the wet being more tough, and the dry more brittle: his
+mixture and other characters I haue shewed in a former Chapter,
+wherefore for his manner of plowing (obseruing my first methode, which
+is to beginne with the beginning of the yeere, I meane at Christmas) it
+is thus:
+
+{SN: Of sowing of Pease and Beanes.}
+If you finde that any of this white or gray clay, lying wet, haue lesse
+mixture of stone or chaulke in it, and so consequently be more tough, as
+it doth many times fall out, and that vpon such land, that yeere, you
+are to sow your Pease and Beanes: for as in the former blacke clay, so
+in this gray clay you shall begin with your Pease-earth euer: then
+immediately after Plow-day, you shall plow vp such ground as you finde
+so tough, in the selfe-same manner as you did plow the blacke clay, and
+so let it lye to baite till the frost haue seasoned it, and then sow it
+accordingly. But if you haue no such tough land, but that it holdes it
+owne proper nature, being so mixt with small stones and chaulke, that it
+will breake in reasonable manner, then you shall stay till the latter
+end of Ianuary, at what time, if the weather be seasonable, and
+inclining to drynesse, you shall beginne to plow your Pease-earth, in
+this manner: First, you shall cause your seedes-man to sow the land with
+single casts, as was shewed vpon the blacke clay, with this caution,
+that the greater your seede is, (that is, the more Beanes you sow) the
+greater must be your quantitie: and being sowne, you shall bring your
+plough, and beginning at the furrow of the land, you shall plow euery
+furrow downeward vpon the Pease and Beanes: which is called sowing of
+Pease vnder furrow: and in this manner you shall sow all your Pease and
+Beanes, which is cleane contrary to your blacke clay. Besides, whereas
+vpon the stiffe clay it is conuenient to take as large furrowes as you
+please, vpon this kinde of gray clay you shall take as small furrowes as
+is possible. Now the reason for this manner of plowing your Pease-earth,
+is, because it is a light kinde of breaking earth, so that should it be
+sowne according to the stiffe blacke clay, it would neuer couer your
+Pease, but leaue them bare, both to be destroyed by the Fowles of the
+ayre, and the bitternesse of the weather. As soone as your Pease and
+Beanes are risen a fingers length aboue the earth, then if you finde
+that any of your lands doe lye very rough, and that the clods be great,
+it shall not be amisse, to take a payre of woodden Harrowes, and harrow
+ouer all your rough lands, the benefit whereof is this, that it will
+both breake the hard clots, and so giue those Pease leaue to sprout
+through the earth, which before lay bound in and drowned, and also lay
+your lands smooth and cleane, that the Mowers when they come to mowe
+your Pease and Beanes, shall haue better worke, and mowe them with more
+ease, and much better to the owners profit. For you must vnderstand that
+where you sow Beanes, there it is euer more profit to mowe them with
+Sythes, then to reape them with Hookes, and much sooner, and with lesse
+charge performed. The limitation of time for this Ardor of earing, is
+from the latter end of Ianuary vntill the beginning of March, not
+forgetting this rule, that to sow your Pease and Beanes in a shower, so
+it be no beating raine is most profitable: because they, as Wheat, take
+delight in a fresh and a moyst mould.
+
+{SN: Of sowing of Barley.}
+After the beginning of March, you shall beginne to sow your Barley vpon
+that ground which the yeere before did lye fallow, and is commonly
+called your tilth, or fallow field: and if any part of it consist of
+stiffe and tough ground, then you shall, vpon such ground, sow your
+Barley vnder furrow, in such manner and fashion as I described vnto you
+for the sowing of your stiffe blacke clay: but if it be (as for the most
+part these gray and white clayes are) of a much lighter, and as it were,
+fussie temper, then you shall first plow your land vpward, cleane and
+well, without baukes or stiches: and hauing so plowed it, you shall then
+sow it with Barley, that is to say, with double casts, I meane,
+bestowing twise so many casts of Barley, as you would doe if you were to
+sow it with Pease. And as soone as you haue sowne your Barley, you shall
+take a payre of woodden Harrowes, and harrow it as small as is possible:
+and this is called sowing aboue furrow.
+
+{SN: Of sowing Oates.}
+Now if you haue any land, which eyther through the badnesse of the
+soyle, or for want of manure, is more barrayne, and hard to bring forth
+then generally the rest of your land is, then you shall not bestow
+Barley thereupon, but sow it with Oates, in such manner and fashion as
+is appointed for the sowing of Pease, that is to say, if it be stiffe
+ground you shall sow it aboue furrow, if it be light ground, then you
+shall sow it vnder furrow, knowing this for a rule, that the barraynest
+ground will euer beare indifferent Oates, but if the ground haue any
+small hart, then it will beare Oates in great abundance: neither neede
+you to be very precise for the oft plowing of your ground before you sow
+your Oates, because Oates will grow very well if they be sowne vpon
+reasonable ground, at the first plowing: whence it comes to passe that
+many Husbandmen doe oft sow their Oates where they should sow their
+Pease, and in the same manner as they doe sow their Pease, and it is
+held for a rule of good husbandry also: because if the ground be held
+any thing casuall for Pease, it is better to haue good Oates then
+naughty Pease: besides, your Oates are both a necessary graine in the
+house, as for Oate-meale, for the pot, for Puddings, and such like, and
+also for the stable, for Prouender, and the feeding of all manner of
+Poultry. The time for sowing of your Barley and Oates, is from from the
+first of March till the first of Aprill, obseruing euer to sow your
+Oates first, and your Barley after, for it being onely a Summer graine,
+would participate as little as may be with any part of the Winter.
+
+{SN: Of Fallowing.}
+{SN: Of sleighting Barley.}
+About the middest of Aprill you shall beginne to fallow that part of
+your ground, which you entend shall take rest that yeere, and so become
+your fallow or tilth-field. And in fallowing this gray or white clay,
+you shall obserue all those rules and ceremonies, which are formerly
+described for the fallowing of the stiffe blacke clay, knowing that
+there is in this worke no difference betweene the blacke clay, and the
+gray clay, but both to be plowed after one manner, that is to say, to
+haue all the furrowes cast downeward, and the ridges of the lands laid
+largely open, and of a good depth, onely the furrowes which you turne
+vpon this gray clay must be much smaller and lesse then those which you
+turne vpon your stiffe blacke clay, because this earth is more naturally
+inclined to binde and cleaue together then that of the blacke clay. The
+time for fallowing of this ground, is from the middest of Aprill vntill
+the middest of May: at what time you shall perceiue your Barley to
+appeare aboue the ground, so that then you shall beginne to sleight and
+smooth it: but not with backe Harrowes, as was described for the blacke
+clay, because this gray clay being not so fat and rich, but more
+inclined to fastnesse and hardnesse, therefore it will not sunder and
+breake so easily as the other: wherefore when you will smooth or sleight
+this ground, you shall take a round piece of wood, being in compasse
+about at least thirty inches, and in length sixe foote, hauing at each
+end a strong pinne of Iron, to which making fast two small poales, by
+which the horse shall draw, yet in such sort that the round piece of
+wood may roule and turne about as the horse drawes it: and with this you
+shall roule ouer all your Barley, and by the waight of the round piece
+of wood bruise and breake all the hard clots asunder. This is called
+amongst Husbandmen a Rouler, and is for this purpose of sleighting and
+smoothing of grounds of great vse and profit. Now you shall vnderstand
+that you must not at any time sleight or smooth your Corne, but after a
+shower of Raine, for if the mould be not a little moistned the rouler
+will not haue power to breake it.
+
+Now for as much as this rouler is of so good vse and yet not generally
+vsed in this kingdome, I thinke it not amisse to shew you the figure
+thereof.
+
+{Illustration: The great Rouler.}
+
+As soone as you haue roulled ouer your Barley, & laid it so smooth as
+you can with your rouler, if then you perceiue any hard clots, such as
+the rouler cannot breake, then you shal send forth your seruants with
+long clotting beetels, made broad and flat, and with them you shall
+breake asunder all those hard clots, and so lay your Barley as smooth
+and cleane as is possible: the profit whereof you shall both finde in
+the multiplying of your Corne and also in the sauing of your sithes
+from breaking, at such time as you shall come to mowe your Corne, and
+gather in your Haruest.
+
+{SN: Of Summer-stirring.}
+{SN: Of weeding.}
+{SN: Of stone gathering.}
+Your Barley being thus laide smooth, you shall then follow your other
+necessary businesses, as preparing of your fewell, and other needements
+for houshould, vntill the beginning of Iune, at which time you shall
+beginne to Summer-stirre your fallow field, which shalbe done in all
+points after the same manner as you did Summer-stirre your blacke Clay,
+that is to say, you shall beginne in the ridge of the land, and as when
+you fallowed your land you turned your furrowes downeward, so now in
+Summer-stirring, you shall turne your furrowes vpward and close the
+ridge of you land againe. As soone as this Ardor is finished, or when
+the vnseasonablenesse of the weather, as either too much wet, or too
+much drynesse shall hinder you from Plowing, you shall then looke into
+your Cornefields, that is to say: first into your Wheate and Rye field,
+and if there you shall finde any store of weedes, as Thistell, Darnell,
+Tare-Cockle, or such like, you shall with weede-hookes, or nippers of
+woode, cut, or plucke them vp by the rootes; and also if you finde any
+annoyance of stones, which hinders the growth of your Corne, as
+generally it happens in this soyle, you shall then cause some Boyes and
+Girles, or other waste persons, to gather them vp and lay them in heapes
+at the lands ends, to be imployed either about the mending of high wayes
+or other occasions, and for this purpose their is a generall custome in
+most Villages, that euery houshoulder is bound to send out one seruant
+to be imployed about this businesse: whence it comes to passe, that it
+is called common worke, as being done at the generall charge of the
+whole Parish. After you haue weeded your Wheate and Rye, you shall then
+weede your Barley also, which being finished about the midst of Iuly,
+you shall then beginne to looke into your medowes and to the preparing
+of your Hay haruest.
+
+{SN: Of foyling.}
+Now at such time as either the vnseasonablenesse of the weather, or the
+growth of your grasse shall hinder you from following that businesse of
+Haruest, you shall then looke into your fallow or tilth field againe,
+and whereas before at your Summer-stirring you Plowed your land vpward,
+now you shall beginne to foile, that is to say, you shall cast your land
+downe againe, and open the ridge: and this Ardor of all other Ardors you
+must by no meanes neglect vpon the gray, white clay, because it being
+most subiect vnto weede, and the hardest to bring to a fine mould, this
+Ardor of all others, doth both consume the one and makes perfect the
+other, and the drier season you doe foile your land in, the better it
+is, and the more it doth breake and sunder the clots in pieces: for as
+in Summer-stirring the greater clots you raise vp, and the rougher your
+land lies the better it is, because it is a token of great store of
+mould, so when you foile, the more you breake the clots in pieces the
+better season will your land take, and the richer it wilbe when the
+seede is sowne into it: And the season for the foiling of this soile is
+from the midst of Iuly till the midst of September.
+
+{SN: Of Manuring.}
+Now albe I haue omitted the Manuring of this land in his due place, as
+namely, from the midst of Aprill, till the end of May, yet you shall
+vnderstand that of all other things it is not in any wise to be
+neglected by the carefull Husbandman, both because the soyle being not
+so rich as the blacke Clay, will very hardly bring forth his seede
+without Manure, and also because it is for the most part subiect vnto
+much wet, and stones, both which are signes of cold and barrainenesse.
+Now for those Manures, which are best and most proper for this soile,
+you shall vnderstand that all those which I formerlie described for the
+blacke Claies, as namely, Oxe or Cowes dung, Horse dung and Sheepes
+dung, are also very good for this soile, and to be vsed in the same
+manner as is specified in the former Chapter: but if you haue not such
+store of this Manure as will serue to compasse your whole land, you
+shall then vnderstand, that the blacke mud, or durt which lies in the
+bottome of olde ponds, or else standing lakes, is also a very good
+manure for this soile, or else straw which is spread in high-wayes, and
+so rotted by the great concourse or vse of much trauelling, and after in
+the Spring-time shouelled vp in great heapes, is a good manure for this
+earth: but if you finde this soile to be subiect to extraordinary wet
+and coldnesse, you shall then know that the ashes eyther of wood, coale,
+or straw, is a very good manure for it. But aboue all other, and then
+which there is no manure more excellent for cold barraine clayes of this
+nature, the Pigions dung, or the dung of houshold Pullen, as Capons,
+Hennes, Chickens, Turkies, and such like, so there be no Goose-dung
+amongst it, is the best of all other: but not to be vsed in such sort as
+the other manures, that is to say, to be laid in great heapes vpon the
+land, or to be spread from the Cart vpon the land, for neyther is there
+such abundance of such manure to be gotten, nor if there were, it would
+not be held for good husbandrie to make lauish hauocke of a thing so
+precious.
+
+{SN: The vse of Pigion or Pullen-dung.}
+You shall then know that for the vse of Pigion or Pullen-dung, it is
+thus: you shall first with your hand breake it as small as may be, and
+then put it into the Hopper, in such sort as you put your corne when you
+sow it: and then looke how you sow your corne, in such sort you shall
+sow your Pigion or Pullen-dung: which done, you shall immediately put
+your Barley into the same Hopper, and so sow it after the Pigions or
+Pullen-dung: by which you are to vnderstand that this kinde of manuring
+is to be vsed onely in Seede-time, and at no other season. This manure
+is of the same nature that sheepes manure is, and doth last but onely
+for one yeere, onely it is much hotter, as being in the greatest
+extremitie of heate. Now if it happen that you cannot get any of this
+Pigions or Pullen-dung, because it is scarce, and not in euery mans
+power, if then you take Lime and sow it vpon your land in such sort as
+is before said of the Pigions-dung, and then sow your corne after it,
+you shall finde great profit to come thereon, especially in colde wet
+soiles, such as for the most part, these gray white clayes are.
+
+{SN: Of sowing Wheate.}
+After your land is foild, which worke would be finished by the middest
+of September, then you shall beginne to sow your Wheate, Rye, and
+Maslin, which in all things must be done as is before set downe for the
+blacke clay, the choice of seede, and euery obseruation being all one:
+for Wheate not taking delight in a very rich ground, doth prosper best
+vpon this indifferent soile. Whence it comes that in these gray white
+clayes, you shall for the most part, see more Wheate sowne then any
+other Graine whatsoeuer. But as touching your Rye and Maslin, that euer
+desires a rich ground and a fine mould, and therefore you shall make
+choise of your better earth for that Seede, and also obserue to helpe it
+with manure, or else sheepes folding, in such manner as is described in
+the former Chapter, where I spake of the sowing of Wheate, Rye, and
+Maslin.
+
+{SN: Of winter-ridging.}
+As soone as you haue sowne your Wheate, Rye, and Maslin, you shall then
+about the latter end of October, beginne to Winter ridge, or set vp your
+land for the whole yeere: which you shall doe in all points, as you doe
+vpon the blacke clay, without any change or alteration. And the
+limitation for this Ardor is, from the latter end of October vntill the
+beginning of December, wherein your yeeres worke is made perfect and
+compleate.
+
+{SN: Obseruations.}
+Now you shall vnderstand, that although I haue in this generall sort
+passed ouer the Ardors and seuerall Earings of this white or gray clay,
+any of which are in no wise to be neglected: yet there are sundry other
+obseruations to be held of the carefull Husbandman, especially in the
+laying of his land: as thus, if the soile be of good temper, fruitfull,
+drie, and of a well mixed mould, not being subiect to any naturall
+spring or casting forth of moisture, but rather through the natiue
+warmth drying vp all kinde of fluxes or colde moistures, neyther binding
+or strangling the Seede, nor yet holding it in such loosenesse, that it
+loose his force of increasing, in this case it is best to lay your
+lands flat and leuell, without ridges or furrowes, as is done in many
+parts of Cambridge-shire, some parts of Essex, and some parts of
+Hartford-shire: but if the clay be fruitfull and of good temper, yet
+either by the bordering of great hils, the ouer-flow of small brookes,
+or some other casuall meanes it is subiect to much wet or drowning, in
+this case you shall lay your lands large and high, with high ridges and
+deepe furrowes, as generally you see in Lincolne-shire,
+Nottingham-shire, Huntington-shire, and most of the middle Shires in
+England. But if the land be barraine, colde, wet, subiect to much
+binding, and doth bring forth great store of weedes, then you shall lay
+your land in little stiches, that is to say, not aboue three or foure
+furrowes at the most together, as is generally seene in Middlesex,
+Hartford-shire, Kent and Surrey: for by that meanes neither shall the
+land binde and choake the Corne, nor shall the weede so ouer-runne it,
+but that the Husbandman may with good ease helpe to strengthen and
+clense it, the many furrowes both giuing him many passages, whereby he
+may correct those enormities, and also in such sort conuaying away the
+water and other moistures, that there cannot be made any land more
+fruitfull.
+
+{SN: Of the Plough.}
+Now to speake of the Plough which is best and most proper for this gray
+or white clay, of which we now speake, you shall vnderstand that it
+differeth exceeding much from that of which we spake concerning the
+blacke clay: I, and in such sort, that there is but small alliance or
+affinitie betweene them: as thus for example:
+
+First, it is not so large and great as that for the blacke clay: for the
+head thereof is not aboue twentie inches in length, and not aboue one
+inch and a halfe in thicknesse, the maine beame thereof is not aboue
+fiue foot long, & the rest is broader by an inch and more then that for
+the blacke clay: this Plough also hath but one hale, & that is onely the
+left hand Hale: for the Plough-staffe, or Aker-staffe serueth euer in
+stead of the right hand Hale, so that the Rough-staues are fixed, the
+vpper vnto the shelboard, and the neather vnto the Plough-rest, as for
+your better vnderstanding you may perceiue by this figure.
+
+{Illustration: The Plough with one Hale.}
+
+Now you shall vnderstand that the especiall care which is to be held in
+the making of this Plough, is, that it be wide and open in the hinder
+part, that it may turne and lay the furrowes one vpon another: whereas
+if it should be any thing straitned in the hinder part, considering that
+this clay naturally is somewhat brittle of it selfe, and that the
+furrowes which you plow must of necessitie be very narrow and little, it
+were not possible so to lay them, but that they would fall downe backe
+againe, and inforce the Plow-man to lose his labour. Also you shall
+vnderstand that whereas in the former plough, which is for the blacke
+clay, you may turne the shelboard, that is, when the one end is worne,
+you may eftsoones turne the other, and make it serue the like season: in
+this Plough you must neuer turne the shelboard, because the rising wing
+of the Share will so defend it, that it will euer last as long as the
+Plough-head, without change or turning.
+
+Now for the Irons belonging vnto this Plough, which is the Share and
+Coulture, there is more difference in them then in the Plough: for to
+speake first of the Share, whereas the former Share for the blacke clay,
+was made broad, plaine, and with a large wing, this Share must be made
+narrow, sharpe, and small, with no wing at all, hauing from the vpper
+part thereof, close by the shelboard, a certaine rising wing, or broad
+piece of Iron, which comming vp and arming that part of the shelboard
+which turnes ouer the land, defends the wood from the sharpe mould,
+which hauing the mixture of pible stone in it, would otherwise in lesse
+then one dayes worke consume the shelboard vnto nothing, forcing the
+Plow-man to much trouble and double cost. The fashion of the Share is
+presented in this Figure following.
+
+{Illustration: The Share.}
+
+This Share is onely made that it may take a small furrow, and so by
+breaking the earth oftner then any other Share, causeth the land to
+yeeld a good and plentifull mould, and also keepe it from binding or
+choaking the seede when it is cast into it.
+
+Now for the Coulture, it differeth from the former Coulture both in
+breadth and thicknesse, but especially in compasse: for whereas the
+former Coulture for the blacke clay, was made straight, narrow, and
+thicke, this must be compassed like an halfe bent bow: it must be
+broader then three fingers, and thinner then halfe an inche, according
+to this Figure.
+
+{Illustration: The Coulture.}
+
+Now when these Irons, the Shelboard, and other implements are fixed vnto
+the Plough, you shall perceiue that the Plough will carry the proportion
+of this Figure following.
+
+{Illustration: The Plough for the gray Clay.}
+
+Hauing thus shewed you the substance, difference, and contraries of
+these two Ploughs, which belong to these two seuerall clayes, the blacke
+and gray, you shall vnderstand that there is no clay-ground whatsoeuer,
+which is without other mixture, but one of these Ploughs will
+sufficiently serue to eare and order it: for all clayes are of one of
+these tempers.
+
+{SN: The vse and handling.}
+Now for the vse and manner of handling or holding this Plough, it
+differeth nothing in particular obseruation from the vse and handling
+of the Plough formerly described, more then in the largenesse and
+smalnesse of the furrowes: for as before I said, whereas the blacke clay
+must be raised with a great furrow, and a broad stitch, this gray clay
+must be raised with a small furrow, and a narrow stitch: and although
+this plough haue nothing but a left hand Hale, yet considering the
+Plough-staffe, vpon which the Plow-man resteth his right hand, it is all
+one as if he had a right. And indeede, to make your knowledge the more
+perfect, you shall know that these gray clayes are generally in their
+owne natures so wet, tough, and slimy, and doe so clogge, cleaue, and
+choake vp the Plough, that hee which holds it shall haue enough to doe
+with his right hand onely to clense and keepe the Plough from choaking,
+insomuch that if there were another Hale, yet the Plow-man should haue
+no leasure to hold it.
+
+{SN: Of the draught or Teame.}
+Now for the Draught or Teame which should draw this Plough, they ought
+in all points, as well in strength as tryuing to be the same with those
+before shewed for the vse of the blacke clay: as namely, eyther Oxen or
+Horse, or Horse and Oxen mixt together, according to the custome of the
+soile wherein the Plow-man liues, or his abilitie in prouision,
+obseruing euer to keepe his number of beasts for his Plough certaine,
+that is to say, for fallowing, and Pease-earth, neuer vnder sixe, and
+for all other Ardors foure at the least. And thus much for the plowing
+of this gray or white clay.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VII.
+
+_The manner of plowing the red-Sand, his Earings, Plough, and Implements._
+
+
+Next vnto these Clayes, which are soiles simple and vncompound, as being
+perfect in their owne natures, without the helpe of other mixtures, I
+place the Sand soiles, as being of like qualitie, not borrowing any
+thing but from their owne natures, nor breeding any defects more then
+their owne naturall imperfections: and of Sands, sith the red Sand is
+the best and most fruitfull, therefore it is fit that it take prioritie
+of place, and be here first spoken of.
+
+You shall then vnderstand that this red Sand, albeit it is the best of
+Sands, yet it is the worst of many soiles, as being of it selfe of such
+a hot and drie nature, that it scorcheth the seede, and dryeth vp that
+nutriment and fatnesse which should occasion increase: whereby it comes
+to passe, that the Barley which growes vpon this red Sand is euer more
+yealow, leane and withered, then that which growes vpon the clayes or
+other mixt earths. This Sand especially taketh delight in Rye, because
+it is a Graine which loues warmth aboue all other, and yet
+notwithstanding, if it be well ordered, manured and plowed, it will
+bring forth good store of Barley, albeit the Barley be not so good as
+Clay-Barley, either for the colour, or for the yeeld, whether it be in
+meale or in Malt.
+
+{SN: Of Fallowing.}
+Now for the manner of Earing or plowing this redde Sand, it differeth
+much from both the former soyles, insomuch that for your better
+vnderstanding, I must in many places alter my former methode, yet so
+little as may be, because I am loath to alter or clogge the memory of
+the Reader: wherefore to pursue my purpose. As soone as Christmas is
+ended, that is to say, about the middest of Ianuary, you shall goe with
+your Plough into that field where the Haruest before did grow your Rye,
+and there you shall in your plowing cast your lands downe-ward, and open
+the ridges well, for this yeere it must be your fallow field: for as in
+the former soiles, wee did diuide the fields either into three parts,
+that is, one for Barley and Wheate, another for Pease, and the third
+fallow, which is the best diuision: or into foure parts, that is, one
+for Wheate and Rye, another for Barley, a third for Pease, and a fourth
+fallow, which is the worst diuision and most toilesome, so in this red
+Sand soile, we must euer diuide it into three parts, that is, one for
+Barley, another for Rye, and a third fallow. For this Sand-soile being
+hot, drie, and light, will neither bring forth good Beanes nor good
+Pease, and therefore that Ardor is in this place but onely to be spoke
+of by way of discourse in vrgent necessitie.
+
+Wherefore (as before I said) about the middest of Ianuary you shall
+beginne to lay fallow that field, where formerly did grow your Rye, the
+manner of plowing whereof differeth nothing from the manner of plowing
+the clayes before written of, onely that the discretion of the Plow-man
+must thus farre forth gouerne him, that in as much as this soile is
+lighter, dryer, and of a more loose temper, by so much the more he must
+be carefull to make his furrowes lesse, and to lay them the closer
+together: & also in as much as this soile, through his naturall warmth
+and temperate moisture, is exceeding apt to bring forth much weede,
+especially Brakes, Ling, Brambles, and such like, therefore the Plow-man
+shall be very carefull to plow all his furrowes very cleane, without
+baukes or other impediments by which may be ingendred any of these
+inconueniences.
+
+{SN: Of Spring-foyling.}
+After you haue thus broke vp and fallowed your fallow or tilth-field,
+the limitation of which time is from the middest of Ianuary vntill the
+middest of February, you shall then at the middest of February, when the
+clay-men begin to sow their Beanes and Pease, goe with your plough into
+your other fallow-field, which all the yeere before hath laine fallow
+and already receiued at your hands at least foure seuerall Ardors; as
+Fallowing, Summer-stirring, Foyling, and Winter-rigging; and there you
+shall plow all that field ouer the fift time, which is called the
+Spring-foyling: and in this Ardor you shall plow all your lands vpward,
+in such sort as when you Winter-ridge it, by which meanes you shall plow
+vp all those weedes which haue sprung forth in the Winter season. For
+you must vnderstand that in these light, hot, sandy soiles, there is a
+continuall spring (though not of good fruits) yet of weeds, quicks, and
+other inconueniences: for it is a rule amongst Husbandmen, that warme
+soiles are neuer idle, that is, they are euer bringing forth something.
+
+{SN: Of Sowing March-Rye.}
+Now the limitation for this Ardor is from the middest of Februarie
+vntill the middest of March, at which time you shall, by comparing
+former experience with your present iudgement, take into your
+consideration the state, goodnesse, and powerfulnesse of your land, I
+meane especially of this fallow-field, which hath laine fallow the yeere
+before, and hath now receiued fiue Ardors: and if you finde any part of
+it, either for want of good ordoring in former times, or for want of
+manure in the present yeere, to be growne so leane and out of hart, that
+you feare it hath not strength enough to beare Barley, you shall then at
+this time, being the middest of March, sow such land with Rye, which of
+Husbandmen is called the sowing of March-Rye: and this Rye is to be
+sowne and harrowed in such sort as you did sow it vpon the clay soiles,
+that is to say, aboue furrow, and not vnder furrow, except the land be
+very full of quickes, that is, of Brakes, Ling, Brambles, Dockes, or
+such like, and then you shall first with a paire of Iron harrowes, that
+is, with harrowes that haue Iron teeth, first of all harrow the land
+ouer, and by that meanes teare vp by the rootes all those quickes, and
+so bring them from the land: which done, you shall sow the land ouer
+with Rye, and then plow it downeward which is vnder furrow: & as soone
+as it is plowed, you shall then with a paire of Iron Harrowes harrow it
+all ouer so exceedingly, that the mould may be made as fine, and the
+land lie as smooth as is possible.
+
+{SN: Of the harrow.}
+Now because I haue in the former Chapters spoke of Harrowes and
+harrowing, yet haue not deliuered vnto you the shape and proportion
+thereof, and because both the woodden harrow and the Iron harrow haue
+all one shape, and differ in nothing but the teeth onely, I thinke it
+not amisse before I proceede any further to shew you in this Figure the
+true shape of a right Harrow.
+
+{Illustration: The Harrow.}
+
+The parts of this Harrow consisteth of buls, staues, and teeth: of buls,
+which are broad thicke pieces eyther of well seasoned Willow, or Sallow,
+being at least three inches euery way square, into which are fastned the
+teeth: of staues, which are round pieces of well seasoned Ash, being
+about two inches and a halfe about, which going thorow the buls, holde
+the buls firmely in equall distance one from the other: and of teeth,
+which are either long pinnes of wood or Iron, being at least fiue
+inches in length, which are made fast, and set slope-wise through the
+buls.
+
+{SN: The diuersitie of Harrowes.}
+Now you shall vnderstand that Harrowes are of two kindes, that is,
+single and double: the single Harrow is called of Husbandmen the
+Horse-harrow, and is not aboue foure foote square: the double Harrow is
+called the Oxe-harrow, and it must be at least seauen foote square, and
+the teeth must euer be of Iron. Now whereas I spake of the Horse-harrow
+and the Oxe-harrow, it is to be vnderstood that the single Harrow doth
+belong to the Horse, because Horses drawing single, doe draw each a
+seuerall Harrow by himselfe, albeit in the common vse of harrowing, we
+couple two horses euer together, and so make them draw two single
+Harrowes: but Oxen not being in good Husbandry to be separated, because
+euer two must draw in one yoake, therefore was the double Harrow
+deuised, containing in substance and worke as much as two single
+Harrowes.
+
+{SN: The vse of Harrowes.}
+Now for the vse of Harrowes. The woodden Harrow which is the Harrow with
+woodden teeth, is euer to be vsed vpon clay grounds and light grounds,
+which through drynesse doth grow loose, and fals to mould of it owne
+nature, as most commonly Sand grounds doe also: and the Iron Harrow
+which is the Harrow with Iron teeth, is euer to be vsed vpon binding
+grounds, such as through drynesse grow so hard that they will not be
+sundered, and through wet turne soone to mire and loose durt. Now
+whereas there be mingled earths, which neither willingly yeeld to mould,
+nor yet bindes so sore, but small industry breaks it, of which earth I
+shall speake hereafter, to such grounds the best Husbands vse a mixture,
+that is to say, one woodden Harrow, and one Iron Harrow, that the
+woodden Harrow turning ouer and loosening the loosest mould, the Iron
+Harrow comming after, may breake the stiffer clots, and so consequently
+turne all the earth to a fine mould. And thus much for Harrowes.
+
+{SN: Of the sowing of Pulse.}
+{SN: Of Pease, Lentles, and Lupines.}
+Now to returne to my former purpose touching the tillage of this red
+Sand: if (as before I said) you finde any part of your fallow-field too
+weake to beare Barley, then is your March-Rye, a graine which will take
+vpon a harder earth: but if the ground be too weake either for Barley or
+Rye, (for both those Seedes desire some fatnesse of ground) then shall
+you spare plowing it at all vntill this time of the yeere, which is
+mid-March, and then you shall plow it, and sow it with either the
+smallest Pease you can get, or else with our true English Fitches, which
+by forraine Authors are called _Lentles_, that is, white Fitches, or
+_Lupines_, which are red Fitches: for all these three sorts of Pulse
+will grow vpon very barraine soiles, and in their growth doe manure and
+make rich the ground: yet your Pease desire some hart of ground, your
+_Lentles_, or white Fitches, lesse, and your _Lupines_, or red Fitches,
+the least of all, as being apt to grow vpon the barrainest soile: so
+likewise your Pease doe manure barraine ground well, your _Lentles_
+better and your _Lupines_ the best of all.
+
+Now for the nature and vse of these graines, the Pease as all Husbandmen
+know, are both good for the vse of man in his bread, as are vsed in
+Leicester-shire, Lincolne-shire, Nottingham-shire, and many other
+Countries: and also for Horses in their Prouender, as is vsed generally
+ouer all England: for _Lentles_, or white Fitches, or the _Lupines_
+which are redde Fitches, they are both indifferent good in bread for
+man, especially if the meale be well scalded before it be knodden (for
+otherwise the sauour is exceeding rancke) or else they are a very good
+foode being sodden in the manner of Leaps-Pease, especially at Sea, in
+long iourneyes where fresh meate is most exceeding scarce: so that
+rather then your land should lye idle, and bring forth no profit, I
+conclude it best to sow these Pulses, which both bring forth commoditie,
+and also out of their owne natures doe manure and inrich your ground,
+making it more apt and fit to receiue much better Seede.
+
+For the manner of sowing these three sorts of Pulse: you shall sow them
+euer vnder furrow, in such sort as is described for the sowing of Pease
+and Beanes vpon the white or gray clay which is of indifferent drinesse
+and apt to breake.
+
+{SN: Of Manuring.}
+Now the limitation for this Ardor or seede time, is from the middest of
+March, till the middest of Aprill: then from the middest of Aprill, till
+the middest of May, you shall make your especiall worke, to be onely the
+leading forth of your Manure to that field which you did fallow, or lay
+tilth that present yeere immediatelie after Christmas, and of which I
+first spake in this Chapter. And herein is to be vnderstood, that the
+best and principallest Manure for this redde-sand, is the ouldest Manure
+of beasts which can be-gotten, which you shall know by the exceeding
+blacknesse and rottennesse thereof, being in the cutting both soft and
+smooth, all of one substance, as if it were well compact morter, without
+any shew of straw or other stuffe which is vnrotted, for this dung is of
+all the fattest and coolest, and doth best agree with the nature of this
+hot sand. Next to the dung of beasts, is the dung of Horses if it be old
+also, otherwise it is somewhat of the hottest, the rubbish of old
+houses, or the sweepings of flowres, or the scowrings of old Fish-ponds,
+or other standing waters where beasts and horses are vsed to drinke, or
+be washt, or wherevnto the water and moisture of dunghills haue recourse
+are all good Manures for this redde-sand: as for the Manure of Sheepe
+vpon this redde-sand, it is the best of all in such places as you meane
+to sow Rie, but not fully so good where you doe intend to sow your
+Barley: if it be a cold moist redde-sand (which is seldome found but in
+some particular low countries) then it doth not amisse to Manure it most
+with Sheepe, or else with Chaulke, Lime, or Ashes, of which you can get
+the greatest plentie: if this soile be subiect to much weede and
+quickes, as generally it is, then after you haue torne vp the weedes and
+quickes with Harrowes, you shall with rakes, rake them together, and
+laying them in heapes vpon the land, you shall burne them and then
+spreading the ashes they will be a very good Manure, and in short space
+destroy the weedes also; likewise if your land be much ouergrowne with
+weedes, if when you sheare your Rie you leaue a good long stubble, and
+then mowing the stubble burne it vpon the land, it is both a good Manure
+and also a good meanes to destroy the weedes.
+
+{SN: Of sowing Barley.}
+After your Manure is lead forth and either spread vpon the lands, or set
+in great heapes, so as the land may be couered ouer with Manure (for it
+is to be obserued that this soile must be throughly Manured) then about
+the middest of May, which is the time when this worke should be
+finished, you shall repaire with your Plough into the other fallow
+field, which was prepared the yeere before for this yeeres Barley, &
+there you shall sow it all ouer with Barley aboue furrow, that is to
+say, you shall first Plough it, then sow it, and after Harrow it, making
+the mould as fine and smooth as may be, which is done with easie labour,
+because this sand of it owne nature is as fine as ashes.
+
+{SN: Of Summer-stirring.}
+{SN: Of sleighting.}
+Now the limitation for this seede time, is from the middest of May, till
+the middest of Iune, wherein if any man demand why it should not be
+sowne in March and Aprill, according as it is sowne in the former
+soiles, I answere, that first this redde-sand cannot be prepared, or
+receiue his full season in weather, and earings, before this time of the
+yeere, and next that these redde-sands, by how much they are hotter and
+drier then the other claies, by so much they may wel stay the longer
+before they receiue their seede, because that so much the sooner the
+seede doth sprout in them, & also the sooner ripen being kept warmer at
+the roote then in any could soile whatsoeuer. As soone as the middest of
+Iune approacheth, you shall then beginne to Summer-stirre your fallow
+field, and to turne your Manure into your land, in such sort as you did
+vpon your clay soiles, for this Ardor of Summer-stirring altereth in no
+soile, and this must be done from the middest of Iune, till the middest
+of Iuly, for as touching sleighting, clotting, or smoothing of this
+Barley field, it is seldome in vse, because the finenesse of the sand
+will lay the land smooth inough without sleighting: yet if you finde
+that any particular land lieth more rough then the rest, it shall not be
+amisse, if with your backe Harrowes you smooth it a little within a day
+or two after it is sowne.
+
+{SN: Of Foiling.}
+{SN: Of sowing Rye.}
+From the middest of Iuly vntill the middest of August, you shall foile
+and throw downe your fallow field againe, if your lands lie well and in
+good order, but if any of your lands doe lie in the danger of water, or
+by vse of Plowing are growne too flat, both which are hinderances to the
+growth of Corne, then when you foile your lands you shall Plow them
+vpward, and so by that meanes raise the ridges one furrow higher. After
+you haue foiled your land, which must be about the middest of August,
+then will your Barley be ready to mowe, for these hot soiles haue euer
+an earely haruest, which as soone as it is mowne and carried into the
+Barne, forthwith you shall with all expedition carry forth such Manure
+as you may conueniently spare, and lay it vpon that land from whence you
+receiued your Barley, which is most barraine: and if you want cart
+Manure, you shall then lay your fould of Sheepe thereupon, and as soone
+as it is Manured, you shall immediately Plow both it & the rest, which
+Ardor should be finished by the middest of September, and so suffered to
+rest vntill the beginning of October, at which time you shall beginne to
+sow all that field ouer with Rye in such sort as hath beene spoken of in
+former places.
+
+{SN: Obiection.}
+Now in as much as the ignorant Husbandman may very easiely imagine that
+I reckon vp his labours too thicke, and therein leaue him no leasure for
+his necessarie businesses, especially because I appoint him to foile his
+land from the middest of Iuly, till the middest of August, which is both
+a busie time for his Hay haruest, and also for his Rye shearing.
+
+{SN: Answere.}
+To this I make answere, that I write not according to that which poore
+men are able (for it were infinit to looke into estates) but according
+as euery good Husband ought, presupposing that he which will liue by the
+Plough, ought to pursue all things belonging vnto the Plough, and then
+he shall finde that there is no day in the yeere, but the Saboth, but it
+is necessarie that the Plough be going: yet to reconcile the poore and
+the rich together, they shall vnterstand, that when I speake of Plowing
+in the time of Haruest, I doe not meane that they should neglect any
+part of that principall Worke, which is the true recompence of their
+labour: but because whilst the dew is vpon the ground, or when there is
+either raine or mizling there is then no time for Haruest Worke, then my
+meaning is that the carefull Husbandman shall take those aduantages, and
+rising earelier in the mornings, be sure to be at his Plough two howers
+before the dew be from the ground, knowing that the getting but of one
+hower in the day compasseth a great worke in a month, neither shall hee
+neede to feare the ouer toiling of his cattell, sith at that time of the
+yeere Grasse being at greatest plenty, strongest and fullest of hart,
+Corne scattered almost in euery corner, and the mouth of the beast not
+being muzeld in his labour, there is no question but he will indure and
+worke more then at any other season.
+
+{SN: Of Winter ridging.}
+In the beginning of Nouember, you shall beginne to Winter-ridge your
+fallow, or tilth-field, which in all points shalbe done according to the
+forme described in the former soiles: for that Ardor of all other neuer
+altereth, because it is as it were a defence against the latter spring,
+which else would fill the lands full of weedes, and also against the
+rigor of Winter, and therefore it doth lay vp the furrow close together,
+which taking the season of the frost, winde, and weather makes the mould
+ripe, mellow, and light: and the limitation for this Ardor, is from the
+beginning of Nouember, vntill the middest of December.
+
+{SN: Of the Plough.}
+{SN: Of the coulture.}
+Now as touching the Plough which is best and most proper for this
+redde-sand, it differeth nothing in shape and composure of members from
+that Plough which is described for the blacke Clay, hauing necessarily
+two hales, because the ground being loose and light, the Plough will
+with great difficulty hold land, but with the least disorder be euer
+ready to runne into the furrow, so that a right hand hale is most
+necessarie for the houlding of the plough euen, onely the difference of
+the two Ploughes consisteth in this, that the plough for this red-sand,
+must be much lesse then the plough for the blacke Clay houlding in the
+sizes of the timber the due proportion of the plough for the white or
+gray clay, or if it be somewhat lesse it is not amisse, as the head
+being eighteene inches, the maine beame not aboue foure foote, and
+betweene the hinder part of the rest, and the out-most part of the
+plough head in the hinder end not aboue eight inches. Now for the
+Plough-Irons which doe belong vnto this plough, the Coulture is to be
+made circular, in such proportion as the coulture for the gray, or white
+clay, and in the placing, or tempering vpon the Plough it is to be set
+an inch at least lower then the share, that it may both make way before
+the share, and also cut deeper into the land, to make the furrow haue
+more easie turning.
+
+{SN: Of the share.}
+Now for the share, it differeth in shape from both the former shares,
+for it is neither so large nor out-winged, as that for the gray Clay,
+for this share is onely made broad to the Plough ward, and small to the
+point of the share, with onely a little peake and no wing according to
+this figure.
+
+{Illustration: The share.}
+
+{SN: Of the plough-slip.}
+These Plough-irons, both coulture and share, must be well steeled and
+hardned at the points, because these sandy soiles being full of moisture
+and greete, will in short space weare and consume the Irons, to the
+great hinderance and cost of the Husbandman, if it be not preuented by
+steele and hardning, which notwithstanding will waste also in these
+soiles, so that you must at least twise in euery Ardor haue your Irons
+to the Smith, and cause him to repaire them both with Iron and steele,
+besides these Irons, of coulture and share, you must also haue a long
+piece of Iron, which must be iust of the length of the Plough head, and
+as broad as the Plough head is thicke, and in thicknesse a quarter of an
+inch: and this piece of Iron must be nailed vpon the outside of the
+Plough head, next vnto the land, onely to saue the Plough head from
+wearing, for when the Plough is worne it can then no longer hould the
+land, and this piece of Iron is called of Husbandmen the Plough-slip and
+presenteth this figure.
+
+{Illustration: The Plough-slip.}
+
+{SN: Of Plough clouts.}
+Ouer and besides this Plough-slip, their are certaine other pieces of
+Iron which are made in the fashion of broad thinne plates, and they be
+called Plough clouts, and are to be nailed vpon the shelboard, to defend
+it from the earth or furrow which it turneth ouer, which in very short
+space would weare the woode and put the Husbandman to double charge.
+
+{SN: The houlding of the Plough.}
+Thus hauing shewed you the parts, members, and implements, belonging to
+this Plough, it rests that I proceede vnto the teame or draught: for to
+speake of the vse and handling of this Plough, it is needelesse, because
+it is all one with those Ploughes, of which I haue spoken in the former
+Chapters, and he which can hould and handle a Plough in stiffe clayes
+must needes (except he be exceeding simple) hould a Plough in these
+light sands, in as much as the worke is much more easie and the Plough a
+great deale lesse chargeable.
+
+{SN: Of the draught.}
+Now for the Draught or Teame, they ought to be as in the former Soiles,
+Oxen or Horses, yet the number not so great: for foure Beasts are
+sufficient to plow any Ardor vpon this soile, nay, three Horses if they
+be of reasenable strength will doe as much as sixe vpon either of the
+Clay-soiles: asfor their attire or Harnessing, the Beare-geares, before
+described, are the best and most proper. And thus much concerning this
+red Sand, wherein you are to take this briefe obseruation with you, that
+the Graines which are best to be sowne vpon it, are onely Rye, Barley,
+small Pease, _Lentles_ and _Lupines_, otherwise called Fitches, and the
+graines to which it is aduerse, are Wheat, Beanes and Maslin.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VIII.
+
+_The manner of plowing the white Sand, his Earings, Plough, and
+Implements._
+
+
+Next vnto this red Sand, is the white sand, which is much more barraine
+then the red Sand, yet by the industry of the Husbandman in plowing, and
+by the cost of Manure it is made to beare corne in reasonable plentie.
+Now of white Sands there be two kindes, the one a white Sand mixt with a
+kinde of Marle, as that in Norffolke, Suffolke, and other such like
+places butting vpon the Sea-coast: the other a white Sand with Pible, as
+in some parts of Surrey, about Ancaster in Lincolne shire, and about
+Salisbury in Wil-shire.
+
+{SN: Of the white Sand with Pible.}
+Now for this white Sand with Pible, it is the barrainest, and least
+fruitfull in bringing forth, because it hath nothing but a hot dustie
+substance in it. For the manner of Earing thereof, it agreeth in all
+points with the redde Sand, the Ardors being all one, the Tempers,
+Manurings and all other appurtenances: the Seede also which it delights
+in is all one with the red Sand, as namely, Rye, Barley, Pease and
+Fitches. Wherefore who so shall dwell vpon such a soile, I must referre
+him to the former Chapter of the red Sand, and therein he shall finde
+sufficient instruction how to behaue himselfe vpon this earth:
+remembring that in as much as it is more barraine then the red Sand, by
+so much it craueth more care and cost, both in plowing and manuring
+thereof, which two labours onely make perfect the ill ground.
+
+{SN: Of the white Sand with Marle.}
+Now for the white Sand which hath as it were a certaine mixture, or
+nature of Marle in it, you shall vnderstand that albeit vnto the eye it
+be more dry and dustie then the red Sand, yet it is fully as rich as the
+red Sand: for albe it doe not beare Barley in as great plenty as the red
+Sand, yet it beareth Wheate abundantly, which the red Sand seldome or
+very hardly bringeth forth.
+
+{SN: Of Fallowing.}
+Wherefore to proceede to the Earings or tillage of this white Marly
+sand, you shall vnderstand that about the middest of Ianuary is fit time
+to beginne to fallow your field which shall be tilth and rest for this
+yeere: wherein by the way, before I proceede further, you shall take
+this obseruation with you, that whereas in the former soiles I diuided
+the fields into three & foure parts, this soile cannot conueniently, if
+it be well husbanded, be diuided into any more parts then two, that is
+to say, a fallow field, and a Wheat-field: in which Wheate-field if you
+haue any land richer then other, you may bestow Barley vpon it, vpon the
+second you may bestow Wheat, vpon the third sort of ground Rye, and vpon
+the barrainest, Pease or Fitches: and yet all these must be sowne within
+one field, because in this white sand, Wheate and Rye will not grow
+after Barley or Pease, nor Barley and Pease after Wheate or Rye. Your
+fields being then diuided into two parts, that is, one for corne, the
+other for rest, you shall as before I said, about the middest of Ianuary
+beginne to fallow your Tith-field, which in all obseruations you shall
+doe according as is mentioned for the red sand.
+
+{SN: Of sowing Pease.}
+About the middest of March, if you haue any barraine or wasted ground
+within your fallow field, or if you haue any occasion to breake vp any
+new ground, which hath not beene formerly broake vp, in eyther of these
+cases you shall sow Pease or Fitches thereupon, and those Pease or
+Fitches you shall sow vnder furrow as hath beene before described.
+
+{SN: Of Spring-fallowing.}
+About the middest of Aprill you shall plow your fallow-field ouer
+againe, in such manner as you plowed when you fallowed it first: and
+this is called Spring-fallowing, and is of great benefit because at that
+time the weedes and quickes beginning to spring, nay, to flowrish, by
+reason that the heate of the climbe puts them forth sooner then in other
+soyles, if they should not be plowed vp before they take too strong
+roote, they would not onely ouer-runne, but also eate out the hart of
+the Land.
+
+{SN: Of sowing Barley.}
+About the middest of May you shall beginne to sow your Barley vpon the
+richest part of your old fallow-field, which at the Michaelmas before,
+when you did sow your Wheate, and Rye, and Maslin, you did reserue for
+that purpose: and this Barley you shall sow in such sort as is mentioned
+in the former Chapter of the red Sand, in so much that this Ardor being
+finished, which is the last part of your Seede-time, your whole field
+shall be furnished eyther with Wheate, if it hold a temperate fatnesse,
+or with Wheate and Barley, if it be rich and richer, or with Wheate,
+Barley and Pulse, if it be rich, poore or extreame barraine: and the
+manner of sowing all these seuerall seedes is described in the Chapters
+going before.
+
+{SN: Of Summer-stirring.}
+About the middest of Iune you shall beginne to Summer-stirre your
+fallow-field, in such sort as was spoken of in the former Chapters
+concerning the other soiles: for in this Ardor there is no alteration of
+methode, but onely in gouernment of the Plough, considering the
+heauinesse and lightnesse of the earth. During this Ardor you shall
+busily apply your labour in leading forth your Manure, for it may at
+great ease be done both at one season, neyther the Plough hindering the
+Cart, nor the Cart staying the Plough: for this soile being more light
+and easie in worke then any other soile whatsoeuer, doth euer preserue
+so many Cattell for other imployment that both workes may goe forward
+together, as shall be shewed when wee come to speake of the Plough, and
+the Teame which drawes it.
+
+{SN: Of Manuring.}
+Now as touching the Manures most fit for this soyle, they be all those
+of which we haue formerly written, ashes onely excepted, which being of
+an hot nature doe scald the Seede, and detaine it from all
+fruitfulnesse, being mixt with this hot soile, so is likewise Lyme, and
+the burning of stubble: other Manures are both good and occasion much
+fertilitie, as being of a binding and coole nature, and holding together
+that loosenesse which in his too much separation taketh all nutriment
+from the earth.
+
+{SN: Of Weeding.}
+After you haue ledde forth your Manure, and Summer-stird your Land, you
+shall then about the beginning of Iulie looke into your Corne-field, and
+if you perceiue any Thistles, or any other superfluous weedes to annoy
+your Corne, you shall then (as is before said) either cut, or plucke
+them vp by the rootes.
+
+{SN: Of Foyling.}
+About the middest of August you shall beginne to foile or cast downe
+your fallow-field againe, and in that Ardor you shall be very carefull
+to plow cleane and leaue no weedes vncut vp: for in these hot soiles if
+any weedes be left with the least roote, so that they may knit and bring
+forth seede, the annoyance thereof will remaine for at least foure
+yeeres after, which is a double fallowing. And to the end that you may
+cut vp all such weedes cleane, although both your Share and Coulture
+misse them, you shall haue the rest of your Plough in the vnder part
+which strokes alongst the earth filled all full of dragges of Iron, that
+is, of olde crooked nailes or great tenter-hookes, such as vpon the
+putting downe of your right hand when you come neere a weed shall catch
+hold thereof and teare it vp by the rootes, as at this day is vsed be
+many particular Husbands in this kingdome, whose cares, skils, and
+industries are not inferiour to the best whatsoeuer.
+
+{SN: Of Sowing Wheate and Rye.}
+{SN: The choise of Seede.}
+About the middest of September, you shall beginne to sow your Wheate and
+Rye vpon your fallow field, which Graine vpon this soile is to be
+reckoned the most principall: and you shall sow it in the same manner
+that is described in the former Chapters, wherein your especiallest care
+is the choise of your seede: for in this soile your whole-straw Wheate,
+nor your great Pollard taketh any delight, neither your Organe, for all
+those three must haue a firme and a strong mould: but your
+Chilter-wheate, your Flaxen-wheate, your White-pollard, and your
+Red-wheate, which are the Wheates which yeeld the purest and finest
+meale, (although they grow not in so great abundance) are the seedes
+which are most proper and naturall for this soile. As for Rye or Maslin,
+according to the goodnesse of the ground so you shall bestow your seede:
+for it is a generall rule, that wheresoeuer your Wheate growes, there
+will euer Rye grow, but Rye will many times grow where Wheate will not
+prosper; and therefore for the sowing of your Rye, it must be according
+to the temper of the earth, and the necessitie of your houshold: for
+Wheate being a richer graine then Rye, if you be assured that your
+ground will beare Wheate well, it is small Husbandrie to sow more Rye or
+Maslin then for your house: but if it be too hot for Wheate, and kindly
+for Rye, then it is better to haue good Rye, then ill Wheate. Now for
+the sowing of your Rye or Maslin in this soile, it differeth nothing
+from the former soiles, either in plowing or any other obseruation, that
+is to say, it must be plowed aboue furrow: for Rye being the most tender
+graine, it can neither abide the waight of earth, nor yet moisture; the
+one, as it were, burying, and the other drowning the vigour and strength
+of the seede.
+
+{SN: Of Winter-ridging.}
+About the beginning of Nouember you shall Winter-ridge your fallow
+field, I meane that part which you doe preserue for Barley (for the
+other part is furnished with seede) and this Winter-ridging differeth
+nothing from the Winter ridging of other soiles, onely you shall a
+little more precisely obserue to set vp your lands more straight and
+high then in other soiles, both to defend them from wet, which this
+soile is much subiect vnto, because commonly some great riuer is neare
+it, and also for the preseruing of the strength and goodnesse of the
+Manure within the land which by lying open and vnclosed would soone be
+washt forth and consumed.
+
+{SN: Of the clensing of lands, or drawing of water-furrowes.}
+Now sith I haue here occasion to speake something of the draining of
+lands, and the keeping of them from the annoyance of superfluous wet,
+whether it be by invndation or otherwise, you shall vnderstand that it
+is the especiall office and dutie of euery good Husbandman, not onely in
+this soile, but in all other whatsoeuer, to haue a principall respect to
+the keeping of his land dry, and to that end hee shall diligently (as
+soone as he hath Winter-rigged his land) take a carefull view how his
+lands lie, which way the descent goes from whence annoyance or water may
+possibly come, and so consequently from those obseruations, with a Spade
+or strong Plough, of extraordinary greatnesse, draw certaine deepe
+furrowes from descent vnto descent, by which meanes all the water may be
+conuayed from his lands, eyther into some common Sewer, Lake, Brooke, or
+other maine Riuer: and to this end it is both a rule in the common Lawes
+of our Land, and a laudable custome in the Common-wealth of euery Towne,
+that for as much as many Townes haue their lands lie in common, that is
+to say, mixed neighbour with neighbour, few or none hauing aboue two or
+three lands at the most lying together in one place, therefore euery man
+shall ioyne, and make their water-furrowes one from another, vntill such
+time as the water be conuayed into some common issue, as well hee whose
+lands be without all danger, as he that is troubled with the greatest
+annoyance, and herein euery one shall beare his particular charge: which
+is an Act of great vertue and goodnesse.
+
+{SN: Of the Plough.}
+Now for the Plough which is to plow this white sand it doth differ
+nothing in size, proportion, and vse of handling from the Plough
+described for the red Sand, onely it hath one addition more, that is to
+say, at the further end of the maine Beame of the Plough, where you
+fixe your Plough-foote, there you shall place a little paire of round
+wheeles, which bearing the Beame vpon a loose mouing Axletree, being
+iust the length of two furrows and no more, doth so certainly guide the
+Plough in his true furrow that it can neither lose the land by swaruing
+(as in these light soiles euery Plough is apt to doe) nor take too much
+land, eyther by the greedinesse of the plough or sharpnesse of the
+Irons, neither can it drownd through the easie lightnesse of the earth,
+nor runne too shallow through the fussinesse of the mould, but the
+wheeles being made of a true proportion, which should not be aboue
+twelue inches from the centre, the Plough with a reasonable hand of
+gouernment shall runne in a direct and euen furrow: the proportion of
+which Plough is contained in this Figure.
+
+{Illustration: The Plough with Wheeles.}
+
+This plough of all others I hold to be most ancient, and as being the
+modell of the first inuention, and at this day is preserued both in
+France, Germany, & Italy, and no other proportion of Ploughes knowne,
+both as we perceiue by our experience in seeing them plow, & also by
+reading of their writings: for neither in _Virgil_, _Columella_,
+_Xenophon_, nor any olde Writer: nor in _Heresbachius_, _Steuens_, nor
+_Libault_, being later Writers, finde wee any other Plough bequeathed
+vnto our memories. Yet it is most certaine, that in many of our English
+soiles, this Plough is of little profit, as we finde by daily experience
+both in our clayes, and many of our mixt earths: for in truth this
+Plough is but onely for light, sandy, or grauelly soiles, as for the
+most part these forraine Countries are, especially about the sea-coast,
+or the borders of great Cities, from whence these Writers most generally
+tooke the presidents for their writings.
+
+{SN: Of the plough-Irons.}
+Now for the parts of this Plough, it consisteth of the same members
+which the former Ploughs doe, onely that in stead of the Plough-foote it
+hath a paire of wheeles. It hath also but one Hale, in such sort as the
+Plough for the gray or white clay. The beame also of this Plough is much
+more straight then the former, by which meanes the Skeath is not full so
+long. The Irons belonging vnto this Plough are of the fashion of the
+former Irons, onely they be somewhat lesse, that is to say, the Coulture
+is not so long, neyther so full bent as that for the red Sand, nor so
+straight as that for the blacke clay, but as it were holding a meane
+betweene both: so likewise the Share is not fully so broad as that for
+the red sand, nor so narrow as that for the gray clay, but holds as it
+were a middle size betweene both, somewhat leaning in proportion to the
+shape of that for the blacke clay. As for the Plough-slip,
+Plough-clouts, and other implements which are to defend the wood from
+the hardnesse of the earth, they are the same, and in the same wise to
+be vsed as those for the red Sand.
+
+{SN: Of the draught.}
+Now for the Draught or Teame which drawes this Plough, they are as in
+all other Draughts, Oxen or Horses, but for the number thereof they
+differ much from those which are formerly written of: for you shall
+vnderstand that in this white sandy soile, which is of all soiles the
+lightest, eyther two good Horses, or two good Oxen are a number
+sufficient to plow any Ardor vpon this soile whatsoeuer, as by daily
+experience we may see in those countries whose soile consists of this
+white light Sand, of which wee haue now written: neyther shall the
+Plow-man vpon this soile neede any person to driue or order his Plough
+more then himselfe: for the soile being so light and easie to cut, the
+Plough so nimble, and the Cattell so few and so neare him, hauing euer
+his right hand at libertie (because his plough hath but onely a left
+hand Hale) he hath liberty euer to carry a goade or whip in his right
+hand, to quicken and set forward his Cattell, and also a line which
+being fastned to the heads of the Beasts, hee may with it euer when hee
+comes to the lands end, stop them and turne them vpon which hand he
+pleases. And thus much for the tillage and ordering of this white Sand.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IX.
+
+_The manner of plowing the Grauell with Pible stones, or the Grauell with
+Flint, their Earings, Plough, and implements._
+
+
+Hauing in the plainest manner I can written sufficiently already of the
+foure simple and vncompounded soiles, to wit, two Clayes, blacke and
+gray, and two Sands, red and white, it now rests that I also giue you
+some perfect touch or taste of the mixt or compounded soiles, as namely,
+the grauell which is a kinde of hard sand, clay and stone mixt together:
+and of Grauels there be two kindes, that is to say, one that is mixt
+with little small Pible stones, as in many parts of Middlesex, Kent, and
+Surry: and the Grauell mixt with broad Flints, as in many parts of
+Hartford-shire, Essex, and sundry such places. These Grauels are both,
+in generall, subiect to much barrainnesse, especially if they be
+accompanied with any extraordinary moisture, yet with the good labour of
+plowing, and with the cost of much Manure, they are brought to
+reasonable fruitfulnesse, where it comes to passe that the Plow-man
+which is master of such a soile, if either he liue not neare some Citie
+or Market-towne, where great store of Manure, by the concourse of
+people, is daily bred, and so consequently is very cheape, or else haue
+not in his owne store and breede, meanes to raise good store of Manure,
+hee shall seldome thriue and prosper thereupon. Now although in these
+grauell soiles there is a diuersity of mixture, as the one mingled with
+small Pibles, which indeede is the worst mixture, the other with broad
+Flints, which is the better signe of fruitfulnesse: yet in their order
+of tillage or Earings, in their weeding and cleansing, and in all other
+ardors and obseruations, they differ nothing at all, the beginning and
+ending of each seuerall worke being all one.
+
+Now for the manner of worke belonging vnto these two soiles, it altereth
+in no respect nor obseruation eyther in Plough, plowing, manuring,
+weeding, or any other thing whatsoeuer, from that of the white sand, the
+same times of the yeere, the same Seedes, and the same Earings being
+euer to be obserued, wherefore it shall be needlesse to write so amply
+of these soiles as of the former, because being all one with the white
+Sand, without alteration, it were but to write one thing twice, and
+therefore I referre the Reader to the former Chapter, and also the
+Husbandman that shall liue vpon either of these soiles, onely with these
+few caueats: First, that for the laying his lands, hee shall lay them in
+little small stitches, that is, not hauing aboue foure furrowes laid
+together, as it were for one land, in such sort as you see in
+Hartford-shire, Essex, Middlesex, Kent and Surry: for this soile being
+for the most part subiect to much moisture and hardnesse, if it should
+be laid in great lands, according to the manner of the North parts, it
+would ouer-burden, choake and confound the seed which is throwne into
+it. Secondly, you shall not goe about to gather off the stones which
+seeme as it were to couer the lands, both because the labour is infinite
+and impossible, as also because those stones are of good vse, and as it
+were a certaine Manuring and helpe vnto the ground: for the nature of
+this Grauell being colde and moist, these stones doe in the winter time,
+defend and keepe the sharpnesse of the Frosts and bleake windes from
+killing the heart or roote of the seedes, and also in the Summer it
+defends the scorching heate of the Sunne from parching and drying vp the
+Seede, which in this grauelly soile doth not lie so well couered, as in
+other soyles, especially if this kinde of earth be inuironed with any
+great hils (as most commonly it is) the reflection whereof makes the
+heate much more violent. And lastly, to obserue that there is no manure
+better or more kindly for this kinde of earth then Chaulke, white Marle,
+or Lyme: for all other matters whatsoeuer the former Chapter of the
+white Sand, will giue you sufficient instructions.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. X.
+
+_The manner of plowing the blacke Clay mixt with red Sand, and the white
+Clay mixt with white Sand, their Earings, Plough and Implements._
+
+
+Next to these grauelly soiles, there be also two other compounded
+earths, as namely, the blacke Clay mixt with red Sand, and the white
+Clay mixt with white sand, which albe they differ in composition of
+mould, yet they hold one nature in their Tillage and Husbandry:
+wherefore first to speake of the blacke Clay mixt with red Sand, which
+(as before I said) is called of Husbandmen an hassell earth, you shall
+vnderstand that it is a very rich and good soile, very fruitfull both
+for Corne and Grasse: for Corne, being apt to beare any seede
+whatsoeuer: and for Grasse, as naturally putting it forth very earely in
+the yeere, by which your Cattell shall get reliefe sooner then in other
+soiles of colder nature: for both the blacke and white claies doe
+seldome flowrish with any store of Grasse before Iune, which is the
+time of wood-seare, and this soile will boast of some plenty about the
+beginning of Aprill at the furthest: but for Grasse we shall speake in
+his proper place.
+
+{SN: Of fallowing.}
+Now for his tillage it is thus: you shall about the middest of Ianuary,
+beginne to fallow that field which you intend that yeere shall lye at
+rest or tilth, and you shall fallow it in such sort as is specified in
+the Chapter of the blacke clay: onely you shall raise small furrowes and
+Plow the land cleane, being sure to open and cast the land downeward if
+the land lie high and round, otherwise you shall neuer at any time cast
+the land downe but ridge it vp, that is to say, when you fallow it, you
+shall cast the first furrow downeward, and so likewise the second, which
+two furrowes being cleane ploughed, will lay the land open inough, that
+is, there wilbe no part of the ridge vnploughed: which done, by changing
+your hand and the gate of your Plough, you shall plough those furrowes
+backe againe and lay them vpward, and so plough the whole land vpward,
+also laying it round and high: the reason for this manner of plowing
+being this, that for as much as this land being mixt of clay and sand,
+must needes be a sore binding land, therefore if it should be laid flat,
+if any great raine or wet should fall, and a present drought follow it,
+neither should you possibly force your Plough to enter into it and
+breake it, or being broken should you get so much mould as to couer your
+Corne and giue the seede comfort, whereas vpon the contrary part, if it
+be laid high and vpright, it must necessarily be laid hollow and light,
+in so much that you may both Plough it at your pleasure, and also beget
+so perfect a mould as any other soile whatsoeuer, both because the wet
+hath liberty to auoide through the hollownesse, and also because the
+Sunne and weather hath power to enter and season it, wherefore in
+conclusion you shall fallow this field downeward if it lye high and
+vpright, otherwise you shall fallow it vpward as the meanes to bring it
+to the best Ardor.
+
+Now for this fallow field it must euer be made where the yeere before
+you did reape your Pease, in case you haue but three fields, or where
+you did reape your Wheate, Rye, and Maslin, in case you haue foure
+fields, according to the manner of the blacke clay.
+
+{SN: Of sowing Pease.}
+About the middest of February, which is within a day or two of Saint
+_Valentines_ day, if the season be any thing constant in fairenesse and
+drinesse, you shall then beginne to sow your Pease, for you must
+vnderstand that albeit this soile will beare Beanes, yet they are
+nothing so naturall for it as Pease, both because they are an hungry
+seede and doe much impaire and wast the ground, and also because they
+prosper best in a fat, loose, and tough earth, which is contrary to this
+hard and drie soile: but especially if you haue foure fields, you shall
+forbeare to sow any Beanes at all, least you loose two commodities, that
+is, both quantitie of graine (because Beanes are not so long and
+fruitfull vpon this earth, as vpon the clayes) and the Manuring of your
+ground, which Pease out of their owne natures doe, both by the
+smoothering of the ground and their owne fatnesse, when your Beanes doe
+pill and sucke the hart out of the earth.
+
+Now for the manner of sowing your Pease, you shall sow them aboue
+furrow, that is, first plough the land vpward, then immediately sow your
+Pease, and instantly after Harrow them, the Plough, the Seedes-man, and
+the Harrower, by due course, following each other, and so likewise you
+may sow Oates vpon this soile.
+
+{SN: Of sowing Barley.}
+About the middest of March, which is almost a fortnight before our Lady
+day, you shall beginne to sow your Barley, which Barley you shall sow
+neither vnder-furrow nor aboue, but after this order: first, you shall
+plow your land downeward, beginning at the furrow and so assending
+vpward to the ridge of the land, which as soone as you haue opened, you
+shall then by pulling the plough out of the earth, and laying the
+shelboard crosse the ridge, you shall fill the ridge in againe with the
+same mould which you plowed vp: this done, your seedes-man shall bring
+his Barley and sow the land aboue furrow: after the land is sowne, you
+shall then Harrow it as small as may be, first with a paire of woodden
+Harrowes, and after with a paire of Iron Harrowes, or else with a double
+Oxe Harrow, for this earth being somewhat hard and much binding, will
+aske great care and dilligence in breaking.
+
+{SN: Of sleighting.}
+After your Barley is sowne, you shall about the latter end of Aprill
+beginne to smooth and sleight your land, both with the backe Harrowes
+and with the rouler, and looke what clots they faile to breake, you
+shall with clotting beetles beate them asunder, making your mould as
+fine and laying your land as smooth as is possible.
+
+{SN: Of Summer-stirring.}
+About the middest of May, you shall, if any wet fall, beginne to
+Summer-stirre your land, or if no wet fall, you shall doe your indeauour
+to Summer-stirre your land, rather aduenturing to breake two ploughes,
+then to loose one day in that labour, knowing this, that one land
+Summer-stird in a dry season, is better then three Summer-stird in a wet
+or moist weather, both because it giues the earth a better temper, and
+kils the weedes with more assurednesse, and as I speake of
+Summer-stirring, so I speake of all other Ardors, that the drier they
+are done the better they are euer done: and in this season you shall
+also gather the stones from your ground.
+
+{SN: Obiection.}
+Now it may be obiected, that if it be best to plough in drie seasons, it
+is then best to fallow also in a dry season, and by that meanes not to
+beginne to fallow vntill the beginning of May, as is prescribed for the
+blacke clay, and so to deferre the Summer-stirring till the next month
+after, sith of necessitie Ianuary must either be wet or else vnkindely.
+
+{SN: Answere.}
+To this I make answere, that most true it is, that the land which is
+last fallowed is euer the best and most fruitfull, yet this mixt earth
+which is compound of sand and clay, is such a binding earth, that if it
+be not taken and fallowed in a moist-time of the yeere, as namely, in
+Ianuary or February, but suffered to lye till May, at which time the
+drought hath so entered into him, that the greatest part of his moisture
+is decaied, then I say, the nature of the ground is such and so hard,
+that it wilbe impossible to make any plough enter into it, so that you
+shall not onely aduenture the losse of that speciall Ardor, but also of
+all the rest which should follow after, and so consequently loose the
+profit of your land: where contrary wise if you fallow it at the
+beginning of the yeere, as in Ianuary, and February, albe they be wet,
+yet shall you lay vp your furrowes and make the earth more loose, by
+which meanes you shall compasse all the other Earings which belong to
+your soile: for to speake briefely, late fallowing belongs vnto claies,
+which by drought are made loose and light, and earely fallowings vnto
+mixt soiles, such as these which by drinesse doe ingender and binde
+close together.
+
+{SN: Of weeding.}
+About the middest of Iune, you shall beginne to weede your Corne, in
+such sort as hath beene before described in the former Chapters: and
+although this soile naturally of it selfe (if it haue receiued his whole
+Ardor in due seasons, and haue beene Ploughed cleane, according to the
+office of a good Husband) doth neither put forth Thistle or other weede,
+yet if it want either the one or the other, it is certaine that it puts
+them forth in great abundance, for by Thistles and weedes, vpon this
+soile, is euer knowne the goodnesse and dilligence of the Husbandman.
+
+{SN: Of Foiling.}
+About the middest of Iuly, you shall beginne to foile your land, in such
+sort also as hath beene mentioned in the former Chapters, onely with
+this obseruation that if any of your lands lie flat, you shall then, in
+your foiling, plough those lands vpward and not downeward, holding your
+first precept that in this soile, your lands must lie high, light, and
+hollow, which if you see they doe, then you may if you please in your
+foiling cast them downeward, because at Winter ridging you may set them
+vp againe.
+
+{SN: Of Manuring.}
+Now for as much as in this Chapter I haue hitherto omitted to speake of
+Manuring this soile, you shall vnderstand that it is not because I hold
+it so rich that it needeth no Manure, but because I know there is
+nothing more needfull vnto it then Manure, in so much that I wish not
+the Husbandman of this ground to binde himselfe vnto any one particular
+season of the yeere for the leading forth of his Manure, but to bestow
+all his leasurable houres and rest from other workes onely vpon this
+labor, euen through the circuit of the whole yeere, knowing this most
+precisely, that at what time of the yeere so euer you shall lay Manure
+vpon this earth it will returne much profit.
+
+As for the choise of Manures vpon this soile they are all those
+whatsoeuer, of which I haue formerly intreated in any of the other
+Chapters, no Manure whatsoeuer comming amisse to this ground: prouided
+that the Husbandman haue this respect to lay vpon his moystest and
+coldest ground his hottest Manures, and vpon his hottest and driest
+earth his coolest and moistest Manures: the hot Manures being
+Sheepes-dung, Pigions-dung, Pullen-dung, Lyme, Ashes, and such like: the
+coole being Oxe-dung, Horse-dung, the scowrings of Ponds, Marle, and
+such like.
+
+{SN: Of Winter-ridging.}
+About the middest of September you shall beginne to Winter-ridge your
+Land, which in all points you shall doe according as is mentioned in the
+former Chapters of the Clayes: for in this Ardor there is neuer any
+difference, onely this one small obseruation, that you may aduenture to
+Winter-ridge this mixt earth sooner then any other: for many of our best
+English Husbandmen which liue vpon this soile doe hold this opinion,
+that if it be Winter-ridged so earely in the yeere, that through the
+vertue of the latter spring it put forth a certaine greene weede like
+mosse, bring short and soft, that the land is so much the better
+therefore, being as they imagine both fed and comforted by such a
+slender expression which doth not take from the land any hart, but like
+a warme couering doth ripen and make mellow the mould, and this cannot
+be effected but onely by earely Winter-ridging.
+
+{SN: Of Sowing of Wheate, Rye, and Maslin.}
+At the end of September you shall beginne to sow your Wheate, Rye, and
+Maslin, all which Graines are very naturall, good, and profitable vpon
+this soile, and are to be sowne after the same manner, and with the same
+obseruations which are specified in the former Chapter of the blacke
+clay, that is to say, the Wheate vnder furrow, and vnharrowed, the Rye
+and Maslin aboue furrow, and well harrowed. And herein is also to be
+remembred all those precepts mentioned in the Chapter of the blacke
+Clay, touching the diuision of the fields, that is to say, if you haue
+three fields, you shall then sow your Wheate, Rye and Maslin in your
+fallow-field, and so saue both the Foyling and double manuring of so
+much earth: but if you haue foure fields, then you shall sow those
+graines vpon that land from whence the same yeere you did reape your
+Pease; your Wheate hauing no other Manure then that which came by the
+Pease, your Rye hauing, if possible, eyther Manure from the Cart, or
+from the Folde, in such sort as hath beene shewed in the Chapter of the
+blacke Clay, and this of Husbandmen is called Inam-wheate or Inam-rye,
+that is, white-corne sowne after white-corne, as Barley after Barley, or
+hard-corne after hard-corne, which is wheate after Pease.
+
+{SN: Of the plough.}
+Now for the Plough which is most proper for this soile it is to be made
+of a middle size betwixt that for the blacke Clay, and that for the red
+Sand, being not all out so bigge and vnwieldy as the first, nor so
+slender and nimble as the latter, but taking a middle proportion from
+them both, you shall make your Plough of a competent fitnesse.
+
+{SN: Of the plough-Irons.}
+As for the Irons, the Share must be of the same proportion that the
+Share for the red Sand is, yet a little thought bigger, and the Coulture
+of the fashion of that Coulture, onely not full so much bent, but
+all-out as sharpe and as long: and these Irons must be euer well
+maintained with steele, for this mixt earth is euer the hardest, and
+weareth both the Plough and Irons soonest, and therefore it is agreed
+by all Husbandmen that this Plough must not at any time want his
+Plough-slip, except at the first going of the Plough you shall finde
+that it hath too much land, that is to say, by the crosse setting on of
+the beame, that it runneth too greedily into the land, which to helpe,
+you shall let your Plough goe without a plough-slip, till the
+plough-head be so much worne, that it take no more but an ordinary
+furrow, and then you shall set on your Plough-slips and Plough clouts
+also: but I write this in case there be imperfection in the Plough,
+which if it be otherwise, then this obseruation is needlesse.
+
+{SN: Of the Teame.}
+Now for the Teame or Draught which shall draw this Plough, they are as
+the former, Oxen or Horses, and their number the same that is prescribed
+for the blacke Clay, as namely, eight or sixe Beasts for Pease-earth,
+for Fallowing, and Summer-stirring, and sixe or foure for all other
+Ardors: for you must vnderstand that this mixt and binding soile,
+through his hardnesse, and glutenous holding together, is as hard to
+plow as any clay-soile whatsoeuer, and in some speciall seasons more by
+many degrees.
+
+{SN: Of the white clay with white Sand.}
+Now for the white clay mixt with white sand, it is an earth much more
+barraine, then this former mixt earth, and bringeth forth nothing
+without much care, diligence, and good order: yet, for his manner of
+Earings, in their true natures euery way doe differ nothing from the
+Earings of this blacke clay and red Sand, onely the Seede which must be
+sowne vpon this soile differeth from the former: for vpon this soile in
+stead of Barley you must sow most Oates, as a Graine which will take
+much strength from little fertilitie: and in stead of Rye you shall sow
+more Wheate and more Pease, or in stead of Pease then you shall sow
+Fitches of eyther kinde which you please, and the increase will be
+(though not in abundance, yet) so sufficient as shall well quit the
+Plow-mans labour.
+
+{SN: Of Manuring.}
+Now for the Manuring of this ground, you shall vnderstand that Marle is
+the chiefest: for neyther will any man suppose that this hard soile
+should bring vp cattell sufficient to manure it, nor if it would, yet
+that Manure were not so good: for a barraine clay being mixt with a most
+barraine sand, it must consequently follow that the soile must be of all
+the barenest, insomuch that to giue perfect strength and life vnto it,
+there is nothing better then Marle, which being a fat and strong clay,
+once incorporated within these weake moulds, it must needes giue them
+the best nourishment, loosening the binding substance, and binding that
+weaknesse which occasioneth the barrainnesse: but of this Marle I shall
+haue more occasion to speake hereafter in a particular Chapter, onely
+thus much I must let you vnderstand, that this soile, albe it be not
+within any degree of praise for the bringing forth of Corne, yet it is
+very apt and fruitfull for the breeding of grasse, insomuch that it will
+beare you corne for at least nine yeeres together (without the vse of
+any fallow or Tilth-field) if it be well marled, and immediately after
+it will beare you very good breeding grasse, or else reasonable Medow
+for as many yeeres after, as by daily experience we see in the Countries
+of Lancaster and Chester. So that the consequence being considered, this
+ground is not but to be held indifferent fruitfull: for whereas other
+soiles afore shewed (which beare abundance of Graine) are bound to be
+manured once in three yeeres, this soile, albe it beare neither so rich
+graine, nor so much plenty, yet it needes marling not aboue once in
+sixteene or eighteene yeeres: and albe Marle be a Manure of the greatest
+cost, yet the profit by continuance is so equall that the labour is
+neuer spent without his reward, as shall more largely appeare hereafter.
+
+{SN: Of the Plough.}
+As touching the Plough, it is the same which is mentioned in the other
+soile of the blacke Clay, and red Sand, altering nothing eyther in
+quantitie of timber, or strength of Irons: so that to make any large
+description thereof, is but to double my former discourses, and make my
+writings tedious.
+
+For to conclude briefely, these two soiles differ onely but in fatnesse
+and strength of nature, not in Earing, or plowing, so that the labours
+of tillage being equall there is not any alteration more then the true
+diligence of much manuring, which will breede an affinitie or alyance
+betwixt both these soiles. And thus much for this blacke Clay and red
+Sand, or white Clay and white Sand.
+
+
+
+
+{Illustration}
+
+  THE
+  FIRST PART
+  OF THE ENGLISH
+  Husbandman:
+  Contayning, the manner of plowing and Manuring all sorts of Soyles,
+  together with the manner of planting and setting of Corne.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_Of the manner of plowing all simple Earths, which are vncompounded._
+
+
+That many famous and learned men, both in Fraunce, Spaine, Italy and
+Germany, haue spent all their best time in shewing vnto the world the
+excellencie of their experiences, in this onely renowned Arte of
+Husbandry, their large and learned Volumes, most excellently written, in
+that kinde, are witnesses: from whence we by translations haue gotten
+some contentment, though but small profit; because those forraine
+clymates, differing much from ours, both in nature of earth, and temper
+of Ayre, the rules and obseruations belonging vnto them can be little
+auailable to vs, more then to know what is done in such parts, a thing
+more appertaining to our conference then practise. But now, that other
+kingdomes may see though wee write lesse yet wee know as much as
+belongeth to the office of the English Husbandman, I, though the meanest
+of many millions, haue vndertaken to deliuer vnto the world all the true
+rudiments, obseruations and knowledges what soeuer, which hath any
+affinitie or alliance with English Husbandry. And for as much as the
+best and principallest part of Husbandry consisteth in the plowing and
+earring of the ground (for in that onely _Adam_ began his first labours)
+I thinke it not vnmeete, first to treate of that subiect, proceeding so
+from braunch to braunch, till I haue giuen euery one sufficient
+knowledge.
+
+To speake then first of the Tilling of Grounds. You shall well
+vnderstand, that it is the office of euery good Husbandman before he put
+his plough into the earth, truly to consider the nature of his Grounds,
+and which is of which quallitie and temper. To proceede then to our
+purpose; all soyles what soeuer, in this our kingdome of England, are
+reduced into two kindes onely, that is to say, Simple or Compound.
+Simple, are those which haue no mixture with others of a contrary
+quallitie, as are your stiffe clayes, or your loose sands: your stiffe
+clayes are likewise diuers, as a blacke clay, a blew clay, and a clay
+like vnto Marble. Your sands are also diuers, as a red sand, a white
+sand, a yellow sand, and a sand like vnto dust. Your mixt earths are
+where any of these clayes and sands are equally or vnindifferently mixed
+together, as shalbe at large declared hereafter. Now as touching the
+tilling of your simple clayes, it is to be noted, that the blacke clay,
+of all earth, is the most fruitfull, and demandeth from the Husbandman
+the least toyle, yet bringeth forth his increase in the greatest
+abundance: it will well and sufficiently bring forth three crops, eare
+it desire rest: namely, the first of Barly, the second of Pease, and the
+third of Wheate: It doth not desire much Manure, for it is naturally of
+it selfe so fat, rich, and fruitfull, that if you adde strength vnto his
+strength, by heaping Manure or Compasse thereupon, you make it either
+blast, and mildew the Corne that growes, with the too much fatnesse of
+the earth, or else through his extreame rankenesse, to bring it vp in
+such abundance that it is not able to stand vpright when it is shot vp,
+but falling downe flat to the ground, and the eares of Corne smothering
+one another, they bring forth nothing but light Corne, like an emptie
+huske, without a kirnell. The best Manure or Compasse therefore that you
+can giue such ground, is then to plow it in orderly and dew seasons, as
+thus: you shall begin to fallow, or breake vp this soyle, at the
+beginning of May, at which time you shall plow it deepe, & take vp a
+large furrow, and if your Lands lye any thing flat, it shalbe meete that
+you begin on the ridge of the land, and turne all your furrowes vpward,
+but if your Lands lye high and vpright, then shall you begin in the
+furrow and turne all your furrowes downeward, which is called of
+Husbandmen, the casting downe of Land. This first plowing of ground, or
+as Husbandmen tearme it, the first ardor, is called fallowing: the
+second ardor, which we call stirring of ground, or sommer stirring, you
+shall begin in Iuly, which is of great consequence, for by meanes of it
+you shall kill all manner of weedes and thistells that would annoy your
+Land. In this ardor you must oft obserue that if when you fallowed you
+did set vp your Land, then now when you stirre you must cast downe your
+Land, and so contrarily, if before you did cast downe, then now you must
+set vp: your third ardor, which is called of Husbandmen, winter
+ridgeing, or setting vp Land for the whole yeere, you shall begin at the
+latter end of September, and you must euer obserue that in this third
+ardor you doe alwaies ridge vp your Land, that is to say, you most turne
+euery furrow vpward and lay them as close together as may be, for
+should you doe otherwise, that is to say, either lay them flat or
+loosely, the winter season would so beat and bake them together, that
+when you should sow your seede you would hardly get your plough into the
+ground.
+
+Now your fourth and last ardor, which must be when you sow your seede,
+you shall begin euer about the midst of March, at least one weeke before
+our Ladies day, commonly called the Annunciation of _Mary_, and this
+ardor you shall euer plow downeward, laying your ridges very well open,
+and you shall euer obserue in this ardor, first to sow your seede, and
+then after to plow your ground, turning your seede into the earth, which
+is called of Husbandmen, sowing vnderfurrow: as soone as your ground is
+plowed you shall harrow it with an harrow whose teeth are all of wood,
+for these simple earths are of easie temper and will of themselues fall
+to dust, then after you haue thus sowne your ground, if then there
+remaine any clots or lumpes of earth vnbroken, you shall let them rest
+till after the next shower of raine, at which time you shall either with
+a heauie rouler, or the backside of your harrowes, runne ouer your
+Lands, which is called the sleighting of ground, and it will not onely
+breake such clots to dust, but also lay your Land plaine and smoth,
+leauing no impediment to hinder the Corne from sprouting and comming
+forth. In this same ordor as you are appointed for this blacke clay, in
+this same manner you shall ordor both your blew clay & your clay which
+is like vnto marble. Now as touching the plough which is fittest for
+these clayes, it must be large and strong, the beame long and well
+bending, the head thicke and large, the skeeth broad, strong, and well
+sloaping, the share with a very large wing, craueing much earth, and the
+coulter long, thicke and very straight.
+
+Now touching those lands which are simple and vncompounded, you shall
+vnderstand that euery good Husbandman must begin his first ardor (which
+is to fallow them) at the beginning of Ianuary, hee must sooner stirre
+them, which is the second ardor, at the latter end of Aprill, he shall
+cast them downe againe, which is called foyling of Land, at the
+beginning of Iuly, which is the third ardor, and wherein is to be noted,
+that how soeuer all other ardors are plowed, yet this must euer be cast
+downward: the fourth ardor, which is winter-stirring or winter-ridgeing,
+must euer begin at the end of September, and the fift and last ardor
+must be performed when you sow your ground, which would be at the
+middest of May, at the soonest, and if your leasure and abilitie will
+giue you leaue, if you turne ouer your ground againe in Ianuary, it will
+be much better, for these sands can neuer haue too much plowing, nor too
+much Manure, and therefore for them both, you shall apply them so oft as
+your leasure will conueniently serue, making no spare when either the
+way or opportunitie will giue you leaue. Now for as much as all sands,
+being of a hot nature, are the fittest to bring foorth Rye, which is a
+graine delighting in drynesse onely, you shall vnderstand, that then you
+shall not need to plow your ground aboue foure times ouer, that is, you
+shall fallow, sommer stirre, foyle, and in September sow your Corne: and
+as these ardors serue the red sand, so are they sufficient for your
+white sand, and your yealow sand also. As touching the ploughes fit for
+these light earths, they would be little and strong, hauing a short
+slender beame and a crooked; a narrow and thinne head, a slender skeeth,
+a share without a wing, a coulter thinne and very crooked, and a paire
+of hales much bending forward towards the man; and with this manner of
+plough you may plow diuers mixt and compounded earths, as the blacke
+clay and red sand, or the red sand and white grauell: and thus much as
+touching earths that are simple and vncompounded.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+_Of the manner of plowing the blacke clay mixt with white sand, and the
+white clay mixt with red sand: their Earrings, Plough, and Implements._
+
+
+As touching the mixture of these two seuerall soyles, that is to say,
+the blacke clay with white sand, and the white clay with red sand, they
+differ not in the nature of plowing, sowing, or in Manuring, from the
+soyle which is mixt of a blacke clay and red sand, of which I haue
+sufficiently intreated before: onely thus much you shall vnderstand,
+that the blacke clay mixt with white sand is so much better and richer
+then the white clay mixt with red sand, by as much as the blacke clay is
+better then the white clay: and although some Husbandmen in our Land,
+hould them to be both of one temper and goodnesse, reasoning thus, that
+by how much the blacke clay is better then the white, by so much the red
+sand is better then the white sand, so that what the mixture of the one
+addeth, the mixture of the other taketh away, and so maketh them all one
+in fruitfulnesse and goodnesse: but in our common experience it doth not
+so fall out, for wee finde that the blacke clay mixt with white sand, if
+it be ordered in the forme of good Husbandry, that is to say, be plowed
+ouer at least foure times, before it come to be sowne, and that it be
+Manured and compassed in Husbandly fashion, which is to allow at least
+eight waine-load to an Aker, that if then vpon such Land you shall sow
+either Organe Wheat (in the south parts called red Wheat) or flaxen, or
+white Pollard Wheat, that such Wheat will often mildew, and turne as
+blacke as soote, which onely showeth too much richnesse and fatnesse in
+the earth, which the white clay mixt with red sand hath neuer beene
+seene to doe, especially so long as it is vsed in any Husbandly
+fashion, neither will the white clay mixt with red sand indure to be
+deuided into foure fields, that is to say, to beare three seuerall
+crops, one after another, as namely, Barly, Pease, and Wheat, without
+rest, which the blacke clay mixt with white sand many times doth, and
+thereby againe showeth his better fruitfulnesse: neuerthelesse, in
+generalitie I would not wish any good Husbandman, and especially such as
+haue much tillage, to deuide either of these soyles into any more then
+three fields, both because hee shall ease himselfe and his Cattell of
+much toyle, shall not at any time loose the best seasons for his best
+workes, and make his commodities, and fruit of his hands labours, by
+many degrees more certaine.
+
+You shall also vnderstand, that both these soyles are very much binding,
+especially the white clay with red sand, both because the clay,
+proceeding from a chaukie and limie substance, and not hauing in it much
+fatnesse or fertillitie (which occasioneth seperation) being mixt with
+the red sand, which is of a much more hardnesse and aptnesse to knit
+together, with such tough matter, it must necessarilie binde and cleaue
+together, and so likewise the blacke clay, from whence most naturally
+proceedeth your best limestone, being mixt with white sand, doth also
+binde together and stifle the seede, if it be not preuented by good
+Husbandry.
+
+You shall therefore in the plowing and earring of these two soyles,
+obserue two especiall notes; the first, that by no meanes you plow it in
+the wet, that is, in any great glut of raine: for if you either lay it
+vp, or cast it downe, when it is more like morter then earth, if then
+any sunshine, or faire weather, doe immediately follow vpon it, it will
+so drie and bake it, that if it be sowne, neither will the seede haue
+strength to sprout thorrow it, nor being in any of your other summer
+ardors, shall you by any meanes make your plough enter into it againe,
+when the season falleth for other plowing. The second, that you haue
+great care you lay your Land high and round, that the furrowes, as it
+were standing vpright one by another, or lying light and hollow, one
+vpon another, you may with more ease, at any time, enter in your plough,
+and turne your moulde which way you please, either in the heate of
+Sommer, or any other time of the yeere whatsoeuer.
+
+Now as touching the plough, which is most best and proper for these
+soyles, it would be the same in sise which is formerly directed for the
+red sand, onely the Irons must be altered, for the Coulter would be more
+long, sharpe, and bending, and the share so narrow, sharpe, and small as
+can conueniently be made, according as is formerly expressed, that not
+hauing power to take vp any broad furrow, the furrowes by reason of
+there slendernesse may lye many, and those many both hollow, light and
+at any time easily to be broken.
+
+As for the Teame which is best to worke in this soyle, they may be
+either Horses or Oxen, or Oxen and Horse mixt together, according to the
+Husbandmans abillitie, but if hee be a Lord of his owne pleasure and may
+commaund, and haue euery thing which is most apt and proper, then in
+these two soyles, I preferre the Teame of Horses single, rather then
+Oxen, especially in any winter or moist ardor, because they doe not
+tread and foyle the ground making it mirie and durtie as the Oxe doth,
+but going all in one furrow, doe keepe the Land in his constant
+firmenesse.
+
+As touching the clotting, sleighting, weeding, and dressing of these two
+soyles, they differ in nothing from the former mixt earths, but desire
+all one manner of dilligence: and thus much for these two soyles the
+blacke clay mixt with white sand, and the white clay with white red
+sand.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+_A comparison of all the former soyles together, and most especiall notes
+for giuing the ignorant Husbandman perfect vnderstanding, of what is
+written before._
+
+
+The reason why I haue thus at large discoursed of euery seuerall soyle,
+both simple and compounded, is to show vnto the industrious Husbandman,
+the perfect and true reason of the generall alteration of our workes in
+Husbandry, through this our Realme of England: for if all our Land, as
+it is one kingdome, were likewise of one composition, mixture, and
+goodnesse, it were then exceeding preposterous to see those diuersities,
+alterations, I, and euen contrary manners of proceedings in Husbandry,
+which are daily and hourely vsed: but euery man in his owne worke knowes
+the alteration of clymates. Yet for so much as this labour of Husbandry,
+consisteth not for the most part in the knowing and vnderstanding
+breast, but in the rude, simple, and ignorant Clowne, who onely knoweth
+how to doe his labour, but cannot giue a reason why he doth such labour,
+more then the instruction of his parents, or the custome of the
+Countrie, where it comes to passe (and I haue many times seene the same
+to mine admiration) that the skillfullest Clowne which is bred in the
+clay soyles, when hee hath beene brought to the sandy ground, hee could
+neither hould the plough, temper the plough, nor tell which way in good
+order to driue the Cattell, the heauinesse of the one labour being so
+contrary to the lightnesse of the other, that not hauing a temperance,
+or vnderstanding in his hands, hee hath beene put euen vnto his wittes
+ends; therefore I thinke it conuenient, in this place, by a slight
+comparison of soyles together, to giue the simplest Husbandman such
+direct & plaine rules that he shall with out the study of his braines,
+attaine to absolute knowledge of euery seuerall mixture of earth: and
+albeit hee shall not be able distinctly to say at the first that it is
+compounded of such and such earths, yet hee shall be very able to
+deliuer the true reason and manner how such ground (of what nature
+soeuer) shall be Husbanded and tilled.
+
+Therefore to begin the Husbandman, is to vnderstand, that generally
+there are but two soyles for him to regard, for in them consisteth the
+whole Arte of Husbandry: as namely, the open and loose earth, and the
+close and fast binding earth, and these two soyles being meare opposites
+and contraries, most necessarily require in the Husbandman a double
+vnderstanding, for there is no soyle, of what simplicitie or mixture
+soeuer it be, but it is either loose or fast.
+
+Now to giue you my meaning of these two words, _loose_ and _fast_, it
+is, that euery soyle which vpon parching and dry weather, euen when the
+Sunne beames scorcheth, and as it were baketh the earth, if then the
+ground vpon such exceeding drought doe moulder and fall to dust, so that
+whereas before when it did retaine moisture it was heauie, tough, and
+not to be seperated, now hauing lost that glewinesse it is light, loose,
+and euen with a mans foote to be spurnd to ashes, all such grounds are
+tearmed loose and open grounds, because at no time they doe binde in or
+imprison the seede (the frost time onely excepted, which is by
+accidence, and not from the nature of the soyle:) and all such grounds
+as in their moisture or after the fall of any sodaine raine are soft,
+plyable, light, and easie to be wrought, but after when they come to
+loose that moistnesse and that the powerfulnesse of the Sunne hath as it
+were drid vp their veynes, if then such earths become hard, firme, and
+not to be seperated, then are those soyles tearmed fast and binding
+soyles, for if there ardors be not taken in their due times, and their
+seede cast into them in perfect and due seasons, neither is it possible
+for the Plowman to plow them, nor for the seede to sprout through, the
+earth being so fastned and as it were stone-like fixt together. Now
+sithence that all soyles are drawne into these two heads, fastnes, and
+loosenesse, and to them is annexed the diuersitie of all tillage, I will
+now show the simple Husbandman which earths be loose, and which fast,
+and how without curiositie to know and to distinguish them.
+
+Breifely, all soyles that are simple and of themselues vncompounded, as
+namely, all claies, as blacke, white, gray, or blew, and all sands, as
+either red, white, or blacke, are open and loose soyles: the claies
+because the body and substance of them being held together by moistnes,
+that moisture being dryed vp, their strength and stifnesse decayeth, and
+sands by reason of their naturall lightnesse, which wanting a more moist
+and fixt body to be ioyned with them doe loose all strength of binding
+or holding together. Now all mixt or compound earths (except the
+compositions of one and the same kinds, as clay with clay, or sand with
+sand) are euer fast and binding earths: for betwixt sand and clay, or
+clay & grauell, is such an affinitie, that when they be mixt together
+the sand doth giue to the clay such hardnesse and drynesse, and the clay
+to the sand such moisture and coldnesse, that being fixt together they
+make one hard body, which through the warmth of the Sunne bindeth and
+cleaueth together. But if it be so that the ignorance of the Husbandman
+cannot either through the subtiltie of his eye sight, or the
+obseruations gathered from his experience, distinguish of these soyles,
+and the rather, sith many soyles are so indifferently mixt, and the
+colour so very perfect, that euen skill it selfe may be deceiued: as
+first to speake of what mixture some soyles consist, yet for as much as
+it is sufficient for the Husbandman to know which is loose and which is
+binding, hee shall onely when he is perplext with these differences, vse
+this experiment, hee shall take a good lumpe of that earth whose
+temperature hee would know, and working it with water and his wet
+hands, like a peece of past, he shall then as it were make a cake
+thereof, and laying it before an hot fire, there let it lye, till all
+the moisture be dried & backt out of it, then taking it into your hands
+and breaking it in peeces, if betweene your fingers it moulder and fall
+into a small dust, then be assured it is a loose, simple, and
+vncompounded earth, but if it breake hard and firme, like a stone, and
+when you crumble it betweene your fingers it be rough, greetie, and
+shining, then be assured it is a compounded fast-binding earth, and is
+compounded of clay and sand, and if in the baking it doe turne red or
+redish, it is compounded of a gray clay and red sand, but if it be
+browne or blewish, then it is a blacke clay & white sand, but if when
+you breake it you finde therein many small pibles, then the mixture is
+clay and grauell. Now there be some mixt soyles, after they are thus
+bak't, although they be hard and binding, yet they will not be so
+exceeding hard and stone-like as other soyles will be, and that is where
+the mixture is vnequall, as where the clay is more then the sand, or the
+sand more then the clay.
+
+When you haue by this experiment found out the nature of your earth, and
+can tell whether it be simple or compounded, you shall then looke to the
+fruitfulnesse thereof, which generally you shall thus distinguish.
+First, that clayes, simple and of themselues vncompounded, are of all
+the most fruitfull, of which, blacke is the best, that next to clayes,
+your mixt earths are most fertill, and the mixture of the blacke clay
+and red sand, called a hasell earth, is the best, and that your sands
+are of all soyles most barraine, of which the red sand for profit hath
+euer the preheminence.
+
+Now for the generall tillage and vse of these grounds, you shall
+vnderstand that the simple and vncompounded grounds, being loose and
+open (if they lye free from the danger of water) the Lands may be layd
+the flattest and greatest, the furrowes turned vp the largest and
+closest, and the plough and plough-Irons, most large and massie, onely
+those for the sandy grounds must be more slender then those for the
+clayes and much more nimble, as hath beene showed before. Now for the
+mixt earths, you shall lay your Lands high, round, and little, set your
+furrowes vpright, open, and so small as is possible, and make your
+plough and plow Irons most nimble and slender, according to the manner
+before specified: and thus I conclude, that hee which knoweth the loose
+earth and the binding earth, can either helpe or abate the strength of
+the earth, as is needfull, and knowes how to sorte his ploughes to each
+temper, knowes the ground and substance of all tillage.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IIII.
+
+_Of the planting or setting of Corne, and the profit thereof._
+
+
+Not that I am conceited, or carried away with any nouelty or strange
+practise, vnusually practised in this kingdome, or that I will ascribe
+vnto my selfe to giue any iudiciall approbation or allowance to things
+mearely vnfrequented, doe I publish, within my booke, this relation of
+the setting of Corne, but onely because I would not haue our English
+Husbandman to be ignorant of any skill or obscure faculty which is
+either proper to his profession, or agreeable with the fertillitie and
+nature of our clymates, and the rather, since some few yeeres agoe, this
+(as it then appeared secret) being with much admiration bruted through
+the kingdome, in so much that according to our weake accustomed
+dispositions (which euer loues strange things best) it was held so
+worthy, both for generall profit and perticular ease, that very fein
+(except the discreet) but did not alone put it in practise, but did euen
+ground strong beleifes to raise to themselues great common-wealthes by
+the profits thereof; some not onely holding insufficient arguments, in
+great places, of the invtilitie of the plough, but euen vtterly
+contemning the poore cart Iade, as a creature of no necessitie, so that
+Poulters and Carriers, were in good hope to buy Horse-flesh as they
+bought egges, at least fiue for a penie; but it hath proued otherwise,
+and the Husbandman as yet cannot loose the Horses seruice. But to
+proceede to the manner of setting or planting of Corne, it is in this
+manner.
+
+{SN: Of setting Wheate.}
+Hauing chosen out an aker of good Corne ground, you shall at the
+beginning of March, appoint at least sixe diggers or laborers with
+spades to digge vp the earth gardenwise, at least a foote and three
+inches deepe (which is a large spades graft) and being so digged vp, to
+rest till Iune, and then to digge it ouer againe, and in the digging to
+trench it and Manure it, as for a garden mould, bestowing at least
+sixteene Waine-load of Horse or Oxe Manure vpon the aker, and the Manure
+to be well couered within the earth, then so to let it rest vntill the
+beginning of October, which being the time for the setting, you shall
+then digge it vp the third time, and with rakes and beetells breake the
+moulde somewhat small, then shall you take a board of sixe foot square,
+which shalbe bored full of large wimble holes, each hole standing in
+good order, iust sixe inches one from another, then laying the board
+vpon the new digged ground, you shall with a stick, made for the
+purpose, through euery hole in the board, make a hole into the ground,
+at least fore inches deepe, and then into euery such hole you shall drop
+a Corne of Wheate, and so remouing the board from place to place, goe
+all ouer the ground that you haue digged, and so set each seuerall Corne
+sixe inches one from another, and then with a rake you shall rake ouer
+and couer all the holes with earth, in such sort that they may not be
+discerned. And herein you are to obserue by the way that a quarte of
+Wheate will set your aker: which Wheate is not to be taken as it falles
+out by chance when you buy it in the market, but especially culd and
+pickt out of the eare, being neither the vppermost Cornes which grow in
+the toppes of the eares, nor the lowest, which grow at the setting on of
+the stalke, both which, most commonly are light and of small substance,
+but those which are in the midst, and are the greatest, fullest, and
+roundest.
+
+{SN: Of setting Barly, or Pease.}
+Now in the selfe-same sort as you dresse your ground for your Wheate, in
+the selfe same manner you shall dresse your ground for Barly, onely the
+first time you digge it shalbe after the beginning of May, the second
+time and the Manuring about the midst of October, wherein you shall note
+that to your aker of Barly earth, you shall alow at least foure and
+twentie Waine-load of Manure, and the last time of your digging and
+setting shalbe at the beginning of Aprill.
+
+Now for the dressing of your earth for the setting of Pease, it is in
+all things answerable to that for Barly, onely you may saue the one
+halfe of your Manure, because a dosen Waine-load is sufficient, and the
+time for setting them, or any other pulse, is euer about the midst of
+February.
+
+{SN: Of the profit of setting Corne.}
+Now for the profit which issueth from this practise of setting of Corne,
+I must needs confesse, if I shall speake simply of the thing, that is,
+how many foulds it doubleth and increaseth, surely it is both great and
+wonderfull: and whereas ingenerall it is reputed that an aker of set
+Corne yeeldeth as much profit as nine akers of sowne Corne, for mine
+owne part I haue seene a much greater increase, if euery Corne set in an
+aker should bring forth so much as I haue seene to proceede from some
+three or foure Cornes set in a garden, but I feare me the generalitie
+will neuer hould with the particular: how euer, it is most certaine that
+earth in this sort trimmed and inriched, and Corne in this sort set and
+preserued, yeeldeth at least twelue-fold more commoditie then that which
+by mans hand is confusedly throwne into the ground from the Hopper:
+whence it hath come to passe that those which by a few Cornes in their
+gardens thus set, seeing the innumerable increase, haue concluded a
+publique profit to arise thereby to the whole kingdome, not looking to
+the intricacie, trouble, and casualtie, which attends it, being such and
+so insupportable that almost no Husbandman is able to vndergoe it: to
+which we need no better testimony then the example of those which hauing
+out of meare couetousnesse and lucre of gaine, followed it with all
+greedinesse, seeing the mischiefes and inconueniences which hath
+incountred their workes, haue euen desisted, and forgotten that euer
+there was any such practise, and yet for mine owne part I will not so
+vtterly condemne it, that I will depriue it of all vse, but rather leaue
+it to the discretion of iudgement, and for my selfe, onely hould this
+opinion, that though it may very wel be spared from the generall vse of
+Wheat and Barly in this kingdome, yet for hastie-Pease, French Beanes,
+and such like pulse, it is of necessary imployment, both in rich and
+poore mens gardens. And thus much for the setting of Corne.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+_Of the choice of seede-Corne, and which is best for which soyle._
+
+
+Hauing thus showed vnto you the seuerall soyles and temperatures of our
+English land, together with the order of Manuring, dressing and tillage
+of the same, I thinke it meete (although I haue in generall writ
+something already touching the seede belonging to euery seuerall earth)
+now to proceede to a particular election and choice of seede-Corne, in
+which there is great care and diligence to be vsed: for as in Men,
+Beasts, Fowle, & euery mouing thing, there is great care taken for the
+choice of the breeders, because the creatures bred doe so much
+participate of the parents that for the most part they are seene not
+onely to carry away their outward figures and semblances, but euen their
+naturall conditions and inclinations, good issuing from good, and euill
+from euill: so in the choise of seede-Corne, if their be any neglect or
+carelessenesse, the crop issuing of such corrupt seede must of force
+bring forth a more corrupt haruest, by as much as it exceedeth in the
+multiplication.
+
+{SN: The choise of seede Wheate.}
+To proceede therefore to the choise of seede-Corne, I will begin with
+Wheate, of which there are diuers kindes, as your whole straw Wheate,
+the great browne Pollard, the white Pollard, the Organe or red Wheate,
+the flaxen Wheate, and the chilter Wheate. Your whole straw Wheate, and
+browne Pollard, are knowne, the first, by his straw, which is full of
+pith, and hath in it no hollownesse (whence it comes that Husbandmen
+esteeme it so much for their thacking, allowing it to be as good and
+durable as reede:) the latter is knowne by his eare, which is great,
+white, and smooth, without anes or beard vpon it: in the hand they are
+both much like one to another, being of all Wheates the biggest,
+roundest and fullest: they be somewhat of a high colour, and haue vpon
+them a very thicke huske, which making the meale somewhat browne causeth
+the Baker not all together to esteeme them for his purest manchet, yet
+the yeeld of flower which cometh from them is as great and greater then
+any other Wheate whatsoeuer. These two sortes of Wheate are to be sowne
+vpon the fallow field, as crauing the greatest strength and fatnesse of
+ground, whence it comes that they are most commonly seene to grow vpon
+the richest and stiffest blacke clayes, being a graine of that strength
+that they will seldome or neuer mildew or turne blacke, as the other
+sortes of Wheate will doe, if the strength of the ground be not abated
+before they be throwne into the earth. Now for the choise of these two
+Wheates, if you be compelled to buy them in the market, you must regard
+that you buy that which is the cleanest and fairest, being vtterly
+without any weedes, as darnell, cockell, tares or any other foulnesse
+whatsoeuer: you shall looke that the Wheate, as neare as may be, hould
+all of one bignesse and all of one colour, for to beholde it contrary,
+that is to say, to see some great Cornes, some little, some high
+coloured, some pale, so that in their mixture they resemble changeable
+taffata, is an apparant signe that the Corne is not of one kinde but
+mixt or blended, as being partly whole-straw, partly Pollard, partly
+Organe, and partly Chelter. For the flaxen, it is naturally so white
+that it cannot be mixt but it may easily be discerned, and these mixt
+seedes are neuer good, either for the ground or the vse of man. Againe
+you shall carefully looke that neither this kinde of Wheate, nor any
+other that you buy for seede be blacke at the ends, for that is a signe
+that the graine comming from too rich a soyle was mildewed, and then it
+will neuer be fruitfull or proue good seede, as also you shall take care
+that it be not too white at the ends, showing the Corne to be as it were
+of two colours, for that is a signe that the Wheate was washt and dried
+againe, which vtterly confoundeth the strength of the Corne and takes
+from it all abilitie of bringing forth any great encrease. Now if it be
+so that you haue a crop of Wheate of your owne, so that you haue no need
+of the market, you shall then picke out of your choisest sheafes, and
+vpon a cleane floare gently bat them with a flaile, and not thresh them
+cleane, for that Corne which is greatest, fullest, and ripest, will
+first flie out of the eare, and when you haue so batted a competent
+quantitie you shall then winnow it and dresse it cleane, both by the
+helpe of a strong winde and open siues, and so make it fit for your
+seede.
+
+I haue seene some Husbands (and truely I haue accounted them both good
+and carefull) that haue before Wheate seede time both themselues, wiues,
+children, and seruants at times of best leasure, out of a great Wheate
+mow or bay, to gleane or pull out of the sheafes, eare by eare, the most
+principall eares, and knitting them vp in small bundells to bat them and
+make their seede thereof, and questionlesse it is the best seede of all
+other: for you shall be sure that therein can be nothing but the
+cleanest and the best of the Corne, without any weedes or foulnesse,
+which can hardly be when a man thresheth the whole sheafe, and although
+some men may thinke that this labour is great and troblesome, especially
+such as sowe great quantities of Wheate, yet let them thus farre
+encourage themselues, that if they doe the first yeere but gleane a
+bushell or two (which is nothing amongst a few persons) and sowe it vp
+on good Land, the encrease of it will the next yeere goe farre in the
+sowing the whole crop: for when I doe speake of this picking of Wheate,
+eare by eare, I doe not intend the picking of many quarters, but of so
+much as the increase thereof may amount to some quarter.
+
+Now there is also another regarde to be had (as auailable as any of the
+former) in chusing of your seede Wheate, and that is to respect the
+soyle from whence you take your seede, and the soyle into which you put
+it, as thus.
+
+If the ground whereon you meane to sowe your Wheat be a rich, blacke,
+clay, stiffe and full of fertillitie, you shall then (as neare as you
+can) chuse your seede from the barrainest mixt earth you can finde (so
+the Wheate be whole-straw or Pollard) as from a clay and grauell, or a
+clay and white sand, that your seede comming from a much more barraine
+earth then that wherein you put it, the strength may be as it were
+redoubled, and the encrease consequently amount to a higher quantitie,
+as we finde it proueth in our daylie experience; but if these barraine
+soyles doe not afforde you seede to your contentment, it shall not then
+be amisse (you sowing your Wheate vpon fallow or tilth ground) if you
+take your seede-Wheate either from an earth of like nature to your owne,
+or from any mixt earth, so that such seede come from the niams, that is,
+that it hath beene sowne after Pease, as being the third crop of the
+Land, and not from the fallow or tilth ground, for it is a maxiome
+amongst the best Husbands (though somewhat proposterous to common sence)
+bring to your rich ground seede from the barraine, and to the barraine
+seede from the rich, their reason (taken from their experience) being
+this, that the seede (as before I said) which prospereth vpon a leane
+ground being put into a rich, doth out of that superfluitie of warmth,
+strength and fatnesse, double his increase; and the seede which commeth
+from the fat ground being put into the leane, hauing all the vigour,
+fulnesse and iuyce of fertilnes, doth not onely defend it selfe against
+the hungrinesse of the ground but brings forth increase contrary to
+expectation; whence proceedeth this generall custome of good Husbands in
+this Land, that those which dwell in the barraine woode Lands, heathes
+and high mountaine countries of this kingdome, euer (as neere as they
+can) seeke out their seede in the fruitfull low vales, and very gardens
+of the earth, & so likewise those in the vales take some helpes also
+from the mountaines.
+
+Now for your other sortes of Wheate, that is to say, the white Pollard
+and the Organe, they are graines nothing so great, full, and large, as
+the whole straw, or browne Pollard, but small, bright, and very thinly
+huskt: your Organe is very red, your Pollard somewhat pale: these two
+sorts of Wheate are best to be sowne vpon the third or fourth field,
+that is to say, after your Pease, for they can by no meanes endure an
+ouer rich ground, as being tender and apt to sprout with small moisture,
+but to mildew and choake with too much fatnesse, the soyles most apt for
+them are mixt earths, especially the blacke clay and red sand, or white
+clay and red sand, for as touching other mixtures of grounds, they are
+for the most part so barraine, that they will but hardly bring forth
+Wheate vpon their fallow field, and then much worse vpon a fourth field.
+Now for any other particular choise of these two seedes, they are the
+same which I shewed in the whole straw, and great Pollard. As for the
+flaxen Wheate, and chilter Wheate, the first, is a very white Wheate
+both inward and outward, the other a pale red or deepe yellow: they are
+the least of all sorts of Wheate, yet of much more hardnes and
+toughnesse in sprouting, then either the Organe or white Pollard, and
+therefore desire somewhat a more richer soyle, and to that end they are
+for the most part sowne vpon fallow fields, in mixt earths, of what
+natures or barrainenesse soeuer, as is to be seene most generally ouer
+all the South parts of this Realme: and although vncompounded sands out
+of their owne natures, doe hardly bring forth any Wheate, yet vpon some
+of the best sands and vpon the flintie grauels, I haue seene these two
+Wheates grow in good abundance, but being seldome it is not so much to
+be respected.
+
+{SN: The choise of seede Rye.}
+After your Wheate you shall make choise of your Rie, of which there is
+not diuers kindes although it carrie diuers complections, as some
+blackish, browne, great, full and long as that which for the most part
+growes vpon the red sand, or red clay, which is three parts red sand
+mixt with blacke clay, and is the best Rie: the other a pale gray Rie,
+short, small, and hungry, as that which growes vpon the white sand, or
+white clay and white sand, and is the worst Rie. Now you shall
+vnderstand that your sand grounds are your onely naturall grounds for
+Rie, as being indeede not principally apt for any other graine,
+therefore when you chuse your Rie for seede, you shall chuse that which
+is brownest, full, bould, and longest, you shall haue great care that it
+be free from weedes or filth, sith your sand grounds, out of their owne
+naturall heat, doth put forth such store of naughtie weeds, that except
+a man be extraordinarily carefull, both in the choise and dressing of
+his Rie, he may easily be deceiued and poyson his ground with those
+weedes, which with great difficultie are after rooted out againe. Now
+for your seedes to each soyle, it is euer best to sow your best sand-Rie
+vpon your best clay ground, and your best clay-Rie vpon your best sand
+ground, obseruing euer this generall principle, not onely in Rie, but
+euen in Wheat, Barly, Pease and other graine of account, that is, euer
+once in three yeeres, to change all your seede, which you shall finde
+both to augment your encrease and to returne you double profit.
+
+{SN: The choise of seede-Barly.}
+Now for the choise of your seede-Barly, you shall vnderstand, that for
+as much as it is a graine of the greatest vse, & most tendernesse,
+therefore there is the greatest diligence to be vsed in the election
+thereof. Know then that of Barly there be diuers sorts, as namely, that
+which wee call our common Barly, being long eares with two rankes of
+Corne, narrow, close, and vpright: another called spike or
+batteldore-Barly, being a large eare with two rankes of Corne, broad,
+flat, and in fashion of a batteldore: and the third called beane-Barly,
+or Barly big, being a large foure-square eare, like vnto an eare of
+Wheate.
+
+Of these three Barlyes the first is most in vse, as being most apt and
+proper to euery soyle, whether it be fruitfull or barraine, in this our
+kingdome, but they haue all one shape, colour and forme, except the
+soyle alter them, onely the spike-Barly is most large and plentifull,
+the common Barly hardest and aptest to grow, and the beane-Barly least,
+palest, & tenderest, so that with vs it is more commonly seene in
+gardens then in fields, although in other Countries, as in Fraunce,
+Ireland, and such like, they sowe no other Barly at all, but with vs it
+is of no such generall estimation, and therefore I will neither giue it
+precedencie nor speake of it, otherwise then to referre it to the
+discreation of him who takes delight in many practises: but for the
+common Barly, or spike-Barly, which our experience findes to be
+excellent and of great vse, I will knit them in one, and write, my full
+opinion of them, for their choise in our seede. You shall know then that
+when you goe into the market to chuse Barly for your seede, you shall to
+your best power elect that which is whitest, fullest, and roundest,
+being as the ploughman calles it, a full bunting Corne, like the nebbe
+or beake of a Bunting, you shall obserue that it be all of one Corne,
+and not mingled, that is, clay Barly, and sand Barly together, which you
+shall distinguish by these differences: the clay Barly is of a palish,
+white, yellow colour; smoth, full, large, and round, and the sand Barly
+is of a deepe yellow, browne at the neather end, long, slender, and as
+it were, withered, and in generall no sand Barly is principall good for
+seede: but if the Barly be somewhat of a high colour, and browne at the
+neather end, yet notwithstanding is very full, bould, and bigge, then it
+is a signe that such Barly comes not from the sand, but rather from an
+ouer fat soyle, sith the fatnesse of the earth doth euer alter the
+complection of the Barly; for the whiter Barly euer the leaner soyle,
+and better seede: you shall also obserue, that there be not in it any
+light Corne, which is a kinde of hungry graine without substance, which
+although it filleth the seeds-mans hand, yet it deceiueth the ground,
+and this light Corne will commonly be amongst the best Barly: for where
+the ground is so rich that it bringeth forth the Barly too rankely,
+there the Corne, wanting power to stand vpon roote, falleth to the
+ground, and so robde of kindly ripening, bringeth forth much light and
+insufficient graine. Next this, you shall take care that in your
+seede-Barly there be not any Oates, for although they be in this case
+amongst Husbandmen accounted the best of weede, yet are they such a
+disgrace, that euery good Husband will most diligently eschew them, and
+for that cause onely will our most industrious Husbands bestow the
+tedious labour of gleaning their Barly, eare by eare, by which
+gleanings, in a yeere, or two, they will compasse their whole seede,
+which must infallibly be without either Oates or any weede whatsoeuer:
+and although some grounds, especially your richest blacke clayes, will
+out of the abundance of their fruitfulnesse (as not induring to be Idle)
+bring forth naturally a certaine kinde of wilde Oates, which makes some
+ignorant Husbands lesse carefull of their seede, as supposing that those
+wilde ones are a poisoning to their graine, but they are infinetly
+deceiued: for such wilde Oates, wheresoeuer they be, doe shake and fall
+away long before the Barly be ready, so that the Husbandman doth carry
+of them nothing into the Barne, but the straw onely. Next Oates, you
+must be carefull that there be in your Barly no other foule weede: for
+whatsoeuer you sow, you must looke for the increase of the like nature,
+and therefore as before I said in the Wheate, so in the Barly, I would
+wish euery good Husband to imploy some time in gleaning out of his Mow
+the principall eares of Barly, which being batted, drest, and sowne, by
+it selfe, albeit no great quantitie at the first, yet in time it may
+extend to make his whole seede perfect, and then hee shall finde his
+profit both in the market, where hee shall (for euery vse) sell with the
+deerest, and in his owne house where he shall finde his yeeld redoubled.
+
+Now for fitting of seuerall seedes to seuerall soyles, you shall
+obserue, that the best seede-Barly for your clay field, is ninam Barly,
+sowne vpon the clay field, that is to say, Barly which is sowne where
+Barly last grew, or a second crop of Barly: for the ground hauing his
+pride abated in the first croppe, the second, though it be nothing neere
+so much in quantitie, yet that Corne which it doth bring forth is most
+pure, most white, most full, and the best of all seedes whatsoeuer, and
+as in case of this soyle, so in all other like soyles which doe hould
+that strength or fruitfulnesse in them that they are either able of
+themselues, or with some helpe of Manure in the latter end of the yeere,
+to bring forth two croppes of Barly, one after the other: but if either
+your soyle deny you this strength, or the distance of place bereaue you
+of the commoditie thereof, then you shall vnderstand that Barly from a
+hasell ground is the best seede, for the clay ground, and Barly from the
+clay ground is the best seede, not onely for the hasell earth, but euen
+for all mixt earths whatsoeuer, and the Barly which proceedes from the
+mixt earths is the best seede for all simple and vncompounded sands or
+grauells, as wee finde, both by their increasings and dayly experience.
+
+{SN: The choise of seede-Beanes, Pease, and Pulse.}
+Now for the choise of seede-Beanes, Pease, or other Pulse, the scruple
+is nothing neere so great as of other seedes, because euery one that
+knowes any graine, can distinguish them when hee sees them: besides they
+are of that massie waight, and so well able to indure the strength of
+the winde, that they are easie to be seuered from any weede or filth
+whatsoeuer: it resteth therefore that I onely giue you instruction how
+to imploy them.
+
+You shall vnderstand therefore, that if your soyle be a stiffe, blacke,
+rich, clay, that then your best seede is cleane Beanes, or at the least
+three partes Beanes, and but one part Pease: if it be a gray, or white
+clay, then Beanes and Pease equally mixt together: if the best mixt
+earths, as a blacke clay and red sand, blacke clay and white sand, or
+white clay and red sand, then your seede must be cleane Pease onely: if
+it be white clay and white sand, blacke clay and blacke sand, then your
+seede must be Pease and Fitches mixt together: but if it be grauell or
+sand simple, or grauell and sand compounded, then your seede must be
+either cleane Fitches, cleane Bucke, or cleane Tares, or else Fitches,
+Bucke and Tares mixt together.
+
+{SN: The choise of seede-Oates.}
+Now to conclude with the choise of your Oates. You shall vnderstand that
+there be diuers kindes of them, as namely, the great long white Oate,
+the great long blacke Oate, the cut Oate, and the skegge: the two first
+of these are knowne by their greatnesse and colours, for they are long,
+full, bigge, and smooth, and are fittest to be sowne vpon the best of
+barraine grounds, for sith Oates are the worst of graine, I will giue
+them no other prioritie of place. The next of these, which is the cut
+Oate, it is of a pale yealow colour, short, smooth, and thicke, the
+increase of them is very great, and they are the fittest to be sowne
+vpon the worst of best grounds, for most commonly where you see them,
+you shall also see both good Wheate, good Barly, and good Beanes and
+Pease also. Now for the skegge Oate, it is a little, small, hungry,
+leane Oate, with a beard at the small end like a wilde Oate, and is good
+for small vse more then Pullen onely: it is a seede meete for the
+barrainest and worst earth, as fit to grow but there where nothing of
+better profit will grow. And thus much for those seedes which are apt
+and in vse in our English soyles: wherein if any man imagine me guiltie
+of errour, in that I haue omitted particularly to speake of the seede of
+blend-Corne, or Masline, which is Wheate and Rye mixt together, I
+answere him, that sith I haue shewed him how to chuse both the best
+Wheate and the best Rye, it is an easie matter to mixe them according to
+his owne discretion.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+_Of the time of Haruest and the gathering in of Corne._
+
+
+{SN: The getting in of Masline.}
+{SN: The getting in of Wheate.}
+Next vnto plowing, it is necessary that I place Reaping, sith it is the
+end, hope, and perfection of the labour, and both the merit and
+incouragement which maketh the toyle both light and portable: then to
+proceede vnto the time of Haruest. You shall vnderstand that it is
+requisite for euery good Husband about the latter end of Iuly, if the
+soyle wherein he liueth be of any hot temper, or about the beginning of
+August, if it be of temperate warmth, with all dilligence constantly to
+beholde his Rye, which of all graines is the first that ripeneth, and if
+he shall perceiue that the hull of the eare beginneth to open, and that
+the blacke toppes of the Corne doth appeare, he may then be assured that
+the Corne is fully ripe, and ready for the Sickle, so that instantly he
+shall prouide his Reapers, according to the quantitie of his graine: for
+if hee shall neglect his Rye but one day more then is fit, it is such a
+hasty graine, that it will shale forth of the huske to the ground, to
+the great losse of the Husbandman. When hee hath prouided his shearers,
+which he shall be carefull to haue very good, he shall then looke that
+neither out of their wantonnesse nor emulation, they striue which shall
+goe fastest, or ridd most ground, for from thence proceedeth many errors
+in their worke, as namely, scattering, and leauing the Corne vncut
+behind them, the cutting the heads of the Corne off so that they are not
+possible to be gathered, and many such like incommodities, but let them
+goe soberly and constantly, and sheare the Rye at least fourteene inches
+aboue the ground. Then he must looke that the gatherers which follow the
+Reapers doe also gather cleane, & the binders binde the Sheafes fast
+from breaking, then if you finde that the bottomes of the Sheafes be
+full of greenes, or weedes, it shall not be amisse to let the Sheafes
+lye one from another for a day, that those greenes may wither, but if
+you feare any Raine or foule weather, which is the onely thing which
+maketh Rye shale, then you shall set it vp in Shockes, each Shocke
+containing at least seauen Sheafes, in this manner: first, you shall
+place foure Sheafes vpright close together, and the eares vpwards, then
+you shall take other three Sheafes and opening them and turning the
+eares downeward couer the other foure Sheafes that stoode vpwards, and
+so let them stand, vntill you may with good conueniencie lead them home,
+which would be done without any protraction. Next after your cleane Rye,
+you shall in the selfe-same sort reape your blend-Corne, or Masline: and
+albeit your Wheate will not be fully so ripe as your Rye, yet you shall
+not stay your labour, being well assured that your Rye is ready, because
+Wheate will harden of it selfe after it is shorne, with lying onely.
+After you haue got in your Rye and blend-Corne, you shall then looke
+vnto your cleane Wheate, and taking heare and there an eare thereof,
+rubbe them in your hand, and if you finde that the Corne hath all
+perfection saue a little hardning onely, you shall then forthwith set
+your Reapers vnto it, who shall sheare it in all things as they did
+sheare your Rye, onely they shall not put it in Shockes for a day or
+more, but let the Sheafes lye single, that the winde and Sunne may both
+wither the greenes, and harden the Corne: which done, you shall put the
+Sheafes into great Shockes, that is to say, at least twelue or
+foureteene Sheafes in a Shocke, the one halfe standing close together
+with the eares vpward, the other halfe lying crosse ouerthwart those
+eares, and their eares downeward, and in this sort you shall let your
+Wheate stand for at least two dayes before you lead it.
+
+Now it is a custome in many Countries of this kingdome, not to sheare
+their Wheate, but to mow it, but in my conceit and in generall
+experience, it is not so good: for it both maketh the Wheate foule, and
+full of weede, and filleth vp a great place with little commoditie, as
+for the vse of thacking, which is the onely reason of such disorderly
+cutting, there is neither the straw that is shorne, nor the stubble
+which is left behinde, but are both of sufficiencie inough for such an
+imployment, if it passe through the hands of a workman, as we see in
+dayly experience.
+
+{SN: The getting in of Barly.}
+Next to your Wheate, you shall haue regard to your Barly, for it
+sodainely ripeneth, and must be cut downe assoone as you perceiue the
+straw is turned white, to the bottome, and the eares bended downe to the
+groundward. Your Barly you shall not sheare, although it is a fashion in
+some Country, both because it is painefull and profitlesse, but you
+shall Mowe it close to the ground, and although in generall it be the
+custome of our kingdome, after your Barly is mowen and hath lyne a day
+or two in swathe, then with rackes to racke it together, and make it
+into great cockes, and so to leade it to the Barne, yet I am of this
+opinion that if your Barly be good and cleane without thistles or
+weedes, that if then to euery sitheman, or Mower you alot two followers,
+that is to say, a gatherer, who with a little short rake and a small
+hooke shall gather the Corne together, and a binder, who shall make
+bands and binde vp the Barly in smale Sheafes, that questionlesse you
+shall finde much more profit thereby: and although some thinke the
+labour troublesome and great, yet for mine owne part, I haue seene very
+great croppes inned in this manner, and haue seene two women, that with
+great ease, haue followed and bound after a most principall Mower, which
+made me vnderstand that the toyle was not so great as mine imagination;
+and the profit ten-fold greater then the labour: but if your Corne be
+ill Husbanded, and full of thistles, weedes, and all filthinesse, then
+this practise is to be spared, and the loose cocking vp of your Corne is
+much better. Assoone as you haue cleansed any Land of Barly, you shall
+then immediatly cause one with a great long rake, of at least thirtie
+teeth, being in a sling bound bauticke-wise crosse his body, to draw it
+from one end of the Land to the other, all ouer the Land, that he may
+thereby gather vp all the loose Corne which is scattered, and carry it
+where your other Corne standeth, obseruing euer, as your cheifest rule,
+that by no meanes you neither leade Barly, nor any other graine
+whatsoeuer, when it is wet, no although it be but moistned with the dew
+onely: for the least dankishnesse, more then the sweate which it
+naturally taketh, will soone cause it to putrifie.
+
+{SN: The getting in of Oates.}
+Now for the gathering in of your Oates, they be a graine of such
+incertaintie, ripening euer according to the weather, & not after any
+setled or naturall course, that you are to looke to no constant season,
+but to take them vpon the first show of ripenesse, and that with such
+diligence that you must rather take them before, then after they be
+ripe, because if they tarry but halfe a day too long, they will shed
+vpon the ground, & you shal loose your whole profit. The time then
+fittest to cut your Oates is, assoone as they be somewhat more then
+halfe changed, but not altogether changed, that is, when they are more
+then two parts white, and yet the greene not vtterly extinguished, the
+best cutting of them is to mow them (albeit I haue seene them shorne in
+some places) & being mowen to let them dry and ripen in the swathe, as
+naturally they will doe, and then if you bind them vp in Sheafes, as you
+should binde your Barly, it is best: for to carry them in the loose
+cocke, as many doe, is great losse and hindrance of profit.
+
+{SN: The getting in of Pulse.}
+After you haue got in your white Corne, you shall then looke vnto your
+Pulse, as Beanes, Pease, Fitches, and such like, which you shall know to
+be ready by the blacknesse of the straw: for it is a rule, whensoeuer
+the straw turnes, the Pulse is ripe. If then it be cleane Beanes, or
+Beanes and Pease mixt, you shall mowe them, and being cleane Beanes rake
+them into heapes, and so make them vp into cockes, but if they be mixt
+you shall with hookes fould the Beanes into the Pease, and make little
+round reapes thereof, which after they haue beene turned and dryed, you
+may put twenty reapes together, and thereof make a cocke, and so lead
+them, and stacke them: but if they be cleane Pease, or Pease and
+Fitches, then you shall not mowe them, but with long hookes cut them
+from the ground, which is called Reaping, and so foulding them together
+into small reapes, as you did your Pease and Beanes, let them be turned
+and dryed, and so cocked, and carried either to the Barne, stacke, or
+houell.
+
+Now hauing thus brought in, and finished your Haruest, you shall then
+immediately mowe vp the stubble, both of your Wheate, Rye, and Masline,
+and with all expedition there-with thacke, and couer from Raine and
+weather, all such graine as for want of house-roome, you are compeld to
+lay abroad, either in stacke, or vpon houell: but if no such necessitie
+be, and that you haue not other more necessary imployment for your
+stubble, it shall be no part of ill Husbandry to let the stubble rot
+vpon the Land, which will be a reasonable Manuring or fatting of the
+earth.
+
+Now hauing brought your Corne into the Barne, it is a lesson needlesse
+to giue any certaine rules how to spend or vtter it forth, sith euery
+man must be ruled according to his affaires, and necessitie, yet sith in
+mine owne experience I haue taken certaine setled rules from those who
+haue made themselues great estates by a most formall and strickt course
+in their Husbandry, I thinke it not amisse to show you what I haue noted
+from them, touching the vtterance and expence of their graine: first,
+for your expence in your house, it is meete that you haue euer so much
+of euery seuerall sort of graine thresht, as shall from time to time
+maintaine your family: then for that which you intend shall returne to
+particular profit, you shall from a fortnight before Michaelmas, till a
+fortnight after, thresh vp all such Wheate, Rye, & Masline, as you
+intend to sell for seede, which must be winnowed, fand, and drest so
+cleane as is possible, for at that time it will giue the greatest price;
+but as soone as seede-time is past, you shall then thresh no more of
+those graines till it be neare Midsummer, but begin to thresh vp all
+such Barly as you intend to conuert and make into Malt, and so from
+Michaelmas till Candlemas, apply nothing but Malting, for in that time
+graine is euer the cheapest, because euery Barne being full, some must
+sell for the payment of rents, some must sell to pay seruants wages, and
+some for their Christmas prouisions: in which time Corne abating and
+growing scarse, the price of necessitie must afterwards rise: at
+Candlemas you shall begin to thresh all those Pease which you intend to
+sell for seede, because the time being then, and euery man, out of
+necessitie, inforced to make his prouision, it cannot be but they must
+needes passe at a good price and reckoning.
+
+After Pease seede-time, you shall then thresh vp all that Barly which
+you meane to sell for seede, which euer is at the dearest reckoning of
+any graine whatsoeuer, especially if it be principally good and cleane.
+After your seede-Barly is sould, you may then thresh vp all such Wheate,
+Rye, and Masline, as you intend to sell: for it euer giueth the greatest
+price from the latter end of May vntill the beginning of September. In
+September you shall begin to sell your Malt, which being old and hauing
+lyne ripening the most part of the yeere, must now at the latter end of
+the yeere, when all old store is spent, and the new cannot be come to
+any perfection, be most deare, and of the greatest estimation: and thus
+being a man of substance in the world, and able to put euery thing to
+the best vse, you may by these vsuall obseruations, and the helpe of a
+better iudgement, imploy the fruits of your labours to the best profit,
+and sell euery thing at the highest price, except you take vpon you to
+giue day and sell vpon trust, which if you doe, you may then sell at
+what vnconscionable reckoning you will, which because such vnnaturall
+exactions neither agree with charitie, nor humanitie, I will forbeare to
+giue rules for the same, and referre euery man that is desirous of such
+knowledge, to the examples of the world, wherein he shall finde
+presidents inough for such euill customes. And thus much for the first
+part of this worke, which containeth the manner of Plowing and tillage
+onely.
+
+
+
+
+  THE SECOND PART
+  OF THE FIRST BOOKE OF
+  the English Husbandman,
+  Contayning the Art of Planting, Grafting and Gardening, either for
+  pleasure or profit; together with the vse and ordering of Woodes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_Of the Scyte, Modell, Squares, and Fashion of a perfect Orchard._
+
+
+Although many authors which I haue read, both in Italian, French, and
+Dutch, doe make a diuersitie and distinguishment of Orchardes, as
+namely, one for profit, which they fashion rudely and without forme, the
+other for delight, which they make comely, decent, and with all good
+proportion, deuiding the quarters into squares, making the alleyes of a
+constant breadth, and planting the fruit-trees in arteficiall rowes: yet
+for as much as the comelinesse and well contriuing of the ground, doth
+nothing abate, but rather increase the commoditie, I will therefore
+ioyne them both together, and make them onely but one Orchard. Now for
+the scyte and placing of this Orchard, I haue in the modell of my
+Country house, or Husbandmans Farme, shewed you where if it be possible
+it should stand, and both what Sunne & ayre it should lye open vpon: but
+if the scyte or ground-plot of your house will not giue you leaue to
+place your Orchard according to your wish, you shall then be content to
+make a vertue of necessitie, and plant it in such a place as is most
+conuenient, and nearest alyed to that forme before prescribed.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Now when you haue found out a perfect ground-plot, you shall then cast
+it into a great large square, which you shall fence in either with a
+stone or bricke wall, high, strong pale, or great ditch with a
+quicke-set hedge, but the wall is best and most durable, and that wall
+would haue vpon the inside within twelue or fourteene foote on of
+another, Iames or outshoots of stone or bricke, betweene which you may
+plant and plash those fruit-trees which are of greatest tendernesse, the
+South and West Sunne hauing power to shine vpon them.
+
+When you haue thus fenc'st in this great square, you shall then cast
+foure large alleyes, at least fourteene foote broad, from the wall round
+about, and so likewise two other alleyes of like breadth, directly
+crosse ouerthwart the ground-plot, which will deuide the great square
+into foure lesser squares, according to the figure before set downe.
+
+The figure 1. sheweth the alleyes which both compasse about, and also
+crosse ouer the ground-plot, and the figure 2. sheweth the foure
+quarters where the fruit-trees are to be planted.
+
+Now if either the true nature and largnesse of the ground be sufficient,
+or your owne abilitie of pursse so great that you may compasse your
+desires in these earthly pleasures, it shall not be amisse, but a matter
+of great state, to make your ground-plot full as bigge againe, that is
+to say, to containe eight large quarters, the first foure being made of
+an euen leuell, the other foure being raysed at least eight foote higher
+then the first, with conuenient stayres of state for ascending to the
+same, to be likewise vpon another euen leuell of like forme, and if in
+the center of the alleyes, being the mid-point betweene the squares,
+might be placed any quaint fountaines or any other antique standard, the
+platforme would be more excellent and if vpon the ascent from one leuell
+to another there might be built some curious and arteficiall banquetting
+house, it would giue luster to the Orchard.
+
+Now for the planting and furnishing of these quarters: you shall
+vnderstand that if your Orchard containe but foure quarters, then the
+first shalbe planted with Apple-trees of all sorts, the second with
+Peares and Wardens of all sorts, the third with Quinces & Chesnutes, the
+fourth with Medlars & seruices. Against the North side of your Orchard
+wall against which the South sunne reflects, you shall plant the
+Abricot, Verdochio, Peach, and Damaske-plumbe: against the East side of
+the wall, the whit Muskadine Grape, the Pescod-plumbe, and the
+Emperiall-plumbe: against the West side the grafted Cherries, and the
+Oliue-tree: and against the South side the Almond, & Figge tree. Round
+about the skirts of euery other outward or inward alley, you shall
+plant, the Wheate-plumbe, both yealow & redde, the Rye-plumbe, the
+Damson, the Horse-clog, Bulleys of all kindes, ordinary french Cherryes,
+Filberts, and Nuts of all sorts, together with the Prune-plumbe, and
+other such like stone fruits. But if your Orchard be of state and
+prospect, so that it containe eight quarters or more (according to the
+limitation of the earth) then you shall in euery seuerall quarter plant
+a seuerall fruit, as Apple-trees in one quarter, Peares in another,
+Quinces in another, Wardens in another, and so forth of the rest. Also
+you shall obserue in planting your Apples, Peares, and Plumbes, that you
+plant your summer or early fruit by themselues, and the Winter or long
+lasting fruit by themselues. Of Apples, your Ienitings, Wibourns,
+Pomederoy, and Queene-Apples are reckoned the best earely fruits,
+although their be diuers others, and the Pippin, Peare-maine,
+Apple-Iohn, and Russetting, your best Winter and long lasting fruit,
+though there be a world of other: for the tastes of Apples are infinite,
+according to there composition and mixture in grafting. Of Peares your
+golden Peare, your Katherine-Peare, your Lording, and such like, are the
+first, and your stone-Peare, Warden-Peare, and choake-Peare, those which
+indure longest. And of Plumbes the rye-plumbe is first, your
+Wheate-plumbe next, and all the other sorts of plumbes ripen all most
+together in one season, if they haue equall warmth, and be all of like
+comfortable standing.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Now for the orderly placing of your trees, you shall vnderstand that
+your Plumbe-trees (which are as it were a fence or guard about your
+great quarters) would be placed in rowes one by one, aboue fiue foote
+distance one from another, round about each skirt of euery alley: your
+Apple-trees & other greater fruit which are to be planted in the
+quarters, would be placed in such arteficiall rowes that which way
+soeuer a man shall cast his eyes yet hee shall see the trees euery way
+stand in rowes, making squares, alleyes, and deuisions, according to a
+mans imagination, according to the figure before, which I would haue
+you suppose to be one quarter in an Orchard, and by it you may easily
+compound the rest: wherein you shall vnderstand that the lesser prickes
+doe figure your Plumbe-trees, & the greater prickes your Apple trees,
+and such other large fruit.
+
+Now you shall vnderstand that euery one of these great trees which
+furnish the maine quarter, shall stand in a direct line, iust twelue
+foote one from another, which is a space altogether sufficient inough
+for there spreading, without waterdropping or annoying one another;
+prouided that the Fruiterer, according to his duty, be carefull to
+preserue the trees vpright and to vnderprope them when by the violence
+of the winde they shall swarue any way. Vpon the ascent or rising from
+one leuell to another, you may plant the Barberry-trees, Feberries, and
+Raspberries, of all sorts, which being spreading, thorny and sharpe
+trees, take great delight to grow thicke and close together, by which
+meanes often times they make a kinde of wall, hedge, or fencing, where
+they stand.
+
+Hauing thus shewed you the ground-plot and proportion of your Orchard,
+with the seuerall deuisions, ascents, and squares, that should be
+contained therein, and the fruits which are to furnish euery such square
+and deuision, and their orderly placing, it now rests that you
+vnderstand that this Orchard-plot, so neare as you can bring it to
+passe, doe stand most open and plaine, vpon the South and West sunne,
+and most defended from the East and North windes and bitternesse, which
+being obserued your plot is then perfect and absolute.
+
+Now forasmuch as where nature, fruitfulnesse, and situation doe take
+from a man more then the halfe part of his industrie, and by a direct
+and easie way doth lead him to that perfection which others cannot
+attaine to without infinit labour and trauell: and whereas it is nothing
+so commendable to maintaine beautie, as to make deformitie beautifull, I
+will speake something of the framing of Orchard-plots there where both
+nature, the situation, and barrainnesse, doe vtterly deny the enioying
+of any such commoditie, as where the ground is vneuen, stonie, sandy, or
+in his lownesse subiect to the ouerflow of waters, all being apparant
+enemies to these places of pleasure and delight. First, for the
+vneuennesse of the ground, if that be his vttermost imperfection, you
+shall first not onely take a note with your eye, but also place a marke
+vpon the best ascent of the ground to which the leuell is fittest to be
+drawne, and then plowing the ground all ouer with a great common plough,
+by casting the furrowes downward, seeke to fill in and couer the lesser
+hollownesses of the ground, that their may not any thing appeare but the
+maine great hollowes, which with other earth which is free from stones,
+grauell, or such like euils, you shall fill vp and make leuell with that
+part where your marke standeth, and being so leuelled, forthwith draw
+the plot of your Orchard: but if the ground be not onely vneuen but also
+barraine, you shall then to euery loade of earth you carry to the
+leuelling adde a loade of Manure, either Oxe Manure, or Horse Manure,
+the rubbish of houses, or the clensings of olde ditches, or standing
+pooles, and the earth will soone become fertill and perfect; but if the
+ground be stonie, that is, full of great stones, as it is in Darbishire
+about the Peake or East Mores, for small pibbles or small lime-stones
+are not very much hurtfull, then you shall cause such stones to be digd
+vp, and fill vp the places where they lay either with marle, or other
+rich earth, which after it hath beene setled for a yeere or two you
+shall then plough, and leuell it, and so frame forth the plot of your
+Orchard. If the ground be onely a barraine sand, so that it wanteth
+strength either to maintaine or bring forth, you shall then first digge
+that earth into great trenches, at least foure foote deepe, and filling
+them vp with Oxe Manure, mixe it with the sand, that it may change some
+part of the colour thereof and then leuelling it fashion out your
+Orchard. But lastly, and which is of all situations the worst, if you
+haue no ground to plant your Orchard vpon, but such as either through
+the neighbourhood of riuers, descent of Mountaines, or the earths owne
+naturall quallitie in casting and vomiting out water and moysture, is
+subiect to some small ouerflowes of water, by which you cannot attaine
+to the pleasure you seeke, because fruit-trees can neuer indure the
+corruption of waters, you shall then in the dryest season of the yeere,
+after you haue marked out that square or quantitie of ground which you
+intend for your Orchard, you shall then cast therein sundry ditches, at
+least sixteene foote broad, and nine foote deepe, and not aboue twelue
+foote betwixt ditch and ditch, vpon which reserued earth casting the
+earth that you digged vp, you shall raise the banckes at least seauen
+foote high of firme earth, and keepe in the top the full breadth of
+twelue foote, with in a foote or little more: and in the casting vp of
+these bankes you shall cause the earth to be beaten with maules and
+broad beetels that it may lye firme, fast, and leuell, and after these
+bankes haue rested a yeere or more, and are sufficiently setled, you may
+then at the neather end of the banke, neare to the verge of the water
+plant store of Osyers, which will be a good defence to the banke, and
+vpon the top and highest part of the banke you shall plant your Orchard
+and fruit-trees, so that when any inundation of water shall happen, the
+ditches shalbe able inough to receiue it; or else making a passage from
+your Orchard into some other sewer, the water exceeding his limits may
+haue a free current or passage: besides these ditches being neatly kept,
+and comforted with fresh water, may make both pleasant and commodious
+fish-ponds. Also you must be carefull in casting these bankes that you
+doe not place them in such sort that when you are vpon one you cannot
+come to the other, but rather like a maze, so that you may at pleasure
+passe from the one to the other round about the ground, making of diuers
+bankes to the eye but one banke in substance, and of diuers ponds in
+appearance, but one in true iudgement. And thus much for the plot or
+situation of an Orchard.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+_Of the Nurserie where you shall set all manner of Kernels, and Stones,
+for the furnishing of the Orchard._
+
+
+Although great persons, out of their greatnesse and abilitie, doe buy
+their fruit trees ready grafted, and so in a moment may plant an Orchard
+of the greatest quantitie, yet sith the Husbandman must raise euery
+thing from his owne indeauours, and that I onely write for his profit, I
+therefore hould it most conuenient to beginne with the nursery or
+store-house of fruits, from whence the Orchard receiueth his beauty and
+riches.
+
+This Nursery must be a piece of principall ground, either through Art or
+Nature, strongly fenced, warme, and full of good shelter: for in it is
+onely the first infancy and tendernesse of fruit-trees, because there
+they are first kernells, or stones, after sprigs, and lastly trees.
+
+Now for the manner of chusing, sowing, and planting them in this
+nursery, I differ some thing from the french practise, who would chuse
+the kernells from the cider presse, sow them in large bedds of earth,
+and within a yeere after replant them in a wilde Orchard: now for mine
+owne part, though this course be not much faulty, yet I rather chuse
+this kinde of practise, first: to chuse your kernells either of Apples,
+Peares, or Wardens, from the best and most principallest fruit you can
+taste, for although the kernell doe bring forth no other tree but the
+plaine stocke vpon which the fruit was grafted, as thus, if the graft
+were put into a Crab-stocke the kernell brings forth onely a Crab-tree,
+yet when you taste a perfect and delicate Apple, be assured both the
+stocke and graft were of the best choise, and so such kernells of best
+reckoning. When you haue then a competent quantitie of such kernells,
+you shall take certaine large pots, in the fashion of milke-boules, all
+full of hoales in the bottome, through which the raine and superfluous
+moysture may auoyde, and either in the Months of March or Nouember (for
+those are the best seasons) fill the pots three parts full of the
+finest, blackest, and richest mould you can get, then lay your kernells
+vpon the earth, about foure fingars one from another, so many as the
+vessell can conueniently containe, and then with a siue sift vpon them
+other fine moulds almost three fingars thicke, and so let them rest,
+filling so many pots or vessells as shall serue to receiue your
+quantitie of kernells of all sorts. Now if any man desire to know my
+reason why I rather desire to set my kernells rather in vessells then in
+beds of earth, my answere is, that I haue often found it in mine
+experience, that the kernell of Apples, Peares, Quinces, and such like,
+are such a tender and dainty seede that it is great oddes but the wormes
+will deuoure and consume them before they sprout, who naturally delight
+in such seedes, which these vessels onely doe preuent: but to proceede.
+
+After your kernells are sprouted vp and growne to be at least seauen or
+eight inches high, you shall then within your nursery digge vp a border
+about two foote and an halfe broad, more then a foote deepe, and of such
+conuenient length as may receiue all your young plants, and hauing made
+the mould fine and rich with Manure, you shall then with your whole hand
+gripe as much of the earth that is about the plant as you can
+conueniently hould, and so take both the plant and the mould out of the
+vessell, and replant it in the new drest border: and you shall thus doe
+plant after plant, till you haue set euery one, and made them firme and
+fast in the new mould: wherein you are to obserue these two principles,
+first that you place them at least fiue foote one from another, and
+secondly, that such kernells as you set in your vessels in March, that
+you replant them in borders of earth in Nouember following, and such as
+you set in Nouember to replant in March following, and being so
+replanted to suffer them to grow till they be able to beare grafts,
+during which time you shall diligently obserue, that if any of them
+chance to put forth any superfluous branches or cyons, which may hinder
+the growth of the body of the plant, that you carefully cut them away,
+that thereby it may be the sooner inabled to beare a graft: for it is
+euer to be intended that whatsoeuer proceedeth from kernells are onely
+to be preserued for stockes to graft on, and for no other purpose.
+
+Now for the stones of Plumbes, & other stone fruit, you shall vnderstand
+that they be of two kindes, one simple and of themselues, as the
+Rye-plumbe, Wheate-plumbe, Damson, Prune-plumbe, Horse-clogge, Cherry,
+and such like, so that from the kernells of them issueth trees of like
+nature and goodnesse: the other compounded or grafted plumbes, as the
+Abricot, Pescod, Peach, Damaske, Verdochyo, Emperiall, and such like,
+from whose kernells issueth no other trees but such as the stockes were
+vpon which they were grafted. Now, for the manner of setting the first,
+which are simple and vncompounded, you shall digge vp a large bedde of
+rich and good earth a month or more before March or Nouember, and hauing
+made the mould as fine as is possible, you shall flat-wise thrust euery
+stone, a foote one from another, more then three fingars into the mould,
+and then with a little small rake, made for the purpose, rake the bedde
+ouer and close vp the holes, and so let them rest till they be of a
+yeeres groath, at which time you shall replant them into seuerall
+borders, as you did your Apple-tree plants and others.
+
+Now for the kernells of your compounded or grafted Plumbes, you shall
+both set them in beddes and replant them into seuerall borders, in the
+same manner as you did the other kernells of Plumbes, onely you shall
+for the space of eight and forty houres before you set them steepe them
+in new milke, forasmuch as the stones of them are more hard, and with
+greater difficulty open and sprout in the earth, then any other stone
+whatsoeuer: and thus hauing furnished your Nursery of all sorts of
+fruits and stockes, you shall when they come to full age and bignesse
+graft them in such order as shalbe hereafter declared.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+_Of the setting or planting of the Cyons or Branches of most sorts of
+Fruit-trees._
+
+
+As you are to furnish your nursery with all sorts of kernells and
+stones, for the breeding of stockes where on to graft the daintiest
+fruits you can compasse, so shall you also plant therein the cyons and
+branches of the best fruit trees: which cyons and branches doe bring
+forthe the same fruit which the trees doe from whence they are taken,
+and by that meanes your nursery shall euer afford you perfect trees,
+wherewith either to furnish your owne grounds, or to pleasure your
+neighbours. And herein by the way you shall vnderstand that some trees
+are more fit to be set then to be sowne, as namely, the Seruice-tree,
+the Medler, the Filbert and such like. Now for the Seruice-tree, hee is
+not at all to be grafted, but set in this wise: take of the bastard
+cyons such as be somewhat bigger then a mans thumbe, and cutting away
+the branches thereof, set it in a fine loose moulde, at least a foote
+deepe, and it will prosper exceedingly, yet the true nature of this tree
+is not to be remoued, and therefore it is conuenient that it be planted
+where it should euer continue: in like manner to the Seruice-tree, so
+you shall plant the bastard cyons of the Medlar-tree either in March or
+October, and at the waine of the moone.
+
+Now for the Filbert, or large Hassell-nut, you shall take the smallest
+cyons or wands, such as are not aboue two yeeres groath, being full of
+short heauie twigges, and grow from the roote of the maine tree, and set
+them in a loose mould, a foote deepe, without pruning or cutting away
+any of the branches, and they will prosper to your contentment. Now for
+all sorts of Plumbe-trees, Apple-trees or other fruit-trees which are
+not grafted, if you take the young cyons which grow from the rootes
+cleane from the rootes, and plant them either in the spring, or fall, in
+a fresh and fine mould, they will not onely prosper, but bring forth
+fruit of like nature and qualitie to the trees from whence they were
+taken.
+
+Now for your grafted fruit, as namely, Apples, Plumbes, Cherryes,
+Mulberries, Quinces, and such like, the cyons also and branches of them
+also will take roote and bring forth fruit of the same kinde that the
+trees did from whence they were taken: but those cyons or branches must
+euer be chosen from the vpper parts of the trees, betwixt the feast of
+all-Saints and Christmas, they must be bigger then a mans finger,
+smooth, straight, and without twigges: you shall with a sharpe chissell
+cut them from the body or armes of the tree with such care, that by no
+meanes you raise vp the barke, and then with a little yealow waxe couer
+the place from whence you cut the cyon: then hauing digged and dunged
+the earth well where you intend to plant them, and made the mould easie,
+you shall with an Iron, as bigge as your plant, make a hoale a foote
+deepe or better, and then put in your cyon and with it a few Oates, long
+steept in water, and so fixe it firme in the mould, and if after it
+beginneth to put forth you perceiue any young cyons to put forth from
+the root thereof, you shall immediatly cut them off, & either cast them
+away or plant them in other places, for to suffer them to grow may
+breede much hurt to the young trees. Now where as these cyons thus
+planted are for the most part small and weake, so that the smallest
+breath of winde doth shake and hurt their rootes, it shalbe good to
+pricke strong stakes by them, to which, fastning the young plant with a
+soft hay rope it may the better be defended from stormes and tempests.
+
+Next to these fruit-trees, you shall vnderstand that your bush-trees,
+as Barberryes, Gooseberryes, or Feberryes, Raspberryes, and such like,
+will also grow vpon cyons, without rootes, being cut from their maine
+rootes in Nouember, & so planted in a new fresh mould. And here by the
+way I am to giue you this note or caueat, that if at any time you finde
+any of these cyons which you haue planted not to grow and flourish
+according to your desire, but that you finde a certaine mislike or
+consumption in the plant, you shall then immediatly with a sharpe knife
+cut the plant off slope-wise vpward, about three fingars from the
+ground, and so let it rest till the next spring, at which time you shall
+beholde new cyons issue from the roote, which will be without sicknesse
+or imperfection; and from the vertue of this experiment I imagine the
+gardners of antient time found out the meanes to get young cyons from
+olde Mulberry-trees, which they doe in this manner: first, you must take
+some of the greatest armes of the Mulberry-tree about the midst of
+Nouember, and with a sharpe sawe to sawe them into bigge truncheons,
+about fiueteene inches long, and then digging a trench in principall
+good earth, of such depth that you may couer the truncheons, being set
+vp on end, with Manure and fine mould, each truncheon being a foote one
+from another, and couerd more then foure fingars aboue the wood, not
+fayling to water them whensoeuer neede shall require, and to preserue
+them from weeds and filthinesse, within lesse then a yeeres space you
+shall behold those truncheons to put forth young cyons, which as soone
+as they come to any groath and be twigged, then you may cut them from
+the stockes, and transplant them where you please, onely the truncheons
+you shall suffer to remaine still, and cherish them with fresh dunge,
+and they will put forth many moe cyons, both to furnish your selfe and
+your friends. And thus much for the planting and setting of cyons or
+branches.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IIII.
+
+_Of the ordinary and accustomed manner of Grafting all sorts of
+Fruit-trees._
+
+
+{SN: The mixing of Stockes and Grafts.}
+As soone as your nursery is thus amply furnished of all sorts of
+stockes, proceeding from kernells and of all sorts of trees proceeding
+from cyons, branches or vndergrowings, and that through strength of
+yeeres they are growne to sufficient abilitie to receiue grafts, which
+is to be intended that they must be at the least sixe or eight inches in
+compasse, for although lesse many times both doth and may receiue
+grafts, yet they are full of debilitie and danger, and promise no
+assurance to the worke-mans labour, you shall then beginne to graft your
+stockes with such fruits as from art and experience are meete to be
+conioyned together, as thus: you shall graft Apples vpon Apples, as the
+Pippin vpon the great Costard, the Peare-maine vpon the Ienetting, and
+the Apple-Iohn or blacke annet vpon the Pomewater or Crab-tree: to
+conclude, any Apple-stocke, Crab-tree, or wilding, is good to graft
+Apples vpon, but the best is best worthy. So for Peares, you shall graft
+them vpon Peare stockes, Quinces vpon Quinces or Crab-trees, and not
+according to the opinion of the frenchman, vpon white thorne or willow,
+the Medlar vpon the Seruice-tree, and the Seruice vpon the Medlar, also
+Cherryes vpon Cherryes, & Plumbes vpon Plumbes, as the greater Abricots
+vpon the lesser Abricots, the Peach, the Figge, or the Damson-tree, and
+to speake generally without wasting more paper, or making a long
+circumstance to slender purpose, the Damson-tree is the onely principall
+best stocke whereupon to graft any kinde of Plumbe or stone fruit
+whatsoeuer.
+
+{SN: The choise of Grafts.}
+After you haue both your stockes ready, and know which grafts to ioyne
+with which stockes, you shall then learne to cut and chuse your grafts
+in this manner: looke from what tree you desire to take your grafts, you
+shall goe vnto the very principall branches thereof, and looke vp to the
+vpper ends, and those which you finde to be fairest, smoothest, and
+fullest of sappe, hauing the little knots, budds, or eyes, standing
+close and thicke together, are the best and most perfect, especially if
+they grow vpon the East side of the tree, whereon the Sunne first
+looketh; these you shall cut from the tree in such sort that they may
+haue at least three fingars of the olde woode ioyning to the young
+branch, which you shall know both by the colour of the barke, as also by
+a little round seame which maketh as it were a distinction betwixt the
+seuerall growths. Now you shall euer, as neere as you can, chuse your
+grafts from a young tree, and not from an olde, and from the tops of the
+principall branches, and not from the midst of the tree, or any other
+superfluous arme or cyon; now if after you haue got your grafts you haue
+many dayes Iourneys to carry them, you shall fould them in a few fresh
+mouldes, and binde them about with hay, and hay ropes, and so carry them
+all day, and in the night bury them all ouer in the ground and they will
+containe their goodnesse for a long season.
+
+{SN: How to graft in the Cleft.}
+Hauing thus prepared your grafts, you shall then beginne to graft, which
+worke you shall vnderstand may be done in euery month of the yeere,
+except Nouember and October, but the best is to beginne about Christmas
+for all earely and forward fruit, and for the other, to stay till March:
+now hauing all your implements and necessaryes about you, fit for the
+Grafting, you shall first take your grafts, of what sort soeuer they be,
+and hauing cut the neather ends of them round and smoth without raysing
+of the barke, you shall then with a sharp knife, made in the proportion
+of a great pen-knife slice downe each side of the grafts, from the seame
+or knot which parts the olde woode from the new, euen to the neather
+end, making it flat and thinne, cheifely in the lowest part, hauing
+onely a regardfull eye vnto the pith of the graft, which you may by no
+meanes cut or touch, and when you haue thus trimmed a couple of grafts,
+for moe I doe by no meanes alow vnto one stocke, although sundry other
+skilfull workmen in this Art alow to the least stocke two grafts, to the
+indifferent great three, and to the greatest of all foure, yet I affirme
+two are sufficiently inough for any stocke whatsoeuer, and albeit they
+are a little the longer in couering the head, yet after they haue
+couered it the tree prospereth more in one yeere then that which
+contayneth foure grafts shall doe in two, because they cannot haue sap
+inough to maintaine them, which is the reason that trees for want of
+prosperitie grow crooked and deformed: but to my purpose. When you haue
+made your grafts ready, you shall then take a fine thinne sawe, whose
+teeth shalbe filed sharpe and euen, and with it (if the stocke be
+exceeding small) cut the stocke round off within lesse then a foote of
+the ground, but if the stocke be as bigge as a mans arme, then you may
+cut it off two or three foote from the ground, and so consequently the
+bigger it is the higher you may cut it, and the lesser the nearer vnto
+the earth: as soone as you haue sawne off the vpper part of the stocke,
+you shall then take a fine sharpe chissell, somewhat broader then the
+stocke, and setting it euen vpon the midst of the head of the stocke
+somewhat wide of the pith, then with a mallet of woode you shall stricke
+it in and cleaue the stocke, at least foure inches deepe, then putting
+in a fine little wedge of Iron, which may keepe open the cleft, you
+shall take one of your grafts and looke which side of it you intend to
+place inward, and that side you shall cut much thinner then the out
+side, with a most heedfull circumspection that by no meanes you loosen
+or rayse vp the barke of the graft, cheifly on the out side, then you
+shall take the graft, and wetting it in your mouth place it in one side
+of the cleft of the stocke, and regard that the very knot or seame which
+goes about the graft, parting the olde woode from the new, do rest
+directly vpon the head of the stocke, and that the out side of the
+graft doe agree directly with the out side of the stocke, ioyning barke
+vnto barke, and sappe vnto sappe, so euen, so smooth, and so close, that
+no ioyners worke may be discerned to ioyne more arteficially: which
+done, vpon the other side of the stocke, in the other cleft, you shall
+place your other graft, with full as much care, diligence, and euery
+other obseruation: when both your grafts are thus orderly and
+arteficially placed, you shall then by setting the haft of your chissell
+against the stocke, with all lenitie and gentlenesse, draw forth your
+wedge, in such sort that you doe not displace or alter your grafts, and
+when your wedge is forth you shall then looke vpon your grafts, and if
+you perceiue that the stocke doe pinch or squize them, which you may
+discerne both by the straitnesse and bending of the outmost barke, you
+shall then make a little wedge of some greene sappy woode, and driuing
+it into the cleft, ease your grafts, cutting that wedge close to the
+stocke. When you haue thus made both your grafts perfect, you shall then
+take the barke of either Apple-tree, Crab-tree or Willow-tree, and with
+that barke couer the head of the stocke so close that no wet or other
+annoyance may get betwixt it and the stocke, then you shall take a
+conuenient quantitie of clay, which indeede would be of a binding
+mingled earth, and tempering it well, either with mosse or hay, lay it
+vpon the barke, and daube all the head of the stocke, euen as low as the
+bottome of the grafts, more then an inch thicke, so firme, close, and
+smooth as may be, which done, couer all that clay ouer with soft mosse,
+and that mosse with some ragges of wollen cloath, which being gently
+bound about with the inward barkes of Willow, or Osyar, let the graft
+rest to the pleasure of the highest: and this is called grafting in the
+cleft.
+
+{SN: Notes.}
+Now there be certaine obseruations or caueats to be respected in
+grafting, which I may not neglect: as first, in trimming and preparing
+your grafts for the stocke: if the grafts be either of Cherry, or
+Plumbe, you shall not cut them so thinne as the grafts of Apples,
+Quinces, or Medlars, because they haue a much larger and rounder pith,
+which by no meanes must be toucht but fortefied and preserued, onely to
+the neather end you may cut them as thinne as is possible, the pith
+onely preserued.
+
+Secondly, you shall into your greatest stockes put your greatest grafts,
+and into your least, the least, that there may be an equall strength and
+conformitie in their coniunction.
+
+Thirdly, if at any time you be inforced to graft vpon an olde tree, that
+is great and large, then you shall not graft into the body of that tree,
+because it is impossible to keepe it from putrifaction and rotting
+before the grafts can couer the head, but you shall chuse out some of
+the principall armes or branches, which are much more slender, and graft
+them, as is before shewed, omitting not dayly to cut away all cyons,
+armes, branches, or superfluous sprigs which shall grow vnder those
+branches which you haue newly grafted: but if there be no branch, small
+or tender inough to graft in, then you shall cut away all the maine
+branches from the stocke, and couering the head with clay and mosse, let
+it rest, and within three or foure yeeres it will put forth new cyons,
+which will be fit to graft vpon.
+
+Fourthly, if when you either sawe off the top of your stocke, or else
+cleaue the head, you either raise vp the barke or cleaue the stocke too
+deepe, you shall then sawe the stocke againe, with a little more
+carefulnesse, so much lower as your first errour had committed a fault.
+
+Fiftly, you shall from time to time looke to the binding of the heads of
+your stockes, in so much that if either the clay doe shrinke away or the
+other couerings doe losen, by which defects ayre, or wet, may get into
+the incission, you shall presently with all speede amend and repaire it.
+
+Lastly, if you graft in any open place where cattell doe graze, you
+shall not then forget as soone as you haue finisht your worke to bush or
+hedge in your graft, that it may be defended from any such negligent
+annoyance. And thus much for this ordinary manner of grafting, which
+although it be generall and publike to most men that knoweth any thing
+in this art, yet is it not inferiour, but the principallest and surest
+of all other.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+_Of diuers other wayes of grafting, their vses and purposes._
+
+
+Although for certainty, vse, and commodity, the manner of grafting
+already prescribed is of sufficiency inough to satisfie any constant or
+reasonable vnderstanding, yet for nouelty sake, to which our nation is
+infinitly addicted, and to satisfie the curious, who thinke their
+iudgements disparaged if they heare any authorised traueller talke of
+the things which they haue not practised, I will proceede to some other
+more quaint manners of grafting, and the rather because they are not
+altogether vnnecessary, hauing both certainety in the worke, pleasure in
+the vse, and benefit in the serious imploying of those howers which else
+might challenge the title of idlenesse, besides they are very well
+agreeing with the soyles and fruits of this Empyre of great Brittaine
+and the vnderstandings of the people, for whose seruice or benefit, I
+onely vndergoe my trauell.
+
+You shall vnderstand therefore, that there is another way to graft,
+which is called grafting betweene the barke and tree, and it is to be
+put in vse about the latter end of February, at such time as the sappe
+beginnes to enter into the trees: and the stockes most fit for this
+manner of grafting are those which are oldest and greatest, whose graine
+being rough and vneuen, either through shaking or twinding, it is a
+thing almost impossible to make it cleaue in any good fashion, so that
+in such a case it is meete that the grafter exercise this way of
+grafting betwixt the barke and the tree, the manner whereof is thus.
+
+{SN: Grafting betweene the barke.}
+First, you shall dresse your grafts in such sort as was before discribed
+when you grafted in the cleft, onely they shall not be so long from the
+knot or seame downeward by an inch or more, neither so thicke, but as
+thinne as may be, the pith onely preserued, and at the neather end of
+all you shall cut away the barke on both sides, making that end smaller
+and narrower then it is at the ioynt or seame, then sawing off the head
+of the stocke, you shall with a sharpe knife pare the head round about,
+smooth and plaine, making the barke so euen as may be, that the barke of
+your grafts and it may ioyne like one body, then take a fine narrow
+chissell, not exceeding sharpe, but somewhat rebated, and thrust it hard
+downe betwixt the barke and the tree, somewhat more then two inches,
+according to the iust length of your graft, and then gently thrust the
+graft downe into the same place, euen close vnto the ioynt, hauing great
+care that the ioynt rest firme and constant vpon the head of the stocke,
+and thus you shall put into one stocke not aboue three grafts at the
+most, how euer either other mens practise, or your owne reading doe
+perswade you to the contrary. After your grafts are fixt and placed, you
+shall then couer the head with barke, clay, and mosse, as hath beene
+formerly shewed: also you shall fasten about it some bushes of thorne,
+or sharpe whinnes, which may defend and keepe it from the annoyance of
+Pye-annats, and such like great birds.
+
+There is another way of grafting, which is called grafting in the
+scutchion, which howsoeuer it is esteemed, yet is it troublesome,
+incertaine, and to small purpose: the season for it is in summer, from
+May till August, at what time trees are fullest of sappe and fullest of
+leaues, and the manner is thus: take the highest and the principallest
+branches of the toppe of the tree you would haue grafted, and without
+cutting it from the olde woode chuse the best eye and budding place of
+the cyon, then take another such like eye or budde, being great and
+full, and first cut off the leafe hard by the budde, then hollow it with
+your knife the length of a quarter of an inch beneath the budde, round
+about the barke, close to the sappe, both aboue and below, then slit it
+downe twice so much wide of the budde, and then with a small sharpe
+chissell raise vp the scutchion, with not onely the budde in the midst
+but euen all the sappe likewise, wherein you shall first raise that side
+which is next you, and then taking the scutchion betweene your fingars,
+raise it gently vp without breaking or brusing, and in taking it off
+hould it hard vnto the woode, to the end the sappe of the budde may
+abide in the scutchion, for if it depart from the barke and cleaue to
+the woode, your labour is lost, this done you shall take another like
+cyon, and hauing taken off the barke from it, place it in the others
+place, and in taking off this barke you must be carfull that you cut not
+the woode, but the barke onely, and this done you shall couer it all
+ouer with redde waxe, or some such glutenous matter; as for the binding
+of it with hempe and such trumpery it is vtterly dissalowed of all good
+grafters: this manner of grafting may be put in practise vpon all manner
+of cyons, from the bignesse of a mans little fingar to the bignesse of a
+slender arme.
+
+{SN: Grafting with the Leafe.}
+Not much vnlike vnto this, is the grafting with the Leafe, and of like
+worth, the art whereof is thus: any time betwixt midst May, vntill the
+midst of September, you shall chuse, from the toppe of the sunne-side of
+the tree, the most principall young cyon you can see, whose barke is
+smoothest, whose leaues are greatest, and whose sappe is fullest, then
+cutting it from the tree note the principall leafe thereof, and cut away
+from it all the woode more then about an inch of each side of the leafe,
+then cutting away the vndermost part of the barke with your knife, take
+peece meale from the barke all the woode and sappe, saue onely that
+little part of woode and sappe which feedeth the leafe, which in any
+wise must be left behind, so that the graft will carry this figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Then goe to the body, arme, or branch of that tree which you intend to
+graft, which is to be presupposed must euer haue a smooth and tender
+barke, and with a very sharpe knife slit the barke, two slits at least,
+two inches long a peece, and about halfe an inch or more distance
+betweene the two slits: then make another slit crosse-wise ouerthwart,
+from long slit to long slit, the figure whereof will be thus:
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Then with your knife raise the barke gently from the tree, without
+breaking, cracking, or brusing: then take your graft, and putting it
+vnder the barke lay it flat vnto the sappe of the tree, so as that
+little sappe which is left in the leafe, may without impediment cleaue
+to the sappe of the tree, then lay downe the barke close againe and
+couer the graft, and with a little vntwound hempe, or a soft wollen
+list, binde downe the barke close to the graft, and then couer all the
+incisions you haue made with greene waxe: by this manner of grafting you
+may haue vpon one tree sundry fruits, as from one Apple-tree, both
+Pippins, Peare-maines, Russettings and such like, nay, you may haue vpon
+one tree, ripe fruit all summer long, as Ienettings from one branch,
+Cislings from another, Wibourns from another, Costards and Queene-Apples
+from others, and Pippens and Russettings, from others, which bringeth
+both delight to the eye, and admiration to the sence, and yet I would
+not haue you imagine that this kinde of grafting doth onely worke this
+effect, for as before I shewed you, if you graft in the cleft (which is
+the fastest way of all grafting) sundry fruits vpon sundry armes or
+bowes, you shall likewise haue proceeding from them sundry sorts of
+fruits, as either Apples, Plumbes, Peares or any other kind, according
+to your composition and industry; as at this day we may dayly see in
+many great mens Orchards.
+
+{SN: Grafting on the toppes of trees.}
+There is yet another manner of grafting, and it is of all other
+especially vsed much in Italy, and yet not any thing disagreeable with
+our climate, and that is to graft on the small cyons which are on the
+toppes of fruit trees, surely an experience that carryeth in it both
+dificulty and wonder, yet being put to approbation is no lesse certaine
+then any of the other, the manner whereof is thus: you shall first after
+you haue chosen such and so many grafts as you doe intend to graft, and
+trimd them in the same manner as you haue beene taught formerly for
+grafting within the cleft, you shall then mount vp into the toppe of the
+tree, vpon which you meane to graft, and there make choise of the
+highest and most principallest cyons (being cleane barkt and round)
+that you can perceiue to grow from the tree, then laying the graft, and
+the cyon vpon which you are to graft, together, see that they be both of
+one bignesse and roundnesse: then with your grafting knife cut the cyon
+off betweene the olde woode and the new, and cleaue it downe an inch and
+an halfe, or two inches at the most: then put in your graft (which graft
+must not be cut thinner on one side, then on the other, but all of one
+thicknesse) and when it is in, see that the barke of the graft both
+aboue and below, that is, vpon both sides, doe ioyne close, euen, and
+firme with the barke of the branch or cyon, and then by foulding a
+little soft towe about it, keepe them close together, whilst with clay,
+mosse, and the in-most barke of Osyars you lappe them about to defend
+them from ayre, winde, and tempests. And herein you shall obserue to
+make your graft as short as may be, for the shortest are best, as the
+graft which hath not aboue two or three knots, or buddes, and no more.
+You may, if you please, with this manner of grafting graft vpon euery
+seuerall cyon, a seuerall fruit, and so haue from one tree many fruits,
+as in case of grafting with the leafe, and that with much more speede,
+by as much as a well-growne graft is more forward and able then a weake
+tender leafe. And in these seuerall wayes already declared, consisteth
+the whole Art and substance of Grafting: from whence albeit many curious
+braines may, from preuaricating trickes, beget showes of other fashions,
+yet when true iudgement shall looke vpon their workes, he shall euer
+finde some one of these experiments the ground and substance of all
+their labours, without which they are able to doe nothing that shall
+turne to an assured commoditie.
+
+{SN: The effects of Grafting.}
+Now when you haue made your selfe perfect in the sowing, setting,
+planting and grafting of trees, you shall then learne to know the
+effects, wonders, and strange issues which doe proceede from many quaint
+motions and helpes in grafting, as thus: if you will haue Peaches,
+Cherryes, Apples, Quinces, Medlars, Damsons, or any Plumbe whatsoeuer,
+to ripen earely, as at the least two months before the ordinary time,
+and to continue at least a month longer then the accustomed course, you
+shall then graft them vpon a Mulberry stocke: and if you will haue the
+fruit to tast like spice, with a certaine delicate perfume, you shall
+boyle Honey, the powder of Cloues and Soaxe together, and being cold
+annoynt the grafts there-with before you put them into the cleft, if you
+graft Apples, Peares, or any fruit vpon a Figge-tree stocke, they will
+beare fruit without blooming: if you take an Apple graft, & a Peare
+graft, of like bignesse, and hauing clouen them, ioyne them as one body
+in grafting, the fruit they bring forth will be halfe Apple and halfe
+Peare, and so likewise of all other fruits which are of contrary tastes
+and natures: if you graft any fruit-tree, or other tree, vpon the Holly
+or vpon the Cypresse, they will be greene, and keepe their leaues the
+whole yeere, albeit the winter be neuer so bitter.
+
+If you graft either Peach, Plumbe, or any stone-fruit vpon a Willow
+stocke, the fruit which commeth of them will be without stones.
+
+If you will change the colour of any fruit, you shall boare a hole
+slope-wise with a large auger into the body of the tree, euen vnto the
+pith, and then if you will haue the fruit yealow you shal fill the hole
+with Saferne dissolued in water: if you will haue it redde, then with
+Saunders, and of any other colour you please, and then stoppe the hole
+vp close, and couer it with red or yealow waxe: also if you mixe the
+coulour with any spice or perfume, the fruit will take a rellish or tast
+of the same: many other such like conceits and experiments are practised
+amongst men of this Art, but sith they more concerne the curious, then
+the wise, I am not so carefull to bestow my labour in giuing more
+substantiall satisfaction, knowing curiosity loues that best which
+proceedes from their most paine, and am content to referre their
+knowledge to the searching of those bookes which haue onely strangnesse
+for their subiect, resolued that this I haue written is fully sufficient
+for the plaine English husbandman.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+_Of the replanting of Trees, and furnishing the Orchard._
+
+
+As soone as your seedes, or sets, haue brought forth plants, those
+plants, through time, made able, and haue receiued grafts, and those
+grafts haue couered the heads of the stockes and put forth goodly
+branches, you shall then take them vp, and replant them, (because the
+sooner it is done the better it is done) in those seuerall places of
+your Orchard which before is appointed, and is intended to be prepared,
+both by dungging, digging, and euery orderly labour, to receiue euery
+seuerall fruit. And herein you shall vnderstand, that as the best times
+for grafting are euery month (except October and Nouember) and at the
+change of the moone, so the best times for replanting, are Nouember and
+March onely, vnlesse the ground be cold and moist and then Ianuary, or
+February must be the soonest all wayes, excepted that you doe not
+replant in the time of frost, for that is most vnholsome.
+
+{SN: The taking vp of trees.}
+Now when you will take vp your trees which you intend to replant in your
+Orchard, you shall first with a spade bare all the maine branches of the
+roote, and so by degrees digge and loosen the earth from the roote, in
+such sort that you may with your owne strength raise the young tree from
+the ground, which done, you shall not, according to the fashion of
+Fraunce, dismember, or disroabe the tree of his beauties, that is to
+say, to cut off all his vpper branches and armes, but you shall
+diligently preserue them: for I haue seene a tree thus replanted after
+the fall of the leafe to bring forth fruit in the summer following: but
+if the tree you replant be olde then it is good to cut off the maine
+branches with in a foote of the stocke, least the sappe running vpward,
+and so forsaking the roote too sodainely doe kill the whole tree.
+
+When you haue taken your tree vp, you shall obserue how, and in what
+manner, it stoode, that is, which side was vpon the South and receiued
+most comfort from the sunne, and which side was from it and receiued
+most shadow and bleaknesse, and in the same sort as it then stoode, so
+shall you replant it againe: this done you shall with a sharpe
+cutting-knife, cut off all the maine rootes, within halfe a foote of the
+tree, onely the small thriddes or twist-rootes you shall not cut at all:
+then bringing the plant into your Orchard, you shall make a round hole
+in that place where you intend to set your tree (the rankes, manner,
+distance and forme whereof hath beene all ready declared, in the first
+Chapter:) and this hole shalbe at least foure foote ouerthwart euery
+way, and at least two foote deepe, then shall you fill vp the hole
+againe, fifteene inches deepe, with the finest blacke mould, tempered
+with Oxe dunge that you can get, so that then the hole shalbe but nine
+inches deepe, then you shall take your tree and place it vpon that
+earth, hauing care to open euery seuerall branch and thrid of the roote,
+& so to place them that they may all looke downe into the earth, and not
+any of them to looke backe and turne vpward: then shall you take of the
+earth from whence your tree was taken, and tempering it with a fourth
+part of Oxe dunge and slekt sope-asshes (for the killing of wormes)
+couer all the roote of your tree firmely and strongly: then with greene
+soddes, cut and ioyned arteficially together, so sodde the place that
+the hole may hardly be discerned. Lastly take a strong stake, and
+driuing it hard into the ground neare vnto the new planted tree, with
+either a soft hay rope, the broad barke of Willow, or some such like
+vnfretting band, tye the tree to the stake, and it will defend it from
+the rage of winde and tempests, which should they but shake or trouble
+the roote, being new planted, it were inough to confound and spoyle the
+tree for euer.
+
+Now, although I haue vnder the title and demonstration of replanting
+one tree giuen you a generall instruction for the replanting of all
+trees whatsoeuer, yet, for as much as some are not of that strength and
+hardnesse to indure so much as some others will, therefore you shal take
+these considerations by the way, to fortefie your knowledge with.
+
+First, you shall vnderstand that all your dainty and tender grafted
+Plumbes, and fruits, as Abricots, Peaches, Damaske-Plumbes, Verdochyos,
+Pescods, Emperialls, and diuers such like, together with Orrenges,
+Cytrons, Almonds, Oliues, and others, which indeede are not familiar
+with our soyles, as being nearer neighbours to the sunne, doe delight in
+a warme, fat, earth, being somewhat sandy, or such a clay whose
+coldnesse by Manure is corrected, and therefore here with vs in the
+replanting of them you cannot bestow too much cost vpon the mould: as
+for the Damson, and all our naturall english Plumbes, they loue a fat,
+cold, earth, so that in the replanting of them if you shall lay too much
+dunge vnto their roote, you shall through the aboundant heate, doe great
+hurt vnto the tree. The cherry delighteth in any clay, so that vpon such
+soyle you may vse lesse Manure, but vpon the contrary you cannot lay too
+much. The Medlar esteemeth all earths alike, and therefore whether it be
+Manured or no it skilles not, sunne and shadow, wet and drinesse, being
+all of one force or efficacy. The Peare and Apple-tree delights in a
+strong mixt soyle, and therfore indureth Manure kindly, so doth also the
+Quince and Warden: lastly the Filbert, the Hasell, and the Chesnut, loue
+cold, leane, moist, and sandy earths, in so much that there is no
+greater enimy vnto them then a rich soyle: so that in replanting of them
+you must euer seeke rather to correct then increase fertillity.
+
+You shall also vnderstand that all such fruit-trees as you doe plant
+against the walles of your Orchard (of which I haue spoken already &
+deciphered out their places) you shall not suffer to grow as of
+themselues, round, and from the wall, but at the times of pruning and
+dressing of them (which is euer at the beginning of the spring and
+immediately after the fall) you shall as it were plash them, and spread
+them against the wall, foulding the armes in loopes of leather, and
+nayling them vnto the wall: and to that end you shall place them of such
+a fit distance one from another, that they may at pleasure spread and
+mount, without interruption: the profit whereof is at this day seene
+almost in euery great mans Orchard: and although I haue but onely
+appointed vnto the wall the most quaint fruits of forraine nations; yet
+there is no fruit of our owne, but if it be so ordered it will prosper
+and bring forth his fruit better and in greater abundance. And thus much
+for the replanting of trees and furnishing of a well proportioned
+Orchard.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VII.
+
+_Of the Dressing, Dungging, Proyning, and Preseruing of Trees._
+
+
+Sith after all the labour spent of ingendring by seede, of fortefying
+and inabling by planting, and of multiplying by grafting it is to little
+or no purpose if the trees be not maintained and preserued by dressing,
+dungging and proyning, I will therefore in this place shew you what
+belongs to that office or duty, and first, for the dressing of trees:
+you shall vnderstand that it containeth all whatsoeuer is meete for the
+good estate of the tree, as first, after your tree is planted, or
+replanted, if the season shall fall out hot, dry, and parching, insomuch
+that the moisture of the earth is sucked out by the atraction of the
+Sunne, and so the tree wanteth the nutriment of moisture, in this case
+you shall not omit euery morning before the rising of the sunne, and
+euery euening after the set of the sunne, with a great watring-pot
+filled with water, to water & bath the rootes of the trees, if they be
+young trees, and newly planted, or replanted, but not otherwise: for if
+the trees be olde, and of long growth, then you shall saue that labour,
+and onely to such olde trees you shall about the midst of Nouember, with
+a spade, digge away the earth from the vpper part of the rootes and lay
+them bare vntill it be midde-March, and then mingling such earth as is
+most agreeable with the fruit and Oxe-dunge and sope-ashes together, so
+couer them againe, and tread the earth close about them: as for the
+vncouering of your trees in summer I doe not hold it good, because the
+reflection of the sunne is somewhat too violent and dryeth the roote,
+from whence at that time the sappe naturally is gone: you shall also
+euery spring and fall of the leafe clense your fruit trees from mosse,
+which proceeding from a cold and cankerous moisture, breedeth dislike,
+and barrainenesse in trees: this mosse you must take off with the backe
+of an olde knife and leaue the barke smooth, plaine, and vnraced: also
+if you shall dunge such trees with the dunge of Swine, it is a ready way
+to destroy the mosse.
+
+{SN: Proyning of Trees.}
+After you haue drest and trimmed your trees, you shall then proyne them,
+which is to cut away all those superfluous branches, armes, or cyons,
+which being either barraine, bruised or misplaced, doe like drones,
+steale-away that nutriment which should maintaine the better deseruing
+sinewes, and you shall vnderstand that the best time for proyning of
+trees, is in March and Aprill, at which time the sappe assending vpward,
+causeth the trees to budde: the branches you shall cut away are all such
+as shall grow out of the stocke vnderneath the place grafted, or all
+such as by the shaking of tempests shall grow in a disorderly and ill
+fashioned crookednesse, or any other, that out of a well tempered
+iudgement shall seeme superfluous and burdensome to the stocke from
+whence it springs, also such as haue by disorder beene brooken, or
+maimed, and all these you shall cut away with a hooke knife, close by
+the tree, vnlesse you haue occasion by some misfortune to cut away some
+of the maine and great armes of the tree, and then you shall not vse
+your knife for feare of tearing the barke, but taking your sawe you
+shall sawe off those great armes close by the tree, neither shall you
+sawe them off downeward but vpward, least the waight of the arme breake
+the barke from the body: And herein you shall also vnderstand that for
+as much as the mischances which beget these dismembrings doe happen at
+the latter end of Summer, in the gathering of the fruit, and that it is
+not fit such maymed and broken boughes hang vpon the tree till the
+Spring, therefore you shall cut them off in the Winter time, but not
+close to the tree by almost a foote, and so letting them rest vntill the
+spring, at that time cut them off close by the tree. Now if you finde
+the superfluitie of branches which annoy your trees to be onely small
+cyons, springing from the rootes of the trees, as it often hapneth with
+all sorts of Plumbe-trees, Cherry-trees, Nut-trees, and such like, then
+you shall in the winter, bare the rootes of those trees, and cut off
+those cyons close by the roote: but if your trees be broused or eaten by
+tame-Deare, Goates, Sheepe, Kine, Oxen, or such like, then there is no
+help for such a misfortune but onely to cut off the whole head and graft
+the stocke anew.
+
+{SN: Of Barke-bound.}
+Next to the proyning of trees, is the preseruing, phisicking, and curing
+of the diseases of trees: to which they are subiect as well as our
+naturall bodyes: and first of all, there is a disease called
+Barke-bound, which is when the barke, through a mislike and leperous
+drynesse, bindeth in the tree with such straitnesse that the sappe being
+denied passage the body growes into a consumption: it is in nature like
+vnto that disease which in beasts is called hide-bound, and the cure is
+thus: at the beginning of March take a sharpe knife, and from the toppe
+of the body of the tree, to the very roote, draw downe certaine slits,
+or incissions, cleane through the barke, vnto the very sappe of the
+tree, round about the tree, & then with the backe of your knife open
+those slits and annoint them all through with Tarre, and in short space
+it will giue libertie vnto the tree to encrease & grow: this disease
+commeth by the rubbing of cattell against the tree, especially Swine,
+who are very poyson vnto all plants.
+
+{SN: Of the Gall.}
+There is another disease in fruit-trees, called the Gall, and it eateth
+and consumeth the barke quit away, and so in time kills the tree: the
+cure is to cut and open the barke which you see infected, and with a
+chissell to take away all that is foule and putrefied, and then to
+clappe Oxe dunge vpon the place, and it will helpe it, and this must be
+done euer in winter.
+
+{SN: Of the Canker.}
+The Canker in fruit trees is the consumption both of the barke and the
+body, & it commeth either by the dropping of trees one vpon another, or
+else when some hollow places of the tree retaineth raine water in them,
+which fretting through the barke, poysoneth the tree: the cure is to cut
+away all such boughes as by dropping breede the euill, and if the hollow
+places cannot be smooth and made euen, then to stoppe them with clay,
+waxe, and sope-ashes mixt together.
+
+{SN: Of worme-eaten barkes.}
+If the barkes of your trees be eaten with wormes, which you shall
+perceiue by the swelling of the barke, you shall then open the barke and
+lay there-vpon swines dunge, sage, and lime beaten together, and bound
+with a cloath fast to the tree, and it will cure it: or wash the tree
+with cowes-pisse and vinegar and it will helpe it.
+
+{SN: Of Pismiers and Snailes.}
+If your young trees be troubled with Pismiers, or Snailes, which are
+very noysome vnto them, you shall take vnsleckt lime and sope-ashes and
+mingling them with wine-lees, spread it all about the roote of the trees
+so infected, and annoint the body of the tree likewise therewith, and it
+will not onely destroy them but giue comfort to the tree: the soote of a
+chimney or Oake sawe-dust spread about the roote will doe the same.
+
+{SN: Of Caterpillers, and Earewigges.}
+If Caterpillers doe annoy your young trees, who are great deuourers of
+the leaues and young buddes, and spoylers of the barke, you shall, if it
+be in the summer time, make a very strong brine of water and salt, and
+either with a garden pumpe, placed in a tubbe, or with squirts which
+haue many hoales you shall euery second day water and wash your trees,
+and it will destroy them, because the Caterpiller naturally cannot
+indure moisture, but if neuerthelesse you see they doe continue still
+vpon your trees in Winter, then you shall when the leaues are falne away
+take dankish straw and setting it on fire smeare and burne them from the
+tree, and you shall hardly euer be troubled with them againe vpon the
+same trees: roules of hay layd on the trees will gather vp Earewigges
+and kill them.
+
+{SN: Of the barrainenesse of Trees.}
+If your trees be barraine, and albeit they flourish and spread there
+leaues brauely, yet bring forth no fruit at all, it is a great
+sicknesse, and the worst of all other: therefore you shall vnderstand it
+proceedeth of two causes: first, of two much fertillitie, and fatnesse
+of the ground, which causeth the leafe to put forth and flourish in such
+vnnaturall abundance, that all such sappe and nutriment as should knit
+and bring forth fruit, turnes onely vnto leafe, cyons, and vnprofitable
+branches, which you shall perceiue both by the abundance of the leaues
+and by the colour also, which will be of a more blacker and deeper
+greene, and of much larger proportion then those which haue but their
+naturall and proper rights: and the cure thereof is to take away the
+earth from the roote of such trees and fill vp the place againe with
+other earth, which is of a much leaner substance: but if your tree haue
+no such infirmitie of fatnesse, but beareth his leaues and branches in
+good order and of right colour and yet notwithstanding is barraine and
+bringeth forth little or no fruit, then that disease springeth from some
+naturall defect in the tree, and the cure thereof is thus: first, you
+shall vnbare the roote of the tree, and then noting which is the
+greatest and principallest branch of all the roote, you shall with a
+great wimble boare a hole into that roote and then driue a pinne of olde
+dry Ashe into the same (for Oake is not altogether so good) and then
+cutting the pinne off close by the roote, couer all the head of the
+pinne with yealow waxe, and then lay the mould vpon the roote of the
+tree againe, and treade it hard and firmely downe, and there is no
+doubte but the tree will beare the yeere following: in Fraunce they vse
+for this infirmitie to boare a hoale in the body of the tree
+slope-wise, somewhat past the hart, and to fill vp the hoale with life
+honey and Rose-water mixt together, and incorporated for at least
+xxiiij. howers, and then to stoppe the hole with a pinne of the one
+woode: also if you wash the rootes of your trees in the drane water
+which runneth from your Barley when you steepe it for Malt, it will cure
+this disease of barrainenesse.
+
+{SN: Of the bitternesse of Fruit.}
+If the fruit which is vpon your trees be of a bitter and sootie tast, to
+make it more pleasant and sweet you shall wash your tree all ouer with
+Swines dunge and water mixt together, & to the rootes of the trees you
+shall lay earth and Swines dunge mixt together, which must be done in
+the month of Ianuary and February onely, and it will make the fruit tast
+pleasantly. And thus much for the dressing and preseruing of trees.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VIII.
+
+_Of the Vine, and of his ordering._
+
+
+For as much as the nature, temperature, and clymate, of our soyle is not
+so truely proper and agreeing with the Vine as that of Fraunce, Italy,
+Spaine, and such like, and sith wee haue it more for delight, pleasure,
+and prospect, then for any peculyar profit, I will not vndertake
+_Monsiuer Lybaults_ painefull labour, in discribing euery curious
+perfection or defect that belongs thereunto, as if it were the onely
+iewell and commoditie of our kingdome, but onely write so much as is
+fitting for our knowledge touching the maintaynance, increase, and
+preseruation thereof, in our Orchards, Gardens, and other places of
+recreation.
+
+{SN: Of planting or setting the Vine.}
+First then to speake of the planting or setting of the Vine, your
+greatest diligence must be to seeke out the best plants, and if that
+which is most strange, rare, great and pleasant be the best, then is
+that grape which is called the Muskadine, or Sacke grape, the best, and
+haue their beginning either from Spaine, the Canary Ilands, or such like
+places: next to them is the French grape, of which there be many kindes,
+the best whereof is the grape of Orleance, the next the grape of
+Gascoynie, the next of Burdeaux, and the worst of Rochell, and not any
+of these but by industry will prosper in our English gardens: when
+therefore you chuse your plants, you shall chuse such of the young cyons
+as springing from the olde woode, you may in the cutting cut at least a
+ioynt or two of olde woode with the young: for the olde will take
+soonest, and this olde woode must be at least seauen or eight inches
+long, and the young cyon almost a yard, and the thicker and closer the
+ioynts of the young cyon are, so much the better they are: and the fit
+time for cutting and gathering these sets are in midde-Ianuary, then
+hauing prepared, digged, and dunged your earth the winter before, you
+shall at the latter end of Ianuary take two of these sets, or plants,
+placing them according to this figure:
+
+{Illustration}
+
+And lay them in the earth slope-wise, at least a foote deepe, leauing
+out of the earth, vncouered, not aboue foure or fiue ioynts, at the
+most, and then couer them with good earth firmely, closely, and
+strongly, hauing regard to raise those cyons which are without the earth
+directly vpward, obseruing after they be set, once in a month to weede
+them, and keepe them as cleane as is possible: for nothing is more
+noysome vnto them then the suffocating of weeds: also you shall not
+suffer the mould to grow hard or bind about the rootes, but with a small
+spade once in a fortnight to loosen and breake the earth, because there
+rootes are so tender that the least straytning doth strangle and
+confound them. If the season doe grow dry, you may vse to water them,
+but not in such sort as you water other plants, which is to sprinckle
+water round about the earth of the rootes, but you shall with a round
+Iron made for the purpose somewhat bigger then a mans fingar, make
+certaine holes into the earth, close vpon the roote of the Vine, and
+powre therein either water, the dregges of strong-Ale, or the lees of
+Wine, or if you will you may mixe with the lees of Wine either
+Goats-milke, or Cowes-milke, and power it into the holes and it will
+nourish the Vine exceedingly, and not the Vine onely, but all sorts of
+dainty grafted Plumbes, especially Peaches.
+
+{SN: Of proyning the Vine.}
+Now for proyning the Vine, you shall vnderstand that it is euer to be
+done after the fall of the leafe, when the sappe is desended downeward,
+for if you shall proyne, or cut him, either in the spring, or when the
+sappe is aloft, it will bleede so exceedingly, that with great
+difficulty you shall saue the body of the tree from dying: and, in
+proyning of the Vine you shall obserue two things, the first, that you
+cut away all superfluous cyons and branches, both aboue and below, which
+either grow disorderly aboue, or fruitlessely below, and in cutting them
+you shall obserue, neither to cut the olde woode with the young cyon,
+nor to leaue aboue one head or leader vpon one branch: secondly, you
+shall in proyning, plash and spread the VINE thinnely against the wall,
+giuing euery seuerall branch and cyon his place, and passage, and not
+suffer it to grow loosely, rudely, or like a wilde thorne, out of all
+decency and proportion: for you must vnderstand that your Grapes doe
+grow euer vpon the youngest cyons, and if of them you shall preserue too
+many, questionlesse for want of nourishment they will lose their vertue,
+and you your profit. Now if your Vine be a very olde Vine, and that his
+fruit doth decay, either in quantitie or proportion; if then you finde
+he haue any young cyons which spring from his roote, then when you
+proyne him you shall cut away all the olde stocke, within lesse then an
+handfull of the young cyons, and make them the leaders, who will prosper
+and continue in perfection a long time after, especially if you trimme
+the rootes with fresh earth, and fresh dunge. Againe, if you be carefull
+to looke vnto your Vine, you shall perceiue close by euery bunch of
+grapes certaine small thridde-like cyons, which resemble twound wyars,
+curling and turning in many rings, these also take from the grapes very
+much nutriment, so that it shall be a labour very well imployd to cut
+them away as you perceiue them.
+
+{SN: Experiments of the Vine.}
+Now from the Vine there is gathered sundry experiments, as to haue it
+tast more pleasant then the true nature of the grape, and to smell in
+the mouth odoriferously, or as if it were perfumed, which may be done in
+this sort: Take damaske-Rose-water and boyle therein the powder of
+Cloaues, Cynamon, three graines of Amber, and one of Muske, and when it
+is come to be somewhat thicke, take a round goudge and make a hole in
+the maine stocke of the Vine, full as deepe as the hart thereof, and
+then put therein this medicine, then stopping the hole with Cypresse, or
+Iuniper, lay greene-waxe thereupon, and binde a linnen cloath about it,
+and the next grapes which shall spring from that Vine will tast as if
+they were preserued or perfumed.
+
+If you will haue grapes without stones, you shall take your plants and
+plant the small ends downeward and be assured your desire is attained.
+
+The Vine naturally of himselfe doth not bring forth fruit till it haue
+beene three yeeres planted: but if euening and morning for the first
+month you will bath his roote with Goats-milke or Cowes-milke, it will
+beare fruit the first yeere of his planting. Lastly, you may if you
+please graft one Vine vpon another, as the sweet vpon the sower, as the
+Muskadine grape, or greeke, vpon the Rochell or Burdeaux, the Spanish,
+or Iland grape, on the Gascoyne, and the Orleance vpon any at all: and
+these compositions are the best, and bring forth both the greatest and
+pleasantest grapes: therefore whensoeuer you will graft one grape vpon
+another, you shall doe it in the beginning of Ianuary, in this sort:
+first, after you haue chosen and trimmed your grafts, which in all sorts
+must be like the grafts of other fruits, then with a sharpe knife, you
+shall cleaue the head of the Vine, as you doe other stockes and then put
+in your graft, or cyon, being made as thinne as may be and see that the
+barkes and sappes ioyne euen and close together, then clay it, mosse it,
+and couer it, as hath beene before declared.
+
+{SN: The medicining of the Vine.}
+If your Vine grow too ranke and thicke of leaues, so that the sappe doth
+wast it selfe in them, and you thereby lose the profit of the fruit, you
+shall then bare all the rootes of the Vine, and cast away the earth,
+filling vp the place againe with sand & ashes mingled together: but if
+the Vine be naturally of it selfe barraine, then with a goudge you shall
+make a hole halfe way through the maine body of the Vine, and driue into
+the hole a round pible stone, which although it goe straitly in, yet it
+may not fill vp the hole, but that the sicke humour of the Vine may
+passe thorrow thereat: then couer the roote with rich earth, and Oxe
+dunge mixt together, and once a day for a month water it with olde
+pisse, or vrine of a man, and it will make the tree fruitfull: if the
+Vine be troubled with Wormes, Snailes, Ants, Earewigges, or such like,
+you shall morning and euening sprinckle it ouer with cowes-pisse and
+vinegar mixt together & it will helpe it: & thus much for ordering the
+Vine.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IX.
+
+_The office of the Fruiterrer, or the Gatherer, and keeper, of Fruit._
+
+
+After you haue planted euery seuerall quarter, allye, and border within
+your Orchard, with euery seuerall fruit proper vnto his place, and that
+you haue placed them in that orderly and comely equipage which may giue
+most delight to the eye, profit to the tree, and commendations to the
+workeman, (according to the forme and order prescribed in the first
+Chapter) and that now the blessing of the highest, time, and your
+indeuours hath brought forth the haruest and recompence of your trauell,
+so that you behould the long-expected fruit hang vpon the trees, as it
+were in their ripenesse, wooing you to plucke, tast, and to deliuer them
+from the wombes of their parents, it is necessary then that you learne
+the true office of the Fruiterer, who is in due season and time to
+gather those fruits which God hath sent him: for as in the husbanding of
+our grayne if the Husbandman be neuer so carefull, or skilfull, in
+ploughing, dungging, sowing, weeding and preseruing his crop, yet in the
+time of haruest be negligent, neither regarding the strength or ripnesse
+thereof, or in the leading and mowing respects not whether it be wet or
+dry, doth in that moments space loose the wages of his whole yeeres
+trauell, getting but durt from durt, and losse from his negligence: so
+in like case houlds it with all other fruits, if a man with neuer so
+great care and cost procure, yet if he be inrespectiue in the gathering,
+all his former businesse is vaine and to no purpose; and therefore I
+hould nothing more necessary then the relation of this office of the
+Fruiterer, which is the consummation and onely hope of our cost, and
+diligence, teaching vs to gather wisely what wee haue planted wearily,
+and to eate with contentment what we haue preserued with care.
+
+{SN: Of gathering and preseruing Cherries.}
+Know then, that of all fruits (for the most part) the Cherry is the
+soonest ripe, as being one of the oldest children of the summer, and
+therefore first of all to be spoken of in this place, yet are not all
+Cherries ripe at one instant, but some sooner then other some, according
+to the benefit of the Sunne, the warmth of the ayre, and the strength of
+sappe in the branch on which the Cherry hangeth: they are a fruit tender
+and pleasant, and therefore much subiect to be deuoured and consumed
+with Byrds of the smallest kindes, as Sparrowes, Robins, Starlings, and
+such like, especially the Iay, and the Bull-finch, who deuoure them
+stones and all, euen so fast as they rypen: for preuention whereof; if
+you haue great abundance of Cherry trees, as maine holts that be either
+one or many akers in compasse, you shall then in diuers places of your
+holts, as well in the midst, as out-corners, cause to be errected vp
+certaine long poales of Fyrre, or other woode, which may mount somewhat
+aboue the toppes of the trees, and one the toppes of those poales you
+shall place certaine clappe-milles made of broken trenchers ioyned
+together like sayles, which being moued and carryed about with the
+smallest ayre, may haue vnderneath the sayles a certaine loose little
+board, against which euery sayle may clap and make a great noyse, which
+will afright and scare the Byrds from your trees: these milles you shall
+commonly see in Husbandmens yards placed on their stackes or houells of
+Corne, which doth preserue them from fowle and vermine: but for want of
+these clap-milles you must haue some boy or young fellow that must euery
+morning from the dawning of the day till the Sunne be more then an houre
+high, and euery euening from fiue of the clocke till nine, runne vp and
+downe your ground, whooping, showtying, and making of a great noyse, or
+now and then shooting of some Harquebush, or other Peece: but by no
+meanes to vse slings or throwing of stones, least by the miscarriage of
+his hand hee either beate downe the fruit or bruise the trees. In this
+sort hauing preserued your Cherries from destruction, you shall then
+know there ripenesse by their colours, for euer those which are most
+red, are most ripe, and when you see any that are ripe, you shall take a
+light ladder, made either of fyrre or sallow, and setting it carefully
+against the branches, so as you neither bruise them nor the fruit, you
+shall gather those you finde ripe, not taking the fruit from the stalke,
+but nipping the stalke and fruit both together from the tree: also you
+shall be carefull in gathering to handle or touch the Cherry so little
+as may be, but the stalke onely, especially if your hands be hot, or
+sweaty, for that will change the colour of your Cherries, and make them
+looke blacke: if there be any ripe Cherries which hang out of the reach
+of your hands, then you shall haue a fine small gathering hooke of
+woode, whose bout shall be made round, and smooth, for nipping the barke
+of the branches, and with it you shall gently pull vnto you those
+branches you cannot reach: you shall also haue a little round basket of
+almost a foote deepe, made with a siue bottome, hauing a handle thwarte
+the toppe, to which a small hooke being fastned, you shall with that
+hooke hang the basket by you on some conuenient cyon, and as you gather
+the Cherries, gently lay them downe into the same, and when you haue
+filled your basket you shall descend and empty it into larger great
+baskets made of the same fashion, with siue bottomes, and hauing
+vnderneath two broad lathes or splinters, at least three fingers broad a
+peece, within foure inches one of the other, and going both one way
+crosse ouerthwart the basket, that if either man or woman shall carry
+them vpon their heads, which is the best manner of cariage, then the
+splinters may defend the bottome of the basket from the head of the
+party, and keepe the Cherries from hurt or bruising, and if you haue
+occasion to carry your Cherries farre, and that the quantitie grow
+beyond the support of a man, then you shall packe them in hampers or
+panniers made with false bottoms like siues, and finely lyned on the
+out side with white straw, and so being closely trust on each side a
+Horses-backe, to carry them whether you please. You shall by no meanes
+suffer your Cherries to lye in any great or thicke heapes one vpon
+another, but vntill you sell them, or vse them, lay them as thinne as
+may be, because they are apt of themselues to sweat and catch heate, and
+that heate doth soone depriue them of the glory of their colour. When
+you gather any Cherries to preserue, you shall gather those which are
+the greatest, the ripest, you shall pull them from their stalkes one by
+one, and vse them at furthest within xxiiij. howers after the time they
+are gotten.
+
+{SN: The gathering of stone Fruit.}
+{SN: Of gathering hard Plumbes.}
+{SN: Of keeping of Plumbes.}
+For the gathering of Plumbes in generall, it is in the same manner as
+you did gather your Cherries, both with such a like ladder, such a like
+hooke, and such like vessels, onely some more speciall obseruations are
+to be obserued in gathering your dainty grafted Plumbes, then of the
+others, which are of a more hard and induring nature. You shall know
+then that for gathering of Abricots, Peaches, Date-Plumbes, and such
+like grafted Plumbes, you shall duely consider when they are perfectly
+ripe, which you shall not iudge by their dropping from the tree, which
+is a signe of ouer-much ripnesse, tending to rottennesse, but by the
+true mixture of their colour, and perfect change from their first
+complexion: for when you shall perceiue that there is no greenenesse nor
+hardnesse in their out-sides, no, not so much as at the setting on of
+the stalke, you may then iudge that they are ready to be gathered, and
+for a perfecter tryall thereof you may if you please, take one which you
+thinke ripest from the tree, and opening it if you see the stone comes
+cleane and dry away and not any of the in-part of the fruit cleauing
+vnto it, then you may assure your selfe that the fruit is ready to be
+gathered, which you shall with great deligence and care gather, not by
+any meanes laying one Plumbe vpon another, but each seuerally by
+another, for these dainty Plumbes are naturally so tender that the least
+touch, though of themselues, doth bruise them, and occasion
+rottennesse. Now when you haue gathered them, if either you haue desire
+to send them any iourney, as in gratulation to your friends, or for
+other priuate commoditie, you shall take some close, smooth, boxe,
+answerable to the store of fruit you are to send, and first line it
+within all ouer with white paper, then lay your Plumbes one by one all
+ouer the bottome of the boxe, then couering them all ouer with white
+paper, lay as many moe vpon the toppe of them, and couer them likewise
+with paper, as before, and so lay row vpon row with papers betweene
+them, vntill the boxe be sufficiently filled, and then closing it vp
+sende it whether you please, and they will take the least hurt, whereas
+if you should line the boxe either with hay or straw, the very skinnes
+are so tender that the straw would print into them and bruise them
+exceedingly, and to lay any other soft thing about them, as either wooll
+or bumbast, is exceeding euill, because it heateth the Plumbes, and
+maketh them sweat, through which they both loose their colour and rot
+speedily. As touching the gathering of Plumbes when they are hard, and
+to ripen them afterward by laying them vpon nettles, to which consenteth
+the most of our London-Fruiterrers, I am vtterly against the opinion,
+because I both know Nature to be the perfectest worke-Mistris, and where
+she is abridged of her power there euer to follow disorders and
+imperfections, as also that when such things are done, as it were
+through an ouer-hasty constraint, there cannot proceede any thing but
+abortiuenesse, and a distastfull rellish: from whence I thinke it comes
+to passe that in London a man shall very seldome tast a delicate or well
+rellisht Plumbe, vnlesse it be from such as hauing fruit of their owne,
+make no commoditie thereof more then their owne pleasures: yet thus much
+I would perswade euery one, that if they haue moe Plumbes ripe at once
+then they can vse, or spend, that then after they are gathered, to
+spread them thinnely vpon Nettles or Vine-tree leaues, and it will
+preserue them sound and well coloured a long time together, but if your
+store be so superabundant that in no reasonable time you can spend
+them, then what you doe not preserue, or make Godiniake, or Maruulade
+of, the rest you shall take and sprinkling them ouer with sweet-worte,
+or growt, and then laying them one by one (yet so as they may not touch
+one another) vpon hurdles or fleakes made of wands, or twigges, and put
+them into an Ouen after bread or Pyes haue beene taine thereout, and so
+leasurely dry them, and they will not onely last, but tast pleasantly
+all the yeere after: and in this sort you may vse all kindes of Plumbes,
+or Peares, whatsoeuer. Now for the gathering of the other ordinary sorts
+of vngrafted Plumbes, which haue both much stronger rindes, and are
+lesse subiect to rotting, you shall gather them, carry, or transport
+them, in the same manner that you did your Cherries, onely in these, as
+in all other sorts of fruit whatsoeuer, you shall not omit neuer to
+gather, or pull them from the tree, till the dewe be dryed cleane both
+from the grasse and from the trees, and that the day be dry, faire, and
+full of sunne-shine: for the least wet or moisture doth canker and rot
+the fruit.
+
+{SN: Of the gathering of Peares.}
+As touching the gathering of Peares, though sundry Fruiterrers obserue
+sundry wayes in gathering them, as some making more hast then
+good-speed, as either to haue the first tast, or the first profit, some
+vsing more negligence, thincking their store so great it will neuer be
+consumed, and some so curious that they will not gather till the Peares
+fall into their bosomes, all which are dispraiseable fashions, yet I for
+my part would euer aduise all diligent husbands to obserue a
+mediocritie, and take the fittest season for the gathering of his fruit:
+as thus for example. If because you are vnexperienced or vnacquainted
+with the fruit you doe not know the due time of his ripening, you shall
+obserue the colour of the Peare, and if you see it doe alter, either in
+part, or in all, you shall be assured the fruit is neare ripening, for
+Peares doe neuer change their colours, but when they doe desire to be
+taken from the tree: and of all fruit the Peare may be gathered the
+hardest, because both his owne naturall heate and peculiar quallittie
+will ripen him best with lying: yet to be more strongly fortefied in the
+knowledge of the ripenesse of your fruit, and because it is better to
+get a day too late, then an hower to earely, you shall before you gather
+your Peares, whether they be Summer fruit or Winter fruit, or whether
+you meane to spend them soone or preserue them long, take one of them
+from the tree, which is neither the ripest nor the greenest, but betwixt
+both, and cut it through the midst with your knife, not longwise, but
+ouerthwart, and then looke into the coare where the kirnells lye, and if
+it be hollow so as the kirnells lye as it were hollow therein, the
+neather ends thereof being turned either blacke, or blackish, albeit the
+complexion of the Peare be little, or not at all altered, yet the Peares
+haue their full growth, and may very well be gathered: then laying them
+either vpon a bedde of ferne, or straw, one vpon another, in great
+thicknesse, their owne naturall heate will in short space ripen them,
+which you shall perceiue both by the speedy changing of their colour, &
+the strength of their smell, which will be exceeding suffocating, which
+as soone as you perceiue, you shall then spread them thinner and
+thinner, vntill they be all ripe, and then lay them one by one, in such
+sort as they may not touch one another, and then they will last much the
+longer, you shall also after they be ripe, neither suffer them to haue
+straw nor ferne vnder them, but lay them either vpon some smooth table,
+boards or fleakes of wands, and they will last the longer.
+
+{SN: Of transporting, or carrying of Peares farre.}
+If you be to carry or transport Peares farre, you shall then gather them
+so much the sooner, and not suffer any ripe one to be amongst them, and
+then lyning great wicker baskets (such as will hould at least quarters a
+peece) finely within with white-straw, fill them vp with Peares, and
+then couer them with straw, and corde them aboue, and you may either
+transport them by land or Sea, whether you please, for they will ripen
+in their cariage: but when you come to your place of residence, then you
+must needs vnpacke them and spread them thinner, or else they will rot
+and consume in a sodaine.
+
+{SN: Of gathering diuersly.}
+There be sundry wayes of gathering Peares, or other fruit, as namely, to
+climbe into the tree and to haue a basket with a line fastned thereto,
+and so when it is filled to let it downe, and cause it to be emptied,
+which labour though some of our southerne Fruiterers doe not much
+commend, yet for mine owne part I doe not see much errour therein, but
+that it is both allowable and conuenient, both because it neither
+bruiseth the fruit, nor putteth the gatherer to any extraordinary
+labour, onely the imaginary euill is, that by climbing vp into the tree,
+hee that gathereth the fruit may indanger the breaking, slipping, and
+disbranching of many of the young cyons, which breedeth much hurt and
+damage to the tree, but iudgement, and care, which ought to be
+apropriate to men of this quallitie, is a certaine preuenter of all such
+mischeifes. Now for such as in gathering of their fruit doe euery time
+that the basket is full bring it downe themselues from the tree, and
+empty it by powring the fruit rudely, and boystrously forth, or for
+beating of fruit downe with long poales, loggets, or such like, they are
+both most vilde and preposterous courses, the first being full of too
+much foolish and carelesse trouble, the latter of too much disorder, &
+cruelty, ruyning in a moment what hath beene many yeeres in building: as
+for the climbing the tree with a ladder, albeit it be a very good way
+for the gathering of fruit, yet if it be neuer so little indiscreetly
+handled, it as much hazardeth the breaking and bruising both of the
+fruit and the small cyons, as either climbing the tree, or any other way
+whatsoeuer.
+
+{SN: The gathering of Apples.}
+Now for the gathering of your Apples: you shall vnderstand that your
+summer fruit, as your Ieniting, Wibourne, and such like, are first to be
+gathered, whose ripenesse, you may partly know by the change of colour,
+partly by the pecking of Birds, but cheifely by the course formerly
+discribed for your knowledge of the ripenesse of the Peare, which is the
+hollownesse of coare, and liberty of the kirnell onely, and when you
+doe perceiue they are ripe, you shall gather them in such wise as hath
+beene declared for the gathering of your Peares, without respecting the
+state of the Moone, or any such like obseruation, but when you come to
+gather your Winter-fruit, which is the Pippin, Peare-maine, Russetting,
+Blacke-annat, and such like, you shall in any wise gather them in the
+wane of the Moone, and, as before I said, in the dryest season that may
+be, and if it be so that your store be so great that you cannot gather
+all in that season, yet you shall get so much of your principall fruit,
+the youngest and fairest, as is possible to be gotten, and preserue it
+for the last which you intend either to spend, or vtter. Now for the
+manner of gathering your Apples I doe not thinke you can amend or
+approue a better way then that which hath beene discribed for the
+gathering of Peares, yet some of our late practitioners (who thinke
+themselues not cunning if they be not curious) dislike that way, and
+will onely haue a gathering apron, into which hauing gathered their
+fruit, they doe empty it into larger vessells: this gathering apron is a
+strong peece of Canuas at least an ell euery way, which hauing the vpper
+end made fast about a mans necke, & the neather end with three loopes,
+that is, one at each corner, & one in the midst, through which you shall
+put a string, and binde it about your waste, in so much that both the
+sides of your apron being open you may put your fruit therein with which
+hand you please: this manner of gathering Apples is not amisse, yet in
+my conceit the apron is so small a defence for the Apples, that if it
+doe but knocke against the boughes as you doe moue your selfe, it cannot
+chuse but bruise the fruit very much, which ought euer to be auoyded:
+therefore still I am of this opinion, there is no better way, safer, nor
+more easie, then gathering them into a small basket, with a long line
+thereat, as hath beene before declared in the gathering of Peares. Now
+you shall carefully obserue in empting one basket into another, that you
+doe it so gently as may be, least in powring them out too rudely the
+stalkes of the fruit doe pricke one another, which although it doe
+appeare little or nothing at the first, yet it is the first ground,
+cause, and beginning of rottennesse, and therefore you shall to your
+vttermost power gather your Apples with as small stalkes as may be, so
+they haue any at all, which they must needes haue, because that as too
+bigge stalkes doth pricke and bruise the fruit, so to haue none at all
+makes the fruit rot first in the place where the stalke should be: you
+shall also keepe your fruit cleane from leaues, for they being greene
+and full of moisture, when by reason of their lying close together they
+beginne to wither they strike such an heate into the Apples, that they
+mil-dew and rot instantly.
+
+{SN: Of Fallings.}
+{SN: Of carriage and keeping Fruit.}
+As touching your Fallings, which are those Apples which fall from your
+trees, either through too much ripenesse, or else through the violence
+of winde, or tempests, you shall by no meanes match them, or mixe them,
+with your gathered fruit, for they can by no meanes last or indure so
+long, for the latter which falleth by force of winde, wanting the true
+nourishment of the earth and the kindly ripening vpon the tree, must
+necessarily shrinke wither, and grow riuelled, so that your best course
+is to spend them presently, with all speede possible: for the other
+which hath too much ripenesse from the earth, and the tree, though it be
+much better then the other, yet it cannot be long lasting, both because
+it is in the falling bruised, and also hath too much ripenesse, which is
+the first steppe to rottennesse, so that they must likewise be spent
+with all expedition. For the carriage of your Apples, if the place be
+not farre whether you should carry them, you shall then in those large
+baskets into which you last emptied them, carry them vpon cole-staues,
+or stangs, betwixt two men, and hauing brought them carefully into your
+Apple-loft, power them downe gently vpon bedds of ferne or straw, and
+lay them in reasonable large heapes, euery sort of Apples seuerall by
+themselues, without mixture, or any confusion: and for such Apples as
+you would haue to ripen soone, you shall couer them all ouer with ferne
+also, but for such as you would haue take all possible leasure in
+ripening, those you shall lay neither vpon ferne, nor straw, but vpon
+the bare boards, nay, if you lay them vpon a plaster floare (which is of
+all floares the coldest) till Saint Andrewes tide, it is not amisse, but
+very profitable, and the thinner you lay them so much the better. Now if
+you haue any farre iourney to carry your Apples, either by land, or by
+water, then trimming and lyning the insides of your baskets with ferne,
+or wheat-straw wouen as it were cleane through the basket, you shall
+packe, couer, and cord vp your Apples, in such sort as you did your
+Peares, and there is no danger in the transportation of them, be it by
+shippe, cart, waggon, or horse-backe. If you be inforced to packe sundry
+sorts of Apples in one basket, see that betwixt euery sort you lay a
+diuision of straw, or ferne, that when they are vnpackt, you may lay
+them againe seuerally: but if when they are vnpackt, for want of roome
+you are compeld to lay some sorts together, in any wise obserue to mixe
+those sorts together which are nearest of taste, likest of colour, and
+all of one continuance in lasting: as for the packing vp of fruit in
+hogsheads, or shooting them vnder hatches when you transport them by
+Sea, I like neither of the courses, for the first is too close, and
+nothing more then the want of ayre doth rot fruit, the other is subiect
+to much wet, when the breach of euery Sea indangereth the washing of the
+Apples, and nothing doth more certainely spoyle them. The times most
+vnseasonable for the transporting of fruit, is either in the month of
+March, or generally in any frosty weather, for if the sharpe coldenesse
+of those ayres doe touch the fruit, it presently makes them looke
+blacke, and riuelled, so that there is no hope of their continuance.
+
+The place where you shall lay your fruit must neither be too open, nor
+too close, yet rather close then open, it must by no meanes be low vpon
+the ground, nor in any place of moistnesse: for moisture breedes
+fustinesse, and such naughty smells easily enter into the fruit, and
+taint the rellish thereof, yet if you haue no other place but some low
+cellar to lay your fruit in, then you shall raise shelues round about,
+the nearest not within two foote of the ground, and lay your Apples
+thereupon, hauing them first lyned, either with sweet Rye-straw,
+Wheate-straw, or dry ferne: as these vndermost roomes are not the best,
+so are the vppermost, if they be vnseeld, the worst of all other,
+because both the sunne, winde, and weather, peircing through the tiles,
+doth annoy and hurt the fruit: the best roome then is a well seeld
+chamber, whose windowes may be shut and made close at pleasure, euer
+obseruing with straw to defend the fruit from any moist stone wall, or
+dusty mudde wall, both which are dangerous annoyances.
+
+{SN: The seperating of Fruit.}
+Now for the seperating of your fruit, you shall lay those nearest hand,
+which are first to be spent, as those which will last but till
+Alhallontide, as the Cisling, Wibourne, and such like, by themselues:
+those which will last till Christmas, as the Costard, Pome-water,
+Queene-Apple, and such like: those which will last till Candlemas, as
+the Pome-de-roy, Goose-Apple, and such like, and those which will last
+all the yeere, as the Pippin, Duzin, Russetting, Peare-maine, and such
+like, euery one in his seuerall place, & in such order that you may
+passe from bed to bed to clense or cast forth those which be rotten or
+putrefied at your pleasure, which with all diligence you must doe,
+because those which are tainted will soone poyson the other, and
+therefore it is necessary as soone as you see any of them tainted, not
+onely to cull them out, but also to looke vpon all the rest, and deuide
+them into three parts, laying the soundest by themselues, those which
+are least tainted by themselues, and those which are most tainted by
+themselues, and so to vse them all to your best benefit.
+
+Now for the turning of your longest lasting fruit, you shall know that
+about the latter end of December is the best time to beginne, if you
+haue both got and kept them in such sort as is before sayd, and not mixt
+fruit of more earely ripening amongst them: the second time you shall
+turne them, shall be about the end of February, and so consequently once
+euery month, till Penticost, for as the yeere time increaseth in heate
+so fruit growes more apt to rot: after Whitsontide you shall turne them
+once euery fortnight, alwayes in your turning making your heapes thinner
+and thinner; but if the weather be frosty then stirre not your fruit at
+all, neither when the thaw is, for then the fruit being moist may by no
+meanes be touched: also in wet weather fruit will be a little dankish,
+so that then it must be forborne also, and therefore when any such
+moistnesse hapneth, it is good to open your windowes and let the ayre
+dry your fruit before it be turned: you may open your windowe any time
+of the yeere in open weather, as long as the sunne is vpon the skye, but
+not after, except in March onely, at what time the ayre and winde is so
+sharpe that it tainteth and riuelleth all sorts of fruits whatsoeuer.
+
+{SN: To keepe Fruit in frost.}
+If the frost be very extreame, and you feare the indangering your fruit,
+it is good to couer them somewhat thicke with fine hay, or else to lay
+them couered all ouer either in Barley-chaffe, or dry Salte: as for the
+laying them in chests of Iuniper, or Cipresse, it is but a toy, and not
+worth the practise: if you hang Apples in nettes within the ayre of the
+fire it will keepe them long, but they will be dry and withered, and
+will loose their best rellish.
+
+{SN: Of Wardens.}
+Now for the gathering, keeping, ordering, and preseruing of Wardens,
+they are in all sorts and in all respects to be vsed as you doe vse your
+Peares, onely you are to consider that they are a fruit of a much
+stronger constitution, haue a much thicker skinne, and will endure much
+harder season: neither ought you to seeke to ripen them in hast, or
+before the ordinary time of their owne nature, and therefore to them you
+shall vse neither straw, ferne, nor hay, but onely dry boards to lay
+them vpon, and no otherwise.
+
+{SN: Of Medlars and Seruices.}
+For your Medlars, you shall gather them about the midst of October,
+after such time as the frost hath nipt and bitten them, for before they
+will not be ready, or loosen from the stalke, and then they will be
+nothing ripe, but as hard as stones, for they neuer ripen vpon the tree,
+therefore as soone as you haue gathered them, you shall packe them into
+some close vessell, and couer them all ouer, and round about, with
+thicke woollen cloathes, and about the cloathes good store of hay, and
+some other waight of boards, or such like vpon them, all which must
+bring them into an extreame heate, without which they will neuer ripen
+kindely, because their ripenesse is indeed perfect rottennesse: and
+after they haue layne thus, at least a fornight, you shall then looke
+vpon them, and turning them ouer, such as you finde ripe you shall take
+away, the rest you shall let remaine still, for they will not ripen all
+at once, and those which are halfe ripe you shall also remoue into a
+third place, least if you should keepe them together, they should
+beginne to grow mouldy before the other were ready; and in the selfe
+same manner as you vse your Medlars, so you shall vse your Seruices, and
+they will ripen most kindely: or if you please to sticke them betwixt
+large clouen stickes, and to sprinckle a little olde beare vpon them,
+and so set them in a close roome, they will ripen as kindely as any
+other way whatsoeuer.
+
+{SN: Of Quinces.}
+Now for Quinces, they are a fruit which by no meanes you may place neare
+any other kinde of fruit, because their sent is so strong and peircing,
+that it will enter into any fruit, and cleane take way his naturall
+rellish: the time of their gathering is euer in October, and the meetest
+place to lay them in is where they may haue most ayre, so they may lye
+dry (for wet they can by no meanes indure,) also they must not lye
+close, because the smell of them is both strong & vnwholsome: the beds
+whereon they must lye must be of sweet straw, and you must both turne
+them and shift them very often, or else they will rot speedily: for the
+transporting or carying them any long iourney, you must vse them in all
+things as you vse your Peares, & the carriage will be safe.
+
+{SN: Of Nuts.}
+For Nuts, of what sort soeuer they be, you shall know they are ripe as
+soone as you perceiue them a little browne within the huske, or as it
+were ready to fall out of the same, the skill therefore in preseruing of
+them long from drynesse, is all that can be desired at the Fruiterers
+hands: for as touching the gathering of them, there is no scruple to be
+obserued, more then to gather them cleane from the tree, with the helpe
+of hookes and such like, for as touching the bruising of them, the shell
+is defence sufficient. After they be gathered, you shall shale them, and
+take them cleane out of their huskes, and then for preseruing them from
+either Wormes or drynesse, it shall be good to lay them in some low
+cellar, where you may couer them with sand, being first put into great
+bagges or bladders: some french-men are of opinion that if you put them
+into vessels made of Wal-nut-tree, and mixe Iuy-berries amongst them, it
+will preserue them moist a long time: others thinke, but I haue found it
+vncertaine, that to preserue Nuts in Honey will keepe them all the yeere
+as greene, moist, and pleasant, as when they hung vpon the tree: The
+Dutch-men vse (and it is an excellent practise) to take the crusht
+Crabbes (after your verdiuyce is strained out of them) and to mixe it
+with their Nuts, and so to lay them in heapes, and it will preserue them
+long: or otherwise if they be to be transported, to put them into
+barrells and to lay one layre of crusht Crabbes, and another of Nuts,
+vntill the barrell be filled, and then to close them vp, and set them
+where they may stand coole. But aboue all these foresayd experiments,
+the best way for the preseruing of Nuts is to put them into cleane
+earthen pots, and to mixe with them good store of salt and then closing
+the pots close, to set them in some coole cellar, and couer them all
+ouer with sand, and there is no doubt but they will keepe coole,
+pleasant, and moist, vntill new come againe, which is a time fully
+conuenient.
+
+{SN: Of Grapes.}
+Now to conclude, for the keeping of Grapes, you shall first vnderstand
+that the best time for their gathering is in the wane of the Moone, and
+about the midst of October, as for the knowledge of his ripenesse it is
+euer at such time as his first colour is cleane altered, for all Grapes
+before they be ripe are of a deepe, thicke, greene, colour, but after
+they be ripe, they are either of a blewish redde, or of a bright shining
+pale greene. Now for the preseruing them for our english vse, which is
+but onely for a fruit-dish at our Tables, for neither our store, nor our
+soyle, affords vs any for the wine-presse, some thinke it good, after
+they are gotten, to lay them in fine dry sand, or to glasse them vp in
+close glasses, where the ayre cannot peirce, will keepe them long, both
+full, plumpe, and sweet, but in my conceit the best course is after they
+are gotten to hang them vpon strings bunch by bunch, in such places of
+your house as they may take the ayre of the fire, and they will last
+longest, and keepe the sweetest.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. X.
+
+_Of the making of Cyder, or Perry._
+
+
+Cyder is a certaine liquor or drinke made of the iuyce of Apples, and
+Perrye the like, made of Peares, they are of great vse in France, and
+very wholsome for mans body, especially at the Sea, and in hot
+Countries: for they are coole and purgatiue, and doe preuent burning
+agues: with vs here in England Cyder is most made in the West parts, as
+about Deuon-shire & Cornwaile, & Perry in Worcester-shire,
+Glocester-shire, & such like, where indeede the greatest store of those
+kindes of fruits are to be found: the manner of making them is, after
+your fruit is gotten, you shall take euery Apple, or Peare, by it selfe,
+and looking vpon them, picke them cleane from all manner of filthinesse,
+as bruisings, rottennesse, worme-eating, and such like, neither leaue
+vpon them any stalkes, or the blacke buddes which are and grow vpon the
+tops of the fruit, which done you shall put them in to some very cleane
+vessell, or trough, and with beetells, made for the purpose, bruise or
+crush the Apples or Peares in peeces, & so remoue them into other cleane
+vessells, till all the fruit be bruised: then take a bagge of
+hayre-cloath, made at least a yard, or three quarters, square, and
+filling it full of the crusht fruit, put it in a presse of woode, made
+for the purpose, and presse out all the iuyce and moisture out of the
+fruit, turning and tossing the bagge vp and downe, vntill there be no
+more moisture to runne forth, and so baggefull after baggefull cease not
+vntill you haue prest all: wherein you are especially to obserue, that
+your vessells into which you straine your fruit be exceeding neate,
+sweet, and cleane, and there be no place of ill fauour, or annoyance
+neare them, for the liquour is most apt, especially Cyder, to take any
+infection. As soone as your liquor is prest forth and hath stoode to
+settle, about twelue houres, you shall then turne it vp into sweet
+hogsheads, as those which haue had in them last, either White-wine or
+Clarret, as for the Sacke vessell it is tollerable, but not excellent:
+you may also if you please make a small long bagge of fine linnen
+cloath, and filling it full of the powder of Cloues, Mace, Cynamon,
+Ginger, and the dry pils of Lemons, and hang it with a string at the
+bung-hole into the vessell, and it will make either the Cyder, or Perry,
+to tast as pleasantly as if it were Renish-wine, and this being done you
+shall clay vp the bung-hole with clay and salt mixt together, so close
+as is possible. And thus much for the making of Perry or Cyder.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XI.
+
+_Of the Hoppe-garden, and first of the ground and situation thereof._
+
+
+{SN: Fit ground for Hoppes.}
+That the Hoppe is of great vse and commoditie in this kingdome, both the
+Beare, which is the generall and perfect drinke of our Nation, and our
+dayly traffique, both with France, the low-Countries, and other nations,
+for this commoditie, is a continuall testimony, wherefore the first
+thing to be considered of in this worke, is the goodnesse and aptnesse
+of the ground for the bringing forth of the fruit thereof, wherein I
+thus farre consent with Maister _Scot_, that I doe not so much respect
+the writings, opinions, and demonstrations, of the Greeke, Latine, or
+French authors, who neuer were acquainted with our soyles, as I doe the
+dayly practise and experience which I collect, both from my owne
+knowledge, and the labours of others my Countrymen, best seene and
+approued in this Art: therefore to come to my purpose, you shal
+vnderstand that the light sand, whether it be redde or white, being
+simple and vnmixed is most vnfit for the planting of Hoppes, because
+that through the barrainenesse, it neither hath comfort for the roote,
+nor through his seperate lightnesse, any strong hould to maintaine and
+keepe vp the poales: likewise the most fertill rich, blacke clay, which
+of all soyles is the best and most fruitfull, is not to be allowed for a
+Hoppe garden, because his fatnesse and iuyce is so strong that the roote
+being as it were ouer-fedde, doth make the branches bring forth leaues
+in such infinite abundance that they leaue neither strength nor place
+for the fruit, either to knit, or put forth his treasure, as I haue
+seene by experience in many places: as for the earth which is of a
+morish, blacke, wet nature, and lyeth low, although I haue often times
+seene good Hoppes to grow thereupon, being well trencht, and the hils
+cast high to the best aduantage, yet it is not the principall ground of
+all others, because it is neuer long lasting, but apt to decay and grow
+past his strength of bearing. The grounds then which I haue generally
+seene to beare the best Hoppes, and whose natures doe the longest
+continue with such fruit, are those mixt earthes which are clayes with
+clayes, as blacke with white, or clayes and sands of any sorts, wherein
+the soyle is so corrected as neither too much fatnesse doth suffocate,
+nor too much leannesse doth pine: for I had euer rather haue my
+Hoppe-garden desire increase, then continually labour in abatement. And
+although some doe exceedingly condemne the chauke-ground for this vse,
+yet I haue not at any time seene better Hoppes, or in more plenty, then
+in such places, as at this day may be seene in many places about
+Hartford-shire. To conclude, though your best mixt earths bring forth
+the best Hoppes, yet there is no soyle, or earth, of what nature soeuer
+it be (if it lye free from inundation) but will bring forth good Hoppes,
+if it be put into the hands of an experienced workman.
+
+{SN: Of the Situation.}
+Now, for the situation or site of your Hoppe-garden: you shall so neare
+as you can place it neare some couer or shelter, as either of hils,
+houses, high-walles, woodes or trees, so those woodes or trees be not so
+neare that they may drop vpon your Hoppe hils, for that will kill them:
+also the nearer it is planted to your dwelling house it is somuch the
+better, both because the vigilance of your owne eye is a good guarde
+thereunto, and also the labours of your work-Maister will be more
+carefull and diligent. A Hop-garden as it delighteth much in the
+pleasantnesse of the sunne, so it cannot endure by any meanes, the
+sharpenesse of the windes, frosts, or Winter weather, and therefore your
+onely care is your defence and shelter. For the bignesse of your ground,
+it must be ordered according to your abillitie or place of trade for
+that commoditie, for if you shall haue them but for your owne vse, then
+a roode or two roodes will be inough, albeit your house keeping match
+with Nobillitie: but if you haue them for a more particuler profit,
+then you may take an Aker, two or three, according to your owne
+discretion; wherein you shall euer keepe these obseruations: that one
+mans labour cannot attend aboue two thousand fiue hundred hils, that
+euery roode will beare two hundred and fiftie hils, euery hill beare at
+least two pounds and an halfe of Hoppes, (which is the iust quantitie
+that will serue to brew one quarter of Malt) and that euery hundred
+waight of Hoppes, is at the least, in a reasonable yeere, worth
+foure-nobles the hundred: so that euery roode of ground thus imployed,
+cannot be lesse worth, at the meanest reckoning, then sixe pounds by the
+yeere: for if the ground be principall good for the purpose, and well
+ordered, the profit will be much greater, in as much as the bells of the
+Hoppes will be much greater, full, and more waighty: And thus much for
+the ground and situation.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XII.
+
+_Of the ordering of the Garden, and placing of the Hils._
+
+
+As soone as you haue chosen out your platforme of ground, you shal
+either by ploughing, or digging, or by both, make it as flat & leuell as
+is possible, vnlesse it be any thing subiect vnto water, and then you
+shall giue it some small desent, and with little trenches conuaye the
+water from annoying it: you shall also the yeere before you either make
+hill or plant it with Hoppe-rootes, sowe it all ouer with hempe, which
+will not onely kill, and stifle all sorts of weeds, but also rot the
+greene-swarth, and make the mould mellow, and apt to receiue the rootes
+when they come to be planted.
+
+Now, as soone as your ground is thus prepared, you shall then take a
+line, and with it measure your ground ouerthwart, and to euery hill
+allow at least three foote of ground euery way, and betwixt hill and
+hill, at the least sixe foote distance: and when you haue marked thus
+the number of thirty or forty places, where your hils shall be placed,
+intending euer that the time of yeere for this worke must be about the
+beginning of Aprill, you shall then in the center, or midde part of
+these places made for the site of your hils, digge small square holes of
+a foote square each way, and a full foote deepe, and in these holes you
+shall set your Hoppe-rootes, that is to say, in euery hole at least
+three rootes, and these three rootes you shall ioyne together in such
+wise that the toppes of them may be of one equall height, and agreeing
+with the face or vpper part of the earth, you shall set them straight
+and vpright, and not seperating them, as many doe, and setting at each
+corner of the hole a roote, neither shall you twist them, and set both
+ends vpward, nor lay them flat or crosse-wise in the earth, neither
+shall you make the hils first and set the rootes after, nor immediately
+vpon the setting cast great hils vpon them, all which are very vilde
+wayes for the setting of Hoppes, but, as before I sayd, hauing ioyned
+your rootes together, you shall place them straight and vpright, and so
+holding them in one hand, with the other put the moulds close, firme,
+and perfectly about them, especially to each corner of the hole, which
+done you shall likewise couer the sets themselues all ouer with fine
+moulds, at least two fingers thicke, and in this sort you shall plant
+all your garden quite ouer, making the sites for your hill to stand in
+rowes and rankes, in such order that you may haue euery way betweene the
+hils small alleyes and passages, wherein you may goe at pleasure from
+hill to hill, without any trouble or annoyance, according to that forme
+which I haue before prescribed touching the placing of your Apple-trees
+in each seuerall quarter in your Orchard: and herein you are to
+vnderstand, that in this first yeere of planting your Hoppe-garden you
+shall by no meanes fashion or make any great hils, but onely raise that
+part of the earth where your plants are set, some two or three fingers
+higher then the ordinary ground.
+
+{SN: The choise of Rootes.}
+Now, before I proceede any further, I thinke it not amisse to speake
+some thing touching the choise, gathering and trimming of Hoppe-rootes:
+wherefore you shall vnderstand that about the latter end of March is the
+best gathering of Hoppe-rootes, which so neare as you can you shall
+select out of some garden of good reputation, which is both carefully
+kept, and by a man of good knowledge, for there euery thing being
+preserued in his best perfection, the rootes will be the greatest and
+most apt to take: and in the choise of your rootes you shall euer chuse
+those which are the greatest, as namely, such as are at the least three
+or foure inches about, & ten inches long, let euery roote containe about
+three ioynts, and no more, and in any case let them be the cyons of the
+last yeeres growth: if they be perfectly good they haue a great greene
+stalke with redde streakes, and a hard, broad, long, greene, bell; if
+they be otherwise, as namely, wilde-Hoppes, then they are small and
+slender, like thriddes, their colour is all redde, euen when it is at
+least three yards high, whereas the best Hoppe carieth his reddish
+colour not three foote from the earth. Now hauing gotten such rootes as
+are good and fit for your purpose, if the season of the weather, or
+other necessitie hinder you from presently setting them, you shall then
+either lay them in some puddle, neare to your garden, or else bury them
+in the ground, vntill fit time for their planting: and of the two it is
+better to bury them then lay them in puddle, because if you so let them
+lye aboue xxiiij. houres, the rootes will be spoyled.
+
+Now after you haue in manner aforeshewed, planted your garden with
+rootes, it shall not be amisse, if the place be apt to such annoyance,
+to pricke vpon the site of euery hill a few sharpe Thornes to defend
+them from the scratching of poultry, or such like, which euer are busie
+to doe mischeife: yet of all house-fowle Geese be the worst, but if your
+fence be as it ought, high, strong, and close, it will both preuent
+their harme and this labour.
+
+{SN: Of Poales.}
+Next vnto this worke is the placing of Poales, of which we will first
+speake of the choise thereof, wherein if I discent from the opinion of
+other men, yet imagine I set downe no Oracle, but referre you to the
+experience or the practise, and so make your owne discreation the
+arbiter betweene our discentions. It is the opinion of some, that
+Alder-poales are most proper and fit for the Hoppe-garden, both that the
+Hoppe taketh, as they say, a certaine naturall loue to that woode, as
+also that the roughnesse of the rinde is a stay & benefit to the growth
+of the Hoppe: to all which I doe not disagree, but that there should be
+found Alder-poales of that length, as namely, xvj. or xviij. foote long,
+nine, or ten, inches in compasse, and with all rush-growne, straight,
+and fit for this vse, seemeth to mee as much as a miracle, because in my
+life I haue not beheld the like, neither doe I thinke our kingdome can
+afford it, vnlesse in some such especiall place where they are purposely
+kept and maintained, more to shew the art of their maintenance, then the
+excellency of their natures: in this one benefit, and doutlesse where
+they are so preserued, the cost of their preseruation amounteth to more
+than the goodnesse of their extraordinary quallitie, which mine author
+defends to the contrary, giuing them a larger prerogatiue, in that they
+are cheaper to the purse, more profitable to the plant, and lesse
+consumption to the common-wealth: but I greatly doubt in the
+approbation, and therefore mine aduise is not to rely onely vpon the
+Alder, and for his preheminence imagine all other poales insufficient:
+but be assured that either, the Oake-poale, the Ashe, the Beeche, the
+Aspe, or Maple, are euery way as good, as profitable, and by many
+degrees much longer lasting.
+
+{SN: The proportion of the Poale.}
+{SN: Of cutting and erecting Poales.}
+Now, if it be so that you happen to liue in the champian Country, as for
+the most part Northampton shire, Oxford-shire, some parts of Leycester
+and Rutland are, or in the wet and low Countries, as Holland, and Kesten
+in Lincolne-shire, or the Ile of Elye in Cambridge-shire, all which
+places are very barraine of woode, and yet excellent soyles to beare
+Hoppes, rather then to loose the commoditie of the Hoppe-garden I wish
+you to plant great store of Willowes, which will afforde you poales as
+sufficient as any of the other whatsoeuer, onely they are not so long
+lasting, and yet with carefull and dry keeping, I haue seene them last
+full out seauen yeeres, a time reasonably sufficient for any young
+woode, for such a vse. Thus you see the curiositie is not very great of
+what woode so euer your poale be, so it be of young and cleane growth,
+rush-growne, (that is to say, biggest at the neather end) eighteene
+foote in length, and ten inches in compasse. These poales you shall cut
+and prepare betwixt the feast of Al-Saints, and Christmas, and so pile
+them vp in some dry place, where they may take no wet, vntill it be
+midde-Aprill, at which time (your Hoppes being shot out of the ground at
+least three quarters of a yarde, so that you may discerne the principall
+cyons which issue from the principall rootes) you shall then bring your
+poales into the garden, and lay them along in the alleyes, by euery hill
+so many poales as shall be sufficient for the maine branches, which
+happely the first yeere will not be aboue two or three poales at the
+most to a hill, but in processe of time more, as foure or fiue,
+according to the prosperitie of the plants, and the largenesse of the
+hils. After you haue thus layd your poales, you shall then beginne to
+set them vp in this sort: first, you shall take a gaue-locke, or crow of
+iron, and strike it into the earth so neare vnto the roote of the Hoppe
+as is possible, prouided alwayes that you doe not bruise, or touch the
+roote, and so stroake after stroake, cease not striking till you haue
+made a hoale at least two foote deepe, and make them a little slantwise
+inward towards the hill, that the poales in their standing may shoote
+outwards and hould their greatest distance in the toppes: this done you
+shall place the poales in those hoales, thus made with the iron crow,
+and with another peece of woode, made rammer-wise, that is to say, as
+bigge at the neather end as the biggest part of the poale, or somewhat
+more, you shall ramme in the poales, and beate the earth firme and hard
+about them: alwayes prouided, that you touch not any branch, or as
+little as you may beate with your rammer within betweene the poales,
+onely on the out-side make them so fast that the winde, or weather, may
+not disorder or blow them downe: then lay to the bottome of euery poale
+the branch which shall ascend it, and you shall see in a short space,
+how out of their owne natures, they will imbrace and climbe about them.
+
+Now, if it happen after your Hoppes are growne vp, yet not come to their
+full perfection, that any of your poales chance to breake, you shall
+then take a new poale, and with some soft greene rushes, or the inmost
+greene barke of an Alder-tree, tye the toppe of the Hoppe to the toppe
+of the new poale, then draw the broken poale out of the Hoppe (I meane
+that part which being broken lyeth vpon the ground) and as you saw it
+did winde about the olde poale (which is euer the same way that the
+sunne runnes) so you shall winde it about the new poale: then loosening
+the earth a little from the neather part of the broken poale, you may
+with your owne strength pull it cleane out of the earth, and place the
+new poale in his roome. Now, there be some which are exceeding curious
+in pulling vp these olde poales, and rather then they will shake the
+earth, or loosen the mould, they will make a paire of large pincers, or
+tarriers of iron, at least fiue foote long with sharpe teeth, and a
+clasping hooke to hould the teeth together, when they haue taken fast
+hould vpon the poale so neare the earth as is possible, and then laying
+a peice of woode vnder the tarriers, and poysing downe the other ends to
+rest the poale out of the earth without any disturbance, the modell or
+fashion of which instrument is contained in this figure:
+
+{Illustration}
+
+This instrument is not to be discommended, but to be held of good vse,
+either in binding grounds where the earth hardneth and houldeth the
+poale more then fast, or in the strength and heate of summer, when the
+drynesse of the mould will by no meanes suffer the poale to part from
+it: but otherwise it is needlesse and may without danger be omitted.
+
+As soone as you haue sufficiently set euery hill with poales, and that
+there is no disorder in your worke, you shall when the Hoppes beginne to
+climbe, note if their be any cyons or branches which doe forsake the
+poales, and rather shoote alongst the ground then looke vp to their
+supporters, and all such as you shall so finde, you shall as before I
+sayd, either with soft greene rushes, or the greene barke of Elder, tye
+them gently vnto the poales, and winde them about, in the same course
+that the sunne goes, as oft as conueniently you can: and this you shall
+doe euer after the dew is gone from the ground, and not before, and this
+must be done with all possible speede, for that cyon which is the
+longest before it take vnto the poale is euer the worst and brings forth
+his fruit in the worst season.
+
+{SN: Of the Hils.}
+Now, as touching the making of your hils, you shall vnderstand that
+although generally they are not made the first yeere, yet it is not
+amisse if you omit that scruple, and beginne to make your hils as soone
+as you haue placed your poales, for if your industry be answerable to
+the desert of the labour, you shall reape as good profit the first
+yeere, as either the second or the third. To beginne therefore to make
+your hils, you shall make you an instrument like a stubbing Hoe, which
+is a toole wherewith labourers stubbe rootes out of decayed woode-land
+grounds, onely this shall be somewhat broader and thinner, somewhat in
+fashion (though twice so bigge) vnto a Coopers Addes, with a shaft at
+least foure foote long: some onely for this purpose vse a fine paring
+spade, which is euery way as good, and as profitable, the fashion of
+which is in this figure.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+With this paring spade, or hoe, you shall pare vp the greene-swarth and
+vppermost earth, which is in the alleyes betweene the hils, and lay it
+vnto the rootes of the Hoppes, raising them vp like small Mole-hils, and
+so monthly increasing them all the yeere through, make them as large as
+the site of your ground will suffer, which is at least foure or fiue
+foote ouerthwart in the bottome, and so high as conueniently that height
+will carry: you shall not by any meanes this first yeere decay any cyons
+or branches which spring from the hils, but maintaine them in their
+growth, and suffer them to climbe vp the poales, but after the first
+yeere is expired you shall not suffer aboue two or three cyons, at the
+most, to rise vpon one poale. After your hils are made, which as before
+I sayd would be at least foure or fiue foote square in the bottome, and
+three foote high, you shall then diligently euery day attend your
+garden, and if you finde any branches that being risen more then halfe
+way vp the poales, doe then forsake them and spread outward, dangling
+downe, then you shall either with the helpe of a high stoole, on which
+standing you may reach the toppe of the poale, or else with a small
+forckt sticke, put vp the branch, and winde it about the poale: you
+shall also be carefull that no weeds or other filthinesse grow about the
+rootes of your Hoppes to choake them, but vpon the first discouery to
+destroy them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XIII.
+
+_Of the gathering of Hoppes, and the preseruing of the Poales._
+
+
+Touching the gathering of Hoppes you shall vnderstand that after Saint
+_Margarets_ day they beginne to blossome, if it be in hot and rich
+soyles, but otherwise not till Lammas: likewise in the best soyles they
+bell at Lammas, in the worst at Michaelmas, and in the best earth they
+are full ripe at Michaelmas, in the worst at Martillmas; but to know
+when they are ripe indeede, you shall perceiue the seede to loose his
+greene colour, and looke as browne as a Hares backe, wherefore then you
+shall with all dilligence gather them, and because they are a fruit that
+will endure little or no delay, as being ready to fall as soone as they
+be ripe, and because the exchange of weather may breede change in your
+worke, you shall vpon the first aduantage of faire weather, euen so
+soone as you shall see the dewe exhaled and drawne from the earth, get
+all the ayde of Men, Women, and children which haue any vnderstanding,
+to helpe you, and then hauing some conuenient empty barne, or shedde,
+made either of boards or canuas, neare to the garden, in which you shall
+pull your Hoppes, you shall then beginne at the nearest part of the
+garden, and with a sharpe garden knife cut the stalkes of the Hoppes
+asunder close by the toppes of the hils; and then with a straite forke
+of iron, made broad and sharpe, for the purpose, shere vp all the
+Hoppes, and leaue the poales naked. Then hauing labouring persons for
+the purpose, let them cary them vnto the place where they are to be
+puld; and in any case cut no more then presently is caryed away as fast
+as they are cut, least if a shower of raine should happen to fall, and
+those being cut and taking wet, are in danger of spoyling. You shall
+prouide that those which pull your Hoppes be persons of good discretion,
+who must not pull them one by one, but stripe them roundly through their
+hands into baskets, mixing the young budds and small leaues with them,
+which are as good as any part of the Hoppe whatsoeuer. After you haue
+pulled all your Hoppes and carried them into such conuenient dry roomes
+as you haue prepared for that purpose, you shall then spread them vpon
+cleane floares, so thinne as may be, that the ayre may passe thorrow
+them, least lying in heapes they sweat, and so mould, before you can
+haue leasure to dry them. After your Hoppes are thus ordered, you shall
+then cleanse your garden of all such Hoppe-straw, and other trash, as in
+the gathering was scattered therein: then shall you plucke vp all your
+Hoppe-poales, in manner before shewed, and hauing either some dry
+boarded house, or shed, made for the purpose, pile then one vpon
+another, safe from winde or weather, which howsoeuer some that would
+haue their experience, like a Collossus, seeme greater then it is, doe
+disalow, yet it is the best manner of keeping of poales, and well worthy
+the charge: but for want of such a house, it shall not be amisse to take
+first your Hoppe-straw, and lay it a good thicknesse vpon the ground,
+and with sixe strong stakes, driuen slant-wise into the earth, so as the
+vppermost ends may be inward one to another, lay then your Hoppe-poales
+betweene the stakes, and pile them one vpon another, drawing them
+narrower and narrower to the top, and then couer them all ouer with more
+Hoppe-straw, and so let them rest till the next March, at which time
+you shall haue new occasion to vse them.
+
+{SN: Winter businesse.}
+As soone as you haue piled vp your Hoppe-poales, dry and close, then you
+shall about mid-Nouember following throw downe your hils, and lay all
+your rootes bare, that the sharpenesse of the season may nip them, and
+keepe them from springing too earely: you shall also then bring into the
+garden olde Cow-dunge, which is at least two yeeres olde, for no new
+dunge is good, and this you shall lay in some great heape in some
+conuenient place of the garden vntill Aprill, at which time, after you
+haue wound your Hoppes about your poales, you shall then bestow vpon
+euery hill two or three spade-full of the Manure mixt with earth, which
+will comfort the plant and make it spring pleasantly.
+
+After your hils are puld downe, you shall with your garden spade, or
+your hoe, vndermine all the earth round about the roote of the Hoppe,
+till you come to the principall rootes thereof, and then taking the
+youngest rootes in your hand, and shaking away the earth, you shall see
+how the new rootes grow from the olde sets, then with a sharpe knife cut
+away all those rootes as did spring the yeere before, out of your sets,
+within an inch and an halfe of the same, but euery yeere after the first
+you shall cut them close by the olde rootes. Now, if you see any rootes
+which doe grow straight downward, without ioynts, those you shall not
+cut at all, for they are great nourishers of the plant, but if they grow
+outward, or side-wayes, they are of contrary natures, and must
+necessarily be cut away. If any of your Hoppes turne wilde, as oft it
+happens, which you shall know by the perfect rednesse of the branch,
+then you shall cut it quite vp, and plant a new roote in his place.
+After you haue cut and trimmed all your rootes, then you shall couer
+them againe, in such sort as you were taught at the first planting them,
+and so let them abide till their due time for poaling.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XIIII.
+
+_Of drying, and not drying of Hoppes, and of packing them when they are
+dried._
+
+
+Although there be much curiositie in the drying of Hoppes as well in the
+temperature of heate (which hauing any extremitie, as either of heate,
+or his contrary, breedeth disorder in the worke) as also in the framing
+of the Ost or furnace after many new moulds and fashions, as variable as
+mens wits and experiences, yet because innouations and incertainty doth
+rather perplexe then profit, I will shunne, as much as in me lyeth, from
+loading the memory of the studious Husbandman with those stratagems
+which disable his vnderstanding from the attaining of better perfection,
+not disalowing any mans approued knowledge, or thinking that because
+such a man can mend smoking Chimnyes, therefore none but hee shall haue
+license to make Chimnyes, or that because some men can melt Mettall
+without winde, therefore it shall be vtterly vnlawfull to vse bellowes:
+these violent opinions I all together disacknowledge, and wish euery one
+the liberty of his owne thoughts, and for mine English Husband, I will
+shew him that way to dry his Hoppes which is most fit for his profit,
+safe, easie, and without extraordinary expences.
+
+First then to speake of the time which is fittest for the drying of your
+Hoppes, it is immediately as soone as they are gotten, if more vrgent
+occasions doe not delay the businesse, which if they happen, then you
+haue a forme before prescribed how to preserue them from mouldinesse and
+putrifaction till you can compasse fit time to effect the worke in. The
+manner of drying them is vpon a Kilne, of which there be two sorts, that
+is to say, an English Kilne, and a French Kilne: the English Kilne being
+composed of woode, lath, and clay, and therefore subiect to some danger
+of fire, the French, of bricke, lime, and sand, and therefore safe,
+close, and without all perill, and to be preferred much before the
+other: yet because I haue hereafter more occasion to speake of the
+nature, fashion, and edifice of Kilnes in that part of this Volumne
+where I intreate of Malting, I will cease further to mention them then
+to say that vpon a Kilne is the best drying your Hoppes, after this
+manner, hauing finely bedded your Kilne with Wheate-straw, you shall lay
+on your hayre cloath, although some disallow it, but giue no reason
+therefore, yet it cannot be hurtfull in any degree, for it neither
+distasteth the Hoppes, nor defendeth them from the fire, making the
+worke longer then it would, but it preserueth both the Hoppes from
+filthynesse, and their seede from losse: when your hayre-cloath is
+spread, you shall cause one to deliuer you vp your Hoppes in baskets,
+which you shall spread vpon the cloath, all ouer the Kilne, at the least
+eight inches thicke, and then comming downe, and going to the hole of
+the Kilne, you shall with a little dry straw kindle the fire, and then
+maintaining it with more straw, you shall keepe a fire a little more
+feruent then for the drying of a kilne-full of Malt, being assured that
+the same quantitie of fuell, heate, and time, which dryeth a kilne-full
+of Malt, will also dry a kilne-full of Hoppes, and if your Kilne will
+dry twenty strikes, or bushels of Malt at one drying, then it will dry
+forty of Hoppes, because being layd much thicker the quantitie can be no
+lesse then doubled, which is a speede all together sufficient, and may
+very well serue to dry more Hoppes then any one man hath growing in this
+kingdome.
+
+Now, for as much as some men doe not alow to dry Hoppes with straw, but
+rather preferre woode, and of woode still to chuse the greenest, yet I
+am of a contrary opinion, for I know by experience that the smoake which
+proceedeth from woode, (especially if it be greene woode) being a strong
+and sharpe vapour, doth so taint and infect the Hoppes that when those
+Hoppes come to be brewed with, they giue the drinke a smoakie taste,
+euen as if the Malt it selfe had beene woode-dryed: the vnpleasantnesse
+whereof I leaue to the iudgement of them that haue trauelled in
+York-shire, where, for the most part, is nothing but woode-dryed Malt
+onely.
+
+That you may know when your Hoppes are dry inough, you shall take a
+small long sticke, and stirring the Hoppes too and fro with it, if the
+Hoppes doe russell and make a light noyse, each as it were seperating
+one from another, then they are altogether dry inough, but if in any
+part you finde them heauy or glewing one to another, then they haue not
+inough of the fire: also when they are sufficiently and moderately dryed
+they are of a bright-browne colour, little or nothing altered from that
+they held when they were vpon the stalke, but if they be ouer dryed,
+then their colour will be redde: and if they were not well ordered
+before they were dryed, but suffered either to take wet or mould, then
+they will looke blacke when they are dry.
+
+{SN: Of the drying Hoppes.}
+There be some which are of opinion that if you doe not dry your Hoppes
+at all, it shall be no losse, but it is an errour most grose, for if
+they be not dryed, there is neither profit in their vse, nor safty in
+preseruing them.
+
+As soone as your Hoppes are sufficiently dryed, you shall by the
+plucking vp of the foure corners of your hayre-cloath thrust all your
+Hoppes together, and then putting them into baskets, carry them into
+such dry places as you haue prepared of purpose to lay them in, as
+namely, either in dry-fats, or in garners, made either of plaster, or
+boards: and herein you shall obserue to packe them close and hard
+together, which will be a meanes that if any of them be not dry, yet the
+heate they shall get by such lying will dry them fully and make them fit
+for seruice.
+
+{SN: Of packing Hoppes.}
+Now to conclude, if your store of Hoppes be so great that you shall
+trade or make Marchandize of them, then either to conuay them by land or
+Sea, it is best that you packe them into great bagges of canuas, made in
+fashion of those bagges which woole-men vse, and call them pockets, but
+not being altogether so large: these bagges you shall open, and either
+hang vp betweene some crosse-beames, or else let downe into some lower
+floare, and then putting in your Hoppes cause a man to goe into the
+bagge and tread downe the Hoppes, so hard as is possible, pressing downe
+basket-full after basket-full, till the bagge be filled, euen vnto the
+toppe, and then with an extraordinary packe-thriede, sowing the open end
+of the bagge close together, let euery hollow place be crammed with
+Hoppes, whilst you can get one hand-full to goe in, and so hauing made
+euery corner strong and fast, let them lye dry till you haue occasion
+either to shippe or cart them. And thus much for the ordering of Hoppes,
+and their vses.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XV.
+
+_The office of the Gardiner, and first of the Earth, Situation, and
+fencing of a Garden for pleasure._
+
+
+There is to be required at the hands of euery perfect Gardiner three
+especiall vertues, that is to say, _Diligence_, _Industry_, and _Art_:
+the two first, as namely, _Diligence_ (vnder which word I comprehend his
+loue, care, and delight in the vertue hee professeth) and _Industry_
+(vnder which word I conclude his labour, paine, and study, which are the
+onely testimonies of his perfection) hee must reape from Nature: for, if
+hee be not inclined, euen from the strength of his blood to this loue
+and labour, it is impossible he should euer proue an absolute gardiner:
+the latter, which containeth his skill, habit, and vnderstanding in what
+hee professeth, I doubt not but hee shall gather from the abstracts or
+rules which shall follow hereafter in this Treatise, so that where
+nature, and this worke shall concurre in one subiect, there is no doubt
+to be made, but the professor shall in all points, be able to discharge
+a sufficient dutie.
+
+Now, for as much as all our antient and forraine writers (for wee are
+very sleightly beholding to our selues for these indeauours) are
+exceeding curious in the choise of earth, and situation of the plot of
+ground which is meete for the garden: yet I, that am all English
+Husbandman, and know our soyles out of the worthinesse of their owne
+natures doe as it were rebell against forraine imitation, thinking their
+owne vertues are able to propound their owne rules: and the rather when
+I call into my remembrance, that in all the forraine places I haue
+seene, there is none more worthy then our owne, and yet none ordered
+like our owne, I cannot be induced to follow the rules of Italie,
+vnlesse I were in Italie, neither those of France, vnlesse I dwelt in
+France, nor those of Germany except in Germany I had my habitation,
+knowing that the too much heate of the one, or the too much coldnesse of
+the other, must rather confound then help in our temperate climate:
+whence it comes, that our english booke-knowledge in these cases is both
+disgraced and condemned, euery one fayling in his experiments, because
+he is guided by no home-bredde, but a stranger; as if to reade the
+english tongue there were none better then an Italian Pedant. This to
+auoide, I will neither begge ayde nor authoritie from strangers, but
+reuerence them as worthies and fathers of their owne Countries.
+
+{SN: Of the ground.}
+To speake therefore first of the ground which is fit for the garden,
+albeit the best is best worthy, the labour least, and the profit most
+certaine, yet it is not meete that you refuse any earth whatsoeuer, both
+because a garden is so profitable, necessary, and such an ornament and
+grace to euery house and house-keeper, that the dwelling place is lame
+and maymed if it want that goodly limbe, and beauty. Besides, if no
+gardens should be planted but in the best and richest soyles, it were
+infinite the losse we should sustaine in our priuate profit, and in the
+due commendations, fit for many worthy workmen, who haue reduced the
+worst and barrainest earths to as rare perfection and profit as if they
+had beene the onely soyles of this kingdome: and for mine owne part, I
+doe not wonder either at the worke of Art or Nature, when I behould in a
+goodly, rich, and fertill soyle, a garden adorned with all the delights
+and delicacies which are within mans vnderstanding, because the naturall
+goodnesse of the earth (which not induring to be idle) will bring forth
+whatsoeuer is cast into her: but when I behould vpon a barraine, dry,
+and deiected earth, such as the Peake-hils, where a man may behould Snow
+all summer, or on the East-mores, whose best hearbage is nothing but
+mosse, and iron stone, in such a place, I say, to behould a delicate,
+rich, and fruitfull garden, it shewes great worthinesse in the owner,
+and infinite Art and industry in the workeman, and makes me both admire
+and loue the begetters of such excellencies.
+
+But to returne to my purpose touching the choise of your earth for a
+garden, sith no house can conueniently be without one, and that our
+English Nation is of that great popularitie, that not the worst place
+thereof but is abundantly inhabited, I thinke it meete that you refuse
+no earth whatsoeuer to plant your garden vpon, euer obseruing this rule,
+that the more barraine it is, the more cost must be bestowed vpon it,
+both in Manuring, digging, and in trenching, as shall be shewed
+hereafter, and the more rich it is, lesse cost of such labour, and more
+curiositie in weeding, proyning, and trimming the earth: for, as the
+first is too slow, so the latter is too swift, both in her increase and
+multiplication.
+
+Now, for the knowledge of soyles, which is good, and which is badde, I
+haue spoken sufficiently already in that part which intreateth of
+Tillage, onely this one caueat I will giue you, as soone as you haue
+markt out your garden-plot, you shall turne vp a sodde, and taking some
+part of the fresh mould, champe it betweene your teeth in your mouth,
+and if it taste sweetish then is the mould excellent good and fit to
+receiue either seedes or plants, without much Manuring, but if it taste
+salt or bitter, then it is a great signe of barrainenesse, and must of
+necessitie be corrected with Manure: for saltnesse sheweth much
+windinesse, which choaketh and stifleth the seede, and bitternesse that
+vnnaturall heate which blasteth it before it sprout.
+
+{SN: Of the situation.}
+Now, for the situation of the garden-plot for pleasure, you shall
+vnderstand that it must euer be placed so neare vnto the dwelling house
+as is possible, both because the eye of the owner may be a guard and
+support from inconueniences, as also that the especiall roomes and
+prospects of the house may be adorned, perfumed, and inriched, with the
+delicate proportions, odorifferous smells, and wholsome ayres which
+shall ascend and vaporate from the same, as may more amply be seene in
+that former Chapter, where modelling forth the Husbandmans house, I shew
+you the site and place for his Garden, onely you must diligently
+obserue, that neare vnto this garden doe not stand any houells, stackes
+of hay, or Corne, which ouer-pearing the walls, or fence, of the same,
+may by reason of winde, or other occasion, annoy the same with straw,
+chaffe, seedes, or such like filthinesse, which doth not onely blemish
+the beauty thereof, but is also naturally very hurtfull and cankerous to
+all plants whatsoeuer. Within this garden plot would be also either some
+Well, Pumpe, Conduit, Pond, or Cesterne for water, sith a garden, at
+many times of the yeere, requireth much watering: & this place for water
+you shall order and dispose according to your abillitie, and the nature
+of the soyle, as thus: if both your reputation, and your wealth be of
+the lowest account, if then your garden aford you a plaine Well, comely
+couered, or a plaine Pump, it shall be sufficient, or if for want of
+such springs you digge a fayre Pond in some conuenient part thereof, or
+else (which is much better) erect a Cesterne of leade, into which by
+pippes may discend all the raine-water which falls about any part of the
+house, it will serue for your purpose: but if God haue bestowed vpon you
+a greater measure of his blessings, both in wealth & account, if then
+insteade of either Well, Pumpe, Pond, or Cesterne, you erect Conduits,
+or continuall running Fountaines, composed of Antique workes, according
+to the curiositie of mans inuention, it shall be more gallant and
+worthy: and these Conduits or water-courses, you may bring in pippes of
+leade from other remote or more necessary places of water springs,
+standing aboue the leuell of your garden, as euery Artist in the
+profession of such workes can more amply declare vnto you, onely for mee
+let it be sufficient to let you vnderstand that euery garden would be
+accompanied with water.
+
+Also you shall haue great care that there adioyne not vnto your
+garden-plot any common-shewers, stinking or muddy dikes, dung-hils, or
+such like, the annoyance of whose smells and euill vapors doth not onely
+corrupt and breede infection in man, but also cankereth, killeth and
+consumeth all manner of plants, especially those which are most
+pleasant, fragrant, and odorifferous, as being of tenderest nature and
+qualitie: and for this cause diuers will not alow the moating of
+garden-plots about, imagining that the ouer great moistnesse thereof,
+and the strong smells which doe arise from the mudde in the Summer
+season, doe corrupt and putrifie the hearbes and plants within the
+compasse of the same, but I am not altogether of that opinion, for if
+the water be sweet, or the channell thereof sandy or grauelly, then
+there is no such scruple to be taken: but if it be contrary, then it is
+with all care to be auoyded, because it is euer a Maxime in this case,
+that your garden-plot must euer be compassed with the pleasantest and
+sweetest ayre that may be.
+
+The windes which you shall generally defend from your garden, are the
+Easterne windes and the Northerne, because they are sharpest, coldest,
+and bring with them tempers of most vnseasonablenesse, & albeit in
+Italie, Spaine, and such like hot Countries, they rather defend away the
+Westerne and Southerne winde, giuing free passage to the East and North,
+yet with England it may not be so, because the naturall coldenes of our
+Climate is sufficient without any assistance to further bitternesse,
+our best industry being to be imployed rather to get warmth, which may
+nourish and bring forth our labours, then any way to diminish or weaken
+the same.
+
+This plot of ground also would lye, as neare as you can, at the foote or
+bottome of an hill, both that the hill may defend the windes and sharpe
+weather from the same, as also that you may haue certaine ascents or
+risings of state, from leuell to leuell, as was in some sort before
+shewed in the plot for the Orchard, and shall be better declared in the
+next Chapter.
+
+{SN: Of fencing the garden.}
+Now lastly for the fencing or making priuate the garden-plot, it is to
+be done according to your abillitie, and the nature of the climate
+wherein you liue: as thus, if your reuenewes will reach thereunto, and
+matter be to be got, for that purpose, where you liue, then you shall
+vnderstand that your best fence is a strong wall, either of Bricke,
+Ashler, rough-Stone, or Earth, of which you are the best-owner, or can
+with least dammage compasse: but for want either of earth to make
+bricke, or quarries out of which to get stone, it shall not then be
+amisse to fence your garden with a tall strong pale of seasoned Oake,
+fixt to a double parris raile, being lined on the inside with a thicke
+quicke-set of white-Thorne, the planting whereof shall be more largely
+spoken of where I intreate of fencing onely. But if the place where you
+liue in, be so barraine of timber that you cannot get sufficient for the
+purpose, then you shall make a studde wall, which shall be splinted and
+lomed both with earth and lime, and hayre, and copt vpon the toppe (to
+defend away wet) either with tile, slate, or straw, and this wall is
+both beautifull, and of long continuance, as may be seene in the most
+parts of the South of this kingdome: but if either your pouerty or
+climate doe deny you timber for this purpose, you shall then first make
+a small trench round about your garden-plot, and set at least foure
+rowes of quicke-set of white-Thorne, one aboue another, and then round
+about the outside, to defend the quick-set, make a tall fence of dead
+woode, being either long, small, brushy poales prickt into the earth,
+and standing vpright, and so bound together in the wast betweene two
+other poales, according to the figure set downe,
+
+{Illustration}
+
+being so high that not any kinde of Pullen may flie ouer the same, or
+else an ordinary hedge of common woode, being beyrded vpon the toppe
+with sharpe Thornes, in such wise that not any thing may dare to
+aduenture ouer it: and this dead fence you shall repaire and maintaine
+as occasion shall require from time to time, till your quicke-set be
+growne vp, and, by continuall plashing and interfouldings, be made able
+and sufficient to fence and defend your garden, which will be within
+fiue or seauen yeeres at the most, and so continue with good order for
+euer. And thus much for the situation of gardens.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XVI.
+
+_Of the fashion of the garden-plot for pleasure, the Alleyes, Quarters,
+Digging and Dungging of the same._
+
+
+{SN: The fashion.}
+After you haue chosen out and fenced your garden-plot, according as is
+before sayd, you shall then beginne to fashion and proportion out the
+same, sith in the conuayance remaineth a great part of the gardiners
+art. And herein you shall vnderstand that there be two formes of
+proportions belonging to the garden, the first, onely beautifull, as the
+plaine, and single square, contayning onely foure quarters, with his
+large Alleyes euery way, as was discribed before in the Orchard: the
+other both beautifull and stately, as when there is one, two or three
+leuelled squares, each mounting seauen or eight steppes one aboue
+another, and euery square contayning foure seuerall Quarters with their
+distinct and seuerall Alleyes of equall breadth and proportion; placing
+in the center of euery square, that is to say, where the foure corners of
+the foure Quarters doe as it were neighbour and meete one another,
+either a Conduit of antique fashion, a Standard of some vnusuall deuise,
+or else some Dyall, or other Piramed, that may grace and beautifie the
+garden. And herein I would haue you vnderstand that I would not haue you
+to cast euery square into one forme or fashion of Quarters or Alleyes,
+for that would shew little varytie or inuention in Art, but rather to
+cast one in plaine Squares, another in Tryangulars, another in
+roundalls, & so a fourth according to the worthinesse of conceite, as in
+some sort you may behould by these figures, which questionlesse when
+they are adorned with their ornaments, will breed infinite delight to
+the beholders.
+
+{Illustration: The Plaine Square.}
+
+{Illustration: The Square Triangular or circular.}
+
+{Illustration: The Square of eight Diamonds.}
+
+From the modell of these Squares, Tryangles, and Rounds, any
+industrious braine may with little difficulty deriue and fashion to
+himselfe diuers other shapes and proportions, according to the nature
+and site of the earth, which may appeare more quaint and strange then
+these which are in our common vse, albeit these are in the truth of
+workmanship the perfect father and mother of all proportions whatsoeuer.
+
+{SN: The ordering of Alleyes.}
+Now, you shall vnderstand that concerning the Alleyes and walkes in this
+garden of pleasure, it is very meete that your ground, being spacious
+and large, (which is the best beauty) that you cut through the midst of
+euery Alley an ample and large path or walke, the full depth of the
+roote of the greene-swarth, and at least the breadth of seauen or eight
+foote: and in this path you shall strow either some fine redde-sand, of
+a good binding nature, or else some fine small grauell, or for want of
+both them you may take the finest of your pit-coale-dust, which will
+both keepe your Alleyes dry and smooth, and also not suffer any grasse
+or greene thing to grow within them, which is disgracefull, if it be
+suffered: the French-men doe vse, to couer their Alleyes, either with
+the powder of marble, or the powder of slate-stone, or else paue them
+either with Pit-stone, Free-stone, or Tiles, the first of which is too
+hard to get, the other great cost to small purpose, the rather sith our
+owne grauell is in euery respect as beautifull, as dry, as strong, and
+as long lasting: Onely this heedfulnesse you must diligently obserue,
+that if the situation of your garden-plot be low and much subiect to
+moisture, that then these middle-cut paths or walkes must be heightned
+vp in the midst, and made in a proportionall bent or compasse: wherein
+you shall obserue that the out most verdges of the walke must be leuell
+with the greene-swarth which holded in each side, and the midst so truly
+raised vp in compasse, that the raine which falles may haue a passage to
+each side of the greene-swarth. Now, the lesse this compasse is made (so
+it auoyde the water, and remaine hard) the better it is, because by
+that meanes both the eye shall be deceiued (which shewes art in the
+workman) and the more leuell they are, the more ease vnto them which
+shall continually walke vpon them.
+
+{SN: Obiection.}
+Now, if any shall obiect, why I doe not rather couet to haue these
+Alleyes or walkes rather all greene, then thus cut and deuided, sith it
+is a most beautifull thing to see a pleasant greene walke, my answere is
+this, that first the mixture of colours, is the onely delight of the eye
+aboue all other: for beauty being the onely obiect in which it ioyeth,
+that beautie is nothing but an excellent mixture, or consent of colours,
+as in the composition of a delicate woman the grace of her cheeke is the
+mixture of redde and white, the wonder of her eye blacke and white, and
+the beauty of her hand blewe and white, any of which is not sayd to be
+beautifull if it consist of single or simple colours: and so in these
+walkes, or Alleyes, the all greene, nor the all yealow cannot be sayd to
+be most beautifull, but the greene and yealow, (that is to say, the
+vntroade grasse, and the well knit grauell) being equally mixt, giue the
+eye both luster and delight beyonde all comparison.
+
+Againe, to keepe your walkes all greene, or grassy, you must of force
+either forbeare to tread vpon them, (which is the vse for which they
+were onely fashioned,) or treading vpon them you shall make so many
+pathes and ilfauored wayes as will be most vglie to the eye: besides the
+dewe and wet hanging vpon the grasse will so annoy you, that if you doe
+not select especiall howers to walke in, you must prouide shooes or
+bootes of extraordinary goodnesse: which is halfe a depriuement of your
+liberty, whereas these things of recreation were created for a contrary
+purpose.
+
+Now, you shall also vnderstand that as you make this sandy and smooth
+walke through the midst of your Alleyes, so you shall not omit but leaue
+as much greene-swarth, or grasse ground of eache side the plaine path as
+may fully counteruaile the breadth of the walke, as thus for example: if
+your sandy walke be sixe foote broad, the grasse ground of each side
+it, shall be at least sixe foote also, so that the whole Alley shall be
+at least eighteene foote in breadth, which will be both comely and
+stately.
+
+{SN: Of the Quarters.}
+Your Alleyes being thus proportioned and set forth, your next worke
+shall be the ordering of your Quarters, which as I sayd before, you may
+frame into what proportions you please, as into Squares, Tryangles and
+Rounds, according to the ground, or your owne inuention: and hauing
+marked them out with lines, and the garden compasse, you shall then
+beginne to digge them in this manner: first, with a paring spade, the
+fashion whereof is formerly shewed, you shall pare away all the
+greene-swarth, fully so deepe as the roote of the grasse shall goe, and
+cast it away, then with other digging spades you shall digge vp the
+earth, at least two foote and a halfe, or three foote deepe, in turning
+vp of which earth, you shall note that as any rootes of weedes, or other
+quickes shall be raised or stirred vp, so presently with your hands to
+gather them vp, and cast them away, that your mould may (as neare as
+your dilligence can performe it) be cleane from either wilde rootes,
+stones, or such like offences: & in this digging of your Quarters you
+shall not forget but raise vp the ground of your Quarters at least two
+foote higher then your Alleyes, and where by meanes of such reasure, you
+shall want mould, there you shall supply that lacke by bringing mould
+and cleane earth from some other place, where most conueniently you may
+spare it, that your whole Quarter being digged all ouer, it may rise in
+all parts alike, and carry an orderly and well proportioned leuell
+through the whole worke.
+
+{SN: Of Dunging.}
+The best season for this first digging of your garden mould is in
+September: and after it is so digged and roughly cast vp, you shall let
+it rest till the latter end of Nouember, at what time you shall digge it
+vp againe, in manner as afore sayd, onely with these additions, that you
+shall enter into the fresh mould, halfe a spade-graft deeper then
+before, and at euery two foote breadth of ground, enlarging the trench
+both wide and deepe, fill it vp with the oldest and best Oxe or
+Cow-Manure that you can possibly get, till such time that increasing
+from two foote to two foote, you haue gone ouer and Manured all your
+quarters, hauing a principall care that your dunge or Manure lye both
+deepe and thicke, in so much that euery part of your mould may
+indifferently pertake and be inriched with the same Manure.
+
+{SN: Diuersitie of Manures.}
+Now, you shall vnderstand that although I doe particularly speake but of
+Oxe or Cow-Manure, because it is of all the fattest and strongest,
+especially being olde, yet their are diuers respects to be had in the
+Manuring of gardens: as first, if your ground be naturally of a good,
+fat, blacke, and well tempered earth, or if it be of a barraine, sandy,
+hot, yet firme mould, that in either of these cases your Oxe, Cow, or
+beast Manure is the best & most sufficient, but if it be of a colde,
+barraine, or spewing mould then it shall be good to mixe your Oxe-dunge
+with Horse-dunge, which shall be at least two yeeres olde, if you can
+get it, otherwise such as you can compasse: if your ground be good and
+fertill yet out of his drynesse in the summer-time it be giuen to riue
+and chappe as is seene in many earths; you shall then mixe your
+Oxe-dunge well with Ashes, orts of Lime, and such like: lastly, if your
+earth be too much binding and colde therewithall, then mixe your
+Oxe-dunge with chalke or marle and it is the best Manure. And thus much
+for the generall vse of earths.
+
+Now, for perticular vses you shall vnderstand that for Hearbs or Flowers
+the Oxe and Horse-dunge is the best, for rootes or Cabbages, mans ordure
+is the best, for Harty-chockes, or any such like thisly-fruit,
+Swines-dunge is most sufficient, and thus according to your setled
+determination you shall seuerally prouide for euery seuerall purpose,
+and so, God assisting, seldome faile in your profit. And this dunge you
+shall bring into your garden in little drumblars or wheele-barrowes,
+made for the purpose, such as being in common vse in euery Husbandmans
+yarde it shall be needlesse here either to shew the figure or
+proportion thereof. And thus much for the fashion, digging, and dunging
+of gardens.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XVII.
+
+_Of the adornation and beautifying of the Garden for pleasure._
+
+
+The adornation and beautifying of gardens is not onely diuers but almost
+infinite, the industry of mens braines hourely begetting and bringing
+forth such new garments and imbroadery for the earth, that it is
+impossible to say this shall be singular, neither can any man say that
+this or that is the best, sith as mens tastes so their fancies are
+carried away with the varietie of their affections, some being pleased
+with one forme, some with another: I will not therefore giue
+preheminence to any one beauty, but discribing the faces and glories of
+all the best ornaments generaly or particularly vsed in our English
+gardens, referre euery man to the ellection of that which shall best
+agree with his fancy.
+
+{SN: Of Knots and Mazes.}
+To beginne therefore with that which is most antient and at this day of
+most vse amongst the vulgar though least respected with great ones, who
+for the most part are wholy giuen ouer to nouelties: you shall
+vnderstand that Knots and Mazes were the first that were receiued into
+admiration, which Knots or Mazes were placed vpon the faces of each
+seuerall quarter, in this sort: first, about the verdge or square of the
+quarter was set a border of Primpe, Boxe, Lauandar, Rose-mary, or such
+like, but Primpe or Boxe is the best, and it was set thicke, at least
+eighteene inches broad at the bottome & being kept with cliping both
+smooth and leuell on the toppe and on each side, those borders as they
+were ornaments so were they also very profitable to the huswife for the
+drying of linnen cloaths, yarne, and such like: for the nature of Boxe
+and Primpe being to grow like a hedge, strong and thicke, together, the
+Gardiner, with his sheares may keepe it as broad & plaine as himselfe
+listeth. Within this border shall your knot or maze be drawne, it being
+euer intended that before the setting of your border your quarter shall
+be the third time digged, made exceeding leuell, and smooth, without
+clot or stone, and the mould, with your garden rake of iron, so broken
+that it may lye like the finest ashes, and then with your garden mauls,
+which are broad-boards of more then two foote square set at the ends of
+strong staues, the earth shall be beaten so hard and firme together that
+it may beare the burthen of a man without shrinking. And in the beating
+of the mould you shall haue all diligent care that you preserue and
+keepe your leuell to a hayre, for if you faile in it, you faile in your
+whole worke.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Now for the time of this labour, it is euer best about the beginning of
+February, and indifferent, about the midst of October, but for the
+setting of your Primpe, or Boxe-border, let the beginning of Nouember be
+your latest time, for so shall you be sure that it will haue taken
+roote, and the leafe will flourish in the spring following: at which
+time your ground being thus artificially prepared, you shall begin to
+draw forth your knot in this manner: first, with lines you shall draw
+the forme of the figure next before set downe, and with a small
+instrument of iron make it vpon the earth.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Which done, from the order and proportion of these lines you shall draw
+your single knots or plaine knots of the least curiositie, as may
+appeare by this figure, being one quarter of the whole Knot: euer
+proportioning your Trayles and windings according to the lines there
+discribed, which will keepe your worke in iust proportion.
+
+But if you desire to haue knots of much more curiositie being more
+double and intricate, then you shall draw your first lines after this
+proportion here figured, pinning downe euery line firme to the earth
+with a little pinne made of woode.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+Which done you shall draw your double and curious knots after the manner
+of the figure following, which is also but one quarter of the whole
+knot, for looke in what manner you doe one knot in like sort will the
+other three quarters succeede, your lines keeping you in a continuall
+euen proportion.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+And in this manner as you draw these knots, with the like helps and
+lines also you shall draw out your Mazes, and laborinths, of what sort
+or kind soeuer you please, whether they be round or square. But for as
+much, as not onely the _Country-farme_, but also diuers other translated
+bookes, doe at large describe the manner of casting and proportioning
+these knots, I will not persist to write more curiously vpon them, but
+wish euery painefull gardiner which coueteth to be more satisfied
+therein, to repaire to those authors, where hee shall finde more large
+amplifications, and greater diuersities of knots, yet all tending to no
+more purpose then this which I haue all ready written.
+
+Now, as soone as you haue drawne forth and figured your knot vpon the
+face of your quarter, you shall then set it either with Germander,
+Issoppe, Time or Pinke-gilly-flowers, but of all hearbes Germander is
+the most principall best for this purpose: diuers doe vse in knots to
+set Thrift, and in time of need it may serue, but it is not so good as
+any of the other, because it is much subiect to be slaine with frost,
+and will also spread vpon the earth in such sort that, without very
+painefull cutting, it will put your knot out of fashion.
+
+{SN: Yeallow.}
+{SN: White.}
+{SN: Blacke.}
+{SN: Red.}
+{SN: Blew.}
+{SN: Greene.}
+Now there is another beautifying or adorning of Gardens, and it is most
+generally to be seene in the gardens of Noblemen and Gentlemen, which
+may beare coate-armor, and that is, instead of the knots and mazes
+formerly spoken of, to draw vpon the faces of your quarters such Armes,
+or Ensines, as you may either beare your selfe, or will preserue for the
+memory of any friend: and these armes being drawne forth in plaine
+lines, you shall set those plaine shadowing lines either with Germander,
+Issop, or such like hearbes: and then for the more ample beautie
+thereof, if you desire to haue them in their proper and liuely colours
+(without which they haue but one quarter of their luster) you shall
+vnderstand that your colours in Armory are thus to be made. First, for
+your mettalls: you shall make your Yeallow, either of a yeallow clay,
+vsually to be had almost in euery place, or the yeallowest sand, or for
+want of both, of your Flanders Tile, which is to be bought of euery
+Iron-monger or Chandelor; and any of these you must beate to dust: for
+your White you shall make it of the coursest chalke beaten to dust, or
+of well burnt plaister, or, for necessity, of lime, but that will soone
+decay: your Blacke is to be made of your best and purest coale-dust,
+well clensed and sifted: your Red is to be made of broken vselesse
+brickes beaten to dust, and well clensed from spots: your Blew is to be
+made of white-chalke, and blacke coale dust mixed together, till the
+blacke haue brought the white to a perfect blewnes: lastly your Greene,
+both for the naturall property belonging to your Garden, as also for
+better continuance and long lasting, you shall make of Camomill, well
+planted where any such colour is to be vsed, as for the rest of the
+colours, you shall sift them, and strow them into their proper places,
+and then with a flat beating-Beetell you shall beate it, and incorporate
+it with the earth, and as any of the colours shall decay, you shall
+diligently repaire them, and the luster will be most beautifull.
+
+There is also another beautifying of gardens, which although it last not
+the whole yeere, yet it is most quaint, rare, and best eye-pleasing, and
+thus it is: you shall vpon the face of your quarter draw a plaine double
+knot, in manner of billet-wise: for you shall vnderstand that in this
+case the plainest knot is the best, and you shall let it be more then a
+foote betwixt line and line (for in the largenesse consists much beauty)
+this knot being scored out, you shall take Tiles, or tileshreds and fixe
+them within the lines of your knot strongly within the earth, yet so as
+they may stand a good distance aboue the earth and this doe till you
+haue set out all your knot with Tile: then precisely note the seuerall
+passages of your knot, and the seuerall thrids of which it consisteth,
+and then betwixt your tiles, (which are but as the shadowing lines of
+your knot) plant in euery seuerall third, flowers of one kinde and
+colour, as thus for example: in one thrid plant your carnation
+Gilly-flower, in another your great white Geli flower, in another your
+mingle-coloured Gilly-flower, and in another your blood-red
+Gilly-flower, and so likewise if you can compasse them you may in this
+sort plant your seueral coloured Hyacinths, as the red, the blew, and
+the yealow, or your seuerall coloured _Dulippos_, and many other Italian
+and french flowers: or you may, if you please, take of euery seuerall
+plant one, and place them as afforesaid; the grace of all which is, that
+so soone as these flowers shall put forth their beauties, if you stand a
+little remote from the knot, and any thing aboue it, you shall see it
+appeare like a knot made of diuers coloured ribans, most pleasing and
+most rare.
+
+Many other adornations and beautifyings there are which belong to the
+setting forth of a curious garden, but for as much as none are more
+rare or more esteemed then these I haue set downe, being the best
+ornaments of the best gardens of this kingdome, I thinke them tastes
+sufficient for euery husbandman, or other of better quality which
+delighteth in the beauty and well trimming of his ground.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XVIII.
+
+_How for the entertainment of any great Person, in any Parke, or other
+place of pleasure, where Sommer-bowers are made, to make a compleat
+Garden in two or three dayes._
+
+
+If the honest English husbandman, or any other, of what quallity soeuer,
+shall entertaine any Noble personage, to whom hee would giue the delight
+of all strange contentment, either in his Parke, or other remote place
+of pleasure, neere vnto Ponds, Riuer, or other waters of cleerenesse,
+after hee hath made his arbors and Summer-bowers to feast in, the
+fashion whereof is so common that euery labourer can make them, hee
+shall then marke out his garden-plot, bestowing such sleight fence
+thereon as hee shall thinke fit: then hee shall cast forth his alleys,
+and deuide them from his quarters, by paring away the greene-swarth with
+a paring spade, finely, and euen, by a direct line (for a line must euer
+be vsed in this worke) then hauing store of labourers (after the
+vpper-most swarth is taken away) you shall cast vp the quarters, and
+then breaking the mould and leuelling it, you shall make sad the earth
+againe, then vpon your quarters you shall draw forth either Knots,
+Armes, or any other deuise which shall be best pleasing to your fancie,
+as either knots with single or double trayles, or other emblemicall
+deuise, as Birds, Beasts, and such like: and in your knots where you
+should plant hearbes, you shall take greene-sods of the richest grasse,
+and cutting it proportionably to the knot, making a fine trench, you
+shall lay in your sod, and so ioyning sod to sod close and arteficially,
+you shall set forth your whole knot, or the portrayture of your armes,
+or other deuise, and then taking a cleane broome that hath not formerly
+beene swept withall, you shall brush all vncleanenesse from the grasse,
+and then you shall behold your knot as compleat, and as comely as if it
+had beene set with hearbes many yeeres before. Now for the portrayture
+of any liuing thing, you shall cut it forth, ioyning sod vnto sod, and
+then afterward place it into the earth. Now if within this plot of
+ground which you make your garden piece there be either naturall or
+arteficiall mounts or bankes vpon them, you may in this selfe-same
+manner with greene sods set forth a flight, either at field or riuer, or
+the manner of hunting of any chase, or any story, or other deuise that
+you please, to the infinit admiration of all them which shall behold it:
+onely in working against mounts or bankes you must obserue to haue many
+small pinnes, to stay your worke and keepe your sods from slipping one
+from another, till such time as you haue made euery thing fast with
+earth, which you must rame very close and hard: as for Flowers, or such
+like adorments, you may the morning before, remoue them with their earth
+from some other garden, and plant them at your best pleasure. And thus
+much for a garden to be made in the time of hasty necessity.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XIX.
+
+_How to preserue Abricots, or any kinde of curious
+outlandish-stone-fruit, and make them beare plentifully be the Spring or
+beginning of Summer neuer so bitter._
+
+
+I haue knowne diuers Noblemen, Gentlemen & men of vnder quallitie, that
+haue beene most laborious how to preserue these tender stone-fruits from
+the violence of stormes, frost and windes, and to that end haue beene at
+great cost and charges yet many times haue found much losse in their
+labours, wherefore in the end, through the practise of many experiments,
+this hath beene found (which I will here set downe) the most approuedst
+way to make them beare without all kinde of danger. After you haue
+planted your Abricot, or other delicate fruit, and plasht him vp against
+a wall in manner as hath beene before declared, you shall ouer the tops
+of the trees all along the wall, build a large pentisse, of at least
+sixe or seauen foote in length: which pentisse ouer-shaddowing the
+trees, will, as experience hath found out, so defend them, that they
+will euer beare in as plentifull manner as they haue done any particular
+yeere before. There be many that will scoffe, or at least, giue no
+credit to this experiment, because it carrieth with it no more
+curiositie, but I can assure thee that art the honest English
+Husbandman, that there is nothing more certaine and vnfallible, for I
+haue seene in one of the greatest Noblemens gardens in the kingdome,
+where such a pentisse was made, that so farre as the pentisse went, so
+farre the trees did prosper with all fruitfulnesse, and where the
+pentisse ended, not one tree bare, the spring-time being most bitter and
+wonderfull vnseasonable.
+
+Now I haue seene some great Personages (whose pursses may buy their
+pleasures at any rate) which haue in those pentisses fixed diuers strong
+hookes of Iron, and then made a canuasse of the best Poldauie, with most
+strong loopes, of small corde, which being hung vpon the Iron hookes,
+hath reacht from the pentisse to the ground, and so laced with corde and
+small pulleys, that like the saile of a ship it might be trust vp, and
+let downe at pleasure: this canuasse thus prepared is all the Spring and
+latter end of Winter to be let downe at the setting of the Sunne, and to
+be drawne vp at the rising of the Sunne againe. The practise of this I
+referre to such as haue abillitie to buy their delight, without losse,
+assuring them that all reason and experience doth finde it most probable
+to be most excellent, yet to the plaine English Husbandman I giue
+certaine assurance that the pentisse onely is sufficient enough and will
+defend all stormes whatsoeuer. And thus much for the preseruation and
+increase of all tender Stone-fruit, of what nature, or climbe bred,
+soeuer.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XX.
+
+_How to make Grapes grow as bigge, full, and as naturally, and to ripen
+in as due season, and be as long lasting as either in Fraunce or Spaine._
+
+
+Diuers of our English Gardiners, and those of the best and most
+approued'st iudgements, haue beene very industrious to bring Grapes, in
+our kingdome, to their true nature and perfection: and some great
+persons I know, that with infinit cost, and I hope prosperous successe,
+hath planted a Vineyard of many Acres, in which the hands of the best
+experienced french-men hath beene imploied: but for those great workes
+they are onely for great men, and not for the plaine English Husbandman,
+neither will such workes by any meanes prosper in many parts of our
+kingdome, especially in the North parts: and I that write for the
+generall vse, must treate of vniuersall Maximes: therefore if you desire
+to haue Grapes in their true and best kinde, most earely and longest
+lasting, you shall in the most conuenient part of your garden, which is
+euer the center or middle point thereof, build a round house, in the
+fashion of a round Doue-coate, but many degrees lower, the ground worke
+whereof shalbe aboue the ground two or three brickes thickenesse, vpon
+this ground-plot you shall place a groundsell, and thereon, fine, yet
+strong studs, which may reach to the roofe: these studs shalbe placed
+better then foure foote one from another, with little square bars of
+woode, such as you vse in glasse windowes, two betwixt euery two studs,
+the roofe you may make in what proportion you will, for this house may
+serue for a delicate banqueting house, and you may either couer it with
+Leade, Slate or Tile, which you please. Now, from the ground to the top,
+betweene the studs, you shall glase it, with very strong glasse, made in
+an exceeding large square pane, well leaded and cimented. This house
+thus made, you shall obserue that through the bricke worke there be
+made, betweene euery two studs, square holes, cleane through into the
+house; then on the out-side, opposite against those holes, you shall
+plant the roote of your Vine, hauing beene very carefull in the election
+and choise thereof: which done, as your Vine groweth you shall draw it
+through those holes, and as you vse to plash a Vine against a wall, so
+you shall plash this against the glasse window, on the in-side, and so
+soone as it shall beginne to beare Grapes you shall be sure to turne
+euery bunch, so that it may lye close to the glasse, that the reflection
+of the Sunne heating the glasse, that heate may hasten on the ripening,
+& increase the groath of your Grapes: as also the house defending off
+all manner of euill weather, these Grapes will hang ripe, vnrotted or
+withered, euen till Christmas. Thus haue I giuen you a tast of some of
+the first parts of English Husbandry, which if I shall finde
+thankefully accepted, if it please God to grant mee life, I will in my
+next Volumne, shew you the choise of all manner of Garden Hearbes and
+Flowers, both of this and other kingdomes, the seasons of their
+plantings, their florishings and orderings: I will also shew you the
+true ordering of Woodes, both high and low, as also the breeding and
+feeding of all manner of Cattell, with the cure of all diseases incident
+vnto them, together with other parts of Husbandry, neuer before
+published by any Author: this I promise, if God be pleased: to whom be
+onely ascribed the glory of all our actions, and whose name be praised
+for euer. Amen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FINIS.
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's notes
+
+The following changes have been made and anomalies noted.
+
+
+  A Former Part
+
+  Chap. II.
+
+  'adicted to nouelty and curiouity' changed to
+  'adicted to nouelty and curiousity'
+
+  Chap. III.
+
+  'Plough houlder when hee cometh to' scan is unclear
+
+  'two much earth' probable misprint for
+  'too much earth'
+
+  Chap. IIII.
+
+  'the of point your share' changed to
+  'the point of your share'
+
+  Chap. V.
+
+  'of that which you soil'd:' changed to
+  'of that which you foil'd:'
+
+  Chap. VI.
+
+  'the ridge of you land againe.' probable misprint for
+  'the ridge of your land againe.'
+
+  'Tare-Cockle, or such like,' scan is unclear
+
+  'After your land is soild,' changed to
+  'After your land is foild,'
+
+  Chap. VII.
+
+  'and if you ffnde' changed to 'and if you finde'
+
+  'Manure of beasts which can be-gotten' probable misprint for
+  'Manure of beasts which can be gotten'
+
+  'your fould of Seepe' changed to 'your fould of Sheepe'
+
+  'frost, winde, and weathe,rmakes' changed to
+  'frost, winde, and weather, makes'
+
+  'no wing accoridng' changed to 'no wing according'
+
+  Chap. IX.
+
+  'much barrainnesse, espcially' changed to
+  'much barrainnesse, especially'
+
+  'it shall be needlesse to write' scan is unclear
+
+
+  The First Part
+
+  Chap. I.
+
+  'you most turne euery furrow' probable misprint for
+  'you must turne euery furrow'
+
+  'hee must sooner stirer' changed to
+  'hee must sooner stirre'. Scan is unclear.
+
+  Chap. II.
+
+  'euery thing with is most apt' changed to
+  'euery thing which is most apt'
+
+  Chap. III.
+
+  'their naturall lighnesse' changed to
+  'their naturall lightnesse'
+
+  'as hath, beene showed before' changed to
+  'as hath beene showed before'
+
+  Chap. IIII.
+
+  'it is most, certaine' changed to
+  'it is most certaine'
+
+  'Cornes in their gardens thus, set seeing' changed to
+  'Cornes in their gardens thus set, seeing'
+
+  Chap. V.
+
+  'vpon the or fourth field' changed to
+  'vpon the third or fourth field'
+
+  'is ninam Barly,' probable misprint for
+  'is niam Barly,'
+
+  Chap. VI.
+
+  'as we see in dayly experience,' changed to
+  'as we see in dayly experience.'
+
+
+  The Second Part of the First Booke
+
+  Chap. I.
+
+  'perfect ground-plot, you' scan is unclear
+
+  'twelue or fourteene foote on of another,'
+  probable misprint for
+  'twelue or fourteene foote one of another,'
+
+  'thorny and sharpe, trees,' changed to
+  'thorny and sharpe trees,'
+
+  Chap. IIII.
+
+  'you shall tak one of your grafts'
+  changed to
+  'you shall take one of your grafts'
+
+  Chap. V.
+
+  'Grafting betweene the barke.' scan is unclear in sidenote
+
+  'not aboue tree grafts at the most' changed to
+  'not aboue three grafts at the most'
+
+  'Grafting on the toppes of trees.' scan is unclear in sidenote
+
+  'and to contincu' changed to
+  'and to continue'
+
+  Chap. VI.
+
+  'Of the replanting of Trees, and furnishing the Orchard,'
+  changed to
+  'Of the replanting of Trees, and furnishing the Orchard.'
+
+  Chap. VII.
+
+  'it is a ready away' changed to
+  'it is a ready way'
+
+  'two much fertillitie' probable misprint for
+  'too much fertillitie'
+
+  'steepe it Mfor alt' changed to
+  'steepe it for Malt'
+
+  Chap. VIII.
+
+  'for any peculyar pofit' changed to
+  'for any peculyar profit'
+
+  Chap. IX.
+
+  'and growriuelled' changed to
+  'and grow riuelled'
+
+  'they can by meanes indure,' changed to
+  'they can by no meanes indure,'
+
+  Chap. XI.
+
+  'then contiunally labour' changed to
+  'then continually labour'
+
+  Chap. XII
+
+  'Of Poales.' scan is unclear in sidenote
+
+  Chap. XIIII
+
+  'dry more Hoppes then any one man' scan is unclear
+
+  Chap. XVII.
+
+  'then betwxit your tiles' changed to
+  'then betwixt your tiles'
+
+  Chap. XVIII.
+
+  'CHAP: XVIII.' changed to
+  'CHAP. XVIII.'
+
+  'single or double trayles,' scan unclear
+
+  Chap. XIX.
+
+  'to the pliane English Husbandman' changed to
+  'to the plaine English Husbandman'
+
+]
+
+
+
+
+
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