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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Cathedral Church of Canterbury [2nd
+ed.]., by Hartley Withers
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Cathedral Church of Canterbury [2nd ed.].
+
+Author: Hartley Withers
+
+Release Date: October 2, 2007 [EBook #22832]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF CANTERBURY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Anne Storer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL FROM THE SOUTH.]
+
+
+
+
+                       THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF
+                              CANTERBURY
+
+                      A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC
+                      AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
+                          ARCHIEPISCOPAL SEE
+
+                       BY HARTLEY WITHERS, B.A.
+
+                 [Illustration: Arms of Canterbury.]
+
+                   LONDON GEORGE BELL & SONS 1897
+
+
+                   _First Edition December, 1896._
+_Second Edition, Revised, with many Additional Illustrations, May, 1897._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL PREFACE.
+
+
+This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors to the great
+English Cathedrals with accurate and well illustrated guide books at a
+popular price. The aim of each writer has been to produce a work compiled
+with sufficient knowledge and scholarship to be of value to the student of
+archæology and history, and yet not too technical in language for the use
+of an ordinary visitor or tourist.
+
+To specify all the authorities which have been made use of in each case
+would be difficult and tedious in this place. But amongst the general
+sources of information which have been almost invariably found useful
+are:--firstly, the great county histories, the value of which, especially
+in questions of genealogy and local records, is generally recognized;
+secondly, the numerous papers by experts which appear from time to time in
+the transactions of the antiquarian and archæological societies; thirdly,
+the important documents made accessible in the series issued by the Master
+of the Rolls; fourthly, the well-known works of Britton and Willis on the
+English Cathedrals; and, lastly, the very excellent series of Handbooks to
+the Cathedrals, originated by the late Mr. John Murray, to which the
+reader may in most cases be referred for fuller detail, especially in
+reference to the histories of the respective sees.
+
+                                         GLEESON WHITE.
+                                         E.F. STRANGE.
+                                           _Editors of the Series._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Among authorities consulted in the preparation of this volume, the author
+desires to name specially Prof. Willis's "Architectural History of
+Canterbury Cathedral" (1845), Dean Stanley's "Historical Memorials of
+Canterbury" (Murray, 1855, and fifth edition, 1868), "Canterbury," by the
+Rev. R.C. Jenkins (1880), and the excellent section devoted to Canterbury
+in Murray's "Handbooks to the English Cathedrals, Southern Division,"
+wherein Mr. Richard John King brought together so much valuable matter,
+to which reference has been made too often to be acknowledged in each
+instance. For permission to use this the publishers have to thank Mr. John
+Murray.
+
+For the reproduction of the drawings of the various parts of the
+Cathedral, and the arms on the title page, by Mr. Walter Tallent Owen,
+the editors are greatly indebted to the artist, from whose volume, "Bits
+of Canterbury Cathedral," published by W.T. Comstock, New York, 1891, they
+have been taken. Others are taken from Charles Wild's "Specimens of
+Mediæval Architecture," and from Carter's "Ancient Sculpture and
+Paintings."
+
+The illustrations from photographs in this volume have been reproduced
+from the originals by Messrs. Carl Norman and Co.
+
+                                                         H.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                          PAGE
+CHAPTER I.--History of the Building                          3
+
+CHAPTER II.--Exterior and Precincts:
+  The Angel or Bell Tower                                   24
+  The Monastery                                             32
+  Christchurch Gate                                         35
+  Ruins of the Infirmary                                    38
+  The Treasury                                              38
+  The Lavatory Tower                                        40
+  The Chapter House                                         42
+  The Library                                               44
+  The Deanery                                               44
+  The Green Court                                           48
+
+CHAPTER III.--Interior:
+  The Nave                                                  52
+  The Central Tower                                         55
+  The Western Screen                                        56
+  The Choir                                                 57
+  The Altar                                                 61
+  The Choir                                                 64
+  The Choir Stalls                                          65
+  South-East Transept                                       67
+  South-West Choir Aisle                                    69
+  St. Anselm's Tower and Chapel                             69
+  The Watching Chamber                                      72
+  Trinity Chapel                                            72
+  Tomb of the Black Prince                                  75
+  Becket's Crown                                            88
+  St. Andrew's Tower                                        90
+  North-East Transept                                       90
+  Chapel of the Martyrdom                                   92
+  The Dean's Chapel                                         94
+  South-West Transept                                       95
+  St. Michael's Chapel                                      95
+  The Main Crypt                                            96
+  The Eastern Crypt                                        101
+
+CHAPTER IV.--The History of the See                        103
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                                          PAGE
+The Cathedral from the South                    _Frontispiece_
+Arms of Canterbury                                     _Title_
+The Cathedral from the North                                 1
+Plan of Canterbury Cathedral (_Circa 1165_)                  4
+The Cloisters                                               19
+View on the Stour                                           22
+The Central Tower, "Bell Harry"                             25
+Detail of St. Anselm's Tower                                32
+The Christchurch Gate                                       33
+The South-West Porch of the Cathedral                       36
+Cloisters of the Monks' Infirmary                           37
+Ruins of the Monks' Infirmary                               38
+The Baptistery Tower                                        39
+Turret of South-West Transept                               41
+The Cloisters                                               43
+Norman Staircase in the Close                               45
+Details of the Norman Staircase in the Close                46
+Details of Ornament                                         47
+Old Painting, "The Murder of St. Thomas à Becket"           51
+The Shrine of St. Thomas à Becket (from the Cottonian MS.)  52
+Capitals of Columns in the Eastern Apse                     54
+The Choir--looking East                                     59
+   Do.     before Restoration                               62
+A Miserere in the Choir                                     65
+Some Mosaics from the Floor of Trinity Chapel               73
+The Black Prince's Tomb                                     77
+Shield, Coat, etc., of the Black Prince                     80
+West Gate                                                   81
+Trinity Chapel, looking into Corona, "Becket's Crown"       88
+Chair of St. Augustine                                      89
+Transept of "The Martyrdom"                                 92
+Part of South-Western Transept                              94
+The Crypt                                                   97
+   Do.    St. Gabriel's Chapel                             100
+   Do.    Cardinal Morton's Monument                       101
+Plans of Cathedral at three periods                        130
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH
+(FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY CARL NORMAN AND CO.).]
+
+
+
+
+CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING.
+
+
+More than four hundred years passed by between the beginning of the
+building of this cathedral by Archbishop Lanfranc (1070-1089) and its
+completion, by the addition of the great central tower, at the end of the
+fifteenth century. But before tracing the history of the construction of
+the present well-known fabric, a few words will not be out of place
+concerning the church which preceded it on the same site. A British or
+Roman church, said to have been built by a certain mythical King Lucius,
+was given to St. Augustine by Ethelbert in A.D. 597. It was designed,
+broadly speaking, on the plan of the old Basilica of St. Peter at Rome,
+but as to the latest date of any alterations, which may or may not have
+been made by Augustine and his immediate successors, we have no accurate
+information. It is, however, definitely stated that Archbishop Odo, who
+held the see from A.D. 942-959, raised the walls and rebuilt the roof. In
+the course of these alterations the church was roofless for three years,
+and we are told that no rain fell within the precincts during this time.
+In A.D. 1011 Canterbury was pillaged by the Danes, who carried off
+Archbishop Alphege to Greenwich, butchered the monks, and did much damage
+to the church. The building was, however, restored by Canute, who made
+further atonement by hanging up his crown within its walls, and bringing
+back the body of Alphege, who had been martyred by the Danes. In the year
+1067 the storms of the Norman Conquest overwhelmed St. Augustine's church,
+which was completely destroyed by fire, together with many royal deeds of
+privilege and papal bulls, and other valuable documents.
+
+A description of the church thus destroyed is given by Prof. Willis, who
+quotes all the ancient writers who mention it. The chief authority is
+Eadmer, who was a boy at the monastery school when the Saxon church was
+pulled down, and was afterwards a monk and "singer" in the cathedral. It
+is he who tells us that it was arranged in some parts in imitation of the
+church of St. Peter at Rome. Odo had translated the body of Wilfrid,
+Archbishop of York, from Ripon to Canterbury, and had "worthily placed it
+in a more lofty receptacle, to use his own words, that is to say, in the
+great Altar which was constructed of rough stones and mortar, close to the
+wall at the eastern part of the presbytery. Afterwards another altar was
+placed at a convenient distance before the aforesaid altar.... In this
+altar the blessed Elphege had solemnly deposited the head of St. Swithin
+... and also many relics of other saints. To reach these altars, a certain
+crypt which the Romans call a Confessionary had to be ascended by means of
+several steps from the choir of the singers. This crypt was fabricated
+beneath in the likeness of the confessionary of St. Peter, the vault of
+which was raised so high that the part above could only be reached by many
+steps." The resting-place of St. Dunstan was separated from the crypt
+itself by a strong wall, for that most holy father was interred before the
+aforesaid steps at a great depth in the ground, and at the head of the
+saint stood the matutinal altar. Thence the choir of the singers was
+extended westward into the body of the church.... In the next place,
+beyond the middle of the length of the body there were two towers which
+projected beyond the aisles of the church. The south tower had an altar in
+the midst of it, which was dedicated in honour of the blessed Pope
+Gregory.... Opposite to this tower and on the north, the other tower was
+built in honour of the blessed Martin, and had about it cloisters for the
+use of the monks.... The extremity of the church was adorned by the
+oratory of Mary.... At its eastern part, there was an altar consecrated to
+the worship of that Lady.... When the priest performed the Divine
+mysteries at this altar he had his face turned to the east.... Behind him,
+to the west, was the pontifical chair constructed with handsome
+workmanship, and of large stones and cement, and far removed from the
+Lord's table, being contiguous to the wall of the church which embraced
+the entire area of the building.
+
+Lanfranc, the first Norman archbishop, was granted the see in 1070. He
+quickly set about the task of building himself a cathedral. Making no
+attempt to restore the old fabric, he even destroyed what was left of
+the monastic building, and built up an entirely new church and monastery.
+Seven years sufficed to complete his cathedral, which stood on the same
+ground as the earlier fane. His work, however, was not long left
+undisturbed. It had not stood for twenty years before the east end of the
+church was pulled down during the Archiepiscopate of Anselm, and rebuilt
+in a much more splendid style by Ernulph, the prior of the monastery.
+Conrad, who succeeded Ernulph as prior, finished the choir, decorating it
+with great magnificence, and, in the course of his reconstruction, nearly
+doubling the area of the building. Thus completed anew, the cathedral was
+dedicated by Archbishop William in A.D. 1130. At this notable ceremony the
+kings of England and Scotland both assisted, as well as all the English
+bishops. Forty years later this church was the scene of Thomas à Becket's
+murder (A.D. 1170), and it was in Conrad's choir that the monks watched
+over his body during the night after his death.
+
+Eadmer also gives some description of the church raised by Lanfranc. The
+new archbishop, "filled with consternation" when he found that "the church
+of the Saviour which he undertakes to rule was reduced to almost nothing
+by fire and ruin," proceeded to "set about to destroy it utterly, and
+erect a more noble one. And in the space of seven years he raised this new
+church from the very foundations and rendered it nearly perfect....
+Archbishop Anselm, who succeeded Lanfranc, appointed Ernulf to be
+prior.... Having taken down the eastern part of the church which Lanfranc
+had built, he erected it so much more magnificently, that nothing like it
+could be seen in England, either for the brilliancy of its glass windows,
+the beauty of its marble pavement, or the many coloured pictures which led
+the wondering eyes to the very summit of the ceiling." It was this part of
+the church, however, that was completed by Ernulf's successor, Conrad, and
+afterwards known as Conrad's choir. It appears that Anselm "allowed the
+monks to manage their own affairs, and gave them for priors Ernulf, and
+then Conrad, both monks of their own monastery. And thus it happened that,
+in addition to the general prosperity and good order of their property,
+which resulted from this freedom, they were enabled to enlarge their
+church by all that part which stretches from the great tower to the east;
+which work Anselm himself provided for," having "granted to the said
+church the revenues of his town of Peckham, for seven years, the whole of
+which were expended upon the new work." Prof. Willis, unable to account
+for the haste with which the east end of Lanfranc's church was pulled
+down, assumes that the monks "did not think their church large enough for
+the importance of their monastery," and moreover wanted shrine-room for
+the display of relics. The main body of Lanfranc's church was left
+standing, and is described as follows by Gervase. "The tower, raised upon
+great pillars, is placed in the midst of the church, like the centre in
+the middle of a circle. It had on its apex a gilt cherub. On the west of
+the tower is the nave of the church, supported on either side upon eight
+pillars. Two lofty towers with gilded pinnacles terminate this nave or
+aula. A gilded _corona_ hangs in the midst of the church. A screen with a
+loft (_pulpitum_) separated in a manner the aforesaid tower from the nave,
+and had in the middle and on the side towards the nave, the altar of the
+holy cross. Above the _pulpitum_ and placed across the church, was the
+beam, which sustained a great cross, two cherubim, and the images of St.
+Mary and St. John the Apostle.... The great tower had a cross from each
+side, to wit, a south cross and a north cross, each of which had in the
+midst a strong pillar; this pillar sustained a vault which proceeded from
+the walls on three of its sides," etc. Prof. Willis considers that as far
+as these parts of the building are concerned, the present fabric stands
+exactly on the site of Lanfranc's. "In the existing building," he says,
+"it happens that the nave and transepts have been transformed into the
+Perpendicular style of the fourteenth century, and the central tower
+carried up to about double its original altitude in the same style.
+Nevertheless indications may be detected that these changed parts stand
+upon the old foundations of Lanfranc."
+
+The building, however, was not destined to remain long intact. In A.D.
+1174 the whole of Conrad's choir was destroyed by a fire, which was
+described fully by Gervase, a monk who witnessed it. He gives an
+extraordinary account of the rage and grief of the people at the sight of
+the burning cathedral. The work of rebuilding was immediately set on foot.
+In September, 1174, one William of Sens, undertook the task, and wrought
+thereat until 1178, when he was disabled by an unfortunate fall from a
+scaffolding, and had to give up his charge and return to France. Another
+William, an Englishman this time, took up the direction of the work,
+and under his supervision the choir and eastern portion of the church
+were finished in A.D. 1184. Further alterations were made under Prior
+Chillenden at the end of the fourteenth century. Lanfranc's nave was
+pulled down, and a new nave and transepts were constructed, leaving but
+little of the original building set up by the first Norman archbishop.
+Finally, about A.D. 1495, the cathedral was completed by the addition of
+the great central tower.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL, ABOUT A.D. 1165.
+
+From a Norman drawing inserted in the Great Psalter of Eadwin, in the
+Library of Trinity College, Cambridge. First published in _Vetusta
+Monumenta_ (Society of Antiquaries, 1755). For full description and a
+plan of the waterworks see _Archæologia Cantiana_, Vol. VII., 1868.]
+
+During the four centuries which passed during the construction and
+reconstruction of the fabric, considerable changes had manifested
+themselves in the science and art of architecture. Hence it is that
+Canterbury Cathedral is a history, written in solid stone, of
+architectural progress, illustrating in itself almost all the various
+kinds of the style commonly called Pointed. Of these the earliest form of
+Gothic and Perpendicular chiefly predominate. The shape and arrangement of
+the building was doubtless largely influenced by the extraordinary number
+of precious relics which it contained, and which had to be properly
+displayed and fittingly enshrined. Augustine's church had possessed the
+bodies of St. Blaize and St. Wilfrid, brought respectively from Rome and
+from Ripon; of St. Dunstan, St. Alphege, and St. Ouen, as well as the
+heads of St. Swithin and St. Furseus, and the arm of St. Bartholomew.
+These were all carefully removed and placed, each in separate altars and
+chapels, in Lanfranc's new cathedral. Here their number was added to by
+the acquisition of new relics and sacred treasures as time went on, and
+finally Canterbury enshrined its chiefest glory, the hallowed body of St.
+Thomas à Becket, who was martyred within its walls.
+
+Since, owing to an almost incredible act of royal vindictiveness in A.D.
+1538, Becket's glorious shrine belongs only to the history of the past,
+some account of its splendours will not be out of place in this part of
+our account of the cathedral. It stood on the site of the ancient chapel
+of the Trinity, which was burnt down along with Conrad's choir in the
+destructive fire of A.D. 1174. It was in this chapel that Thomas à Becket
+had first solemnized mass after becoming archbishop. For this reason, as
+we may fairly suppose, this position was chosen to enshrine the martyr's
+bones, after the rebuilding of the injured portion of the fabric. Though
+the shrine itself has been ruthlessly destroyed, a mosaic pavement,
+similar to that which may be seen round the tomb of Edward the Confessor
+in Westminster Abbey, marks the exact spot on which it stood. The mosaic
+is of the kind with which the floors of the Roman basilicas were generally
+adorned, and contains signs of the zodiacs and emblems of virtues and
+vices. This pavement was directly in front of the west side of the shrine.
+On each side of the site is a deep mark in the pavement running towards
+the east. This indentation was certainly worn in the soft, pinkish marble
+by the knees of generations of pilgrims, who prostrated themselves here
+while the treasures were displayed to their gaze. In the roof above there
+is fixed a crescent carved out of some foreign wood, which has proved
+deeply puzzling to antiquaries. A suggestion, which hardly seems very
+plausible, connects this mysterious crescent with the fact that Becket was
+closely related, as patron, with the Hospital of St. John at Acre. It was
+believed that his prayers had once repulsed the Saracens from the walls of
+the fortress, and he received the title of St. Thomas Acrensis. Near this
+crescent a number of iron staples were to be seen at one time, and it is
+likely that a trophy of some sort depended from them. The Watching Tower
+was set high upon the Tower of St. Anselm, on the south side of the
+shrine. It contained a fireplace, so that the watchman might keep himself
+warm during the winter nights, and from a gallery between the pillars he
+commanded a view of the sacred spot and its treasures. A troop of fierce
+ban-dogs shared the task of guarding the shrine from theft. How necessary
+such precautions were is shown by the fact that such a spot had to be
+guarded not only from common robbers in search of rich booty, but also
+from holy men, who were quite unscrupulous in their desire to possess
+themselves and their own churches of sacred relics. Within the first six
+years after Becket's death we read of two striking instances of the
+lengths to which distinguished churchmen were carried by what Dean Stanley
+calls "the first frenzy of desire for the relics of St. Thomas." Benedict,
+a monk of Christ Church, and "probably the most distinguished of his
+body," was created Abbot of Peterburgh in A.D. 1176. Disappointed to find
+that his cathedral was very poor in the matter of relics he returned to
+Canterbury, "took away with him the flagstones immediately surrounding the
+sacred spot, with which he formed two altars in the conventual church of
+his new appointment, besides two vases of blood and parts of Becket's
+clothing." Still more striking and characteristic of the prevalent passion
+for relics is the story of Roger, who was keeper of the "Altars of the
+Martyrdom," or "Custos Martyrii." The brothers of St. Augustine's Abbey
+were so eager to obtain a share in the glory which their great rival, the
+neighbouring cathedral, had won from the circumstances of Becket's
+martyrdom within its walls, that they actually offered Roger no less a
+reward than the position of abbot in their own institution, on condition
+that he should purloin for them some part of the remains of the martyr's
+skull. And not only did Roger, though he had been specially selected from
+amongst the monks of Christ Church to watch over this very treasure, agree
+to their conditions, and after duly carrying out this piece of
+sacrilegious burglary become Abbot of St. Augustine's; but the chroniclers
+of the abbey were not ashamed to boast of this transaction as an instance
+of cleverness and well-applied zeal.
+
+The translation of Becket's remains from the tomb to his shrine took place
+A.D. 1220, fifty years after his martyrdom. The young Henry III., who had
+just laid the foundation of the new abbey at Westminster, assisted at the
+ceremony. The primate then ruling at Canterbury was the great Stephen
+Langton, who had won renown both as a scholar and a statesman. He had
+carried out the division of the Bible into chapters, as it is now
+arranged, and had won a decisive victory for English liberty by forcing
+King John to sign the Great Charter. He was now advanced in years, and had
+recently assisted at the coronation of King Henry at Westminster.
+
+The translation was carried out with imposing ceremony. The scene must
+have been one of surpassing splendour; never had such an assemblage been
+gathered together in England. Robert of Gloucester relates that not only
+Canterbury but the surrounding countryside was full to overflowing:
+
+    "Of bishops and abbots, priors and parsons,
+    Of earls, and of barons, and of many knights thereto;
+    Of serjeants, and of squires, and of husbandmen enow,
+    And of simple men eke of the land--so thick thither drew."
+
+The archbishop had given notice two years before, proclaiming the day of
+the solemnity throughout Europe as well as England: the episcopal manors
+had been bidden to furnish provisions for the huge concourse, not only in
+the cathedral city, but along all the roads by which it was approached.
+Hay and provisions were given to all who asked it between London and
+Canterbury; at the gates of the city and in the four licensed cellars tuns
+of wine were set up, that all who thirsted might drink freely, and wine
+ran in the street channels on the day of the festival. During the night
+before the ceremony the primate, together with the Bishop of Salisbury and
+all the members of the brotherhood, who were headed by Walter the Prior,
+solemnly, with psalms and hymns, entered the crypt in which the martyr's
+body lay, and removed the stones which covered the tomb. Four priests,
+specially conspicuous for their piety, were selected to take out the
+relics, which were then placed in a strong coffer studded with iron nails
+and fastened with iron hasps.
+
+Next day a procession was formed, headed by the young king, Henry III.
+After him came Pandulf, the Italian Bishop of Norwich and Papal Nuncio,
+and Langton the archbishop, with whom was the Archbishop of Rheims,
+Primate of France. The great Hubert de Burgh, Lord High Justiciary,
+together with four other barons, completed the company, which was selected
+to bear the chest to its resting-place. When this had been duly deposited,
+a solemn mass was celebrated by the French archbishop. The anniversary of
+this great festival was commemorated as the Feast of the Translation of
+the Blessed St. Thomas, until it was suppressed by a royal injunction of
+Henry VIII. in 1536.
+
+A picture of the shrine itself is preserved among the Cottonian MSS., and
+a representation of it also exists in one of the stained windows of the
+cathedral. At the end of it the altar of the Saint had its place; the
+lower part of its walls were of stone, and against them the lame and
+diseased pilgrims used to rub their bodies, hoping to be cured of their
+afflictions. The shrine itself was supported on marble arches, and
+remained concealed under a wooden covering, doubtless intended to enhance
+the effect produced by the sudden revelation of the glories beneath it;
+for when the pilgrims were duly assembled on their knees round the shrine,
+the cover was suddenly raised at a given signal, and though such a device
+may appear slightly theatrical in these days, it is easy to imagine how
+the devotees of the middle ages must have been thrilled at the sight of
+this hallowed tomb, and all the bravery of gold and precious stones which
+the piety of that day had heaped upon it. The beauties of the shrine were
+pointed out by the prior, who named the giver of the several jewels. Many
+of these were of enormous value, especially a huge carbuncle, as large as
+an egg, which had been offered to the memory of St. Thomas by Louis VII.
+of France, who visited the shrine in A.D. 1179, after having thrice seen
+the Saint in a vision. A curious legend, thoroughly in keeping with the
+mystic halo of miraculous power which surrounds the martyred archbishop's
+fame, relates that the French king could not make up his mind to part with
+this invaluable gem, which was called the "Regale of France;" but when he
+visited the tomb, the stone, so runs the story, leapt forth from the ring
+in which it was set, and fixed itself of its own will firmly in the wall
+of the shrine, thus baffling the unwilling monarch's half-heartedness.
+Louis also presented a gold cup, and gave the monks a hundred measures,
+medii, of wine, to be delivered annually at Poissy, also ordaining that
+they should be exempt from "toll, tax, and tallage" when journeying in his
+realm. He himself was made a member of the brotherhood, after duly
+spending a night in prayer at the tomb. It is said that, "because he was
+very fearful of the water," the French king received a promise from the
+Saint that neither he nor any other that crossed over from Dover to
+Whitsand, should suffer any manner of loss or shipwreck. We are told that
+Louis's piety was afterwards rewarded by the miraculous recovery, through
+St. Thomas's intercession, of his son from a dangerous illness. Louis was
+the first of a series of royal pilgrims to the shrine. Richard the Lion
+Heart, set free from durance in Austria, walked thither from Sandwich to
+return thanks to God and St. Thomas. After him all the English kings and
+all the Continental potentates who visited the shores of Britain, paid due
+homage, and doubtless made due offering, at the shrine of the sainted
+archbishop. The crown of Scotland was presented in A.D. 1299 by Edward
+Longshanks, and Henry V. gave thanks here after his victory over the
+French at Agincourt. Emperors, both of the east and west, humbled
+themselves before the relics of the famous English martyr. Henry VIII. and
+the Emperor Charles V. came together at Whitsuntide, A.D. 1520, in more
+than royal splendour, and with a great retinue of English and Spanish
+noblemen, and worshipped at the shrine which had then reached the zenith
+of its glory.
+
+But though the stately stories of these royal progresses to the tomb of
+the martyred archbishop strike the imagination vividly, yet the picture
+presented by Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" is in reality much more
+impressive. For we find there all ranks of society alike making the
+pilgrimage--the knight, the yeoman, the prioress, the monk, the friar, the
+merchant, the scholar from Oxford, the lawyer, the squire, the tradesman,
+the cook, the shipman, the physician, the clothier from Bath, the priest,
+the miller, the reeve, the manciple, the seller of indulgences, and,
+lastly, the poet himself--all these various sorts and conditions of men
+and women we find journeying down to Canterbury in a sort of motley
+caravan. Foreign pilgrims also came to the sacred shrine in great numbers.
+A curious record, preserved in a Latin translation, of the journey of a
+Bohemian noble, Leo von Rotzmital, who visited England in 1446, gives a
+quaint description of Canterbury and its approaches. "Sailing up the
+Channel," the narrator writes, "as we drew near to England we saw lofty
+mountains full of chalk. These mountains seem from a distance to be clad
+with snows. On them lies a citadel, built by devils, '_a Cacodæmonibus
+extructa_,' so stoutly fortified that its peer could not be found in any
+province of Christendom. Passing by these mountains and citadel we put in
+at the city of Sandwich (_Sandvicum_).... But at nothing did I marvel more
+greatly than at the sailors climbing up the masts and foretelling the
+distance, and approach of the winds, and which sails should be set and
+which furled. Among them I saw one sailor so nimble that scarce could any
+man be compared with him." Journeying on to Canterbury, our pilgrim
+proceeds: "There we saw the tomb and head of the martyr. The tomb is of
+pure gold, and embellished with jewels, and so enriched with splendid
+offerings that I know not its peer. Among other precious things upon it is
+beholden the carbuncle jewel, which is wont to shine by night, half a
+hen's egg in size. For that tomb has been lavishly enriched by many kings,
+princes, wealthy traders, and other righteous men."
+
+Such was Canterbury Cathedral in the middle ages, the resort of emperors,
+kings, and all classes of humble folk, English and foreign. It was in the
+spring chiefly, as Chaucer tells us, that
+
+    "Whanne that April with his showres sote
+    The droughte of March hath perced to the rote,
+    And bathed every veine in swiche licour,
+    Of whiche vertue engendred is the flour;
+    When Zephyrus eke with his sote brethe
+    Enspired hath in every holt and hethe
+    The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
+    Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne,
+    And smale foules maken melodie
+    That slepen alle night with open eye,
+    So priketh hem nature in hir corages;
+    Than longen folk to gon on pilgrimages
+    And palmeres for to seken strange strondes
+    To serve hauves couthe in sondry londes;
+    And specially from every shires ende
+    Of Englelonde, to Canterbury they wende
+    The holy blissful martyr for to seke,
+    That hem hath holpen when that they were seke."
+
+The miracles performed by the bones of the blessed martyr are stated by
+contemporary writers to have been extraordinarily numerous. We have it on
+the authority of Gervase that two volumes full of these marvels were
+preserved at Canterbury, and in those days a volume meant a tome of
+formidable dimensions; but scarcely any record of these most interesting
+occurrences has been preserved. At the time of Henry VIII.'s quarrel with
+the dead archbishop--of which more anon--the name of St. Thomas and all
+account of his deeds was erased from every book that the strictest
+investigation could lay hands on. So thoroughly was this spiteful edict
+carried out that the records of the greatest of English saints are
+astonishingly meagre. A letter, however, has been preserved, written about
+A.D. 1390 by Richard II. to congratulate the then archbishop, William
+Courtenay, on a fresh miracle performed by St. Thomas: "_Litera domini
+Regis graciosa missa domino archiepiscopo, regraciando sibi de novo
+miraculo Sancti Thome Martiris sibi denunciato._" The letter refers, in
+its quaint Norman-French, to the good influence that will be exercised by
+such a manifestation, as a practical argument against the "various enemies
+of our faith and belief"--_noz foie et creaunce ount plousours enemys_.
+These were the Lollards, and the pious king says that he hopes and
+believes that they will be brought back to the right path by the effect
+of this miracle, which seems to have been worked to heal a distinguished
+foreigner--_en une persone estraunge_.
+
+Another document (dated A.D. 1455) preserves the story of the miraculous
+cure of a young Scotsman, from Aberdeen, _Allexander Stephani filius in
+Scocia, de Aberdyn oppido natus_. Alexander was lame, _pedibus contractus_,
+from his birth, we are told that after twenty-four years of pain and
+discomfort--_vigintiquatuor annis penaliter laborabat_--he made a
+pilgrimage to Canterbury, and there "the sainted Thomas, the divine
+clemency aiding him, on the second day of the month of May did straightway
+restore his legs and feet, _bases et plantas_, to the same Alexander."
+
+Other miracles performed by the saint are pictured in the painted windows
+of Trinity Chapel, of which we shall treat fully later on. The fame of the
+martyr spread through the whole of Christendom. Stanley tells us that
+"there is probably no country in Europe which does not exhibit traces of
+Becket. A tooth of his is preserved in the church of San Thomaso
+Cantuariense at Verona, part of an arm in a convent at Florence, and
+another part in the church of St. Waldetrude at Mons; in Fuller's time
+both arms were displayed in the English convent at Lisbon; while Bourbourg
+preserves his chalice, Douay his hair shirt, and St. Omer his mitre. The
+cathedral of Sens contains his vestments and an ancient altar at which he
+said mass. His story is pictured in the painted windows at Chartres, and
+Sens, and St. Omer, and his figure is to be seen in the church of Monreale
+at Palermo."
+
+In England almost every county contained a church or convent dedicated to
+St. Thomas. Most notable of these was the abbey of Aberbrothock, raised,
+within seven years after the martyrdom, to the memory of the saint by
+William the Lion, king of Scotland. William had been defeated by the
+English forces on the very day on which Henry II. had done penance at the
+tomb, and made his peace with the saint, and attributing his misfortunes
+to the miraculous influence of St. Thomas, endeavoured to propitiate him
+by the dedication of this magnificent abbey. A mutilated image of the
+saint has been preserved among the ruins of the monastery. This is perhaps
+the most notable of the gifts to St. Thomas. The volume of the offerings
+which were poured into the Canterbury coffers by grateful invalids who
+had been cured of their ailments, and by others who, like the Scotch king,
+were anxious to propitiate the power of the saint, must have been
+enormous. We know that at the beginning of the sixteenth century the
+yearly offerings, though their sums had already greatly diminished, were
+worth about £4,000, according to the present value of money.
+
+The story of the fall of the shrine and the overthrow of the power of the
+martyr is so remarkable and was so implicitly believed at the time, that
+it cannot be passed over in spite of the doubts which modern criticism
+casts on its authenticity. It is said that in April, A.D. 1538, a writ of
+summons was issued in the name of King Henry VIII. against Thomas Becket,
+sometime Archbishop of Canterbury, accusing him of treason, contumacy, and
+rebellion. This document was read before the martyr's tomb, and thirty
+days were allowed for his answer to the summons. As the defendant did not
+appear, the suit was formally tried at Westminster. The Attorney General
+held a brief for Henry II., and the deceased defendant was represented by
+an advocate named by Henry VIII. Needless to relate, judgment was given in
+favour of Henry II., and the condemned Archbishop was ordered to have his
+bones burnt and all his gorgeous offerings escheated to the Crown. The
+first part of the sentence was remitted and Becket's body was buried, but
+he was deprived of the title of Saint, his images were destroyed
+throughout the kingdom, and his name was erased from all books. The shrine
+was destroyed, and the gold and jewels thereof were taken away in
+twenty-six carts. Henry VIII. himself wore the Regale of France in a ring
+on his thumb. Improbable as the story of Becket's trial may seem, such a
+procedure was strictly in accordance with the forms of the Roman Catholic
+Church, of which Henry still at that time professed himself a member:
+moreover it is not without authentic parallels in history: exactly the
+same measures of reprisal had been taken against Wycliffe at Lutterworth;
+and Queen Mary shortly afterwards acted in a similar manner towards Bucer
+and Fagius at Cambridge.
+
+The last recorded pilgrim to the shrine of St. Thomas was Madame de
+Montreuil, a great French dame who had been waiting on Mary of Guise, in
+Scotland. She visited Canterbury in August, A.D. 1538, and we are told
+that she was taken to see the wonders of the place and marvelled at all
+the riches thereof, and said "that if she had not seen it, all the men in
+the world could never 'a made her believe it." Though she would not kiss
+the head of St. Thomas, the Prior "did send her a present of coneys,
+capons, chickens, with divers fruits--plenty--insomuch that she said,
+'What shall we do with so many capons? Let the Lord Prior come, and eat,
+and help us to eat them tomorrow at dinner' and so thanked him heartily
+for the said present."
+
+Such was the history of Becket's shrine. We have dwelt on it at some
+length because it is no exaggeration to say that in the Middle Ages
+Canterbury Cathedral owed its European fame and enormous riches to the
+fact that it contained the shrine within its walls, and because the story
+of the influence of the Saint and the miracles that he worked, and the
+millions of pilgrims who flocked from the whole civilized world to do
+homage to him, throws a brighter and more vivid light on the lives and
+thoughts and beliefs of mediæval men than many volumes stuffed with
+historical research. No visitor to Canterbury can appreciate what he sees,
+unless he realizes to some extent the glamour which overhung the resting
+place of St. Thomas in the days of Geoffrey Chaucer. We have no certain
+knowledge as to whether the other shrines and relics which enriched the
+cathedral were destroyed along with those of St. Thomas. Dunstan and
+Elphege at least can hardly have escaped, and it is probable that most of
+the monuments and relics perished at the time of the Reformation. We know
+that in A.D. 1541, Cranmer deplored the slight effect which had been
+wrought by the royal orders for the destruction of the bones and images
+of supposed saints. And that he forthwith received letters from the king,
+enjoining him to cause "due search to be made in his cathedral churches,
+and if any shrine, covering of shrine, table, monument of miracles, or
+other pilgrimage, do there continue, to cause it to be taken away, so as
+there remain no memory of it." This order probably brought about the
+destruction of the tombs and monuments of the early archbishops, most
+of whom had been officially canonised, or been at least enrolled in the
+popular calendar, and were accordingly doomed to have their resting-places
+desecrated. We know that about this time the tomb of Winchelsey was
+destroyed, because he was adored by the people as a reputed saint.
+
+Any monuments that may have escaped royal vandalism at the Reformation
+period, fell before the even more effective fanaticism of the Puritans,
+who seem to have exercised their iconoclastic energies with especial zeal
+and vigour at Canterbury. Just before their time Archbishop Laud spent a
+good deal of trouble and money on the adornment of the high altar. A
+letter to him from the Dean, dated July 8th, A.D. 1634, is quoted by
+Prynne, "We have obeyed your Grace's direction in pulling down the
+exorbitant seates within our Quire whereby the church is very much
+beautified.... Lastly wee most humbly beseech your Grace to take notice
+that many and most necessary have beene the occasions of extraordinary
+expences this yeare for ornaments, etc." And another Puritan scribe tells
+us that "At the east end of the cathedral they have placed an Altar as
+they call it dressed after the Romish fashion, for which altar they have
+lately provided a most idolatrous costly glory cloth or back cloth."
+
+These embellishments were not destined to remain long undisturbed. In A.D.
+1642, the Puritan troopers hewed the altar-rails to pieces and then "threw
+the Altar over and over down the three Altar steps, and left it lying with
+the heels upwards." This was only the beginning: we read that during the
+time of the Great Rebellion, "the newly erected font was pulled down, the
+inscriptions, figures, and coats of arms, engraven upon brass, were torn
+off from the ancient monuments, and whatsoever there was of beauty or
+decency in the holy place, was despoiled."
+
+A manuscript, compiled in 1662, and preserved in the Chapter library,
+gives a more minute account of this work of destruction. "The windows
+were generally battered and broken down; the whole roof, with that of the
+steeples, the chapter-house and cloister, externally impaired and ruined
+both in timber-work and lead; water-tanks, pipes, and much other lead cut
+off; the choir stripped and robbed of her fair and goodly hangings; the
+organ and organ-loft, communion-table, and the best and chiefest of the
+furniture, with the rail before it, and the screen of tabernacle work
+richly overlaid with gold behind it; goodly monuments shamefully abused,
+defaced, and rifled of brasses, iron grates, and bars."
+
+The ringleader in this work of destruction was a fanatic named Richard
+Culmer, commonly known as Blue Dick. A paper preserved in the Chapter
+library, in the writing of Somner, the great antiquarian scholar,
+describes the state in which the fabric of the cathedral was left, at the
+time of the Restoration of King Charles II., in 1660. "So little," says
+this document, "had the fury of the late reformers left remaining of it
+besides the bare walles and roofe, and these, partly through neglect, and
+partly by the daily assaults and batteries of the disaffected, so
+shattered, ruinated, and defaced, as it was not more unserviceable in the
+way of a cathedral than justly scandalous to all who delight to serve God
+in the beauty of Holines." Most of the windows had been broken, "the
+church's guardians, her faire and strong gates, turned off the hooks and
+burned." The buildings and houses of the clergy had been pulled down or
+greatly damaged; and lastly, "the goodly oaks in our common gardens, of
+good value in themselves, and in their time very beneficial to our church
+by their shelter, quite eradicated and _set to sale_." This last touch is
+interesting, as showing that the reforming zeal of the Puritans was not
+always altogether disinterested.
+
+After the Restoration some attempt was made to render the cathedral once
+more a fitting place of worship, and the sum of £10,000 was devoted to
+repairs and other public and pious uses. A screen was put up in the same
+position as the former one, and the altar was placed in front. But, in
+A.D. 1729, this screen no longer suited the taste of the period, and a
+sum of £500, bequeathed by one of the prebendaries, was devoted to the
+erection of a screen in the Corinthian style, designed by a certain Mr.
+Burrough, afterwards Master of Caius College, Cambridge. A little before
+this time the old stalls, which had survived the Puritan period were
+replaced: a writer describes them, in the early half of the seventeenth
+century, as standing in two rows, an upper and lower, on each side, with
+the archbishop's wood throne above them on the south side. This chair he
+mentions as "sometime richly guilt, and otherwise well set forth, but now
+nothing specious through age and late neglect. It is a close seat, made
+after the old fashion of such stalls, called thence _faldistoria_; only in
+this they differ, that they were moveable, this is fixt."
+
+Thus wrote Somner in A.D. 1640: the dilapidated throne of which he speaks
+was replaced, in A.D. 1704, by a splendid throne with a tall Corinthian
+canopy, and decorated with carving by Grinling Gibbons, the gift of
+Archbishop Tenison, who also set up new stalls. At the same time Queen
+Mary the Second presented new and magnificent furniture for the altar,
+throne, stalls of the chief clergy, and pulpit. Since then many alterations
+have been made. The old altar and screen have been removed, and a new
+reredos set up, copied from the screen work of the Lady Chapel in the
+crypt; and Archbishop Tenison's throne has given place to a lofty stone
+canopy. In 1834 owing to its tottering condition the north-west tower of
+the nave had to be pulled down. It was rebuilt on an entirely different
+plan by Mr. George Austin, who, with his son, also conducted a good deal
+of repairing and other work in the cathedral and the buildings connected
+with it. A good deal of the external stonework had to be renewed, but the
+work was carried out judiciously, and only where it was absolutely
+necessary. On the west side of the south transept a turret has been pulled
+down and set up again stone by stone. The crypt has been cleared out and
+restored, and its windows have been reopened. The least satisfactory
+evidences of the modern hand are the stained glass windows, which have been
+put up in the nave and transepts of the cathedral. The Puritan trooper had
+wrought havoc in the ancient glass, smashing it wherever a pike-thrust
+could reach; and modern piety has been almost as ruthless in erecting
+windows which are quite incredibly hideous.
+
+In September, 1872, Canterbury was once more damaged by fire, just about
+seven hundred years after the memorable conflagration described by
+Gervase. On this occasion, however, the damage did not go beyond the outer
+roof of the Trinity Chapel. The fire broke out at about half-past ten in
+the morning, and was luckily discovered before it had made much progress,
+by two plumbers who were at work in the south gutter. According to the
+"Builder" of that month, "a peculiar whirring noise" caused them to look
+inside the roof, and they found three of the main roof-timbers blazing. "The
+best conjecture seems to be that the dry twigs, straw, and similar
+_débris_, carried into the roof by birds, and which it has been the custom
+to clear at intervals out of the vault pockets, had caught fire from a
+spark that had in some way passed through the roof covering, perhaps under
+a sheet raised a little at the bottom by the wind." Assistance was quickly
+summoned, and "by half-past twelve the whole was seen to be extinguished.
+At four o'clock the authorities held the evening service, so as not to
+break a continuity of custom extending over centuries; and in the
+smoke-filled choir, the whole of the Chapter in residence, in the proper
+Psalm (xviii.), found expression for the sense of victory over a conquered
+enemy."
+
+Thus little harm was done, but it must have been an exciting crisis while
+it lasted. "The bosses [of the vaulting], pierced with cradle-holes,
+happened to be well-placed for the passage of the liquid lead dripping on
+the back of the vault from the blazing roof," which poured down on to the
+pavement below, on the very spot which Becket's shrine had once occupied.
+"Through the holes further westward water came, sufficient to float over
+the surfaces of the polished Purbeck marble floor and the steps of the
+altar, and alarmed the well-intentioned assistants into removing the
+altar, tearing up the altar-rails, etc., etc. The relics of the Black
+Prince, attached to a beam (over his tomb) at the level of the caps of the
+piers on the south side of Trinity Chapel, were all taken down and placed
+away in safety. The eastern end of the church is said to have been filled
+with steam from water rushing through with, and falling on, the molten
+lead on the floor; and, in time, by every opening, wood-smoke reached the
+inside of the building, filling all down to the west of the nave with a
+blue haze." The scene in the building is said to have been one of
+extraordinary beauty, but most lovers of architecture would probably
+prefer to view the fabric with its own loveliness, unenhanced by numerous
+streams of molten lead pouring down from the roof.
+
+Since that date Canterbury Cathedral has been happy in the possession of
+no history, and we pass on, therefore, to the examination in detail of its
+exterior.
+
+[Illustration: THE CLOISTERS.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+EXTERIOR AND PRECINCTS--THE MONASTERY.
+
+
+The external beauties of Canterbury Cathedral can best be viewed in their
+entirety from a distance. The old town has nestled in close under the
+walls of the church that dominates it, preventing anything like a complete
+view of the building from the immediate precincts. But Canterbury is girt
+with a ring of hills, from which we may enjoy a strikingly beautiful view
+of the ancient city, lying asleep in the rich, peaceful valley of the
+Stour, and the mighty cathedral towering over the red-tiled roofs of the
+town, and looking, as a rustic remarked as he gazed down upon it "like a
+hen brooding over her chickens." Erasmus must have been struck by some
+such aspect of the cathedral, for he says, "It rears its crest (_erigit
+se_) with so great majesty to the sky, that it inspires a feeling of awe
+even in those who look at it from afar." Such a view may well be got from
+the hills of Harbledown, a village about two miles from Canterbury,
+containing in itself many objects of antiquarian and æsthetic interest.
+It stands on the road by which Chaucer's pilgrims wended their way to the
+shrine of St. Thomas, and it is almost certainly referred to in the lines
+in which the poet speaks of
+
+                         "A little town
+    Which that yeleped is Bob Up and Down
+    Under the Blee in Canterbury way."
+
+The name Harbledown is derived by local philologists from Bob up and Down,
+and the hilly nature of the country fully justifies the title. Here stands
+Lanfranc's Lazar-house, "so picturesque even now in its decay, and in
+spite of modern alterations which have swept away all but the ivy-clad
+chapel of Lanfranc." In this hospital a shoe of St. Thomas was preserved
+which pilgrims were expected to kiss as they passed by; and in an old
+chest the modern visitor may still behold a rude money-box with a slit in
+the lid, into which the great Erasmus is said to have dropped a coin when
+he visited Canterbury at the time when St. Thomas's glory was just
+beginning to wane. Behind the hospital is an ancient well called "the
+Black Prince's Well." The Black Prince, as is well known, passed through
+Canterbury on his way from Sandwich to London, whither he was escorting
+his royal prisoner, King John of France, whom he had captured at the
+battle of Poitiers, A.D. 1357. We need not doubt that he halted at
+Harbledown to salute the martyr's shoe, and he may have washed in the
+water of the well, which was henceforward called by his name. Another
+tradition relates that he had water brought to him from this well when
+he lay sick, ten years later, in the archbishop's palace at Canterbury.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW ON THE STOUR.]
+
+Another good view may be had from the crest on which stands St. Martin's
+Church, which was formerly believed to be the oldest in England, so
+ancient that its origin was connected with the mythical King Lucius.
+Modern research has decided that it is of later date, but there is no
+doubt that on the spot on which it now stands, Bertha, the wife of
+Ethelbert--who was ruling when Augustine landed with his monks--had a
+little chapel, as Bede relates, "in the east of the city," where she
+worshipped, before her husband's conversion, with her chaplain, Luidhard,
+a French priest. Dean Stanley has described this view in a fine passage:
+
+"Let any one sit on the hill of the little church of St. Martin, and look
+on the view which is there spread before his eyes. Immediately below are
+the towers of the great abbey of St. Augustine, where Christian learning
+and civilization first struck root in the Anglo-Saxon race; and within
+which, now, after a lapse of many centuries, a new institution has arisen,
+intended to carry far and wide to countries of which Gregory and Augustine
+never heard, the blessings which they gave to us. Carry your view on--and
+there rises high above all the magnificent pile of our cathedral, equal in
+splendour and state to any, the noblest temple or church, that Augustine
+could have seen in ancient Rome, rising on the very ground which derives
+its consecration from him. And still more than the grandeur of the outward
+building that rose from the little church of Augustine, and the little
+palace of Ethelbert, have been the institutions of all kinds, of which
+these were the earliest cradle. From the first English Christian
+city--from Kent, the first English Christian kingdom--has, by degrees,
+arisen the whole constitution of Church and State in England which now
+binds together the whole British Empire. And from the Christianity here
+established in England has flowed, by direct consequence, first, the
+Christianity of Germany--then after a long interval, of North America, and
+lastly, we may trust in time, of all India and all Australasia. The view
+from St. Martin's Church is, indeed, one of the most inspiriting that can
+be found in the world; there is none to which I would more willingly take
+any one who doubted whether a small beginning could lead to a great and
+lasting good--none which carries us more vividly back into the past, or
+more hopefully forward to the future."
+
+In the town itself, the best point of vantage from which the visitor can
+get a good view of the cathedral is the summit of the Dane John, a lofty
+mound crowned by an obelisk; from this height we look across at the roof
+and towers of the cathedral rising above thickly clustering trees: from
+here also there is a fine view over the beautiful valley of the Stour in
+the direction of Thanington and Chartham.
+
+In the immediate precincts, a delightful picture is presented from the
+Green Court, which was once the main outer court of the monastery. Here
+are noble trees and beautifully kept turf, at once in perfect harmony and
+agreeable contrast with the rugged walls of the weather-beaten cathedral:
+the quiet soft colouring of the ancient buildings and that look of
+cloistered seclusion only to be found in the peaceful nooks of cathedral
+cities are seen here at their very best.
+
+[Illustration: "BELL HARRY," THE CENTRAL TOWER.]
+
+The chief glory of the exterior of Canterbury Cathedral is the central
+#Angel or Bell Tower#. This is one of the most perfect structures that
+Gothic architecture, inspired by the loftiest purpose that ever stimulated
+the work of any art, has produced. It was completed by Prior Selling, who
+held office in 1472, and has been variously called the Bell Harry Tower
+from the mighty Dunstan bell, weighing three tons and three hundredweight,
+and the Angel Tower from the gilded figure of an angel poised on one of
+the pinnacles, which has long ago disappeared. The tower itself is of two
+stages, with two two-light windows in each stage; the windows are
+transomed in each face, and the lower tier is canopied; each angle is
+rounded off with an octagonal turret and the whole structure is a
+marvellous example of architectural harmony, and in every way a work of
+transcendent beauty. The two buttressing arches and the ornamental braces
+which support it were added at the end of the fifteenth century by Prior
+Goldstone, to whom the building of the whole tower is apparently
+attributed in the following quaint passage from a mediæval authority: "He
+by the influence and help of those honourable men, Cardinal John Morton
+and Prior William Sellyng, erected and magnificently completed that lofty
+tower commonly called Angyll Stepyll in the midst of the church, between
+the choir and the nave--vaulted with a most beautiful vault, and with
+excellent and artistic workmanship in every part sculptured and gilt, with
+ample windows glazed and ironed. He also with great care and industry
+annexed to the columns which support the same tower two arches or
+vaults of stone work, curiously carved, and four smaller ones, to assist
+in sustaining the said tower" ("Ang. Sac." i. 147, translated by Professor
+Willis). The western front of the cathedral is flanked by two towers of
+great beauty; a point in which Mediæval architecture has risen above that
+of all other ages is the skill which it displays in the use of towers of
+different heights, breaking the dull straight line of the roof and
+carrying the eye gradually up to the loftiest point of the building.
+Canterbury presents an excellent example of the beauty of this
+subordination of lower towers to the chief; we invite the visitor, when
+looking at the exterior, to compare it mentally, on the one hand, with the
+dull severity of the roof line of a Greek temple, and on the other, to
+take a fair example of modern so-called Gothic, with the ugly straight
+line of the Houses of Parliament, as seen from the Lambeth Embankment,
+broken only by the two stark and stiff erections at each end. The two
+towers at the west end of Canterbury were not always uniform. At the
+northern corner an old Norman tower formerly uplifted a leaden spire one
+hundred feet high. This rather anomalous arrangement must have had a
+decidedly lopsided effect, and it is probable that the appearance of the
+cathedral was changed very much for the better when the spire, which had
+been taken down in 1705, was replaced by Mr. Austin in 1840, by a tower
+uniform with the southernmost tower, called the Chicele or Oxford steeple:
+this tower was completed by Prior Goldstone, who, during his tenure of
+office from 1449-68, also built the Lady Chapel. On its south side stands
+the porch, with a remarkable central niche, which formerly contained a
+representation of Becket's martyrdom. The figures of the Archbishop's
+assassins now no longer remain; but their place has been filled up with
+figures of various worthies who have lived under the shadow of the
+cathedral. Dean Alford suggested, about 1863, that the many vacant niches
+should be peopled in this manner, and since then the work has proceeded
+steadily. The western towers are built each of six stages: each of the two
+upper tiers contains two two-light windows, while below there is a large
+four-light window uniform with the windows of the aisles. The base tier is
+ornamented with rich panelling. The parapet is battlemented and the angles
+are finished with fine double pinnacles. At the west end there is a large
+window of seven lights, with three transoms. The gable contains a window
+of very curious shape, filled with intricate tracery. The space above the
+aisle windows is ornamented with quatrefoiled squares, and the clerestory
+is pierced by windows of three lights. In the main transept there is a
+fine perpendicular window of eight lights; the choir, or south-east
+transept, has a Norman front, with arcades, and a large round window; also
+an arcaded west turret surmounted by a short spire. Beyond this, the line
+is again broken by the projection of St. Anselm's so-called Tower; this
+chapel hardly merits such a title, unless we adopt the theory that it, and
+the corresponding building on the north side, were at one time a good deal
+more lofty, but lost their upper portions at the time of the great fire.
+The end of the cathedral has a rather untidy appearance, owing to the fact
+that the exterior of the corona was never completed. On the northern side
+the building is so closely interwoven with the cloister and monastic
+buildings that it can only be considered in conjunction with them. The
+length of the cathedral is 514 feet, the height of the central tower 235
+feet, and that of the western towers 130 feet.
+
+The chief interest of ancient buildings to the ordinary observer, as apart
+from the architectural specialist, is the fact that they are after all the
+most authentic documents in our possession from which we can gain any
+insight into the lives and modes of thought of our ancestors. To tell us
+how ordinary men lived and busied themselves is beneath the dignity of
+history. As Carlyle says: "The thing I want to see is not Redbook Lists,
+and Court Calendars, and Parliamentary Registers, but the _Life of Man_ in
+England: what men did, thought, suffered, enjoyed; ... Mournful, in truth,
+is it to behold what the business 'called History' in these so enlightened
+and illuminated times, still continues to be. Can you gather from it, read
+till your eyes go out, any dimmest shadow of an answer to that great
+question: How men lived and had their being; were it but economically, as,
+what wages they got, and what they bought with these? Unhappily they
+cannot.... History, as it stands all bound up in gilt volumes, is but a
+shade more instructive than the wooden volumes of a backgammon-board."
+Most of us have felt, at one time or another, the truth of these words,
+though it is only fair to add that the fault lies not so much at the door
+of the modern historian as of our ancestors themselves, who were too busy
+with fighting and revelling to leave any but the most meagre account of
+their own lives behind them; so that "Redbook Lists and Parliamentary
+Registers" are all that the veracious chronicler, who will not let his
+imagination run riot, can find to put before us. But happily, in the
+wildest days of the Middle Ages, there were found some peace-loving souls
+who preferred to drone away their lives in quiet meditation behind the
+walls of the great monasteries, undisturbed by the clash of swords. Some
+outlet had to be found for their innate energies and their intense
+religious enthusiasm; missionary zeal had not yet been invented, and the
+writing of books would have seemed to them a waste of good parchment, for
+in their eyes the Scriptures and the Aristotelian writings supplied all
+the food that the most voracious intellect could crave for. So they
+applied all their genius--and it is probable that the flower of the
+European race, as far as intelligence and culture are concerned, was
+gathered in those days into the Church--and all the ecstatic fervour of
+their religious devotion, the strength of which men of these latter days
+can hardly realize, to the construction of beautiful buildings for the
+worship of God. They have written a history in stone, from which a
+thoughtful student can supply much that is left out by the dry-as-dust
+annalists, for it is not only the history, but the actual result and
+expression, of the lives of the most gifted men of the Middle Ages.
+
+If we would read this history aright it is necessary that we should look
+at it as far as possible, as it was originally published. If the old
+binding has been torn off, and the volume hedged in by a crowd of modern
+literature, we must try to put these aside and consider the book as it was
+first issued; in other words, to drop metaphor altogether, in considering
+a building like Canterbury Cathedral, we must forget the busy little
+country town, with its crowded streets and noisy railway stations, though,
+from one point of view, the contrast that they present is agreeable and
+valuable, and try to conceive the church as it once stood, the centre of a
+harmonious group of monastic buildings.
+
+The founder of the monastic system in the West was the famous Benedict of
+Nursia, who had adapted the strict code of St. Basil, mitigating its
+severity, and making it more in accordance with the climate, manners,
+and general circumstances of Western peoples. His code was described by
+Gregory the Great as "excellent in its discretion, lucid in its
+expression"--_discretione præcipuam sermone luculentam_. He founded the
+monasteries of Montecassino and Subiaco in the beginning of the sixth
+century. In the ninth and tenth centuries--the worst period of the Dark
+Ages--corruption and laxity pervaded society in general, and the
+Benedictine monasteries especially. At the end of this deplorable epoch
+many efforts were made in the direction of reform. Gregory the Great
+himself was a member of the Benedictine brotherhood; so also was
+Augustine, who founded the great monastery of Christ Church. The venerable
+Bede relates that "when Augustine, the first Archbishop of Canterbury,
+assumed the episcopal throne in that royal city, he recovered therein,
+by the king's assistance, a church which, as he was told, had been
+constructed by the original labour of Roman believers. This church he
+consecrated in the name of the Saviour, our God and Lord Jesus Christ, and
+there he established an habitation for himself and all his successors."
+This was the Basilica-Church, mentioned in an earlier part of this work,
+an imitation of the original Basilica of St. Peter at Rome. Augustine's
+monastery was handsomely endowed. A large stretch of country was given to
+the monks, and they were the first who brought the soil into cultivation,
+and built churches and preached in them. "The monks," says Bede, "were the
+principal of those who came to the work of preaching." In the city itself
+there were thirty-two "mansuræ" or mansions, held by the clergy, rendering
+35_s._ a year, and a mill worth 5_s._ per annum. Augustine's monastery
+lived and prospered--though, as we shall see, it did not escape the
+general corruption of the eighth and ninth centuries--until the time of
+the Norman invasion. In 1067 a fire destroyed the Saxon cathedral and the
+greater part of the monastic buildings. But the year 1070 marks an epoch
+in the history of the monastery, for it was then that William the
+Conqueror having deposed Stigand, the Saxon Primate, invited Lanfranc, the
+Abbot of Caen, to accept the vacant see. He "being overcome by the will of
+God as much as by the apostolic authority, passed over into England, and,
+not forgetful of the object for which he had come, directed all his
+endeavours to the correction of the manners of his people, and settling
+the state of the Church. And first he laboured to renew the church of
+Canterbury ... and built also necessary offices for the use of the monks;
+and (which is very remarkable) he caused to be brought over the sea in
+swift sailing vessels squared stones from Caen in order to build with. He
+also built a house for his own dwelling near the church, and surrounded
+all these buildings with a vast and lofty wall." Also "he duly arranged
+all that was necessary for the table and clothing of the monks," and "many
+lands which had been taken away he brought back into the property of the
+Church and restored to it twenty-five manors." He also added one hundred
+to the original number of the monks, and drew up a new system of
+discipline to correct the laxity which was rife when he entered on the
+primacy. He tells Anselm in a letter that "the land in which he is, is
+daily shaken with so many and so great tribulations, is stained with so
+many adulteries and other impurities, that no order of men consults for
+the benefit of his soul, or even desires to hear the salutary doctrine of
+God for his increase in holiness." Perhaps the most interesting feature of
+his reconstruction of the "regula," or rule for the monks' discipline, was
+his enactment with regard to the library and the studies of the brethren.
+In the first week in Lent, the monks had to bring back and place in the
+Chapter House the books which had been provided for their instruction
+during the previous year. Those who had not duly performed the yearly
+portion of reading prostrated themselves, confessing their fault and
+asking pardon. A fresh distribution was then made, and the brethren
+retired, each furnished with a year's literary task. Apparently no
+examination was held, no test applied to discover whether the last year's
+instruction had been digested and assimilated. It was assumed that
+anything like a perfunctory performance of the allotted task was out
+of the question.
+
+Another important alteration introduced by Lanfranc was his inauguration
+of the system under which the monastery was in immediate charge, no longer
+of the archbishop, but of a prior. Henceforward the primate stood forth as
+the head of the Church, rather than as merely the chief of her most
+ancient foundation.
+
+We have dwelt at some length on the subject of the monastery at
+Canterbury, because, as we have said, it is impossible to learn the
+lesson of the cathedral truly, unless we regard the fabric in its original
+setting, surrounded by monastic buildings; and it is impossible to
+interest ourselves in the monastic buildings without knowing something of
+the institution which they housed.
+
+[Illustration: DETAIL OF ST. ANSELM'S TOWER.]
+
+The buildings which contained a great #monastery# like that of Canterbury
+were necessarily very extensive. Chief among them was the chapter house,
+which generally adjoined the principal cloister, bounded by the nave of
+the church and one of the transepts. Then there were the buildings
+necessary for the actual housing and daily living of the monks--the
+dormitory, refectory, kitchen, buttery, and other indispensable offices.
+Another highly important building, usually standing eastward of the
+church, was the infirmary or hospital for sick brethren, with its chapel
+duly attached. Further, the rules of Benedictine monasteries always
+enjoined the strict observance of the duty of hospitality, and some part
+of the buildings was invariably set aside for the due entertainment of
+strangers of various ranks. Visitors of distinction were entertained in
+special rooms which generally were attached to the house of the prior or
+abbot: guests of a lower order were lodged hard by the hall of the
+cellarer; while poor pilgrims and chance wanderers who craved a night's
+shelter were bestowed, as a rule, near the main gate of the monastery.
+Lastly, it must not be forgotten that a well-endowed monastery was always
+the steward of a great estate, so that many storehouses and
+farm-buildings--barns, granaries, bakehouse, etc.--were a necessary part
+of the institution. Extensive stabling was also required to shelter the
+horses of illustrious visitors and their suites. Moreover, the clergy
+themselves were often greatly addicted to the chase, and we know that the
+pious St. Thomas found time to cultivate a taste for horseflesh, which was
+remarkable even in those days when all men who wanted to move at all were
+bound to ride. The knights who murdered him thought it worth while to
+pillage his stable after accomplishing their errand.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHRISTCHURCH GATE
+(FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY CARL NORMAN AND CO).]
+
+The centre round which all these manifold buildings and offices were
+ranged was, of course, the cathedral. Wherever available space and the
+nature of the ground permitted it, the cloister and chief buildings were
+placed under the shelter of the church on its southern side, as may be
+seen, for instance, at Westminster, where the cloisters, chapter house,
+deanery, refectory (now the College Hall), etc., are all gathered on the
+south side of the Abbey. At Canterbury, however, the builders were not
+able to follow the usual practice, owing to the fact that they were hemmed
+in closely by the houses of the city on the south side, so that we find
+that the space between the north side of the cathedral and the city wall,
+all of which belonged to the monks, was the site of the monastic
+buildings. The whole group formed by the cathedral and the subsidiary
+buildings was girt by a massive wall, which was restored and made more
+effective as a defence by Lanfranc. It is probable that some of the
+remains of this wall, which still survive, may be considered as dating
+from his time. The chief gate, both in ancient and modern days, is Prior
+Goldstone's Gate, usually known as #Christ Church Gate#, an exceedingly
+good example of the later Perpendicular style. A contemporary inscription
+tells us that it was built in 1517. It stands at the end of Mercery Lane,
+a lofty building with towers at its corners, and two storeys above the
+archway. In front there is a central niche, in which an image of our
+Saviour originally stood, while below a row of shields, much battered and
+weather-beaten, display armorial bearings, doubtless those of pious
+contributors to the cost of the building. An early work of Turner's has
+preserved the corner pinnacles which once decorated the top of the gate;
+these were removed some thirty years ago.
+
+[Illustration: THE SOUTH-WEST PORCH OF THE CATHEDRAL.]
+
+[Illustration: CLOISTERS OF THE MONKS' INFIRMARY.]
+
+Entering the precincts through this gateway we find ourselves in what was
+the _outer_ cemetery, in which members of the laity were allowed to be
+buried. The _inner_ cemetery, reserved as a resting-place for the brethren
+themselves, was formerly divided from the outer by a wall which extended
+from St. Anselm's chapel. A Norman door, which was at one time part of
+this wall, has now been put into a wall at the east end of the monks'
+burying ground. This space is now called "The Oaks." A bell tower,
+_campanile_, doubtless used for tolling the passing bell, once stood on a
+mound in the cemetery, close to the dividing wall. The houses on the south
+side of this space are of no great antiquity or interest, and the site on
+which they stand did not become part of the monastery grounds before a
+comparatively late period. But if we skirt the east end of the cathedral
+we come to the space formerly known as the "Homors," a word supposed to be
+a corruption of _Ormeaux_, a French word, meaning elms.[1] Here stood the
+building in which guests of rank and distinction were entertained; and the
+great hall, with its kitchen and offices, is still preserved in a house in
+the north-east corner of the inclosure, now the residence of one of the
+prebendaries. The original building was one of great importance in a
+monastery like Canterbury, which was so often visited, as has already been
+shown, by royal pilgrims. It is said to have been rebuilt from top to
+bottom by Prior Chillenden, and the nature of the architecture, as far as
+it can be traced, is not in any way at variance with this statement. The
+hall, as it originally stood, was pierced with oriel windows rising to the
+roof, and at its western end a walled-off portion was divided into two
+storeys, the lower one containing the kitchens, while the upper one was
+either a distinct room separated from the hall, or it may have been a
+gallery opening upon it.
+
+  [1] Though it is also derived from one Dr. Omerus, who lived on the spot
+  in the thirteenth century.
+
+To the west of this house we find the #ruins of the Infirmary#, which
+contained a long hall with aisles, and a chapel at the east end. The hall
+was used as the hospital, and the aisles were sometimes divided into
+separate compartments; the chapel was really part of the hall, with only a
+screen intervening, so that the sick brethren could take part in the
+services. This infirmary survived until the Reformation period, but not
+without undergoing alterations. Before the fifteenth century the south
+aisle was devoted to the use of the sub-prior, and the chancel at the east
+end of the chapel was partially restored about the middle of the
+fourteenth century. A large east window was put in with three-light
+windows on each side. In the north wall there is a curious opening,
+through which, perhaps, sufferers from infectious diseases were allowed to
+assist at the services. On the southern side, the whole row of the pillars
+and arches of the chapel, and some traces of a clerestory, still remain.
+On the wall are some traces of paintings, which are too faded to be
+deciphered. Such of the pillars and arches of the hall as still survive
+are strongly coloured by the great fire of 1174, in which Prior Conrad's
+choir was destroyed.
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF THE MONKS' INFIRMARY.]
+
+[Illustration: THE BAPTISTERY TOWER.]
+
+Westward of the infirmary, and connected with St. Andrew's tower, stands a
+strikingly beautiful building, which was once #the Vestiarium, or
+Treasury#: it consists of two storeys, of which the lower is open on the
+east and west, while the upper contained the treasury chamber, a finely
+proportioned room, decorated with an arcade of intersecting arches.
+
+An archway leads us from the infirmary into what is called the Dark Entry,
+whence a passage leads to the Prior's Gate and onward into the Prior's
+Court, more commonly known as the Green Court: this passage was the
+eastern boundary of the infirmary cloister. Over it Prior de Estria
+raised the _scaccarium_, or checker-building, the counting-house of
+the monastery.
+
+Turning back towards the infirmary entrance we come to #the Lavatory
+Tower#, which stands out from the west end of the substructure of the
+Prior's Chapel. The chapel itself was pulled down at the close of the
+seventeenth century, and a brick-built library was erected on its site.
+The lavatory tower is now more commonly called the baptistery, but this
+name gives a false impression, and only came into use because the building
+now contains a font, given to the cathedral by Bishop Warner. The lower
+part of the tower is late Norman in style, and was built in the latter half
+of the twelfth century, when the monastery was supplied with a system of
+works by which water was drawn from some distant springs, which still
+supply the cathedral and precincts. The water was distributed from this
+tower to the various buildings. The original designs of the engineer are
+preserved at Trinity College, Cambridge. The upper part of the tower was
+rebuilt by Prior Chillenden.
+
+From the lavatory tower a covered passage leads into the great cloister,
+which can also be approached from a door in the north-west transept. The
+cloister, though it stands upon the space covered by that built by
+Lanfranc, is largely the work of the indefatigable Prior Chillenden. It
+shows traces of many architectural periods. The east walk contains a door,
+leading into the transept, embellished with a triple arcade of early
+English; under the central arch of the arcade is the doorway itself, a
+later addition in Perpendicular. There is also a Norman doorway which once
+communicated with the monks' dormitory: after the Reformation it was
+walled up, but in 1813 the plaster which concealed it was taken away, and
+since then it has been carefully restored. The rest of the work in this
+part of the cloister is chiefly Perpendicular. The north walk is adorned
+with an Early English arcade, against which the shafts which support
+Chillenden's vaulting work are placed with rather unsatisfactory effect.
+Towards the western end of this walk is the door of the refectory.
+
+[Illustration: TURRET OF SOUTH-WEST TRANSEPT.]
+
+The cellarer's quarters were outside the west walk, and they were
+connected with the cloister by a doorway at the north-west corner:
+opposite this entrance was a door leading to the archbishop's palace, and
+through this Becket made his way towards the cathedral when his murderers
+were in pursuit of him.
+
+The great dormitory of the monks was built along the east walk of the
+cloister, extending some way beyond it. It was pulled down in 1547, but
+the substructure was left standing, and some private houses were erected
+upon it. These were removed in the middle of the last century, and a good
+deal of the substructure remained until 1867, when the vaulting which
+survived was pulled down to make way for the new library, which was
+erected on the dormitory site. Some of the pillars on which the vault of
+the substructure rested are preserved in a garden in the precincts; and a
+fragment of the upper part of the dormitory building, which escaped the
+demolition in 1547, may be seen in the gable of the new library. The
+substructure was a fine building, 148 feet by 78 feet; the vaulting was,
+as described by Professor Willis, "of the earliest kind; constructed of
+light tufa, having no transverse ribs, and retaining the impressions of
+the rough, boarded centring upon which they had been formed." A second
+minor dormitory ran eastward from the larger one, while outside this was
+the third dormitory, fronting the Green Court. Some portion of the vaults
+of this building is still preserved in the garden before the lavatory
+tower.
+
+#The Chapter House# lies eastward of the wall of the cloister, on the site
+of the original Norman building, which was rather less extensive. The
+present structure is oblong in shape, measuring 90 feet by 35 feet. The
+roof consists of a "barrel vault" and was built by Prior Chillenden, along
+with the whole of the upper storey at the end of the fourteenth century.
+The windows, high and four-lighted, are also his work; those at the east
+and west ends exceed in size all those of the cathedral, having seven
+lights. The lower storey was built by Prior de Estria about a century
+before the work was completed by Chillenden. De Estria also erected the
+choir-screen in the cathedral, which will be described in its proper
+place. The walls of the chapter house are embellished with an arcade of
+trefoiled arches, surmounted by a cornice. At the east end stands a throne
+with a splendid canopy. This building was at one time, after the
+Reformation, used as a sermon house, but the inconvenience caused by
+moving the congregation from the choir, where service was held, across to
+the chapter house to hear the discourse, was so great that the practice
+was not long continued. It has been restored, and its opening by H.R.H.
+the Prince of Wales, May 29th, 1897, is announced just as this edition
+goes to press.
+
+[Illustration: THE CLOISTERS.]
+
+#The Library# covers a portion of the site of the monks' dormitory. Stored
+within it is a fine collection of books, some of which are exceedingly
+rare. The most valuable specimens--among which are some highly interesting
+bibles and prayer-books--are jealously guarded in a separate apartment
+called the study. The most interesting document in the collection of
+charters and other papers connected with the foundation is the charter of
+Edred, probably written by Dunstan _propriis digitorum articulis_; this
+room also contains an ancient picture of Queen Edgiva painted on wood,
+with an inscription below enlarging on the beauties of her character and
+her munificence towards the monastery.
+
+In the garden before the lavatory tower, to the west of the prior's
+gateway, two columns are preserved which once were part of the ancient
+church at Reculver--formerly Regulbium, whither Ethelbert retired after
+making over his palace in Canterbury to Augustine. These columns were
+brought to Canterbury after the destruction, nearly a hundred years ago,
+of the church to which they belonged. After lying neglected for some time
+they were placed in their present position by Mr. Sheppard, who bestowed
+so much care on all the "antiquities" connected with the cathedral. These
+columns are believed by experts to be undoubted relics of Roman work: they
+are of circular form with Ionic capitals. A curious ropework decoration on
+the bases is said to be characteristically Roman, occurs on a monument
+outside the Porta Maggiore at Rome.
+
+#The Deanery# is a very much revised version of what once was the "New
+Lodging," a building set up for the entertainment of strangers by Prior
+Goldstone at the beginning of the sixteenth century. Nicholas Wotton, the
+first Dean, chose this mansion for his abode, but since his day the
+building has been very materially altered.
+
+[Illustration: NORMAN STAIRCASE IN THE CLOSE
+(FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY CARL NORMAN AND CO.).]
+
+[Illustration: DETAILS OF THE NORMAN STAIRCASE IN THE CLOSE.]
+
+The main gate of the #Green Court# is noticeable as a choice specimen of
+Norman work; on its northern side formerly stood the Aula Nova which was
+built in the twelfth century; the modern buildings which house the King's
+School have supplanted the hall itself, but the splendid staircase, a
+perfect example of Norman style and quite unrivalled in England, is
+luckily preserved, and ranks among the chief glories of Canterbury.
+
+The site of the archbishop's palace is commemorated by the name of the
+street--Palace Street--in which a ruined archway, all that remains of the
+building, may still be seen. This mansion, in which so many royal and
+imperial guests had been entertained with "solemne dauncing" and other
+good cheer, was pillaged and destroyed by the Puritans; since then the
+archbishops have had no official house in their cathedral city.
+
+[Illustration: DETAILS OF ORNAMENT.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+INTERIOR.
+
+
+Dean Stanley tells us that in the days of our Saxon forefathers and for
+some time after, "all disputes throughout the whole kingdom that could not
+be legally referred to the king's court or to the hundreds of counties"
+were heard and judged on in the south porch of Canterbury Cathedral. This
+was always the principal entrance, and was known in early days as the
+"Suthdure" by which name it is often mentioned in "the law books of the
+ancient kings." Through this door we enter the nave of the cathedral; this
+part of the building was erected towards the end of the fourteenth
+century; Lanfranc's nave seems to have fallen into an unsafe and ruinous
+state, so much so that in December, 1378, Sudbury, who was then
+archbishop, "issued a mandate addressed to all ecclesiastical persons in
+his diocese enjoining them to solicit subscriptions for rebuilding the
+nave of the church, '_propter ipsius notoriam et evidentem ruinam_' and
+granting forty days' indulgence to all contributors." Archbishop Courtenay
+gave a thousand marks and more for the building fund, and Archbishop
+Arundell gave a similar contribution, as well as the five bells which were
+known as the "Arundell ryng." We are told also that "King Henry the 4th
+helped to build up a good part of the Body of the Chirch." The immediate
+direction of the work was in the hands of Prior Chillenden, already
+frequently mentioned; his epitaph, quoted by Professor Willis, states that
+"Here lieth Thomas Chyllindene formerly Prior of this Church, _Decretorum
+Doctor egregius_, who caused the nave of this Church and divers other
+buildings to be made anew. Who after nobly ruling as prior of this Church
+for twenty years twenty five weeks and five days, at length on the day of
+the assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary closed his last day. In the
+year of the Lord 1411." It is not certain that Chillenden actually
+designed the buildings which were erected under his care, with which his
+name is connected. For we know that work which was conceived and executed
+by humble monks was ascribed as a matter of course to the head of the
+monastery, under whose auspices and sanction it was carried out. Matthew
+Paris records that a new oaken roof, well covered with lead, was built for
+the aisles and tower of St. Alban's by Michael of Thydenhanger, monk and
+_camerarius_; but he adds that "these works must be ascribed to the abbot,
+out of respect for his office, for he who sanctions the performance of a
+thing by his authority, is really the person who does the thing." Prior
+Chillenden became prior in 1390, and seems at any rate to have devoted a
+considerable amount of zeal to the work of renovating the ruined portions
+of the church.
+
+[Illustration: THE MURDER OF ST. THOMAS À BECKET.
+
+(Restoration, by T. Carter, of a painting on board hung on a column near
+the tomb of Henry IV.).]
+
+[Illustration: THE SHRINE OF ST. THOMAS À BECKET.
+
+(Specially reproduced from a drawing among the Cottonian MSS. Brit. Mus.)]
+
+The new #Nave# replaced the original building of Lanfranc. Professor Willis
+says: "The whole of Lanfranc's piers, and all that rested on them, appear
+to have been utterly demolished, nothing remaining but the plinth of the
+side-aisle walls.... The style [of Chillenden's new work] is a light
+Perpendicular, and the arrangement of the parts has a considerable
+resemblance to that of the nave of Winchester, although the latter is of a
+much bolder character. Winchester nave was going on at the same time with
+Canterbury nave, and a similar uncertainty exists about the exact
+commencement. In both, a Norman nave was to be transformed; but at
+Winchester the original piers were either clothed with new ashlaring, or
+the old ashlaring was wrought into new forms and mouldings where possible;
+while in Canterbury the piers were altogether rebuilt. Hence the piers of
+Winchester are much more massive. The side-aisles of Canterbury are higher
+in proportion, the tracery of the side windows different, but those of the
+clerestory are almost identical in pattern, although they differ in the
+management of the mouldings. Both have 'lierne' vaults [_i.e._, vaults in
+which short transverse ribs or 'liernes' are mixed with the ribs that
+branch from the vaulting capitals], and in both the triforium is obtained
+by prolonging the clerestory windows downward, and making panels of the
+lower lights, which panels have a plain opening cut through them, by which
+the triforium space communicates with the passage over the roof of the
+side-aisles." Chillenden, then, setting to work with the thoroughness
+that marks his handiwork throughout, rebuilt the nave from top to bottom,
+leaving nothing of Lanfranc's original structure save the "plinth of the
+side-aisle walls," which still remains. The resemblance between the naves
+of Canterbury and Winchester, pointed out by Professor Willis, will at
+once strike a close observer, though the greater boldness of character
+shown in the Winchester architecture is by no means the only point of
+difference. The most obvious feature in the Canterbury nave--a point which
+renders its arrangement unique among the cathedrals both of England and
+the Continent--is the curious manner in which the choir is raised aloft
+above the level of the floor; this is owing to the fact that it stands
+immediately above the crypt; the flight of steps which is therefore
+necessarily placed between the choir and the nave adds considerably to the
+general effect of our first view of the interior. On the other hand, the
+raising of the choir is probably to some extent responsible for the great
+height of the nave in comparison with its length, a point which spoils its
+effectiveness when we view it from end to end. Stanley, in describing the
+entrance of the pilgrims into the cathedral, points out how different a
+scene must have met their eyes. "The external aspect of the cathedral
+itself," he says, "with the exception of the numerous statues which then
+filled its now vacant niches, must have been much what it is now. Not so
+its interior. Bright colours on the roof, on the windows, on the
+monuments; hangings suspended from the rods which may still be seen
+running from pillar to pillar; chapels, and altars, and chantries
+intercepting the view, where now all is clear, must have rendered it so
+different, that at first we should hardly recognize it to be the same
+building." The pilgrims on entering were met by a monk, who sprinkled
+their heads with holy water from a "sprengel," and, owing to the crowd of
+devout visitors, they generally had to wait some time before they could
+proceed towards a view of the shrine. Chaucer relates that the "pardoner,
+and the miller, and other lewd sots," whiled away the time with staring at
+the painted windows which then adorned the nave, and wondering what they
+were supposed to represent:
+
+    "'He beareth a ball-staff,' quoth the one, 'and also a rake's end;'
+    'Thou failest,' quoth the miller, 'thou hast not well thy mind;
+    It is a spear, if thou canst see, with a prick set before,
+    To push adown his enemy, and through the shoulder bore.'"
+
+[Illustration: CAPITALS OF COLUMNS IN THE EASTERN APSE.]
+
+None of these windows now remain entire, though the west window has been
+put together out of fragments of the ancient glass. The latter-day
+pilgrims will do well to look as little as possible at the hideous glass
+which the Philistinism of modern piety has inserted, during the last
+half-century, in the windows of the clerestory and the nave. Its obtrusive
+unpleasantness make one wish that "Blue Dick" and his Puritan troopers
+might once more be let loose, under judicious direction, for half an hour
+on the cathedral. When Erasmus visited Canterbury, the nave contained
+nothing but some books chained to the pillars, among them the "Gospel of
+Nicodemus"--printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1509--and the "tomb of some
+person unknown." The last words must refer either to the chapel in the
+south wall, which was built by Lady Joan Brenchley in 1447, and removed in
+1787, or to the monument of Archbishop William Wittlesey, who died in
+1374, and was interred in the south side of the nave in a marble tomb with
+a brass, now destroyed. At present the south aisle contains a monument, in
+alabaster, to Dr. Broughton, sometime Bishop of Sydney, who was educated
+in the King's School, under the shadow of the cathedral. The figure is
+recumbent, and the base of the monument, which is by Lough, is decorated
+with the arms of the six Australian sees. In the north aisle we find
+monuments to Orlando Gibbons, Charles I.'s organist; Adrian Saravia,
+prebendary of Canterbury, and the friend of Hooker, the author of the
+"Ecclesiastical Polity;" Sir John Boys, who founded a hospital for the
+poor outside the north gate of the town, and died in 1614; Dean Lyall, who
+died in 1857; and Archbishop Sumner, who died in 1862. These last two
+monuments are by Phillips and H. Weekes, R.A., respectively.
+
+#The Central Tower.#--In the nave the whole of Lanfranc's work was
+destroyed, but in the central tower, which we will next examine, the
+original supporting piers were left standing, though they were covered
+over by Prior Chillenden with work more in keeping with the style in which
+he had renewed the nave. "Of the tower piers," says Willis, "the western
+are probably mere casings of the original, and the eastern certainly
+appendages to the original.... Of course I have no evidence to show how
+much of Lanfranc's piers was allowed to remain in the heart of the work.
+The interior faces of the tower walls appear to have been brought forward
+by a lining so as to increase their thickness and the strength of the
+piers, with a view to the erection of a lofty tower, which however was not
+carried above the roof until another century had nearly elapsed." It was
+Prior Goldstone the second who, about 1500, carried upward the central
+tower, which Chillenden seems to have left level with the roof of the
+cathedral. "With the countenance and help of Cardinal John Morton and
+Prior William Sellyng he magnificently completed that lofty tower
+commonly called Angyll Stepyll in the middle of the church. The vaulting
+of the tower is his work--_testudine pulcherrimâ concameratam
+consummavit_--and he also added the buttressing arches--with great care
+and industry he annexed to the columns which support the same tower two
+arches or vaults of stonework, curiously carved, and four smaller ones, to
+assist in sustaining the said tower." The addition of these buttressing
+arches, not altogether happy in its artistic effect, was probably rendered
+necessary by some signs of weakness shown by the piers of the tower, for
+the north-west pier, which was not so substantially reinforced as the
+others, now shows a considerable bend in an eastward direction. The "two
+arches or vaults of stonework" were inserted under the western and
+southern tower arches. "The eastern arch having stronger piers did not
+require this precaution, and the northern, which opened upon the
+'Martyrium,' seems to have been left free, out of reverence to the altar
+of the martyrdom, and accordingly to have suffered the dislocation just
+mentioned." The four smaller arches connected the two western tower-piers
+with the nearest nave-pier and the wall of the transept. The buttressing
+arches are strongly built, and are adorned with curious bands of
+reticulated work. The central western arch occupies the place of the
+rood-loft, and it is probable that until the Reformation the great rood
+was placed over it. The rebus of Prior Thomas Goldstone--a shield with
+three gold stones--is carved upon these arches.
+
+#The Western Screen#, which separates the nave from the choir, is now more
+commonly known as the organ-screen: it is a highly elaborate and beautiful
+piece of work, and the carvings which decorate it are well worthy of
+examination. In the lower niches there are six crowned figures: one
+holding a church is believed to be Ethelbert, while it has been assumed
+that the figure on the extreme right represents Richard II.: probably
+Henry IV., who, as has been already mentioned, "helped to build a good
+part of the body of the Church" has a place of honour here, but no
+certainty on this matter is possible. The thirteen mitred niches which
+encircle the arch once contained figures of Christ and the twelve
+Apostles, but these were destroyed by the Puritans. The exact date of this
+outward screen is uncertain, but it was set up at some time during the
+fifteenth century. "A little examination," says Willis, "of its central
+archway will detect the junction of this new work with the stone enclosure
+of the choir." In fact, this archway is considerably higher than that of
+De Estria which still remains behind it. The apex of this arch reaches but
+a little above the capitals of the new arch, and the flat space, or
+tympanum, thus left between the two, is filled with Perpendicular tracery.
+
+#The Choir.#--"In the year of grace one thousand one hundred and
+seventy-four, by the just but occult judgment of God, the Church of Christ
+at Canterbury was consumed by fire, in the forty-fourth year from its
+dedication, that glorious choir, to wit, which had been so magnificently
+completed by the care and industry of Prior Conrad" ("Gervase," translated
+by Willis). The work of rebuilding was immediately begun by William, the
+architect of Sens. At the beginning of the fifth year of his work, he was,
+by a fall from the height of the capitals of the upper vault, "rendered
+helpless alike to himself and for the work, but no other person than
+himself was in the least injured. Against the master only was the
+vengeance of God or spite of the devil directed." He was succeeded in his
+charge by one "William by name, English by nation, small in body, but in
+workmanship of many kinds acute and honest." Now in the sixth year from
+the fire, we read that the monks were "seized with a violent longing to
+prepare the choir, so that they might enter it at the coming Easter. And
+the master, perceiving their desires, set himself manfully to work, to
+satisfy the wishes of the convent. He constructed, with all diligence, the
+wall which encloses the choir and presbytery. He carefully prepared a
+resting-place for St. Dunstan and St. Elfege. The choir thus hardly
+completed even with the greatest labour and diligence, the monks were
+resolved to enter on Easter Eve with the 'new fire,'" that is, the
+paschal candle which was lit on Easter Eve and burnt until Ascension Day.
+The kindling of this light was carried out in a very ceremonious manner as
+enjoined in Lanfranc's statutes. A fire was made in the cloister and duly
+consecrated, and the monks, having lit a taper at this fire carried it on
+the end of a staff in solemn procession, singing psalms and hymns and
+burning incense, and lit the paschal candle in the choir with it.
+
+Thus was the new choir completed, in the sixth year after the burning of
+Conrad's. This part of the cathedral will be peculiarly interesting to the
+architectural student, owing to the curious mixture of styles, which
+enables him to compare the Norman and Early English characteristics side
+by side. A striking feature in the aspect of the building, as seen from
+the choir, is the remarkable inward bend with which the walls turn towards
+one another at the end of the cathedral. The choir itself is peculiar in
+the matter of length (180 feet--the longest in any English church), and
+the lowness of the vaulting. The pillars, with their pier-arches and the
+clerestory wall above are said by Willis to be without doubt the work of
+William of Sens: but the whole question as to where the French William
+left off and his English namesake began is extremely uncertain, as there
+can be no doubt that William of Sens had fully planned out the work which
+he was destined never to complete, and it is more than probable that his
+successor worked largely upon his plans. We are on safer ground when we
+assert that the new choir was altogether different from the building which
+it replaced. The style was much more ornate and considerably lighter: the
+characteristics of the work of the Williams are rich mouldings, varied and
+elaborately carved capitals on the pillars, and the introduction of
+gracefully slender shafts of Purbeck marble. Gervase, in pointing out the
+differences between the works before and after the fire, mentions that
+"the old capitals were plain, the new ones most artistically sculptured.
+The old arches and everything else either plain or sculptured with an axe
+and not with a chisel, but in the new work first rate sculpture abounded
+everywhere. In the old work no marble shafts, in the new innumerable ones.
+Plain vaults instead of ribbed behind the choir." "Sculptured with an
+axe," reads rather curiously, but Professor Willis points out that "the
+axe is not quite so rude a weapon in the hands of a mason as it might
+appear at first sight. The French masons use it to the present day with
+great dexterity in carving." The mouldings used by Ernulf were extremely
+simple, and were decorated with a "peculiar and shallow class of notched
+ornament", of which many examples exist in other buildings of the period;
+while the mouldings of William of Sens "exhibit much variety, but are most
+remarkable for the profusion of billet-work, zigzag and dogtooth, that are
+lavished upon them." The first two methods of ornamentation are Norman,
+the last an Early English characteristic. This mixture is not confined to
+the details of decoration but may be observed also in the indiscriminate
+employment of round and pointed arches. This feature, as Willis remarks,
+"may have arisen either from the indifference of the artist as to the
+mixture of forms or else from deliberate contrivance, for as he was
+compelled, from the nature of his work, to retain round-headed arcades,
+windows, and arches, in the side-aisles, and yet was accustomed to and
+desirous of employing pointed arches in his new building, he might
+discreetly mix some round-headed arches with them, in order to make the
+contrast less offensive by causing the mixture of forms to pervade the
+whole composition, as if an intentional principle."
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST
+(FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY CARL NORMAN AND CO.).]
+
+Whatever the motive, this daring mixture renders the study of the
+architectural features of our cathedral peculiarly interesting. In the
+triforium we find a semicircular outer arch circumscribing two inner
+pointed ones. The clerestory arch is pointed, while some of the transverse
+ribs of the great vault are pointed and some round.
+
+The inward bend of the walls at the end of the choir was necessitated by
+the fact that the towers of St. Anselm and St. Andrew had survived the
+great fire of 1174. Naturally the pious builders did not wish to pull down
+these relics of the former church, so that a certain amount of contraction
+had to be effected in order that these towers should form part of the new
+plan. This arrangement also fitted in with the determination to build a
+chapel of the martyred St. Thomas at the end of the church, on the site of
+the former Trinity Chapel. For the Trinity Chapel had been much narrower
+than the new choir, but this contraction enabled the rebuilders to
+preserve its dimensions.
+
+#The Altar#, when the choir was at first completed by William, stood
+entirely alone, and without a reredos; behind it the archbishop's chair
+was originally placed, but this was afterwards transferred to the corona.
+The remarkable height at which the altar was set up is due to the fact
+that it is placed over the new crypt, which is a good deal higher than the
+older, or western crypt. Before the Reformation the high altar was richly
+embellished with all kinds of precious and sacred ornaments and vessels:
+while beneath it, in a vault, were stored a priceless collection of gold
+and silver vessels: such of these as escaped the rapacity of Henry VIII.
+were destroyed by the bigotry of the Puritan zealots: the latter made
+havoc of the reredos which had been erected behind the high altar,
+probably during the fourteenth century, and also a "most idolatrous costly
+glory cloth," the gift of Archbishop Laud. The reredos was replaced by a
+Corinthian screen, which was of elaborate design, but must have been
+strangely out of keeping with its surroundings; it was removed about 1870,
+to make way for the present reredos which was designed in the style of the
+screen work in the Lady Chapel in the crypt, but which cannot be commended
+as an object of beauty. The altar coverings which are now in use were
+presented to the cathedral by Queen Mary, the wife of William III., when
+she visited Canterbury. A chalice, given by the Earl of Arundel in 1636,
+is among the communion-plate. In his account of the building of the new
+choir, Gervase tells us that "the Master carefully prepared a
+resting-place for St. Dunstan and St. Elfege--the co-exiles of the monks."
+When the choir was ready, "Prior Alan, taking with him nine of the
+brethren of the Church in whom he could trust, went by night to the tombs
+of the saints, so that he might not be incommoded by a crowd, and having
+locked the doors of the church, he commanded the stone-work that inclosed
+them to be taken down. The monks and the servants of the Church, in
+obedience to the Prior's commands, took the structure to pieces, opened
+the stone coffins of the saints, and bore their relics to the
+_vestiarium_. Then, having removed the cloths in which they had been
+wrapped, and which were half-consumed from age and rottenness, they
+covered them with other and more handsome palls, and bound them with linen
+bands. They bore the saints, thus prepared, to their altars, and deposited
+them in wooden chests, covered within and without with lead: which chests,
+thus lead-covered, and strongly bound with iron, were inclosed in
+stone-work that was consolidated with melted lead." This translation
+was thus carried out by Prior Alan on the night before the formal re-entry
+into the choir: the rest of the monks, who had not assisted at the
+ceremony, were highly incensed by the prior's action, for they had
+intended that the translation of the fathers should have been performed
+with great and devout solemnity. They even went so far as to cite the
+prior and the trusty monks who had assisted him before the Archbishop, and
+it was only by the intervention of the latter, and other men of authority,
+and "after due apology and repentance," that harmony was restored in the
+convent.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR BEFORE RESTORATION.]
+
+The bones of St. Dunstan were long a cause of contention between the
+churches of Canterbury and Glastonbury. The monks of Glastonbury
+considered that they had a prior claim on the relics of the sainted
+archbishop, and stoutly contended that his body had been conveyed to their
+own sanctuary after the sack of Canterbury by the Danes; and they used to
+exhibit a coffin as containing Dunstan's remains. But early in the
+fourteenth century they went so far as to set up a gorgeous shrine in
+which they placed, with much pomp and circumstance, the supposed relics.
+Archbishop Warham, who then ruled at Canterbury, accordingly replied by
+causing the shrine in our cathedral to be opened, and was able to declare
+triumphantly that he had found therein the remains of a human body, in the
+costume of an archbishop, with a plate of lead on his breast, inscribed
+with the words "SANCTUS DUNSTANUS." In the course of the subsequent
+correspondence which passed between the two monasteries, the Abbot of
+Glastonbury, after trying to argue that perhaps part only of the saint's
+relics had been conveyed to his church, at last frankly confesses "the
+people had believed in the genuineness of their saint for so long, that he
+is afraid to tell them the truth." This shrine of St. Dunstan stood on the
+south of the high altar, and was erected after the manner of a tomb:
+though the shrine itself perished at the time of the Reformation, there
+still remains, on the south wall of the choir, between the monuments of
+Archbishops Stratford and Sudbury, some very fine open diaper-work, in
+what is known as the Decorated style, which once formed part of the
+ornamentation of St. Dunstan's altar. The shrine of St. Elfege, or
+Alphege, who was archbishop at the time of the sacking of Canterbury by
+the Danes, and was murdered by them, has been altogether destroyed.
+
+#The Choir Screen#, a solid structure of stone we know to be the work of
+Prior de Estria, _i.e._, of Eastry in Kent, who was elected in 1285, and
+died in 1331. According to the Obituary record, he "fairly decorated the
+choir of the church with most beautiful stone-work cunningly carved." In
+his Register there is an entry which evidently refers to the same work:
+"Anno 1304-5. Reparation of the whole choir with three new doors and a new
+screen (_pulpito_)." The three doors referred to are the north and south
+entrances and the western one. It has already been pointed out that the
+present western screen is a later addition. Professor Willis, whose great
+work on the Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral should be
+studied by all who wish to examine the details of the building more
+closely than is allowed by the scope of this work, describes De Estria's
+screen as follows: "The lateral portions of this wall of enclosure are in
+excellent order. In the western part of the choir, namely, between the
+eastern transepts and the organ-screen, this wall is built so that its
+inner face nearly ranges with the inner faces of the pillars; but eastward
+of the transepts it is built between the pillars. The north doorway
+remains perfect. The present south doorway, which is in a much later
+style, is manifestly a subsequent insertion. This enclosure consists of a
+solid wall, seven feet nine inches in height from the pavement of the
+side-aisles. It has a stone-bench towards the side-aisles, and above that
+a base, of the age of William of Sens; so that it is clear that the work
+of De Estria belongs to the upper part only of the enclosure, which
+consists of delicate and elaborately worked tracery, surmounted by an
+embattled crest.... The entire work is particularly valuable on account
+of its well-established date, combined with its great beauty and
+singularity."
+
+A portion of the choir-pavement, lying between the two transepts, is
+interesting as being undoubtedly part of the original flooring of Conrad's
+choir, and probably the only fragment of it that was left undisturbed
+after the great fire which destroyed "that glorious choir which had been
+so magnificently completed by the care and industry of Prior Conrad." This
+part of the pavement consists of large slabs of a peculiar "stone, or
+veined marble of a delicate brown colour. When parts of this are taken up
+for repair or alteration, it is usual to find lead which has run between
+the joints of the slabs and spread on each side below, and which is with
+great reason supposed to be the effect of the fire of 1174, which melted
+the lead of the roof, and caused it to run down between the paving stones
+in this manner." It is said that when the choir was filled with pews in
+1706, and it was necessary to remove part of the pavement, the men engaged
+on the work picked up enough of this lead to make two large gluepots.
+
+[Illustration: A MISERERE IN THE CHOIR.]
+
+The original wooden #stalls of the choir# were described by the writer of a
+book published in 1640. He relates that there were two rows on each side,
+an upper and a lower, and that above the stalls on the south side stood
+the archbishop's wooden chair, "sometime richly guilt, and otherwise
+richly set forth, but now nothing specious through age and late neglect."
+Perhaps the battered and shabby condition of this part of the cathedral
+furniture accounts for its having survived the Puritan period; it is at
+least certain that it remained untouched until 1704, when the refurnishing
+of the choir was begun by Archbishop Tenison; he himself presented a
+wainscoted throne with lofty Corinthian canopy adorned with carving by
+Gibbons, while the altar, the pulpit, and the stalls for the dean and
+vice-dean were provided with rich fittings by Queen Mary II. The tracery
+of the screen was hidden by a lining of wainscoting, which was put before
+it. This arrangement lasted little more than a century. In the time of
+Archbishop Howley, who held office from 1828 to 1848, the wainscoting
+which concealed the screen was taken away, and Archbishop Tenison's throne
+has made way for a lofty canopy of tabernacle work. Some carved work,
+which has been ascribed to Gibbons, still remains before the eastern front
+of the screen, between the choir and the nave.
+
+The position of the organ has been frequently shifted. In Conrad's choir
+it was placed upon the vault of the south transept; afterwards it was set
+up upon a large corbel of stone, over the arch of St. Michael in the same
+transept. This corbel has now been removed; subsequently it was placed
+between two pillars on the north side of the choir, and, later on, it was
+again transferred to a position over the west door of the choir, the usual
+place for the organ in cathedral churches; finally it has been
+"ingeniously deposited out of sight in the triforium of the south aisle of
+the choir; a low pedestal with its keys stands in the choir itself, so as
+to place the organist close to the singers, as he ought to be, and the
+communication between the keys and the organ is effected by trackers
+passing under the pavement of the side aisles, and conducted up to the
+triforium, through a trunk let into the south wall." This arrangement not
+only secures the retirement from view of the organ, which, with its
+tedious rows of straight and unsightly pipes, is generally more or less an
+eyesore in cathedrals, but is said to have caused a great improvement in
+the effect of its music. The present organ, which was built by Samuel
+Green, is believed to have been used at the Handel Festival in Westminster
+Abbey in 1784. It was enlarged by Hill in 1842, and entirely reconstructed
+in 1886. In this connection we may mention that Archbishop Theodore first
+introduced the ecclesiastical chant in Canterbury Cathedral.
+
+The tombs in the choir are all occupied by famous archbishops and
+cardinals. On the south side, hard by the site of the shrine of St.
+Dunstan, is the tomb of Simon of Sudbury, who was archbishop from 1375 to
+1381. He built the west gate of the city, and a great part of the town
+walls; in consideration of these benefits the mayor and aldermen used at
+one time to make an annual procession to his resting-place and offer
+prayers for his soul. Outside Canterbury his acts were not regarded with
+so much gratitude, for he was the inventor, or reviver, of the poll tax,
+and was in consequence beheaded on Tower Hill by Wat Tyler and his
+followers. Stanley relates that "not many years ago, when this tomb was
+accidentally opened, the body was seen within, wrapped in cere-cloth, a
+leaden ball occupying the vacant place of the head." Sudbury is also
+famous as having spoken against the "superstitious" pilgrimages to St.
+Thomas' shrine, and his violent death was accordingly attributed to the
+avenging power of the incensed saint. Westward of his monument stands that
+of Archbishop Stratford (1333-1348), who was Grand Justiciary to Edward
+III. during his absence in Flanders, and won fame by his struggle with the
+king. Between this tomb and the archbishop's throne lies Cardinal Kemp
+(1452-1454), who was present at Agincourt in the camp of Henry V.; his
+tomb is surmounted by a remarkable wooden canopy. Opposite, on the north
+side, is the very interesting monument of Archbishop Henry Chichele
+(1414-1443). Shakespeare tells us that he was the instigator of Henry V.'s
+war with France, and it is supposed that out of remorse for this act he
+built, during his lifetime, the curious tomb which now conceals his bones;
+it is kept in repair by All Souls' College, which was founded by the
+penitent archbishop that its fellows might pray for the souls of all who
+had perished during the war; the effigy, in full canonicals, with its head
+supported by angels, and with two monks holding open books, kneeling at
+its feet, lies on the upper slab; and underneath is a ghastly figure in a
+winding-sheet, supposed to represent the archbishop after death; the
+diminutive figures which originally filled the niches were destroyed by
+the Puritans, but have been to some extent replaced. The gaudy colours of
+the tomb enable one to form some idea of the appearance of the churches in
+the Middle Ages, when they were bedizened with painted images, hangings,
+and frescoes: to judge from this specimen the effect must have been
+distinctly tawdry. Further east we find the monument of Archbishop Howley;
+he was chiefly remarkable as having crowned Queen Victoria and married her
+to the Prince Consort, and his monument is noticeable as being the first
+erected to an archbishop, in the cathedral, since the Reformation; he
+himself lies at Addington. Beyond is a fine tomb well worthy of
+examination, crowned by an elaborate canopy which shows traces of rough
+usage at the hands of the restoring enthusiasts, who surrounded the choir
+with classical wainscoting after the Restoration. It is the monument of
+Archbishop Bourchier, a staunch supporter of the House of York; he was
+primate for thirty-two years, from 1454 to 1486, and crowned Edward IV.,
+Richard III., and Henry VII. The "Bourchier knot" is among the decorations
+which enrich the canopy of his tomb.
+
+#The South-East Transept.#--According to the present custom of the
+Canterbury vergers, the visitor is led from the choir to the south-east
+transept. "In the choir of Ernulf," says Willis, "the transepts were cut
+off from the body by the continuity of the pier-arches and the wall above,
+and each transept was therefore a separate room with a flat ceiling....
+But in the new design of William the transepts were opened to the central
+portion, and the triforium and clerestory of the choir were turned at
+right angles to their courses, and thus formed the side walls of the
+transepts.... The entire interior of the eastern transept has been most
+skilfully converted from Ernulfian architecture to Willelmian (if I may be
+allowed the phrase for the nonce). It was necessary that the triforium and
+clerestory of the new design should be carried along the walls of these
+transepts, which were before the fire probably ornamented by a
+continuation of those of Ernulf. But the respective level of these
+essential members were so different in the old and new works that the
+only parts of them that could be retained were the windows of the old
+clerestory, which falls just above the new triforium tablet, and
+accordingly these old windows may still be seen in the triforia of the
+transepts, surmounted by the new pointed clerestory windows. But the whole
+of the arcade work and mouldings in the interior of these transepts
+belongs to William of Sens, with the sole exception of the lower windows.
+Even the arches which open from the east wall of these transepts to the
+apses have been changed for pointed arches, the piers of which have a
+singularly elegant base."
+
+In the two apses of this transept altars to St. Gregory and St. John once
+stood, and here were shrines of four Saxon primates. There is a window in
+the south wall erected to the memory of Dean Alford; below it is the spot
+on which the tomb of Archbishop Winchelsea (1294-1313) was placed. He was
+famous for his contest with Edward I. concerning clerical subsidies, and
+for having secured from the king the confirmation of the charter. He was
+more practically endeared to the people by the generosity of his
+almsgiving--it is said that he distributed two thousand loaves among the
+poor every Sunday and Thursday when corn was dear, and three thousand when
+it was cheap. His tomb was heaped with offerings like the shrine of a
+saint, but the Pope refused to confirm the popular enthusiasm by
+canonizing the archbishop; the fact, however, that it had been so
+reverenced was enough to qualify it for destruction in the days of Henry
+VIII. This transept is used at present as a chapel for the King's School,
+a direct continuation of the monastery school, at which Archbishops
+Winchelsea and Kemp were both educated. It contains the Corinthian throne
+which was set up in the choir early in the last century.
+
+#The South-West Choir Aisle.#--At the corner of this aisle we may notice
+the arcade which shows the combination of the Norman rounded arch and
+double zigzag ornamentation with the pointed arch and dogtooth tracery of
+William. Here also are two tombs, which have given rise to a good deal of
+speculation. The more easterly one used to be regarded as the monument of
+Hubert Walter, who was chancellor to Richard Coeur de Lion and followed
+him and Archbishop Baldwin to Palestine, and, on the death of the latter,
+was made primate in the camp at Acre: it is thought more probable,
+however, in the light of recent research, that he is buried in the Trinity
+Chapel. The other tomb used to be the resting place of Archbishop
+Reynolds, the favourite of Edward II., but it also affords food for
+discussion, as there is no trace of the "pall"--a Y-shaped strip of lamb's
+wool marked with crosses, a special mark of metropolitan dignity which was
+sent to each primate by the Pope--on the vestments of the effigy. Hence
+conjecture doubts whether these tombs are tenanted by archbishops at all,
+and inclines to the theory that they contain the bones of two of the
+Priors, perhaps of d'Estria. From this point we can notice the ingenious
+apparatus connected with the organ.
+
+#St. Anselm's Tower and Chapel.#--Proceeding eastward, towards the Trinity
+Chapel, we pause to examine the chapel or tower of St. Anselm, which
+corresponds to that of St. Andrew on the north side of the cathedral. Both
+these chapels probably at one time were much more lofty, as they are
+described as "lofty towers" by Gervase; it was in order to bring them into
+the church, when it was reconstructed after the fire, that the eastward
+contraction, which presents such a curious effect as seen from the choir,
+was found necessary. They are now, as Willis points out, "only of the same
+height as the clerestory of the Norman Church, to which they formed
+appendages, and consequently they rose above the side-aisles of that
+church as much as the clerestory did. The external faces of the inward
+walls of these towers are now inclosed under the roof of William's
+triforium, and it may be seen that they were once exposed to the weather."
+The arches in St. Anselm's tower were originally set up by Ernulf, but
+there is reason to believe that they were rebuilt after the great
+conflagration. "The arch of communication," says Willis, "is a round
+arch, at first sight plainly of the Ernulfian period, having plaited-work
+capitals and mouldings with shallow hollows. A similar arch opens on the
+eastern side of the tower into its apse. But a close examination will shew
+that both these arches have undergone alteration.... I am inclined to
+believe that both these arches were reset and reduced in space after the
+fire, probably to increase their strength and that of their piers, on
+account of the loss of abutment, when the circular wall of the choir-apse
+was removed." The alterations that were made in these arches were probably
+not important, and did not extend beyond the re-modelling of the mouldings
+on the side of the arch towards the choir-aisle; for we may notice that
+above both the arches we can still trace the notched decoration which is
+peculiar to Ernulf's work. This chapel was originally dedicated to St.
+Peter and St. Paul, and a very interesting relic of this saintly patronage
+has lately been discovered. Apparently, in order to strengthen the
+building, two of the three windows in the chapel were blocked up, and a
+buttress was built across a chord of the apse, in the early part of the
+thirteenth century. In the course of the restoration of the tower which
+was recently carried out, this buttress was taken away, and its removal
+laid bare a fresco painting, representing St. Paul and the viper at
+Melita. This piece of decoration, as need hardly be said, must have been
+put in before the construction of the buttress which has concealed and
+preserved it for nearly seven centuries; it is conjectured, with a good
+deal of reason, that a similar presentment of St. Paul
+[Transcriber: St. Peter?] was painted at the same time on the opposite
+wall, but as it had no buttress to protect it, it has been altogether
+effaced. A copy of the fresco of St. Paul has been placed in the cathedral
+library. The altar of SS. Peter and Paul stood at the east end, and behind
+it was the tomb of the celebrated Archbishop Anselm, by whose name the
+chapel is now commonly called. A very interesting feature of this tower
+is a large and elaborate five-light window of the Decorated period. It
+replaced the original south window of the chapel, and was inserted by
+Prior d'Estria in 1336; it is remarkable as being one of the few instances
+of Decorated architecture in the cathedral, and also because of the
+detailed account that has been preserved of its erection and cost. The
+passage in the archives runs as follows:--"Memorandum, that in the year
+1336, there was made a new window in Christ Church, Canterbury, that is to
+say, in the chapel of the Apostles St. Peter and St. Paul, upon which
+there were expended the following sums:
+
+                                                     _£   s.   d._
+"Imprimis, for the workmanship, or labour of the
+    masons                                           21   17   9
+Item, for the breaking down of the wall, where the
+    window now is                                     0   16   9
+----for lime and gravel                               1    0   0
+----for 20 cwt. of iron bought for said window        4    4   0
+----for the labour of the smiths                      3    5   4
+----for Caen stone bought for same                    5    0   0
+----for glass and the labour of the glaziers          6   13   4
+                                                     -----------
+                                        Total        42   17   2."
+
+On the heads of the lights of this window were pendent bosses, like those
+of the door in the choir-screen, which, as has been said, was also the
+work of Prior de Estria. These bosses and the stones from which they were
+suspended, have altogether disappeared, otherwise the internal tracery of
+the window is in good preservation. "The outside, however, is in a very
+bad condition for the purpose of the antiquarian; for, apparently on
+account of the decayed state of its surface, the tracery has undergone the
+process of splitting, namely, the whole of the outer part has been faced
+down to the glass, and fresh worked in Portland stone; Portland stone
+mullions, or _monials_ as they are more properly called, have also been
+supplied. And as this repair was executed at a period when this class of
+architecture was ill understood, the mouldings were very badly wrought,
+which, with the unfortunate colour and surface of the Portland stone, has
+given the window a most ungenuine air. However, the interior is as good as
+ever it was, and it is on account of its date, as well as for its beauty,
+a most valuable example" (Willis).
+
+The insertion of the window in question probably had the effect of
+weakening the walls of the chapel; at any rate they show signs of a
+tendency to settle. Beneath it is the tomb of Archbishop Bradwardine, a
+great scholar and divine, whose primacy only lasted three months. Opposite
+to him lies Simon de Mepeham--archbishop from 1328 to 1333--whose tomb
+forms the screen of the chapel. It is a black marble monument well worthy
+of examination, with a double arcade and a richly decorated canopy; the
+ornamentation has been greatly damaged, but the shattered remains show
+traces of beautiful work. Mepeham's short primacy was brought to an
+untimely end by the contumacy of Grandisson, Bishop of Exeter, who refused
+to allow him to enter Exeter Cathedral, actually guarding the west door
+with an armed force. The pope sided with the recalcitrant bishop, and
+Mepeham died, according to Fuller, of a broken heart in consequence of
+this humiliation.
+
+#The Watching Chamber.#--Above the Chapel of St. Anselm is a small room,
+which is reached by a staircase from the north-west corner. A window in
+it commands a view into the cathedral, and from this circumstance it has
+been inferred that a watcher was stationed here at night to protect the
+priceless treasures of St. Thomas's shrine from pillage by marauders. Some
+doubt has been thrown on this assumption, since the site of the shrine is
+not fully seen from the window, but the room is still generally known as
+the Watching Chamber. Probably the shrine was much more efficiently
+guarded than by the presence of a solitary monk in a chamber, from which
+even if he could see thieves he certainly could not arrest them; for we
+know that "on the occasion of fires the shrine was additionally guarded by
+a troop of fierce ban-dogs" (Stanley). It is also said that King John of
+France was imprisoned in this chamber during his stay at Canterbury, but
+this is most unlikely, seeing that he was treated by the Black Prince more
+as a sovereign than as a captive.
+
+[Illustration: SOME MOSAICS FROM THE FLOOR OF TRINITY CHAPEL.]
+
+#Trinity Chapel.#--Passing further east, we ascend the flight of steps,
+deeply worn by innumerable pilgrims, and enter the precincts of the
+Trinity Chapel. All this part of the cathedral, from the choir-screen
+to the corona, was rebuilt from the ground, specially with a view to its
+receiving the shrine of St. Thomas. It is still, however, called by the
+name of the Trinity Chapel, which previously occupied this site, and was
+burnt down by the fire which destroyed Conrad's choir. In this chapel
+Thomas à Becket celebrated his first mass after his installation as
+archbishop, and his remains were laid for some time in the crypt below
+it. This portion of the building was all carried out under the direction
+of English William. Gervase relates that when William of Sens, after his
+accident, "perceiving that he derived no benefit from the physicians,
+returned to his home in France," his successor, English William "laid the
+foundation for the enlargement of the church at the eastern part, because
+a chapel of St. Thomas was to be built there; for this was the place
+assigned to him; namely the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, where he
+celebrated his first mass--where he was wont to prostrate himself with
+tears and prayers, under whose crypt for so many years he was buried,
+where God for his merits had performed so many miracles, where poor and
+rich, kings and princes, had worshipped him, and whence the sound of his
+praises had gone out into all lands." As to the extent to which the second
+William was guided by the plans of his predecessor we have no means of
+judging accurately. Certainly the general outline of this part of the
+building must have been arranged by William of Sens, for the contraction
+of the choir, in order to preserve the width of the ancient Trinity Chapel
+had been carried out up to the clerestory before his retirement. Willis
+deals with the subject at some length: "Whether," he says, "we are to
+attribute to the French artist the lofty elevation of the pavement of
+the new chapel, by which also so handsome a crypt is obtained below, must
+remain doubtful. The bases of his columns, as well as those of the shafts
+against the wall are hidden and smothered by the platform at the top of
+these steps and by the side steps that lead to Becket's chapel. This looks
+like an evidence of a change of plan, and induces me to believe that the
+lofty crypt below may be considered as the unfettered composition of the
+English architect.... The Trinity Chapel of the Englishman is under the
+influence of the French work of which it is a continuation, and
+accordingly the same mouldings are employed throughout, and the triforium
+and clerestory are continued at the same level; but the greater level of
+the pavement wholly alters the proportion of the piers to their arches,
+and gives a new and original, and at the same time a very elegant
+character to this part of the church compared with the work of the
+Frenchman, of which, at first sight, it seems to be a mere continuation.
+The triforium also of this Trinity Chapel differs from that of the choir,
+in that its four pointed arches instead of being, like them, included
+under two circular ones, are set in the form of an arcade of four arches,
+of two orders of mouldings each. The mouldings are the same as in the
+choir, but the effect of their arrangement is richer. Also in the
+clerestory two windows are placed over each pier-arch, instead of the
+single window of the choir. The mixture of the two forms of arches is
+still carried on, for although the semicircular arch is banished from
+the triforium, it is adopted for the pier-arches.
+
+"However, in the side-aisles of the Trinity chapel, and in the corona,
+our English William appears to have freed himself almost as completely
+from the shackles of imitation, as was possible. In the side-aisles the
+mouldings of the ribs still remain the same, but their management in
+connection with the side walls, and the combination of their slender
+shafts with those of the twin lancet windows, here for the first time
+introduced into the building, is very happy. Slender shafts of marble are
+employed in profusion by William of Sens, and Gervase expressly includes
+them in his list of characteristic novelties. But here we find them either
+detached from the piers, or combined with them in such a manner as to
+give a much greater lightness and elegance of effect than in the work of
+the previous architect. This lightness of style is carried still farther
+in the corona, where the slender shafts are carried round the walls, and
+made principal supports to the pier-arches, over which is placed a light
+triforium and a clerestory; and it must be remarked that all the arches in
+this part of the building are of a single order of mouldings, instead of
+two orders as in the pier-arches and triforium of the choir."
+
+So much for the architectural details of the Trinity Chapel. To the
+ordinary visitor its interest lies rather in the fact that it contained
+Becket's shrine, and that we here see the curious old windows portraying
+the sainted Archbishop's miracles, and what is, perhaps, most important of
+all to many, #the tomb of Edward the Black Prince#. This monument is the
+first feature that we notice as we enter by the south-west gate of the
+chapel; it stands between the two first pillars, and by the side of the
+site of the shrine. By the Prince's will he had left directions that he
+should be buried in the crypt, where he had already founded a chantry,
+at the time of his marriage with the "Fair Maid of Kent" in 1363. But for
+some unknown reason, probably in order that the dead hero's bones might be
+placed in the most sacred spot possible--he was laid to rest by the side
+of the martyr, then in the zenith of his sanctity. One of the most
+romantic figures in English history is that of Edward the Black Prince,
+who "fought the French" as no Briton, except perhaps Nelson, has fought
+them since; he was sixteen years old when he commanded the English army
+in person at the battle of Cressy, and was wounded in the thickest of that
+most sanguinary fray: ten years later, facing an army of 60,000 men with
+a mere 8,000 behind him, he inflicted a still more severe defeat on the
+French at Poitiers, and captured their king, whom he took with him to
+Canterbury on his triumphant return to London. In all our list of national
+heroes there is not one who upheld the prowess of the English arms more
+gallantly than this mighty warrior who was cut off while still in the
+flower of his years, leaving England to the miseries of sedition and civil
+war. His tomb is one of the most impressive of such monuments. The gilding
+and bright colours have almost entirely disappeared, but the striking
+effect of the effigy is probably only enhanced by the solemn sombreness of
+its present appearance. It is a figure clad in full armour, spurred and
+helmeted, as the Prince had ordained by his will. The head rests on the
+helmet and the hands are joined in the attitude of prayer. The face, which
+is undoubtedly a portrait, is stern and masterful. "There you can see
+his fine face with the Plantagenet features, the flat cheeks, and the
+well-chiselled nose, to be traced, perhaps, in the effigy of his father in
+Westminster Abbey, and his grandfather in Gloucester Cathedral." The tomb
+itself is worthy to support the figure and guard the ashes of the Black
+Prince. Carved on its side clearly, that all might read it, is the
+inscription which he had himself chosen; it is in Norman French, which was
+still the language spoken by the English Court, and in the same spirit
+which moved the designer of Archbishop Chichele's tomb to portray the
+living man and the mouldering skeleton, this epitaph contrasts the glories
+of the Prince's life--his wealth, beauty, and power--with the decay and
+corruption of the grave. It is distinctly pagan in thought, and reminds
+one strongly of the laments of the dead Homeric heroes as they wail for
+the joys of life and strength and lordship. Stanley states that it is
+"borrowed, with a few variations, from the anonymous French translation of
+the 'Clericalis Disciplina' of Petrus Alphonsus composed between the years
+1106 and 1110." But it is strangely un-Christian in sentiment as a few
+lines will show--
+
+    "Tiel come tu es, je autiel fu, tu seras tiel come je su,
+    De la mort ne pensay je mie, tant come j'avoy la vie.
+    En terre avoy grand richesse, dont je y fys grand noblesse,
+    Terre, mesons, et grand tresor, draps, chivalx, argent et or.
+    Mesore su je povres et cheitifs, perfond en la terre gys,
+    Ma grand beaute est tout alee, ma char est tout gastee
+    Moult est estroite ma meson, en moy ne si verite non,
+    Et si ore me veissez, je ne quide pas que vous deeisez
+    Que j'eusse onges hom este, si su je ore de tout changee."
+
+Below this inscription are ranged coats-of-arms, bearing the ostrich
+feathers and the motto _Ich Diene_ ("I serve"), which, according to
+time-honoured but unauthenticated tradition, the prince won from the blind
+King of Bohemia, who was led into the thick of the fighting at Cressy, and
+died on the field. Welsh archæologists, however, maintain that these words
+are Celtic, and mean "behold the man;" their theory suggests that this was
+the phrase used by Edward I. when he presented his firstborn son to the
+Welsh people as their prince, and that the words thus became the motto of
+the princes of Wales. This is a rather far-fetched piece of reasoning, and
+one would certainly prefer to accept the more picturesque tradition which
+connects the phrase with the glories of Cressy. The other word found on
+these escutcheons--_Houmont_--is still more puzzling. We know that the
+Black Prince was wont to sign himself _Houmont, Ich Diene_. Stanley
+explains the combination gracefully, but not very convincingly. "If, as
+seems most likely, they are German words, they exactly express what we
+have seen so often in his life, the union of 'Hoch muth,' that is _high
+spirit_, with 'Ich Dien,' _I serve_. They bring before us the very scene
+itself after the battle of Poitiers, where, after having vanquished the
+whole French nation, he stood behind the captive king, and served him like
+an attendant."
+
+[Illustration: THE BLACK PRINCE'S TOMB
+(FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY CARL NORMAN AND CO.).]
+
+The tomb is surmounted by a canopy on which is painted an interesting
+representation of the Trinity. The work is a good deal faded, but still
+worthy of notice; the absence of the figure of the dove is curious, but is
+not unparalleled in such designs. At the corners are symbols of the four
+evangelists. The Holy Trinity--on whose feast-day he died--was held in
+peculiar veneration by the Black Prince. The ordinance of the chantry
+founded by him in the crypt contains the phrase, _Ad honorem Sancte
+Trinitatis quam peculiari devocione semper colimus_. A curious metal
+badge, preserved in the British Museum, is stamped with the figure of the
+prince kneeling before the Almighty and our Saviour, whose representation
+is almost identical with the design on the canopy over the tomb; here also
+the figure of the dove is absent. Round the canopy and in the pillars we
+can still see the hooks which upheld the black tapestry, bordered with
+crimson and embroidered with _cygnes avec têtes de dames_, which was hung,
+as ordained by his will, round the prince's tomb and Becket's shrine.
+
+[Illustration: SHIELD, COAT, ETC., OF THE BLACK PRINCE.]
+
+Lastly, above the canopy, on a cross-beam between two pillars, are
+suspended the brazen gauntlets, the helmet, the wooden shield with its
+moulded leather covering, the velvet coat emblazoned with the arms of
+England and France, and the empty sheath. The gauntlets were once
+embellished with little figures of lions on the knuckles; these have been
+detached by "collectors," vandals almost as ruthless as Blue Dick and his
+troopers, and without their excuse of mistaken religious zeal. The helmet
+still has its original lining of leather, showing that it was actually
+worn. The sword which fitted the now empty sheath is said to have been
+taken away by Oliver Cromwell; it appeared in Manchester at the beginning
+of this century under circumstances so curious, that we may be excused for
+quoting the following letter from Canon Wray, given in Stanley's Appendix
+on the Black Prince's will. "The sword, or supposed sword, of the Black
+Prince, which Oliver Cromwell is said to have carried away, I have seen
+and many times have had in my hands. There lived in Manchester, when I
+first came here, a Mr. Thomas Barritt, a saddler by trade; he was a great
+antiquarian, and had collected together helmets, coats of mail, horns,
+etc., and many coins. But what he valued most of all was a sword: the
+blade about two feet long, and on the blade was let in, in letters of
+gold, 'EDWARDUS WALLIE PRINCEPS'.... He was in possession of this sword
+A.D. 1794. He told me he purchased many of the ancient relics of a pedlar,
+who travelled through the country selling earthenware, and I think he said
+he got this sword from this pedlar. When Barritt died, in 1820, his
+curiosities were sold by his widow at a raffle, but I believe this sword
+was not amongst the articles so disposed of. It had probably been disposed
+of beforehand, but to whom I never knew; yet I think it not unlikely that
+it is still in the neighbourhood. The sword was a little curved,
+scimitar-like, rather thick, broad blade, and had every appearance of
+being the Black Prince's sword." Truly a most remarkable story. This
+historic blade, which may have hewn down the French ranks at Poitiers, is
+disposed of by an itinerant crockery vender to an antiquarian saddler; on
+his death is, or is not, "sold at a raffle" and--vanishes!
+
+[Illustration: WEST GATE.]
+
+These arms that hang over the prince's tomb are all that are left of
+two distinct suits, one for war, and one for use in the joust and the
+ceremonials of peace, which were, according to directions given in the
+will, carried in the funeral procession through the West Gate and along
+the High Street to the cathedral. The pieces which remain all belong to
+the suit worn in actual warfare.
+
+The centre of the chapel looks curiously blank, being left so by the
+thoroughness with which all trace of Becket's shrine was removed by the
+reforming zeal and insatiable rapacity of Henry VIII. and his minions. The
+effect of the bare stone pavement presents an impressive contrast to the
+vanished glories of the shrine blazing with gold and jewels, as we read of
+it. (For a description of the shrine and its history, see Chapter I.) The
+exact place on which it stood is plainly shown by the marks worn in the
+stones by the knees of generations of pilgrims as they knelt before it,
+while the prior, with his white wand, pointed out the choicest of its
+treasures. To the west, between the altar-screen--the unhappy effect of
+which is painfully conspicuous from this point--and the site of the
+shrine, there is some very interesting mosaic pavement, containing the
+signs of the zodiac, and emblems of virtue and vice, an example of the
+_Opus Alexandrinum_, which appears in the floors of most of the Roman
+basilicas. A similar piece of mosaic work may be seen round the shrine of
+Edward the Confessor at Westminster. Above the eastern end of the shrine a
+gilded crescent was fixed in the roof, which still remains; the origin and
+meaning of this emblem have been disputed with considerable heat, and many
+ingenious conjectures have been framed to account for its presence here.
+One theory regards it as an allusion to the tradition according to which
+Becket's mother was a Saracen. But this legend is believed to be
+comparatively modern, and, as Mr. George Austin points out, "even if the
+legend of Becket's mother had obtained credence at that early period, it
+may be observed that in the painted windows around no reference is made
+to the subject, though evidently capable of so much pictorial effect."
+Another solution would connect the crescent with the worship of the Virgin
+Mary, who is often pictured as standing on the moon (comp. Rev. xii. 1).
+Supporters of this theory lay stress on the fact that the Trinity Chapel
+at Canterbury occupies the extreme east end of the church, which is
+generally the site of the Lady Chapel, and that therefore the presence of
+this emblem--if it can be connected with the Virgin--would be peculiarly
+appropriate here. Mr. Austin propounded the explanation which is now most
+generally accepted. "When the groined roof," he says, "was relieved of the
+long-accumulated coats of whitewash and repaired, the crescent was taken
+down and regilt. It was found to be made of a foreign wood, somewhat like
+in grain to the eastern wood known by the name of iron-wood. It had been
+fastened to the groining by a large nail of very singular shape, with a
+large square head, apparently of foreign manufacture." He comes to the
+conclusion that the crescent is one of a number of trophies which he
+supposes to have once decorated this part of the cathedral, and he is
+led to his conclusion by the fact that "more than one fresco painting of
+encounters with the Eastern infidels formerly ornamented the walls (the
+last traces of which were removed during the restoration of the cathedral
+under Dean Percy, afterwards Bishop of Carlisle), and in one of which the
+green crescent flag of the enemy seems borne away by the English archers.
+Might not these frescoes have depicted the fights in which these trophies
+were won?" Also, in the hollows of the groining which radiate from the
+crescent, there were a number of slight iron staples, which Mr. Austin,
+having shown that they cannot have supported either hanging lamps or the
+covering of the shrine, believes to have upheld flags, horsetails, etc.,
+which formed the trophy of which the gilded crescent was the centre. We
+know that Becket received the title of St. Thomas Acrensis owing to his
+close connection with the knights of the Hospital of St. John at Acre. But
+none of these explanations seem very convincing, and the history and
+significance of the crescent in the roof seem likely to remain a mystery.
+
+Before we turn from Becket and his shrine to the other monuments in the
+Trinity Chapel, we must call the attention of our readers to the stained
+windows which depict the miracles of the sainted martyr. The chapel was at
+one time entirely surrounded with glass of this sort, but only a portion
+has survived the ravages of the Puritans. "Of these windows," says Austin,
+"unfortunately but three remain, but they are sufficient to attest their
+rare beauty; and for excellence of drawing, harmony of colouring, and
+purity of design, are justly considered unequalled. The skill with which
+the minute figures are represented cannot even at this day be surpassed;
+it is extraordinary to see how every feeling of joy or sorrow, pain and
+enjoyment, is expressed both in feature and position. But in nothing is
+the superiority of these windows shown more than the beautiful scrolls and
+borders which surmount the windows, and gracefully connect the groups of
+medallions." Most of these windows probably contained representations of
+Becket, and so were doomed to destruction by the decree of Henry VIII., in
+which "his Grace straitly chargeth and commandeth, that henceforth the
+said Thomas Becket shall not be esteemed, named, reputed, nor called a
+saint, but Bishop Becket, and that his images and pictures throughout the
+whole realm shall be put down and avoided out of all churches and chapels,
+and other places; and that from henceforth the days used to be festivals
+in his name shall not be observed, nor the service, office, antiphonies,
+collects and prayers in his name read, but rased and put out of all
+books." This proclamation was rigorously carried out though the stained
+windows which come within its terms have, in some cases, escaped
+destruction. For instance there remains a window in the south transept of
+Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, representing the martyrdom of Becket, but
+it is interesting to note that even here the archbishop's head was removed
+from the glass. Three of the windows of the Trinity Chapel have survived,
+and fragments of others are scattered over the glass of the building. They
+are entirely devoted to depicting the miracles of the martyr, which began
+immediately after his death and reception--according to a vision of
+Benedict--in a place between the apostles and the martyrs, above even St.
+Stephen.
+
+The window towards the east on the north side of the shrine is divided
+into geometrical figures, each figure composed of a group of fine
+medallions; every group tells the story of a miracle, or series of
+miracles, performed by the influence of the saint. The lower group
+portrays the story of a child who was drowned in the Medway, and
+afterwards restored to life by the efficacy of the saint's blood mixed
+with water. The first medallion shows the boy falling into the stream,
+while his companions pelt the frogs in the reeds by the river side; the
+next shows the companions relating the story of the accident to the boy's
+parents, and in the third we see the grief-stricken parents watching their
+son's corpse being drawn out of the river. "The landscape in these
+medallions is exceedingly well rendered; the trees are depicted with
+great grace" (Austin). Unfortunately the medallions which complete this
+story have been destroyed. The next group depicts the quaint story of a
+succession of miracles which were wrought in the family of a knight called
+Jordan, son of Eisult. His ten year old boy died, and the knight, who had
+been an intimate friend of Becket in his lifetime, resolved to try to
+restore his son with water mixed with the saint's blood. At the third
+draught, as Benedict tells the story, the dead boy "opened one eye, and
+said, 'Why are you weeping, father? Why are you crying, lady? The blessed
+martyr, Thomas, has restored me to you!' At evening he sat up, ate,
+talked, and was restored." But the father forgot the vow which he made in
+the first moment of joy at his son's recovery, namely, that he would offer
+four silver pieces at the martyr's shrine before Mid Lent. And once more
+all the household was stricken with sickness, and the eldest son died.
+Then the parents, though sore smitten themselves, dragged themselves to
+Canterbury and performed their vow. The whole of this story with other
+details for which we have no space may be accurately traced on this unique
+window. The most striking is the central medallion of the group in which
+the vengeance of the saint is shown forth. In the middle of a large room
+we see a bier on which lies the dead son; the father and mother, overcome
+with despair, stand at the head and feet of the body. Behind the bier are
+several figures, which, from their "unusually violent attitudes expressive
+of grief," Mr. Austin considered to be professional mourners. Above,
+unseen by the group below, the figure of St. Thomas, clad in full
+episcopal robes, holding a sword in his right hand, and pointing to
+the corpse with his left, is seen appearing through the ceiling. "The
+expression," says Austin, "of the various figures in the above
+compartments, both in gesture and feature, is rendered with great skill.
+In the execution of this story, the points which, doubtless, the artists
+of the monastery were chiefly anxious to impress upon the minds of the
+devotees who thronged to the shrine are prominently brought out: the
+extreme danger of delaying the performance of a vow, under whatever
+circumstances made, the expiation sternly required by the saint, and the
+satisfaction with which the martyr viewed money offerings made at the
+shrine."
+
+One of the other groups is noteworthy as proving that severe penances were
+sometimes performed before the shrine. One medallion shows a woman
+prostrating herself before a priest at the altar, while two men stand
+near, holding formidable-looking rods. The next picture represents the two
+men vigorously flagellating the woman with the rods; while, in the third,
+one of the men is still beating the woman, who now lies fainting on the
+ground, while the other is addressing the priest, who sits hard by
+composedly reading his book. The other two windows contain representations
+of the healings effected by the saint, which seem to have been of a very
+varied character, to judge from the catalogue with which Benedict sums
+them up. "What position," he asks, "in the Church, what sex or age, what
+rank or order is there, which could not find something beneficial to
+itself [_aliquid sibi utile_] in this treasure-house of ours? Here the
+light of truth is furnished to schismatics, confidence to timid pastors,
+health to the sick, and pardon to the deserving penitent [_pænitentibus
+venia ejus meritis_, the last two words probably implying an offering].
+The blind see, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the
+dead rise again, the dumb speak, the poor have the gospel preached to
+them, the paralytic recover, the dropsical lose their swellings
+[_detumescunt hydropici_], the mad are restored to sense, the epileptic
+are cured, the fever-stricken escape, and, to sum up, _omnimoda curatur
+infirmitas_."
+
+The last of these windows to which we must call the special attention of
+our readers is one on the north side, representing a vision which Benedict
+tells us that he saw himself. The martyr is seen coming forth from his
+shrine in full pontifical robes, and making his way towards the altar as
+if to celebrate mass. This window is noticeable as containing the only
+representation that now exists of the shrine itself--for the picture in
+the Cottonian MSS. evidently shows us, not the shrine, but its outer
+shell, or covering. "The medallion," says Austin, "is the more
+interesting, from being an undoubted work of the thirteenth century; and
+having been designed for a position immediately opposite to and within a
+few yards of the shrine itself, and occupying the place of honour in the
+largest and most important window, without doubt represents the main
+features of the shrine faithfully."
+
+On the north side of the Trinity Chapel, immediately opposite the tomb of
+the Black Prince, is that of King Henry IV., who died in 1413, and his
+second consort, Joan of Navarre, who followed him in 1437. This king had
+made liberal offerings towards the rebuilding of the nave of the
+cathedral, and it has been conjectured that one of the figures on the
+organ-screen represents him: his will ordered that he should be laid to
+rest in the church at Canterbury, and here accordingly he was buried on
+the Trinity Sunday after his death. The tomb, with its rich canopy, is a
+beautiful piece of work, and the figures of the king and queen are
+probably faithful representations. A curious story was circulated by the
+Yorkists, to the effect that Henry was never buried here, but that his
+body was thrown into the water between Gravesend and Barking, during the
+voyage of the funeral _cortège_ to Faversham, and that only an empty
+coffin was laid in the Trinity Chapel. That this point might be cleared
+up, the tomb was opened in 1832 in the presence of the Dean, and there the
+king was found in perfect preservation, and bearing a close resemblance to
+the effigy on the monument--"the nose elevated, the beard thick and
+matted, and of a deep russet colour, and the jaws perfect, with all the
+teeth in them, except one foretooth."
+
+In the wall of the north aisle, just opposite the king's tomb, is a small
+chapel, built according to the directions contained in his will "that ther
+be a chauntre perpetuall with twey prestis for to sing and prey for my
+soul." The roof shows the first piece of fan-vaulting admitted into the
+cathedral. On the eastern wall an account is scratched of the cost of a
+reredos which once stood here, but has been entirely destroyed: it tells
+us that the cost of "ye middil image was xix^s 11^d." This chapel was
+doubtless used at one time as a storehouse of sacred relics. Two recesses
+in the west wall have lately been chosen to receive certain archiepiscopal
+vestments which were discovered in a tomb on the south side of Trinity
+Chapel, which was long believed to be that of Archbishop Theobald.
+
+To the east of Henry IV.'s monument is the tomb of Dean Wotton, adorned
+with his kneeling figure. He was the first Dean of Canterbury after the
+reorganization by Henry VIII. Opposite to him is an unsightly brick
+erection which was once intended as a temporary covering for the remains
+of Odo Coligny, Cardinal of Chatillon and brother of Admiral Coligny, who
+was one of the victims of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. The Cardinal
+fled from France in 1568, on account of his leanings towards the tenets of
+the Huguenots, and was welcomed by Queen Elizabeth. It is believed that
+he died from the effects of a poisoned apple given to him by a servant. It
+seems curious that the French Huguenots who settled in Canterbury never
+provided him with a more fitting monument.
+
+Between this tomb and that of the Black Prince is the monument of
+Archbishop Courtenay, who was primate from 1381 to 1396, and was
+celebrated for his severity towards Wycliffe and his followers. He was
+a large contributor to the fund for the re-building of the nave, which
+perhaps accounts for the distinguished position of his tomb; the fact also
+that he was executor to the Black Prince may be responsible for his being
+buried at his feet. It is not, however, certain that his body actually
+lies here, though the ledger book of the cathedral states that he was
+buried within the walls of the church. It is known, however, that he died
+at Maidstone, and that he ordered in his will that his remains should rest
+there, and a slab in the pavement of All Saints', Maidstone, shows traces
+of a brass representing the figure of an archbishop, whence it has been
+concluded that Courtenay was in fact buried there, and that his monument
+in Canterbury is only a cenotaph.
+
+[Illustration: TRINITY CHAPEL, LOOKING INTO THE CORONA, "BECKET'S CROWN,"
+WITH CHAIR OF ST. AUGUSTINE.]
+
+#Becket's Crown.#--The circular apse at the extreme east end of the church
+is known as Becket's Crown. The name has caused a good deal of discussion.
+The theory once generally received was to the effect that the portion of
+Becket's skull which was cut away by Richard le Breton was preserved here
+as a relic of special sanctity. We know that the Black Prince bequeathed,
+by his will, tapestry hangings for the High Altar and for three others,
+viz., "l'autier la ou Mons'r Saint Thomas gist--l'autier la ou la teste
+est--l'autier la ou la poynte de l'espie est." The first and last are
+evidently the altars at the shrine and in the Chapel of the Martyrdom, and
+it has been contended that the altar "where the head is" was the altar of
+which traces may still be seen in the pavement of the corona, or Becket's
+Crown. Against this notion we must place the authority of Erasmus, whose
+words plainly show that the martyr's head was displayed in the crypt:
+"_hinc digressi subimus cryptoporticum: illic primum exhibetur calvaria
+martyris perforata_ (the martyr's pierced tonsure): _reliqua tecta sunt
+argento, summa cranii pars nuda patet osculo_." While Willis considers
+that the term corona was a common one for an apse at the end of a
+church, citing "Ducange's Glossary," which defines "Corona Ecclesiæ" as
+_Pars templi choro postica, quod ea pars fere desinat in circulum_; "at
+all events," he concludes, "it was a general term and not peculiar to
+Christ Church, Canterbury. The notion that this round chapel was called
+Becket's Crown, because part of his skull was preserved here as a relic,
+appears wholly untenable. There is at least no doubt that a relic of
+some sort was preserved here, because we know from a record of the
+offerings--Oblaciones S. Thomæ--during ten years in the first half of the
+thirteenth century, that the richest gifts were made at the shrine and in
+the corona. And we know that the spot was one of peculiar sanctity from
+the fact that the shrines of St. Odo and St. Wilfrid were finally
+transferred thither. _Corpus S. Odonis in feretro, ad coronam versus
+austrum. Corpus S. Wilfridi in feretro ad coronam versus aquilonem._"
+
+[Illustration: CHAIR OF ST. AUGUSTINE.]
+
+On the north side of the corona is the tomb of Cardinal Pole, the last
+Archbishop of Canterbury who acknowledged the supremacy of the Pope. He
+held office from 1556 to 1558, and died the day after Queen Mary. Here
+stands also the patriarchal chair, made out of three pieces of Purbeck
+marble. It is called St. Augustine's chair, and is said to be the throne
+on which the old kings of Kent were crowned; according to the tradition,
+Ethelbert, on being converted, gave the chair to Augustine, from whom it
+has descended to the Archbishops of Canterbury. It is needless to say
+that this eminently attractive legend has been attacked and overthrown
+by modern criticism. It is pointed out that the original archiepiscopal
+throne was of one piece only, and that Purbeck marble did not come into
+use until some time after Augustine's death. From its shape it is
+conjectured that the chair dates from the end of the twelfth century or
+the beginning of the thirteenth, and that it may have been constructed for
+the ceremony of the translation of St. Thomas' relics. It is in this
+chair, and not in the archiepiscopal throne in the choir, that the
+archbishops are still enthroned. From the corona we have a view of the
+full length of the cathedral, which measures 514 feet, and is one of the
+longest of English cathedrals. Of the windows in Becket's Crown, the
+centre one is ancient, while the rest are modern and afford a most
+instructive contrast.
+
+#St. Andrew's Tower, or Chapel.#--Leaving the Trinity Chapel, and
+descending the steps, we find on our right the door of St. Andrew's Chapel
+which is now used as a vestry. Formerly, it was the sacristy, a place from
+which the pilgrims of humble rank were excluded, but where those of wealth
+and high station were allowed to gaze at a great array of silken vestments
+and golden candlesticks, and also the Martyr's pearwood pastoral staff with
+its black horn crook, and his cloak and bloodstained kerchief. Here also
+was a chest "cased with black leather, and opened with the utmost
+reverence on bended knees, containing scraps and rags of linen with which
+(the story must be told throughout) the saint wiped his forehead and blew
+his nose" (Stanley). Erasmus describes this exhibition with a touch of
+scorn. "_Fragmenta linteorum lacera plerumque macci vestigium servantia.
+His, ut aiebant, vir pius extergebat sudorem e facie_," etc. The walls of
+this chapel show many traces of fresco decoration: the pattern seems to
+have consisted of a clustering vine tree spread over the roof. In the
+north wall is a Norman chamber which originally served as the Treasury;
+the door is still secured by three locks, the keys of which were held by
+different officials. St. Andrew's Chapel is part of Ernulf's work, and the
+peculiar ornamentation which marks his hand may be noticed over the arch
+of the apse which terminates it.
+
+#The North-East Transept.#--Passing along the choir aisle, we see the old
+Bible desk, holding the Bible which was originally placed there, and was
+restored to this position by the late Bishop Parry. Next we enter the
+north-east transept, which in its architectural features is practically a
+repetition of the south-east transept, with which we have already dealt.
+The monument to Archbishop Tait, designed by Boehm, is well worthy of its
+surroundings. Above it, in the north wall, about ten feet from the ground,
+we may notice three slits in the wall. These are what are called
+hagioscopes. On the other side of the wall was a recess connected with the
+Prior's Chapel. Through these hagioscopes--or "holy spy-holes"--the prior
+could see mass being celebrated at the high altar and at the altars below
+in the transept, without entering the cathedral. These transeptal altars
+are in the Chapels of St. Martin and St. Stephen which occupy two apses in
+the eastern wall. St. Martin is represented in a medallion of ancient
+glass preserved in the modern window, as dividing his coat with a beggar.
+Scratched on the walls are the names "Lanfrancus" and "Ediva Regina;" the
+bodies of Lanfranc and Queen Ediva were removed to this transept after the
+fire. Lanfranc originally lay in the old Trinity Chapel, and when this
+building was levelled to the ground, he was "carried to the vestiarium in
+his leaden covering, and there deposited until the community should decide
+what should be done with so great a Father." Apparently the heavy sheet of
+lead was removed, for Gervase goes on to say that "Lanfranc having
+remained untouched for sixty-nine years, his very bones were consumed with
+rottenness, and nearly all reduced to powder. The length of time, the damp
+vestments, the natural frigidity of lead, and above all the frailty of the
+human structure, had conspired to produce this corruption. But the larger
+bones, with the remaining dust, were collected in a leaden coffer, and
+deposited at the altar of St. Martin." Queen Ediva, as we learn from the
+same authority, "who before the fire reposed under a gilted _feretrum_ in
+nearly the middle of the south cross, was now deposited at the altar of
+St. Martin, under the _feretrum_ of Living," an archbishop who died in
+1020. Ediva, the wife of Edward the Elder, and a generous benefactress
+to the cathedral, died about 960.
+
+From an early list of the subjects represented in the windows of the
+cathedral, it appears that the north windows of the north-east transept
+depicted the Parable of the Sower. The ancient glass, however, has been
+displaced, and a good deal of it has been moved to the windows of the
+north choir aisle, between the transept and the Chapel of the Martyrdom,
+which are of great beauty, and should be examined carefully. In the
+transept itself are windows in memory of Dean Stanley, Dr. Spry, and
+Canon Cheshyre.
+
+On the wall of the choir aisle, close to the transept, we can trace the
+remains of a fresco representing the conversion of St. Hubert. Further on,
+there hangs a picture, by Cross, which is intended to represent the murder
+of Becket. As a work of art it is not without merit, but its details are
+entirely inaccurate.
+
+#The North-West Transept, or Chapel of the Martyrdom.#--The actual site
+of the tragedy which rendered Becket and his cathedral famous throughout
+Christendom was the North-West Transept, or as it was more commonly called
+the Chapel of the Martyrdom. Hardly any portion, however, of this
+structure as it stands actually witnessed the murder. In the time of
+Becket the transept was of two storeys, divided by a vault, which was
+upheld by a single pillar. The upper partition was dedicated to St.
+Blaise, and the lower to St. Benedict. In the west wall, as now, was
+a door which opened into the cloister.
+
+[Illustration: THE MARTYRDOM, NORTH-WEST TRANSEPT.]
+
+The story of Becket and his quarrel with Henry II. will be dealt with
+in the next chapter. But before examining the spot on which he was
+assassinated it is perhaps fitting to recall the events which immediately
+preceded his death. Henry's wrathful exclamation, which stirred the four
+knights to set out on their bloodthirsty mission, is well known. Whatever
+we may think of the methods employed by these warriors--Fitzurse, de
+Moreville, de Tracy, and le Bret were their names--we must at least
+concede that they were gifted with undaunted courage. To slay an anointed
+archbishop in his own cathedral was to do a deed from which the boldest
+might well shrink, in the days when excommunication was held to be a
+living reality, and the Church was believed to hold the power of eternal
+blessing or damnation in her hand. These men--who were all closely
+attached to the king's person, and were sometimes described as his
+"cubicularii," or Grooms of the Bedchamber--arrived at the gate of the
+archbishop's palace in the afternoon of Tuesday, December 29th, 1170. With
+a curious want of directness they seem to have left their swords outside,
+and entered, and had a stormy interview with Becket; enraged by his
+unyielding firmness, they went back for their weapons, and in the
+meantime the archbishop was hurried by the terrified monks through the
+cloister and into the cathedral, where the vesper service was being held.
+The knights quickly forced their way after him, and the monks locked and
+barricaded the cloister door. But Becket, who bore himself heroically
+through the whole scene, insisted that the door should be thrown open,
+exclaiming that "the church must not be turned into a castle." Then all
+the monks but three fled in terror. Those who stayed urged Becket to hide
+himself in the crypt or in the Chapel of St. Blaise above. But he would
+not hear of concealment, but preferred to make his way to the choir that
+he might die at his post by the high altar. As he went up the steps
+towards the choir the knights rushed into the transept, calling for "the
+archbishop, the traitor to the king," and Becket turned and came down, and
+confronted them by the pillar of the chapel. Clad in his white rochet,
+with a cloak and hood over his shoulders, he faced his murderers, who were
+now girt in mail from head to foot. They tried to seize him and drag him
+out of the sacred precinct, but he put his back against the pillar and
+hurled Tracy full-length on the pavement. Then commending his cause and
+the cause of the Church "to God, to St. Denys, the martyr of France, to
+St. Alfege, and to the saints of the Church," he fell under the blows of
+the knights' swords. The last stroke was from the hand of le Bret, it
+severed the crown of the archbishop's head, and the murderer's sword was
+shivered into two pieces. Then the assassins left the church, ransacked
+the palace, and plundered its treasures, and, lastly, rode off on horses
+from the stables, in which Becket had to the last taken especial pride.
+
+Such is the brief outline of the events of this remarkable tragedy, for
+a fuller account of which we must refer our readers to the excellent
+description in Stanley's "Memorials of Canterbury." As we have already
+said, the present transept has been entirely rebuilt; although not damaged
+by the fire, it was reconstructed by Prior Chillenden at the time when he
+erected the present nave. It is even doubtful whether the present pavement
+is the same as that which was trodden by Becket and his murderers. A small
+square stone is still shown in the floor of the transept, as marking the
+exact spot on which the archbishop fell; it is said to have been inserted
+in place of the original piece which was taken out and sent to Rome, but
+there is little or no authority for this statement. On the other hand, we
+read that Benedict, when he became Abbot of Peterborough, in order to
+supply his new cathedral with relics, in which it was sadly deficient,
+came back to Canterbury and carried off the stones which had been
+sprinkled with St. Thomas's blood, and made therewith two altars for
+Peterborough.
+
+In this transept an altar was erected, called the Altar of the Martyrdom,
+or the Altar of the Sword's Point (_altare ad punctum ensis_), from the
+fact that upon it was laid the broken fragment of le Bret's sword, which
+had been left on the pavement. Also, a portion of the martyr's brains were
+kept under a piece of rock crystal, and a special official, called the
+Custos Martyrii, was appointed to guard these relics.
+
+The chief window in this chapel was presented by Edward IV.; in it we can
+still see the figures of himself and his queen and his two daughters, and
+the two young princes who were murdered in the Tower. It originally
+contained representations of "seven glorious appearances" of the Virgin,
+and Becket himself in the centre, but all this portion was destroyed by
+Blue Dick, the Puritan zealot. The west window was the gift of the Rev.
+Robert Moore, sometime Canon of Canterbury; it is an elaborate piece of
+work depicting Becket's martyrdom and scenes in his life.
+
+Here also we see the very beautiful and interesting monument to Archbishop
+Peckham (1279-1292), the oldest Canterbury monument which survives in its
+entirety; even it has been encroached upon by the commonplace erection
+adjoining it, which commemorates Warham who was archbishop from 1503 to
+1532, and was the friend of Erasmus.
+
+#The Dean's Chapel.#--Eastward of the north-west transept is the chapel
+which was formerly known as the Lady Chapel, but has latterly been named
+the Dean's Chapel from the number of deans whose monuments have been
+placed here. It stands on the site of the Chapel of St. Benedict, and was
+built by Prior Goldstone, who dedicated it to the Blessed Virgin in 1460.
+The usual place for the Lady Chapel in cathedrals is, of course, at the
+extreme east end; but at Canterbury the situation was occupied by the
+shrine of St. Thomas. The principal altar to the Virgin in our cathedral
+was that in the crypt, in the "Chapel of Our Lady Undercroft." The
+vault of the Dean's Chapel is noticeable. It is a fan vault, of the style
+developed to so great perfection in the Tudor period, as shown in Henry
+VII.'s Chapel at Westminster, and in the roof of the staircase leading to
+the dining-hall of Christ Church, Oxford. The architecture of this chapel
+is Perpendicular in style, and its delicate decoration should be carefully
+noticed; the screen which separates it from the Martyrdom Transept is also
+worthy of close attention. The monuments here are interesting rather than
+beautiful. Dean Fotherby is commemorated by a hideous erection bristling
+with skulls. Dean Boys is represented as he died, sitting among his books
+in his library; it is curious that the books are all apparently turned
+with the backs of the covers towards the wall, and the edges of the leaves
+outwards. Here also is the monument of Dean Turner, the faithful follower
+of Charles I.
+
+[Illustration: PART OF SOUTH-WESTERN TRANSEPT.]
+
+#The South-West Transept.#--Crossing the cathedral through the passage
+under the choir steps, we find ourselves in the south-west transept,
+which, together with the nave and the north-west transept, was rebuilt
+by Prior Chillenden. In the pavement we see memorial stones to canons
+and other departed worthies. Among them is the tombstone of Meric Casaubon,
+Archbishop Laud's prebendary, and son of Isaac Casaubon, the famous
+scholar.
+
+#St. Michael's, or the Warrior's Chapel.#--Eastward of the south-west
+transept is a small chapel, generally known as that of St. Michael. In
+position and size it closely corresponds with the Dean's Chapel on the
+north side of the church. In general style there is also some resemblance,
+but the vaulting of the roof is quite different; it is described by
+Professor Willis as "as a complex lierne vault of an unusual pattern, but
+resembling that of the north transept of Gloucester Cathedral, which dates
+from 1367 to 1372." The exact date and the name of the builder of this
+chapel are alike uncertain, but it probably replaced the old Chapel of St.
+Michael at some time towards the end of the fourteenth century, and Willis
+comes to the conclusion that it is most probable that its erection may be
+ascribed to Prior Chillenden, and that "it formed part of the general
+scheme for the transformation of the western part of the church."
+
+A curious effect is presented by the tomb of Stephen Langton, who was
+archbishop from 1207 to 1228, and is famous as having compelled King John
+to sign the Great Charter, and also as having divided the Bible into
+chapters. His tomb, shaped like a stone coffin, is half in the chapel and
+half under the eastern wall, and Professor Willis considers that it was
+originally outside the wall, in the churchyard; "and thus the new wall,
+when the chapel was rebuilt and enlarged in the fourteenth century, was
+made to stride over the coffin by means of an arch." The reverence in
+which Langton's memory was held is attested by the fact that his remains
+must have lain under the altar of the chapel, a most unusual position
+except in the case of celebrated saints. In the middle of the chapel is a
+very beautiful and interesting monument erected by Margaret Holland, who
+died in 1437, to the memory of her two husbands and herself. The monument
+is of alabaster and marble, and represents the lady reposing with her
+first spouse, John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, and son of John of Gaunt,
+on her left, and Thomas, Duke of Clarence, her second husband, on her
+right. The latter was the second son of Henry IV., and, so, nephew of John
+of Somerset the first husband; he was killed at the battle of Baugé in
+1421. Leland thinks that this chapel was built expressly for the reception
+of this tomb: "This chapel be likelihood was made new for the Honor of
+Erle John of Somerset," but it is probably of rather earlier date than
+would be allowed by this theory. The figures of Margaret and her two lords
+are very fine and are interesting examples of fifteenth century costume.
+As such they may be contrasted with the effigy of Lady Thornhurst, who
+exhibits all the beauty of an Elizabethan ruff. Sir Thomas Thornhurst,
+whose monument is hard by, was killed in the ill-fated expedition to the
+Isle of Rhé. In the corner of the chapel is the bust of Sir George Rooke,
+Vice-Admiral, who led the assault on Gibraltar by which it was first
+captured. And the title of "Warrior's" Chapel is further justified by the
+presence here of tattered standards, memorials of dead comrades, left by
+the famous Kentish regiment, "the Buffs."
+
+[Illustration: THE CRYPT.]
+
+#The Main Crypt.#--Returning through the passage under the steps that lead
+up to the choir, we turn to the right into the crypt which originally
+supported Conrad's "glorious choir." On the wall as we enter we may notice
+some diaper-work ornamentation, interesting from the fact that a similar
+decoration may be traced on the wall of the chapter house at Rochester
+for Ernulf who built the westward crypt, was afterwards made Bishop of
+Rochester. Willis tells us that there are five crypts in England under the
+eastern parts of cathedrals, namely, at Canterbury, Winchester,
+Gloucester, Rochester, and Worcester, and that they were all founded
+before 1085. "After this they were discontinued except as a continuation
+of former ones, as in Canterbury and Rochester." This crypt of Ernulf's
+replaced the earlier one set up by Lanfranc; Willis thinks it not
+impossible that the whole of the pier-shafts may have been taken from the
+earlier crypt. "The capitals of the columns are either plain blocks or
+sculptured with Norman enrichments. Some of them, however, are in an
+unfinished state." He describes minutely one of the capitals on the
+south-west side. "Of the four sides of the block two are quite plain. One
+has the ornament roughed out, or "bosted" as the workmen call it, that is,
+the pattern has been traced upon the block, and the spaces between the
+figures roughly sunk down with square edges preparatory to the completion.
+On the fourth side, the pattern is quite finished. This proves that the
+carving was executed after the stones were set in their places, and
+probably the whole of these capitals would eventually have been so
+ornamented had not the fire and its results brought in a new school
+of carving in the rich foliated capitals, which caused this merely
+superficial method of decoration to be neglected and abandoned. In the
+same way some of the shafts are roughly fluted in various fashions. The
+plain ones would probably have all gradually had the same ornament given
+to them, had not the same reasons interfered." The crypt then stands as
+it was left by Ernulf except that some of the piers were afterwards
+strengthened and one new pillar was inserted in the aisle by William of
+Sens, in order to fit in with the new arrangement of the pillars in the
+choir which he was then rebuilding. It is therefore, of course, the oldest
+part of the church, and remains a most beautiful and interesting relic of
+Norman work in spite of the hot water pipe apparatus which now disfigures
+it, and its general air of unkempt untidiness. There are signs, however,
+that in this respect there is likely to be some improvement. The floor is
+being lowered to its original level by the removal of about a foot of
+accumulated dirt which had been heaping itself up for the last eight
+hundred years and had at last entirely smothered the bases of the columns,
+and it is even whispered that the part now cut off and used as the French
+church, may be opened out and restored to its original position as part of
+the main crypt.
+
+According to Gervase, the whole of the crypt was dedicated to the Virgin
+Mary. Here stood the Chapel of Our Lady Undercroft, surrounded by
+Perpendicular stone-work screens, from which the altar-screen in the choir
+above was imitated. The shrine of the Virgin was exceedingly rich and was
+only shown to privileged worshippers: traces of decoration may still be
+seen in the vault above. It was at the back of this shrine that Becket
+was laid between the time of his murder and his translation to the
+resting-place in the Trinity Chapel.
+
+In the main crypt we may notice the monument of Isabel, Countess of Athol,
+who died in 1292; she was heiress of Chilham Castle, near Canterbury, and
+grand-daughter of King John. She was twice married, her second husband
+being Alexander, brother of John Baliol, King of Scotland. The monument
+of Lady Mohun of Dunster is in the south screen of the Chapel of Our Lady.
+She was ancestress of the present Earl of Derby, and founded a perpetual
+chantry. Lastly, here is the tomb of Cardinal Archbishop Morton, the
+friend of Sir Thomas More, and the faithful servant of the House of
+Lancaster; it was he who brought about the union of the Red and White
+Roses by arranging the marriage of Henry of Richmond with Elizabeth of
+York. As Henry VII.'s Chancellor he made great exactions under the
+euphonious title of "Benevolences," and propounded the famous dilemma
+known as "Morton's Fork," by which he argued that those who lived lavishly
+must obviously have something to spare for the king's service, while those
+who fared soberly must be grown rich on their savings, and so were equally
+fair game to the royal plunderer. He lies in the south-west corner of the
+crypt, and his monument, which has suffered considerably at the hands of
+the Puritans, bears the Tudor portcullis and the archbishop's rebus, a
+hawk or _mort_ standing on a tun.
+
+[Illustration: ST. GABRIEL'S CHAPEL.]
+
+In the south-east corner, under Anselm's Tower, is a chapel generally
+known as that of St. John, sometimes as that of St. Gabriel. It has been
+divided into two compartments by a wall. There are some very interesting
+paintings[2] on the roof, representing Our Lord in the centre of the
+angelic host, the Adoration of the Magi, and a figure of St. John; this
+work is believed to be of the thirteenth century. The central pillar of
+this chapel, with the curved fluting in the column and the quaintly
+grotesque devices of the figures carved on the capital, is well worthy of
+close examination. The grate that we see here was erected by the French
+Protestants, large numbers of whom fled to England during the persecution
+which was instituted against their sect in 1561. They were welcomed by
+Queen Elizabeth, and allowed to settle in Canterbury, where the cathedral
+crypt was made over to them to use as a weaving factory. It is possible
+that the ridges in the floor of St. John's Chapel are marks left by their
+looms, but more evident trace of their occupation is afforded by the
+inscriptions in French painted on the pillars and arches of the main
+crypt, and again by the custom which still survives of holding a French
+service in the south aisle of the crypt; this part has been walled off
+especially as a place of worship for the descendants of the French exiles,
+and here service is still held in the French tongue. Alterations have been
+lately made by which the French service is held in the Black Prince's
+Chantry, and the part of the crypt formerly walled off has been merged
+with the rest of the crypt, which is thus completely thrown open. Access
+to the French church is now obtained from the crypt, and not from outside.
+This chantry was founded by the Black Prince in 1363 to commemorate his
+marriage with his cousin Joan, the "Fair Maid of Kent." Here, according to
+the prince's ordinance, two priests were to pray for his soul, in his
+lifetime and after; the situation of the two altars, at which the priests
+prayed, can still be traced. On the vaulting we see the arms of the
+prince, and of his father, and what seems to be the face of his wife. In
+return for the permission to institute this chantry, the prince left to
+the monastery of Canterbury an estate which still belongs to the Chapter,
+the manor of Fawkes' Hall. This was a piece of land in South Lambeth,
+which had been granted by King John to a baron called Fawkes. His name
+still survives in the word "Vauxhall."
+
+  [2] The above paintings are illustrated in Dart's "History of
+  Canterbury,"   1726, and in "Archæologia Cantiana," vol. xviii.
+
+[Illustration: IN THE MAIN CRYPT, WITH TOMB OF CARDINAL MORTON
+(see p. 99).]
+
+#The Eastern Crypt.#--The eastern portion of the crypt, under the Trinity
+Chapel and the corona, is a good deal more lofty than Ernulf's building.
+We noticed the ascent from the choir and presbytery to the Trinity Chapel,
+and it is, of course, this greater elevation of the cathedral floor at the
+east end which accounts for the greater height of the eastern crypt. The
+effect, both above and below, is exceedingly happy. The most striking
+thing about the interior of the cathedral is the manner in which it
+rises--"church piled upon church"--from the nave to the corona, and this
+characteristic enabled William the Englishman to build a crypt below which
+has none of the cramped squatness which generally mars the effect of such
+buildings. "The lofty crypt below," says Willis, "may be considered the
+unfettered composition of the English architect. Its style and its details
+are wholly different from those of William of Sens. The work, from its
+position and office, is of a massive and bold character, but its unusual
+loftiness prevents it from assuming the nature of a crypt.... There is one
+detail of this crypt which differs especially from the work above. The
+abacus of each of the piers, as well as that of each central shaft, is
+round; but in the whole of the choir the abacuses are either square, or
+square with the corners cut off."
+
+It was in the smaller eastern crypt, which formerly occupied the site of
+William's building which we are now examining, that Becket was hastily
+buried after his assassination, when his murderers were still threatening
+to come and drag his body out, "hang it on a gibbet, tear it with horses,
+cut it into pieces, or throw it in some pond to be devoured by swine or
+birds of prey." And from that time until the translation of the relics in
+1220, this was the most sacred spot in the cathedral, and it was known,
+down to Reformation times, as "Becket's tomb." Hither came the earliest
+pilgrims in the first rush of enthusiasm for the newly-canonized martyr.
+And here Henry II. performed that penance, which is one of the most
+striking examples of the Church's power presented by history. We are told
+that he placed his head and shoulder in the tomb, and there received five
+strokes from each bishop and abbot who was present, and three from each of
+the eighty monks. After this castigation he spent the night in the crypt,
+fasting and barefooted. His penitence and piety were rewarded by the
+victory gained at Richmond, on that very day, by his forces over William
+the Lion of Scotland, who was taken prisoner, and afterwards, recognizing
+the power of the saint, founded the abbey of Aberbrothwick to Saint Thomas
+of Canterbury.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE SEE.
+
+
+The history of the See of Canterbury may be said to have begun with the
+coming of Augustine, for there can be no doubt that it is owing to its
+being the settling-place of the first messengers of the gospel in Saxon
+England that Canterbury has been the metropolis of the English Church.
+Pope Gregory, with his usual thoroughness, sent to Augustine, soon after
+his arrival here, an elaborate scheme for the division of our island
+into sees, which were to be gradually developed as Christianity spread.
+According to his arrangement, there were to be two archbishops, one at
+London and one at York. But we cannot regret that this scheme was not
+carried out, as an archiepiscopal see is much more picturesquely framed by
+the hills which encircle Canterbury than it could have been by the dingy
+vastness of the political and social capital.
+
+#Augustine# reached England in 597, and found that his path had been made
+easy by the fact that Bertha, wife of Ethelbert, King of Kent, was a
+Christian. He soon effected the conversion of the king himself, and his
+labours were so rapidly successful that at Christmas, 597, no less than
+ten thousand Saxons were baptized at the mouth of the Medway. The
+archiepiscopal pall, and a papal Bull, creating Augustine first English
+archbishop, were duly sent from Rome, and the royal palace in Canterbury,
+with an old church--Roman or British--close by, were handed over to him by
+Ethelbert. The first archbishop died in 605, and was buried, according to
+the old Roman custom, by the side of the high road which had brought him
+to Canterbury. A few years later, however, his remains were transferred to
+the Abbey of SS. Peter and Paul, which had then just been completed.
+
+Augustine was succeeded by one of the monks who had originally come with
+him from Rome. The new archbishop's name was #Lawrence#; he had been
+already consecrated by Augustine in his lifetime. This unusual measure was
+thought to be necessary, as the Church had hardly yet established itself in
+a strong position. Indeed, so weak was its hold over its rapidly acquired
+converts, that when Ethelbert's son, who succeeded his father in 616,
+backslid into the path of heathendom, the great majority of the people
+followed the royal example, and Lawrence, together with the Bishops of
+London and Rochester, prepared to leave England altogether, as a country
+hopelessly abandoned to paganism. However, the archbishop determined to
+make one more attempt to maintain his position, and succeeded in
+terrifying the king, by a pretended miracle, into becoming a Christian. He
+then recalled the two bishops who had already crossed to France, and on
+his death, in 619, was succeeded by the Bishop of London, #Mellitus#.
+Mellitus only held the Primacy till 624, when his place was filled by
+#Justin#, who also had a brief archiepiscopal life, being succeeded in 627
+by #Honorius#. This archbishop held the see for twenty-six years, till 653,
+and it was not until 655 that his successor was appointed.
+
+So far the archbishops had all been foreigners who had come over either
+with Augustine or with the second company of missionaries who were
+despatched by Gregory soon after Ethelbert's conversion. In 655, however,
+a native Englishman, named Frithona, was consecrated by the Saxon Bishop
+of Rochester, and adopted the name of #Deus Dedit#. He ruled at Canterbury
+till 664, and after his death the see remained vacant for four years,
+probably owing to the plague which was then wasting all Europe, and caused
+the death of Wighard, a Saxon, who had started for Rome to receive his
+consecration there. But in 668, #Theodore#, a native of Tarsus in Cecilia,
+was appointed, and was welcomed by the members of the torn and divided
+English Church. He devoted all his energy to centralizing and
+consolidating the power of the archbishop, which had been hitherto largely
+nominal. He journeyed all over England, correcting the prevalent laxity of
+discipline and establishing the control of the metropolitan authority. He
+went so far as to interfere with the Archbishopric of York, and with the
+help of the king attempted to divide it into three sees. He was,
+moreover, an enthusiastic scholar, and first diffused the study of Greek
+in England. He had brought a copy of Homer with him, and is said to have
+established a school of Greek in Canterbury. He died in 690, and after his
+death there was no archbishop for three years. In 693, one #Brethwald#, an
+English monk, some time Abbot of Reculver, was appointed to the see. The
+Saxon Church shows that it had benefited by Theodore's rigorous
+discipline, in that it was henceforth able to supply its own archbishops;
+it had now securely established itself all over the country, and the last
+home of paganism, which, curiously enough, held its own longest in Sussex,
+had been finally converted in Theodore's time. Brethwald ruled till 731,
+and was followed by #Tatwin# (731-734) and #Nothelm# (734-740). In 740
+#Cuthbert# became archbishop. He seems to have been an interesting
+personage with a good deal of zeal for reform; he is recorded to have
+assembled a synod at Cliff to discuss measures for the improvement of the
+lives and behaviour both of clergy and laity. Probably at his instigation
+the synod ordained that the Lord's Prayer and the Creed should be taught in
+the vulgar tongue; he was the first archbishop buried in the cathedral. He
+was succeeded by #Bregwin#, who held the see from 759 to 765. He was an
+exception among the series of English primates, being of German origin.
+During the rule of the next archbishop, #Jaenbert#, an attempt was made
+to transfer the primacy from Canterbury. Offa, the King of Mercia, had
+established himself in a position of commanding power, and wishing that
+the seat of the chief ecclesiastical authority should be within his own
+dominion, obtained a Bull from Pope Adrian I. by which an Archbishop of
+Lichfield was created, with a larger see than that of Canterbury. Jaenbert
+seems to have acquiesced, though doubtless most unwillingly, in this
+arrangement, but in spite of the central situation of Lichfield, the
+traditional claims of Canterbury were too strong, and Adulf was the first
+and last Archbishop of Lichfield. #Athelard#, who succeeded Jaenbert in
+790, had the primacy restored to him. The Northmen began their raids on the
+English coasts at this time, and their ravages probably continued through
+the days of his successors, #Wulfred#, #Feologild#, #Ceolnoth#, and
+#Ethelred# (805-889).
+
+In 889 the learned #Plegmund#, formerly tutor of Alfred, was by his quondam
+pupil's influence made Archbishop of Canterbury. It was during his time
+that the sees of Wells for Somerset and Crediton for Devonshire were
+established.
+
+#Athelm# (914-923).
+
+#Wulfhelm# (923-942).
+
+#Odo# (942-959), called "the severe," was born a pagan Dane of East
+Anglia, but having been received into a noble Saxon family, was duly
+baptized into the faith. He was appointed to the Wiltshire bishopric by
+Athelstane, and combined in his person the characters of the warlike Dane
+and the Christian churchman. Like his successor Dunstan, Odo made his
+chief objects in life the maintenance of the Church's supremacy and the
+reformation of the married clergy. He bore his archbishopric with much
+pomp and dignity through the reigns of Edmund, Edred, and Edwy. He was
+responsible for Dunstan's conduct on the occasion of King Edwy's
+coronation, though it is not known how far he sanctioned the cruelties
+subsequently practised on Elgiva. Odo reconstructed and enlarged the
+cathedral.
+
+His immediate successor was #Elsi#, Bishop of Winchester, but this
+archbishop died while on his way to Rome to receive his pall from the
+Pope.
+
+#Dunstan# (960-988), the next archbishop, continued Odo's crusade against
+the married clergy, which he conducted relentlessly. In many cases the
+secular clergy were turned out of their livings to make room for members
+of the regular monkish orders. Even with these harsh measures and the
+employment of miracles the archbishop does not seem to have succeeded in
+enforcing celibacy among the clergy. Dunstan was born in Somersetshire of
+noble parents, and educated at the Abbey of Glastonbury. He became abbot
+of that place, and Bishop of Worcester and London. At the coronation of
+Edwy he intruded himself into the king's presence, and was afterwards
+obliged to retire to Ghent. He held the See of Canterbury for twenty-seven
+years, and on his death was buried in the cathedral, where countless
+miracles are said to have been worked at his tomb.
+
+#Ethelgar# (988-989).
+
+#Siricius# (990-994).
+
+#Ælfric# (995-1005).
+
+#Alphege# (1005-1012), Prior of Glastonbury, migrated thence to Bath, where
+he founded the great abbey, afterwards united to the See of Wells. After
+holding the See of Winchester for twenty-two years, he was translated to
+Canterbury. When in 1011 Canterbury was sacked by the Danes, he was
+carried off a prisoner, and on his refusal to ransom himself, was
+barbarously murdered by his captors. His body was ransomed by the people
+of London and buried at St. Paul's Cathedral, whence it was removed to
+Canterbury by Canute. Subsequently, in the time of Lanfranc, he was
+canonized.
+
+#Living# (1013-1020) also suffered much from the Danes, who from this time
+continued their incursions until the reign of Canute.
+
+#Egelnoth# (1020-1038) is described as the first dean of the Canterbury
+canons who seem to have acquired an ascendancy over the monks ever since
+the massacre of the latter by the Danes in 1011. He restored the cathedral
+after the damages inflicted by the invaders.
+
+#Eadsi# (1038-1050).
+
+#Robert of Jumièges# (1051-1052) was one of the many Normans who were
+brought over into England by King Edward the Confessor; he took an active
+part in the king's quarrel with the great Earl Godwin, and in the reaction
+which followed against the Normans retired to Jumièges, where he remained
+till his death.
+
+#Stigand# (1052-1070), Bishop of Winchester, held this see conjointly with
+that of Canterbury. He was remarkable for his avarice. His espousal of the
+cause of Edgar the Atheling led the Conqueror to regard him with
+suspicion. William took the archbishop with him when he returned into
+Normandy, and eventually dispossessed him, along with some other bishops
+and abbots, at a synod held at Winchester in the year 1070. Stigand was
+imprisoned at Winchester, where he eventually died, resisting to the last
+the attempts made by the king to elicit information as to the whereabouts
+of the vast treasures which he had accumulated and hidden.
+
+#Lanfranc# (1070-1089) was the first Norman Archbishop of Canterbury. He
+was born at Pavia, and educated at the monastery of Bec, in Normandy, then
+the most remarkable seat of learning existing in Europe. His conspicuous
+abilities raised him to the position of prior of the monastery. He was
+subsequently abbot of the new monastery which William of Normandy founded
+at Caen, and on the deposition of Stigand was called over by that king to
+complete the subjection and reform of the Anglo-Saxon Church, which task
+he undertook with much zeal and not a little high-handed procedure. He
+assisted the king in the removal of the Saxon bishops and the substitution
+of Normans in their places, as also in the reformation of the great
+English monasteries which appear to have fallen into considerable
+disorder. Lanfranc's character was remarkable for its firmness, and
+brought him into frequent collision with the imperious temper of his
+royal master. On one occasion Lanfranc insisted on the restoration of
+twenty-five manors which belonged to the archiepiscopal see, and which
+had been appropriated by Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, William's half-brother.
+William, however, continued to honour his able servant, and during the
+king's absence in Normandy, Lanfranc held the office of chief justiciary
+and vice-regent within the realm, and maintained his independent attitude
+against all the world, refusing to go to Rome at the summons of the pope.
+Lanfranc crowned William II., and as long as he lived did much to moderate
+that monarch's rapacious attacks on the wealth of the Church. He rebuilt
+the cathedral which had fallen into ruin, and founded the great monastery
+of Christ Church. He was the author of a celebrated treatise in refutation
+of the doctrine of Berengarius of Tours, on the subject of the Real
+Presence, and was present at the council held in Rome by Leo IX., in which
+Berengarius was condemned. He lies buried in the nave of his cathedral,
+but the exact spot is not known.
+
+#Anselm# (1093-1109) was born at Aosta, and studied under Lanfranc at Bec,
+when he succeeded him as Prior of the Convent, and subsequently became
+abbot. He visited England on the invitation of Hugh the Fat, Earl of
+Chester, and while there was called in by the king and made Archbishop of
+Canterbury. Rufus had kept the see vacant, and appropriated the revenues
+of this and many other Church properties, and was only induced by the fear
+of impending death to appoint Anselm to the see. Anselm was with
+difficulty persuaded to accept the post, but from that hour posed as the
+firm champion of the rights of the Church, and the opponent and denouncer
+of the king's exactions and the general immorality of the times. He
+refused to receive his pall at the hands of the king, but eventually
+agreed to take it himself from the high altar of the cathedral at
+Canterbury. Though deserted by his bishops he held his own against the
+king until an accusation of failing in his duty to supply troops for the
+king's Welsh expedition drove him into exile and he made his way to Rome,
+when his learning created much sensation and was enlisted against the
+errors of the Greek Church on the subject of the procession of the Holy
+Ghost. On his accession to the throne, Henry I., as part of his reversal
+of his brother's ecclesiastical policy recalled Anselm from banishment and
+filled up the vacant see. But Anselm remained firm on the subject of the
+rights of the church in the matter of the investiture of the clergy, and
+refused to consecrate the bishops who had received their investiture from
+the king, or to do homage or swear fealty to Henry. The king, on his side,
+was determined to uphold the rights of the crown and the matter was
+referred to the pope. Anselm had to visit Rome in person, and meeting with
+but lukewarm support from the pope agreed at last to a compromise, at Bec,
+in 1106, by which the king surrendered the symbols of the ring and
+crozier, while retaining his right to the oaths of fealty and homage.
+Anselm returned to England and spent the last two years of his life in
+comparative repose: he died at Canterbury, and was buried near Lanfranc,
+but his remains were afterwards removed to the tower that bears his name.
+After his death the see was again vacant for five years, and was managed
+by Ralf, Bishop of Rochester, who was however made archbishop later; he
+was a disciple of Lanfranc, but as an archbishop was unimportant.
+
+#William de Corbeuil# (1123-1136) was the first archbishop who received the
+title of Papal Legate. He crowned King Stephen after solemnly swearing to
+support the cause of Matilda, and is said to have died of remorse for his
+conduct in the matter. He completed the restoration of the cathedral and
+dedicated it with much pomp and display.
+
+#Theobald# (1139-1161), the next archbishop, had been Abbot of Bec, and was
+a Benedictine. His importance as archbishop was much overshadowed by Henry
+of Blois, Bishop of Winchester, and brother of King Stephen. The pope
+granted him the title of "Legatus natus," which was retained by his
+successors until the Reformation. The life of this prelate was one of
+varying fortunes, and he was twice in exile. He eventually, along with
+Henry of Blois, took an important part in the final compromise which was
+effected between the factions of Stephen and Matilda. On his death the
+see remained vacant for more than a year.
+
+#Thomas Becket# (1162-1170) was the son of a London merchant, and was
+educated among the Augustinian canons of Merton, in Surrey. He came
+under the patronage of Archbishop Theobald whom he accompanied when the
+latter visited Rome. While still only a deacon Becket received many
+ecclesiastical benefices, including the Archdeaconry of Canterbury. About
+1155 he was appointed Chancellor, through the influence of Theobald, and
+thenceforward, until he became archbishop enjoyed the most intimate
+friendship and confidence of King Henry II. His magnificence and authority
+during this period of his career exceeded that of the most powerful
+nobles, and created much sensation in France whither he was dispatched to
+demand the hand of the Princess Margaret for the king's infant son. When
+offered the Archbishopric of Canterbury he is said to have warned the king
+that his acceptance of the office would entail his devotion to God and his
+order in preference to the interests of the king. He was however persuaded
+to accept the primacy, and after being duly ordained priest was
+consecrated archbishop by Henry of Blois, the Bishop of Winchester.
+
+From this moment onwards the entire character and attitude of Becket was
+changed. He gave up his old pomp and magnificence and devoted himself to
+monastic severity and works of charity: he furthermore insisted on
+resigning his temporal offices, including that of chancellor, and engaged
+on his lifelong struggle with the king on the subject of the privileges of
+the clergy.
+
+Since the separation of the bishops from the secular courts by the
+Conqueror, a gross system of abuse had arisen under which all persons who
+could read and write could claim exemption from the jurisdiction of the
+ordinary secular courts, and insist on being tried only before their own
+ecclesiastical tribunal. The spiritual courts could inflict no corporal
+punishment, and the result was that many guilty persons escaped punishment
+at their hands, and the benefit of clergy came to mean a practical licence
+to commit crimes. This was naturally in radical opposition to the judicial
+policy of Henry II., and matters were brought to a climax by the
+scandalous case of Philip Brois, a murderer, whom Becket rescued from the
+king's justice and condemned to a totally inadequate sentence. The king
+determined to clear the question of all doubt, and to this end drew up
+the famous constitutions of Clarendon in which the clergy was subjected
+equally with the laity to the common laws of the land. The archbishop took
+the oath, but refused to sign the constitution, as he insisted on the
+immunity of the clergy from all secular jurisdiction. On retiring from the
+council he sought and obtained absolution from his oath at the hands of
+the pope--Alexander III.--who, insecure in his own position, and unable
+to dispense with the friendship of the King of England, maintained a
+vacillating attitude in the quarrel between Becket and Henry. The king
+now began a systematic persecution of the archbishop. He was pressed with
+various charges, and finally was ordered to account for the moneys which
+he had received from the vacant See of Canterbury and other ecclesiastical
+properties in his capacity as Chancellor. There seems small reason to
+doubt that the charge was an unjust one, and was merely employed by the
+king as an instrument of offence against his political adversary. The
+archbishop came before the council in all the pomp and panoply of his
+office, and bearing his own cross, as he had been deserted by most of his
+bishops. After an exciting scene he escaped before any definite judgment
+was pronounced, and took refuge in France, where he was hospitably and
+honourably received by King Louis VII. Here he continued his struggle
+with the King of England. Henry seized upon the revenues of the See of
+Canterbury, and banished all Becket's kinsmen, dependants, and friends.
+Becket replied by solemnly denouncing the constitution of Clarendon, and
+excommunicating all who should enforce them. After further contentions
+and fruitless negotiations Henry issued a proclamation withdrawing his
+subjects' obedience to the archbishop, enforced by an oath from all
+freemen. This oath many of the bishops refused to take. The pope, under
+temporary pressure from Becket's enemies, authorized the Archbishop of
+York to crown the young prince Henry: and the supremacy of the See of
+Canterbury over all England, being thus called in question, became
+thenceforward one of the principal subjects of dispute between Becket and
+the king. The action of the king was unpopular, and Henry, seeing that he
+had gone too far, consented to enter on some sort of reconciliation with
+Becket, who ventured to return to England. In spite of the manifest
+danger in which he found himself, Becket, on his return to England,
+continued his high-handed policy, excommunicating the Archbishop of York
+and others of his enemies. On hearing of this conduct Henry's fury got the
+better of him, and his famous exclamation led to the departure of the four
+knights to Canterbury. They demanded the immediate removal of the
+excommunication. Becket was hurried into the cathedral by the monks and
+murdered at the altar.
+
+On his death he was immediately canonized, and many miracles occurred at
+his tomb. Henry himself was ordered to do penance for his death. The fame
+of his shrine brought countless pilgrims to Canterbury, which was thus for
+the first time raised to a position of importance throughout the whole of
+Europe.
+
+#Richard# (1174-1184), Prior of Dover, was the next archbishop: he had been
+present at Becket's murder and helped to convey his body to the crypt. He
+was somewhat indifferent to spiritual matters, and was chiefly occupied in
+supporting the supremacy of the See of Canterbury over that of York, a
+question which led to at least one scene of unseemly disturbance in which
+the Archbishop of York nearly lost his life. One result of the quarrel was
+the conferring of the title of "Primate of England," and "Primate of all
+England," on the Archbishops of York and Canterbury respectively, by the
+pope.
+
+#Baldwin# (1185-1190) was the first monk of the Cistercian order who held
+the See of Canterbury. He came into collision with the Benedictine monks
+with whom the election to the primacy had always rested, and whom he
+attempted in vain to deprive of that privilege in favour of a body of
+canons at Lambeth, which he purchased for the see. He accompanied Richard
+Coeur de Lion to the Holy Land, and died in camp before Acre.
+
+#Reginald Fitz Jocelyn#, Bishop of Bath and Wells, was next elected, but
+died before receiving the pall.
+
+#Hubert Walter# (1193-1205) was born at West Derham, in Norfolk, and
+educated by Ranulph de Glanville: he was made Bishop of Salisbury, and
+accompanied Richard I. to the Holy Land. When archbishop he held the
+office of Justiciary, but was removed from the latter by a Papal Bull
+since it compelled him to judge "causes of blood." He became chancellor,
+and conducted the duties of his high offices in an admirable manner. The
+laws enacted under Richard I. are said to have been drawn up by him, and
+he completed the house of regular canons at Lambeth. He was buried in his
+own cathedral where his effigy still remains.
+
+After some disputes on the subject of election, the Pope, Innocent III.,
+was appealed to and decided in favour of
+
+#Stephen Langton# (1207-1228) who was an Englishman of spotless character
+and profound theological learning: he was consecrated at Peterborough by
+Innocent III. The "fury of King John knew no bounds," he drove the monks
+of Canterbury to Flanders, and refused to allow Langton to set foot in
+England. The result of this conduct was the publication of the celebrated
+Interdict, followed soon after by the personal excommunication of the king
+and the absolution of his subjects from their oath of allegiance by the
+pope. Philip of France was ordered to depose the English king, whose crown
+was declared forfeited. Hard pressed by his enemies, and having alienated
+his people from his cause, King John was driven to humiliating submission:
+he promised to receive Langton and to restore the Church property, and
+finally, formally resigned his crown into the hands of Pandulph, the Papal
+Legate. Archbishop Langton was received with honour, and King John threw
+himself at his feet and reconciled himself with the Church. He also
+ordered a great council to meet at St. Alban's to settle finally the
+restitution of the church property. Here, however, he was met by an open
+declaration of the complaints of all classes. Langton, though elevated to
+the primacy, entirely through the influence of the pope, proved himself a
+staunch Englishman, and posed as the champion of national liberty against
+the claims of both pope and king. It was he who produced to the
+malcontents the Coronation Charter of Henry I., which the barons accepted
+as a declaration of the views and demands of their party. He was at the
+head of the barons in their struggle with the king, and his name appears
+as that of the first witness to the famous Magna Charta. John at once
+applied to the pope, and obtained from him the abrogation of the charter
+and a papal order to Langton to excommunicate the king's enemies. This he
+refused to do. John overran the country with foreign mercenaries, and his
+cruelties eventually resulted in the barons summoning Louis of France to
+their assistance. Langton was summoned to Rome to attend the Lateran
+Council, and was detained there until the deaths of Innocent III. and King
+John, after which he was permitted to return to his see and passed the
+remainder of his life in comparative tranquillity, siding strongly with
+the national party under Hubert de Burgh. He presided at the translation
+of Becket's remains from the crypt to Trinity Chapel; he rebuilt much of
+the archiepiscopal palace at Canterbury and he lies buried in his own
+cathedral. He was the first who divided the Bible into chapters.
+
+#Richard de Wethershed# (1229-1231), Chancellor of Lincoln, was next
+appointed, but died on his way back from Italy. After three more elections
+by the monks which were all set aside by the pope, Honorius III., the
+monks consented to accept
+
+#Edmund Rich# (1234-1240), treasurer of Salisbury: he was the son of a
+merchant of Abingdon, and was educated at Oxford University. He had a
+great reputation for learning and piety. He came into disfavour with the
+king by his opposition to the marriage of his sister Eleanor to Simon de
+Montfort. His sympathies were all on the side of the national party: he
+procured the downfall of Des Roches and maintained the struggle against
+the foreign favourites and papal exactions for which the reign of Henry
+III. is notorious. At length he retired to the Cistercian Abbey at
+Pontigny, which had formerly sheltered Becket and Langton, in despair at
+the condition of England and of her Church. It was during his time that
+the great movements of the Dominican and Franciscan friars reached England
+and though the archbishop never actually joined their ranks, he was
+doubtless much influenced by their teaching and example, and was himself
+an itinerant preacher after leaving Oxford. He was canonized six years
+after his death. He was succeeded by
+
+#Boniface of Savoy# (1241-1270), one of the king's uncles, whose violence
+and warlike bearing made him a strange contrast to his predecessor. His
+term of office was one long history of papal exactions from the English
+clergy, and of the tyranny of foreigners, creatures of Henry III., over
+the rights of the nation. The revenues of the See of Canterbury and the
+enormous sums wrung from the clergy were squandered on foreign wars, and
+the archbishop himself resided abroad. Boniface took a leading part in the
+spoliation of the English Church: he was one of the king's council at the
+so-called "Mad Parliament."
+
+#Robert Kilwardby# (1273-1278) was nominated by the pope, after a fruitless
+election of their subprior by the monks. He was a very learned Dominican,
+educated at Oxford and Paris.
+
+#John Peckam# (1279-1292) was, like his predecessor, nominated by the pope
+after an education at Oxford and Paris; he also was a Franciscan. He was
+at first a staunch supporter of King Edward I., whom he accompanied to
+Wales. It is to be regretted that he supported the king in his cruelties
+to the conquered Welsh and in the expulsion of the Jews. He firmly
+defended the privileges of his see against first, the Archbishop of York,
+and secondly, the king. It was in his time (1279) that the famous Statute
+of Mortmain was passed. The exactions of the papacy had been considerably
+lessened, and the Church was beginning to recover its wealth and national
+character. Peckam died at Mortlake, and was buried in the transept of the
+martyrdom at Canterbury, where his tomb and effigy still remain.
+
+#Robert Winchelsea# (1292-1313) was next nominated, king and clergy being
+unanimous on this occasion, and at once proceeded to Rome, where he
+remained some time before returning to England. Meanwhile, Edward I. had
+demanded the enormous subsidy of one half their annual revenue from the
+clergy. Winchelsea is said to have been responsible for the celebrated
+Bull _Clericis laicis_ issued by Boniface VIII. in defence of the property
+of the Church. On his return home the archbishop continued to lead the
+clergy in their opposition to the king's demands, and paid the penalty in
+the seizure of his whole estate for the king's use. He retired with a
+single chaplain to a country parsonage, discharged the humble duties of a
+priest, and lived on the alms of his flocks. When the war broke out Edward
+sought to propitiate the clergy by restoring the archbishop to his barony,
+and summoning him to a parliament at Westminster, where the clergy
+abandoned their own ground of ecclesiastical immunity from taxation and
+took shelter under the liberties of the realm, thus identifying themselves
+with the popular cause in their opposition to the exactions of the king.
+On his return from Flanders Edward accused Winchelsea of conspiring
+against him in his absence, and the archbishop was again deprived of all
+his possessions, and, after many privations, escaped to France.
+
+On the accession of Edward II. he was recalled and restored to his honour,
+but subsequently became again the centre of revolution, and himself
+excommunicated the king's favourite, Gaveston. He nevertheless continued
+undisturbed in the discharge of his office until his death. During his
+prosperous years Winchelsea was famous for his charities and liberality.
+After his death he was regarded as a saint, and his shrine in the
+south-east transept was removed by the commissioners of Henry VIII. at
+the same time as that of Saint Thomas à Becket.
+
+#Walter Reynolds# (1313-1327) was appointed by the pope at the request
+of the king, who had set aside an election of the monks. He was tutor and
+subsequently Chancellor to Edward II. After Gaveston's death he became
+Keeper of the Great Seal. He obtained many bulls of privilege from Rome.
+In spite of the favour he had received from Edward II. he deserted him in
+his troubles. His tomb remains in the south aisle of the choir.
+
+#Simon Mepeham# (1328-1333) was elected by the monks and consecrated at
+Avignon. He was opposed in his visitation by Grandisson, the powerful
+Bishop of Exeter, who refused him admission to his cathedral by force. He
+was unsupported by the pope, and is said to have died of a broken heart in
+consequence. His tomb forms the screen of St. Anselm's Chapel.
+
+#John Stratford# (1333-1348) was appointed by the pope at the request
+of Edward III. He was educated at Merton College, Oxford, and became
+Archdeacon of Lincoln and Bishop of Winchester. He was made Lord Treasurer
+by Edward II., to whose cause he remained faithful during the short-lived
+triumph of Isabella and the desertion of the archbishop. Edward III. made
+him Lord Chancellor, in which office he was succeeded by his own brother,
+Robert. Stratford had endeavoured to dissuade the king from entering on
+the French war, and the king, hard pressed for money, had the archbishop
+arraigned for high treason. Stratford fled from Lambeth to Canterbury,
+where he excommunicated his accusers. He subsequently returned to London
+and sheltered himself, not under his ecclesiastical immunity, but under
+his privileges of parliament as a member of the House of Peers, a
+significant landmark in the history of the English Church. The quarrel
+between the king and the archbishop was amicably settled.
+
+Stratford held exalted opinions on the subject of clerical superiority,
+and his arraignment, without the support of the pope, was a decisive blow
+against the power of the Church. In his time, also, a layman was for the
+first time appointed to the office of Chancellor, and Edward III. wrote a
+letter to the pope protesting against the frequent papal nominations to
+vacant English sees, which was followed up by the Statute of Provisors in
+1350. Stratford died at Mayfield in Sussex, and was buried in his own
+cathedral, where his monument still remains.
+
+#Thomas Bradwardine# (1349) was consecrated after election by the monks of
+Christ Church after the death of John Ufford, the king's nominee, who died
+of the Black Death before consecration. Bradwardine had been the king's
+confessor. He was educated at Merton College, and was one of the best
+geometers of his time, besides being the author of an important tract
+against Pelagianism.
+
+#Simon Islip# (1349-1366), the king's secretary, built most of the palace
+at Mayfield, and completed that at Maidstone. He founded and endowed
+Canterbury Hall, now forming one of the quadrangles of Christ Church,
+Oxford, in which he endeavoured to bring together the monastic and secular
+priests.
+
+#Simon Langham# (1366-1368) had been Bishop of Ely, Treasurer of England,
+and Lord Chancellor, and also Prior and Abbot of Westminster. On being
+appointed a cardinal by the Pope Urban V., he resigned his archbishopric,
+the temporal powers and revenues of which had been seized by the king, and
+died at Avignon.
+
+#William Whittlesea# (1368-1374), a nephew of Islip, was translated from
+Worcester.
+
+#Simon of Sudbury# (1375-1381) was Chancellor of Salisbury and Bishop of
+London, whence he was transferred to Canterbury. As chancellor he proposed
+the famous poll tax, which supplied the motive for Wat Tyler's rebellion,
+and, as archbishop, caused to be imprisoned the priest, John Ball. He was
+captured in the tower, and beheaded during Wat Tyler's rebellion; his body
+was eventually removed to Canterbury, and buried in the south aisle of
+the choir. He built the west gate at Canterbury, and a great part of the
+city walls.
+
+#William Courtenay# (1381-1396) was, like his predecessor, translated from
+the See of London. In a synod he condemned twenty-four articles in the
+writing of Wycliffe, who was unjustly held responsible for the recent
+rebellion. Much persecution of Wycliffe's followers ensued. Courtenay
+succeeded in establishing his right to visit his province, although
+opposed by the Bishops of Exeter and Salisbury. His monument adjoins that
+of the Black Prince.
+
+#Thomas Arundel# (1396-1414) was translated from the See of York. He was
+involved in the conspiracy for which his brother, the Earl of Arundel, was
+executed, and was himself exiled. He was restored after Bolingbroke's
+success, and received the abdication of Richard II. In 1400 the statute
+_De haeretico comburendo_ was enacted, and Arundel began to put it in
+force against the Lollards. He condemned Sawtree, the first English
+Protestant martyr, to be burnt, and took a prominent part in the attack
+upon Sir John Oldcastle. In the parliament of 1407 he defended the clergy
+against the attempts of the Commons to shift the burden of taxation upon
+the wealth of the Church.
+
+#Henry Chichele# (1414-1443) was educated at New College, Oxford. He became
+successively Archdeacon of Dorset and of Salisbury, and Bishop of St.
+David's. He supported Henry V. in his unjust claim to the crown of France,
+and promised large subsidies from the Church for its support. There is no
+doubt that this was a successful attempt at diverting the popular
+attention from threatened attempts on the wealth of the Church. He was
+reproached by the Pope Martin V. with lack of zeal in the interests of the
+papacy in not procuring the reversal of the statutes of provisors and of
+præmunire by which, amongst others, the papal power was held in check in
+England. Among his foundations are the colleges of St. Bernard (afterwards
+St. John's), and All Souls, at Oxford, and a library at Canterbury for the
+monks of Christ Church. In his old age he was stricken with remorse for
+his sin in instigating the French war, and applied to the pope for
+permission to resign his see. Before a reply was received the archbishop
+died, after holding the see for nearly thirty years, a longer time than
+any of his predecessors. His tomb, constructed by himself during his
+lifetime, is in the north aisle of the choir, and is kept in repair by
+the Fellows of All Souls.
+
+#John Stafford# (1443-1452), Bishop of Bath and Wells, was nominated by
+the pope with the king's consent on the recommendation of Chichele. He also
+held the office of chancellor for ten years, but was undistinguished in
+either office. He lies in the south aisle of the choir.
+
+#John Kemp# (1452-1454), Archbishop of York, succeeded. He was educated
+at Merton College, and was Archdeacon of Durham and Bishop of Rochester,
+Chichester, and London. He died at an advanced age, after a very brief
+primacy, and was buried in the north choir aisle.
+
+#Thomas Bourchier# (1454-1486), Bishop of Ely, was next elected by the
+monks. He was a great-grandson of Edward III. He was educated at Oxford,
+of which university he became chancellor; he subsequently held the sees of
+Worcester and Ely. His lot fell upon difficult times, and he endeavoured
+to maintain a position of neutrality in the struggle between the two
+Roses, and at last effected their union by performing the marriage of
+Henry VII. with Elizabeth of York. He died soon after, and his tomb
+remains at Canterbury. He was bishop for fifty-one years, out of which he
+held the primacy for thirty-two years. He actively encouraged education,
+and helped to introduce printing into this country.
+
+#John Morton# (1486-1500) was, like his predecessor, translated from Ely.
+He was educated at Balliol College. Richard of Gloucester, after making
+vain overtures to him, removed him from his office and committed him to the
+Tower, and afterwards to Brecknock Castle, whence he escaped and joined
+the Earl of Richmond on the Continent. After Bosworth he was recalled, and
+on Bourchier's death was made archbishop. In 1493 he obtained a cardinal's
+hat. In 1487 he was made Lord Chancellor, and continued for thirteen
+years, until his death, in this office and in the confidence of the king,
+whom he assisted in his system for controlling the great feudal barons and
+in the exaction of "benevolence." His famous dilemma propounded to the
+merchants was known as "Morton's fork." It was he who prevailed upon the
+Pope to canonize Archbishop Anselm. His tomb, constructed during his
+lifetime, may be seen in the crypt of his cathedral.
+
+#Henry Dean# (1501-1503) was translated from Salisbury; he held the Great
+Seal, with the title of Lord Keeper, after the death of Morton.
+
+#William Warham# (1503-1532) was born of a good Hampshire family, and
+educated at Winchester and New College. He was sent to Burgundy on a
+mission to protest against the support of Perkin Warbeck by the Duchess
+Margaret. He held the offices of Lord Keeper, Lord Chancellor, Master of
+the Rolls, and Bishop of London. He crowned King Henry VIII., and
+protested from the first against his marriage with Catherine. He was a
+great rival of Wolsey, and retired from the court until the fall of the
+cardinal. In the disputes of the time he embraced the side of the old
+religion, and gave some countenance to Elizabeth Barton, the Nun of Kent.
+The last part of his life was devoted to the cares of his diocese and to
+letters, which he cultivated diligently. He was a personal friend of
+Erasmus, whom he induced to visit England. His tomb remains in the
+Transept of the Martyrdom.
+
+#Thomas Cranmer# (1533-1556) may be considered the first Protestant
+archbishop. From the first he would only accept the archbishopric as
+coming from the king without intervention of the pope. He was born of a
+good family in Nottinghamshire, and was educated at Cambridge, where he
+became fellow of Jesus. He was first brought to the king's notice by his
+suggestion that the question of Catherine's divorce might be settled
+without reference to the pope. The king set him to write on the subject,
+and he was rewarded with the Archdeaconry of Taunton. In 1530 he
+accompanied the Earl of Wiltshire to the papal court, and was there
+offered preferment by the pope. He married the niece of Osiander, who had
+himself written on the subject of the divorce. On Warham's death he
+succeeded him in the primacy, and returned to England. As archbishop,
+Cranmer pronounced the divorce against Catherine and crowned Anne Boleyn,
+and was sponsor to the Princess Elizabeth, whom he baptized. After Anne
+Boleyn's trial he pronounced her marriage void, and acted as her confessor
+in the Tower. Throughout his primacy Cranmer actively supported the
+reforming party. In 1539 he was one of the commissioners for inspecting
+into the matter of religion. In 1545 he was accused of heresy by the
+opposite party led by Gardiner, and would have fallen but for the support
+of the king, who befriended Cranmer throughout his life, and sent for him
+to attend his death-bed. Great changes had occurred at Canterbury.
+Becket's shrine had been destroyed, and a dean and twelve canons were
+established in place of the old monastery of Christ Church, which was
+dissolved. Under Henry's will Cranmer was appointed one of the Regents of
+the Kingdom and Executors of the Will, and it was he who crowned Edward
+VI. who, like Elizabeth, was his godchild. Throughout the reign of Edward,
+Cranmer earnestly supported the cause of the Reformation. The Six Articles
+were repealed and the first Book of Common Prayer was issued. On the
+death-bed of Edward, Cranmer signed the king's will, in which he appointed
+Lady Jane Grey his successor. On the accession of Queen Mary he was at
+once ordered to appear before the council and within a month was committed
+to the Tower. In November, 1553, he was pronounced guilty of high treason,
+but was pardoned on this count, and it was decided to proceed against him
+as a heretic. In 1554 he was sent to Oxford, with Latimer and Ridley,
+where he remained two years in prison and was condemned as a heretic by
+two successive commissions. After the death of Latimer and Ridley, Cranmer
+was degraded and deprived. It was after this that, in the hopes of saving
+his life, he made his famous recantation. He was brought into St. Mary's,
+and in his address to the people withdrew his recantation and declared
+that his right hand which had signed it should be the first to burn. He
+was hurried to the place of execution opposite Balliol College, and, when
+the pyre was lighted, held his right hand in the flames till it was
+consumed, and died, calling on the Lord Jesus to receive his spirit.
+
+#Reginald Pole# (1556-1558) a near connection of Henry VIII. then
+succeeded. He was born in Worcestershire and was educated by the
+Carthusians at Shene and at Magdalen College, Oxford. He was early
+advanced to the Deanery of Exeter and other preferments. On leaving Oxford
+he visited the universities of France and Italy and returned to England in
+1525. Henry attempted in vain to secure Pole's support on the divorce
+question, and on the appearance of his book, "Pro Unitate Ecclesiastica,"
+he was sent for by the king, and when he refused to come, an act of
+attainder was passed against him. In 1537 Pole was induced to accept a
+cardinal's hat. It is said that he was most unwilling to do so on the
+ground that he contemplated marrying the Princess Mary and seating himself
+on the English throne. He took an active part in promoting the Pilgrimage
+of Grace and the second rising in 1541. He remained in Italy until the
+death of Edward VI. On the accession of Mary he returned to England as
+papal legate after the question of his marriage with Mary had been again
+discussed and set aside through the influence of the Emperor Charles V. On
+Cranmer's execution Pole was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury. As
+legate he absolved the Parliament and made a solemn entry into London. For
+the next three years Pole was in sole management of the ecclesiastical
+affairs of England, and was consenting to the persecutions which disgraced
+the reign of Mary. He was at one time deprived of his legatine authority by
+Pope Paul IV. who had wished for the elevation of Gardiner to the primacy.
+The archbishop submitted to the pope and was again appointed legate shortly
+before his death which occurred about the same time as that of Mary. He
+was buried in the corona at Canterbury, where his tomb yet remains. He was
+the last Archbishop of Canterbury to be buried in his own cathedral, until
+the recent interment of Dr. Benson.
+
+#Matthew Parker# (1559-1575) was born of an old Norfolk family and educated
+at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Wolsey invited him to become a
+fellow of Christ Church, his new foundation at Oxford, but this he
+declined. After various other offices he was appointed to the Deanery of
+Lincoln by Edward VI. On the accession of Mary he was deprived of all his
+offices as a married priest, and lived privately until the accession of
+Elizabeth, who made him archbishop. He was duly elected by the new Chapter
+of Canterbury, and held his post during a most difficult time with
+marvellous tact and judgment. Religious toleration for its own sake was an
+idea yet unknown, but Parker directed that great caution should be
+observed in administering the oath of supremacy to those of the clergy who
+still favoured the old religion. It is much to his credit that he managed
+to preserve such good relations with the queen in face of Elizabeth's
+prejudice against the marriage of the clergy. He was an enlightened patron
+of learning, and did much to encourage all branches of art.
+
+#Edmund Grindall# (1576-1583) was born at St. Bees and educated at
+Cambridge, where he became Master of Pembroke Hall. He was Chaplain to
+Edward VI. During the troubles of Mary's reign he lived in Germany, and on
+Elizabeth's accession became the first Protestant Bishop of London. Thence
+he was removed to York and in 1575 was appointed as archbishop. He was
+inclined to view the Puritans with more leniency than his predecessor and
+always refused to forbid the prophesyings, or meetings of the clergy for
+discussing the meaning of scripture, which Elizabeth disliked so much, and
+was in consequence deprived of his jurisdiction. He went blind before his
+death and was buried at Croydon.
+
+#John Whitgift# (1583-1604) was born at Great Grimsby and educated at
+Cambridge, where John Bradford was his tutor: he became one of Elizabeth's
+chaplains and Master of Pembroke Hall and of Trinity. He wrote an answer
+to Cartwright's "Admonition" and was preferred to the Deanery of Lincoln
+and Bishopric of Worcester. After Grindall's death he was translated to
+Canterbury. From this date his severity towards the Puritans increased. He
+insisted that every minister of the Church should subscribe to three
+points: the queen's supremacy, the Common Prayer, and the Thirty-nine
+Articles, and enforced his principle with much vigour, contrary to the
+advice of the more enlightened Lord Burleigh. The severity of these
+measures called into existence the "Martin Marprelate" libels and produced
+much dissatisfaction and suffering among the more Puritanical clergy,
+which was by no means lessened by the accession of James, who, on his way
+to London rejected a petition signed by more than one thousand Puritan
+ministers. Whitgift was buried at Croydon where he founded a school and
+hospital.
+
+#Richard Bancroft# (1604-1610) was born near Manchester and educated at
+Jesus College, Oxford. He became one of Elizabeth's chaplains, and Bishop
+of London, whence he was translated to Canterbury. He was even more severe
+than his predecessor against the Puritans, and was a most stern champion
+of conformity. He advocated the king's absolute power beyond the law and
+attempted to establish episcopacy in Scotland. He died at Lambeth and was
+buried in the parish church there.
+
+#George Abbot# (1610-1633) was born at Guildford and educated at Balliol
+College. He assisted in establishing union between the Scotch and English
+Churches and was rewarded with the Bishopric of Lichfield and Coventry.
+Thence he was translated to London, and on the death of Bancroft was
+appointed to the primacy. In contrast to his predecessor he connived at
+some irregularities of discipline in the Puritanical clergy. At the same
+time he was a zealous Calvinist and hater of popery, and disapproved of
+those who preached up the arbitrary power of the king. These latter views
+rendered him unpopular with the courtiers and the party of Laud. The
+accidental death of a keeper at the hands of the archbishop was utilized
+against him by his enemies and he was with difficulty restored to his
+archiepiscopal functions. On refusing to licence a sermon by Dr.
+Sibthorpe, asserting the king's right to tax his subjects without their
+consent, he was obliged to retire to his palace of Ford, near Canterbury.
+He assisted at the coronation of Charles I., but never managed to win the
+favour of that monarch. He died at Croydon, and was buried at Guildford,
+where his tomb and effigy still remain.
+
+#William Laud# (1633-1645) was born at Reading, and educated at St. John's
+College, Oxford. At the university he soon became conspicuous for his
+hatred of the Puritans and his devotion to High Church doctrines. He
+became President of St. John's in spite of the opposition of Archbishop
+Abbot. He became successively one of the royal chaplains, Dean of
+Gloucester, Bishop of St. David's, Bath and Wells, and London. He acted as
+Dean of Westminster at Charles I.'s coronation. He was made Dean of the
+Chapel Royal, Chancellor of Oxford, and a Privy Councillor of Scotland. On
+Abbot's death he was elevated to the primacy, and is said to have refused
+the offer of a cardinal's hat. As archbishop he was responsible for the
+general Church persecution which produced his own unpopularity and
+downfall, and was one of the main causes of the Civil War. Prosecutions
+for non-conformity were enforced with the utmost severity. The courts of
+Star Chamber and High Commission were brought to bear on the Puritans, and
+Laud became universally detested. The superiority of the king over the law
+was openly preached, and the Irish and Scotch Puritans were alienated by
+the severity of the measures taken against them. On the common idea of
+popular government, the Puritans were driven into coalition and
+identification with the national party, while the king, court, bishops,
+and judges represented the High Church movement and the doctrine of the
+king's absolute authority. In 1639 the palace at Lambeth was attacked, but
+the archbishop was removed to Whitehall and escaped for the time. In 1640,
+however, he was impeached for high treason, and confined in the Tower.
+Various charges were brought against him and fines inflicted, and his
+property was seized and sold or destroyed for the use of the commonwealth.
+The charge of high treason could not be legally established, and a bill of
+attainder was passed against him in 1645. He was eventually beheaded on
+Tower Hill, at the age of seventy-one years; his remains were interred at
+Barking, but subsequently removed to the chapel of St. John's College at
+Oxford. His conduct has been differently judged by his friends and
+enemies. He built the greater part of the inner quadrangle of St. John's,
+and presented a large collection of important manuscripts to the
+university. In his time the archiepiscopal palace at Canterbury was ruined
+by the Puritans, and on the Restoration an Act was passed dispensing the
+archbishops from restoring it. From this time they have had no official
+residence in Canterbury.
+
+#William Juxon# (1660-1663) was born at Chichester, and educated, like
+his predecessor, at St. John's College, Oxford, where he attracted the
+attention of Laud. He became successively President of St. John's, Dean of
+Worcester, Bishop of Hereford, and Bishop of London. He also became Lord
+Treasurer, a post which had been held by no churchman since the days of
+Henry VII., and was the last instance of any of the great offices of State
+being filled by an ecclesiastic. He attended Charles I. on the occasion of
+his execution. On the Restoration he became Archbishop of Canterbury, and
+died three years afterwards. He lies in the chapel of St. John's College.
+
+#Gilbert Sheldon# (1663-1677) was educated at Oxford, and became Fellow and
+Warden of All Souls' College. He was a strong supporter of the king during
+the Civil War. He was deprived of his wardenship and imprisoned by the
+Parliamentarian commissioners when they visited Oxford. He retired to
+Derbyshire until the Restoration, when he was restored to his wardenship;
+he was made Dean of the Chapel Royal, and succeeded Juxon in the See of
+London. In 1661 he assisted at the discussion of the liturgy between the
+Presbyterian and Episcopal divines known as the Savoy Conference. In 1663
+he succeeded Juxon in the primacy, and in 1667 was elected Chancellor of
+Oxford. He built the Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford, which building is an
+early work of Sir Christopher Wren's. He offended the court party by his
+open disapproval of the king's morals, and retired in 1669 to his palace
+at Croydon, where he spent most of the remainder of his life. He was
+buried at the parish church at Croydon, where his tomb and effigy still
+remain.
+
+#William Sancroft# (1678-1691) was born at Fresingfield, in Suffolk, and
+educated at St. Edmundsbury and at Cambridge, where he became Fellow of
+Emmanuel College. He was deprived of his fellowship in 1649, and retired
+to the Continent, where he remained until the restoration of Charles II.
+He then returned to England, and subsequently became Master of Emmanuel
+College, and Dean of York, and of St. Paul's, and Archdeacon of
+Canterbury, and was raised to the primacy by Charles II., whose death-bed
+he attended. In the reign of James he was at the head of the seven bishops
+who presented the famous petition against the Declaration of Indulgence,
+for which they were committed to the Tower, tried, and acquitted amidst
+immense popular excitement. After James's flight, Sancroft acted as the
+head of the council of peers who took upon themselves the administration
+of the government of the country. His plan was to retain James nominally
+on the throne, while placing the reins of government in the hands of a
+regent. He refused to take the oath of allegiance to William and Mary,
+considering himself bound by his former oath to James II. He was
+accordingly suspended and deprived, and when ejected by law from Lambeth
+he retired to his small ancestral property at Fresingfield, where he died
+and was buried.
+
+#John Tillotson# (1691-1694) was born of Puritan parents at Sowerby, in
+Yorkshire, and was educated at Cambridge. During the Protectorate he had
+followed the teachings of the Presbyterians, but on the Restoration he
+submitted to the Act of Uniformity. He held among other posts those of
+Preacher at Lincoln's Inn and Dean of Canterbury, and enjoyed the intimate
+confidence of William and Mary. On the deprivation of Sancroft he was
+reluctantly induced to accept the primacy, which he was destined to hold
+only for some three years. He died at Lambeth after this short term of
+office, and was buried in the Church of St. Lawrence, Jewry. As a
+theologian Tillotson was remarkable for his latitudinarianism, and he was
+one of the finest preachers who have ever lived.
+
+#Thomas Tenison# was born at Cottenham, in Cambridgeshire, and educated at
+Cambridge. His fame as a preacher procured him the Archdeaconry of London
+and the Bishopric of Lincoln, in which diocese he did admirable work. He
+died at Lambeth, and lies buried in the parish church there.
+
+#William Wake# (1716-1737) was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and
+became Dean of Exeter and Bishop of Lincoln. He was gifted with great
+learning, and took an active part in the controversy with Atterbury on
+the subject of the rights of convocation.
+
+#John Potter# (1737-1747) was the son of a linendraper at Wakefield, in
+Yorkshire, and was educated at University College, Oxford, becoming Fellow
+of Lincoln and afterwards Bishop of Oxford. He was a learned divine and
+writer. Like his predecessor he was buried in the parish church at
+Croydon.
+
+#Thomas Herring# (1747-1757) and
+
+#Matthew Hutton# (1757-1758) were both translated to Canterbury from York.
+
+#Thomas Secker# (1758-1768) was born of dissenting parents near Newark. At
+the instance of Butler, afterwards the famous Bishop of Durham, he joined
+the Church of England and abandoned the study of medicine, and took holy
+orders. He held many posts in succession, including the Bishoprics of
+Bristol and Oxford. He died and was buried at Lambeth, where his portrait,
+by Sir Joshua Reynolds, still remains.
+
+#Frederick Cornwallis# (1768-1783) was the seventh son of Charles, 4th Lord
+Cornwallis. He was consecrated Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry in 1750,
+and in 1766 became Dean of St. Paul's. On October 6th, 1768, he was
+enthroned Archbishop of Canterbury. In Hasted's "Kent" we find him
+commended highly for having abolished that "disagreeable distinction
+of his chaplains dining at a separate table." More renowned for his
+affability and courteous behaviour than for learning, he entertained at
+times with semi-regal state; but once fell into some disfavour because
+"his lady was in the habit of holding _routs_ on Sundays."
+
+#John Moore# (1783-1805) became Dean of Canterbury in 1771. He was
+consecrated Bishop of Bangor in 1775, and thence translated to the
+archiepiscopal see in 1783. Although a promoter of Sunday-schools and
+foreign missions, he did not escape reproach for paying undue regard to
+the interests of his family. It has been well said that during his tenure
+of office and that of his immediate successor, the sinecures and
+pluralities held by the highest clergy were worthy of the mediæval period.
+
+#Charles Manners-Sutton# (1805-1828) was grandson of John, 3rd Duke of
+Rutland. In 1791 he was made Dean of Peterborough, and Bishop of Norwich
+in 1792. In 1794 he was appointed Dean of Windsor, and became Archbishop
+of Canterbury in 1805 owing to Court influence, which outweighed the
+hostility of Pitt, who wished to appoint his own nominee. As a prelate he
+was distinguished for many virtues and qualities befitting his office. He
+was president at the foundation of the National Society, and worked
+strenuously to advance the cause of education which it represents. While
+he held the primacy a fund which had been accumulated from the sale of
+Croydon Palace was applied to the purchase of Addington, where he lies
+buried.
+
+#William Howley# (1828-1848) was tutor to the Prince of Orange (afterwards
+William II. of Holland) then successively Regius Professor of Divinity of
+Oxford, Bishop of London, 1813, and archbishop, 1823. He played a prominent
+part in politics and state ceremonials and marked the transition between
+the new _régime_, and the old princely days of the archbishoprics.
+
+#John Bird Sumner# (1848-1862) was brother of Dr. C. Sumner, Bishop of
+Winchester. In 1823 he was appointed Bishop of Chester, and in 1848 was
+promoted to the See of Canterbury. He published a large number of works,
+and by his activity and simplicity of life is "remembered everywhere as
+realizing that ideal of the Apostolic ministry which he had traced in his
+earliest and most popular work."[3]
+
+  [3] Diocesan Histories: "Canterbury," by R.C. Jenkins, M.A. 1880.
+
+#Charles Thomas Longley# (1862-1868) was the son of a Recorder of
+Rochester. In 1836 he was consecrated the first bishop of the newly founded
+See of Ripon, translated to Durham in 1856, became Archbishop of York in
+1860, and in 1862 was transferred to Canterbury. Perhaps the most memorable
+incidents in a memorable career are the Pan-Anglican Synod held at Lambeth
+in 1867, and his establishment of the Diocesan Society for Church
+Building.
+
+#Archibald Campbell Tait# (1868-1882) was son of Craufurd Tait, Esq., a
+Scots attorney. He succeeded Arnold as Master of Rugby in 1842, and became
+Dean of Carlisle in 1850. He presided over the Pan-Anglican Synod in 1867,
+and in 1868 succeeded to the archbishopric. "Memorials of Catherine and
+Craufurd Tait" is a book so well known that even the barest sketch of his
+career here would be superfluous.
+
+#Edward White Benson# (1882-1896), son of Edward White Benson, Esq., of
+Birmingham Heath, was a master of Rugby. He was Head Master of Wellington
+from 1858 to 1872, Prebendary and Chancellor of Lincoln in 1872, was
+consecrated the first bishop of the newly created See of Truro in 1877,
+and translated to Canterbury in 1883. He was buried in the Cathedral on
+October 16th, 1896, in a secluded corner of the north aisle, immediately
+under the north-west tower, the first archbishop who was interred in the
+cathedral of the metropolitan see since Reginald Pole in 1558.
+
+#Frederick Temple# (1896-    ), the present archbishop, is son
+of the late Major Octavius Temple. He was Head Master of Rugby, 1858 to
+1869, consecrated the sixty-first Bishop of Exeter in 1869, translated to
+London in 1885, and to Canterbury in 1896. His share in the famous "Essays
+and Reviews," and the many active works he has instituted, are too well
+known to need comment.
+
+
+
+
+PLANS OF CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL, AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.
+
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Plan of Saxon Cathedral (from Willis).]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2. The Cathedral in 1774. The lighter shading shows
+the conjectural termination of Lanfranc's church (from Willis).]
+
+REFERENCES TO FIG. 2.
+
+   Altars.
+E. Holy Cross.
+F. St. Mary the Virgin.
+H. St. Michael's (below).
+   All Saints (above).
+M. St. Benedict (below).
+   St. Blaise (above).
+X. High Altar.
+
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3. Plan of Canterbury Cathedral at the present time.]
+
+REFERENCES TO FIG. 3.
+
+    EXTERIOR.
+
+ A. West Door.
+ B. South Door.
+CC. Nave.
+ D. South Aisle.
+ E. North Aisle.
+ G. Tower, N.W.
+ H. Tower, S.W.
+ J. Transept, S.W.
+ K. Martyrdom, or
+    Transept, N.W.
+ L. Central Tower.
+ M. Choir.
+ N. South Aisle.
+ O. North Aisle.
+ P. Transept, S.E.
+ Q. Transept, N.E.
+ R. Presbytery.
+ S. Altar.
+ T. Trinity Chapel.
+ U. Aisle ditto.
+ W. Corona.
+ X. Anselm's Tower.
+ Y. Vestry.
+ Z. Treasury.
+
+    INTERIOR.
+
+ 1. Doorway to Cloister.
+ 3.   "  to Warrior's Chapel.
+ 4.   "  to Dean's Chapel.
+ 5.   "  to Crypt.
+ 6.   "  to Cloister.
+ 7. Warham's Mt. (Monument [Transcriber's Note])
+ 8. Peckham's Mt.
+ 9. Staircase.
+10. Lady Holland's Mt.
+11, 12 and 13. Stairs.
+15. Walter's Mt.
+16. Reynold's Mt.
+17. Kemp's Mt.
+18. Stratford's Mt.
+19. Sudbury's Mt.
+20. Mepeham's Mt.
+21. Black Prince's Mt.
+22. Courtney's Mt.
+23. Chatillon's Mt.
+24. Theobald's Mt.
+25. Pole's Mt.
+26. Dean Wotton's Mt.
+27. Henry IV.'s Mt.
+28. Henry IV.'s Chantry.
+29. Bourchier's Mt.
+30. Chichele's Mt.
+31. Stairs to Crypt.
+35. Library.
+38. Chapter-House.
+39. Cloister Square.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+1. Words and phrases which were italicized in the original have been
+   surrounded by underscores ('_') in this version. Words or phrases
+   which were bolded have been surrounded by pound signs ('#').
+
+2. Obvious printer's errors have been corrected without note.
+
+3. Inconsistencies in hyphenation or the spelling of proper names, and
+   dialect or obsolete word spelling, has been maintained as in the
+   original.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Cathedral Church of Canterbury
+[2nd ed.]., by Hartley Withers
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Cathedral Church of Canterbury [2nd
+ed.]., by Hartley Withers
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Cathedral Church of Canterbury [2nd ed.].
+
+Author: Hartley Withers
+
+Release Date: October 2, 2007 [EBook #22832]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF CANTERBURY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Anne Storer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img01" id="img01"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 615px;">
+<a href="images/img01.jpg">
+<img src="images/img01-th.jpg" width="615" height="400" alt="From the South" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">canterbury cathedral from the south.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h1>THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF</h1>
+<h6>CANTERBURY</h6>
+
+<h1>A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC<br />
+AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE<br />
+ARCHIEPISCOPAL SEE</h1>
+
+<h2>BY HARTLEY WITHERS, B.A.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><a name="logo" id="logo"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/logo1.png" width="300" height="285" alt="Logo1" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h2>LONDON GEORGE BELL &amp; SONS 1897</h2>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center">
+<em>First Edition December, 1896.<br />
+Second Edition, Revised, with many Additional Illustrations, May, 1897.</em><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2>GENERAL PREFACE.</h2>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors to the great
+English Cathedrals with accurate and well illustrated guide books at a
+popular price. The aim of each writer has been to produce a work compiled
+with sufficient knowledge and scholarship to be of value to the student of
+arch&aelig;ology and history, and yet not too technical in language for the use
+of an ordinary visitor or tourist.</p>
+
+<p>To specify all the authorities which have been made use of in each case
+would be difficult and tedious in this place. But amongst the general
+sources of information which have been almost invariably found useful
+are:&mdash;firstly, the great county histories, the value of which, especially
+in questions of genealogy and local records, is generally recognized;
+secondly, the numerous papers by experts which appear from time to time in
+the transactions of the antiquarian and arch&aelig;ological societies; thirdly,
+the important documents made accessible in the series issued by the Master
+of the Rolls; fourthly, the well-known works of Britton and Willis on the
+English Cathedrals; and, lastly, the very excellent series of Handbooks to
+the Cathedrals, originated by the late Mr. John Murray, to which the
+reader may in most cases be referred for fuller detail, especially in
+reference to the histories of the respective sees.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+<span style="margin-left: 30em;" class="smcap">Gleeson White.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 30em;" class="smcap">E. F. Strange.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 32em;"><em>Editors of the Series.</em></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="noindent">
+Among authorities consulted in the preparation of this volume, the author
+desires to name specially Prof. Willis&#8217;s &ldquo;Architectural History of
+Canterbury Cathedral&rdquo; (1845), Dean Stanley&#8217;s &ldquo;Historical Memorials of
+Canterbury&rdquo; (Murray, 1855, and fifth edition, 1868), &ldquo;Canterbury,&rdquo; by the
+Rev. R.C. Jenkins (1880), and the excellent section devoted to Canterbury
+in Murray&#8217;s &ldquo;Handbooks to the English Cathedrals, Southern Division,&rdquo;
+wherein Mr. Richard John King brought together so much valuable matter, to
+which reference has been made too often to be acknowledged in each
+instance. For permission to use this the publishers have to thank Mr. John
+Murray.</p>
+
+<p>For the reproduction of the drawings of the various parts of the
+Cathedral, and the arms on the title page, by Mr. Walter Tallent Owen, the
+editors are greatly indebted to the artist, from whose volume, &ldquo;Bits of
+Canterbury Cathedral,&rdquo; published by W.T. Comstock, New York, 1891, they
+have been taken. Others are taken from Charles Wild&#8217;s &ldquo;Specimens of
+Medi&aelig;val Architecture,&rdquo; and from Carter&#8217;s &ldquo;Ancient Sculpture and
+Paintings.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The illustrations from photographs in this volume have been reproduced
+from the originals by Messrs. Carl Norman and Co.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent"><span style="margin-left: 30em;">H. W.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="toc" width="75%">
+
+<tr> <td class="tocch"></td> <td class="tocpn"><span class="smcap">PAGE</span></td> </tr>
+
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#CHAPTER_I"><span class="smcap">Chapter I.</span>&mdash;History of the Building</a></td> <td class="tocpn">3</td> </tr>
+
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#CHAPTER_II"><span class="smcap">Chapter II.</span>&mdash;Exterior and Precincts:</a></td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#belltower">The Angel or Bell Tower</a></td> <td class="tocpn">24</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#monastery">The Monastery</a></td> <td class="tocpn">32</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#gate">Christchurch Gate</a></td> <td class="tocpn">35</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#ruins">Ruins of the Infirmary</a></td> <td class="tocpn">38</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#treasury">The Treasury</a></td> <td class="tocpn">38</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#lavatory">The Lavatory Tower</a></td> <td class="tocpn">40</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#chapter">The Chapter House</a></td> <td class="tocpn">42</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#library">The Library</a></td> <td class="tocpn">44</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#deanery">The Deanery</a></td> <td class="tocpn">44</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#green">The Green Court</a></td> <td class="tocpn">48</td> </tr>
+
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#CHAPTER_III"><span class="smcap">Chapter III.</span>&mdash;Interior:</a></td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#nave">The Nave</a></td> <td class="tocpn">52</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#central">The Central Tower</a></td> <td class="tocpn">55</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#screen">The Western Screen</a></td> <td class="tocpn">56</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#choir1">The Choir</a></td> <td class="tocpn">57</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#altar">The Altar</a></td> <td class="tocpn">61</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#choir2">The Choir Screen</a></td> <td class="tocpn">64</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#choir3">The Choir Stalls</a></td> <td class="tocpn">65</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#set">South-East Transept</a></td> <td class="tocpn">67</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#swc">South-West Choir Aisle</a></td> <td class="tocpn">69</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#anselm">St. Anselm&#8217;s Tower and Chapel</a></td> <td class="tocpn">69</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#wc">The Watching Chamber</a></td> <td class="tocpn">72</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#trinity1">Trinity Chapel</a></td> <td class="tocpn">72</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#tomb">Tomb of the Black Prince</a></td> <td class="tocpn">75</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#crown">Becket&#8217;s Crown</a></td> <td class="tocpn">88</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#andrew">St. Andrew&#8217;s Tower</a></td> <td class="tocpn">88</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#net">North-East Transept</a></td> <td class="tocpn">90</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#nwt">Chapel of the Martyrdom</a></td> <td class="tocpn">92</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#dean">The Dean&#8217;s Chapel</a></td> <td class="tocpn">94</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#swt">South-West Transept</a></td> <td class="tocpn">95</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#michael">St. Michael&#8217;s Chapel</a></td> <td class="tocpn">95</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#crypt">The Main Crypt</a></td> <td class="tocpn">96</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#ecrypt">The Eastern Crypt</a></td> <td class="tocpn">101</td> </tr>
+
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV"><span class="smcap">Chapter IV.</span>&mdash;The History of the See</a></td> <td class="tocpn">103</td> </tr>
+
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="toc" width="75%">
+
+<tr> <td class="tocch"></td> <td class="tocpn"><span class="smcap">PAGE</span></td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img01">The Cathedral from the South</a></td> <td class="tocpn"><em>Frontispiece</em></td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img03">The Cathedral from the North</a></td> <td class="tocpn">1</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img04">Plan of Canterbury Cathedral (<em>Circa 1165</em>)</a></td> <td class="tocpn">4</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#logo">Arms of Canterbury</a></td> <td class="tocpn"><em>Title</em></td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img05">The Cloisters</a></td> <td class="tocpn">19</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img06">View on the Stour</a></td> <td class="tocpn">22</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img07">The Central Tower, &ldquo;Bell Harry&rdquo;</a></td> <td class="tocpn">25</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img08">Detail of St. Anselm&#8217;s Tower</a></td> <td class="tocpn">32</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img09">The Christchurch Gate</a></td> <td class="tocpn">33</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img10">The South-West Porch of the Cathedral</a></td> <td class="tocpn">36</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img11">Cloisters of the Monks&#8217; Infirmary</a></td> <td class="tocpn">37</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img12">Ruins of the Monks&#8217; Infirmary</a></td> <td class="tocpn">38</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img13">The Baptistery Tower</a></td> <td class="tocpn">39</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img14">Turret of South-West Transept</a></td> <td class="tocpn">41</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img15">The Cloisters</a></td> <td class="tocpn">43</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img16">Norman Staircase in the Close</a></td> <td class="tocpn">45</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img17">Details of the Norman Staircase in the Close</a></td> <td class="tocpn">46</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img18">Details of Ornament</a></td> <td class="tocpn">47</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img19">Old Painting, &ldquo;The Murder of St. Thomas &agrave; Becket&rdquo;</a></td> <td class="tocpn">51</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img20">The Shrine of St. Thomas &agrave; Becket (from the Cottonian MS.)</a></td> <td class="tocpn">52</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img21">Capitals of Columns in the Eastern Apse</a></td> <td class="tocpn">54</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img22">The Choir&mdash;looking East</a></td> <td class="tocpn">59</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#img23">Do.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  before Restoration</a></td> <td class="tocpn">62</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img24">A Miserere in the Choir</a></td> <td class="tocpn">65</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img25">Some Mosaics from the Floor of Trinity Chapel</a></td> <td class="tocpn">73</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img26">The Black Prince&#8217;s Tomb</a></td> <td class="tocpn">77</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img27">Shield, Coat, etc., of the Black Prince</a></td> <td class="tocpn">80</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img28">West Gate</a></td> <td class="tocpn">81</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img29">Trinity Chapel, looking into Corona, &ldquo;Becket&#8217;s Crown&rdquo;</a></td> <td class="tocpn">88</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img30">Chair of St. Augustine</a></td> <td class="tocpn">89</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img31">Transept of &ldquo;The Martyrdom&rdquo;</a></td> <td class="tocpn">92</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img32">Part of South-Western Transept</a></td> <td class="tocpn">94</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#img33">The Crypt</a></td> <td class="tocpn">97</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#img34">Do.&nbsp; &nbsp; St. Gabriel&#8217;s Chapel</a></td> <td class="tocpn">100</td> </tr>
+    <tr> <td class="tocsb"><a href="#img35">Do.&nbsp; &nbsp; Cardinal Morton&#8217;s Monument</a></td> <td class="tocpn">101</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td class="tocch"><a href="#PLANS">Plans of Cathedral at three periods</a></td> <td class="tocpn">130</td> </tr>
+
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+<p><a name="img03" id="img03"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 606px;">
+<a href="images/img03.jpg">
+<img src="images/img03-th.jpg" width="606" height="400" alt="From the North" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">the cathedral from the north (from a photograph by carl
+norman and co.).</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 1]</span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL.</h2>
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of<br />Contents</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><strong>THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING.</strong></p>
+
+
+<p class="noindent">
+More than four hundred years passed by between the beginning of the
+building of this cathedral by Archbishop Lanfranc (1070-1089) and its
+completion, by the addition of the great central tower, at the end of the
+fifteenth century. But before tracing the history of the construction of
+the present well-known fabric, a few words will not be out of place
+concerning the church which preceded it on the same site. A British or
+Roman church, said to have been built by a certain mythical King Lucius,
+was given to St. Augustine by Ethelbert in <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 597. It was designed,
+broadly speaking, on the plan of the old Basilica of St. Peter at Rome,
+but as to the latest date of any alterations, which may or may not have
+been made by Augustine and his immediate successors, we have no accurate
+information. It is, however, definitely stated that Archbishop Odo, who
+held the see from <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 942-959, raised the walls and rebuilt the roof. In
+the course of these alterations the church was roofless for three years,
+and we are told that no rain fell within the precincts during this time.
+In <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1011 Canterbury was pillaged by the Danes, who carried off
+Archbishop Alphege to Greenwich, butchered the monks, and did much damage
+to the church. The building was, however, restored by Canute, who made
+further atonement by hanging up his crown within its walls, and bringing
+back the body of Alphege, who had been martyred by the Danes. In the year
+1067 the storms of the Norman Conquest overwhelmed St. Augustine&#8217;s church,
+which was completely destroyed by fire, together with many royal deeds of
+privilege and papal bulls, and other valuable documents.</p>
+
+<p>A description of the church thus destroyed is given by Prof. Willis, who
+quotes all the ancient writers who mention it. The chief authority is
+Eadmer, who was a boy at the monastery school when the Saxon church was
+pulled down, and was afterwards a monk and &ldquo;singer&rdquo; in the cathedral. It
+is he who tells us that it was arranged in some parts in imitation
+<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 2]</span> of the
+church of St. Peter at Rome. Odo had translated the body of Wilfrid,
+Archbishop of York, from Ripon to Canterbury, and had &ldquo;worthily placed it
+in a more lofty receptacle, to use his own words, that is to say, in the
+great Altar which was constructed of rough stones and mortar, close to the
+wall at the eastern part of the presbytery. Afterwards another altar was
+placed at a convenient distance before the aforesaid altar.... In this
+altar the blessed Elphege had solemnly deposited the head of St. Swithin
+... and also many relics of other saints. To reach these altars, a certain
+crypt which the Romans call a Confessionary had to be ascended by means of
+several steps from the choir of the singers. This crypt was fabricated
+beneath in the likeness of the confessionary of St. Peter, the vault of
+which was raised so high that the part above could only be reached by many
+steps.&rdquo; The resting-place of St. Dunstan was separated from the crypt
+itself by a strong wall, for that most holy father was interred before the
+aforesaid steps at a great depth in the ground, and at the head of the
+saint stood the matutinal altar. Thence the choir of the singers was
+extended westward into the body of the church.... In the next place,
+beyond the middle of the length of the body there were two towers which
+projected beyond the aisles of the church. The south tower had an altar in
+the midst of it, which was dedicated in honour of the blessed Pope
+Gregory.... Opposite to this tower and on the north, the other tower was
+built in honour of the blessed Martin, and had about it cloisters for the
+use of the monks.... The extremity of the church was adorned by the
+oratory of Mary.... At its eastern part, there was an altar consecrated to
+the worship of that Lady.... When the priest performed the Divine
+mysteries at this altar he had his face turned to the east.... Behind him,
+to the west, was the pontifical chair constructed with handsome
+workmanship, and of large stones and cement, and far removed from the
+Lord&#8217;s table, being contiguous to the wall of the church which embraced
+the entire area of the building.</p>
+
+<p>Lanfranc, the first Norman archbishop, was granted the see in 1070. He
+quickly set about the task of building himself a cathedral. Making no
+attempt to restore the old fabric, he even destroyed what was left of the
+monastic building, and built up an entirely new church and monastery.
+Seven years<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 3]</span> sufficed to complete his cathedral, which stood on the same
+ground as the earlier fane. His work, however, was not long left
+undisturbed. It had not stood for twenty years before the east end of the
+church was pulled down during the Archiepiscopate of Anselm, and rebuilt
+in a much more splendid style by Ernulph, the prior of the monastery.
+Conrad, who succeeded Ernulph as prior, finished the choir, decorating it
+with great magnificence, and, in the course of his reconstruction, nearly
+doubling the area of the building. Thus completed anew, the cathedral was
+dedicated by Archbishop William in <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1130. At this notable ceremony the
+kings of England and Scotland both assisted, as well as all the English
+bishops. Forty years later this church was the scene of Thomas &agrave; Becket&#8217;s
+murder (<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1170), and it was in Conrad&#8217;s choir that the monks watched
+over his body during the night after his death.</p>
+
+<p>Eadmer also gives some description of the church raised by Lanfranc. The
+new archbishop, &ldquo;filled with consternation&rdquo; when he found that &ldquo;the church
+of the Saviour which he undertakes to rule was reduced to almost nothing
+by fire and ruin,&rdquo; proceeded to &ldquo;set about to destroy it utterly, and
+erect a more noble one. And in the space of seven years he raised this new
+church from the very foundations and rendered it nearly perfect....
+Archbishop Anselm, who succeeded Lanfranc, appointed Ernulf to be
+prior.... Having taken down the eastern part of the church which Lanfranc
+had built, he erected it so much more magnificently, that nothing like it
+could be seen in England, either for the brilliancy of its glass windows,
+the beauty of its marble pavement, or the many coloured pictures which led
+the wondering eyes to the very summit of the ceiling.&rdquo; It was this part of
+the church, however, that was completed by Ernulf&#8217;s successor, Conrad, and
+afterwards known as Conrad&#8217;s choir. It appears that Anselm &ldquo;allowed the
+monks to manage their own affairs, and gave them for priors Ernulf, and
+then Conrad, both monks of their own monastery. And thus it happened that,
+in addition to the general prosperity and good order of their property,
+which resulted from this freedom, they were enabled to enlarge their
+church by all that part which stretches from the great tower to the east;
+which work Anselm himself provided for,&rdquo; having &ldquo;granted to the said
+church the revenues of his town of<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 4]</span>
+Peckham, for seven years, the whole of
+which were expended upon the new work.&rdquo; Prof. Willis, unable to account
+for the haste with which the east end of Lanfranc&#8217;s church was pulled
+down, assumes that the monks &ldquo;did not think their church large enough for
+the importance of their monastery,&rdquo; and moreover wanted shrine-room for
+the display of relics. The main body of Lanfranc&#8217;s church was left
+standing, and is described as follows by Gervase. &ldquo;The tower, raised upon
+great pillars, is placed in the midst of the church, like the centre in
+the middle of a circle. It had on its apex a gilt cherub. On the west of
+the tower is the nave of the church, supported on either side upon eight
+pillars. Two lofty towers with gilded pinnacles terminate this nave or
+aula. A gilded <em>corona</em> hangs in the midst of the church. A screen with a
+loft (<em>pulpitum</em>) separated in a manner the aforesaid tower from the nave,
+and had in the middle and on the side towards the nave, the altar of the
+holy cross. Above the <em>pulpitum</em> and placed across the church, was the
+beam, which sustained a great cross, two cherubim, and the images of St.
+Mary and St. John the Apostle.... The great tower had a cross from each
+side, to wit, a south cross and a north cross, each of which had in the
+midst a strong pillar; this pillar sustained a vault which proceeded from
+the walls on three of its sides,&rdquo; etc. Prof. Willis considers that as far
+as these parts of the building are concerned, the present fabric stands
+exactly on the site of Lanfranc&#8217;s. &ldquo;In the existing building,&rdquo; he says,
+&ldquo;it happens that the nave and transepts have been transformed into the
+Perpendicular style of the fourteenth century, and the central tower
+carried up to about double its original altitude in the same style.
+Nevertheless indications may be detected that these changed parts stand
+upon the old foundations of Lanfranc.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The building, however, was not destined to remain long intact. In <span class="smcap">a.d.</span>
+1174 the whole of Conrad&#8217;s choir was destroyed by a fire, which was
+described fully by Gervase, a monk who witnessed it. He gives an
+extraordinary account of the rage and grief of the people at the sight of
+the burning cathedral. The work of rebuilding was immediately set on foot.
+In September, 1174, one William of Sens, undertook the task, and wrought
+thereat until 1178, when he was disabled by an unfortunate fall from a
+scaffolding, and had to give up his charge and return to France. Another
+William, an Englishman this<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 5]</span> time, took up the direction of the work,
+and under his supervision the choir and eastern portion of the church were
+finished in <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1184. Further alterations were made under Prior
+Chillenden at the end of the fourteenth century. Lanfranc&#8217;s nave was
+pulled down, and a new nave and transepts were constructed, leaving but
+little of the original building set up by the first Norman archbishop.
+Finally, about <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1495, the cathedral was completed by the addition of
+the great central tower.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img04" id="img04"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;">
+<a href="images/img04.png">
+<img src="images/img04_th.png" width="250" height="400" alt="Plan" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p style="text-align: center; margin-left: 25%; margin-right: 25%;">
+<span class="caption">plan of canterbury cathedral, about a.d. 1165.
+from a norman drawing inserted in the great psalter of eadwin, in the library of
+trinity college, cambridge. first published in <em>vetusta monumenta</em>
+(society of antiquaries, 1755). for full description and a plan of the
+waterworks see <em>arch&aelig;ologia cantiana</em>, vol. vii., 1868.</span></p>
+
+<p>During the four centuries which passed during the construction and
+reconstruction of the fabric, considerable changes had manifested
+themselves in the science and art of architecture. Hence it is that
+Canterbury Cathedral is a history, written in solid stone, of
+architectural progress, illustrating in itself almost all the various
+kinds of the style commonly called Pointed. Of these the earliest form of
+Gothic and Perpendicular chiefly predominate. The shape and arrangement of
+the building was doubtless largely influenced by the extraordinary number
+of precious relics which it contained, and which had to be properly
+displayed and fittingly enshrined. Augustine&#8217;s church had possessed the
+bodies of St. Blaize and St. Wilfrid, brought respectively from Rome and
+from Ripon; of St. Dunstan, St. Alphege, and St. Ouen, as well as the
+heads of St. Swithin and St. Furseus, and the arm of St. Bartholomew.
+These were all carefully removed and placed, each in separate altars and
+chapels, in Lanfranc&#8217;s new cathedral. Here their number was added to by
+the acquisition of new relics and sacred treasures as time went on, and
+finally Canterbury enshrined its chiefest glory, the hallowed body of St.
+Thomas &agrave; Becket, who was martyred within its walls.</p>
+
+<p>Since, owing to an almost incredible act of royal vindictiveness in <span class="smcap">a.d.</span>
+1538, Becket&#8217;s glorious shrine belongs only to the history of the past,
+some account of its splendours will not be out of place in this part of
+our account of the cathedral. It stood on the site of the ancient chapel
+of the Trinity, which was burnt down along with Conrad&#8217;s choir in the
+destructive fire of <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1174. It was in this chapel that Thomas &agrave; Becket
+had first solemnized mass after becoming archbishop. For this reason, as
+we may fairly suppose, this position was chosen to enshrine the martyr&#8217;s
+bones, after the rebuilding of the injured portion of the fabric. Though
+the shrine itself has<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 8]</span> been ruthlessly destroyed, a mosaic pavement,
+similar to that which may be seen round the tomb of Edward the Confessor
+in Westminster Abbey, marks the exact spot on which it stood. The mosaic
+is of the kind with which the floors of the Roman basilicas were generally
+adorned, and contains signs of the zodiacs and emblems of virtues and
+vices. This pavement was directly in front of the west side of the shrine.
+On each side of the site is a deep mark in the pavement running towards
+the east. This indentation was certainly worn in the soft, pinkish marble
+by the knees of generations of pilgrims, who prostrated themselves here
+while the treasures were displayed to their gaze. In the roof above there
+is fixed a crescent carved out of some foreign wood, which has proved
+deeply puzzling to antiquaries. A suggestion, which hardly seems very
+plausible, connects this mysterious crescent with the fact that Becket was
+closely related, as patron, with the Hospital of St. John at Acre. It was
+believed that his prayers had once repulsed the Saracens from the walls of
+the fortress, and he received the title of St. Thomas Acreusis. Near this
+crescent a number of iron staples were to be seen at one time, and it is
+likely that a trophy of some sort depended from them. The Watching Tower
+was set high upon the Tower of St. Anselm, on the south side of the
+shrine. It contained a fireplace, so that the watchman might keep himself
+warm during the winter nights, and from a gallery between the pillars he
+commanded a view of the sacred spot and its treasures. A troop of fierce
+ban-dogs shared the task of guarding the shrine from theft. How necessary
+such precautions were is shown by the fact that such a spot had to be
+guarded not only from common robbers in search of rich booty, but also
+from holy men, who were quite unscrupulous in their desire to possess
+themselves and their own churches of sacred relics. Within the first six
+years after Becket&#8217;s death we read of two striking instances of the
+lengths to which distinguished churchmen were carried by what Dean Stanley
+calls &ldquo;the first frenzy of desire for the relics of St. Thomas.&rdquo; Benedict,
+a monk of Christ Church, and &ldquo;probably the most distinguished of his
+body,&rdquo; was created Abbot of Peterburgh in <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1176. Disappointed to find
+that his cathedral was very poor in the matter of relics he returned to
+Canterbury, &ldquo;took away with him the flagstones immediately surrounding the
+sacred spot,<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 9]</span> with which he formed two altars in the conventual church of
+his new appointment, besides two vases of blood and parts of Becket&#8217;s
+clothing.&rdquo; Still more striking and characteristic of the prevalent passion
+for relics is the story of Roger, who was keeper of the &ldquo;Altars of the
+Martyrdom,&rdquo; or &ldquo;Custos Martyrii.&rdquo; The brothers of St. Augustine&#8217;s Abbey
+were so eager to obtain a share in the glory which their great rival, the
+neighbouring cathedral, had won from the circumstances of Becket&#8217;s
+martyrdom within its walls, that they actually offered Roger no less a
+reward than the position of abbot in their own institution, on condition
+that he should purloin for them some part of the remains of the martyr&#8217;s
+skull. And not only did Roger, though he had been specially selected from
+amongst the monks of Christ Church to watch over this very treasure, agree
+to their conditions, and after duly carrying out this piece of
+sacrilegious burglary become Abbot of St. Augustine&#8217;s; but the chroniclers
+of the abbey were not ashamed to boast of this transaction as an instance
+of cleverness and well-applied zeal.</p>
+
+<p>The translation of Becket&#8217;s remains from the tomb to his shrine took place
+<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1220, fifty years after his martyrdom. The young Henry III., who had
+just laid the foundation of the new abbey at Westminster, assisted at the
+ceremony. The primate then ruling at Canterbury was the great Stephen
+Langton, who had won renown both as a scholar and a statesman. He had
+carried out the division of the Bible into chapters, as it is now
+arranged, and had won a decisive victory for English liberty by forcing
+King John to sign the Great Charter. He was now advanced in years, and had
+recently assisted at the coronation of King Henry at Westminster.</p>
+
+<p>The translation was carried out with imposing ceremony. The scene must
+have been one of surpassing splendour; never had such an assemblage been
+gathered together in England. Robert of Gloucester relates that not only
+Canterbury but the surrounding countryside was full to overflowing:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Of bishops and abbots, priors and parsons,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of earls, and of barons, and of many knights thereto;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of serjeants, and of squires, and of husbandmen enow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And of simple men eke of the land&mdash;so thick thither drew.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+The archbishop had given notice two years before, proclaiming the day of
+the solemnity throughout Europe as well as England:<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 10]</span>
+the episcopal manors
+had been bidden to furnish provisions for the huge concourse, not only in
+the cathedral city, but along all the roads by which it was approached.
+Hay and provisions were given to all who asked it between London and
+Canterbury; at the gates of the city and in the four licensed cellars tuns
+of wine were set up, that all who thirsted might drink freely, and wine
+ran in the street channels on the day of the festival. During the night
+before the ceremony the primate, together with the Bishop of Salisbury and
+all the members of the brotherhood, who were headed by Walter the Prior,
+solemnly, with psalms and hymns, entered the crypt in which the martyr&#8217;s
+body lay, and removed the stones which covered the tomb. Four priests,
+specially conspicuous for their piety, were selected to take out the
+relics, which were then placed in a strong coffer studded with iron nails
+and fastened with iron hasps.</p>
+
+<p>Next day a procession was formed, headed by the young king, Henry III.
+After him came Pandulf, the Italian Bishop of Norwich and Papal Nuncio,
+and Langton the archbishop, with whom was the Archbishop of Rheims,
+Primate of France. The great Hubert de Burgh, Lord High Justiciary,
+together with four other barons, completed the company, which was selected
+to bear the chest to its resting-place. When this had been duly deposited,
+a solemn mass was celebrated by the French archbishop. The anniversary of
+this great festival was commemorated as the Feast of the Translation of
+the Blessed St. Thomas, until it was suppressed by a royal injunction of
+Henry VIII. in 1536.</p>
+
+<p>A picture of the shrine itself is preserved among the Cottonian MSS., and
+a representation of it also exists in one of the stained windows of the
+cathedral. At the end of it the altar of the Saint had its place; the
+lower part of its walls were of stone, and against them the lame and
+diseased pilgrims used to rub their bodies, hoping to be cured of their
+afflictions. The shrine itself was supported on marble arches, and
+remained concealed under a wooden covering, doubtless intended to enhance
+the effect produced by the sudden revelation of the glories beneath it;
+for when the pilgrims were duly assembled on their knees round the shrine,
+the cover was suddenly raised at a given signal, and though such a device
+may appear slightly theatrical in these days, it is easy to imagine how
+the devotees<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 11]</span> of the middle ages must have been thrilled at the sight of
+this hallowed tomb, and all the bravery of gold and precious stones which
+the piety of that day had heaped upon it. The beauties of the shrine were
+pointed out by the prior, who named the giver of the several jewels. Many
+of these were of enormous value, especially a huge carbuncle, as large as
+an egg, which had been offered to the memory of St. Thomas by Louis VII.
+of France, who visited the shrine in <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1179, after having thrice seen
+the Saint in a vision. A curious legend, thoroughly in keeping with the
+mystic halo of miraculous power which surrounds the martyred archbishop&#8217;s
+fame, relates that the French king could not make up his mind to part with
+this invaluable gem, which was called the &ldquo;Regale of France;&rdquo; but when he
+visited the tomb, the stone, so runs the story, leapt forth from the ring
+in which it was set, and fixed itself of its own will firmly in the wall
+of the shrine, thus baffling the unwilling monarch&#8217;s half-heartedness.
+Louis also presented a gold cup, and gave the monks a hundred measures,
+medii, of wine, to be delivered annually at Poissy, also ordaining that
+they should be exempt from &ldquo;toll, tax, and tallage&rdquo; when journeying in his
+realm. He himself was made a member of the brotherhood, after duly
+spending a night in prayer at the tomb. It is said that, &ldquo;because he was
+very fearful of the water,&rdquo; the French king received a promise from the
+Saint that neither he nor any other that crossed over from Dover to
+Whitsand, should suffer any manner of loss or shipwreck. We are told that
+Louis&#8217;s piety was afterwards rewarded by the miraculous recovery, through
+St. Thomas&#8217;s intercession, of his son from a dangerous illness. Louis was
+the first of a series of royal pilgrims to the shrine. Richard the Lion
+Heart, set free from durance in Austria, walked thither from Sandwich to
+return thanks to God and St. Thomas. After him all the English kings and
+all the Continental potentates who visited the shores of Britain, paid due
+homage, and doubtless made due offering, at the shrine of the sainted
+archbishop. The crown of Scotland was presented in <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1299 by Edward
+Longshanks, and Henry V. gave thanks here after his victory over the
+French at Agincourt. Emperors, both of the east and west, humbled
+themselves before the relics of the famous English martyr. Henry VIII. and
+the Emperor Charles V. came together at Whitsuntide, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1520, in more
+than royal<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 12]</span> splendour, and with a great retinue of English and Spanish
+noblemen, and worshipped at the shrine which had then reached the zenith
+of its glory.</p>
+
+<p>But though the stately stories of these royal progresses to the tomb of
+the martyred archbishop strike the imagination vividly, yet the picture
+presented by Chaucer&#8217;s &ldquo;Canterbury Tales&rdquo; is in reality much more
+impressive. For we find there all ranks of society alike making the
+pilgrimage&mdash;the knight, the yeoman, the prioress, the monk, the friar, the
+merchant, the scholar from Oxford, the lawyer, the squire, the tradesman,
+the cook, the shipman, the physician, the clothier from Bath, the priest,
+the miller, the reeve, the manciple, the seller of indulgences, and,
+lastly, the poet himself&mdash;all these various sorts and conditions of men
+and women we find journeying down to Canterbury in a sort of motley
+caravan. Foreign pilgrims also came to the sacred shrine in great numbers.
+A curious record, preserved in a Latin translation, of the journey of a
+Bohemian noble, Leo von Rotzmital, who visited England in 1446, gives a
+quaint description of Canterbury and its approaches. &ldquo;Sailing up the
+Channel,&rdquo; the narrator writes, &ldquo;as we drew near to England we saw lofty
+mountains full of chalk. These mountains seem from a distance to be clad
+with snows. On them lies a citadel, built by devils, &lsquo;<em>a Cacod&aelig;monibus
+extructa</em>,&rsquo; so stoutly fortified that its peer could not be found in any
+province of Christendom. Passing by these mountains and citadel we put in
+at the city of Sandwich (<em>Sandvicum</em>).... But at nothing did I marvel more
+greatly than at the sailors climbing up the masts and foretelling the
+distance, and approach of the winds, and which sails should be set and
+which furled. Among them I saw one sailor so nimble that scarce could any
+man be compared with him.&rdquo; Journeying on to Canterbury, our pilgrim
+proceeds: &ldquo;There we saw the tomb and head of the martyr. The tomb is of
+pure gold, and embellished with jewels, and so enriched with splendid
+offerings that I know not its peer. Among other precious things upon it is
+beholden the carbuncle jewel, which is wont to shine by night, half a
+hen&#8217;s egg in size. For that tomb has been lavishly enriched by many kings,
+princes, wealthy traders, and other righteous men.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Such was Canterbury Cathedral in the middle ages, the resort of emperors,
+kings, and all classes of humble folk, English<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 13]</span> and foreign. It was in the
+spring chiefly, as Chaucer tells us, that</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Whanne that April with his showres sote<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The droughte of March hath perced to the rote,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And bathed every veine in swiche licour,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of whiche vertue engendred is the flour;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When Zephyrus eke with his sote brethe<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Enspired hath in every holt and hethe<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And smale foules maken melodie<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That slepen alle night with open eye,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So priketh hem nature in hir corages;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Than longen folk to gon on pilgrimages<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And palmeres for to seken strange strondes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To serve hauves couthe in sondry londes;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And specially from every shires ende<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Englelonde, to Canterbury they wende<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The holy blissful martyr for to seke,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That hem hath holpen when that they were seke.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The miracles performed by the bones of the blessed martyr are stated by
+contemporary writers to have been extraordinarily numerous. We have it on
+the authority of Gervase that two volumes full of these marvels were
+preserved at Canterbury, and in those days a volume meant a tome of
+formidable dimensions; but scarcely any record of these most interesting
+occurrences has been preserved. At the time of Henry VIII.&#8217;s quarrel with
+the dead archbishop&mdash;of which more anon&mdash;the name of St. Thomas and all
+account of his deeds was erased from every book that the strictest
+investigation could lay hands on. So thoroughly was this spiteful edict
+carried out that the records of the greatest of English saints are
+astonishingly meagre. A letter, however, has been preserved, written about
+<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1390 by Richard II. to congratulate the then archbishop, William
+Courtenay, on a fresh miracle performed by St. Thomas: &ldquo;<em>Litera domini
+Regis graciosa missa domino archiepiscopo, regraciando sibi de novo
+miraculo Sancti Thome Martiris sibi denunciato.</em>&rdquo; The letter refers, in
+its quaint Norman-French, to the good influence that will be exercised by
+such a manifestation, as a practical argument against the &ldquo;various enemies
+of our faith and belief&rdquo;&mdash;<em>noz foie et creaunce ount plousours enemys</em>.
+These were the Lollards, and the pious king says that he hopes and
+believes that they will be brought back<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 14]</span> to the right path by the effect
+of this miracle, which seems to have been worked to heal a distinguished
+foreigner&mdash;<em>en une persone estraunge</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Another document (dated <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1455) preserves the story of the miraculous
+cure of a young Scotsman, from Aberdeen, <em>Allexander Stephani filius in
+Scocia, de Aberdyn oppido natus</em>. Alexander was lame, <em>pedibus
+contractus</em>, from his birth, we are told that after twenty-four years of
+pain and discomfort&mdash;<em>vigintiquatuor annis penaliter laborabat</em>&mdash;he made a
+pilgrimage to Canterbury, and there &ldquo;the sainted Thomas, the divine
+clemency aiding him, on the second day of the month of May did straightway
+restore his legs and feet, <em>bases et plantas</em>, to the same Alexander.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Other miracles performed by the saint are pictured in the painted windows
+of Trinity Chapel, of which we shall treat fully later on. The fame of the
+martyr spread through the whole of Christendom. Stanley tells us that
+&ldquo;there is probably no country in Europe which does not exhibit traces of
+Becket. A tooth of his is preserved in the church of San Thomaso
+Cantuariense at Verona, part of an arm in a convent at Florence, and
+another part in the church of St. Waldetrude at Mons; in Fuller&#8217;s time
+both arms were displayed in the English convent at Lisbon; while Bourbourg
+preserves his chalice, Douay his hair shirt, and St. Omer his mitre. The
+cathedral of Sens contains his vestments and an ancient altar at which he
+said mass. His story is pictured in the painted windows at Chartres, and
+Sens, and St. Omer, and his figure is to be seen in the church of Monreale
+at Palermo.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>In England almost every county contained a church or convent dedicated to
+St. Thomas. Most notable of these was the abbey of Aberbrothock, raised,
+within seven years after the martyrdom, to the memory of the saint by
+William the Lion, king of Scotland. William had been defeated by the
+English forces on the very day on which Henry II. had done penance at the
+tomb, and made his peace with the saint, and attributing his misfortunes
+to the miraculous influence of St. Thomas, endeavoured to propitiate him
+by the dedication of this magnificent abbey. A mutilated image of the
+saint has been preserved among the ruins of the monastery. This is perhaps
+the most notable of the gifts to St. Thomas. The volume of the offerings
+which were poured into the Canterbury coffers by grateful<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 15]</span> invalids who
+had been cured of their ailments, and by others who, like the Scotch king,
+were anxious to propitiate the power of the saint, must have been
+enormous. We know that at the beginning of the sixteenth century the
+yearly offerings, though their sums had already greatly diminished, were
+worth about &pound;4,000, according to the present value of money.</p>
+
+<p>The story of the fall of the shrine and the overthrow of the power of the
+martyr is so remarkable and was so implicitly believed at the time, that
+it cannot be passed over in spite of the doubts which modern criticism
+casts on its authenticity. It is said that in April, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1538, a writ of
+summons was issued in the name of King Henry VIII. against Thomas Becket,
+sometime Archbishop of Canterbury, accusing him of treason, contumacy, and
+rebellion. This document was read before the martyr&#8217;s tomb, and thirty
+days were allowed for his answer to the summons. As the defendant did not
+appear, the suit was formally tried at Westminster. The Attorney General
+held a brief for Henry II., and the deceased defendant was represented by
+an advocate named by Henry VIII. Needless to relate, judgment was given in
+favour of Henry II., and the condemned Archbishop was ordered to have his
+bones burnt and all his gorgeous offerings escheated to the Crown. The
+first part of the sentence was remitted and Becket&#8217;s body was buried, but
+he was deprived of the title of Saint, his images were destroyed
+throughout the kingdom, and his name was erased from all books. The shrine
+was destroyed, and the gold and jewels thereof were taken away in
+twenty-six carts. Henry VIII. himself wore the Regale of France in a ring
+on his thumb. Improbable as the story of Becket&#8217;s trial may seem, such a
+procedure was strictly in accordance with the forms of the Roman Catholic
+Church, of which Henry still at that time professed himself a member:
+moreover it is not without authentic parallels in history: exactly the
+same measures of reprisal had been taken against Wycliffe at Lutterworth;
+and Queen Mary shortly afterwards acted in a similar manner towards Bucer
+and Fagius at Cambridge.</p>
+
+<p>The last recorded pilgrim to the shrine of St. Thomas was Madame de
+Montreuil, a great French dame who had been waiting on Mary of Guise, in
+Scotland. She visited Canterbury in August, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1538, and we are told
+that she was taken to see the wonders of the place and marvelled at all
+the riches thereof,<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 16]</span> and said &ldquo;that if she had not seen it, all the men in
+the world could never &#8217;a made her believe it.&rdquo; Though she would not kiss
+the head of St. Thomas, the Prior &ldquo;did send her a present of coneys,
+capons, chickens, with divers fruits&mdash;plenty&mdash;insomuch that she said,
+&lsquo;What shall we do with so many capons? Let the Lord Prior come, and eat,
+and help us to eat them tomorrow at dinner&rsquo; and so thanked him heartily
+for the said present.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Such was the history of Becket&#8217;s shrine. We have dwelt on it at some
+length because it is no exaggeration to say that in the Middle Ages
+Canterbury Cathedral owed its European fame and enormous riches to the
+fact that it contained the shrine within its walls, and because the story
+of the influence of the Saint and the miracles that he worked, and the
+millions of pilgrims who flocked from the whole civilized world to do
+homage to him, throws a brighter and more vivid light on the lives and
+thoughts and beliefs of medi&aelig;val men than many volumes stuffed with
+historical research. No visitor to Canterbury can appreciate what he sees,
+unless he realizes to some extent the glamour which overhung the resting
+place of St. Thomas in the days of Geoffrey Chaucer. We have no certain
+knowledge as to whether the other shrines and relics which enriched the
+cathedral were destroyed along with those of St. Thomas. Dunstan and
+Elphege at least can hardly have escaped, and it is probable that most of
+the monuments and relics perished at the time of the Reformation. We know
+that in <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1541, Cranmer deplored the slight effect which had been
+wrought by the royal orders for the destruction of the bones and images of
+supposed saints. And that he forthwith received letters from the king,
+enjoining him to cause &ldquo;due search to be made in his cathedral churches,
+and if any shrine, covering of shrine, table, monument of miracles, or
+other pilgrimage, do there continue, to cause it to be taken away, so as
+there remain no memory of it.&rdquo; This order probably brought about the
+destruction of the tombs and monuments of the early archbishops, most of
+whom had been officially canonised, or been at least enrolled in the
+popular calendar, and were accordingly doomed to have their resting-places
+desecrated. We know that about this time the tomb of Winchelsey was
+destroyed, because he was adored by the people as a reputed saint.</p>
+
+<p>Any monuments that may have escaped royal vandalism at the Reformation
+period, fell before the even more effective<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 17]</span> fanaticism of the Puritans,
+who seem to have exercised their iconoclastic energies with especial zeal
+and vigour at Canterbury. Just before their time Archbishop Laud spent a
+good deal of trouble and money on the adornment of the high altar. A
+letter to him from the Dean, dated July 8th, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1634, is quoted by
+Prynne, &ldquo;We have obeyed your Grace&#8217;s direction in pulling down the
+exorbitant seates within our Quire whereby the church is very much
+beautified.... Lastly wee most humbly beseech your Grace to take notice
+that many and most necessary have beene the occasions of extraordinary
+expences this yeare for ornaments, etc.&rdquo; And another Puritan scribe tells
+us that &ldquo;At the east end of the cathedral they have placed an Altar as
+they call it dressed after the Romish fashion, for which altar they have
+lately provided a most idolatrous costly glory cloth or back cloth.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>These embellishments were not destined to remain long undisturbed. In <span class="smcap">a.d.</span>
+1642, the Puritan troopers hewed the altar-rails to pieces and then &ldquo;threw
+the Altar over and over down the three Altar steps, and left it lying with
+the heels upwards.&rdquo; This was only the beginning: we read that during the
+time of the Great Rebellion, &ldquo;the newly erected font was pulled down, the
+inscriptions, figures, and coats of arms, engraven upon brass, were torn
+off from the ancient monuments, and whatsoever there was of beauty or
+decency in the holy place, was despoiled.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>A manuscript, compiled in 1662, and preserved in the Chapter library,
+gives a more minute account of this work of destruction. &ldquo;The windows were
+generally battered and broken down; the whole roof, with that of the
+steeples, the chapter-house and cloister, externally impaired and ruined
+both in timber-work and lead; water-tanks, pipes, and much other lead cut
+off; the choir stripped and robbed of her fair and goodly hangings; the
+organ and organ-loft, communion-table, and the best and chiefest of the
+furniture, with the rail before it, and the screen of tabernacle work
+richly overlaid with gold behind it; goodly monuments shamefully abused,
+defaced, and rifled of brasses, iron grates, and bars.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The ringleader in this work of destruction was a fanatic named Richard
+Culmer, commonly known as Blue Dick. A paper preserved in the Chapter
+library, in the writing of Somner, the great antiquarian scholar,
+describes the state in which the<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 18]</span> fabric of the cathedral was left, at the
+time of the Restoration of King Charles II., in 1660. &ldquo;So little,&rdquo; says
+this document, &ldquo;had the fury of the late reformers left remaining of it
+besides the bare walles and roofe, and these, partly through neglect, and
+partly by the daily assaults and batteries of the disaffected, so
+shattered, ruinated, and defaced, as it was not more unserviceable in the
+way of a cathedral than justly scandalous to all who delight to serve God
+in the beauty of Holines.&rdquo; Most of the windows had been broken, &ldquo;the
+church&#8217;s guardians, her faire and strong gates, turned off the hooks and
+burned.&rdquo; The buildings and houses of the clergy had been pulled down or
+greatly damaged; and lastly, &ldquo;the goodly oaks in our common gardens, of
+good value in themselves, and in their time very beneficial to our church
+by their shelter, quite eradicated and <em>set to sale</em>.&rdquo; This last touch is
+interesting, as showing that the reforming zeal of the Puritans was not
+always altogether disinterested.</p>
+
+<p>After the Restoration some attempt was made to render the cathedral once
+more a fitting place of worship, and the sum of &pound;10,000 was devoted to
+repairs and other public and pious uses. A screen was put up in the same
+position as the former one, and the altar was placed in front. But, in
+<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1729, this screen no longer suited the taste of the period, and a sum
+of &pound;500, bequeathed by one of the prebendaries, was devoted to the
+erection of a screen in the Corinthian style, designed by a certain Mr.
+Burrough, afterwards Master of Caius College, Cambridge. A little before
+this time the old stalls, which had survived the Puritan period were
+replaced: a writer describes them, in the early half of the seventeenth
+century, as standing in two rows, an upper and lower, on each side, with
+the archbishop&#8217;s wood throne above them on the south side. This chair he
+mentions as &ldquo;sometime richly guilt, and otherwise well set forth, but now
+nothing specious through age and late neglect. It is a close seat, made
+after the old fashion of such stalls, called thence <em>faldistoria</em>; only in
+this they differ, that they were moveable, this is fixt.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Thus wrote Somner in <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1640: the dilapidated throne of which he speaks
+was replaced, in <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1704, by a splendid throne with a tall Corinthian
+canopy, and decorated with carving by Grinling Gibbons, the gift of
+Archbishop Tenison, who also set up new stalls. At the same time Queen
+Mary the<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 19]</span> Second presented new and magnificent furniture for the altar,
+throne, stalls of the chief clergy, and pulpit. Since then many
+alterations have been made. The old altar and screen have been removed,
+and a new reredos set up, copied from the screen work of the Lady Chapel
+in the crypt; and Archbishop Tenison&#8217;s throne has given place to a lofty
+stone canopy. In 1834 owing to its tottering condition the north-west
+tower of the nave had to be pulled down. It was rebuilt on an entirely
+different plan by Mr. George Austin, who, with his son, also conducted a
+good deal of repairing and other work in the cathedral and the buildings
+connected with it. A good deal of the external stonework had to be
+renewed, but the work was carried out judiciously, and only where it was
+absolutely necessary. On the west side of the south transept a turret has
+been pulled down and set up again stone by stone. The crypt has been
+cleared out and restored, and its windows have been reopened. The least
+satisfactory evidences of the modern hand are the stained glass windows,
+which have been put up in the nave and transepts of the cathedral. The
+Puritan trooper had wrought havoc in the ancient glass, smashing it
+wherever a pike-thrust could reach; and modern piety has been almost as
+ruthless in erecting windows which are quite incredibly hideous.</p>
+
+<p>In September, 1872, Canterbury was once more damaged by fire, just about
+seven hundred years after the memorable conflagration described by
+Gervase. On this occasion, however, the damage did not go beyond the outer
+roof of the Trinity Chapel. The fire broke out at about half-past ten in
+the morning, and was luckily discovered before it had made much progress,
+by two plumbers who were at work in the south gutter. According to the
+&ldquo;Builder&rdquo; of that month, &ldquo;a peculiar whirring noise&rdquo; caused them to look
+inside the roof, and they found three of the main roof-timbers blazing. &ldquo;The
+best conjecture seems to be that the dry twigs, straw, and similar
+<em>d&eacute;bris</em>, carried into the roof by birds, and which it has been the custom
+to clear at intervals out of the vault pockets, had caught fire from a
+spark that had in some way passed through the roof covering, perhaps under
+a sheet raised a little at the bottom by the wind.&rdquo; Assistance was quickly
+summoned, and &ldquo;by half-past twelve the whole was seen to be extinguished.
+At four o&#8217;clock the authorities held the evening service, so as not to
+<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 20]</span>
+break a continuity of custom extending over centuries; and in the
+smoke-filled choir, the whole of the Chapter in residence, in the proper
+Psalm (xviii.), found expression for the sense of victory over a conquered
+enemy.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Thus little harm was done, but it must have been an exciting crisis while
+it lasted. &ldquo;The bosses [of the vaulting], pierced with cradle-holes,
+happened to be well-placed for the passage of the liquid lead dripping on
+the back of the vault from the blazing roof,&rdquo; which poured down on to the
+pavement below, on the very spot which Becket&#8217;s shrine had once occupied.
+&ldquo;Through the holes further westward water came, sufficient to float over
+the surfaces of the polished Purbeck marble floor and the steps of the
+altar, and alarmed the well-intentioned assistants into removing the
+altar, tearing up the altar-rails, etc., etc. The relics of the Black
+Prince, attached to a beam (over his tomb) at the level of the caps of the
+piers on the south side of Trinity Chapel, were all taken down and placed
+away in safety. The eastern end of the church is said to have been filled
+with steam from water rushing through with, and falling on, the molten
+lead on the floor; and, in time, by every opening, wood-smoke reached the
+inside of the building, filling all down to the west of the nave with a
+blue haze.&rdquo; The scene in the building is said to have been one of
+extraordinary beauty, but most lovers of architecture would probably
+prefer to view the fabric with its own loveliness, unenhanced by numerous
+streams of molten lead pouring down from the roof.</p>
+
+<p>Since that date Canterbury Cathedral has been happy in the possession of
+no history, and we pass on, therefore, to the examination in detail of its
+exterior.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img05" id="img05"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 256px;">
+<a href="images/img05.jpg">
+<img src="images/img05-th.jpg" width="256" height="400" alt="Cloisters" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">the cloisters.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 21]</span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of<br />Contents</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><strong>EXTERIOR AND PRECINCTS&mdash;THE MONASTERY.</strong></p>
+
+
+<p class="noindent">
+The external beauties of Canterbury Cathedral can best be viewed in their
+entirety from a distance. The old town has nestled in close under the
+walls of the church that dominates it, preventing anything like a complete
+view of the building from the immediate precincts. But Canterbury is girt
+with a ring of hills, from which we may enjoy a strikingly beautiful view
+of the ancient city, lying asleep in the rich, peaceful valley of the
+Stour, and the mighty cathedral towering over the red-tiled roofs of the
+town, and looking, as a rustic remarked as he gazed down upon it &ldquo;like a
+hen brooding over her chickens.&rdquo; Erasmus must have been struck by some
+such aspect of the cathedral, for he says, &ldquo;It rears its crest (<em>erigit
+se</em>) with so great majesty to the sky, that it inspires a feeling of awe
+even in those who look at it from afar.&rdquo; Such a view may well be got from
+the hills of Harbledown, a village about two miles from Canterbury,
+containing in itself many objects of antiquarian and &aelig;sthetic interest. It
+stands on the road by which Chaucer&#8217;s pilgrims wended their way to the
+shrine of St. Thomas, and it is almost certainly referred to in the lines
+in which the poet speaks of</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">&ldquo;A little town<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which that ycleped is Bob Up and Down<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Under the Blee in Canterbury way.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The name Harbledown is derived by local philologists from Bob Up and Down,
+and the hilly nature of the country fully justifies the title. Here stands
+Lanfranc&#8217;s Lazar-house, &ldquo;so picturesque even now in its decay, and in
+spite of modern alterations which have swept away all but the ivy-clad
+chapel<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 24]</span> of Lanfranc.&rdquo; In this hospital a shoe of St. Thomas was preserved
+which pilgrims were expected to kiss as they passed by; and in an old
+chest the modern visitor may still behold a rude money-box with a slit in
+the lid, into which the great Erasmus is said to have dropped a coin when
+he visited Canterbury at the time when St. Thomas&#8217;s glory was just
+beginning to wane. Behind the hospital is an ancient well called &ldquo;the
+Black Prince&#8217;s Well.&rdquo; The Black Prince, as is well known, passed through
+Canterbury on his way from Sandwich to London, whither he was escorting
+his royal prisoner, King John of France, whom he had captured at the
+battle of Poitiers, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1357. We need not doubt that he halted at
+Harbledown to salute the martyr&#8217;s shoe, and he may have washed in the
+water of the well, which was henceforward called by his name. Another
+tradition relates that he had water brought to him from this well when he
+lay sick, ten years later, in the archbishop&#8217;s palace at Canterbury.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 25]</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img06" id="img06"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 447px;">
+<a href="images/img06.png">
+<img src="images/img06-th.png" width="447" height="400" alt="View on the Stour" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">view on the stour.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another good view may be had from the crest on which stands St. Martin&#8217;s
+Church, which was formerly believed to be the oldest in England, so
+ancient that its origin was connected with the mythical King Lucius.
+Modern research has decided that it is of later date, but there is no
+doubt that on the spot on which it now stands, Bertha, the wife of
+Ethelbert&mdash;who was ruling when Augustine landed with his monks&mdash;had a
+little chapel, as Bede relates, &ldquo;in the east of the city,&rdquo; where she
+worshipped, before her husband&#8217;s conversion, with her chaplain, Luidhard,
+a French priest. Dean Stanley has described this view in a fine passage:</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Let any one sit on the hill of the little church of St. Martin, and look
+on the view which is there spread before his eyes. Immediately below are
+the towers of the great abbey of St. Augustine, where Christian learning
+and civilization first struck root in the Anglo-Saxon race; and within
+which, now, after a lapse of many centuries, a new institution has arisen,
+intended to carry far and wide to countries of which Gregory and Augustine
+never heard, the blessings which they gave to us. Carry your view on&mdash;and
+there rises high above all the magnificent pile of our cathedral, equal in
+splendour and state to any, the noblest temple or church, that Augustine
+could have seen in ancient Rome, rising on the very ground which derives
+its consecration from him. And still more than the grandeur of the outward
+building that rose from the little church of Augustine, and the little
+palace of Ethelbert, have been the institutions of all kinds, of which
+these were the earliest cradle. From the first English Christian
+city&mdash;from Kent, the first English Christian kingdom&mdash;has, by degrees,
+arisen the whole constitution of Church and State in England which now
+binds together the whole British Empire. And from the Christianity here
+established in England has flowed, by direct consequence, first, the
+Christianity of Germany&mdash;then after a long interval, of North America, and
+lastly, we may trust in time, of all India and all Australasia. The view
+from St. Martin&#8217;s Church is, indeed, one of the most inspiriting that can
+be found in the world; there is none to which I would more willingly take
+any one who doubted whether a small beginning could lead to a great and
+lasting good&mdash;none which carries us more vividly back into the past, or
+more hopefully forward to the future.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>In the town itself, the best point of vantage from which the visitor can
+get a good view of the cathedral is the summit of the Dane John, a lofty
+mound crowned by an obelisk; from this height we look across at the roof
+and towers of the cathedral rising above thickly clustering trees: from
+here also there is a fine view over the beautiful valley of the Stour in
+the direction of Thanington and Chartham.</p>
+
+<p>In the immediate precincts, a delightful picture is presented from the
+Green Court, which was once the main outer court of the monastery. Here
+are noble trees and beautifully kept turf, at once in perfect harmony and
+agreeable contrast with the rugged walls of the weather-beaten cathedral:
+the quiet soft colouring of the ancient buildings and that look of
+cloistered seclusion only to be found in the peaceful nooks of cathedral
+cities are seen here at their very best.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img07" id="img07"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 213px;">
+<a href="images/img07.png">
+<img src="images/img07-th.png" width="213" height="400" alt="Bell Harry" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">&ldquo;bell harry,&rdquo;<br /> the central tower.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The chief glory of the exterior of Canterbury Cathedral is the central
+<strong><a name="belltower" id="belltower"></a>Angel or Bell Tower</strong>. This is one of the most perfect structures that
+Gothic architecture, inspired by the loftiest purpose that ever stimulated
+the work of any art, has produced. It was completed by Prior Selling, who
+held office in 1472, and has been variously called the Bell Harry Tower
+from the mighty Dunstan bell, weighing three tons and three hundredweight,
+and the Angel Tower from the gilded figure of an angel poised on one of
+the pinnacles, which has long ago disappeared. The tower itself is of two
+stages, with two two-light windows in each stage; the windows are
+transomed in each face, and the lower tier is canopied; each angle is
+rounded off with an octagonal turret and the whole structure is a
+marvellous example of architectural harmony, and in every way a work of
+transcendent beauty. The two buttressing arches and the ornamental braces
+which support it were added at the end of the fifteenth century by Prior
+Goldstone, to whom the building of the whole tower is apparently
+attributed in the following quaint passage from a medi&aelig;val authority: &ldquo;He
+by the influence and help of those honourable men, Cardinal John Morton
+and Prior William Sellyng, erected and magnificently completed that lofty
+tower commonly called Angyll Stepyll in the midst of the church, between
+the choir and the nave&mdash;vaulted with a most beautiful vault, and with
+excellent and artistic workmanship in every part sculptured and gilt, with
+ample windows glazed and ironed. He also with great care and industry
+annexed to the columns which support the<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 27]</span> same tower two arches or
+vaults of stone work, curiously carved, and four smaller ones, to assist
+in sustaining the said tower&rdquo; (&ldquo;Ang. Sac.&rdquo; i. 147, translated by Professor
+Willis). The western front of the cathedral is flanked by two towers of
+great beauty; a point in which Medi&aelig;val architecture has risen above that
+of all other ages is the skill which it displays in the use of towers of
+different heights, breaking the dull straight line of the roof and
+carrying the eye gradually up to the loftiest point of the building.
+Canterbury presents an excellent example of the beauty of this
+subordination of lower towers to the chief; we invite the visitor, when
+looking at the exterior, to compare it mentally, on the one hand, with the
+dull severity of the roof line of a Greek temple, and on the other, to
+take a fair example of modern so-called Gothic, with the ugly straight
+line of the Houses of Parliament, as seen from the Lambeth Embankment,
+broken only by the two stark and stiff erections at each end. The two
+towers at the west end of Canterbury were not always uniform. At the
+northern corner an old Norman tower formerly uplifted a leaden spire one
+hundred feet high. This rather anomalous arrangement must have had a
+decidedly lopsided effect, and it is probable that the appearance of the
+cathedral was changed very much for the better when the spire, which had
+been taken down in 1705, was replaced by Mr. Austin in 1840, by a tower
+uniform with the southernmost tower, called the Chicele or Oxford steeple:
+this tower was completed by Prior Goldstone, who, during his tenure of
+office from 1449-68, also built the Lady Chapel. On its south side stands
+the porch, with a remarkable central niche, which formerly contained a
+representation of Becket&#8217;s martyrdom. The figures of the Archbishop&#8217;s
+assassins now no longer remain; but their place has been filled up with
+figures of various worthies who have lived under the shadow of the
+cathedral. Dean Alford suggested, about 1863, that the many vacant niches
+should be peopled in this manner, and since then the work has proceeded
+steadily. The western towers are built each of six stages: each of the two
+upper tiers contains two two-light windows, while below there is a large
+four-light window uniform with the windows of the aisles. The base tier is
+ornamented with rich panelling. The parapet is battlemented and the angles
+are finished with fine double pinnacles. At the west end there is a large
+window of seven lights, with three<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 28]</span> transoms. The gable contains a window
+of very curious shape, filled with intricate tracery. The space above the
+aisle windows is ornamented with quatrefoiled squares, and the clerestory
+is pierced by windows of three lights. In the main transept there is a
+fine perpendicular window of eight lights; the choir, or south-east
+transept, has a Norman front, with arcades, and a large round window; also
+an arcaded west turret surmounted by a short spire. Beyond this, the line
+is again broken by the projection of St. Anselm&#8217;s so-called Tower; this
+chapel hardly merits such a title, unless we adopt the theory that it, and
+the corresponding building on the north side, were at one time a good deal
+more lofty, but lost their upper portions at the time of the great fire.
+The end of the cathedral has a rather untidy appearance, owing to the fact
+that the exterior of the corona was never completed. On the northern side
+the building is so closely interwoven with the cloister and monastic
+buildings that it can only be considered in conjunction with them. The
+length of the cathedral is 514 feet, the height of the central tower 235
+feet, and that of the western towers 130 feet.</p>
+
+<p>The chief interest of ancient buildings to the ordinary observer, as apart
+from the architectural specialist, is the fact that they are after all the
+most authentic documents in our possession from which we can gain any
+insight into the lives and modes of thought of our ancestors. To tell us
+how ordinary men lived and busied themselves is beneath the dignity of
+history. As Carlyle says: &ldquo;The thing I want to see is not Redbook Lists,
+and Court Calendars, and Parliamentary Registers, but the <em>Life of Man</em> in
+England: what men did, thought, suffered, enjoyed; ... Mournful, in truth,
+is it to behold what the business &lsquo;called History&rsquo; in these so enlightened
+and illuminated times, still continues to be. Can you gather from it, read
+till your eyes go out, any dimmest shadow of an answer to that great
+question: How men lived and had their being; were it but economically, as,
+what wages they got, and what they bought with these? Unhappily they
+cannot.... History, as it stands all bound up in gilt volumes, is but a
+shade more instructive than the wooden volumes of a backgammon-board.&rdquo;
+Most of us have felt, at one time or another, the truth of these words,
+though it is only fair to add that the fault lies not so much at the door
+of the<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 29]</span> modern historian as of our ancestors themselves, who were too busy
+with fighting and revelling to leave any but the most meagre account of
+their own lives behind them; so that &ldquo;Redbook Lists and Parliamentary
+Registers&rdquo; are all that the veracious chronicler, who will not let his
+imagination run riot, can find to put before us. But happily, in the
+wildest days of the Middle Ages, there were found some peace-loving souls
+who preferred to drone away their lives in quiet meditation behind the
+walls of the great monasteries, undisturbed by the clash of swords. Some
+outlet had to be found for their innate energies and their intense
+religious enthusiasm; missionary zeal had not yet been invented, and the
+writing of books would have seemed to them a waste of good parchment, for
+in their eyes the Scriptures and the Aristotelian writings supplied all
+the food that the most voracious intellect could crave for. So they
+applied all their genius&mdash;and it is probable that the flower of the
+European race, as far as intelligence and culture are concerned, was
+gathered in those days into the Church&mdash;and all the ecstatic fervour of
+their religious devotion, the strength of which men of these latter days
+can hardly realize, to the construction of beautiful buildings for the
+worship of God. They have written a history in stone, from which a
+thoughtful student can supply much that is left out by the dry-as-dust
+annalists, for it is not only the history, but the actual result and
+expression, of the lives of the most gifted men of the Middle Ages.</p>
+
+<p>If we would read this history aright it is necessary that we should look
+at it as far as possible, as it was originally published. If the old
+binding has been torn off, and the volume hedged in by a crowd of modern
+literature, we must try to put these aside and consider the book as it was
+first issued; in other words, to drop metaphor altogether, in considering
+a building like Canterbury Cathedral, we must forget the busy little
+country town, with its crowded streets and noisy railway stations, though,
+from one point of view, the contrast that they present is agreeable and
+valuable, and try to conceive the church as it once stood, the centre of a
+harmonious group of monastic buildings.</p>
+
+<p>The founder of the monastic system in the West was the famous Benedict of
+Nursia, who had adapted the strict code of St. Basil, mitigating its
+severity, and making it more in<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 30]</span> accordance with the climate, manners, and
+general circumstances of Western peoples. His code was described by
+Gregory the Great as &ldquo;excellent in its discretion, lucid in its
+expression&rdquo;&mdash;<em>discretione pr&aelig;cipuam sermone luculentam</em>. He founded the
+monasteries of Montecassino and Subiaco in the beginning of the sixth
+century. In the ninth and tenth centuries&mdash;the worst period of the Dark
+Ages&mdash;corruption and laxity pervaded society in general, and the
+Benedictine monasteries especially. At the end of this deplorable epoch
+many efforts were made in the direction of reform. Gregory the Great
+himself was a member of the Benedictine brotherhood; so also was
+Augustine, who founded the great monastery of Christ Church. The venerable
+Bede relates that &ldquo;when Augustine, the first Archbishop of Canterbury,
+assumed the episcopal throne in that royal city, he recovered therein, by
+the king&#8217;s assistance, a church which, as he was told, had been
+constructed by the original labour of Roman believers. This church he
+consecrated in the name of the Saviour, our God and Lord Jesus Christ, and
+there he established an habitation for himself and all his successors.&rdquo;
+This was the Basilica-Church, mentioned in an earlier part of this work,
+an imitation of the original Basilica of St. Peter at Rome. Augustine&#8217;s
+monastery was handsomely endowed. A large stretch of country was given to
+the monks, and they were the first who brought the soil into cultivation,
+and built churches and preached in them. &ldquo;The monks,&rdquo; says Bede, &ldquo;were the
+principal of those who came to the work of preaching.&rdquo; In the city itself
+there were thirty-two &ldquo;mansur&aelig;&rdquo; or mansions, held by the clergy, rendering
+35<em>s.</em> a year, and a mill worth 5<em>s.</em> per annum. Augustine&#8217;s monastery
+lived and prospered&mdash;though, as we shall see, it did not escape the
+general corruption of the eighth and ninth centuries&mdash;until the time of
+the Norman invasion. In 1067 a fire destroyed the Saxon cathedral and the
+greater part of the monastic buildings. But the year 1070 marks an epoch
+in the history of the monastery, for it was then that William the
+Conqueror having deposed Stigand, the Saxon Primate, invited Lanfranc, the
+Abbot of Caen, to accept the vacant see. He &ldquo;being overcome by the will of
+God as much as by the apostolic authority, passed over into England, and,
+not forgetful of the object for which he had come, directed all his
+endeavours to the correction of the manners of his<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 31]</span> people, and settling
+the state of the Church. And first he laboured to renew the church of
+Canterbury ... and built also necessary offices for the use of the monks;
+and (which is very remarkable) he caused to be brought over the sea in
+swift sailing vessels squared stones from Caen in order to build with. He
+also built a house for his own dwelling near the church, and surrounded
+all these buildings with a vast and lofty wall.&rdquo; Also &ldquo;he duly arranged
+all that was necessary for the table and clothing of the monks,&rdquo; and &ldquo;many
+lands which had been taken away he brought back into the property of the
+Church and restored to it twenty-five manors.&rdquo; He also added one hundred
+to the original number of the monks, and drew up a new system of
+discipline to correct the laxity which was rife when he entered on the
+primacy. He tells Anselm in a letter that &ldquo;the land in which he is, is
+daily shaken with so many and so great tribulations, is stained with so
+many adulteries and other impurities, that no order of men consults for
+the benefit of his soul, or even desires to hear the salutary doctrine of
+God for his increase in holiness.&rdquo; Perhaps the most interesting feature of
+his reconstruction of the &ldquo;regula,&rdquo; or rule for the monks&#8217; discipline, was
+his enactment with regard to the library and the studies of the brethren.
+In the first week in Lent, the monks had to bring back and place in the
+Chapter House the books which had been provided for their instruction
+during the previous year. Those who had not duly performed the yearly
+portion of reading prostrated themselves, confessing their fault and
+asking pardon. A fresh distribution was then made, and the brethren
+retired, each furnished with a year&#8217;s literary task. Apparently no
+examination was held, no test applied to discover whether the last year&#8217;s
+instruction had been digested and assimilated. It was assumed that
+anything like a perfunctory performance of the allotted task was out of
+the question.</p>
+
+<p>Another important alteration introduced by Lanfranc was his inauguration
+of the system under which the monastery was in immediate charge, no longer
+of the archbishop, but of a prior. Henceforward the primate stood forth as
+the head of the Church, rather than as merely the chief of her most
+ancient foundation.</p>
+
+<p>We have dwelt at some length on the subject of the monastery at
+Canterbury, because, as we have said, it is impossible<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 32]</span> to learn the
+lesson of the cathedral truly, unless we regard the fabric in its original
+setting, surrounded by monastic buildings; and it is impossible to
+interest ourselves in the monastic buildings without knowing something of
+the institution which they housed.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img08" id="img08"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 489px;">
+<a href="images/img08.png">
+<img src="images/img08-th.png" width="489" height="400" alt="Detail St Anselms Tower" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">detail of st. anselm&#8217;s tower.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The buildings which contained a great <a name="monastery" id="monastery"></a><strong>monastery</strong> like that of Canterbury
+were necessarily very extensive. Chief among them was the chapter house,
+which generally adjoined the principal cloister, bounded by the nave of
+the church and one of the transepts. Then there were the buildings
+necessary for the actual housing and daily living of the monks&mdash;the
+dormitory, refectory, kitchen, buttery, and other indispensable offices.
+Another highly important building, usually standing eastward of the
+church, was the infirmary or hospital for sick brethren, with its chapel
+duly attached. Further, the rules of Benedictine monasteries always
+enjoined the strict observance of the duty of hospitality, and some part
+of the buildings was invariably set aside for the due entertainment of
+strangers of various ranks. Visitors of distinction were entertained in
+special rooms which generally were attached to the house of the prior or
+abbot: guests of a lower order were lodged hard<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 35]</span> by the hall of the
+cellarer; while poor pilgrims and chance wanderers who craved a night&#8217;s
+shelter were bestowed, as a rule, near the main gate of the monastery.
+Lastly, it must not be forgotten that a well-endowed monastery was always
+the steward of a great estate, so that many storehouses and
+farm-buildings&mdash;barns, granaries, bakehouse, etc.&mdash;were a necessary part
+of the institution. Extensive stabling was also required to shelter the
+horses of illustrious visitors and their suites. Moreover, the clergy
+themselves were often greatly addicted to the chase, and we know that the
+pious St. Thomas found time to cultivate a taste for horseflesh, which was
+remarkable even in those days when all men who wanted to move at all were
+bound to ride. The knights who murdered him thought it worth while to
+pillage his stable after accomplishing their errand.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img09" id="img09"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 267px;">
+<a href="images/img09.jpg">
+<img src="images/img09-th.jpg" width="267" height="400" alt="Christchurch Gate" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">the christchurch gate (from a photograph by carl norman and
+co).</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The centre round which all these manifold buildings and offices were
+ranged was, of course, the cathedral. Wherever available space and the
+nature of the ground permitted it, the cloister and chief buildings were
+placed under the shelter of the church on its southern side, as may be
+seen, for instance, at Westminster, where the cloisters, chapter house,
+deanery, refectory (now the College Hall), etc., are all gathered on the
+south side of the Abbey. At Canterbury, however, the builders were not
+able to follow the usual practice, owing to the fact that they were hemmed
+in closely by the houses of the city on the south side, so that we find
+that the space between the north side of the cathedral and the city wall,
+all of which belonged to the monks, was the site of the monastic
+buildings. The whole group formed by the cathedral and the subsidiary
+buildings was girt by a massive wall, which was restored and made more
+effective as a defence by Lanfranc. It is probable that some of the
+remains of this wall, which still survive, may be considered as dating
+from his time. The chief gate, both in ancient and modern days, is Prior
+Goldstone&#8217;s Gate, usually known as <a name="gate" id="gate"></a><strong>Christ Church Gate</strong>, an exceedingly good
+example of the later Perpendicular style. A contemporary inscription tells
+us that it was built in 1517. It stands at the end of Mercery Lane, a
+lofty building with towers at its corners, and two storeys above the
+archway. In front there is a central niche, in which an image of our
+Saviour originally stood, while below a row of shields, much battered and
+weather-beaten,<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 36]</span> display armorial bearings, doubtless those of pious
+contributors to the cost of the building. An early work of Turner&#8217;s has
+preserved the corner pinnacles which once decorated the top of the gate;
+these were removed some thirty years ago.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img10" id="img10"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 578px;">
+<a href="images/img10.jpg">
+<img src="images/img10-th.jpg" width="578" height="400" alt="South West Porch" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">the south-west porch of the cathedral.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img11" id="img11"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 299px;">
+<a href="images/img11.png">
+<img src="images/img11_th.png" width="299" height="400" alt="Monks Infirmary" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">cloisters of the monks&#8217; infirmary.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Entering the precincts through this gateway we find ourselves in what was
+the <em>outer</em> cemetery, in which members of the laity were allowed to be
+buried. The <em>inner</em> cemetery, reserved as a resting-place for the brethren
+themselves, was formerly divided from the outer by a wall which extended
+from St. Anselm&#8217;s chapel. A Norman door, which was at one time part of
+this wall, has now been put into a wall at the east end of the monks&#8217;
+burying ground. This space is now called &ldquo;The Oaks.&rdquo; A bell tower,
+<em>campanile</em>, doubtless used for tolling the passing bell, once stood on a
+mound in the cemetery, close to the dividing wall. The houses on the south
+side of this space are of no great antiquity or interest, and the site on
+which they stand did not become part of the monastery grounds before a
+comparatively late period. But if we skirt the east<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 38]</span> end of the cathedral
+we come to the space formerly known as the &ldquo;Homors,&rdquo; a word supposed to be
+a corruption of <em>Ormeaux</em>, a French word, meaning elms.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> Here stood the
+building in which guests of rank and distinction were entertained; and the
+great hall, with its kitchen and offices, is still preserved in a house in
+the north-east corner of the inclosure, now the residence of one of the
+prebendaries. The original building was one of great importance in a
+monastery like Canterbury, which was so often visited, as has already been
+shown, by royal pilgrims. It is said to have been rebuilt from top to
+bottom by Prior Chillenden, and the nature of the architecture, as far as
+it can be traced, is not in any way at variance with this statement. The
+hall, as it originally stood, was pierced with oriel windows rising to the
+roof, and at its western end a walled-off portion was divided into two
+storeys, the lower one containing the kitchens, while the upper one was
+either a distinct room separated from the hall, or it may have been a
+gallery opening upon it.</p>
+
+<p>To the west of this house we find the <a name="ruins" id="ruins"></a><strong>ruins of the Infirmary</strong>, which
+contained a long hall with aisles, and a chapel at the east end. The hall
+was used as the hospital, and the aisles were sometimes divided into
+separate compartments; the chapel was really part of the hall, with only a
+screen intervening, so that the sick brethren could take part in the
+services. This infirmary survived until the Reformation period, but not
+without undergoing alterations. Before the fifteenth century the south
+aisle was devoted to the use of the sub-prior, and the chancel at the east
+end of the chapel was partially restored about the middle of the
+fourteenth century. A large east window was put in with three-light
+windows on each side. In the north wall there is a curious opening,
+through which, perhaps, sufferers from infectious diseases were allowed to
+assist at the services. On the southern side, the whole row of the pillars
+and arches of the chapel, and some traces of a clerestory, still remain.
+On the wall are some traces of paintings, which are too faded to be
+deciphered. Such of the pillars and arches of the hall as still survive
+are strongly coloured by the great fire of 1174, in which Prior Conrad&#8217;s
+choir was destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><a name="img12" id="img12"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 254px;">
+<a href="images/img12.jpg">
+<img src="images/img12-th.jpg" width="254" height="400" alt="Ruins Monks Infirmary" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">ruins of the monks&#8217; infirmary.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img13" id="img13"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 310px;">
+<a href="images/img13.png">
+<img src="images/img13_th.png" width="310" height="400" alt="Baptistery Tower" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">the baptistery tower.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Westward of the infirmary, and connected with St. Andrew&#8217;s tower, stands a
+strikingly beautiful building, which was once <a name="treasury" id="treasury"></a><strong>the Vestiarium, or Treasury</strong>:
+it consists of two storeys,<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 41]</span> of which the lower is open on the east and
+west, while the upper contained the treasury chamber, a finely
+proportioned room, decorated with an arcade of intersecting arches.</p>
+
+<p>An archway leads us from the infirmary into what is called the Dark Entry,
+whence a passage leads to the Prior&#8217;s Gate and onward into the Prior&#8217;s
+Court, more commonly known as the Green Court: this passage was the
+eastern boundary of the infirmary cloister. Over it Prior de Estria raised
+the <em>scaccarium</em>, or checker-building, the counting-house of the
+monastery.</p>
+
+<p>Turning back towards the infirmary entrance we come to <a name="lavatory" id="lavatory"></a><strong>the Lavatory Tower</strong>,
+which stands out from the west end of the substructure of the Prior&#8217;s
+Chapel. The chapel itself was pulled down at the close of the seventeenth
+century, and a brick-built library was erected on its site. The lavatory
+tower is now more commonly called the baptistery, but this name gives a
+false impression, and only came into use because the building now contains
+a font, given to the cathedral by Bishop Warner. The lower part of the
+tower is late Norman in style, and was built in the latter half of the
+twelfth century, when the monastery was supplied with a system of works by
+which water was drawn from some distant springs, which still supply the
+cathedral and precincts. The water was distributed from this tower to the
+various buildings. The original designs of the engineer are preserved at
+Trinity College, Cambridge. The upper part of the tower was rebuilt by
+Prior Chillenden.</p>
+
+<p>From the lavatory tower a covered passage leads into the great cloister,
+which can also be approached from a door in the north-west transept. The
+cloister, though it stands upon the space covered by that built by
+Lanfranc, is largely the work of the indefatigable Prior Chillenden. It
+shows traces of many architectural periods. The east walk contains a door,
+leading into the transept, embellished with a triple arcade of early
+English; under the central arch of the arcade is the doorway itself, a
+later addition in Perpendicular. There is also a Norman doorway which once
+communicated with the monks&#8217; dormitory: after the Reformation it was
+walled up, but in 1813 the plaster which concealed it was taken away, and
+since then it has been carefully restored. The rest of the work in this
+part of the cloister is chiefly Perpendicular. The north walk is adorned
+with an Early English arcade, against<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 43]</span> which the shafts which support
+Chillenden&#8217;s vaulting work are placed with rather unsatisfactory effect.
+Towards the western end of this walk is the door of the refectory.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img14" id="img14"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 236px;">
+<a href="images/img14.png">
+<img src="images/img14_th.png" width="236" height="400" alt="Turret South West Transept" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">turret of south-west transept.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The cellarer&#8217;s quarters were outside the west walk, and they were
+connected with the cloister by a doorway at the north-west corner:
+opposite this entrance was a door leading to the archbishop&#8217;s palace, and
+through this Becket made his way towards the cathedral when his murderers
+were in pursuit of him.</p>
+
+<p>The great dormitory of the monks was built along the east walk of the
+cloister, extending some way beyond it. It was pulled down in 1547, but
+the substructure was left standing, and some private houses were erected
+upon it. These were removed in the middle of the last century, and a good
+deal of the substructure remained until 1867, when the vaulting which
+survived was pulled down to make way for the new library, which was
+erected on the dormitory site. Some of the pillars on which the vault of
+the substructure rested are preserved in a garden in the precincts; and a
+fragment of the upper part of the dormitory building, which escaped the
+demolition in 1547, may be seen in the gable of the new library. The
+substructure was a fine building, 148 feet by 78 feet; the vaulting was,
+as described by Professor Willis, &ldquo;of the earliest kind; constructed of
+light tufa, having no transverse ribs, and retaining the impressions of
+the rough, boarded centring upon which they had been formed.&rdquo; A second
+minor dormitory ran eastward from the larger one, while outside this was
+the third dormitory, fronting the Green Court. Some portion of the vaults
+of this building is still preserved in the garden before the lavatory
+tower.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chapter" id="chapter"></a><strong>The Chapter House</strong> lies eastward of the wall of the cloister, on the site
+of the original Norman building, which was rather less extensive. The
+present structure is oblong in shape, measuring 90 feet by 35 feet. The
+roof consists of a &ldquo;barrel vault&rdquo; and was built by Prior Chillenden, along
+with the whole of the upper storey at the end of the fourteenth century.
+The windows, high and four-lighted, are also his work; those at the east
+and west ends exceed in size all those of the cathedral, having seven
+lights. The lower storey was built by Prior de Estria about a century
+before the work was completed by Chillenden. De Estria also erected the
+choir-screen in the<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 45]</span> cathedral, which will be described in its proper
+place. The walls of the chapter house are embellished with an arcade of
+trefoiled arches, surmounted by a cornice. At the east end stands a throne
+with a splendid canopy. This building was at one time, after the
+Reformation, used as a sermon house, but the inconvenience caused by
+moving the congregation from the choir, where service was held, across to
+the chapter house to hear the discourse, was so great that the practice
+was not long continued. It has been restored, and its opening by H.R.H.
+the Prince of Wales, May 29th, 1897, is announced just as this edition
+goes to press.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img15" id="img15"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 280px;">
+<a href="images/img15.png">
+<img src="images/img15_th.png" width="280" height="400" alt="The Cloisters" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">the cloisters.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="library" id="library"></a><strong>The Library</strong> covers a portion of the site of the monks&#8217; dormitory. Stored
+within it is a fine collection of books, some of which are exceedingly
+rare. The most valuable specimens&mdash;among which are some highly interesting
+bibles and prayer-books&mdash;are jealously guarded in a separate apartment
+called the study. The most interesting document in the collection of
+charters and other papers connected with the foundation is the charter of
+Edred, probably written by Dunstan <em>propriis digitorum articulis</em>; this
+room also contains an ancient picture of Queen Edgiva painted on wood,
+with an inscription below enlarging on the beauties of her character and
+her munificence towards the monastery.</p>
+
+<p>In the garden before the lavatory tower, to the west of the prior&#8217;s
+gateway, two columns are preserved which once were part of the ancient
+church at Reculver&mdash;formerly Regulbium, whither Ethelbert retired after
+making over his palace in Canterbury to Augustine. These columns were
+brought to Canterbury after the destruction, nearly a hundred years ago,
+of the church to which they belonged. After lying neglected for some time
+they were placed in their present position by Mr. Sheppard, who bestowed
+so much care on all the &ldquo;antiquities&rdquo; connected with the cathedral. These
+columns are believed by experts to be undoubted relics of Roman work: they
+are of circular form with Ionic capitals. A curious ropework decoration on
+the bases is said to be characteristically Roman, occurs on a monument
+outside the Porta Maggiore at Rome.</p>
+
+<p><a name="deanery" id="deanery"></a><strong>The Deanery</strong> is a very much revised version of what once was the &ldquo;New
+Lodging,&rdquo; a building set up for the entertainment of strangers by Prior
+Goldstone at the beginning of the sixteenth century. Nicholas Wotton, the
+first Dean, chose this<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 48]</span> mansion for his abode, but since his day the
+building has been very materially altered.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img16" id="img16"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 596px;">
+<a href="images/img16.jpg">
+<img src="images/img16-th.jpg" width="596" height="400" alt="Norman Staircase" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">norman staircase in the close (from a photograph by carl
+norman and co.).</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img17" id="img17"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 811px;">
+<a href="images/img17.png">
+<img src="images/img17_th.png" width="811" height="400" alt="Detail Norman Staircase" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">details of the norman staircase in the close.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The main gate of the <a name="green" id="green"></a><strong>Green Court</strong> is noticeable as a choice specimen of
+Norman work; on its northern side formerly stood the Aula Nova which was
+built in the twelfth century; the modern buildings which house the King&#8217;s
+School have supplanted the hall itself, but the splendid staircase, a
+perfect example of Norman style and quite unrivalled in England, is
+luckily preserved, and ranks among the chief glories of Canterbury.</p>
+
+<p>The site of the archbishop&#8217;s palace is commemorated by the name of the
+street&mdash;Palace Street&mdash;in which a ruined archway, all that remains of the
+building, may still be seen. This mansion, in which so many royal and
+imperial guests had been entertained with &ldquo;solemne dauncing&rdquo; and other
+good cheer, was pillaged and destroyed by the Puritans; since then the
+archbishops have had no official house in their cathedral city.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img18" id="img18"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 409px;">
+<a href="images/img18.png">
+<img src="images/img18_th.png" width="409" height="400" alt="Details of Ornament" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">details of ornament.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 50]</span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of<br />Contents</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><strong>INTERIOR.</strong></p>
+
+
+<p class="noindent">
+Dean Stanley tells us that in the days of our Saxon forefathers and for
+some time after, &ldquo;all disputes throughout the whole kingdom that could not
+be legally referred to the king&#8217;s court or to the hundreds of counties&rdquo;
+were heard and judged on in the south porch of Canterbury Cathedral. This
+was always the principal entrance, and was known in early days as the
+&ldquo;Suthdure&rdquo; by which name it is often mentioned in &ldquo;the law books of the
+ancient kings.&rdquo; Through this door we enter the nave of the cathedral; this
+part of the building was erected towards the end of the fourteenth
+century; Lanfranc&#8217;s nave seems to have fallen into an unsafe and ruinous
+state, so much so that in December, 1378, Sudbury, who was then
+archbishop, &ldquo;issued a mandate addressed to all ecclesiastical persons in
+his diocese enjoining them to solicit subscriptions for rebuilding the
+nave of the church, &lsquo;<em>propter ipsius notoriam et evidentem ruinam</em>&rsquo; and
+granting forty days&#8217; indulgence to all contributors.&rdquo; Archbishop Courtenay
+gave a thousand marks and more for the building fund, and Archbishop
+Arundell gave a similar contribution, as well as the five bells which were
+known as the &ldquo;Arundell ryng.&rdquo; We are told also that &ldquo;King Henry the 4th
+helped to build up a good part of the Body of the Chirch.&rdquo; The immediate
+direction of the work was in the hands of Prior Chillenden, already
+frequently mentioned; his epitaph, quoted by Professor Willis, states that
+&ldquo;Here lieth Thomas Chyllindene formerly Prior of this Church, <em>Decretorum
+Doctor egregius</em>, who caused the nave of this Church and divers other
+buildings to be made anew. Who after nobly ruling as prior of this Church
+for twenty years twenty five weeks and five days, at length on the day of
+the assumption of the Blessed<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 51]</span> Virgin Mary closed his last day. In the
+year of the Lord 1411.&rdquo; It is not certain that Chillenden actually
+designed the buildings which were erected under his care, with which his
+name is connected. For we know that work which was conceived and executed
+by humble monks was ascribed as a matter of course to the head of the
+monastery, under whose auspices and sanction it was carried out. Matthew
+Paris records that a new oaken roof, well covered with lead, was built for
+the aisles and tower of St. Alban&#8217;s by Michael of Thydenhanger, monk and
+<em>camerarius</em>; but he adds that &ldquo;these works must be ascribed to the abbot,
+out of respect for his office, for he who sanctions the performance of a
+thing by his authority, is really the person who does the thing.&rdquo; Prior
+Chillenden became prior in 1390, and seems at any rate to have devoted a
+considerable amount of zeal to the work of renovating the ruined portions
+of the church.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img19" id="img19"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 237px;">
+<a href="images/img19.jpg">
+<img src="images/img19-th.jpg" width="237" height="400" alt="Murder of St Thomas" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p style="text-align: center; margin-left: 25%; margin-right: 25%;"><span class="caption">the murder of st. thomas &agrave; becket. (restoration, by t.
+carter, of a painting on board hung on a column near the tomb of henry
+iv.).</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img20" id="img20"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 272px;">
+<a href="images/img20.jpg">
+<img src="images/img20-th.jpg" width="272" height="400" alt="Shrine of St Thomas" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p style="text-align: center; margin-left: 25%; margin-right: 25%;"><span class="caption">the shrine of st. thomas &agrave; becket. (specially reproduced
+from a drawing among the cottonian mss. brit. mus.)</span></p>
+
+
+<p>The new <a name="nave" id="nave"></a><strong>Nave</strong> replaced the original building of Lanfranc. Professor Willis
+says: &ldquo;The whole of Lanfranc&#8217;s piers, and all that rested on them, appear
+to have been utterly demolished, nothing remaining but the plinth of the
+side-aisle walls.... The style [of Chillenden&#8217;s new work] is a light
+Perpendicular, and the arrangement of the parts has a considerable
+resemblance to that of the nave of Winchester, although the latter is of a
+much bolder character. Winchester nave was going on at the same time with
+Canterbury nave, and a similar uncertainty exists about the exact
+commencement. In both, a Norman nave was to be transformed; but at
+Winchester the original piers were either clothed with new ashlaring, or
+the old ashlaring was wrought into new forms and mouldings where possible;
+while in Canterbury the piers were altogether rebuilt. Hence the piers of
+Winchester are much more massive. The side-aisles of Canterbury are higher
+in proportion, the tracery of the side windows different, but those of the
+clerestory are almost identical in pattern, although they differ in the
+management of the mouldings. Both have &lsquo;lierne&rsquo; vaults [<em>i.e.</em>, vaults in
+which short transverse ribs or &lsquo;liernes&rsquo; are mixed with the ribs that
+branch from the vaulting capitals], and in both the triforium is obtained
+by prolonging the clerestory windows downward, and making panels of the
+lower lights, which panels have a plain opening cut through them, by which
+the triforium space communicates with the passage over the roof of the
+side-<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 53]</span>aisles.&rdquo; Chillenden, then, setting to work with the thoroughness
+that marks his handiwork throughout, rebuilt the nave from top to bottom,
+leaving nothing of Lanfranc&#8217;s original structure save the &ldquo;plinth of the
+side-aisle walls,&rdquo; which still remains. The resemblance between the naves
+of Canterbury and Winchester, pointed out by Professor Willis, will at
+once strike a close observer, though the greater boldness of character
+shown in the Winchester architecture is by no means the only point of
+difference. The most obvious feature in the Canterbury nave&mdash;a point which
+renders its arrangement unique among the cathedrals both of England and
+the Continent&mdash;is the curious manner in which the choir is raised aloft
+above the level of the floor; this is owing to the fact that it stands
+immediately above the crypt; the flight of steps which is therefore
+necessarily placed between the choir and the nave adds considerably to the
+general effect of our first view of the interior. On the other hand, the
+raising of the choir is probably to some extent responsible for the great
+height of the nave in comparison with its length, a point which spoils its
+effectiveness when we view it from end to end. Stanley, in describing the
+entrance of the pilgrims into the cathedral, points out how different a
+scene must have met their eyes. &ldquo;The external aspect of the cathedral
+itself,&rdquo; he says, &ldquo;with the exception of the numerous statues which then
+filled its now vacant niches, must have been much what it is now. Not so
+its interior. Bright colours on the roof, on the windows, on the
+monuments; hangings suspended from the rods which may still be seen
+running from pillar to pillar; chapels, and altars, and chantries
+intercepting the view, where now all is clear, must have rendered it so
+different, that at first we should hardly recognize it to be the same
+building.&rdquo; The pilgrims on entering were met by a monk, who sprinkled
+their heads with holy water from a &ldquo;sprengel,&rdquo; and, owing to the crowd of
+devout visitors, they generally had to wait some time before they could
+proceed towards a view of the shrine. Chaucer relates that the &ldquo;pardoner,
+and the miller, and other lewd sots,&rdquo; whiled away the time with staring at
+the painted windows which then adorned the nave, and wondering what they
+were supposed to represent:</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 55]</span></p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;He beareth a ball-staff,&rsquo; quoth the one, &lsquo;and also a rake&#8217;s end;&rsquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&lsquo;Thou failest,&rsquo; quoth the miller, &lsquo;thou hast not well thy mind;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It is a spear, if thou canst see, with a prick set before,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To push adown his enemy, and through the shoulder bore.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img21" id="img21"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 605px;">
+<a href="images/img21.png">
+<img src="images/img21_th.png" width="605" height="400" alt="Capitals of Columns" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">capitals of columns in the eastern apse.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>None of these windows now remain entire, though the west window has been
+put together out of fragments of the ancient glass. The latter-day
+pilgrims will do well to look as little as possible at the hideous glass
+which the Philistinism of modern piety has inserted, during the last
+half-century, in the windows of the clerestory and the nave. Its obtrusive
+unpleasantness make one wish that &ldquo;Blue Dick&rdquo; and his Puritan troopers
+might once more be let loose, under judicious direction, for half an hour
+on the cathedral. When Erasmus visited Canterbury, the nave contained
+nothing but some books chained to the pillars, among them the &ldquo;Gospel of
+Nicodemus&rdquo;&mdash;printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1509&mdash;and the &ldquo;tomb of some
+person unknown.&rdquo; The last words must refer either to the chapel in the
+south wall, which was built by Lady Joan Brenchley in 1447, and removed in
+1787, or to the monument of Archbishop William Wittlesey, who died in
+1374, and was interred in the south side of the nave in a marble tomb with
+a brass, now destroyed. At present the south aisle contains a monument, in
+alabaster, to Dr. Broughton, sometime Bishop of Sydney, who was educated
+in the King&#8217;s School, under the shadow of the cathedral. The figure is
+recumbent, and the base of the monument, which is by Lough, is decorated
+with the arms of the six Australian sees. In the north aisle we find
+monuments to Orlando Gibbons, Charles I.&#8217;s organist; Adrian Saravia,
+prebendary of Canterbury, and the friend of Hooker, the author of the
+&ldquo;Ecclesiastical Polity;&rdquo; Sir John Boys, who founded a hospital for the
+poor outside the north gate of the town, and died in 1614; Dean Lyall, who
+died in 1857; and Archbishop Sumner, who died in 1862. These last two
+monuments are by Phillips and H. Weekes, R.A., respectively.</p>
+
+<p><a name="central" id="central"></a><strong>The Central Tower.</strong>&mdash;In the nave the whole of Lanfranc&#8217;s work was
+destroyed, but in the central tower, which we will next examine, the
+original supporting piers were left standing, though they were covered
+over by Prior Chillenden with work more in keeping with the style in which
+he had renewed the nave. &ldquo;Of the tower piers,&rdquo; says Willis, &ldquo;the western
+are probably mere casings of the original, and the eastern certainly
+appendages to the original.... Of course I have no evidence to show how
+much of Lanfranc&#8217;s piers was allowed to remain<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 56]</span> in the heart of the work.
+The interior faces of the tower walls appear to have been brought forward
+by a lining so as to increase their thickness and the strength of the
+piers, with a view to the erection of a lofty tower, which however was not
+carried above the roof until another century had nearly elapsed.&rdquo; It was
+Prior Goldstone the second who, about 1500, carried upward the central
+tower, which Chillenden seems to have left level with the roof of the
+cathedral. &ldquo;With the countenance and help of Cardinal John Morton and
+Prior William Sellyng he magnificently completed that lofty tower
+commonly called Angyll Stepyll in the middle of the church. The vaulting
+of the tower is his work&mdash;<em>testudine pulcherrim&acirc; concameratam
+consummavit</em>&mdash;and he also added the buttressing arches&mdash;with great care
+and industry he annexed to the columns which support the same tower two
+arches or vaults of stonework, curiously carved, and four smaller ones, to
+assist in sustaining the said tower.&rdquo; The addition of these buttressing
+arches, not altogether happy in its artistic effect, was probably rendered
+necessary by some signs of weakness shown by the piers of the tower, for
+the north-west pier, which was not so substantially reinforced as the
+others, now shows a considerable bend in an eastward direction. The &ldquo;two
+arches or vaults of stonework&rdquo; were inserted under the western and
+southern tower arches. &ldquo;The eastern arch having stronger piers did not
+require this precaution, and the northern, which opened upon the
+&lsquo;Martyrium,&rsquo; seems to have been left free, out of reverence to the altar
+of the martyrdom, and accordingly to have suffered the dislocation just
+mentioned.&rdquo; The four smaller arches connected the two western tower-piers
+with the nearest nave-pier and the wall of the transept. The buttressing
+arches are strongly built, and are adorned with curious bands of
+reticulated work. The central western arch occupies the place of the
+rood-loft, and it is probable that until the Reformation the great rood
+was placed over it. The rebus of Prior Thomas Goldstone&mdash;a shield with
+three gold stones&mdash;is carved upon these arches.</p>
+
+<p><a name="screen" id="screen"></a><strong>The Western Screen</strong>, which separates the nave from the choir, is now more
+commonly known as the organ-screen: it is a highly elaborate and beautiful
+piece of work, and the carvings which decorate it are well worthy of
+examination. In the lower niches there are six crowned figures: one
+holding a<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 57]</span> church is believed to be Ethelbert, while it has been assumed
+that the figure on the extreme right represents Richard II.: probably
+Henry IV., who, as has been already mentioned, &ldquo;helped to build a good
+part of the body of the Church&rdquo; has a place of honour here, but no
+certainty on this matter is possible. The thirteen mitred niches which
+encircle the arch once contained figures of Christ and the twelve
+Apostles, but these were destroyed by the Puritans. The exact date of this
+outward screen is uncertain, but it was set up at some time during the
+fifteenth century. &ldquo;A little examination,&rdquo; says Willis, &ldquo;of its central
+archway will detect the junction of this new work with the stone enclosure
+of the choir.&rdquo; In fact, this archway is considerably higher than that of
+De Estria which still remains behind it. The apex of this arch reaches but
+a little above the capitals of the new arch, and the flat space, or
+tympanum, thus left between the two, is filled with Perpendicular tracery.</p>
+
+<p><a name="choir1" id="choir1"></a><strong>The Choir.</strong>&mdash;&ldquo;In the year of grace one thousand one hundred and
+seventy-four, by the just but occult judgment of God, the Church of Christ
+at Canterbury was consumed by fire, in the forty-fourth year from its
+dedication, that glorious choir, to wit, which had been so magnificently
+completed by the care and industry of Prior Conrad&rdquo; (&ldquo;Gervase,&rdquo; translated
+by Willis). The work of rebuilding was immediately begun by William, the
+architect of Sens. At the beginning of the fifth year of his work, he was,
+by a fall from the height of the capitals of the upper vault, &ldquo;rendered
+helpless alike to himself and for the work, but no other person than
+himself was in the least injured. Against the master only was the
+vengeance of God or spite of the devil directed.&rdquo; He was succeeded in his
+charge by one &ldquo;William by name, English by nation, small in body, but in
+workmanship of many kinds acute and honest.&rdquo; Now in the sixth year from
+the fire, we read that the monks were &ldquo;seized with a violent longing to
+prepare the choir, so that they might enter it at the coming Easter. And
+the master, perceiving their desires, set himself manfully to work, to
+satisfy the wishes of the convent. He constructed, with all diligence, the
+wall which encloses the choir and presbytery. He carefully prepared a
+resting-place for St. Dunstan and St. Elfege. The choir thus hardly
+completed even with the greatest labour and diligence, the monks were
+resolved to enter on Easter Eve with<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 58]</span> the &lsquo;new fire,&rsquo;&rdquo; that is, the
+paschal candle which was lit on Easter Eve and burnt until Ascension Day.
+The kindling of this light was carried out in a very ceremonious manner as
+enjoined in Lanfranc&#8217;s statutes. A fire was made in the cloister and duly
+consecrated, and the monks, having lit a taper at this fire carried it on
+the end of a staff in solemn procession, singing psalms and hymns and
+burning incense, and lit the paschal candle in the choir with it.</p>
+
+<p>Thus was the new choir completed, in the sixth year after the burning of
+Conrad&#8217;s. This part of the cathedral will be peculiarly interesting to the
+architectural student, owing to the curious mixture of styles, which
+enables him to compare the Norman and Early English characteristics side
+by side. A striking feature in the aspect of the building, as seen from
+the choir, is the remarkable inward bend with which the walls turn towards
+one another at the end of the cathedral. The choir itself is peculiar in
+the matter of length (180 feet&mdash;the longest in any English church), and
+the lowness of the vaulting. The pillars, with their pier-arches and the
+clerestory wall above are said by Willis to be without doubt the work of
+William of Sens: but the whole question as to where the French William
+left off and his English namesake began is extremely uncertain, as there
+can be no doubt that William of Sens had fully planned out the work which
+he was destined never to complete, and it is more than probable that his
+successor worked largely upon his plans. We are on safer ground when we
+assert that the new choir was altogether different from the building which
+it replaced. The style was much more ornate and considerably lighter: the
+characteristics of the work of the Williams are rich mouldings, varied and
+elaborately carved capitals on the pillars, and the introduction of
+gracefully slender shafts of Purbeck marble. Gervase, in pointing out the
+differences between the works before and after the fire, mentions that
+&ldquo;the old capitals were plain, the new ones most artistically sculptured.
+The old arches and everything else either plain or sculptured with an axe
+and not with a chisel, but in the new work first rate sculpture abounded
+everywhere. In the old work no marble shafts, in the new innumerable ones.
+Plain vaults instead of ribbed behind the choir.&rdquo; &ldquo;Sculptured with an
+axe,&rdquo; reads rather curiously, but Professor Willis points out that &ldquo;the
+axe is not quite so rude a weapon in the hands of a mason as it might<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 61]</span>
+appear at first sight. The French masons use it to the present day with
+great dexterity in carving.&rdquo; The mouldings used by Ernulf were extremely
+simple, and were decorated with a &ldquo;peculiar and shallow class of notched
+ornament,&rdquo; of which many examples exist in other buildings of the period;
+while the mouldings of William of Sens &ldquo;exhibit much variety, but are most
+remarkable for the profusion of billet-work, zigzag and dogtooth, that are
+lavished upon them.&rdquo; The first two methods of ornamentation are Norman,
+the last an Early English characteristic. This mixture is not confined to
+the details of decoration but may be observed also in the indiscriminate
+employment of round and pointed arches. This feature, as Willis remarks,
+&ldquo;may have arisen either from the indifference of the artist as to the
+mixture of forms or else from deliberate contrivance, for as he was
+compelled, from the nature of his work, to retain round-headed arcades,
+windows, and arches, in the side-aisles, and yet was accustomed to and
+desirous of employing pointed arches in his new building, he might
+discreetly mix some round-headed arches with them, in order to make the
+contrast less offensive by causing the mixture of forms to pervade the
+whole composition, as if an intentional principle.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img22" id="img22"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 596px;">
+<a href="images/img22.jpg">
+<img src="images/img22-th.jpg" width="596" height="400" alt="Choir Looking East" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">the choir, looking east (from a photograph by carl norman
+and co.).</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Whatever the motive, this daring mixture renders the study of the
+architectural features of our cathedral peculiarly interesting. In the
+triforium we find a semicircular outer arch circumscribing two inner
+pointed ones. The clerestory arch is pointed, while some of the transverse
+ribs of the great vault are pointed and some round.</p>
+
+<p>The inward bend of the walls at the end of the choir was necessitated by
+the fact that the towers of St. Anselm and St. Andrew had survived the
+great fire of 1174. Naturally the pious builders did not wish to pull down
+these relics of the former church, so that a certain amount of contraction
+had to be effected in order that these towers should form part of the new
+plan. This arrangement also fitted in with the determination to build a
+chapel of the martyred St. Thomas at the end of the church, on the site of
+the former Trinity Chapel. For the Trinity Chapel had been much narrower
+than the new choir, but this contraction enabled the rebuilders to
+preserve its dimensions.</p>
+
+<p><a name="altar" id="altar"></a><strong>The Altar</strong>, when the choir was at first completed by William, stood
+entirely alone, and without a reredos; behind it the <span class='pagenum'>[Pg 62]</span>archbishop&#8217;s chair
+was originally placed, but this was afterwards transferred to the corona.
+The remarkable height at which the altar was set up is due to the fact
+that it is placed over the new crypt, which is a good deal higher than the
+older, or western crypt. Before the Reformation the high altar was richly
+embellished with all kinds of precious and sacred ornaments and vessels:
+while beneath it, in a vault, were stored a priceless collection of gold
+and silver vessels: such of these as escaped the rapacity of Henry VIII.
+were destroyed by the bigotry of the Puritan zealots: the latter made
+havoc of the reredos which had been erected behind the high altar,
+probably during the fourteenth century, and also a &ldquo;most idolatrous costly
+glory cloth,&rdquo; the gift of Archbishop Laud. The reredos was replaced by a
+Corinthian screen, which was of elaborate design, but must have been
+strangely out of keeping with its surroundings; it was removed about 1870,
+to make way for the present reredos which was designed in the style of the
+screen work in the Lady Chapel in the crypt, but which cannot be commended
+as an object of beauty. The altar coverings which are now in use were
+presented to the cathedral by Queen Mary, the wife of William III., when
+she visited Canterbury. A chalice, given by the Earl of Arundel in 1636,
+is among the communion-plate. In his account of the building of the new
+choir, Gervase tells us that &ldquo;the Master carefully prepared a
+resting-place for St. Dunstan and St. Elfege&mdash;the co-exiles of the monks.&rdquo;
+When the choir was ready, &ldquo;Prior Alan, taking with him nine of the
+brethren of the Church in whom he could trust, went by night to the tombs
+of the saints, so that he might not be incommoded by a crowd, and having
+locked the doors of the church, he commanded the stone-work that inclosed
+them to be taken down. The monks and the servants of the Church, in
+obedience to the Prior&#8217;s commands, took the structure to pieces, opened
+the stone coffins of the saints, and bore their relics to the
+<em>vestiarium</em>. Then, having removed the cloths in which they had been
+wrapped, and which were half-consumed from age and rottenness, they
+covered them with other and more handsome palls, and bound them with linen
+bands. They bore the saints, thus prepared, to their altars, and deposited
+them in wooden chests, covered within and without with lead: which chests,
+thus lead-covered, and strongly bound with iron, were inclosed in
+stone-work that was consolidated with melted<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 63]</span> lead.&rdquo; This translation
+was thus carried out by Prior Alan on the night before the formal re-entry
+into the choir: the rest of the monks, who had not assisted at the
+ceremony, were highly incensed by the prior&#8217;s action, for they had
+intended that the translation of the fathers should have been performed
+with great and devout solemnity. They even went so far as to cite the
+prior and the trusty monks who had assisted him before the Archbishop, and
+it was only by the intervention of the latter, and other men of authority,
+and &ldquo;after due apology and repentance,&rdquo; that harmony was restored in the
+convent.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img23" id="img23"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 299px;">
+<a href="images/img23.jpg">
+<img src="images/img23-th.jpg" width="299" height="400" alt="Choir before Restoration" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">the choir before restoration.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The bones of St. Dunstan were long a cause of contention between the
+churches of Canterbury and Glastonbury. The monks of Glastonbury
+considered that they had a prior claim on the relics of the sainted
+archbishop, and stoutly contended that his body had been conveyed to their
+own sanctuary after the sack of Canterbury by the Danes; and they used to
+exhibit a coffin as containing Dunstan&#8217;s remains. But early in the
+fourteenth century they went so far as to set up a gorgeous shrine in
+which they placed, with much pomp and circumstance, the supposed relics.
+Archbishop Warham, who then ruled at Canterbury, accordingly replied by
+causing the shrine in our cathedral to be opened, and was able to declare
+triumphantly that he had found therein the remains of a human body, in the
+costume of an archbishop, with a plate of lead on his breast, inscribed
+with the words &ldquo;<span class="smcap">Sanctus Dunstanus</span>.&rdquo; In the course of the subsequent
+correspondence which passed between the two monasteries, the Abbot of
+Glastonbury, after trying to argue that perhaps part only of the saint&#8217;s
+relics had been conveyed to his church, at last frankly confesses &ldquo;the
+people had believed in the genuineness of their saint for so long, that he
+is afraid to tell them the truth.&rdquo; This shrine of St. Dunstan stood on the
+south of the high altar, and was erected after the manner of a tomb:
+though the shrine itself perished at the time of the Reformation, there
+still remains, on the south wall of the choir, between the monuments of
+Archbishops Stratford and Sudbury, some very fine open diaper-work, in
+what is known as the Decorated style, which once formed part of the
+ornamentation of St. Dunstan&#8217;s altar. The shrine of St. Elfege, or
+Alphege, who was archbishop at the time of the sacking of Canterbury by
+the Danes, and was murdered by them, has been altogether destroyed.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 64]</span>
+<a name="choir2" id="choir2"></a><strong>The Choir Screen</strong>, a solid structure of stone we know to be the work of
+Prior de Estria, <em>i.e.</em>, of Eastry in Kent, who was elected in 1285, and
+died in 1331. According to the Obituary record, he &ldquo;fairly decorated the
+choir of the church with most beautiful stone-work cunningly carved.&rdquo; In
+his Register there is an entry which evidently refers to the same work:
+&ldquo;Anno 1304-5. Reparation of the whole choir with three new doors and a new
+screen (<em>pulpito</em>).&rdquo; The three doors referred to are the north and south
+entrances and the western one. It has already been pointed out that the
+present western screen is a later addition. Professor Willis, whose great
+work on the Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral should be
+studied by all who wish to examine the details of the building more
+closely than is allowed by the scope of this work, describes De Estria&#8217;s
+screen as follows: &ldquo;The lateral portions of this wall of enclosure are in
+excellent order. In the western part of the choir, namely, between the
+eastern transepts and the organ-screen, this wall is built so that its
+inner face nearly ranges with the inner faces of the pillars; but eastward
+of the transepts it is built between the pillars. The north doorway
+remains perfect. The present south doorway, which is in a much later
+style, is manifestly a subsequent insertion. This enclosure consists of a
+solid wall, seven feet nine inches in height from the pavement of the
+side-aisles. It has a stone-bench towards the side-aisles, and above that
+a base, of the age of William of Sens; so that it is clear that the work
+of De Estria belongs to the upper part only of the enclosure, which
+consists of delicate and elaborately worked tracery, surmounted by an
+embattled crest.... The entire work is particularly valuable on account of
+its well-established date, combined with its great beauty and
+singularity.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>A portion of the choir-pavement, lying between the two transepts, is
+interesting as being undoubtedly part of the original flooring of Conrad&#8217;s
+choir, and probably the only fragment of it that was left undisturbed
+after the great fire which destroyed &ldquo;that glorious choir which had been
+so magnificently completed by the care and industry of Prior Conrad.&rdquo; This
+part of the pavement consists of large slabs of a peculiar &ldquo;stone, or
+veined marble of a delicate brown colour. When parts of this are taken up
+for repair or alteration, it is usual to find lead which has run between
+the joints of the slabs and spread on each side below, and which is with
+great reason <span class='pagenum'>[Pg 65]</span>supposed to be the effect of the fire of 1174, which melted
+the lead of the roof, and caused it to run down between the paving stones
+in this manner.&rdquo; It is said that when the choir was filled with pews in
+1706, and it was necessary to remove part of the pavement, the men engaged
+on the work picked up enough of this lead to make two large gluepots.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img24" id="img24"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 861px;">
+<a href="images/img24.png">
+<img src="images/img24_th.png" width="861" height="350" alt="Miserere in the Choir" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">a miserere in the choir.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The original wooden <a name="choir3" id="choir3"></a><strong>stalls of the choir</strong> were described by the writer of a
+book published in 1640. He relates that there were two rows on each side,
+an upper and a lower, and that above the stalls on the south side stood
+the archbishop&#8217;s wooden chair, &ldquo;sometime richly guilt, and otherwise
+richly set forth, but now nothing specious through age and late neglect.&rdquo;
+Perhaps the battered and shabby condition of this part of the cathedral
+furniture accounts for its having survived the Puritan period; it is at
+least certain that it remained untouched until 1704, when the refurnishing
+of the choir was begun by Archbishop Tenison; he himself presented a
+wainscoted throne with lofty Corinthian canopy adorned with carving by
+Gibbons, while the altar, the pulpit, and the stalls for the dean and
+vice-dean were provided with rich fittings by Queen Mary II. The tracery
+of the screen was hidden by a lining of wainscoting, which was put before
+it. This arrangement lasted little more than a century. In the time of
+Archbishop Howley, who held office from 1828 to 1848, the wainscoting
+which concealed the screen was taken away, and Archbishop Tenison&#8217;s throne
+has made way for a lofty canopy of tabernacle work. Some carved work,
+which has been ascribed to Gibbons, still remains before the eastern front
+of the screen, between the choir and the nave.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 66]</span>
+The position of the organ has been frequently shifted. In Conrad&#8217;s choir
+it was placed upon the vault of the south transept; afterwards it was set
+up upon a large corbel of stone, over the arch of St. Michael in the same
+transept. This corbel has now been removed; subsequently it was placed
+between two pillars on the north side of the choir, and, later on, it was
+again transferred to a position over the west door of the choir, the usual
+place for the organ in cathedral churches; finally it has been
+&ldquo;ingeniously deposited out of sight in the triforium of the south aisle of
+the choir; a low pedestal with its keys stands in the choir itself, so as
+to place the organist close to the singers, as he ought to be, and the
+communication between the keys and the organ is effected by trackers
+passing under the pavement of the side aisles, and conducted up to the
+triforium, through a trunk let into the south wall.&rdquo; This arrangement not
+only secures the retirement from view of the organ, which, with its
+tedious rows of straight and unsightly pipes, is generally more or less an
+eyesore in cathedrals, but is said to have caused a great improvement in
+the effect of its music. The present organ, which was built by Samuel
+Green, is believed to have been used at the Handel Festival in Westminster
+Abbey in 1784. It was enlarged by Hill in 1842, and entirely reconstructed
+in 1886. In this connection we may mention that Archbishop Theodore first
+introduced the ecclesiastical chant in Canterbury Cathedral.</p>
+
+<p>The tombs in the choir are all occupied by famous archbishops and
+cardinals. On the south side, hard by the site of the shrine of St.
+Dunstan, is the tomb of Simon of Sudbury, who was archbishop from 1375 to
+1381. He built the west gate of the city, and a great part of the town
+walls; in consideration of these benefits the mayor and aldermen used at
+one time to make an annual procession to his resting-place and offer
+prayers for his soul. Outside Canterbury his acts were not regarded with
+so much gratitude, for he was the inventor, or reviver, of the poll tax,
+and was in consequence beheaded on Tower Hill by Wat Tyler and his
+followers. Stanley relates that &ldquo;not many years ago, when this tomb was
+accidentally opened, the body was seen within, wrapped in cere-cloth, a
+leaden ball occupying the vacant place of the head.&rdquo; Sudbury is also
+famous as having spoken against the &ldquo;superstitious&rdquo; pilgrimages to St.
+Thomas&#8217; shrine, and his violent death was<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 67]</span> accordingly attributed to the
+avenging power of the incensed saint. Westward of his monument stands that
+of Archbishop Stratford (1333-1348), who was Grand Justiciary to Edward
+III. during his absence in Flanders, and won fame by his struggle with the
+king. Between this tomb and the archbishop&#8217;s throne lies Cardinal Kemp
+(1452-1454), who was present at Agincourt in the camp of Henry V.; his
+tomb is surmounted by a remarkable wooden canopy. Opposite, on the north
+side, is the very interesting monument of Archbishop Henry Chichele
+(1414-1443). Shakespeare tells us that he was the instigator of Henry V.&#8217;s
+war with France, and it is supposed that out of remorse for this act he
+built, during his lifetime, the curious tomb which now conceals his bones;
+it is kept in repair by All Souls&#8217; College, which was founded by the
+penitent archbishop that its fellows might pray for the souls of all who
+had perished during the war; the effigy, in full canonicals, with its head
+supported by angels, and with two monks holding open books, kneeling at
+its feet, lies on the upper slab; and underneath is a ghastly figure in a
+winding-sheet, supposed to represent the archbishop after death; the
+diminutive figures which originally filled the niches were destroyed by
+the Puritans, but have been to some extent replaced. The gaudy colours of
+the tomb enable one to form some idea of the appearance of the churches in
+the Middle Ages, when they were bedizened with painted images, hangings,
+and frescoes: to judge from this specimen the effect must have been
+distinctly tawdry. Further east we find the monument of Archbishop Howley;
+he was chiefly remarkable as having crowned Queen Victoria and married her
+to the Prince Consort, and his monument is noticeable as being the first
+erected to an archbishop, in the cathedral, since the Reformation; he
+himself lies at Addington. Beyond is a fine tomb well worthy of
+examination, crowned by an elaborate canopy which shows traces of rough
+usage at the hands of the restoring enthusiasts, who surrounded the choir
+with classical wainscoting after the Restoration. It is the monument of
+Archbishop Bourchier, a staunch supporter of the House of York; he was
+primate for thirty-two years, from 1454 to 1486, and crowned Edward IV.,
+Richard III., and Henry VII. The &ldquo;Bourchier knot&rdquo; is among the decorations
+which enrich the canopy of his tomb.</p>
+
+<p><a name="set" id="set"></a><strong>The South-East Transept.</strong>&mdash;According to the present<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 68]</span> custom of the
+Canterbury vergers, the visitor is led from the choir to the south-east
+transept. &ldquo;In the choir of Ernulf,&rdquo; says Willis, &ldquo;the transepts were cut
+off from the body by the continuity of the pier-arches and the wall above,
+and each transept was therefore a separate room with a flat ceiling....
+But in the new design of William the transepts were opened to the central
+portion, and the triforium and clerestory of the choir were turned at
+right angles to their courses, and thus formed the side walls of the
+transepts.... The entire interior of the eastern transept has been most
+skilfully converted from Ernulfian architecture to Willelmian (if I may be
+allowed the phrase for the nonce). It was necessary that the triforium and
+clerestory of the new design should be carried along the walls of these
+transepts, which were before the fire probably ornamented by a
+continuation of those of Ernulf. But the respective level of these
+essential members were so different in the old and new works that the only
+parts of them that could be retained were the windows of the old
+clerestory, which falls just above the new triforium tablet, and
+accordingly these old windows may still be seen in the triforia of the
+transepts, surmounted by the new pointed clerestory windows. But the whole
+of the arcade work and mouldings in the interior of these transepts
+belongs to William of Sens, with the sole exception of the lower windows.
+Even the arches which open from the east wall of these transepts to the
+apses have been changed for pointed arches, the piers of which have a
+singularly elegant base.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>In the two apses of this transept altars to St. Gregory and St. John once
+stood, and here were shrines of four Saxon primates. There is a window in
+the south wall erected to the memory of Dean Alford; below it is the spot
+on which the tomb of Archbishop Winchelsea (1294-1313) was placed. He was
+famous for his contest with Edward I. concerning clerical subsidies, and
+for having secured from the king the confirmation of the charter. He was
+more practically endeared to the people by the generosity of his
+almsgiving&mdash;it is said that he distributed two thousand loaves among the
+poor every Sunday and Thursday when corn was dear, and three thousand when
+it was cheap. His tomb was heaped with offerings like the shrine of a
+saint, but the Pope refused to confirm the popular enthusiasm by
+canonizing the archbishop; the fact, however, that it had been so
+reverenced was enough to qualify it for destruction<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 69]</span> in the days of Henry
+VIII. This transept is used at present as a chapel for the King&#8217;s School,
+a direct continuation of the monastery school, at which Archbishops
+Winchelsea and Kemp were both educated. It contains the Corinthian throne
+which was set up in the choir early in the last century.</p>
+
+<p><a name="swc" id="swc"></a><strong>The South-West Choir Aisle.</strong>&mdash;At the corner of this aisle we may notice the
+arcade which shows the combination of the Norman rounded arch and double
+zigzag ornamentation with the pointed arch and dogtooth tracery of
+William. Here also are two tombs, which have given rise to a good deal of
+speculation. The more easterly one used to be regarded as the monument of
+Hubert Walter, who was chancellor to Richard C&oelig;ur de Lion and followed
+him and Archbishop Baldwin to Palestine, and, on the death of the latter,
+was made primate in the camp at Acre: it is thought more probable,
+however, in the light of recent research, that he is buried in the Trinity
+Chapel. The other tomb used to be the resting place of Archbishop
+Reynolds, the favourite of Edward II., but it also affords food for
+discussion, as there is no trace of the &ldquo;pall&rdquo;&mdash;a Y-shaped strip of lamb&#8217;s
+wool marked with crosses, a special mark of metropolitan dignity which was
+sent to each primate by the Pope&mdash;on the vestments of the effigy. Hence
+conjecture doubts whether these tombs are tenanted by archbishops at all,
+and inclines to the theory that they contain the bones of two of the
+Priors, perhaps of d&#8217;Estria. From this point we can notice the ingenious
+apparatus connected with the organ.</p>
+
+<p><a name="anselm" id="anselm"></a><strong>St. Anselm&#8217;s Tower and Chapel.</strong>&mdash;Proceeding eastward, towards the Trinity
+Chapel, we pause to examine the chapel or tower of St. Anselm, which
+corresponds to that of St. Andrew on the north side of the cathedral. Both
+these chapels probably at one time were much more lofty, as they are
+described as &ldquo;lofty towers&rdquo; by Gervase; it was in order to bring them into
+the church, when it was reconstructed after the fire, that the eastward
+contraction, which presents such a curious effect as seen from the choir,
+was found necessary. They are now, as Willis points out, &ldquo;only of the same
+height as the clerestory of the Norman Church, to which they formed
+appendages, and consequently they rose above the side-aisles of that
+church as much as the clerestory did. The external faces of the inward
+walls of these towers are now inclosed under the<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 70]</span> roof of William&#8217;s
+triforium, and it may be seen that they were once exposed to the weather.&rdquo;
+The arches in St. Anselm&#8217;s tower were originally set up by Ernulf, but
+there is reason to believe that they were rebuilt after the great
+conflagration. &ldquo;The arch of communication,&rdquo; says Willis, &ldquo;is a round arch,
+at first sight plainly of the Ernulfian period, having plaited-work
+capitals and mouldings with shallow hollows. A similar arch opens on the
+eastern side of the tower into its apse. But a close examination will shew
+that both these arches have undergone alteration.... I am inclined to
+believe that both these arches were reset and reduced in space after the
+fire, probably to increase their strength and that of their piers, on
+account of the loss of abutment, when the circular wall of the choir-apse
+was removed.&rdquo; The alterations that were made in these arches were probably
+not important, and did not extend beyond the re-modelling of the mouldings
+on the side of the arch towards the choir-aisle; for we may notice that
+above both the arches we can still trace the notched decoration which is
+peculiar to Ernulf&#8217;s work. This chapel was originally dedicated to St.
+Peter and St. Paul, and a very interesting relic of this saintly patronage
+has lately been discovered. Apparently, in order to strengthen the
+building, two of the three windows in the chapel were blocked up, and a
+buttress was built across a chord of the apse, in the early part of the
+thirteenth century. In the course of the restoration of the tower which
+was recently carried out, this buttress was taken away, and its removal
+laid bare a fresco painting, representing St. Paul and the viper at
+Melita. This piece of decoration, as need hardly be said, must have been
+put in before the construction of the buttress which has concealed and
+preserved it for nearly seven centuries; it is conjectured, with a good
+deal of reason, that a similar presentment of
+<ins class="translit" title="Transcriber&#8217;s Note: St. Peter?">St. Paul</ins>
+was painted at the
+same time on the opposite wall, but as it had no buttress to protect it,
+it has been altogether effaced. A copy of the fresco of St. Paul has been
+placed in the cathedral library. The altar of SS. Peter and Paul stood at
+the east end, and behind it was the tomb of the celebrated Archbishop
+Anselm, by whose name the chapel is now commonly called. A very
+interesting feature of this tower is a large and elaborate five-light
+window of the Decorated period. It replaced the original south window of
+the chapel, and was inserted by Prior d&#8217;Estria in 1336; it is remarkable
+as being<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 71]</span> one of the few instances of Decorated architecture in the
+cathedral, and also because of the detailed account that has been
+preserved of its erection and cost. The passage in the archives runs as
+follows:&mdash;&ldquo;Memorandum, that in the year 1336, there was made a new window
+in Christ Church, Canterbury, that is to say, in the chapel of the
+Apostles St. Peter and St. Paul, upon which there were expended the
+following sums:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr> <td align='left'></td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'><em>&pound;</em></td> <td align='center'><em>s.</em></td> <td align='center'><em>d.</em></td> </tr>
+
+<tr> <td align='left'>&ldquo;Imprimis, for the workmanship, or labour of the</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">masons</span></td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='right'>21</td> <td align='right'>17</td> <td align='right'>9</td> </tr>
+
+<tr> <td align='left'>Item, for the breaking down of the wall, where the</td> </tr>
+<tr> <td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">window now is</span></td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='right'>0</td> <td align='right'>16</td> <td align='right'>9</td> </tr>
+
+<tr> <td align='left'>&mdash;&mdash;&nbsp;for lime and gravel</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='right'>1</td> <td align='right'>0</td> <td align='right'>0</td> </tr>
+
+<tr> <td align='left'>&mdash;&mdash;&nbsp;for 20 cwt. of iron bought for said window</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='right'>4</td> <td align='right'>4</td> <td align='right'>0</td> </tr>
+
+<tr> <td align='left'>&mdash;&mdash;&nbsp;for the labour of the smiths</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='right'>3</td> <td align='right'>5</td> <td align='right'>4</td> </tr>
+
+<tr> <td align='left'>&mdash;&mdash;&nbsp;for Caen stone bought for same</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='right'>5</td> <td align='right'>0</td> <td align='right'>0</td> </tr>
+
+<tr> <td align='left'>&mdash;&mdash;&nbsp;for glass and the labour of the glaziers</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='right'>6</td> <td align='right'>13</td> <td align='right'>4</td> </tr>
+
+<tr> <td align='left'></td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>&mdash;</td> <td align='center'>&mdash;</td> <td align='center'>&mdash;</td> </tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>Total</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='right'>42</td> <td align='right'>17</td> <td align='right'>2.&rdquo;</td> </tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>On the heads of the lights of this window were pendent bosses, like those
+of the door in the choir-screen, which, as has been said, was also the
+work of Prior de Estria. These bosses and the stones from which they were
+suspended, have altogether disappeared, otherwise the internal tracery of
+the window is in good preservation. &ldquo;The outside, however, is in a very
+bad condition for the purpose of the antiquarian; for, apparently on
+account of the decayed state of its surface, the tracery has undergone the
+process of splitting, namely, the whole of the outer part has been faced
+down to the glass, and fresh worked in Portland stone; Portland stone
+mullions, or <em>monials</em> as they are more properly called, have also been
+supplied. And as this repair was executed at a period when this class of
+architecture was ill understood, the mouldings were very badly wrought,
+which, with the unfortunate colour and surface of the Portland stone, has
+given the window a most ungenuine air. However, the interior is as good as
+ever it was, and it is on account of its date, as well as for its beauty,
+a most valuable example&rdquo; (Willis).</p>
+
+<p>The insertion of the window in question probably had the effect of
+weakening the walls of the chapel; at any rate they<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 72]</span> show signs of a
+tendency to settle. Beneath it is the tomb of Archbishop Bradwardine, a
+great scholar and divine, whose primacy only lasted three months. Opposite
+to him lies Simon de Mepeham&mdash;archbishop from 1328 to 1333&mdash;whose tomb
+forms the screen of the chapel. It is a black marble monument well worthy
+of examination, with a double arcade and a richly decorated canopy; the
+ornamentation has been greatly damaged, but the shattered remains show
+traces of beautiful work. Mepeham&#8217;s short primacy was brought to an
+untimely end by the contumacy of Grandisson, Bishop of Exeter, who refused
+to allow him to enter Exeter Cathedral, actually guarding the west door
+with an armed force. The pope sided with the recalcitrant bishop, and
+Mepeham died, according to Fuller, of a broken heart in consequence of
+this humiliation.</p>
+
+<p><a name="wc" id="wc"></a><strong>The Watching Chamber.</strong>&mdash;Above the Chapel of St. Anselm is a small room,
+which is reached by a staircase from the north-west corner. A window in it
+commands a view into the cathedral, and from this circumstance it has been
+inferred that a watcher was stationed here at night to protect the
+priceless treasures of St. Thomas&#8217;s shrine from pillage by marauders. Some
+doubt has been thrown on this assumption, since the site of the shrine is
+not fully seen from the window, but the room is still generally known as
+the Watching Chamber. Probably the shrine was much more efficiently
+guarded than by the presence of a solitary monk in a chamber, from which
+even if he could see thieves he certainly could not arrest them; for we
+know that &ldquo;on the occasion of fires the shrine was additionally guarded by
+a troop of fierce ban-dogs&rdquo; (Stanley). It is also said that King John of
+France was imprisoned in this chamber during his stay at Canterbury, but
+this is most unlikely, seeing that he was treated by the Black Prince more
+as a sovereign than as a captive.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img25" id="img25"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 591px;">
+<a href="images/img25.png">
+<img src="images/img25_th.png" width="591" height="400" alt="Mosaics" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">some mosaics from the floor of trinity chapel.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="trinity1" id="trinity1"></a><strong>Trinity Chapel.</strong>&mdash;Passing further east, we ascend the flight of steps,
+deeply worn by innumerable pilgrims, and enter the precincts of the
+Trinity Chapel. All this part of the cathedral, from the choir-screen to
+the corona, was rebuilt from the ground, specially with a view to its
+receiving the shrine of St. Thomas. It is still, however, called by the
+name of the Trinity Chapel, which previously occupied this site, and was
+burnt down by the fire which destroyed Conrad&#8217;s choir. In this chapel
+Thomas &agrave; Becket celebrated his first mass after<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 73]</span> his installation as
+archbishop, and his remains were laid for some time in the crypt below it.
+This portion of the building was all carried out under the direction of
+English William. Gervase relates that when William of Sens, after his
+accident, &ldquo;perceiving that he derived no benefit from the physicians,
+returned to his home in France,&rdquo; his successor, English William &ldquo;laid the
+foundation for the enlargement of the church at the eastern part, because
+a chapel of St. Thomas was to be built there; for this was the place
+assigned to him; namely the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, where he
+celebrated his first mass&mdash;where he was wont to prostrate himself with
+tears and prayers, under whose crypt for so many years he was buried,
+where God for his merits had performed so many miracles, where poor and
+rich, kings and princes, had worshipped him, and whence the sound of his
+praises had gone out into all lands.&rdquo; As to the extent to which the second
+William was guided by the plans of his predecessor we have no means of
+judging accurately. Certainly the general outline of this part of the
+building must have been arranged by William of Sens, for the contraction
+of the choir, in order to preserve the width of the ancient Trinity Chapel
+had been carried out up to the clerestory before his retirement. Willis
+deals with the subject at some length:<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 74]</span> &ldquo;Whether,&rdquo; he says, &ldquo;we are to
+attribute to the French artist the lofty elevation of the pavement of the
+new chapel, by which also so handsome a crypt is obtained below, must
+remain doubtful. The bases of his columns, as well as those of the shafts
+against the wall are hidden and smothered by the platform at the top of
+these steps and by the side steps that lead to Becket&#8217;s chapel. This looks
+like an evidence of a change of plan, and induces me to believe that the
+lofty crypt below may be considered as the unfettered composition of the
+English architect.... The Trinity Chapel of the Englishman is under the
+influence of the French work of which it is a continuation, and
+accordingly the same mouldings are employed throughout, and the triforium
+and clerestory are continued at the same level; but the greater level of
+the pavement wholly alters the proportion of the piers to their arches,
+and gives a new and original, and at the same time a very elegant
+character to this part of the church compared with the work of the
+Frenchman, of which, at first sight, it seems to be a mere continuation.
+The triforium also of this Trinity Chapel differs from that of the choir,
+in that its four pointed arches instead of being, like them, included
+under two circular ones, are set in the form of an arcade of four arches,
+of two orders of mouldings each. The mouldings are the same as in the
+choir, but the effect of their arrangement is richer. Also in the
+clerestory two windows are placed over each pier-arch, instead of the
+single window of the choir. The mixture of the two forms of arches is
+still carried on, for although the semicircular arch is banished from the
+triforium, it is adopted for the pier-arches.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;However, in the side-aisles of the Trinity chapel, and in the corona, our
+English William appears to have freed himself almost as completely from
+the shackles of imitation, as was possible. In the side-aisles the
+mouldings of the ribs still remain the same, but their management in
+connection with the side walls, and the combination of their slender
+shafts with those of the twin lancet windows, here for the first time
+introduced into the building, is very happy. Slender shafts of marble are
+employed in profusion by William of Sens, and Gervase expressly includes
+them in his list of characteristic novelties. But here we find them either
+detached from the piers, or combined with them in such a manner as to
+give<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 75]</span> a much greater lightness and elegance of effect than in the work of
+the previous architect. This lightness of style is carried still farther
+in the corona, where the slender shafts are carried round the walls, and
+made principal supports to the pier-arches, over which is placed a light
+triforium and a clerestory; and it must be remarked that all the arches in
+this part of the building are of a single order of mouldings, instead of
+two orders as in the pier-arches and triforium of the choir.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So much for the architectural details of the Trinity Chapel. To the
+ordinary visitor its interest lies rather in the fact that it contained
+Becket&#8217;s shrine, and that we here see the curious old windows portraying
+the sainted Archbishop&#8217;s miracles, and what is, perhaps, most important of
+all to many, <a name="tomb" id="tomb"></a><strong>the tomb of Edward the Black Prince</strong>. This monument is the
+first feature that we notice as we enter by the south-west gate of the
+chapel; it stands between the two first pillars, and by the side of the
+site of the shrine. By the Prince&#8217;s will he had left directions that he
+should be buried in the crypt, where he had already founded a chantry, at
+the time of his marriage with the &ldquo;Fair Maid of Kent&rdquo; in 1363. But for
+some unknown reason, probably in order that the dead hero&#8217;s bones might be
+placed in the most sacred spot possible&mdash;he was laid to rest by the side
+of the martyr, then in the zenith of his sanctity. One of the most
+romantic figures in English history is that of Edward the Black Prince,
+who &ldquo;fought the French&rdquo; as no Briton, except perhaps Nelson, has fought
+them since; he was sixteen years old when he commanded the English army in
+person at the battle of Cressy, and was wounded in the thickest of that
+most sanguinary fray: ten years later, facing an army of 60,000 men with a
+mere 8,000 behind him, he inflicted a still more severe defeat on the
+French at Poitiers, and captured their king, whom he took with him to
+Canterbury on his triumphant return to London. In all our list of national
+heroes there is not one who upheld the prowess of the English arms more
+gallantly than this mighty warrior who was cut off while still in the
+flower of his years, leaving England to the miseries of sedition and civil
+war. His tomb is one of the most impressive of such monuments. The gilding
+and bright colours have almost entirely disappeared, but the striking
+effect of the effigy is probably only enhanced by the solemn sombreness of
+its <span class='pagenum'>[Pg 76]</span>present appearance. It is a figure clad in full armour, spurred and
+helmeted, as the Prince had ordained by his will. The head rests on the
+helmet and the hands are joined in the attitude of prayer. The face, which
+is undoubtedly a portrait, is stern and masterful. &ldquo;There you can see his
+fine face with the Plantagenet features, the flat cheeks, and the
+well-chiselled nose, to be traced, perhaps, in the effigy of his father in
+Westminster Abbey, and his grandfather in Gloucester Cathedral.&rdquo; The tomb
+itself is worthy to support the figure and guard the ashes of the Black
+Prince. Carved on its side clearly, that all might read it, is the
+inscription which he had himself chosen; it is in Norman French, which was
+still the language spoken by the English Court, and in the same spirit
+which moved the designer of Archbishop Chichele&#8217;s tomb to portray the
+living man and the mouldering skeleton, this epitaph contrasts the glories
+of the Prince&#8217;s life&mdash;his wealth, beauty, and power&mdash;with the decay and
+corruption of the grave. It is distinctly pagan in thought, and reminds
+one strongly of the laments of the dead Homeric heroes as they wail for
+the joys of life and strength and lordship. Stanley states that it is
+&ldquo;borrowed, with a few variations, from the anonymous French translation of
+the &lsquo;Clericalis Disciplina&rsquo; of Petrus Alphonsus composed between the years
+1106 and 1110.&rdquo; But it is strangely un-Christian in sentiment as a few
+lines will show&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Tiel come tu es, je autiel fu, tu seras tiel come je su,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">De la mort ne pensay je mie, tant come j&#8217;avoy la vie.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">En terre avoy grand richesse, dont je y fys grand noblesse,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Terre, mesons, et grand tresor, draps, chivalx, argent et or.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mesore su je povres et cheitifs, perfond en la terre gys,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ma grand beaute est tout alee, ma char est tout gastee<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Moult est estroite ma meson, en moy ne si verite non,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Et si ore me veissez, je ne quide pas que vous deeisez<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Que j&#8217;eusse onges hom este, si su je ore de tout changee.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+Below this inscription are ranged coats-of-arms, bearing the ostrich
+feathers and the motto <em>Ich Diene</em> (&ldquo;I serve&rdquo;), which, according to
+time-honoured but unauthenticated tradition, the prince won from the blind
+King of Bohemia, who was led into the thick of the fighting at Cressy, and
+died on the field. Welsh arch&aelig;ologists, however, maintain that these words
+are Celtic, and mean &ldquo;behold the man;&rdquo; their theory suggests that this was
+the phrase used by Edward I. when he presented<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 79]</span> his firstborn son to the
+Welsh people as their prince, and that the words thus became the motto of
+the princes of Wales. This is a rather far-fetched piece of reasoning, and
+one would certainly prefer to accept the more picturesque tradition which
+connects the phrase with the glories of Cressy. The other word found on
+these escutcheons&mdash;<em>Houmont</em>&mdash;is still more puzzling. We know that the
+Black Prince was wont to sign himself <em>Houmont, Ich Diene</em>. Stanley
+explains the combination gracefully, but not very convincingly. &ldquo;If, as
+seems most likely, they are German words, they exactly express what we
+have seen so often in his life, the union of &lsquo;Hoch muth,&rsquo; that is <em>high
+spirit</em>, with &lsquo;Ich Dien,&rsquo; <em>I serve</em>. They bring before us the very scene
+itself after the battle of Poitiers, where, after having vanquished the
+whole French nation, he stood behind the captive king, and served him like
+an attendant.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img26" id="img26"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 281px;">
+<a href="images/img26.jpg">
+<img src="images/img26-th.jpg" width="281" height="400" alt="Black Princes Tomb" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">the black prince&#8217;s tomb (from a photograph by carl norman
+and co.).</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The tomb is surmounted by a canopy on which is painted an interesting
+representation of the Trinity. The work is a good deal faded, but still
+worthy of notice; the absence of the figure of the dove is curious, but is
+not unparalleled in such designs. At the corners are symbols of the four
+evangelists. The Holy Trinity&mdash;on whose feast-day he died&mdash;was held in
+peculiar veneration by the Black Prince. The ordinance of the chantry
+founded by him in the crypt contains the phrase, <em>Ad honorem Sancte
+Trinitatis quam peculiari devocione semper colimus</em>. A curious metal
+badge, preserved in the British Museum, is stamped with the figure of the
+prince kneeling before the Almighty and our Saviour, whose representation
+is almost identical with the design on the canopy over the tomb; here also
+the figure of the dove is absent. Round the canopy and in the pillars we
+can still see the hooks which upheld the black tapestry, bordered with
+crimson and embroidered with <em>cygnes avec t&ecirc;tes de dames</em>, which was hung,
+as ordained by his will, round the prince&#8217;s tomb and Becket&#8217;s shrine.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img27" id="img27"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 383px;">
+<a href="images/img27.png">
+<img src="images/img27_th.png" width="383" height="350" alt="Shield Coat etc" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">shield, coat, etc., of the black prince.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Lastly, above the canopy, on a cross-beam between two pillars, are
+suspended the brazen gauntlets, the helmet, the wooden shield with its
+moulded leather covering, the velvet coat emblazoned with the arms of
+England and France, and the empty sheath. The gauntlets were once
+embellished with little figures of lions on the knuckles; these have been
+detached by &ldquo;collectors,&rdquo; vandals almost as ruthless as Blue Dick and his
+troopers, and without their excuse of mistaken religious<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 80]</span> zeal. The helmet
+still has its original lining of leather, showing that it was actually
+worn. The sword which fitted the now empty sheath is said to have been
+taken away by Oliver Cromwell; it appeared in Manchester at the beginning
+of this century under circumstances so curious, that we may be excused for
+quoting the following letter from Canon Wray, given in Stanley&#8217;s Appendix
+on the Black Prince&#8217;s will. &ldquo;The sword, or supposed sword, of the Black
+Prince, which Oliver Cromwell is said to have carried away, I have seen
+and many times have had in my hands. There lived in Manchester, when I
+first came here, a Mr. Thomas Barritt, a saddler by trade; he was a great
+antiquarian, and had collected together helmets, coats of mail, horns,
+etc., and many coins. But what he valued most of all was a sword: the
+blade about two feet long, and on the blade was let in, in letters of
+gold,<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 81]</span> &lsquo;<span class="smcap">Edwardus Wallie Princeps</span>&rsquo;.... He was in possession of this sword
+<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1794. He told me he purchased many of the ancient relics of a pedlar,
+who travelled through the country selling earthenware, and I think he said
+he got this sword from this pedlar. When Barritt died, in 1820, his
+curiosities were sold by his widow at a raffle, but I believe this sword
+was not amongst the articles so disposed of. It had probably been disposed
+of beforehand, but to whom I never knew; yet I think it not unlikely that
+it is still in the neighbourhood. The sword was a little curved,
+scimitar-like, rather thick, broad blade, and had every appearance of
+being the Black Prince&#8217;s sword.&rdquo; Truly a most remarkable story. This
+historic blade, which may have hewn down the French ranks at Poitiers, is
+disposed of by an itinerant crockery vender to an antiquarian saddler; on
+his death is, or is not, &ldquo;sold at a raffle&rdquo; and&mdash;vanishes!</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img28" id="img28"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 589px;">
+<a href="images/img28.jpg">
+<img src="images/img28-th.jpg" width="589" height="400" alt="West Gate" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">west gate.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>These arms that hang over the prince&#8217;s tomb are all that are left of two
+distinct suits, one for war, and one for use in the joust and the
+ceremonials of peace, which were, according to directions given in the
+will, carried in the funeral procession<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 82]</span> through the West Gate and along
+the High Street to the cathedral. The pieces which remain all belong to
+the suit worn in actual warfare.</p>
+
+<p>The centre of the chapel looks curiously blank, being left so by the
+thoroughness with which all trace of Becket&#8217;s shrine was removed by the
+reforming zeal and insatiable rapacity of Henry VIII. and his minions. The
+effect of the bare stone pavement presents an impressive contrast to the
+vanished glories of the shrine blazing with gold and jewels, as we read of
+it. (For a description of the shrine and its history, see Chapter I.) The
+exact place on which it stood is plainly shown by the marks worn in the
+stones by the knees of generations of pilgrims as they knelt before it,
+while the prior, with his white wand, pointed out the choicest of its
+treasures. To the west, between the altar-screen&mdash;the unhappy effect of
+which is painfully conspicuous from this point&mdash;and the site of the
+shrine, there is some very interesting mosaic pavement, containing the
+signs of the zodiac, and emblems of virtue and vice, an example of the
+<em>Opus Alexandrinum</em>, which appears in the floors of most of the Roman
+basilicas. A similar piece of mosaic work may be seen round the shrine of
+Edward the Confessor at Westminster. Above the eastern end of the shrine a
+gilded crescent was fixed in the roof, which still remains; the origin and
+meaning of this emblem have been disputed with considerable heat, and many
+ingenious conjectures have been framed to account for its presence here.
+One theory regards it as an allusion to the tradition according to which
+Becket&#8217;s mother was a Saracen. But this legend is believed to be
+comparatively modern, and, as Mr. George Austin points out, &ldquo;even if the
+legend of Becket&#8217;s mother had obtained credence at that early period, it
+may be observed that in the painted windows around no reference is made to
+the subject, though evidently capable of so much pictorial effect.&rdquo;
+Another solution would connect the crescent with the worship of the Virgin
+Mary, who is often pictured as standing on the moon (comp. Rev. xii. <span class="smcap">I</span>).
+Supporters of this theory lay stress on the fact that the Trinity Chapel
+at Canterbury occupies the extreme east end of the church, which is
+generally the site of the Lady Chapel, and that therefore the presence of
+this emblem&mdash;if it can be connected with the Virgin&mdash;would be peculiarly
+appropriate here. Mr. Austin <span class='pagenum'>[Pg 83]</span>propounded the explanation which is now most
+generally accepted. &ldquo;When the groined roof,&rdquo; he says, &ldquo;was relieved of the
+long-accumulated coats of whitewash and repaired, the crescent was taken
+down and regilt. It was found to be made of a foreign wood, somewhat like
+in grain to the eastern wood known by the name of iron-wood. It had been
+fastened to the groining by a large nail of very singular shape, with a
+large square head, apparently of foreign manufacture.&rdquo; He comes to the
+conclusion that the crescent is one of a number of trophies which he
+supposes to have once decorated this part of the cathedral, and he is led
+to his conclusion by the fact that &ldquo;more than one fresco painting of
+encounters with the Eastern infidels formerly ornamented the walls (the
+last traces of which were removed during the restoration of the cathedral
+under Dean Percy, afterwards Bishop of Carlisle), and in one of which the
+green crescent flag of the enemy seems borne away by the English archers.
+Might not these frescoes have depicted the fights in which these trophies
+were won?&rdquo; Also, in the hollows of the groining which radiate from the
+crescent, there were a number of slight iron staples, which Mr. Austin,
+having shown that they cannot have supported either hanging lamps or the
+covering of the shrine, believes to have upheld flags, horsetails, etc.,
+which formed the trophy of which the gilded crescent was the centre. We
+know that Becket received the title of St. Thomas Acrensis owing to his
+close connection with the knights of the Hospital of St. John at Acre. But
+none of these explanations seem very convincing, and the history and
+significance of the crescent in the roof seem likely to remain a mystery.</p>
+
+<p>Before we turn from Becket and his shrine to the other monuments in the
+Trinity Chapel, we must call the attention of our readers to the stained
+windows which depict the miracles of the sainted martyr. The chapel was at
+one time entirely surrounded with glass of this sort, but only a portion
+has survived the ravages of the Puritans. &ldquo;Of these windows,&rdquo; says Austin,
+&ldquo;unfortunately but three remain, but they are sufficient to attest their
+rare beauty; and for excellence of drawing, harmony of colouring, and
+purity of design, are justly considered unequalled. The skill with which
+the minute figures are represented cannot even at this day be surpassed;
+it is extraordinary to see how every feeling of joy or sorrow, pain and
+enjoyment,<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 84]</span> is expressed both in feature and position. But in nothing is
+the superiority of these windows shown more than the beautiful scrolls and
+borders which surmount the windows, and gracefully connect the groups of
+medallions.&rdquo; Most of these windows probably contained representations of
+Becket, and so were doomed to destruction by the decree of Henry VIII., in
+which &ldquo;his Grace straitly chargeth and commandeth, that henceforth the
+said Thomas Becket shall not be esteemed, named, reputed, nor called a
+saint, but Bishop Becket, and that his images and pictures throughout the
+whole realm shall be put down and avoided out of all churches and chapels,
+and other places; and that from henceforth the days used to be festivals
+in his name shall not be observed, nor the service, office, antiphonies,
+collects and prayers in his name read, but rased and put out of all
+books.&rdquo; This proclamation was rigorously carried out though the stained
+windows which come within its terms have, in some cases, escaped
+destruction. For instance there remains a window in the south transept of
+Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, representing the martyrdom of Becket, but
+it is interesting to note that even here the archbishop&#8217;s head was removed
+from the glass. Three of the windows of the Trinity Chapel have survived,
+and fragments of others are scattered over the glass of the building. They
+are entirely devoted to depicting the miracles of the martyr, which began
+immediately after his death and reception&mdash;according to a vision of
+Benedict&mdash;in a place between the apostles and the martyrs, above even St.
+Stephen.</p>
+
+<p>The window towards the east on the north side of the shrine is divided
+into geometrical figures, each figure composed of a group of fine
+medallions; every group tells the story of a miracle, or series of
+miracles, performed by the influence of the saint. The lower group
+portrays the story of a child who was drowned in the Medway, and
+afterwards restored to life by the efficacy of the saint&#8217;s blood mixed
+with water. The first medallion shows the boy falling into the stream,
+while his companions pelt the frogs in the reeds by the river side; the
+next shows the companions relating the story of the accident to the boy&#8217;s
+parents, and in the third we see the grief-stricken parents watching their
+son&#8217;s corpse being drawn out of the river. &ldquo;The landscape in these
+medallions is exceedingly well rendered; the trees are depicted with great
+grace&rdquo; (Austin).<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 85]</span> Unfortunately the medallions which complete this story
+have been destroyed. The next group depicts the quaint story of a
+succession of miracles which were wrought in the family of a knight called
+Jordan, son of Eisult. His ten year old boy died, and the knight, who had
+been an intimate friend of Becket in his lifetime, resolved to try to
+restore his son with water mixed with the saint&#8217;s blood. At the third
+draught, as Benedict tells the story, the dead boy &ldquo;opened one eye, and
+said, &lsquo;Why are you weeping, father? Why are you crying, lady? The blessed
+martyr, Thomas, has restored me to you!&rsquo; At evening he sat up, ate,
+talked, and was restored.&rdquo; But the father forgot the vow which he made in
+the first moment of joy at his son&#8217;s recovery, namely, that he would offer
+four silver pieces at the martyr&#8217;s shrine before Mid Lent. And once more
+all the household was stricken with sickness, and the eldest son died.
+Then the parents, though sore smitten themselves, dragged themselves to
+Canterbury and performed their vow. The whole of this story with other
+details for which we have no space may be accurately traced on this unique
+window. The most striking is the central medallion of the group in which
+the vengeance of the saint is shown forth. In the middle of a large room
+we see a bier on which lies the dead son; the father and mother, overcome
+with despair, stand at the head and feet of the body. Behind the bier are
+several figures, which, from their &ldquo;unusually violent attitudes expressive
+of grief,&rdquo; Mr. Austin considered to be professional mourners. Above,
+unseen by the group below, the figure of St. Thomas, clad in full
+episcopal robes, holding a sword in his right hand, and pointing to the
+corpse with his left, is seen appearing through the ceiling. &ldquo;The
+expression,&rdquo; says Austin, &ldquo;of the various figures in the above
+compartments, both in gesture and feature, is rendered with great skill.
+In the execution of this story, the points which, doubtless, the artists
+of the monastery were chiefly anxious to impress upon the minds of the
+devotees who thronged to the shrine are prominently brought out: the
+extreme danger of delaying the performance of a vow, under whatever
+circumstances made, the expiation sternly required by the saint, and the
+satisfaction with which the martyr viewed money offerings made at the
+shrine.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>One of the other groups is noteworthy as proving that severe penances were
+sometimes performed before the shrine. One<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 86]</span> medallion shows a woman
+prostrating herself before a priest at the altar, while two men stand
+near, holding formidable-looking rods. The next picture represents the two
+men vigorously flagellating the woman with the rods; while, in the third,
+one of the men is still beating the woman, who now lies fainting on the
+ground, while the other is addressing the priest, who sits hard by
+composedly reading his book. The other two windows contain representations
+of the healings effected by the saint, which seem to have been of a very
+varied character, to judge from the catalogue with which Benedict sums
+them up. &ldquo;What position,&rdquo; he asks, &ldquo;in the Church, what sex or age, what
+rank or order is there, which could not find something beneficial to
+itself [<em>aliquid sibi utile</em>] in this treasure-house of ours? Here the
+light of truth is furnished to schismatics, confidence to timid pastors,
+health to the sick, and pardon to the deserving penitent [<em>p&aelig;nitentibus
+venia ejus meritis</em>, the last two words probably implying an offering].
+The blind see, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the
+dead rise again, the dumb speak, the poor have the gospel preached to
+them, the paralytic recover, the dropsical lose their swellings
+[<em>detumescunt hydropici</em>], the mad are restored to sense, the epileptic
+are cured, the fever-stricken escape, and, to sum up, <em>omnimoda curatur
+infirmitas</em>.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The last of these windows to which we must call the special attention of
+our readers is one on the north side, representing a vision which Benedict
+tells us that he saw himself. The martyr is seen coming forth from his
+shrine in full pontifical robes, and making his way towards the altar as
+if to celebrate mass. This window is noticeable as containing the only
+representation that now exists of the shrine itself&mdash;for the picture in
+the Cottonian MSS. evidently shows us, not the shrine, but its outer
+shell, or covering. &ldquo;The medallion,&rdquo; says Austin, &ldquo;is the more
+interesting, from being an undoubted work of the thirteenth century; and
+having been designed for a position immediately opposite to and within a
+few yards of the shrine itself, and occupying the place of honour in the
+largest and most important window, without doubt represents the main
+features of the shrine faithfully.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>On the north side of the Trinity Chapel, immediately opposite the tomb of
+the Black Prince, is that of King Henry IV., who died in 1413, and his
+second consort, Joan of Navarre,<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 87]</span> who followed him in 1437. This king had
+made liberal offerings towards the rebuilding of the nave of the
+cathedral, and it has been conjectured that one of the figures on the
+organ-screen represents him: his will ordered that he should be laid to
+rest in the church at Canterbury, and here accordingly he was buried on
+the Trinity Sunday after his death. The tomb, with its rich canopy, is a
+beautiful piece of work, and the figures of the king and queen are
+probably faithful representations. A curious story was circulated by the
+Yorkists, to the effect that Henry was never buried here, but that his
+body was thrown into the water between Gravesend and Barking, during the
+voyage of the funeral <em>cort&egrave;ge</em> to Faversham, and that only an empty
+coffin was laid in the Trinity Chapel. That this point might be cleared
+up, the tomb was opened in 1832 in the presence of the Dean, and there the
+king was found in perfect preservation, and bearing a close resemblance to
+the effigy on the monument&mdash;&ldquo;the nose elevated, the beard thick and
+matted, and of a deep russet colour, and the jaws perfect, with all the
+teeth in them, except one foretooth.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>In the wall of the north aisle, just opposite the king&#8217;s tomb, is a small
+chapel, built according to the directions contained in his will &ldquo;that ther
+be a chauntre perpetuall with twey prestis for to sing and prey for my
+soul.&rdquo; The roof shows the first piece of fan-vaulting admitted into the
+cathedral. On the eastern wall an account is scratched of the cost of a
+reredos which once stood here, but has been entirely destroyed: it tells
+us that the cost of &ldquo;ye middil image was xix<sup>s</sup> 11<sup>d</sup>.&rdquo; This chapel was
+doubtless used at one time as a storehouse of sacred relics. Two recesses
+in the west wall have lately been chosen to receive certain archiepiscopal
+vestments which were discovered in a tomb on the south side of Trinity
+Chapel, which was long believed to be that of Archbishop Theobald.</p>
+
+<p>To the east of Henry IV.&#8217;s monument is the tomb of Dean Wotton, adorned
+with his kneeling figure. He was the first Dean of Canterbury after the
+reorganization by Henry VIII. Opposite to him is an unsightly brick
+erection which was once intended as a temporary covering for the remains
+of Odo Coligny, Cardinal of Chatillon and brother of Admiral Coligny, who
+was one of the victims of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. The Cardinal
+fled from France in 1568, on account of his leanings towards the tenets of
+the Huguenots,<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 88]</span> and was welcomed by Queen Elizabeth. It is believed that
+he died from the effects of a poisoned apple given to him by a servant. It
+seems curious that the French Huguenots who settled in Canterbury never
+provided him with a more fitting monument.</p>
+
+<p>Between this tomb and that of the Black Prince is the monument of
+Archbishop Courtenay, who was primate from 1381 to 1396, and was
+celebrated for his severity towards Wycliffe and his followers. He was a
+large contributor to the fund for the re-building of the nave, which
+perhaps accounts for the distinguished position of his tomb; the fact also
+that he was executor to the Black Prince may be responsible for his being
+buried at his feet. It is not, however, certain that his body actually
+lies here, though the ledger book of the cathedral states that he was
+buried within the walls of the church. It is known, however, that he died
+at Maidstone, and that he ordered in his will that his remains should rest
+there, and a slab in the pavement of All Saints&#8217;, Maidstone, shows traces
+of a brass representing the figure of an archbishop, whence it has been
+concluded that Courtenay was in fact buried there, and that his monument
+in Canterbury is only a cenotaph.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img29" id="img29"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 621px;">
+<a href="images/img29.jpg">
+<img src="images/img29-th.jpg" width="621" height="400" alt="Trinity Chapel" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">trinity chapel, looking into the corona, &ldquo;becket&#8217;s crown,&rdquo;
+with chair of st. augustine.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="crown" id="crown"></a><strong>Becket&#8217;s Crown.</strong>&mdash;The circular apse at the extreme east end of the church
+is known as Becket&#8217;s Crown. The name has caused a good deal of discussion.
+The theory once generally received was to the effect that the portion of
+Becket&#8217;s skull which was cut away by Richard le Breton was preserved here
+as a relic of special sanctity. We know that the Black Prince bequeathed,
+by his will, tapestry hangings for the High Altar and for three others,
+viz., &ldquo;l&#8217;autier la ou Mons&#8217;r Saint Thomas gist&mdash;l&#8217;autier la ou la teste
+est&mdash;l&#8217;autier la ou la poynte de l&#8217;espie est.&rdquo; The first and last are
+evidently the altars at the shrine and in the Chapel of the Martyrdom, and
+it has been contended that the altar &ldquo;where the head is&rdquo; was the altar of
+which traces may still be seen in the pavement of the corona, or Becket&#8217;s
+Crown. Against this notion we must place the authority of Erasmus, whose
+words plainly show that the martyr&#8217;s head was displayed in the crypt:
+"<em>hinc digressi subimus cryptoporticum: illic primum exhibetur calvaria
+martyris perforata</em> (the martyr&#8217;s pierced tonsure): <em>reliqua tecta sunt
+argento, summa cranii pars nuda patet osculo</em>.&rdquo; While Willis considers
+that the term corona was a common one for an apse at the<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 89]</span> end of a
+church, citing &ldquo;Ducange&#8217;s Glossary,&rdquo; which defines &ldquo;Corona Ecclesi&aelig;&rdquo; as
+<em>Pars templi choro postica, quod ea pars fere desinat in circulum</em>; &ldquo;at
+all events,&rdquo; he concludes, &ldquo;it was a general term and not peculiar to
+Christ Church, Canterbury. The notion that this round chapel was called
+Becket&#8217;s Crown, because part of his skull was preserved here as a relic,
+appears wholly untenable. There is at least no doubt that a relic of some
+sort was preserved here, because we know from a record of the
+offerings&mdash;Oblaciones S. Thom&aelig;&mdash;during ten years in the first half of the
+thirteenth century, that the richest gifts were made at the shrine and in
+the corona. And we know that the spot was one of peculiar sanctity from
+the fact that the shrines of St. Odo and St. Wilfrid were finally
+transferred thither. <em>Corpus S. Odonis in feretro, ad coronam versus
+austrum. Corpus S. Wilfridi in feretro ad coronam versus aquilonem.</em>&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img30" id="img30"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 295px;">
+<a href="images/img30.png">
+<img src="images/img30_th.png" width="295" height="300" alt="Chair of St Augustine" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">chair of st. augustine.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the north side of the corona is the tomb of Cardinal Pole, the last
+Archbishop of Canterbury who acknowledged the supremacy of the Pope. He
+held office from 1556 to 1558, and died the day after Queen Mary. Here
+stands also the patriarchal chair, made out of three pieces of Purbeck
+marble. It is called St. Augustine&#8217;s chair, and is said to be the throne
+on which the old kings of Kent were crowned; according to the tradition,
+Ethelbert, on being converted, gave the chair to Augustine, from whom it
+has descended to the Archbishops of Canterbury.<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 90]</span> It is needless to say
+that this eminently attractive legend has been attacked and overthrown by
+modern criticism. It is pointed out that the original archiepiscopal
+throne was of one piece only, and that Purbeck marble did not come into
+use until some time after Augustine&#8217;s death. From its shape it is
+conjectured that the chair dates from the end of the twelfth century or
+the beginning of the thirteenth, and that it may have been constructed for
+the ceremony of the translation of St. Thomas&#8217; relics. It is in this
+chair, and not in the archiepiscopal throne in the choir, that the
+archbishops are still enthroned. From the corona we have a view of the
+full length of the cathedral, which measures 514 feet, and is one of the
+longest of English cathedrals. Of the windows in Becket&#8217;s Crown, the
+centre one is ancient, while the rest are modern and afford a most
+instructive contrast.</p>
+
+<p><a name="andrew" id="andrew"></a><strong>St. Andrew&#8217;s Tower, or Chapel.</strong>&mdash;Leaving the Trinity Chapel, and descending
+the steps, we find on our right the door of St. Andrew&#8217;s Chapel which is
+now used as a vestry. Formerly, it was the sacristy, a place from which
+the pilgrims of humble rank were excluded, but where those of wealth and
+high station were allowed to gaze at a great array of silken vestments and
+golden candlesticks, and also the Martyr&#8217;s pearwood pastoral staff with
+its black horn crook, and his cloak and bloodstained kerchief. Here also
+was a chest &ldquo;cased with black leather, and opened with the utmost
+reverence on bended knees, containing scraps and rags of linen with which
+(the story must be told throughout) the saint wiped his forehead and blew
+his nose&rdquo; (Stanley). Erasmus describes this exhibition with a touch of
+scorn. &ldquo;<em>Fragmenta linteorum lacera plerumque macci vestigium servantia.
+His, ut aiebant, vir pius extergebat sudorem e facie</em>,&rdquo; etc. The walls of
+this chapel show many traces of fresco decoration: the pattern seems to
+have consisted of a clustering vine tree spread over the roof. In the
+north wall is a Norman chamber which originally served as the Treasury;
+the door is still secured by three locks, the keys of which were held by
+different officials. St. Andrew&#8217;s Chapel is part of Ernulf&#8217;s work, and the
+peculiar ornamentation which marks his hand may be noticed over the arch
+of the apse which terminates it.</p>
+
+<p><a name="net" id="net"></a><strong>The North-East Transept.</strong>&mdash;Passing along the choir aisle, we see the old
+Bible desk, holding the Bible which was<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 91]</span> originally placed there, and was
+restored to this position by the late Bishop Parry. Next we enter the
+north-east transept, which in its architectural features is practically a
+repetition of the south-east transept, with which we have already dealt.
+The monument to Archbishop Tait, designed by Boehm, is well worthy of its
+surroundings. Above it, in the north wall, about ten feet from the ground,
+we may notice three slits in the wall. These are what are called
+hagioscopes. On the other side of the wall was a recess connected with the
+Prior&#8217;s Chapel. Through these hagioscopes&mdash;or &ldquo;holy spy-holes&rdquo;&mdash;the prior
+could see mass being celebrated at the high altar and at the altars below
+in the transept, without entering the cathedral. These transeptal altars
+are in the Chapels of St. Martin and St. Stephen which occupy two apses in
+the eastern wall. St. Martin is represented in a medallion of ancient
+glass preserved in the modern window, as dividing his coat with a beggar.
+Scratched on the walls are the names &ldquo;Lanfrancus&rdquo; and &ldquo;Ediva Regina;&rdquo; the
+bodies of Lanfranc and Queen Ediva were removed to this transept after the
+fire. Lanfranc originally lay in the old Trinity Chapel, and when this
+building was levelled to the ground, he was &ldquo;carried to the vestiarium in
+his leaden covering, and there deposited until the community should decide
+what should be done with so great a Father.&rdquo; Apparently the heavy sheet of
+lead was removed, for Gervase goes on to say that &ldquo;Lanfranc having
+remained untouched for sixty-nine years, his very bones were consumed with
+rottenness, and nearly all reduced to powder. The length of time, the damp
+vestments, the natural frigidity of lead, and above all the frailty of the
+human structure, had conspired to produce this corruption. But the larger
+bones, with the remaining dust, were collected in a leaden coffer, and
+deposited at the altar of St. Martin.&rdquo; Queen Ediva, as we learn from the
+same authority, &ldquo;who before the fire reposed under a gilted <em>feretrum</em> in
+nearly the middle of the south cross, was now deposited at the altar of
+St. Martin, under the <em>feretrum</em> of Living,&rdquo; an archbishop who died in
+1020. Ediva, the wife of Edward the Elder, and a generous benefactress to
+the cathedral, died about 960.</p>
+
+<p>From an early list of the subjects represented in the windows of the
+cathedral, it appears that the north windows of the north-east transept
+depicted the Parable of the Sower. The ancient glass, however, has been
+displaced, and a good<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 92]</span> deal of it has been moved to the windows of the
+north choir aisle, between the transept and the Chapel of the Martyrdom,
+which are of great beauty, and should be examined carefully. In the
+transept itself are windows in memory of Dean Stanley, Dr. Spry, and Canon
+Cheshyre.</p>
+
+<p>On the wall of the choir aisle, close to the transept, we can trace the
+remains of a fresco representing the conversion of St. Hubert. Further on,
+there hangs a picture, by Cross, which is intended to represent the murder
+of Becket. As a work of art it is not without merit, but its details are
+entirely inaccurate.</p>
+
+<p><a name="nwt" id="nwt"></a><strong>The North-West Transept, or Chapel of the Martyrdom.</strong>&mdash;The actual site of
+the tragedy which rendered Becket and his cathedral famous throughout
+Christendom was the North-West Transept, or as it was more commonly called
+the Chapel of the Martyrdom. Hardly any portion, however, of this
+structure as it stands actually witnessed the murder. In the time of
+Becket the transept was of two storeys, divided by a vault, which was
+upheld by a single pillar. The upper partition was dedicated to St.
+Blaise, and the lower to St. Benedict. In the west wall, as now, was a
+door which opened into the cloister.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img31" id="img31"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 299px;">
+<a href="images/img31.jpg">
+<img src="images/img31-th.jpg" width="299" height="400" alt="The Martyrdom" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">the martyrdom, north-west transept.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The story of Becket and his quarrel with Henry II. will be dealt with in
+the next chapter. But before examining the spot on which he was
+assassinated it is perhaps fitting to recall the events which immediately
+preceded his death. Henry&#8217;s wrathful exclamation, which stirred the four
+knights to set out on their bloodthirsty mission, is well known. Whatever
+we may think of the methods employed by these warriors&mdash;Fitzurse, de
+Moreville, de Tracy, and le Bret were their names&mdash;we must at least
+concede that they were gifted with undaunted courage. To slay an anointed
+archbishop in his own cathedral was to do a deed from which the boldest
+might well shrink, in the days when excommunication was held to be a
+living reality, and the Church was believed to hold the power of eternal
+blessing or damnation in her hand. These men&mdash;who were all closely
+attached to the king&#8217;s person, and were sometimes described as his
+&ldquo;cubicularii,&rdquo; or Grooms of the Bedchamber&mdash;arrived at the gate of the
+archbishop&#8217;s palace in the afternoon of Tuesday, December 29th, 1170. With
+a curious want of directness they seem to have left their swords outside,
+and entered, and had a stormy interview with Becket; enraged by his
+unyielding<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 93]</span> firmness, they went back for their weapons, and in the
+meantime the archbishop was hurried by the terrified monks through the
+cloister and into the cathedral, where the vesper service was being held.
+The knights quickly forced their way after him, and the monks locked and
+barricaded the cloister door. But Becket, who bore himself heroically
+through the whole scene, insisted that the door should be thrown open,
+exclaiming that &ldquo;the church must not be turned into a castle.&rdquo; Then all
+the monks but three fled in terror. Those who stayed urged Becket to hide
+himself in the crypt or in the Chapel of St. Blaise above. But he would
+not hear of concealment, but preferred to make his way to the choir that
+he might die at his post by the high altar. As he went up the steps
+towards the choir the knights rushed into the transept, calling for &ldquo;the
+archbishop, the traitor to the king,&rdquo; and Becket turned and came down, and
+confronted them by the pillar of the chapel. Clad in his white rochet,
+with a cloak and hood over his shoulders, he faced his murderers, who were
+now girt in mail from head to foot. They tried to seize him and drag him
+out of the sacred precinct, but he put his back against the pillar and
+hurled Tracy full-length on the pavement. Then commending his cause and
+the cause of the Church &ldquo;to God, to St. Denys, the martyr of France, to
+St. Alfege, and to the saints of the Church,&rdquo; he fell under the blows of
+the knights&#8217; swords. The last stroke was from the hand of le Bret, it
+severed the crown of the archbishop&#8217;s head, and the murderer&#8217;s sword was
+shivered into two pieces. Then the assassins left the church, ransacked
+the palace, and plundered its treasures, and, lastly, rode off on horses
+from the stables, in which Becket had to the last taken especial pride.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the brief outline of the events of this remarkable tragedy, for a
+fuller account of which we must refer our readers to the excellent
+description in Stanley&#8217;s &ldquo;Memorials of Canterbury.&rdquo; As we have already
+said, the present transept has been entirely rebuilt; although not damaged
+by the fire, it was reconstructed by Prior Chillenden at the time when he
+erected the present nave. It is even doubtful whether the present pavement
+is the same as that which was trodden by Becket and his murderers. A small
+square stone is still shown in the floor of the transept, as marking the
+exact spot on which the archbishop fell; it is said to have been inserted
+in place of the<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 94]</span> original piece which was taken out and sent to Rome, but
+there is little or no authority for this statement. On the other hand, we
+read that Benedict, when he became Abbot of Peterborough, in order to
+supply his new cathedral with relics, in which it was sadly deficient,
+came back to Canterbury and carried off the stones which had been
+sprinkled with St. Thomas&#8217;s blood, and made therewith two altars for
+Peterborough.</p>
+
+<p>In this transept an altar was erected, called the Altar of the Martyrdom,
+or the Altar of the Sword&#8217;s Point (<em>altare ad punctum ensis</em>), from the
+fact that upon it was laid the broken fragment of le Bret&#8217;s sword, which
+had been left on the pavement. Also, a portion of the martyr&#8217;s brains were
+kept under a piece of rock crystal, and a special official, called the
+Custos Martyrii, was appointed to guard these relics.</p>
+
+<p>The chief window in this chapel was presented by Edward IV.; in it we can
+still see the figures of himself and his queen and his two daughters, and
+the two young princes who were murdered in the Tower. It originally
+contained representations of &ldquo;seven glorious appearances&rdquo; of the Virgin,
+and Becket himself in the centre, but all this portion was destroyed by
+Blue Dick, the Puritan zealot. The west window was the gift of the Rev.
+Robert Moore, sometime Canon of Canterbury; it is an elaborate piece of
+work depicting Becket&#8217;s martyrdom and scenes in his life.</p>
+
+<p>Here also we see the very beautiful and interesting monument to Archbishop
+Peckham (1279-1292), the oldest Canterbury monument which survives in its
+entirety; even it has been encroached upon by the commonplace erection
+adjoining it, which commemorates Warham who was archbishop from 1503 to
+1532, and was the friend of Erasmus.</p>
+
+<p><a name="dean" id="dean"></a><strong>The Dean&#8217;s Chapel.</strong>&mdash;Eastward of the north-west transept is the chapel
+which was formerly known as the Lady Chapel, but has latterly been named
+the Dean&#8217;s Chapel from the number of deans whose monuments have been
+placed here. It stands on the site of the Chapel of St. Benedict, and was
+built by Prior Goldstone, who dedicated it to the Blessed Virgin in 1460.
+The usual place for the Lady Chapel in cathedrals is, of course, at the
+extreme east end; but at Canterbury the situation was occupied by the
+shrine of St. Thomas. The principal altar to the Virgin in our cathedral
+was that in the crypt, in the &ldquo;Chapel of Our Lady Undercroft.&rdquo; The<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 95]</span>
+vault of the Dean&#8217;s Chapel is noticeable. It is a fan vault, of the style
+developed to so great perfection in the Tudor period, as shown in Henry
+VII.&#8217;s Chapel at Westminster, and in the roof of the staircase leading to
+the dining-hall of Christ Church, Oxford. The architecture of this chapel
+is Perpendicular in style, and its delicate decoration should be carefully
+noticed; the screen which separates it from the Martyrdom Transept is also
+worthy of close attention. The monuments here are interesting rather than
+beautiful. Dean Fotherby is commemorated by a hideous erection bristling
+with skulls. Dean Boys is represented as he died, sitting among his books
+in his library; it is curious that the books are all apparently turned
+with the backs of the covers towards the wall, and the edges of the leaves
+outwards. Here also is the monument of Dean Turner, the faithful follower
+of Charles I.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img32" id="img32"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 302px;">
+<a href="images/img32.jpg">
+<img src="images/img32-th.jpg" width="302" height="400" alt="South West Transept" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">part of south-western transept.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="swt" id="swt"></a><strong>The South-West Transept.</strong>&mdash;Crossing the cathedral through the passage under
+the choir steps, we find ourselves in the south-west transept, which,
+together with the nave and the north-west transept, was rebuilt by Prior
+Chillenden. In the pavement we see memorial stones to canons and other
+departed worthies. Among them is the tombstone of Meric Casaubon,
+Archbishop Laud&#8217;s prebendary, and son of Isaac Casaubon, the famous
+scholar.</p>
+
+<p><a name="michael" id="michael"></a><strong>St. Michael&#8217;s, or the Warrior&#8217;s Chapel.</strong>&mdash;Eastward of the south-west
+transept is a small chapel, generally known as that of St. Michael. In
+position and size it closely corresponds with the Dean&#8217;s Chapel on the
+north side of the church. In general style there is also some resemblance,
+but the vaulting of the roof is quite different; it is described by
+Professor Willis as &ldquo;as a complex lierne vault of an unusual pattern, but
+resembling that of the north transept of Gloucester Cathedral, which dates
+from 1367 to 1372.&rdquo; The exact date and the name of the builder of this
+chapel are alike uncertain, but it probably replaced the old Chapel of St.
+Michael at some time towards the end of the fourteenth century, and Willis
+comes to the conclusion that it is most probable that its erection may be
+ascribed to Prior Chillenden, and that &ldquo;it formed part of the general
+scheme for the transformation of the western part of the church.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>A curious effect is presented by the tomb of Stephen Langton, who was
+archbishop from 1207 to 1228, and is famous as<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 96]</span> having compelled King John
+to sign the Great Charter, and also as having divided the Bible into
+chapters. His tomb, shaped like a stone coffin, is half in the chapel and
+half under the eastern wall, and Professor Willis considers that it was
+originally outside the wall, in the churchyard; &ldquo;and thus the new wall,
+when the chapel was rebuilt and enlarged in the fourteenth century, was
+made to stride over the coffin by means of an arch.&rdquo; The reverence in
+which Langton&#8217;s memory was held is attested by the fact that his remains
+must have lain under the altar of the chapel, a most unusual position
+except in the case of celebrated saints. In the middle of the chapel is a
+very beautiful and interesting monument erected by Margaret Holland, who
+died in 1437, to the memory of her two husbands and herself. The monument
+is of alabaster and marble, and represents the lady reposing with her
+first spouse, John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, and son of John of Gaunt,
+on her left, and Thomas, Duke of Clarence, her second husband, on her
+right. The latter was the second son of Henry IV., and, so, nephew of John
+of Somerset the first husband; he was killed at the battle of Baug&eacute; in
+1421. Leland thinks that this chapel was built expressly for the reception
+of this tomb: &ldquo;This chapel be likelihood was made new for the Honor of
+Erle John of Somerset,&rdquo; but it is probably of rather earlier date than
+would be allowed by this theory. The figures of Margaret and her two lords
+are very fine and are interesting examples of fifteenth century costume.
+As such they may be contrasted with the effigy of Lady Thornhurst, who
+exhibits all the beauty of an Elizabethan ruff. Sir Thomas Thornhurst,
+whose monument is hard by, was killed in the ill-fated expedition to the
+Isle of Rh&eacute;. In the corner of the chapel is the bust of Sir George Rooke,
+Vice-Admiral, who led the assault on Gibraltar by which it was first
+captured. And the title of &ldquo;Warrior&#8217;s&rdquo; Chapel is further justified by the
+presence here of tattered standards, memorials of dead comrades, left by
+the famous Kentish regiment, &ldquo;the Buffs.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img33" id="img33"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 253px;">
+<a href="images/img33.jpg">
+<img src="images/img33-th.jpg" width="253" height="400" alt="The Crypt" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">the crypt.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="crypt" id="crypt"></a><strong>The Main Crypt.</strong>&mdash;Returning through the passage under the steps that lead
+up to the choir, we turn to the right into the crypt which originally
+supported Conrad&#8217;s &ldquo;glorious choir.&rdquo; On the wall as we enter we may notice
+some diaper-work ornamentation, interesting from the fact that a similar
+decoration may be traced on the wall of the chapter house at Rochester<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 97]</span>
+for Ernulf who built the westward crypt, was afterwards made Bishop of
+Rochester. Willis tells us that there are five crypts in England under the
+eastern parts of cathedrals, namely, at Canterbury, Winchester,
+Gloucester, Rochester, and Worcester, and that they were all founded
+before 1085. &ldquo;After this they were discontinued except as a continuation
+of former ones, as in Canterbury and Rochester.&rdquo; This crypt of Ernulf&#8217;s
+replaced the earlier one set up by Lanfranc; Willis thinks it not
+impossible that the whole of the pier-shafts may have been taken<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 98]</span> from the
+earlier crypt. &ldquo;The capitals of the columns are either plain blocks or
+sculptured with Norman enrichments. Some of them, however, are in an
+unfinished state.&rdquo; He describes minutely one of the capitals on the
+south-west side. &ldquo;Of the four sides of the block two are quite plain. One
+has the ornament roughed out, or &ldquo;bosted&rdquo; as the workmen call it, that is,
+the pattern has been traced upon the block, and the spaces between the
+figures roughly sunk down with square edges preparatory to the completion.
+On the fourth side, the pattern is quite finished. This proves that the
+carving was executed after the stones were set in their places, and
+probably the whole of these capitals would eventually have been so
+ornamented had not the fire and its results brought in a new school of
+carving in the rich foliated capitals, which caused this merely
+superficial method of decoration to be neglected and abandoned. In the
+same way some of the shafts are roughly fluted in various fashions. The
+plain ones would probably have all gradually had the same ornament given
+to them, had not the same reasons interfered.&rdquo; The crypt then stands as it
+was left by Ernulf except that some of the piers were afterwards
+strengthened and one new pillar was inserted in the aisle by William of
+Sens, in order to fit in with the new arrangement of the pillars in the
+choir which he was then rebuilding. It is therefore, of course, the oldest
+part of the church, and remains a most beautiful and interesting relic of
+Norman work in spite of the hot water pipe apparatus which now disfigures
+it, and its general air of unkempt untidiness. There are signs, however,
+that in this respect there is likely to be some improvement. The floor is
+being lowered to its original level by the removal of about a foot of
+accumulated dirt which had been heaping itself up for the last eight
+hundred years and had at last entirely smothered the bases of the columns,
+and it is even whispered that the part now cut off and used as the French
+church, may be opened out and restored to its original position as part of
+the main crypt.</p>
+
+<p>According to Gervase, the whole of the crypt was dedicated to the Virgin
+Mary. Here stood the Chapel of Our Lady Undercroft, surrounded by
+Perpendicular stone-work screens, from which the altar-screen in the choir
+above was imitated. The shrine of the Virgin was exceedingly rich and was
+only shown to privileged worshippers: traces of decoration may still<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 99]</span> be
+seen in the vault above. It was at the back of this shrine that Becket was
+laid between the time of his murder and his translation to the
+resting-place in the Trinity Chapel.</p>
+
+<p>In the main crypt we may notice the monument of Isabel, Countess of Athol,
+who died in 1292; she was heiress of Chilham Castle, near Canterbury, and
+grand-daughter of King John. She was twice married, her second husband
+being Alexander, brother of John Baliol, King of Scotland. The monument of
+Lady Mohun of Dunster is in the south screen of the Chapel of Our Lady.
+She was ancestress of the present Earl of Derby, and founded a perpetual
+chantry. Lastly, here is the tomb of Cardinal Archbishop Morton, the
+friend of Sir Thomas More, and the faithful servant of the House of
+Lancaster; it was he who brought about the union of the Red and White
+Roses by arranging the marriage of Henry of Richmond with Elizabeth of
+York. As Henry VII.&#8217;s Chancellor he made great exactions under the
+euphonious title of &ldquo;Benevolences,&rdquo; and propounded the famous dilemma
+known as &ldquo;Morton&#8217;s Fork,&rdquo; by which he argued that those who lived lavishly
+must obviously have something to spare for the king&#8217;s service, while those
+who fared soberly must be grown rich on their savings, and so were equally
+fair game to the royal plunderer. He lies in the south-west corner of the
+crypt, and his monument, which has suffered considerably at the hands of
+the Puritans, bears the Tudor portcullis and the archbishop&#8217;s rebus, a
+hawk or <em>mort</em> standing on a tun.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img34" id="img34"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 589px;">
+<a href="images/img34.jpg">
+<img src="images/img34-th.jpg" width="589" height="400" alt="St Gabriels Chapel" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">st. gabriel&#8217;s chapel.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the south-east corner, under Anselm&#8217;s Tower, is a chapel generally
+known as that of St. John, sometimes as that of St. Gabriel. It has been
+divided into two compartments by a wall. There are some very interesting
+paintings<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> on the roof, representing Our Lord in the centre of the
+angelic host, the Adoration of the Magi, and a figure of St. John; this
+work is believed to be of the thirteenth century. The central pillar of
+this chapel, with the curved fluting in the column and the quaintly
+grotesque devices of the figures carved on the capital, is well worthy of
+close examination. The grate that we see here was erected by the French
+Protestants, large numbers of whom fled to England during the persecution
+which was instituted against their sect in 1561. They were welcomed by
+Queen Elizabeth, and allowed to settle in Canterbury, where the cathedral
+crypt was made over to them to use as a weaving<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 100]</span> factory. It is possible
+that the ridges in the floor of St. John&#8217;s Chapel are marks left by their
+looms, but more evident trace of their occupation is afforded by the
+inscriptions in French painted on the pillars and arches of the main
+crypt, and again by the custom which still survives of holding a French
+service in the south aisle of the crypt; this part has been walled off
+especially as a place of worship for the descendants of the French exiles,
+and here service is still held in the French tongue. Alterations have been
+lately made by which the French service is held in the Black Prince&#8217;s
+Chantry, and the part of the crypt formerly walled off has been merged
+with the rest of the crypt, which is thus completely thrown open. Access
+to the French church is now obtained from the crypt, and not from outside.
+This chantry was founded by the Black Prince in 1363 to commemorate his
+marriage with his cousin Joan, the &ldquo;Fair Maid of Kent.&rdquo; Here, according to
+the prince&#8217;s ordinance, two priests were to pray for his soul, in his
+lifetime and after; the situation of the two altars, at which the priests
+prayed, can still be traced. On the vaulting we see the<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 101]</span> arms of the
+prince, and of his father, and what seems to be the face of his wife. In
+return for the permission to institute this chantry, the prince left to
+the monastery of Canterbury an estate which still belongs to the Chapter,
+the manor of Fawkes&#8217; Hall. This was a piece of land in South Lambeth,
+which had been granted by King John to a baron called Fawkes. His name
+still survives in the word &ldquo;Vauxhall.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><a name="img35" id="img35"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 620px;">
+<a href="images/img35.jpg">
+<img src="images/img35-th.jpg" width="620" height="400" alt="Tomb of Cardinal Morton" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">in the main crypt, with tomb of cardinal morton (see p.
+99).</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="ecrypt" id="ecrypt"></a><strong>The Eastern Crypt.</strong>&mdash;The eastern portion of the crypt, under the Trinity
+Chapel and the corona, is a good deal more lofty than Ernulf&#8217;s building.
+We noticed the ascent from the choir and presbytery to the Trinity Chapel,
+and it is, of course, this greater elevation of the cathedral floor at the
+east end which accounts for the greater height of the eastern crypt. The
+effect, both above and below, is exceedingly happy. The most striking
+thing about the interior of the cathedral is the manner in which it
+rises&mdash;&ldquo;church piled upon church&rdquo;&mdash;from the nave to the corona, and this
+characteristic enabled William the Englishman to build a crypt below which
+has none of the cramped squatness which generally mars the effect of such
+buildings. &ldquo;The lofty crypt below,&rdquo; says Willis, &ldquo;may be<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 102]</span> considered the
+unfettered composition of the English architect. Its style and its details
+are wholly different from those of William of Sens. The work, from its
+position and office, is of a massive and bold character, but its unusual
+loftiness prevents it from assuming the nature of a crypt.... There is one
+detail of this crypt which differs especially from the work above. The
+abacus of each of the piers, as well as that of each central shaft, is
+round; but in the whole of the choir the abacuses are either square, or
+square with the corners cut off.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>It was in the smaller eastern crypt, which formerly occupied the site of
+William&#8217;s building which we are now examining, that Becket was hastily
+buried after his assassination, when his murderers were still threatening
+to come and drag his body out, &ldquo;hang it on a gibbet, tear it with horses,
+cut it into pieces, or throw it in some pond to be devoured by swine or
+birds of prey.&rdquo; And from that time until the translation of the relics in
+1220, this was the most sacred spot in the cathedral, and it was known,
+down to Reformation times, as &ldquo;Becket&#8217;s tomb.&rdquo; Hither came the earliest
+pilgrims in the first rush of enthusiasm for the newly-canonized martyr.
+And here Henry II. performed that penance, which is one of the most
+striking examples of the Church&#8217;s power presented by history. We are told
+that he placed his head and shoulder in the tomb, and there received five
+strokes from each bishop and abbot who was present, and three from each of
+the eighty monks. After this castigation he spent the night in the crypt,
+fasting and barefooted. His penitence and piety were rewarded by the
+victory gained at Richmond, on that very day, by his forces over William
+the Lion of Scotland, who was taken prisoner, and afterwards, recognizing
+the power of the saint, founded the abbey of Aberbrothwick to Saint Thomas
+of Canterbury.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 103]</span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of<br />Contents</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><strong>THE HISTORY OF THE SEE.</strong></p>
+
+
+<p class="noindent">
+The history of the See of Canterbury may be said to have begun with the
+coming of Augustine, for there can be no doubt that it is owing to its
+being the settling-place of the first messengers of the gospel in Saxon
+England that Canterbury has been the metropolis of the English Church.
+Pope Gregory, with his usual thoroughness, sent to Augustine, soon after
+his arrival here, an elaborate scheme for the division of our island into
+sees, which were to be gradually developed as Christianity spread.
+According to his arrangement, there were to be two archbishops, one at
+London and one at York. But we cannot regret that this scheme was not
+carried out, as an archiepiscopal see is much more picturesquely framed by
+the hills which encircle Canterbury than it could have been by the dingy
+vastness of the political and social capital.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Augustine</strong> reached England in 597, and found that his path had been made
+easy by the fact that Bertha, wife of Ethelbert, King of Kent, was a
+Christian. He soon effected the conversion of the king himself, and his
+labours were so rapidly successful that at Christmas, 597, no less than
+ten thousand Saxons were baptized at the mouth of the Medway. The
+archiepiscopal pall, and a papal Bull, creating Augustine first English
+archbishop, were duly sent from Rome, and the royal palace in Canterbury,
+with an old church&mdash;Roman or British&mdash;close by, were handed over to him by
+Ethelbert. The first archbishop died in 605, and was buried, according to
+the old Roman custom, by the side of the high road which had brought him
+to Canterbury. A few years later, however, his remains were transferred to
+the Abbey of SS. Peter and Paul, which had then just been completed.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 104]</span>
+Augustine was succeeded by one of the monks who had originally come with
+him from Rome. The new archbishop&#8217;s name was <strong>Lawrence</strong>; he had been already
+consecrated by Augustine in his lifetime. This unusual measure was thought
+to be necessary, as the Church had hardly yet established itself in a
+strong position. Indeed, so weak was its hold over its rapidly acquired
+converts, that when Ethelbert&#8217;s son, who succeeded his father in 616,
+backslid into the path of heathendom, the great majority of the people
+followed the royal example, and Lawrence, together with the Bishops of
+London and Rochester, prepared to leave England altogether, as a country
+hopelessly abandoned to paganism. However, the archbishop determined to
+make one more attempt to maintain his position, and succeeded in
+terrifying the king, by a pretended miracle, into becoming a Christian. He
+then recalled the two bishops who had already crossed to France, and on
+his death, in 619, was succeeded by the Bishop of London, <strong>Mellitus</strong>.
+Mellitus only held the Primacy till 624, when his place was filled by
+<strong>Justin</strong>, who also had a brief archiepiscopal life, being succeeded in 627
+by <strong>Honorius</strong>. This archbishop held the see for twenty-six years, till 653,
+and it was not until 655 that his successor was appointed.</p>
+
+<p>So far the archbishops had all been foreigners who had come over either
+with Augustine or with the second company of missionaries who were
+despatched by Gregory soon after Ethelbert&#8217;s conversion. In 655, however,
+a native Englishman, named Frithona, was consecrated by the Saxon Bishop
+of Rochester, and adopted the name of <strong>Deus Dedit</strong>. He ruled at Canterbury
+till 664, and after his death the see remained vacant for four years,
+probably owing to the plague which was then wasting all Europe, and caused
+the death of Wighard, a Saxon, who had started for Rome to receive his
+consecration there. But in 668, <strong>Theodore</strong>, a native of Tarsus in Cecilia,
+was appointed, and was welcomed by the members of the torn and divided
+English Church. He devoted all his energy to centralizing and
+consolidating the power of the archbishop, which had been hitherto largely
+nominal. He journeyed all over England, correcting the prevalent laxity of
+discipline and establishing the control of the metropolitan authority. He
+went so far as to interfere with the Archbishopric of York, and with the
+help of the king attempted to divide it into three sees.<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 105]</span> He was,
+moreover, an enthusiastic scholar, and first diffused the study of Greek
+in England. He had brought a copy of Homer with him, and is said to have
+established a school of Greek in Canterbury. He died in 690, and after his
+death there was no archbishop for three years. In 693, one <strong>Brethwald</strong>, an
+English monk, some time Abbot of Reculver, was appointed to the see. The
+Saxon Church shows that it had benefited by Theodore&#8217;s rigorous
+discipline, in that it was henceforth able to supply its own archbishops;
+it had now securely established itself all over the country, and the last
+home of paganism, which, curiously enough, held its own longest in Sussex,
+had been finally converted in Theodore&#8217;s time. Brethwald ruled till 731,
+and was followed by <strong>Tatwin</strong> (731-734) and <strong>Nothelm</strong> (734-740). In 740
+<strong>Cuthbert</strong> became archbishop. He seems to have been an interesting personage
+with a good deal of zeal for reform; he is recorded to have assembled a
+synod at Cliff to discuss measures for the improvement of the lives and
+behaviour both of clergy and laity. Probably at his instigation the synod
+ordained that the Lord&#8217;s Prayer and the Creed should be taught in the
+vulgar tongue; he was the first archbishop buried in the cathedral. He was
+succeeded by <strong>Bregwin</strong>, who held the see from 759 to 765. He was an
+exception among the series of English primates, being of German origin.
+During the rule of the next archbishop, <strong>Jaenbert</strong>, an attempt was made to
+transfer the primacy from Canterbury. Offa, the King of Mercia, had
+established himself in a position of commanding power, and wishing that
+the seat of the chief ecclesiastical authority should be within his own
+dominion, obtained a Bull from Pope Adrian I. by which an Archbishop of
+Lichfield was created, with a larger see than that of Canterbury. Jaenbert
+seems to have acquiesced, though doubtless most unwillingly, in this
+arrangement, but in spite of the central situation of Lichfield, the
+traditional claims of Canterbury were too strong, and Adulf was the first
+and last Archbishop of Lichfield. <strong>Athelard</strong>, who succeeded Jaenbert in 790,
+had the primacy restored to him. The Northmen began their raids on the
+English coasts at this time, and their ravages probably continued through
+the days of his successors, <strong>Wulfred</strong>, <strong>Feologild</strong>, <strong>Ceolnoth</strong>, and <strong>Ethelred</strong>
+(805-889).</p>
+
+<p>In 889 the learned <strong>Plegmund</strong>, formerly tutor of Alfred,<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 106]</span> was by his quondam
+pupil&#8217;s influence made Archbishop of Canterbury. It was during his time
+that the sees of Wells for Somerset and Crediton for Devonshire were
+established.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Athelm</strong> (914-923).</p>
+
+<p><strong>Wulfhelm</strong> (923-942).</p>
+
+<p><strong>Odo</strong> (942-959), called &ldquo;the severe,&rdquo; was born a pagan Dane of East Anglia,
+but having been received into a noble Saxon family, was duly baptized into
+the faith. He was appointed to the Wiltshire bishopric by Athelstane, and
+combined in his person the characters of the warlike Dane and the
+Christian churchman. Like his successor Dunstan, Odo made his chief
+objects in life the maintenance of the Church&#8217;s supremacy and the
+reformation of the married clergy. He bore his archbishopric with much
+pomp and dignity through the reigns of Edmund, Edred, and Edwy. He was
+responsible for Dunstan&#8217;s conduct on the occasion of King Edwy&#8217;s
+coronation, though it is not known how far he sanctioned the cruelties
+subsequently practised on Elgiva. Odo reconstructed and enlarged the
+cathedral.</p>
+
+<p>His immediate successor was <strong>Elsi</strong>, Bishop of Winchester, but this
+archbishop died while on his way to Rome to receive his pall from the
+Pope.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Dunstan</strong> (960-988), the next archbishop, continued Odo&#8217;s crusade against
+the married clergy, which he conducted relentlessly. In many cases the
+secular clergy were turned out of their livings to make room for members
+of the regular monkish orders. Even with these harsh measures and the
+employment of miracles the archbishop does not seem to have succeeded in
+enforcing celibacy among the clergy. Dunstan was born in Somersetshire of
+noble parents, and educated at the Abbey of Glastonbury. He became abbot
+of that place, and Bishop of Worcester and London. At the coronation of
+Edwy he intruded himself into the king&#8217;s presence, and was afterwards
+obliged to retire to Ghent. He held the See of Canterbury for twenty-seven
+years, and on his death was buried in the cathedral, where countless
+miracles are said to have been worked at his tomb.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Ethelgar</strong> (988-989).</p>
+
+<p><strong>Siricius</strong> (990-994).</p>
+
+<p><strong>&AElig;lfric</strong> (995-1005).</p>
+
+<p><strong>Alphege</strong> (1005-1012), Prior of Glastonbury, migrated thence<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 107]</span> to Bath, where
+he founded the great abbey, afterwards united to the See of Wells. After
+holding the See of Winchester for twenty-two years, he was translated to
+Canterbury. When in 1011 Canterbury was sacked by the Danes, he was
+carried off a prisoner, and on his refusal to ransom himself, was
+barbarously murdered by his captors. His body was ransomed by the people
+of London and buried at St. Paul&#8217;s Cathedral, whence it was removed to
+Canterbury by Canute. Subsequently, in the time of Lanfranc, he was
+canonized.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Living</strong> (1013-1020) also suffered much from the Danes, who from this time
+continued their incursions until the reign of Canute.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Egelnoth</strong> (1020-1038) is described as the first dean of the Canterbury
+canons who seem to have acquired an ascendancy over the monks ever since
+the massacre of the latter by the Danes in 1011. He restored the cathedral
+after the damages inflicted by the invaders.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Eadsi</strong> (1038-1050).</p>
+
+<p><strong>Robert of Jumi&egrave;ges</strong> (1051-1052) was one of the many Normans who were
+brought over into England by King Edward the Confessor; he took an active
+part in the king&#8217;s quarrel with the great Earl Godwin, and in the reaction
+which followed against the Normans retired to Jumi&egrave;ges, where he remained
+till his death.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Stigand</strong> (1052-1070), Bishop of Winchester, held this see conjointly with
+that of Canterbury. He was remarkable for his avarice. His espousal of the
+cause of Edgar the Atheling led the Conqueror to regard him with
+suspicion. William took the archbishop with him when he returned into
+Normandy, and eventually dispossessed him, along with some other bishops
+and abbots, at a synod held at Winchester in the year 1070. Stigand was
+imprisoned at Winchester, where he eventually died, resisting to the last
+the attempts made by the king to elicit information as to the whereabouts
+of the vast treasures which he had accumulated and hidden.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Lanfranc</strong> (1070-1089) was the first Norman Archbishop of Canterbury. He was
+born at Pavia, and educated at the monastery of Bec, in Normandy, then the
+most remarkable seat of learning existing in Europe. His conspicuous
+abilities raised him to the position of prior of the monastery. He was
+subsequently abbot of the new monastery which William of Normandy<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 108]</span> founded
+at Caen, and on the deposition of Stigand was called over by that king to
+complete the subjection and reform of the Anglo-Saxon Church, which task
+he undertook with much zeal and not a little high-handed procedure. He
+assisted the king in the removal of the Saxon bishops and the substitution
+of Normans in their places, as also in the reformation of the great
+English monasteries which appear to have fallen into considerable
+disorder. Lanfranc&#8217;s character was remarkable for its firmness, and
+brought him into frequent collision with the imperious temper of his royal
+master. On one occasion Lanfranc insisted on the restoration of
+twenty-five manors which belonged to the archiepiscopal see, and which had
+been appropriated by Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, William&#8217;s half-brother.
+William, however, continued to honour his able servant, and during the
+king&#8217;s absence in Normandy, Lanfranc held the office of chief justiciary
+and vice-regent within the realm, and maintained his independent attitude
+against all the world, refusing to go to Rome at the summons of the pope.
+Lanfranc crowned William II., and as long as he lived did much to moderate
+that monarch&#8217;s rapacious attacks on the wealth of the Church. He rebuilt
+the cathedral which had fallen into ruin, and founded the great monastery
+of Christ Church. He was the author of a celebrated treatise in refutation
+of the doctrine of Berengarius of Tours, on the subject of the Real
+Presence, and was present at the council held in Rome by Leo IX., in which
+Berengarius was condemned. He lies buried in the nave of his cathedral,
+but the exact spot is not known.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Anselm</strong> (1093-1109) was born at Aosta, and studied under Lanfranc at Bec,
+when he succeeded him as Prior of the Convent, and subsequently became
+abbot. He visited England on the invitation of Hugh the Fat, Earl of
+Chester, and while there was called in by the king and made Archbishop of
+Canterbury. Rufus had kept the see vacant, and appropriated the revenues
+of this and many other Church properties, and was only induced by the fear
+of impending death to appoint Anselm to the see. Anselm was with
+difficulty persuaded to accept the post, but from that hour posed as the
+firm champion of the rights of the Church, and the opponent and denouncer
+of the king&#8217;s exactions and the general immorality of the times. He
+refused to receive his pall at the hands of the king, but eventually
+agreed to take it himself from the high altar of the<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 109]</span> cathedral at
+Canterbury. Though deserted by his bishops he held his own against the
+king until an accusation of failing in his duty to supply troops for the
+king&#8217;s Welsh expedition drove him into exile and he made his way to Rome,
+when his learning created much sensation and was enlisted against the
+errors of the Greek Church on the subject of the procession of the Holy
+Ghost. On his accession to the throne, Henry I., as part of his reversal
+of his brother&#8217;s ecclesiastical policy recalled Anselm from banishment and
+filled up the vacant see. But Anselm remained firm on the subject of the
+rights of the church in the matter of the investiture of the clergy, and
+refused to consecrate the bishops who had received their investiture from
+the king, or to do homage or swear fealty to Henry. The king, on his side,
+was determined to uphold the rights of the crown and the matter was
+referred to the pope. Anselm had to visit Rome in person, and meeting with
+but lukewarm support from the pope agreed at last to a compromise, at Bec,
+in 1106, by which the king surrendered the symbols of the ring and
+crozier, while retaining his right to the oaths of fealty and homage.
+Anselm returned to England and spent the last two years of his life in
+comparative repose: he died at Canterbury, and was buried near Lanfranc,
+but his remains were afterwards removed to the tower that bears his name.
+After his death the see was again vacant for five years, and was managed
+by Ralf, Bishop of Rochester, who was however made archbishop later; he
+was a disciple of Lanfranc, but as an archbishop was unimportant.</p>
+
+<p><strong>William de Corbeuil</strong> (1123-1136) was the first archbishop who received the
+title of Papal Legate. He crowned King Stephen after solemnly swearing to
+support the cause of Matilda, and is said to have died of remorse for his
+conduct in the matter. He completed the restoration of the cathedral and
+dedicated it with much pomp and display.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Theobald</strong> (1139-1161), the next archbishop, had been Abbot of Bec, and was
+a Benedictine. His importance as archbishop was much overshadowed by Henry
+of Blois, Bishop of Winchester, and brother of King Stephen. The pope
+granted him the title of &ldquo;Legatus natus,&rdquo; which was retained by his
+successors until the Reformation. The life of this prelate was one of
+varying fortunes, and he was twice in exile. He eventually, along with
+Henry of Blois, took an important part in the final compromise which was
+effected between the factions of Stephen<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 110]</span> and Matilda. On his death the
+see remained vacant for more than a year.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Thomas Becket</strong> (1162-1170) was the son of a London merchant, and was
+educated among the Augustinian canons of Merton, in Surrey. He came under
+the patronage of Archbishop Theobald whom he accompanied when the latter
+visited Rome. While still only a deacon Becket received many
+ecclesiastical benefices, including the Archdeaconry of Canterbury. About
+1155 he was appointed Chancellor, through the influence of Theobald, and
+thenceforward, until he became archbishop enjoyed the most intimate
+friendship and confidence of King Henry II. His magnificence and authority
+during this period of his career exceeded that of the most powerful
+nobles, and created much sensation in France whither he was dispatched to
+demand the hand of the Princess Margaret for the king&#8217;s infant son. When
+offered the Archbishopric of Canterbury he is said to have warned the king
+that his acceptance of the office would entail his devotion to God and his
+order in preference to the interests of the king. He was however persuaded
+to accept the primacy, and after being duly ordained priest was
+consecrated archbishop by Henry of Blois, the Bishop of Winchester.</p>
+
+<p>From this moment onwards the entire character and attitude of Becket was
+changed. He gave up his old pomp and magnificence and devoted himself to
+monastic severity and works of charity: he furthermore insisted on
+resigning his temporal offices, including that of chancellor, and engaged
+on his lifelong struggle with the king on the subject of the privileges of
+the clergy.</p>
+
+<p>Since the separation of the bishops from the secular courts by the
+Conqueror, a gross system of abuse had arisen under which all persons who
+could read and write could claim exemption from the jurisdiction of the
+ordinary secular courts, and insist on being tried only before their own
+ecclesiastical tribunal. The spiritual courts could inflict no corporal
+punishment, and the result was that many guilty persons escaped punishment
+at their hands, and the benefit of clergy came to mean a practical licence
+to commit crimes. This was naturally in radical opposition to the judicial
+policy of Henry II., and matters were brought to a climax by the
+scandalous case of Philip Brois, a murderer, whom Becket rescued from the
+king&#8217;s<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 111]</span> justice and condemned to a totally inadequate sentence. The king
+determined to clear the question of all doubt, and to this end drew up the
+famous constitutions of Clarendon in which the clergy was subjected
+equally with the laity to the common laws of the land. The archbishop took
+the oath, but refused to sign the constitution, as he insisted on the
+immunity of the clergy from all secular jurisdiction. On retiring from the
+council he sought and obtained absolution from his oath at the hands of
+the pope&mdash;Alexander III.&mdash;who, insecure in his own position, and unable to
+dispense with the friendship of the King of England, maintained a
+vacillating attitude in the quarrel between Becket and Henry. The king now
+began a systematic persecution of the archbishop. He was pressed with
+various charges, and finally was ordered to account for the moneys which
+he had received from the vacant See of Canterbury and other ecclesiastical
+properties in his capacity as Chancellor. There seems small reason to
+doubt that the charge was an unjust one, and was merely employed by the
+king as an instrument of offence against his political adversary. The
+archbishop came before the council in all the pomp and panoply of his
+office, and bearing his own cross, as he had been deserted by most of his
+bishops. After an exciting scene he escaped before any definite judgment
+was pronounced, and took refuge in France, where he was hospitably and
+honourably received by King Louis VII. Here he continued his struggle with
+the King of England. Henry seized upon the revenues of the See of
+Canterbury, and banished all Becket&#8217;s kinsmen, dependants, and friends.
+Becket replied by solemnly denouncing the constitution of Clarendon, and
+excommunicating all who should enforce them. After further contentions and
+fruitless negotiations Henry issued a proclamation withdrawing his
+subjects&#8217; obedience to the archbishop, enforced by an oath from all
+freemen. This oath many of the bishops refused to take. The pope, under
+temporary pressure from Becket&#8217;s enemies, authorized the Archbishop of
+York to crown the young prince Henry: and the supremacy of the See of
+Canterbury over all England, being thus called in question, became
+thenceforward one of the principal subjects of dispute between Becket and
+the king. The action of the king was unpopular, and Henry, seeing that he
+had gone too far, consented to enter on some sort of reconciliation with
+Becket, who ventured to return to England. In<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 112]</span> spite of the manifest
+danger in which he found himself, Becket, on his return to England,
+continued his high-handed policy, excommunicating the Archbishop of York
+and others of his enemies. On hearing of this conduct Henry&#8217;s fury got the
+better of him, and his famous exclamation led to the departure of the four
+knights to Canterbury. They demanded the immediate removal of the
+excommunication. Becket was hurried into the cathedral by the monks and
+murdered at the altar.</p>
+
+<p>On his death he was immediately canonized, and many miracles occurred at
+his tomb. Henry himself was ordered to do penance for his death. The fame
+of his shrine brought countless pilgrims to Canterbury, which was thus for
+the first time raised to a position of importance throughout the whole of
+Europe.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard</strong> (1174-1184), Prior of Dover, was the next archbishop: he had been
+present at Becket&#8217;s murder and helped to convey his body to the crypt. He
+was somewhat indifferent to spiritual matters, and was chiefly occupied in
+supporting the supremacy of the See of Canterbury over that of York, a
+question which led to at least one scene of unseemly disturbance in which
+the Archbishop of York nearly lost his life. One result of the quarrel was
+the conferring of the title of &ldquo;Primate of England,&rdquo; and &ldquo;Primate of all
+England,&rdquo; on the Archbishops of York and Canterbury respectively, by the
+pope.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Baldwin</strong> (1185-1190) was the first monk of the Cistercian order who held
+the See of Canterbury. He came into collision with the Benedictine monks
+with whom the election to the primacy had always rested, and whom he
+attempted in vain to deprive of that privilege in favour of a body of
+canons at Lambeth, which he purchased for the see. He accompanied Richard
+C&oelig;ur de Lion to the Holy Land, and died in camp before Acre.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Reginald Fitz Jocelyn</strong>, Bishop of Bath and Wells, was next elected, but
+died before receiving the pall.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Hubert Walter</strong> (1193-1205) was born at West Derham, in Norfolk, and
+educated by Ranulph de Glanville: he was made Bishop of Salisbury, and
+accompanied Richard I. to the Holy Land. When archbishop he held the
+office of Justiciary, but was removed from the latter by a Papal Bull
+since it compelled him to judge &ldquo;causes of blood.&rdquo; He became chancellor,
+and conducted the duties of his high offices in<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 113]</span> an admirable manner. The
+laws enacted under Richard I. are said to have been drawn up by him, and
+he completed the house of regular canons at Lambeth. He was buried in his
+own cathedral where his effigy still remains.</p>
+
+<p>After some disputes on the subject of election, the Pope, Innocent III.,
+was appealed to and decided in favour of</p>
+
+<p><strong>Stephen Langton</strong> (1207-1228) who was an Englishman of spotless character
+and profound theological learning: he was consecrated at Peterborough by
+Innocent III. The &ldquo;fury of King John knew no bounds,&rdquo; he drove the monks
+of Canterbury to Flanders, and refused to allow Langton to set foot in
+England. The result of this conduct was the publication of the celebrated
+Interdict, followed soon after by the personal excommunication of the king
+and the absolution of his subjects from their oath of allegiance by the
+pope. Philip of France was ordered to depose the English king, whose crown
+was declared forfeited. Hard pressed by his enemies, and having alienated
+his people from his cause, King John was driven to humiliating submission:
+he promised to receive Langton and to restore the Church property, and
+finally, formally resigned his crown into the hands of Pandulph, the Papal
+Legate. Archbishop Langton was received with honour, and King John threw
+himself at his feet and reconciled himself with the Church. He also
+ordered a great council to meet at St. Alban&#8217;s to settle finally the
+restitution of the church property. Here, however, he was met by an open
+declaration of the complaints of all classes. Langton, though elevated to
+the primacy, entirely through the influence of the pope, proved himself a
+staunch Englishman, and posed as the champion of national liberty against
+the claims of both pope and king. It was he who produced to the
+malcontents the Coronation Charter of Henry I., which the barons accepted
+as a declaration of the views and demands of their party. He was at the
+head of the barons in their struggle with the king, and his name appears
+as that of the first witness to the famous Magna Charta. John at once
+applied to the pope, and obtained from him the abrogation of the charter
+and a papal order to Langton to excommunicate the king&#8217;s enemies. This he
+refused to do. John overran the country with foreign mercenaries, and his
+cruelties eventually resulted in the barons summoning Louis of France to
+their assistance. Langton was summoned to Rome to attend the<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 114]</span> Lateran
+Council, and was detained there until the deaths of Innocent III. and King
+John, after which he was permitted to return to his see and passed the
+remainder of his life in comparative tranquillity, siding strongly with
+the national party under Hubert de Burgh. He presided at the translation
+of Becket&#8217;s remains from the crypt to Trinity Chapel; he rebuilt much of
+the archiepiscopal palace at Canterbury and he lies buried in his own
+cathedral. He was the first who divided the Bible into chapters.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard de Wethershed</strong> (1229-1231), Chancellor of Lincoln, was next
+appointed, but died on his way back from Italy. After three more elections
+by the monks which were all set aside by the pope, Honorius III., the
+monks consented to accept</p>
+
+<p><strong>Edmund Rich</strong> (1234-1240), treasurer of Salisbury: he was the son of a
+merchant of Abingdon, and was educated at Oxford University. He had a
+great reputation for learning and piety. He came into disfavour with the
+king by his opposition to the marriage of his sister Eleanor to Simon de
+Montfort. His sympathies were all on the side of the national party: he
+procured the downfall of Des Roches and maintained the struggle against
+the foreign favourites and papal exactions for which the reign of Henry
+III. is notorious. At length he retired to the Cistercian Abbey at
+Pontigny, which had formerly sheltered Becket and Langton, in despair at
+the condition of England and of her Church. It was during his time that
+the great movements of the Dominican and Franciscan friars reached England
+and though the archbishop never actually joined their ranks, he was
+doubtless much influenced by their teaching and example, and was himself
+an itinerant preacher after leaving Oxford. He was canonized six years
+after his death. He was succeeded by</p>
+
+<p><strong>Boniface of Savoy</strong> (1241-1270), one of the king&#8217;s uncles, whose violence
+and warlike bearing made him a strange contrast to his predecessor. His
+term of office was one long history of papal exactions from the English
+clergy, and of the tyranny of foreigners, creatures of Henry III., over
+the rights of the nation. The revenues of the See of Canterbury and the
+enormous sums wrung from the clergy were squandered on foreign wars, and
+the archbishop himself resided abroad. Boniface took a leading part in the
+spoliation of the English Church:<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 115]</span> he was one of the king&#8217;s council at the
+so-called &ldquo;Mad Parliament.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><strong>Robert Kilwardby</strong> (1273-1278) was nominated by the pope, after a fruitless
+election of their subprior by the monks. He was a very learned Dominican,
+educated at Oxford and Paris.</p>
+
+<p><strong>John Peckam</strong> (1279-1292) was, like his predecessor, nominated by the pope
+after an education at Oxford and Paris; he also was a Franciscan. He was
+at first a staunch supporter of King Edward I., whom he accompanied to
+Wales. It is to be regretted that he supported the king in his cruelties
+to the conquered Welsh and in the expulsion of the Jews. He firmly
+defended the privileges of his see against first, the Archbishop of York,
+and secondly, the king. It was in his time (1279) that the famous Statute
+of Mortmain was passed. The exactions of the papacy had been considerably
+lessened, and the Church was beginning to recover its wealth and national
+character. Peckam died at Mortlake, and was buried in the transept of the
+martyrdom at Canterbury, where his tomb and effigy still remain.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Robert Winchelsea</strong> (1292-1313) was next nominated, king and clergy being
+unanimous on this occasion, and at once proceeded to Rome, where he
+remained some time before returning to England. Meanwhile, Edward I. had
+demanded the enormous subsidy of one half their annual revenue from the
+clergy. Winchelsea is said to have been responsible for the celebrated
+Bull <em>Clericis laicis</em> issued by Boniface VIII. in defence of the property
+of the Church. On his return home the archbishop continued to lead the
+clergy in their opposition to the king&#8217;s demands, and paid the penalty in
+the seizure of his whole estate for the king&#8217;s use. He retired with a
+single chaplain to a country parsonage, discharged the humble duties of a
+priest, and lived on the alms of his flocks. When the war broke out Edward
+sought to propitiate the clergy by restoring the archbishop to his barony,
+and summoning him to a parliament at Westminster, where the clergy
+abandoned their own ground of ecclesiastical immunity from taxation and
+took shelter under the liberties of the realm, thus identifying themselves
+with the popular cause in their opposition to the exactions of the king.
+On his return from Flanders Edward accused Winchelsea of conspiring
+against him in his<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 116]</span> absence, and the archbishop was again deprived of all
+his possessions, and, after many privations, escaped to France.</p>
+
+<p>On the accession of Edward II. he was recalled and restored to his honour,
+but subsequently became again the centre of revolution, and himself
+excommunicated the king&#8217;s favourite, Gaveston. He nevertheless continued
+undisturbed in the discharge of his office until his death. During his
+prosperous years Winchelsea was famous for his charities and liberality.
+After his death he was regarded as a saint, and his shrine in the
+south-east transept was removed by the commissioners of Henry VIII. at the
+same time as that of Saint Thomas &agrave; Becket.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Walter Reynolds</strong> (1313-1327) was appointed by the pope at the request of
+the king, who had set aside an election of the monks. He was tutor and
+subsequently Chancellor to Edward II. After Gaveston&#8217;s death he became
+Keeper of the Great Seal. He obtained many bulls of privilege from Rome.
+In spite of the favour he had received from Edward II. he deserted him in
+his troubles. His tomb remains in the south aisle of the choir.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Simon Mepeham</strong> (1328-1333) was elected by the monks and consecrated at
+Avignon. He was opposed in his visitation by Grandisson, the powerful
+Bishop of Exeter, who refused him admission to his cathedral by force. He
+was unsupported by the pope, and is said to have died of a broken heart in
+consequence. His tomb forms the screen of St. Anselm&#8217;s Chapel.</p>
+
+<p><strong>John Stratford</strong> (1333-1348) was appointed by the pope at the request of
+Edward III. He was educated at Merton College, Oxford, and became
+Archdeacon of Lincoln and Bishop of Winchester. He was made Lord Treasurer
+by Edward II., to whose cause he remained faithful during the short-lived
+triumph of Isabella and the desertion of the archbishop. Edward III. made
+him Lord Chancellor, in which office he was succeeded by his own brother,
+Robert. Stratford had endeavoured to dissuade the king from entering on
+the French war, and the king, hard pressed for money, had the archbishop
+arraigned for high treason. Stratford fled from Lambeth to Canterbury,
+where he excommunicated his accusers. He subsequently returned to London
+and sheltered himself, not under his ecclesiastical immunity, but under
+his<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 117]</span> privileges of parliament as a member of the House of Peers, a
+significant landmark in the history of the English Church. The quarrel
+between the king and the archbishop was amicably settled.</p>
+
+<p>Stratford held exalted opinions on the subject of clerical superiority,
+and his arraignment, without the support of the pope, was a decisive blow
+against the power of the Church. In his time, also, a layman was for the
+first time appointed to the office of Chancellor, and Edward III. wrote a
+letter to the pope protesting against the frequent papal nominations to
+vacant English sees, which was followed up by the Statute of Provisors in
+1350. Stratford died at Mayfield in Sussex, and was buried in his own
+cathedral, where his monument still remains.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Thomas Bradwardine</strong> (1349) was consecrated after election by the monks of
+Christ Church after the death of John Ufford, the king&#8217;s nominee, who died
+of the Black Death before consecration. Bradwardine had been the king&#8217;s
+confessor. He was educated at Merton College, and was one of the best
+geometers of his time, besides being the author of an important tract
+against Pelagianism.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Simon Islip</strong> (1349-1366), the king&#8217;s secretary, built most of the palace at
+Mayfield, and completed that at Maidstone. He founded and endowed
+Canterbury Hall, now forming one of the quadrangles of Christ Church,
+Oxford, in which he endeavoured to bring together the monastic and secular
+priests.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Simon Langham</strong> (1366-1368) had been Bishop of Ely, Treasurer of England,
+and Lord Chancellor, and also Prior and Abbot of Westminster. On being
+appointed a cardinal by the Pope Urban V., he resigned his archbishopric,
+the temporal powers and revenues of which had been seized by the king, and
+died at Avignon.</p>
+
+<p><strong>William Whittlesea</strong> (1368-1374), a nephew of Islip, was translated from
+Worcester.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Simon of Sudbury</strong> (1375-1381) was Chancellor of Salisbury and Bishop of
+London, whence he was transferred to Canterbury. As chancellor he proposed
+the famous poll tax, which supplied the motive for Wat Tyler&#8217;s rebellion,
+and, as archbishop, caused to be imprisoned the priest, John Ball. He was
+captured in the tower, and beheaded during Wat Tyler&#8217;s rebellion; his body
+was eventually removed to <span class='pagenum'>[Pg 118]</span>Canterbury, and buried in the south aisle of
+the choir. He built the west gate at Canterbury, and a great part of the
+city walls.</p>
+
+<p><strong>William Courtenay</strong> (1381-1396) was, like his predecessor, translated from
+the See of London. In a synod he condemned twenty-four articles in the
+writing of Wycliffe, who was unjustly held responsible for the recent
+rebellion. Much persecution of Wycliffe&#8217;s followers ensued. Courtenay
+succeeded in establishing his right to visit his province, although
+opposed by the Bishops of Exeter and Salisbury. His monument adjoins that
+of the Black Prince.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Thomas Arundel</strong> (1396-1414) was translated from the See of York. He was
+involved in the conspiracy for which his brother, the Earl of Arundel, was
+executed, and was himself exiled. He was restored after Bolingbroke&#8217;s
+success, and received the abdication of Richard II. In 1400 the statute
+<em>De haeretico comburendo</em> was enacted, and Arundel began to put it in
+force against the Lollards. He condemned Sawtree, the first English
+Protestant martyr, to be burnt, and took a prominent part in the attack
+upon Sir John Oldcastle. In the parliament of 1407 he defended the clergy
+against the attempts of the Commons to shift the burden of taxation upon
+the wealth of the Church.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Henry Chichele</strong> (1414-1443) was educated at New College, Oxford. He became
+successively Archdeacon of Dorset and of Salisbury, and Bishop of St.
+David&#8217;s. He supported Henry V. in his unjust claim to the crown of France,
+and promised large subsidies from the Church for its support. There is no
+doubt that this was a successful attempt at diverting the popular
+attention from threatened attempts on the wealth of the Church. He was
+reproached by the Pope Martin V. with lack of zeal in the interests of the
+papacy in not procuring the reversal of the statutes of provisors and of
+pr&aelig;munire by which, amongst others, the papal power was held in check in
+England. Among his foundations are the colleges of St. Bernard (afterwards
+St. John&#8217;s), and All Souls, at Oxford, and a library at Canterbury for the
+monks of Christ Church. In his old age he was stricken with remorse for
+his sin in instigating the French war, and applied to the pope for
+permission to resign his see. Before a reply was received the archbishop
+died, after holding the see for nearly thirty years, <span class='pagenum'>[Pg 119]</span>a longer time than
+any of his predecessors. His tomb, constructed by himself during his
+lifetime, is in the north aisle of the choir, and is kept in repair by the
+Fellows of All Souls.</p>
+
+<p><strong>John Stafford</strong> (1443-1452), Bishop of Bath and Wells, was nominated by the
+pope with the king&#8217;s consent on the recommendation of Chichele. He also
+held the office of chancellor for ten years, but was undistinguished in
+either office. He lies in the south aisle of the choir.</p>
+
+<p><strong>John Kemp</strong> (1452-1454), Archbishop of York, succeeded. He was educated at
+Merton College, and was Archdeacon of Durham and Bishop of Rochester,
+Chichester, and London. He died at an advanced age, after a very brief
+primacy, and was buried in the north choir aisle.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Thomas Bourchier</strong> (1454-1486), Bishop of Ely, was next elected by the
+monks. He was a great-grandson of Edward III. He was educated at Oxford,
+of which university he became chancellor; he subsequently held the sees of
+Worcester and Ely. His lot fell upon difficult times, and he endeavoured
+to maintain a position of neutrality in the struggle between the two
+Roses, and at last effected their union by performing the marriage of
+Henry VII. with Elizabeth of York. He died soon after, and his tomb
+remains at Canterbury. He was bishop for fifty-one years, out of which he
+held the primacy for thirty-two years. He actively encouraged education,
+and helped to introduce printing into this country.</p>
+
+<p><strong>John Morton</strong> (1486-1500) was, like his predecessor, translated from Ely. He
+was educated at Balliol College. Richard of Gloucester, after making vain
+overtures to him, removed him from his office and committed him to the
+Tower, and afterwards to Brecknock Castle, whence he escaped and joined
+the Earl of Richmond on the Continent. After Bosworth he was recalled, and
+on Bourchier&#8217;s death was made archbishop. In 1493 he obtained a cardinal&#8217;s
+hat. In 1487 he was made Lord Chancellor, and continued for thirteen
+years, until his death, in this office and in the confidence of the king,
+whom he assisted in his system for controlling the great feudal barons and
+in the exaction of &ldquo;benevolence.&rdquo; His famous dilemma propounded to the
+merchants was known as &ldquo;Morton&#8217;s fork.&rdquo; It was he who prevailed upon the
+Pope to canonize Archbishop Anselm. His tomb, constructed during his
+lifetime, may be seen in the crypt of his cathedral.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 120]</span>
+<strong>Henry Dean</strong> (1501-1503) was translated from Salisbury; he held the Great
+Seal, with the title of Lord Keeper, after the death of Morton.</p>
+
+<p><strong>William Warham</strong> (1503-1532) was born of a good Hampshire family, and
+educated at Winchester and New College. He was sent to Burgundy on a
+mission to protest against the support of Perkin Warbeck by the Duchess
+Margaret. He held the offices of Lord Keeper, Lord Chancellor, Master of
+the Rolls, and Bishop of London. He crowned King Henry VIII., and
+protested from the first against his marriage with Catherine. He was a
+great rival of Wolsey, and retired from the court until the fall of the
+cardinal. In the disputes of the time he embraced the side of the old
+religion, and gave some countenance to Elizabeth Barton, the Nun of Kent.
+The last part of his life was devoted to the cares of his diocese and to
+letters, which he cultivated diligently. He was a personal friend of
+Erasmus, whom he induced to visit England. His tomb remains in the
+Transept of the Martyrdom.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Thomas Cranmer</strong> (1533-1556) may be considered the first Protestant
+archbishop. From the first he would only accept the archbishopric as
+coming from the king without intervention of the pope. He was born of a
+good family in Nottinghamshire, and was educated at Cambridge, where he
+became fellow of Jesus. He was first brought to the king&#8217;s notice by his
+suggestion that the question of Catherine&#8217;s divorce might be settled
+without reference to the pope. The king set him to write on the subject,
+and he was rewarded with the Archdeaconry of Taunton. In 1530 he
+accompanied the Earl of Wiltshire to the papal court, and was there
+offered preferment by the pope. He married the niece of Osiander, who had
+himself written on the subject of the divorce. On Warham&#8217;s death he
+succeeded him in the primacy, and returned to England. As archbishop,
+Cranmer pronounced the divorce against Catherine and crowned Anne Boleyn,
+and was sponsor to the Princess Elizabeth, whom he baptized. After Anne
+Boleyn&#8217;s trial he pronounced her marriage void, and acted as her confessor
+in the Tower. Throughout his primacy Cranmer actively supported the
+reforming party. In 1539 he was one of the commissioners for inspecting
+into the matter of religion. In 1545 he was accused of heresy by the
+opposite<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 121]</span> party led by Gardiner, and would have fallen but for the support
+of the king, who befriended Cranmer throughout his life, and sent for him
+to attend his death-bed. Great changes had occurred at Canterbury.
+Becket&#8217;s shrine had been destroyed, and a dean and twelve canons were
+established in place of the old monastery of Christ Church, which was
+dissolved. Under Henry&#8217;s will Cranmer was appointed one of the Regents of
+the Kingdom and Executors of the Will, and it was he who crowned Edward
+VI. who, like Elizabeth, was his godchild. Throughout the reign of Edward,
+Cranmer earnestly supported the cause of the Reformation. The Six Articles
+were repealed and the first Book of Common Prayer was issued. On the
+death-bed of Edward, Cranmer signed the king&#8217;s will, in which he appointed
+Lady Jane Grey his successor. On the accession of Queen Mary he was at
+once ordered to appear before the council and within a month was committed
+to the Tower. In November, 1553, he was pronounced guilty of high treason,
+but was pardoned on this count, and it was decided to proceed against him
+as a heretic. In 1554 he was sent to Oxford, with Latimer and Ridley,
+where he remained two years in prison and was condemned as a heretic by
+two successive commissions. After the death of Latimer and Ridley, Cranmer
+was degraded and deprived. It was after this that, in the hopes of saving
+his life, he made his famous recantation. He was brought into St. Mary&#8217;s,
+and in his address to the people withdrew his recantation and declared
+that his right hand which had signed it should be the first to burn. He
+was hurried to the place of execution opposite Balliol College, and, when
+the pyre was lighted, held his right hand in the flames till it was
+consumed, and died, calling on the Lord Jesus to receive his spirit.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Reginald Pole</strong> (1556-1558) a near connection of Henry VIII. then succeeded.
+He was born in Worcestershire and was educated by the Carthusians at Shene
+and at Magdalen College, Oxford. He was early advanced to the Deanery of
+Exeter and other preferments. On leaving Oxford he visited the
+universities of France and Italy and returned to England in 1525. Henry
+attempted in vain to secure Pole&#8217;s support on the divorce question, and on
+the appearance of his book, &ldquo;Pro Unitate Ecclesiastica,&rdquo; he was sent for
+by the king, and when he refused to come, an act of attainder was passed
+against him.<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 122]</span> In 1537 Pole was induced to accept a cardinal&#8217;s hat. It is
+said that he was most unwilling to do so on the ground that he
+contemplated marrying the Princess Mary and seating himself on the English
+throne. He took an active part in promoting the Pilgrimage of Grace and
+the second rising in 1541. He remained in Italy until the death of Edward
+VI. On the accession of Mary he returned to England as papal legate after
+the question of his marriage with Mary had been again discussed and set
+aside through the influence of the Emperor Charles V. On Cranmer&#8217;s
+execution Pole was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury. As legate he
+absolved the Parliament and made a solemn entry into London. For the next
+three years Pole was in sole management of the ecclesiastical affairs of
+England, and was consenting to the persecutions which disgraced the reign
+of Mary. He was at one time deprived of his legatine authority by Pope
+Paul IV. who had wished for the elevation of Gardiner to the primacy. The
+archbishop submitted to the pope and was again appointed legate shortly
+before his death which occurred about the same time as that of Mary. He
+was buried in the corona at Canterbury, where his tomb yet remains. He was
+the last Archbishop of Canterbury to be buried in his own cathedral, until
+the recent interment of Dr. Benson.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Matthew Parker</strong> (1559-1575) was born of an old Norfolk family and educated
+at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Wolsey invited him to become a
+fellow of Christ Church, his new foundation at Oxford, but this he
+declined. After various other offices he was appointed to the Deanery of
+Lincoln by Edward VI. On the accession of Mary he was deprived of all his
+offices as a married priest, and lived privately until the accession of
+Elizabeth, who made him archbishop. He was duly elected by the new Chapter
+of Canterbury, and held his post during a most difficult time with
+marvellous tact and judgment. Religious toleration for its own sake was an
+idea yet unknown, but Parker directed that great caution should be
+observed in administering the oath of supremacy to those of the clergy who
+still favoured the old religion. It is much to his credit that he managed
+to preserve such good relations with the queen in face of Elizabeth&#8217;s
+prejudice against the marriage of the clergy. He was an enlightened patron
+of learning, and did much to encourage all branches of art.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 123]</span>
+<strong>Edmund Grindall</strong> (1576-1583) was born at St. Bees and educated at
+Cambridge, where he became Master of Pembroke Hall. He was Chaplain to
+Edward VI. During the troubles of Mary&#8217;s reign he lived in Germany, and on
+Elizabeth&#8217;s accession became the first Protestant Bishop of London. Thence
+he was removed to York and in 1575 was appointed as archbishop. He was
+inclined to view the Puritans with more leniency than his predecessor and
+always refused to forbid the prophesyings, or meetings of the clergy for
+discussing the meaning of scripture, which Elizabeth disliked so much, and
+was in consequence deprived of his jurisdiction. He went blind before his
+death and was buried at Croydon.</p>
+
+<p><strong>John Whitgift</strong> (1583-1604) was born at Great Grimsby and educated at
+Cambridge, where John Bradford was his tutor: he became one of Elizabeth&#8217;s
+chaplains and Master of Pembroke Hall and of Trinity. He wrote an answer
+to Cartwright&#8217;s &ldquo;Admonition&rdquo; and was preferred to the Deanery of Lincoln
+and Bishopric of Worcester. After Grindall&#8217;s death he was translated to
+Canterbury. From this date his severity towards the Puritans increased. He
+insisted that every minister of the Church should subscribe to three
+points: the queen&#8217;s supremacy, the Common Prayer, and the Thirty-nine
+Articles, and enforced his principle with much vigour, contrary to the
+advice of the more enlightened Lord Burleigh. The severity of these
+measures called into existence the &ldquo;Martin Marprelate&rdquo; libels and produced
+much dissatisfaction and suffering among the more Puritanical clergy,
+which was by no means lessened by the accession of James, who, on his way
+to London rejected a petition signed by more than one thousand Puritan
+ministers. Whitgift was buried at Croydon where he founded a school and
+hospital.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Bancroft</strong> (1604-1610) was born near Manchester and educated at
+Jesus College, Oxford. He became one of Elizabeth&#8217;s chaplains, and Bishop
+of London, whence he was translated to Canterbury. He was even more severe
+than his predecessor against the Puritans, and was a most stern champion
+of conformity. He advocated the king&#8217;s absolute power beyond the law and
+attempted to establish episcopacy in Scotland. He died at Lambeth and was
+buried in the parish church there.</p>
+
+<p><strong>George Abbot</strong> (1610-1633) was born at Guildford and<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 124]</span>
+educated at Balliol
+College. He assisted in establishing union between the Scotch and English
+Churches and was rewarded with the Bishopric of Lichfield and Coventry.
+Thence he was translated to London, and on the death of Bancroft was
+appointed to the primacy. In contrast to his predecessor he connived at
+some irregularities of discipline in the Puritanical clergy. At the same
+time he was a zealous Calvinist and hater of popery, and disapproved of
+those who preached up the arbitrary power of the king. These latter views
+rendered him unpopular with the courtiers and the party of Laud. The
+accidental death of a keeper at the hands of the archbishop was utilized
+against him by his enemies and he was with difficulty restored to his
+archiepiscopal functions. On refusing to licence a sermon by Dr.
+Sibthorpe, asserting the king&#8217;s right to tax his subjects without their
+consent, he was obliged to retire to his palace of Ford, near Canterbury.
+He assisted at the coronation of Charles I., but never managed to win the
+favour of that monarch. He died at Croydon, and was buried at Guildford,
+where his tomb and effigy still remain.</p>
+
+<p><strong>William Laud</strong> (1633-1645) was born at Reading, and educated at St. John&#8217;s
+College, Oxford. At the university he soon became conspicuous for his
+hatred of the Puritans and his devotion to High Church doctrines. He
+became President of St. John&#8217;s in spite of the opposition of Archbishop
+Abbot. He became successively one of the royal chaplains, Dean of
+Gloucester, Bishop of St. David&#8217;s, Bath and Wells, and London. He acted as
+Dean of Westminster at Charles I.&#8217;s coronation. He was made Dean of the
+Chapel Royal, Chancellor of Oxford, and a Privy Councillor of Scotland. On
+Abbot&#8217;s death he was elevated to the primacy, and is said to have refused
+the offer of a cardinal&#8217;s hat. As archbishop he was responsible for the
+general Church persecution which produced his own unpopularity and
+downfall, and was one of the main causes of the Civil War. Prosecutions
+for non-conformity were enforced with the utmost severity. The courts of
+Star Chamber and High Commission were brought to bear on the Puritans, and
+Laud became universally detested. The superiority of the king over the law
+was openly preached, and the Irish and Scotch Puritans were alienated by
+the severity of the measures taken against them. On the common idea of
+popular government, the Puritans were driven into coalition and
+identification with the<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 125]</span> national party, while the king, court, bishops,
+and judges represented the High Church movement and the doctrine of the
+king&#8217;s absolute authority. In 1639 the palace at Lambeth was attacked, but
+the archbishop was removed to Whitehall and escaped for the time. In 1640,
+however, he was impeached for high treason, and confined in the Tower.
+Various charges were brought against him and fines inflicted, and his
+property was seized and sold or destroyed for the use of the commonwealth.
+The charge of high treason could not be legally established, and a bill of
+attainder was passed against him in 1645. He was eventually beheaded on
+Tower Hill, at the age of seventy-one years; his remains were interred at
+Barking, but subsequently removed to the chapel of St. John&#8217;s College at
+Oxford. His conduct has been differently judged by his friends and
+enemies. He built the greater part of the inner quadrangle of St. John&#8217;s,
+and presented a large collection of important manuscripts to the
+university. In his time the archiepiscopal palace at Canterbury was ruined
+by the Puritans, and on the Restoration an Act was passed dispensing the
+archbishops from restoring it. From this time they have had no official
+residence in Canterbury.</p>
+
+<p><strong>William Juxon</strong> (1660-1663) was born at Chichester, and educated, like his
+predecessor, at St. John&#8217;s College, Oxford, where he attracted the
+attention of Laud. He became successively President of St. John&#8217;s, Dean of
+Worcester, Bishop of Hereford, and Bishop of London. He also became Lord
+Treasurer, a post which had been held by no churchman since the days of
+Henry VII., and was the last instance of any of the great offices of State
+being filled by an ecclesiastic. He attended Charles I. on the occasion of
+his execution. On the Restoration he became Archbishop of Canterbury, and
+died three years afterwards. He lies in the chapel of St. John&#8217;s College.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Gilbert Sheldon</strong> (1663-1677) was educated at Oxford, and became Fellow and
+Warden of All Souls&#8217; College. He was a strong supporter of the king during
+the Civil War. He was deprived of his wardenship and imprisoned by the
+Parliamentarian commissioners when they visited Oxford. He retired to
+Derbyshire until the Restoration, when he was restored to his wardenship;
+he was made Dean of the Chapel Royal, and succeeded Juxon in the See of
+London. In 1661 he assisted at the discussion of the liturgy between the
+Presbyterian and Episcopal<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 126]</span> divines known as the Savoy Conference. In 1663
+he succeeded Juxon in the primacy, and in 1667 was elected Chancellor of
+Oxford. He built the Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford, which building is an
+early work of Sir Christopher Wren&#8217;s. He offended the court party by his
+open disapproval of the king&#8217;s morals, and retired in 1669 to his palace
+at Croydon, where he spent most of the remainder of his life. He was
+buried at the parish church at Croydon, where his tomb and effigy still
+remain.</p>
+
+<p><strong>William Sancroft</strong> (1678-1691) was born at Fresingfield, in Suffolk, and
+educated at St. Edmundsbury and at Cambridge, where he became Fellow of
+Emmanuel College. He was deprived of his fellowship in 1649, and retired
+to the Continent, where he remained until the restoration of Charles II.
+He then returned to England, and subsequently became Master of Emmanuel
+College, and Dean of York, and of St. Paul&#8217;s, and Archdeacon of
+Canterbury, and was raised to the primacy by Charles II., whose death-bed
+he attended. In the reign of James he was at the head of the seven bishops
+who presented the famous petition against the Declaration of Indulgence,
+for which they were committed to the Tower, tried, and acquitted amidst
+immense popular excitement. After James&#8217;s flight, Sancroft acted as the
+head of the council of peers who took upon themselves the administration
+of the government of the country. His plan was to retain James nominally
+on the throne, while placing the reins of government in the hands of a
+regent. He refused to take the oath of allegiance to William and Mary,
+considering himself bound by his former oath to James II. He was
+accordingly suspended and deprived, and when ejected by law from Lambeth
+he retired to his small ancestral property at Fresingfield, where he died
+and was buried.</p>
+
+<p><strong>John Tillotson</strong> (1691-1694) was born of Puritan parents at Sowerby, in
+Yorkshire, and was educated at Cambridge. During the Protectorate he had
+followed the teachings of the Presbyterians, but on the Restoration he
+submitted to the Act of Uniformity. He held among other posts those of
+Preacher at Lincoln&#8217;s Inn and Dean of Canterbury, and enjoyed the intimate
+confidence of William and Mary. On the deprivation of Sancroft he was
+reluctantly induced to accept the primacy, which he was destined to hold
+only for some three years. He<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 127]</span> died at Lambeth after this short term of
+office, and was buried in the Church of St. Lawrence, Jewry. As a
+theologian Tillotson was remarkable for his latitudinarianism, and he was
+one of the finest preachers who have ever lived.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Thomas Tenison</strong> was born at Cottenham, in Cambridgeshire, and educated at
+Cambridge. His fame as a preacher procured him the Archdeaconry of London
+and the Bishopric of Lincoln, in which diocese he did admirable work. He
+died at Lambeth, and lies buried in the parish church there.</p>
+
+<p><strong>William Wake</strong> (1716-1737) was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and became
+Dean of Exeter and Bishop of Lincoln. He was gifted with great learning,
+and took an active part in the controversy with Atterbury on the subject
+of the rights of convocation.</p>
+
+<p><strong>John Potter</strong> (1737-1747) was the son of a linendraper at Wakefield, in
+Yorkshire, and was educated at University College, Oxford, becoming Fellow
+of Lincoln and afterwards Bishop of Oxford. He was a learned divine and
+writer. Like his predecessor he was buried in the parish church at
+Croydon.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Thomas Herring</strong> (1747-1757) and</p>
+
+<p><strong>Matthew Hutton</strong> (1757-1758) were both translated to Canterbury from York.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Thomas Secker</strong> (1758-1768) was born of dissenting parents near Newark. At
+the instance of Butler, afterwards the famous Bishop of Durham, he joined
+the Church of England and abandoned the study of medicine, and took holy
+orders. He held many posts in succession, including the Bishoprics of
+Bristol and Oxford. He died and was buried at Lambeth, where his portrait,
+by Sir Joshua Reynolds, still remains.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Frederick Cornwallis</strong> (1768-1783) was the seventh son of Charles, 4th Lord
+Cornwallis. He was consecrated Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry in 1750,
+and in 1766 became Dean of St. Paul&#8217;s. On October 6th, 1768, he was
+enthroned Archbishop of Canterbury. In Hasted&#8217;s &ldquo;Kent&rdquo; we find him
+commended highly for having abolished that &ldquo;disagreeable distinction of
+his chaplains dining at a separate table.&rdquo; More renowned for his
+affability and courteous behaviour than for learning, he entertained at
+times with semi-regal state; but once fell into some disfavour because
+&ldquo;his lady was in the habit of holding <em>routs</em> on Sundays.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 128]</span>
+<strong>John Moore</strong> (1783-1805) became Dean of Canterbury in 1771. He was
+consecrated Bishop of Bangor in 1775, and thence translated to the
+archiepiscopal see in 1783. Although a promoter of Sunday-schools and
+foreign missions, he did not escape reproach for paying undue regard to
+the interests of his family. It has been well said that during his tenure
+of office and that of his immediate successor, the sinecures and
+pluralities held by the highest clergy were worthy of the medi&aelig;val period.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Charles Manners-Sutton</strong> (1805-1828) was grandson of John, 3rd Duke of
+Rutland. In 1791 he was made Dean of Peterborough, and Bishop of Norwich
+in 1792. In 1794 he was appointed Dean of Windsor, and became Archbishop
+of Canterbury in 1805 owing to Court influence, which outweighed the
+hostility of Pitt, who wished to appoint his own nominee. As a prelate he
+was distinguished for many virtues and qualities befitting his office. He
+was president at the foundation of the National Society, and worked
+strenuously to advance the cause of education which it represents. While
+he held the primacy a fund which had been accumulated from the sale of
+Croydon Palace was applied to the purchase of Addington, where he lies
+buried.</p>
+
+<p><strong>William Howley</strong> (1828-1848) was tutor to the Prince of Orange (afterwards
+William II. of Holland) then successively Regius Professor of Divinity of
+Oxford, Bishop of London, 1813, and archbishop, 1823. He played a prominent
+part in politics and state ceremonials and marked the transition between
+the new <em>r&eacute;gime</em>, and the old princely days of the archbishoprics.</p>
+
+<p><strong>John Bird Sumner</strong> (1848-1862) was brother of Dr. C. Sumner, Bishop of
+Winchester. In 1823 he was appointed Bishop of Chester, and in 1848 was
+promoted to the See of Canterbury. He published a large number of works,
+and by his activity and simplicity of life is &ldquo;remembered everywhere as
+realizing that ideal of the Apostolic ministry which he had traced in his
+earliest and most popular work.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p><strong>Charles Thomas Longley</strong> (1862-1868) was the son of a Recorder of Rochester.
+In 1836 he was consecrated the first bishop of the newly founded See of
+Ripon, translated to Durham<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 129]</span> in 1856, became Archbishop of York in 1860,
+and in 1862 was transferred to Canterbury. Perhaps the most memorable
+incidents in a memorable career are the Pan-Anglican Synod held at Lambeth
+in 1867, and his establishment of the Diocesan Society for Church
+Building.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Archibald Campbell Tait</strong> (1868-1882) was son of Craufurd Tait, Esq., a
+Scots attorney. He succeeded Arnold as Master of Rugby in 1842, and became
+Dean of Carlisle in 1850. He presided over the Pan-Anglican Synod in 1867,
+and in 1868 succeeded to the archbishopric. &ldquo;Memorials of Catherine and
+Craufurd Tait&rdquo; is a book so well known that even the barest sketch of his
+career here would be superfluous.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Edward White Benson</strong> (1882-1896), son of Edward White Benson, Esq., of
+Birmingham Heath, was a master of Rugby. He was Head Master of Wellington
+from 1858 to 1872, Prebendary and Chancellor of Lincoln in 1872, was
+consecrated the first bishop of the newly created See of Truro in 1877,
+and translated to Canterbury in 1883. He was buried in the Cathedral on
+October 16th, 1896, in a secluded corner of the north aisle, immediately
+under the north-west tower, the first archbishop who was interred in the
+cathedral of the metropolitan see since Reginald Pole in 1558.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Frederick Temple</strong> (1896-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;), the present archbishop, is son
+of the late Major Octavius Temple. He was Head Master of Rugby, 1858 to
+1869, consecrated the sixty-first Bishop of Exeter in 1869, translated to
+London in 1885, and to Canterbury in 1896. His share in the famous &ldquo;Essays
+and Reviews,&rdquo; and the many active works he has instituted, are too well
+known to need comment.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 130]</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLANS" id="PLANS"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/img36.png">
+<img src="images/img36_th.png" width="400" height="585" alt="Plans1" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 131]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/img37.png">
+<img src="images/img37_th.png" width="400" height="561" alt="Plan2" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h2>FOOTNOTES:</h2>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Though it is also derived from one Dr. Omerus, who lived on
+the spot in the thirteenth century.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The above paintings are illustrated in Dart&#8217;s &ldquo;History of
+Canterbury,&rdquo; 1726, and in &ldquo;Arch&aelig;ologia Cantiana,&rdquo; vol. xviii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Diocesan Histories: &ldquo;Canterbury,&rdquo; by R.C. Jenkins, M.A.
+1880.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 100%;" />
+
+<h4>TRANSCRIBER&#8217;S NOTES</h4>
+<ol><li>Full page photographs in the original text were sometimes placed so as to split paragraphs. These have
+been moved to immediately before or after the paragraph that was split.</li>
+<li>Some page numbers are missing, as there were often blank pages before or after full page photographs.</li>
+<li>Obvious printer&#8217;s errors have been corrected without note.</li>
+<li>Inconsistencies in hyphenation or the spelling of proper names, and dialect or obsolete word spelling,
+has been maintained as in the original.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr style="width: 100%;" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Cathedral Church of Canterbury
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@@ -0,0 +1,4505 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Cathedral Church of Canterbury [2nd
+ed.]., by Hartley Withers
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Cathedral Church of Canterbury [2nd ed.].
+
+Author: Hartley Withers
+
+Release Date: October 2, 2007 [EBook #22832]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF CANTERBURY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Anne Storer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL FROM THE SOUTH.]
+
+
+
+
+                       THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF
+                              CANTERBURY
+
+                      A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC
+                      AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
+                          ARCHIEPISCOPAL SEE
+
+                       BY HARTLEY WITHERS, B.A.
+
+                 [Illustration: Arms of Canterbury.]
+
+                   LONDON GEORGE BELL & SONS 1897
+
+
+                   _First Edition December, 1896._
+_Second Edition, Revised, with many Additional Illustrations, May, 1897._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL PREFACE.
+
+
+This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors to the great
+English Cathedrals with accurate and well illustrated guide books at a
+popular price. The aim of each writer has been to produce a work compiled
+with sufficient knowledge and scholarship to be of value to the student of
+archaeology and history, and yet not too technical in language for the use
+of an ordinary visitor or tourist.
+
+To specify all the authorities which have been made use of in each case
+would be difficult and tedious in this place. But amongst the general
+sources of information which have been almost invariably found useful
+are:--firstly, the great county histories, the value of which, especially
+in questions of genealogy and local records, is generally recognized;
+secondly, the numerous papers by experts which appear from time to time in
+the transactions of the antiquarian and archaeological societies; thirdly,
+the important documents made accessible in the series issued by the Master
+of the Rolls; fourthly, the well-known works of Britton and Willis on the
+English Cathedrals; and, lastly, the very excellent series of Handbooks to
+the Cathedrals, originated by the late Mr. John Murray, to which the
+reader may in most cases be referred for fuller detail, especially in
+reference to the histories of the respective sees.
+
+                                         GLEESON WHITE.
+                                         E.F. STRANGE.
+                                           _Editors of the Series._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Among authorities consulted in the preparation of this volume, the author
+desires to name specially Prof. Willis's "Architectural History of
+Canterbury Cathedral" (1845), Dean Stanley's "Historical Memorials of
+Canterbury" (Murray, 1855, and fifth edition, 1868), "Canterbury," by the
+Rev. R.C. Jenkins (1880), and the excellent section devoted to Canterbury
+in Murray's "Handbooks to the English Cathedrals, Southern Division,"
+wherein Mr. Richard John King brought together so much valuable matter,
+to which reference has been made too often to be acknowledged in each
+instance. For permission to use this the publishers have to thank Mr. John
+Murray.
+
+For the reproduction of the drawings of the various parts of the
+Cathedral, and the arms on the title page, by Mr. Walter Tallent Owen,
+the editors are greatly indebted to the artist, from whose volume, "Bits
+of Canterbury Cathedral," published by W.T. Comstock, New York, 1891, they
+have been taken. Others are taken from Charles Wild's "Specimens of
+Mediaeval Architecture," and from Carter's "Ancient Sculpture and
+Paintings."
+
+The illustrations from photographs in this volume have been reproduced
+from the originals by Messrs. Carl Norman and Co.
+
+                                                         H.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                          PAGE
+CHAPTER I.--History of the Building                          3
+
+CHAPTER II.--Exterior and Precincts:
+  The Angel or Bell Tower                                   24
+  The Monastery                                             32
+  Christchurch Gate                                         35
+  Ruins of the Infirmary                                    38
+  The Treasury                                              38
+  The Lavatory Tower                                        40
+  The Chapter House                                         42
+  The Library                                               44
+  The Deanery                                               44
+  The Green Court                                           48
+
+CHAPTER III.--Interior:
+  The Nave                                                  52
+  The Central Tower                                         55
+  The Western Screen                                        56
+  The Choir                                                 57
+  The Altar                                                 61
+  The Choir                                                 64
+  The Choir Stalls                                          65
+  South-East Transept                                       67
+  South-West Choir Aisle                                    69
+  St. Anselm's Tower and Chapel                             69
+  The Watching Chamber                                      72
+  Trinity Chapel                                            72
+  Tomb of the Black Prince                                  75
+  Becket's Crown                                            88
+  St. Andrew's Tower                                        90
+  North-East Transept                                       90
+  Chapel of the Martyrdom                                   92
+  The Dean's Chapel                                         94
+  South-West Transept                                       95
+  St. Michael's Chapel                                      95
+  The Main Crypt                                            96
+  The Eastern Crypt                                        101
+
+CHAPTER IV.--The History of the See                        103
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                                          PAGE
+The Cathedral from the South                    _Frontispiece_
+Arms of Canterbury                                     _Title_
+The Cathedral from the North                                 1
+Plan of Canterbury Cathedral (_Circa 1165_)                  4
+The Cloisters                                               19
+View on the Stour                                           22
+The Central Tower, "Bell Harry"                             25
+Detail of St. Anselm's Tower                                32
+The Christchurch Gate                                       33
+The South-West Porch of the Cathedral                       36
+Cloisters of the Monks' Infirmary                           37
+Ruins of the Monks' Infirmary                               38
+The Baptistery Tower                                        39
+Turret of South-West Transept                               41
+The Cloisters                                               43
+Norman Staircase in the Close                               45
+Details of the Norman Staircase in the Close                46
+Details of Ornament                                         47
+Old Painting, "The Murder of St. Thomas a Becket"           51
+The Shrine of St. Thomas a Becket (from the Cottonian MS.)  52
+Capitals of Columns in the Eastern Apse                     54
+The Choir--looking East                                     59
+   Do.     before Restoration                               62
+A Miserere in the Choir                                     65
+Some Mosaics from the Floor of Trinity Chapel               73
+The Black Prince's Tomb                                     77
+Shield, Coat, etc., of the Black Prince                     80
+West Gate                                                   81
+Trinity Chapel, looking into Corona, "Becket's Crown"       88
+Chair of St. Augustine                                      89
+Transept of "The Martyrdom"                                 92
+Part of South-Western Transept                              94
+The Crypt                                                   97
+   Do.    St. Gabriel's Chapel                             100
+   Do.    Cardinal Morton's Monument                       101
+Plans of Cathedral at three periods                        130
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH
+(FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY CARL NORMAN AND CO.).]
+
+
+
+
+CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING.
+
+
+More than four hundred years passed by between the beginning of the
+building of this cathedral by Archbishop Lanfranc (1070-1089) and its
+completion, by the addition of the great central tower, at the end of the
+fifteenth century. But before tracing the history of the construction of
+the present well-known fabric, a few words will not be out of place
+concerning the church which preceded it on the same site. A British or
+Roman church, said to have been built by a certain mythical King Lucius,
+was given to St. Augustine by Ethelbert in A.D. 597. It was designed,
+broadly speaking, on the plan of the old Basilica of St. Peter at Rome,
+but as to the latest date of any alterations, which may or may not have
+been made by Augustine and his immediate successors, we have no accurate
+information. It is, however, definitely stated that Archbishop Odo, who
+held the see from A.D. 942-959, raised the walls and rebuilt the roof. In
+the course of these alterations the church was roofless for three years,
+and we are told that no rain fell within the precincts during this time.
+In A.D. 1011 Canterbury was pillaged by the Danes, who carried off
+Archbishop Alphege to Greenwich, butchered the monks, and did much damage
+to the church. The building was, however, restored by Canute, who made
+further atonement by hanging up his crown within its walls, and bringing
+back the body of Alphege, who had been martyred by the Danes. In the year
+1067 the storms of the Norman Conquest overwhelmed St. Augustine's church,
+which was completely destroyed by fire, together with many royal deeds of
+privilege and papal bulls, and other valuable documents.
+
+A description of the church thus destroyed is given by Prof. Willis, who
+quotes all the ancient writers who mention it. The chief authority is
+Eadmer, who was a boy at the monastery school when the Saxon church was
+pulled down, and was afterwards a monk and "singer" in the cathedral. It
+is he who tells us that it was arranged in some parts in imitation of the
+church of St. Peter at Rome. Odo had translated the body of Wilfrid,
+Archbishop of York, from Ripon to Canterbury, and had "worthily placed it
+in a more lofty receptacle, to use his own words, that is to say, in the
+great Altar which was constructed of rough stones and mortar, close to the
+wall at the eastern part of the presbytery. Afterwards another altar was
+placed at a convenient distance before the aforesaid altar.... In this
+altar the blessed Elphege had solemnly deposited the head of St. Swithin
+... and also many relics of other saints. To reach these altars, a certain
+crypt which the Romans call a Confessionary had to be ascended by means of
+several steps from the choir of the singers. This crypt was fabricated
+beneath in the likeness of the confessionary of St. Peter, the vault of
+which was raised so high that the part above could only be reached by many
+steps." The resting-place of St. Dunstan was separated from the crypt
+itself by a strong wall, for that most holy father was interred before the
+aforesaid steps at a great depth in the ground, and at the head of the
+saint stood the matutinal altar. Thence the choir of the singers was
+extended westward into the body of the church.... In the next place,
+beyond the middle of the length of the body there were two towers which
+projected beyond the aisles of the church. The south tower had an altar in
+the midst of it, which was dedicated in honour of the blessed Pope
+Gregory.... Opposite to this tower and on the north, the other tower was
+built in honour of the blessed Martin, and had about it cloisters for the
+use of the monks.... The extremity of the church was adorned by the
+oratory of Mary.... At its eastern part, there was an altar consecrated to
+the worship of that Lady.... When the priest performed the Divine
+mysteries at this altar he had his face turned to the east.... Behind him,
+to the west, was the pontifical chair constructed with handsome
+workmanship, and of large stones and cement, and far removed from the
+Lord's table, being contiguous to the wall of the church which embraced
+the entire area of the building.
+
+Lanfranc, the first Norman archbishop, was granted the see in 1070. He
+quickly set about the task of building himself a cathedral. Making no
+attempt to restore the old fabric, he even destroyed what was left of
+the monastic building, and built up an entirely new church and monastery.
+Seven years sufficed to complete his cathedral, which stood on the same
+ground as the earlier fane. His work, however, was not long left
+undisturbed. It had not stood for twenty years before the east end of the
+church was pulled down during the Archiepiscopate of Anselm, and rebuilt
+in a much more splendid style by Ernulph, the prior of the monastery.
+Conrad, who succeeded Ernulph as prior, finished the choir, decorating it
+with great magnificence, and, in the course of his reconstruction, nearly
+doubling the area of the building. Thus completed anew, the cathedral was
+dedicated by Archbishop William in A.D. 1130. At this notable ceremony the
+kings of England and Scotland both assisted, as well as all the English
+bishops. Forty years later this church was the scene of Thomas a Becket's
+murder (A.D. 1170), and it was in Conrad's choir that the monks watched
+over his body during the night after his death.
+
+Eadmer also gives some description of the church raised by Lanfranc. The
+new archbishop, "filled with consternation" when he found that "the church
+of the Saviour which he undertakes to rule was reduced to almost nothing
+by fire and ruin," proceeded to "set about to destroy it utterly, and
+erect a more noble one. And in the space of seven years he raised this new
+church from the very foundations and rendered it nearly perfect....
+Archbishop Anselm, who succeeded Lanfranc, appointed Ernulf to be
+prior.... Having taken down the eastern part of the church which Lanfranc
+had built, he erected it so much more magnificently, that nothing like it
+could be seen in England, either for the brilliancy of its glass windows,
+the beauty of its marble pavement, or the many coloured pictures which led
+the wondering eyes to the very summit of the ceiling." It was this part of
+the church, however, that was completed by Ernulf's successor, Conrad, and
+afterwards known as Conrad's choir. It appears that Anselm "allowed the
+monks to manage their own affairs, and gave them for priors Ernulf, and
+then Conrad, both monks of their own monastery. And thus it happened that,
+in addition to the general prosperity and good order of their property,
+which resulted from this freedom, they were enabled to enlarge their
+church by all that part which stretches from the great tower to the east;
+which work Anselm himself provided for," having "granted to the said
+church the revenues of his town of Peckham, for seven years, the whole of
+which were expended upon the new work." Prof. Willis, unable to account
+for the haste with which the east end of Lanfranc's church was pulled
+down, assumes that the monks "did not think their church large enough for
+the importance of their monastery," and moreover wanted shrine-room for
+the display of relics. The main body of Lanfranc's church was left
+standing, and is described as follows by Gervase. "The tower, raised upon
+great pillars, is placed in the midst of the church, like the centre in
+the middle of a circle. It had on its apex a gilt cherub. On the west of
+the tower is the nave of the church, supported on either side upon eight
+pillars. Two lofty towers with gilded pinnacles terminate this nave or
+aula. A gilded _corona_ hangs in the midst of the church. A screen with a
+loft (_pulpitum_) separated in a manner the aforesaid tower from the nave,
+and had in the middle and on the side towards the nave, the altar of the
+holy cross. Above the _pulpitum_ and placed across the church, was the
+beam, which sustained a great cross, two cherubim, and the images of St.
+Mary and St. John the Apostle.... The great tower had a cross from each
+side, to wit, a south cross and a north cross, each of which had in the
+midst a strong pillar; this pillar sustained a vault which proceeded from
+the walls on three of its sides," etc. Prof. Willis considers that as far
+as these parts of the building are concerned, the present fabric stands
+exactly on the site of Lanfranc's. "In the existing building," he says,
+"it happens that the nave and transepts have been transformed into the
+Perpendicular style of the fourteenth century, and the central tower
+carried up to about double its original altitude in the same style.
+Nevertheless indications may be detected that these changed parts stand
+upon the old foundations of Lanfranc."
+
+The building, however, was not destined to remain long intact. In A.D.
+1174 the whole of Conrad's choir was destroyed by a fire, which was
+described fully by Gervase, a monk who witnessed it. He gives an
+extraordinary account of the rage and grief of the people at the sight of
+the burning cathedral. The work of rebuilding was immediately set on foot.
+In September, 1174, one William of Sens, undertook the task, and wrought
+thereat until 1178, when he was disabled by an unfortunate fall from a
+scaffolding, and had to give up his charge and return to France. Another
+William, an Englishman this time, took up the direction of the work,
+and under his supervision the choir and eastern portion of the church
+were finished in A.D. 1184. Further alterations were made under Prior
+Chillenden at the end of the fourteenth century. Lanfranc's nave was
+pulled down, and a new nave and transepts were constructed, leaving but
+little of the original building set up by the first Norman archbishop.
+Finally, about A.D. 1495, the cathedral was completed by the addition of
+the great central tower.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL, ABOUT A.D. 1165.
+
+From a Norman drawing inserted in the Great Psalter of Eadwin, in the
+Library of Trinity College, Cambridge. First published in _Vetusta
+Monumenta_ (Society of Antiquaries, 1755). For full description and a
+plan of the waterworks see _Archaeologia Cantiana_, Vol. VII., 1868.]
+
+During the four centuries which passed during the construction and
+reconstruction of the fabric, considerable changes had manifested
+themselves in the science and art of architecture. Hence it is that
+Canterbury Cathedral is a history, written in solid stone, of
+architectural progress, illustrating in itself almost all the various
+kinds of the style commonly called Pointed. Of these the earliest form of
+Gothic and Perpendicular chiefly predominate. The shape and arrangement of
+the building was doubtless largely influenced by the extraordinary number
+of precious relics which it contained, and which had to be properly
+displayed and fittingly enshrined. Augustine's church had possessed the
+bodies of St. Blaize and St. Wilfrid, brought respectively from Rome and
+from Ripon; of St. Dunstan, St. Alphege, and St. Ouen, as well as the
+heads of St. Swithin and St. Furseus, and the arm of St. Bartholomew.
+These were all carefully removed and placed, each in separate altars and
+chapels, in Lanfranc's new cathedral. Here their number was added to by
+the acquisition of new relics and sacred treasures as time went on, and
+finally Canterbury enshrined its chiefest glory, the hallowed body of St.
+Thomas a Becket, who was martyred within its walls.
+
+Since, owing to an almost incredible act of royal vindictiveness in A.D.
+1538, Becket's glorious shrine belongs only to the history of the past,
+some account of its splendours will not be out of place in this part of
+our account of the cathedral. It stood on the site of the ancient chapel
+of the Trinity, which was burnt down along with Conrad's choir in the
+destructive fire of A.D. 1174. It was in this chapel that Thomas a Becket
+had first solemnized mass after becoming archbishop. For this reason, as
+we may fairly suppose, this position was chosen to enshrine the martyr's
+bones, after the rebuilding of the injured portion of the fabric. Though
+the shrine itself has been ruthlessly destroyed, a mosaic pavement,
+similar to that which may be seen round the tomb of Edward the Confessor
+in Westminster Abbey, marks the exact spot on which it stood. The mosaic
+is of the kind with which the floors of the Roman basilicas were generally
+adorned, and contains signs of the zodiacs and emblems of virtues and
+vices. This pavement was directly in front of the west side of the shrine.
+On each side of the site is a deep mark in the pavement running towards
+the east. This indentation was certainly worn in the soft, pinkish marble
+by the knees of generations of pilgrims, who prostrated themselves here
+while the treasures were displayed to their gaze. In the roof above there
+is fixed a crescent carved out of some foreign wood, which has proved
+deeply puzzling to antiquaries. A suggestion, which hardly seems very
+plausible, connects this mysterious crescent with the fact that Becket was
+closely related, as patron, with the Hospital of St. John at Acre. It was
+believed that his prayers had once repulsed the Saracens from the walls of
+the fortress, and he received the title of St. Thomas Acrensis. Near this
+crescent a number of iron staples were to be seen at one time, and it is
+likely that a trophy of some sort depended from them. The Watching Tower
+was set high upon the Tower of St. Anselm, on the south side of the
+shrine. It contained a fireplace, so that the watchman might keep himself
+warm during the winter nights, and from a gallery between the pillars he
+commanded a view of the sacred spot and its treasures. A troop of fierce
+ban-dogs shared the task of guarding the shrine from theft. How necessary
+such precautions were is shown by the fact that such a spot had to be
+guarded not only from common robbers in search of rich booty, but also
+from holy men, who were quite unscrupulous in their desire to possess
+themselves and their own churches of sacred relics. Within the first six
+years after Becket's death we read of two striking instances of the
+lengths to which distinguished churchmen were carried by what Dean Stanley
+calls "the first frenzy of desire for the relics of St. Thomas." Benedict,
+a monk of Christ Church, and "probably the most distinguished of his
+body," was created Abbot of Peterburgh in A.D. 1176. Disappointed to find
+that his cathedral was very poor in the matter of relics he returned to
+Canterbury, "took away with him the flagstones immediately surrounding the
+sacred spot, with which he formed two altars in the conventual church of
+his new appointment, besides two vases of blood and parts of Becket's
+clothing." Still more striking and characteristic of the prevalent passion
+for relics is the story of Roger, who was keeper of the "Altars of the
+Martyrdom," or "Custos Martyrii." The brothers of St. Augustine's Abbey
+were so eager to obtain a share in the glory which their great rival, the
+neighbouring cathedral, had won from the circumstances of Becket's
+martyrdom within its walls, that they actually offered Roger no less a
+reward than the position of abbot in their own institution, on condition
+that he should purloin for them some part of the remains of the martyr's
+skull. And not only did Roger, though he had been specially selected from
+amongst the monks of Christ Church to watch over this very treasure, agree
+to their conditions, and after duly carrying out this piece of
+sacrilegious burglary become Abbot of St. Augustine's; but the chroniclers
+of the abbey were not ashamed to boast of this transaction as an instance
+of cleverness and well-applied zeal.
+
+The translation of Becket's remains from the tomb to his shrine took place
+A.D. 1220, fifty years after his martyrdom. The young Henry III., who had
+just laid the foundation of the new abbey at Westminster, assisted at the
+ceremony. The primate then ruling at Canterbury was the great Stephen
+Langton, who had won renown both as a scholar and a statesman. He had
+carried out the division of the Bible into chapters, as it is now
+arranged, and had won a decisive victory for English liberty by forcing
+King John to sign the Great Charter. He was now advanced in years, and had
+recently assisted at the coronation of King Henry at Westminster.
+
+The translation was carried out with imposing ceremony. The scene must
+have been one of surpassing splendour; never had such an assemblage been
+gathered together in England. Robert of Gloucester relates that not only
+Canterbury but the surrounding countryside was full to overflowing:
+
+    "Of bishops and abbots, priors and parsons,
+    Of earls, and of barons, and of many knights thereto;
+    Of serjeants, and of squires, and of husbandmen enow,
+    And of simple men eke of the land--so thick thither drew."
+
+The archbishop had given notice two years before, proclaiming the day of
+the solemnity throughout Europe as well as England: the episcopal manors
+had been bidden to furnish provisions for the huge concourse, not only in
+the cathedral city, but along all the roads by which it was approached.
+Hay and provisions were given to all who asked it between London and
+Canterbury; at the gates of the city and in the four licensed cellars tuns
+of wine were set up, that all who thirsted might drink freely, and wine
+ran in the street channels on the day of the festival. During the night
+before the ceremony the primate, together with the Bishop of Salisbury and
+all the members of the brotherhood, who were headed by Walter the Prior,
+solemnly, with psalms and hymns, entered the crypt in which the martyr's
+body lay, and removed the stones which covered the tomb. Four priests,
+specially conspicuous for their piety, were selected to take out the
+relics, which were then placed in a strong coffer studded with iron nails
+and fastened with iron hasps.
+
+Next day a procession was formed, headed by the young king, Henry III.
+After him came Pandulf, the Italian Bishop of Norwich and Papal Nuncio,
+and Langton the archbishop, with whom was the Archbishop of Rheims,
+Primate of France. The great Hubert de Burgh, Lord High Justiciary,
+together with four other barons, completed the company, which was selected
+to bear the chest to its resting-place. When this had been duly deposited,
+a solemn mass was celebrated by the French archbishop. The anniversary of
+this great festival was commemorated as the Feast of the Translation of
+the Blessed St. Thomas, until it was suppressed by a royal injunction of
+Henry VIII. in 1536.
+
+A picture of the shrine itself is preserved among the Cottonian MSS., and
+a representation of it also exists in one of the stained windows of the
+cathedral. At the end of it the altar of the Saint had its place; the
+lower part of its walls were of stone, and against them the lame and
+diseased pilgrims used to rub their bodies, hoping to be cured of their
+afflictions. The shrine itself was supported on marble arches, and
+remained concealed under a wooden covering, doubtless intended to enhance
+the effect produced by the sudden revelation of the glories beneath it;
+for when the pilgrims were duly assembled on their knees round the shrine,
+the cover was suddenly raised at a given signal, and though such a device
+may appear slightly theatrical in these days, it is easy to imagine how
+the devotees of the middle ages must have been thrilled at the sight of
+this hallowed tomb, and all the bravery of gold and precious stones which
+the piety of that day had heaped upon it. The beauties of the shrine were
+pointed out by the prior, who named the giver of the several jewels. Many
+of these were of enormous value, especially a huge carbuncle, as large as
+an egg, which had been offered to the memory of St. Thomas by Louis VII.
+of France, who visited the shrine in A.D. 1179, after having thrice seen
+the Saint in a vision. A curious legend, thoroughly in keeping with the
+mystic halo of miraculous power which surrounds the martyred archbishop's
+fame, relates that the French king could not make up his mind to part with
+this invaluable gem, which was called the "Regale of France;" but when he
+visited the tomb, the stone, so runs the story, leapt forth from the ring
+in which it was set, and fixed itself of its own will firmly in the wall
+of the shrine, thus baffling the unwilling monarch's half-heartedness.
+Louis also presented a gold cup, and gave the monks a hundred measures,
+medii, of wine, to be delivered annually at Poissy, also ordaining that
+they should be exempt from "toll, tax, and tallage" when journeying in his
+realm. He himself was made a member of the brotherhood, after duly
+spending a night in prayer at the tomb. It is said that, "because he was
+very fearful of the water," the French king received a promise from the
+Saint that neither he nor any other that crossed over from Dover to
+Whitsand, should suffer any manner of loss or shipwreck. We are told that
+Louis's piety was afterwards rewarded by the miraculous recovery, through
+St. Thomas's intercession, of his son from a dangerous illness. Louis was
+the first of a series of royal pilgrims to the shrine. Richard the Lion
+Heart, set free from durance in Austria, walked thither from Sandwich to
+return thanks to God and St. Thomas. After him all the English kings and
+all the Continental potentates who visited the shores of Britain, paid due
+homage, and doubtless made due offering, at the shrine of the sainted
+archbishop. The crown of Scotland was presented in A.D. 1299 by Edward
+Longshanks, and Henry V. gave thanks here after his victory over the
+French at Agincourt. Emperors, both of the east and west, humbled
+themselves before the relics of the famous English martyr. Henry VIII. and
+the Emperor Charles V. came together at Whitsuntide, A.D. 1520, in more
+than royal splendour, and with a great retinue of English and Spanish
+noblemen, and worshipped at the shrine which had then reached the zenith
+of its glory.
+
+But though the stately stories of these royal progresses to the tomb of
+the martyred archbishop strike the imagination vividly, yet the picture
+presented by Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" is in reality much more
+impressive. For we find there all ranks of society alike making the
+pilgrimage--the knight, the yeoman, the prioress, the monk, the friar, the
+merchant, the scholar from Oxford, the lawyer, the squire, the tradesman,
+the cook, the shipman, the physician, the clothier from Bath, the priest,
+the miller, the reeve, the manciple, the seller of indulgences, and,
+lastly, the poet himself--all these various sorts and conditions of men
+and women we find journeying down to Canterbury in a sort of motley
+caravan. Foreign pilgrims also came to the sacred shrine in great numbers.
+A curious record, preserved in a Latin translation, of the journey of a
+Bohemian noble, Leo von Rotzmital, who visited England in 1446, gives a
+quaint description of Canterbury and its approaches. "Sailing up the
+Channel," the narrator writes, "as we drew near to England we saw lofty
+mountains full of chalk. These mountains seem from a distance to be clad
+with snows. On them lies a citadel, built by devils, '_a Cacodaemonibus
+extructa_,' so stoutly fortified that its peer could not be found in any
+province of Christendom. Passing by these mountains and citadel we put in
+at the city of Sandwich (_Sandvicum_).... But at nothing did I marvel more
+greatly than at the sailors climbing up the masts and foretelling the
+distance, and approach of the winds, and which sails should be set and
+which furled. Among them I saw one sailor so nimble that scarce could any
+man be compared with him." Journeying on to Canterbury, our pilgrim
+proceeds: "There we saw the tomb and head of the martyr. The tomb is of
+pure gold, and embellished with jewels, and so enriched with splendid
+offerings that I know not its peer. Among other precious things upon it is
+beholden the carbuncle jewel, which is wont to shine by night, half a
+hen's egg in size. For that tomb has been lavishly enriched by many kings,
+princes, wealthy traders, and other righteous men."
+
+Such was Canterbury Cathedral in the middle ages, the resort of emperors,
+kings, and all classes of humble folk, English and foreign. It was in the
+spring chiefly, as Chaucer tells us, that
+
+    "Whanne that April with his showres sote
+    The droughte of March hath perced to the rote,
+    And bathed every veine in swiche licour,
+    Of whiche vertue engendred is the flour;
+    When Zephyrus eke with his sote brethe
+    Enspired hath in every holt and hethe
+    The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
+    Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne,
+    And smale foules maken melodie
+    That slepen alle night with open eye,
+    So priketh hem nature in hir corages;
+    Than longen folk to gon on pilgrimages
+    And palmeres for to seken strange strondes
+    To serve hauves couthe in sondry londes;
+    And specially from every shires ende
+    Of Englelonde, to Canterbury they wende
+    The holy blissful martyr for to seke,
+    That hem hath holpen when that they were seke."
+
+The miracles performed by the bones of the blessed martyr are stated by
+contemporary writers to have been extraordinarily numerous. We have it on
+the authority of Gervase that two volumes full of these marvels were
+preserved at Canterbury, and in those days a volume meant a tome of
+formidable dimensions; but scarcely any record of these most interesting
+occurrences has been preserved. At the time of Henry VIII.'s quarrel with
+the dead archbishop--of which more anon--the name of St. Thomas and all
+account of his deeds was erased from every book that the strictest
+investigation could lay hands on. So thoroughly was this spiteful edict
+carried out that the records of the greatest of English saints are
+astonishingly meagre. A letter, however, has been preserved, written about
+A.D. 1390 by Richard II. to congratulate the then archbishop, William
+Courtenay, on a fresh miracle performed by St. Thomas: "_Litera domini
+Regis graciosa missa domino archiepiscopo, regraciando sibi de novo
+miraculo Sancti Thome Martiris sibi denunciato._" The letter refers, in
+its quaint Norman-French, to the good influence that will be exercised by
+such a manifestation, as a practical argument against the "various enemies
+of our faith and belief"--_noz foie et creaunce ount plousours enemys_.
+These were the Lollards, and the pious king says that he hopes and
+believes that they will be brought back to the right path by the effect
+of this miracle, which seems to have been worked to heal a distinguished
+foreigner--_en une persone estraunge_.
+
+Another document (dated A.D. 1455) preserves the story of the miraculous
+cure of a young Scotsman, from Aberdeen, _Allexander Stephani filius in
+Scocia, de Aberdyn oppido natus_. Alexander was lame, _pedibus contractus_,
+from his birth, we are told that after twenty-four years of pain and
+discomfort--_vigintiquatuor annis penaliter laborabat_--he made a
+pilgrimage to Canterbury, and there "the sainted Thomas, the divine
+clemency aiding him, on the second day of the month of May did straightway
+restore his legs and feet, _bases et plantas_, to the same Alexander."
+
+Other miracles performed by the saint are pictured in the painted windows
+of Trinity Chapel, of which we shall treat fully later on. The fame of the
+martyr spread through the whole of Christendom. Stanley tells us that
+"there is probably no country in Europe which does not exhibit traces of
+Becket. A tooth of his is preserved in the church of San Thomaso
+Cantuariense at Verona, part of an arm in a convent at Florence, and
+another part in the church of St. Waldetrude at Mons; in Fuller's time
+both arms were displayed in the English convent at Lisbon; while Bourbourg
+preserves his chalice, Douay his hair shirt, and St. Omer his mitre. The
+cathedral of Sens contains his vestments and an ancient altar at which he
+said mass. His story is pictured in the painted windows at Chartres, and
+Sens, and St. Omer, and his figure is to be seen in the church of Monreale
+at Palermo."
+
+In England almost every county contained a church or convent dedicated to
+St. Thomas. Most notable of these was the abbey of Aberbrothock, raised,
+within seven years after the martyrdom, to the memory of the saint by
+William the Lion, king of Scotland. William had been defeated by the
+English forces on the very day on which Henry II. had done penance at the
+tomb, and made his peace with the saint, and attributing his misfortunes
+to the miraculous influence of St. Thomas, endeavoured to propitiate him
+by the dedication of this magnificent abbey. A mutilated image of the
+saint has been preserved among the ruins of the monastery. This is perhaps
+the most notable of the gifts to St. Thomas. The volume of the offerings
+which were poured into the Canterbury coffers by grateful invalids who
+had been cured of their ailments, and by others who, like the Scotch king,
+were anxious to propitiate the power of the saint, must have been
+enormous. We know that at the beginning of the sixteenth century the
+yearly offerings, though their sums had already greatly diminished, were
+worth about L4,000, according to the present value of money.
+
+The story of the fall of the shrine and the overthrow of the power of the
+martyr is so remarkable and was so implicitly believed at the time, that
+it cannot be passed over in spite of the doubts which modern criticism
+casts on its authenticity. It is said that in April, A.D. 1538, a writ of
+summons was issued in the name of King Henry VIII. against Thomas Becket,
+sometime Archbishop of Canterbury, accusing him of treason, contumacy, and
+rebellion. This document was read before the martyr's tomb, and thirty
+days were allowed for his answer to the summons. As the defendant did not
+appear, the suit was formally tried at Westminster. The Attorney General
+held a brief for Henry II., and the deceased defendant was represented by
+an advocate named by Henry VIII. Needless to relate, judgment was given in
+favour of Henry II., and the condemned Archbishop was ordered to have his
+bones burnt and all his gorgeous offerings escheated to the Crown. The
+first part of the sentence was remitted and Becket's body was buried, but
+he was deprived of the title of Saint, his images were destroyed
+throughout the kingdom, and his name was erased from all books. The shrine
+was destroyed, and the gold and jewels thereof were taken away in
+twenty-six carts. Henry VIII. himself wore the Regale of France in a ring
+on his thumb. Improbable as the story of Becket's trial may seem, such a
+procedure was strictly in accordance with the forms of the Roman Catholic
+Church, of which Henry still at that time professed himself a member:
+moreover it is not without authentic parallels in history: exactly the
+same measures of reprisal had been taken against Wycliffe at Lutterworth;
+and Queen Mary shortly afterwards acted in a similar manner towards Bucer
+and Fagius at Cambridge.
+
+The last recorded pilgrim to the shrine of St. Thomas was Madame de
+Montreuil, a great French dame who had been waiting on Mary of Guise, in
+Scotland. She visited Canterbury in August, A.D. 1538, and we are told
+that she was taken to see the wonders of the place and marvelled at all
+the riches thereof, and said "that if she had not seen it, all the men in
+the world could never 'a made her believe it." Though she would not kiss
+the head of St. Thomas, the Prior "did send her a present of coneys,
+capons, chickens, with divers fruits--plenty--insomuch that she said,
+'What shall we do with so many capons? Let the Lord Prior come, and eat,
+and help us to eat them tomorrow at dinner' and so thanked him heartily
+for the said present."
+
+Such was the history of Becket's shrine. We have dwelt on it at some
+length because it is no exaggeration to say that in the Middle Ages
+Canterbury Cathedral owed its European fame and enormous riches to the
+fact that it contained the shrine within its walls, and because the story
+of the influence of the Saint and the miracles that he worked, and the
+millions of pilgrims who flocked from the whole civilized world to do
+homage to him, throws a brighter and more vivid light on the lives and
+thoughts and beliefs of mediaeval men than many volumes stuffed with
+historical research. No visitor to Canterbury can appreciate what he sees,
+unless he realizes to some extent the glamour which overhung the resting
+place of St. Thomas in the days of Geoffrey Chaucer. We have no certain
+knowledge as to whether the other shrines and relics which enriched the
+cathedral were destroyed along with those of St. Thomas. Dunstan and
+Elphege at least can hardly have escaped, and it is probable that most of
+the monuments and relics perished at the time of the Reformation. We know
+that in A.D. 1541, Cranmer deplored the slight effect which had been
+wrought by the royal orders for the destruction of the bones and images
+of supposed saints. And that he forthwith received letters from the king,
+enjoining him to cause "due search to be made in his cathedral churches,
+and if any shrine, covering of shrine, table, monument of miracles, or
+other pilgrimage, do there continue, to cause it to be taken away, so as
+there remain no memory of it." This order probably brought about the
+destruction of the tombs and monuments of the early archbishops, most
+of whom had been officially canonised, or been at least enrolled in the
+popular calendar, and were accordingly doomed to have their resting-places
+desecrated. We know that about this time the tomb of Winchelsey was
+destroyed, because he was adored by the people as a reputed saint.
+
+Any monuments that may have escaped royal vandalism at the Reformation
+period, fell before the even more effective fanaticism of the Puritans,
+who seem to have exercised their iconoclastic energies with especial zeal
+and vigour at Canterbury. Just before their time Archbishop Laud spent a
+good deal of trouble and money on the adornment of the high altar. A
+letter to him from the Dean, dated July 8th, A.D. 1634, is quoted by
+Prynne, "We have obeyed your Grace's direction in pulling down the
+exorbitant seates within our Quire whereby the church is very much
+beautified.... Lastly wee most humbly beseech your Grace to take notice
+that many and most necessary have beene the occasions of extraordinary
+expences this yeare for ornaments, etc." And another Puritan scribe tells
+us that "At the east end of the cathedral they have placed an Altar as
+they call it dressed after the Romish fashion, for which altar they have
+lately provided a most idolatrous costly glory cloth or back cloth."
+
+These embellishments were not destined to remain long undisturbed. In A.D.
+1642, the Puritan troopers hewed the altar-rails to pieces and then "threw
+the Altar over and over down the three Altar steps, and left it lying with
+the heels upwards." This was only the beginning: we read that during the
+time of the Great Rebellion, "the newly erected font was pulled down, the
+inscriptions, figures, and coats of arms, engraven upon brass, were torn
+off from the ancient monuments, and whatsoever there was of beauty or
+decency in the holy place, was despoiled."
+
+A manuscript, compiled in 1662, and preserved in the Chapter library,
+gives a more minute account of this work of destruction. "The windows
+were generally battered and broken down; the whole roof, with that of the
+steeples, the chapter-house and cloister, externally impaired and ruined
+both in timber-work and lead; water-tanks, pipes, and much other lead cut
+off; the choir stripped and robbed of her fair and goodly hangings; the
+organ and organ-loft, communion-table, and the best and chiefest of the
+furniture, with the rail before it, and the screen of tabernacle work
+richly overlaid with gold behind it; goodly monuments shamefully abused,
+defaced, and rifled of brasses, iron grates, and bars."
+
+The ringleader in this work of destruction was a fanatic named Richard
+Culmer, commonly known as Blue Dick. A paper preserved in the Chapter
+library, in the writing of Somner, the great antiquarian scholar,
+describes the state in which the fabric of the cathedral was left, at the
+time of the Restoration of King Charles II., in 1660. "So little," says
+this document, "had the fury of the late reformers left remaining of it
+besides the bare walles and roofe, and these, partly through neglect, and
+partly by the daily assaults and batteries of the disaffected, so
+shattered, ruinated, and defaced, as it was not more unserviceable in the
+way of a cathedral than justly scandalous to all who delight to serve God
+in the beauty of Holines." Most of the windows had been broken, "the
+church's guardians, her faire and strong gates, turned off the hooks and
+burned." The buildings and houses of the clergy had been pulled down or
+greatly damaged; and lastly, "the goodly oaks in our common gardens, of
+good value in themselves, and in their time very beneficial to our church
+by their shelter, quite eradicated and _set to sale_." This last touch is
+interesting, as showing that the reforming zeal of the Puritans was not
+always altogether disinterested.
+
+After the Restoration some attempt was made to render the cathedral once
+more a fitting place of worship, and the sum of L10,000 was devoted to
+repairs and other public and pious uses. A screen was put up in the same
+position as the former one, and the altar was placed in front. But, in
+A.D. 1729, this screen no longer suited the taste of the period, and a
+sum of L500, bequeathed by one of the prebendaries, was devoted to the
+erection of a screen in the Corinthian style, designed by a certain Mr.
+Burrough, afterwards Master of Caius College, Cambridge. A little before
+this time the old stalls, which had survived the Puritan period were
+replaced: a writer describes them, in the early half of the seventeenth
+century, as standing in two rows, an upper and lower, on each side, with
+the archbishop's wood throne above them on the south side. This chair he
+mentions as "sometime richly guilt, and otherwise well set forth, but now
+nothing specious through age and late neglect. It is a close seat, made
+after the old fashion of such stalls, called thence _faldistoria_; only in
+this they differ, that they were moveable, this is fixt."
+
+Thus wrote Somner in A.D. 1640: the dilapidated throne of which he speaks
+was replaced, in A.D. 1704, by a splendid throne with a tall Corinthian
+canopy, and decorated with carving by Grinling Gibbons, the gift of
+Archbishop Tenison, who also set up new stalls. At the same time Queen
+Mary the Second presented new and magnificent furniture for the altar,
+throne, stalls of the chief clergy, and pulpit. Since then many alterations
+have been made. The old altar and screen have been removed, and a new
+reredos set up, copied from the screen work of the Lady Chapel in the
+crypt; and Archbishop Tenison's throne has given place to a lofty stone
+canopy. In 1834 owing to its tottering condition the north-west tower of
+the nave had to be pulled down. It was rebuilt on an entirely different
+plan by Mr. George Austin, who, with his son, also conducted a good deal
+of repairing and other work in the cathedral and the buildings connected
+with it. A good deal of the external stonework had to be renewed, but the
+work was carried out judiciously, and only where it was absolutely
+necessary. On the west side of the south transept a turret has been pulled
+down and set up again stone by stone. The crypt has been cleared out and
+restored, and its windows have been reopened. The least satisfactory
+evidences of the modern hand are the stained glass windows, which have been
+put up in the nave and transepts of the cathedral. The Puritan trooper had
+wrought havoc in the ancient glass, smashing it wherever a pike-thrust
+could reach; and modern piety has been almost as ruthless in erecting
+windows which are quite incredibly hideous.
+
+In September, 1872, Canterbury was once more damaged by fire, just about
+seven hundred years after the memorable conflagration described by
+Gervase. On this occasion, however, the damage did not go beyond the outer
+roof of the Trinity Chapel. The fire broke out at about half-past ten in
+the morning, and was luckily discovered before it had made much progress,
+by two plumbers who were at work in the south gutter. According to the
+"Builder" of that month, "a peculiar whirring noise" caused them to look
+inside the roof, and they found three of the main roof-timbers blazing. "The
+best conjecture seems to be that the dry twigs, straw, and similar
+_debris_, carried into the roof by birds, and which it has been the custom
+to clear at intervals out of the vault pockets, had caught fire from a
+spark that had in some way passed through the roof covering, perhaps under
+a sheet raised a little at the bottom by the wind." Assistance was quickly
+summoned, and "by half-past twelve the whole was seen to be extinguished.
+At four o'clock the authorities held the evening service, so as not to
+break a continuity of custom extending over centuries; and in the
+smoke-filled choir, the whole of the Chapter in residence, in the proper
+Psalm (xviii.), found expression for the sense of victory over a conquered
+enemy."
+
+Thus little harm was done, but it must have been an exciting crisis while
+it lasted. "The bosses [of the vaulting], pierced with cradle-holes,
+happened to be well-placed for the passage of the liquid lead dripping on
+the back of the vault from the blazing roof," which poured down on to the
+pavement below, on the very spot which Becket's shrine had once occupied.
+"Through the holes further westward water came, sufficient to float over
+the surfaces of the polished Purbeck marble floor and the steps of the
+altar, and alarmed the well-intentioned assistants into removing the
+altar, tearing up the altar-rails, etc., etc. The relics of the Black
+Prince, attached to a beam (over his tomb) at the level of the caps of the
+piers on the south side of Trinity Chapel, were all taken down and placed
+away in safety. The eastern end of the church is said to have been filled
+with steam from water rushing through with, and falling on, the molten
+lead on the floor; and, in time, by every opening, wood-smoke reached the
+inside of the building, filling all down to the west of the nave with a
+blue haze." The scene in the building is said to have been one of
+extraordinary beauty, but most lovers of architecture would probably
+prefer to view the fabric with its own loveliness, unenhanced by numerous
+streams of molten lead pouring down from the roof.
+
+Since that date Canterbury Cathedral has been happy in the possession of
+no history, and we pass on, therefore, to the examination in detail of its
+exterior.
+
+[Illustration: THE CLOISTERS.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+EXTERIOR AND PRECINCTS--THE MONASTERY.
+
+
+The external beauties of Canterbury Cathedral can best be viewed in their
+entirety from a distance. The old town has nestled in close under the
+walls of the church that dominates it, preventing anything like a complete
+view of the building from the immediate precincts. But Canterbury is girt
+with a ring of hills, from which we may enjoy a strikingly beautiful view
+of the ancient city, lying asleep in the rich, peaceful valley of the
+Stour, and the mighty cathedral towering over the red-tiled roofs of the
+town, and looking, as a rustic remarked as he gazed down upon it "like a
+hen brooding over her chickens." Erasmus must have been struck by some
+such aspect of the cathedral, for he says, "It rears its crest (_erigit
+se_) with so great majesty to the sky, that it inspires a feeling of awe
+even in those who look at it from afar." Such a view may well be got from
+the hills of Harbledown, a village about two miles from Canterbury,
+containing in itself many objects of antiquarian and aesthetic interest.
+It stands on the road by which Chaucer's pilgrims wended their way to the
+shrine of St. Thomas, and it is almost certainly referred to in the lines
+in which the poet speaks of
+
+                         "A little town
+    Which that yeleped is Bob Up and Down
+    Under the Blee in Canterbury way."
+
+The name Harbledown is derived by local philologists from Bob up and Down,
+and the hilly nature of the country fully justifies the title. Here stands
+Lanfranc's Lazar-house, "so picturesque even now in its decay, and in
+spite of modern alterations which have swept away all but the ivy-clad
+chapel of Lanfranc." In this hospital a shoe of St. Thomas was preserved
+which pilgrims were expected to kiss as they passed by; and in an old
+chest the modern visitor may still behold a rude money-box with a slit in
+the lid, into which the great Erasmus is said to have dropped a coin when
+he visited Canterbury at the time when St. Thomas's glory was just
+beginning to wane. Behind the hospital is an ancient well called "the
+Black Prince's Well." The Black Prince, as is well known, passed through
+Canterbury on his way from Sandwich to London, whither he was escorting
+his royal prisoner, King John of France, whom he had captured at the
+battle of Poitiers, A.D. 1357. We need not doubt that he halted at
+Harbledown to salute the martyr's shoe, and he may have washed in the
+water of the well, which was henceforward called by his name. Another
+tradition relates that he had water brought to him from this well when
+he lay sick, ten years later, in the archbishop's palace at Canterbury.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW ON THE STOUR.]
+
+Another good view may be had from the crest on which stands St. Martin's
+Church, which was formerly believed to be the oldest in England, so
+ancient that its origin was connected with the mythical King Lucius.
+Modern research has decided that it is of later date, but there is no
+doubt that on the spot on which it now stands, Bertha, the wife of
+Ethelbert--who was ruling when Augustine landed with his monks--had a
+little chapel, as Bede relates, "in the east of the city," where she
+worshipped, before her husband's conversion, with her chaplain, Luidhard,
+a French priest. Dean Stanley has described this view in a fine passage:
+
+"Let any one sit on the hill of the little church of St. Martin, and look
+on the view which is there spread before his eyes. Immediately below are
+the towers of the great abbey of St. Augustine, where Christian learning
+and civilization first struck root in the Anglo-Saxon race; and within
+which, now, after a lapse of many centuries, a new institution has arisen,
+intended to carry far and wide to countries of which Gregory and Augustine
+never heard, the blessings which they gave to us. Carry your view on--and
+there rises high above all the magnificent pile of our cathedral, equal in
+splendour and state to any, the noblest temple or church, that Augustine
+could have seen in ancient Rome, rising on the very ground which derives
+its consecration from him. And still more than the grandeur of the outward
+building that rose from the little church of Augustine, and the little
+palace of Ethelbert, have been the institutions of all kinds, of which
+these were the earliest cradle. From the first English Christian
+city--from Kent, the first English Christian kingdom--has, by degrees,
+arisen the whole constitution of Church and State in England which now
+binds together the whole British Empire. And from the Christianity here
+established in England has flowed, by direct consequence, first, the
+Christianity of Germany--then after a long interval, of North America, and
+lastly, we may trust in time, of all India and all Australasia. The view
+from St. Martin's Church is, indeed, one of the most inspiriting that can
+be found in the world; there is none to which I would more willingly take
+any one who doubted whether a small beginning could lead to a great and
+lasting good--none which carries us more vividly back into the past, or
+more hopefully forward to the future."
+
+In the town itself, the best point of vantage from which the visitor can
+get a good view of the cathedral is the summit of the Dane John, a lofty
+mound crowned by an obelisk; from this height we look across at the roof
+and towers of the cathedral rising above thickly clustering trees: from
+here also there is a fine view over the beautiful valley of the Stour in
+the direction of Thanington and Chartham.
+
+In the immediate precincts, a delightful picture is presented from the
+Green Court, which was once the main outer court of the monastery. Here
+are noble trees and beautifully kept turf, at once in perfect harmony and
+agreeable contrast with the rugged walls of the weather-beaten cathedral:
+the quiet soft colouring of the ancient buildings and that look of
+cloistered seclusion only to be found in the peaceful nooks of cathedral
+cities are seen here at their very best.
+
+[Illustration: "BELL HARRY," THE CENTRAL TOWER.]
+
+The chief glory of the exterior of Canterbury Cathedral is the central
+#Angel or Bell Tower#. This is one of the most perfect structures that
+Gothic architecture, inspired by the loftiest purpose that ever stimulated
+the work of any art, has produced. It was completed by Prior Selling, who
+held office in 1472, and has been variously called the Bell Harry Tower
+from the mighty Dunstan bell, weighing three tons and three hundredweight,
+and the Angel Tower from the gilded figure of an angel poised on one of
+the pinnacles, which has long ago disappeared. The tower itself is of two
+stages, with two two-light windows in each stage; the windows are
+transomed in each face, and the lower tier is canopied; each angle is
+rounded off with an octagonal turret and the whole structure is a
+marvellous example of architectural harmony, and in every way a work of
+transcendent beauty. The two buttressing arches and the ornamental braces
+which support it were added at the end of the fifteenth century by Prior
+Goldstone, to whom the building of the whole tower is apparently
+attributed in the following quaint passage from a mediaeval authority: "He
+by the influence and help of those honourable men, Cardinal John Morton
+and Prior William Sellyng, erected and magnificently completed that lofty
+tower commonly called Angyll Stepyll in the midst of the church, between
+the choir and the nave--vaulted with a most beautiful vault, and with
+excellent and artistic workmanship in every part sculptured and gilt, with
+ample windows glazed and ironed. He also with great care and industry
+annexed to the columns which support the same tower two arches or
+vaults of stone work, curiously carved, and four smaller ones, to assist
+in sustaining the said tower" ("Ang. Sac." i. 147, translated by Professor
+Willis). The western front of the cathedral is flanked by two towers of
+great beauty; a point in which Mediaeval architecture has risen above that
+of all other ages is the skill which it displays in the use of towers of
+different heights, breaking the dull straight line of the roof and
+carrying the eye gradually up to the loftiest point of the building.
+Canterbury presents an excellent example of the beauty of this
+subordination of lower towers to the chief; we invite the visitor, when
+looking at the exterior, to compare it mentally, on the one hand, with the
+dull severity of the roof line of a Greek temple, and on the other, to
+take a fair example of modern so-called Gothic, with the ugly straight
+line of the Houses of Parliament, as seen from the Lambeth Embankment,
+broken only by the two stark and stiff erections at each end. The two
+towers at the west end of Canterbury were not always uniform. At the
+northern corner an old Norman tower formerly uplifted a leaden spire one
+hundred feet high. This rather anomalous arrangement must have had a
+decidedly lopsided effect, and it is probable that the appearance of the
+cathedral was changed very much for the better when the spire, which had
+been taken down in 1705, was replaced by Mr. Austin in 1840, by a tower
+uniform with the southernmost tower, called the Chicele or Oxford steeple:
+this tower was completed by Prior Goldstone, who, during his tenure of
+office from 1449-68, also built the Lady Chapel. On its south side stands
+the porch, with a remarkable central niche, which formerly contained a
+representation of Becket's martyrdom. The figures of the Archbishop's
+assassins now no longer remain; but their place has been filled up with
+figures of various worthies who have lived under the shadow of the
+cathedral. Dean Alford suggested, about 1863, that the many vacant niches
+should be peopled in this manner, and since then the work has proceeded
+steadily. The western towers are built each of six stages: each of the two
+upper tiers contains two two-light windows, while below there is a large
+four-light window uniform with the windows of the aisles. The base tier is
+ornamented with rich panelling. The parapet is battlemented and the angles
+are finished with fine double pinnacles. At the west end there is a large
+window of seven lights, with three transoms. The gable contains a window
+of very curious shape, filled with intricate tracery. The space above the
+aisle windows is ornamented with quatrefoiled squares, and the clerestory
+is pierced by windows of three lights. In the main transept there is a
+fine perpendicular window of eight lights; the choir, or south-east
+transept, has a Norman front, with arcades, and a large round window; also
+an arcaded west turret surmounted by a short spire. Beyond this, the line
+is again broken by the projection of St. Anselm's so-called Tower; this
+chapel hardly merits such a title, unless we adopt the theory that it, and
+the corresponding building on the north side, were at one time a good deal
+more lofty, but lost their upper portions at the time of the great fire.
+The end of the cathedral has a rather untidy appearance, owing to the fact
+that the exterior of the corona was never completed. On the northern side
+the building is so closely interwoven with the cloister and monastic
+buildings that it can only be considered in conjunction with them. The
+length of the cathedral is 514 feet, the height of the central tower 235
+feet, and that of the western towers 130 feet.
+
+The chief interest of ancient buildings to the ordinary observer, as apart
+from the architectural specialist, is the fact that they are after all the
+most authentic documents in our possession from which we can gain any
+insight into the lives and modes of thought of our ancestors. To tell us
+how ordinary men lived and busied themselves is beneath the dignity of
+history. As Carlyle says: "The thing I want to see is not Redbook Lists,
+and Court Calendars, and Parliamentary Registers, but the _Life of Man_ in
+England: what men did, thought, suffered, enjoyed; ... Mournful, in truth,
+is it to behold what the business 'called History' in these so enlightened
+and illuminated times, still continues to be. Can you gather from it, read
+till your eyes go out, any dimmest shadow of an answer to that great
+question: How men lived and had their being; were it but economically, as,
+what wages they got, and what they bought with these? Unhappily they
+cannot.... History, as it stands all bound up in gilt volumes, is but a
+shade more instructive than the wooden volumes of a backgammon-board."
+Most of us have felt, at one time or another, the truth of these words,
+though it is only fair to add that the fault lies not so much at the door
+of the modern historian as of our ancestors themselves, who were too busy
+with fighting and revelling to leave any but the most meagre account of
+their own lives behind them; so that "Redbook Lists and Parliamentary
+Registers" are all that the veracious chronicler, who will not let his
+imagination run riot, can find to put before us. But happily, in the
+wildest days of the Middle Ages, there were found some peace-loving souls
+who preferred to drone away their lives in quiet meditation behind the
+walls of the great monasteries, undisturbed by the clash of swords. Some
+outlet had to be found for their innate energies and their intense
+religious enthusiasm; missionary zeal had not yet been invented, and the
+writing of books would have seemed to them a waste of good parchment, for
+in their eyes the Scriptures and the Aristotelian writings supplied all
+the food that the most voracious intellect could crave for. So they
+applied all their genius--and it is probable that the flower of the
+European race, as far as intelligence and culture are concerned, was
+gathered in those days into the Church--and all the ecstatic fervour of
+their religious devotion, the strength of which men of these latter days
+can hardly realize, to the construction of beautiful buildings for the
+worship of God. They have written a history in stone, from which a
+thoughtful student can supply much that is left out by the dry-as-dust
+annalists, for it is not only the history, but the actual result and
+expression, of the lives of the most gifted men of the Middle Ages.
+
+If we would read this history aright it is necessary that we should look
+at it as far as possible, as it was originally published. If the old
+binding has been torn off, and the volume hedged in by a crowd of modern
+literature, we must try to put these aside and consider the book as it was
+first issued; in other words, to drop metaphor altogether, in considering
+a building like Canterbury Cathedral, we must forget the busy little
+country town, with its crowded streets and noisy railway stations, though,
+from one point of view, the contrast that they present is agreeable and
+valuable, and try to conceive the church as it once stood, the centre of a
+harmonious group of monastic buildings.
+
+The founder of the monastic system in the West was the famous Benedict of
+Nursia, who had adapted the strict code of St. Basil, mitigating its
+severity, and making it more in accordance with the climate, manners,
+and general circumstances of Western peoples. His code was described by
+Gregory the Great as "excellent in its discretion, lucid in its
+expression"--_discretione praecipuam sermone luculentam_. He founded the
+monasteries of Montecassino and Subiaco in the beginning of the sixth
+century. In the ninth and tenth centuries--the worst period of the Dark
+Ages--corruption and laxity pervaded society in general, and the
+Benedictine monasteries especially. At the end of this deplorable epoch
+many efforts were made in the direction of reform. Gregory the Great
+himself was a member of the Benedictine brotherhood; so also was
+Augustine, who founded the great monastery of Christ Church. The venerable
+Bede relates that "when Augustine, the first Archbishop of Canterbury,
+assumed the episcopal throne in that royal city, he recovered therein,
+by the king's assistance, a church which, as he was told, had been
+constructed by the original labour of Roman believers. This church he
+consecrated in the name of the Saviour, our God and Lord Jesus Christ, and
+there he established an habitation for himself and all his successors."
+This was the Basilica-Church, mentioned in an earlier part of this work,
+an imitation of the original Basilica of St. Peter at Rome. Augustine's
+monastery was handsomely endowed. A large stretch of country was given to
+the monks, and they were the first who brought the soil into cultivation,
+and built churches and preached in them. "The monks," says Bede, "were the
+principal of those who came to the work of preaching." In the city itself
+there were thirty-two "mansurae" or mansions, held by the clergy, rendering
+35_s._ a year, and a mill worth 5_s._ per annum. Augustine's monastery
+lived and prospered--though, as we shall see, it did not escape the
+general corruption of the eighth and ninth centuries--until the time of
+the Norman invasion. In 1067 a fire destroyed the Saxon cathedral and the
+greater part of the monastic buildings. But the year 1070 marks an epoch
+in the history of the monastery, for it was then that William the
+Conqueror having deposed Stigand, the Saxon Primate, invited Lanfranc, the
+Abbot of Caen, to accept the vacant see. He "being overcome by the will of
+God as much as by the apostolic authority, passed over into England, and,
+not forgetful of the object for which he had come, directed all his
+endeavours to the correction of the manners of his people, and settling
+the state of the Church. And first he laboured to renew the church of
+Canterbury ... and built also necessary offices for the use of the monks;
+and (which is very remarkable) he caused to be brought over the sea in
+swift sailing vessels squared stones from Caen in order to build with. He
+also built a house for his own dwelling near the church, and surrounded
+all these buildings with a vast and lofty wall." Also "he duly arranged
+all that was necessary for the table and clothing of the monks," and "many
+lands which had been taken away he brought back into the property of the
+Church and restored to it twenty-five manors." He also added one hundred
+to the original number of the monks, and drew up a new system of
+discipline to correct the laxity which was rife when he entered on the
+primacy. He tells Anselm in a letter that "the land in which he is, is
+daily shaken with so many and so great tribulations, is stained with so
+many adulteries and other impurities, that no order of men consults for
+the benefit of his soul, or even desires to hear the salutary doctrine of
+God for his increase in holiness." Perhaps the most interesting feature of
+his reconstruction of the "regula," or rule for the monks' discipline, was
+his enactment with regard to the library and the studies of the brethren.
+In the first week in Lent, the monks had to bring back and place in the
+Chapter House the books which had been provided for their instruction
+during the previous year. Those who had not duly performed the yearly
+portion of reading prostrated themselves, confessing their fault and
+asking pardon. A fresh distribution was then made, and the brethren
+retired, each furnished with a year's literary task. Apparently no
+examination was held, no test applied to discover whether the last year's
+instruction had been digested and assimilated. It was assumed that
+anything like a perfunctory performance of the allotted task was out
+of the question.
+
+Another important alteration introduced by Lanfranc was his inauguration
+of the system under which the monastery was in immediate charge, no longer
+of the archbishop, but of a prior. Henceforward the primate stood forth as
+the head of the Church, rather than as merely the chief of her most
+ancient foundation.
+
+We have dwelt at some length on the subject of the monastery at
+Canterbury, because, as we have said, it is impossible to learn the
+lesson of the cathedral truly, unless we regard the fabric in its original
+setting, surrounded by monastic buildings; and it is impossible to
+interest ourselves in the monastic buildings without knowing something of
+the institution which they housed.
+
+[Illustration: DETAIL OF ST. ANSELM'S TOWER.]
+
+The buildings which contained a great #monastery# like that of Canterbury
+were necessarily very extensive. Chief among them was the chapter house,
+which generally adjoined the principal cloister, bounded by the nave of
+the church and one of the transepts. Then there were the buildings
+necessary for the actual housing and daily living of the monks--the
+dormitory, refectory, kitchen, buttery, and other indispensable offices.
+Another highly important building, usually standing eastward of the
+church, was the infirmary or hospital for sick brethren, with its chapel
+duly attached. Further, the rules of Benedictine monasteries always
+enjoined the strict observance of the duty of hospitality, and some part
+of the buildings was invariably set aside for the due entertainment of
+strangers of various ranks. Visitors of distinction were entertained in
+special rooms which generally were attached to the house of the prior or
+abbot: guests of a lower order were lodged hard by the hall of the
+cellarer; while poor pilgrims and chance wanderers who craved a night's
+shelter were bestowed, as a rule, near the main gate of the monastery.
+Lastly, it must not be forgotten that a well-endowed monastery was always
+the steward of a great estate, so that many storehouses and
+farm-buildings--barns, granaries, bakehouse, etc.--were a necessary part
+of the institution. Extensive stabling was also required to shelter the
+horses of illustrious visitors and their suites. Moreover, the clergy
+themselves were often greatly addicted to the chase, and we know that the
+pious St. Thomas found time to cultivate a taste for horseflesh, which was
+remarkable even in those days when all men who wanted to move at all were
+bound to ride. The knights who murdered him thought it worth while to
+pillage his stable after accomplishing their errand.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHRISTCHURCH GATE
+(FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY CARL NORMAN AND CO).]
+
+The centre round which all these manifold buildings and offices were
+ranged was, of course, the cathedral. Wherever available space and the
+nature of the ground permitted it, the cloister and chief buildings were
+placed under the shelter of the church on its southern side, as may be
+seen, for instance, at Westminster, where the cloisters, chapter house,
+deanery, refectory (now the College Hall), etc., are all gathered on the
+south side of the Abbey. At Canterbury, however, the builders were not
+able to follow the usual practice, owing to the fact that they were hemmed
+in closely by the houses of the city on the south side, so that we find
+that the space between the north side of the cathedral and the city wall,
+all of which belonged to the monks, was the site of the monastic
+buildings. The whole group formed by the cathedral and the subsidiary
+buildings was girt by a massive wall, which was restored and made more
+effective as a defence by Lanfranc. It is probable that some of the
+remains of this wall, which still survive, may be considered as dating
+from his time. The chief gate, both in ancient and modern days, is Prior
+Goldstone's Gate, usually known as #Christ Church Gate#, an exceedingly
+good example of the later Perpendicular style. A contemporary inscription
+tells us that it was built in 1517. It stands at the end of Mercery Lane,
+a lofty building with towers at its corners, and two storeys above the
+archway. In front there is a central niche, in which an image of our
+Saviour originally stood, while below a row of shields, much battered and
+weather-beaten, display armorial bearings, doubtless those of pious
+contributors to the cost of the building. An early work of Turner's has
+preserved the corner pinnacles which once decorated the top of the gate;
+these were removed some thirty years ago.
+
+[Illustration: THE SOUTH-WEST PORCH OF THE CATHEDRAL.]
+
+[Illustration: CLOISTERS OF THE MONKS' INFIRMARY.]
+
+Entering the precincts through this gateway we find ourselves in what was
+the _outer_ cemetery, in which members of the laity were allowed to be
+buried. The _inner_ cemetery, reserved as a resting-place for the brethren
+themselves, was formerly divided from the outer by a wall which extended
+from St. Anselm's chapel. A Norman door, which was at one time part of
+this wall, has now been put into a wall at the east end of the monks'
+burying ground. This space is now called "The Oaks." A bell tower,
+_campanile_, doubtless used for tolling the passing bell, once stood on a
+mound in the cemetery, close to the dividing wall. The houses on the south
+side of this space are of no great antiquity or interest, and the site on
+which they stand did not become part of the monastery grounds before a
+comparatively late period. But if we skirt the east end of the cathedral
+we come to the space formerly known as the "Homors," a word supposed to be
+a corruption of _Ormeaux_, a French word, meaning elms.[1] Here stood the
+building in which guests of rank and distinction were entertained; and the
+great hall, with its kitchen and offices, is still preserved in a house in
+the north-east corner of the inclosure, now the residence of one of the
+prebendaries. The original building was one of great importance in a
+monastery like Canterbury, which was so often visited, as has already been
+shown, by royal pilgrims. It is said to have been rebuilt from top to
+bottom by Prior Chillenden, and the nature of the architecture, as far as
+it can be traced, is not in any way at variance with this statement. The
+hall, as it originally stood, was pierced with oriel windows rising to the
+roof, and at its western end a walled-off portion was divided into two
+storeys, the lower one containing the kitchens, while the upper one was
+either a distinct room separated from the hall, or it may have been a
+gallery opening upon it.
+
+  [1] Though it is also derived from one Dr. Omerus, who lived on the spot
+  in the thirteenth century.
+
+To the west of this house we find the #ruins of the Infirmary#, which
+contained a long hall with aisles, and a chapel at the east end. The hall
+was used as the hospital, and the aisles were sometimes divided into
+separate compartments; the chapel was really part of the hall, with only a
+screen intervening, so that the sick brethren could take part in the
+services. This infirmary survived until the Reformation period, but not
+without undergoing alterations. Before the fifteenth century the south
+aisle was devoted to the use of the sub-prior, and the chancel at the east
+end of the chapel was partially restored about the middle of the
+fourteenth century. A large east window was put in with three-light
+windows on each side. In the north wall there is a curious opening,
+through which, perhaps, sufferers from infectious diseases were allowed to
+assist at the services. On the southern side, the whole row of the pillars
+and arches of the chapel, and some traces of a clerestory, still remain.
+On the wall are some traces of paintings, which are too faded to be
+deciphered. Such of the pillars and arches of the hall as still survive
+are strongly coloured by the great fire of 1174, in which Prior Conrad's
+choir was destroyed.
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF THE MONKS' INFIRMARY.]
+
+[Illustration: THE BAPTISTERY TOWER.]
+
+Westward of the infirmary, and connected with St. Andrew's tower, stands a
+strikingly beautiful building, which was once #the Vestiarium, or
+Treasury#: it consists of two storeys, of which the lower is open on the
+east and west, while the upper contained the treasury chamber, a finely
+proportioned room, decorated with an arcade of intersecting arches.
+
+An archway leads us from the infirmary into what is called the Dark Entry,
+whence a passage leads to the Prior's Gate and onward into the Prior's
+Court, more commonly known as the Green Court: this passage was the
+eastern boundary of the infirmary cloister. Over it Prior de Estria
+raised the _scaccarium_, or checker-building, the counting-house of
+the monastery.
+
+Turning back towards the infirmary entrance we come to #the Lavatory
+Tower#, which stands out from the west end of the substructure of the
+Prior's Chapel. The chapel itself was pulled down at the close of the
+seventeenth century, and a brick-built library was erected on its site.
+The lavatory tower is now more commonly called the baptistery, but this
+name gives a false impression, and only came into use because the building
+now contains a font, given to the cathedral by Bishop Warner. The lower
+part of the tower is late Norman in style, and was built in the latter half
+of the twelfth century, when the monastery was supplied with a system of
+works by which water was drawn from some distant springs, which still
+supply the cathedral and precincts. The water was distributed from this
+tower to the various buildings. The original designs of the engineer are
+preserved at Trinity College, Cambridge. The upper part of the tower was
+rebuilt by Prior Chillenden.
+
+From the lavatory tower a covered passage leads into the great cloister,
+which can also be approached from a door in the north-west transept. The
+cloister, though it stands upon the space covered by that built by
+Lanfranc, is largely the work of the indefatigable Prior Chillenden. It
+shows traces of many architectural periods. The east walk contains a door,
+leading into the transept, embellished with a triple arcade of early
+English; under the central arch of the arcade is the doorway itself, a
+later addition in Perpendicular. There is also a Norman doorway which once
+communicated with the monks' dormitory: after the Reformation it was
+walled up, but in 1813 the plaster which concealed it was taken away, and
+since then it has been carefully restored. The rest of the work in this
+part of the cloister is chiefly Perpendicular. The north walk is adorned
+with an Early English arcade, against which the shafts which support
+Chillenden's vaulting work are placed with rather unsatisfactory effect.
+Towards the western end of this walk is the door of the refectory.
+
+[Illustration: TURRET OF SOUTH-WEST TRANSEPT.]
+
+The cellarer's quarters were outside the west walk, and they were
+connected with the cloister by a doorway at the north-west corner:
+opposite this entrance was a door leading to the archbishop's palace, and
+through this Becket made his way towards the cathedral when his murderers
+were in pursuit of him.
+
+The great dormitory of the monks was built along the east walk of the
+cloister, extending some way beyond it. It was pulled down in 1547, but
+the substructure was left standing, and some private houses were erected
+upon it. These were removed in the middle of the last century, and a good
+deal of the substructure remained until 1867, when the vaulting which
+survived was pulled down to make way for the new library, which was
+erected on the dormitory site. Some of the pillars on which the vault of
+the substructure rested are preserved in a garden in the precincts; and a
+fragment of the upper part of the dormitory building, which escaped the
+demolition in 1547, may be seen in the gable of the new library. The
+substructure was a fine building, 148 feet by 78 feet; the vaulting was,
+as described by Professor Willis, "of the earliest kind; constructed of
+light tufa, having no transverse ribs, and retaining the impressions of
+the rough, boarded centring upon which they had been formed." A second
+minor dormitory ran eastward from the larger one, while outside this was
+the third dormitory, fronting the Green Court. Some portion of the vaults
+of this building is still preserved in the garden before the lavatory
+tower.
+
+#The Chapter House# lies eastward of the wall of the cloister, on the site
+of the original Norman building, which was rather less extensive. The
+present structure is oblong in shape, measuring 90 feet by 35 feet. The
+roof consists of a "barrel vault" and was built by Prior Chillenden, along
+with the whole of the upper storey at the end of the fourteenth century.
+The windows, high and four-lighted, are also his work; those at the east
+and west ends exceed in size all those of the cathedral, having seven
+lights. The lower storey was built by Prior de Estria about a century
+before the work was completed by Chillenden. De Estria also erected the
+choir-screen in the cathedral, which will be described in its proper
+place. The walls of the chapter house are embellished with an arcade of
+trefoiled arches, surmounted by a cornice. At the east end stands a throne
+with a splendid canopy. This building was at one time, after the
+Reformation, used as a sermon house, but the inconvenience caused by
+moving the congregation from the choir, where service was held, across to
+the chapter house to hear the discourse, was so great that the practice
+was not long continued. It has been restored, and its opening by H.R.H.
+the Prince of Wales, May 29th, 1897, is announced just as this edition
+goes to press.
+
+[Illustration: THE CLOISTERS.]
+
+#The Library# covers a portion of the site of the monks' dormitory. Stored
+within it is a fine collection of books, some of which are exceedingly
+rare. The most valuable specimens--among which are some highly interesting
+bibles and prayer-books--are jealously guarded in a separate apartment
+called the study. The most interesting document in the collection of
+charters and other papers connected with the foundation is the charter of
+Edred, probably written by Dunstan _propriis digitorum articulis_; this
+room also contains an ancient picture of Queen Edgiva painted on wood,
+with an inscription below enlarging on the beauties of her character and
+her munificence towards the monastery.
+
+In the garden before the lavatory tower, to the west of the prior's
+gateway, two columns are preserved which once were part of the ancient
+church at Reculver--formerly Regulbium, whither Ethelbert retired after
+making over his palace in Canterbury to Augustine. These columns were
+brought to Canterbury after the destruction, nearly a hundred years ago,
+of the church to which they belonged. After lying neglected for some time
+they were placed in their present position by Mr. Sheppard, who bestowed
+so much care on all the "antiquities" connected with the cathedral. These
+columns are believed by experts to be undoubted relics of Roman work: they
+are of circular form with Ionic capitals. A curious ropework decoration on
+the bases is said to be characteristically Roman, occurs on a monument
+outside the Porta Maggiore at Rome.
+
+#The Deanery# is a very much revised version of what once was the "New
+Lodging," a building set up for the entertainment of strangers by Prior
+Goldstone at the beginning of the sixteenth century. Nicholas Wotton, the
+first Dean, chose this mansion for his abode, but since his day the
+building has been very materially altered.
+
+[Illustration: NORMAN STAIRCASE IN THE CLOSE
+(FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY CARL NORMAN AND CO.).]
+
+[Illustration: DETAILS OF THE NORMAN STAIRCASE IN THE CLOSE.]
+
+The main gate of the #Green Court# is noticeable as a choice specimen of
+Norman work; on its northern side formerly stood the Aula Nova which was
+built in the twelfth century; the modern buildings which house the King's
+School have supplanted the hall itself, but the splendid staircase, a
+perfect example of Norman style and quite unrivalled in England, is
+luckily preserved, and ranks among the chief glories of Canterbury.
+
+The site of the archbishop's palace is commemorated by the name of the
+street--Palace Street--in which a ruined archway, all that remains of the
+building, may still be seen. This mansion, in which so many royal and
+imperial guests had been entertained with "solemne dauncing" and other
+good cheer, was pillaged and destroyed by the Puritans; since then the
+archbishops have had no official house in their cathedral city.
+
+[Illustration: DETAILS OF ORNAMENT.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+INTERIOR.
+
+
+Dean Stanley tells us that in the days of our Saxon forefathers and for
+some time after, "all disputes throughout the whole kingdom that could not
+be legally referred to the king's court or to the hundreds of counties"
+were heard and judged on in the south porch of Canterbury Cathedral. This
+was always the principal entrance, and was known in early days as the
+"Suthdure" by which name it is often mentioned in "the law books of the
+ancient kings." Through this door we enter the nave of the cathedral; this
+part of the building was erected towards the end of the fourteenth
+century; Lanfranc's nave seems to have fallen into an unsafe and ruinous
+state, so much so that in December, 1378, Sudbury, who was then
+archbishop, "issued a mandate addressed to all ecclesiastical persons in
+his diocese enjoining them to solicit subscriptions for rebuilding the
+nave of the church, '_propter ipsius notoriam et evidentem ruinam_' and
+granting forty days' indulgence to all contributors." Archbishop Courtenay
+gave a thousand marks and more for the building fund, and Archbishop
+Arundell gave a similar contribution, as well as the five bells which were
+known as the "Arundell ryng." We are told also that "King Henry the 4th
+helped to build up a good part of the Body of the Chirch." The immediate
+direction of the work was in the hands of Prior Chillenden, already
+frequently mentioned; his epitaph, quoted by Professor Willis, states that
+"Here lieth Thomas Chyllindene formerly Prior of this Church, _Decretorum
+Doctor egregius_, who caused the nave of this Church and divers other
+buildings to be made anew. Who after nobly ruling as prior of this Church
+for twenty years twenty five weeks and five days, at length on the day of
+the assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary closed his last day. In the
+year of the Lord 1411." It is not certain that Chillenden actually
+designed the buildings which were erected under his care, with which his
+name is connected. For we know that work which was conceived and executed
+by humble monks was ascribed as a matter of course to the head of the
+monastery, under whose auspices and sanction it was carried out. Matthew
+Paris records that a new oaken roof, well covered with lead, was built for
+the aisles and tower of St. Alban's by Michael of Thydenhanger, monk and
+_camerarius_; but he adds that "these works must be ascribed to the abbot,
+out of respect for his office, for he who sanctions the performance of a
+thing by his authority, is really the person who does the thing." Prior
+Chillenden became prior in 1390, and seems at any rate to have devoted a
+considerable amount of zeal to the work of renovating the ruined portions
+of the church.
+
+[Illustration: THE MURDER OF ST. THOMAS A BECKET.
+
+(Restoration, by T. Carter, of a painting on board hung on a column near
+the tomb of Henry IV.).]
+
+[Illustration: THE SHRINE OF ST. THOMAS A BECKET.
+
+(Specially reproduced from a drawing among the Cottonian MSS. Brit. Mus.)]
+
+The new #Nave# replaced the original building of Lanfranc. Professor Willis
+says: "The whole of Lanfranc's piers, and all that rested on them, appear
+to have been utterly demolished, nothing remaining but the plinth of the
+side-aisle walls.... The style [of Chillenden's new work] is a light
+Perpendicular, and the arrangement of the parts has a considerable
+resemblance to that of the nave of Winchester, although the latter is of a
+much bolder character. Winchester nave was going on at the same time with
+Canterbury nave, and a similar uncertainty exists about the exact
+commencement. In both, a Norman nave was to be transformed; but at
+Winchester the original piers were either clothed with new ashlaring, or
+the old ashlaring was wrought into new forms and mouldings where possible;
+while in Canterbury the piers were altogether rebuilt. Hence the piers of
+Winchester are much more massive. The side-aisles of Canterbury are higher
+in proportion, the tracery of the side windows different, but those of the
+clerestory are almost identical in pattern, although they differ in the
+management of the mouldings. Both have 'lierne' vaults [_i.e._, vaults in
+which short transverse ribs or 'liernes' are mixed with the ribs that
+branch from the vaulting capitals], and in both the triforium is obtained
+by prolonging the clerestory windows downward, and making panels of the
+lower lights, which panels have a plain opening cut through them, by which
+the triforium space communicates with the passage over the roof of the
+side-aisles." Chillenden, then, setting to work with the thoroughness
+that marks his handiwork throughout, rebuilt the nave from top to bottom,
+leaving nothing of Lanfranc's original structure save the "plinth of the
+side-aisle walls," which still remains. The resemblance between the naves
+of Canterbury and Winchester, pointed out by Professor Willis, will at
+once strike a close observer, though the greater boldness of character
+shown in the Winchester architecture is by no means the only point of
+difference. The most obvious feature in the Canterbury nave--a point which
+renders its arrangement unique among the cathedrals both of England and
+the Continent--is the curious manner in which the choir is raised aloft
+above the level of the floor; this is owing to the fact that it stands
+immediately above the crypt; the flight of steps which is therefore
+necessarily placed between the choir and the nave adds considerably to the
+general effect of our first view of the interior. On the other hand, the
+raising of the choir is probably to some extent responsible for the great
+height of the nave in comparison with its length, a point which spoils its
+effectiveness when we view it from end to end. Stanley, in describing the
+entrance of the pilgrims into the cathedral, points out how different a
+scene must have met their eyes. "The external aspect of the cathedral
+itself," he says, "with the exception of the numerous statues which then
+filled its now vacant niches, must have been much what it is now. Not so
+its interior. Bright colours on the roof, on the windows, on the
+monuments; hangings suspended from the rods which may still be seen
+running from pillar to pillar; chapels, and altars, and chantries
+intercepting the view, where now all is clear, must have rendered it so
+different, that at first we should hardly recognize it to be the same
+building." The pilgrims on entering were met by a monk, who sprinkled
+their heads with holy water from a "sprengel," and, owing to the crowd of
+devout visitors, they generally had to wait some time before they could
+proceed towards a view of the shrine. Chaucer relates that the "pardoner,
+and the miller, and other lewd sots," whiled away the time with staring at
+the painted windows which then adorned the nave, and wondering what they
+were supposed to represent:
+
+    "'He beareth a ball-staff,' quoth the one, 'and also a rake's end;'
+    'Thou failest,' quoth the miller, 'thou hast not well thy mind;
+    It is a spear, if thou canst see, with a prick set before,
+    To push adown his enemy, and through the shoulder bore.'"
+
+[Illustration: CAPITALS OF COLUMNS IN THE EASTERN APSE.]
+
+None of these windows now remain entire, though the west window has been
+put together out of fragments of the ancient glass. The latter-day
+pilgrims will do well to look as little as possible at the hideous glass
+which the Philistinism of modern piety has inserted, during the last
+half-century, in the windows of the clerestory and the nave. Its obtrusive
+unpleasantness make one wish that "Blue Dick" and his Puritan troopers
+might once more be let loose, under judicious direction, for half an hour
+on the cathedral. When Erasmus visited Canterbury, the nave contained
+nothing but some books chained to the pillars, among them the "Gospel of
+Nicodemus"--printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1509--and the "tomb of some
+person unknown." The last words must refer either to the chapel in the
+south wall, which was built by Lady Joan Brenchley in 1447, and removed in
+1787, or to the monument of Archbishop William Wittlesey, who died in
+1374, and was interred in the south side of the nave in a marble tomb with
+a brass, now destroyed. At present the south aisle contains a monument, in
+alabaster, to Dr. Broughton, sometime Bishop of Sydney, who was educated
+in the King's School, under the shadow of the cathedral. The figure is
+recumbent, and the base of the monument, which is by Lough, is decorated
+with the arms of the six Australian sees. In the north aisle we find
+monuments to Orlando Gibbons, Charles I.'s organist; Adrian Saravia,
+prebendary of Canterbury, and the friend of Hooker, the author of the
+"Ecclesiastical Polity;" Sir John Boys, who founded a hospital for the
+poor outside the north gate of the town, and died in 1614; Dean Lyall, who
+died in 1857; and Archbishop Sumner, who died in 1862. These last two
+monuments are by Phillips and H. Weekes, R.A., respectively.
+
+#The Central Tower.#--In the nave the whole of Lanfranc's work was
+destroyed, but in the central tower, which we will next examine, the
+original supporting piers were left standing, though they were covered
+over by Prior Chillenden with work more in keeping with the style in which
+he had renewed the nave. "Of the tower piers," says Willis, "the western
+are probably mere casings of the original, and the eastern certainly
+appendages to the original.... Of course I have no evidence to show how
+much of Lanfranc's piers was allowed to remain in the heart of the work.
+The interior faces of the tower walls appear to have been brought forward
+by a lining so as to increase their thickness and the strength of the
+piers, with a view to the erection of a lofty tower, which however was not
+carried above the roof until another century had nearly elapsed." It was
+Prior Goldstone the second who, about 1500, carried upward the central
+tower, which Chillenden seems to have left level with the roof of the
+cathedral. "With the countenance and help of Cardinal John Morton and
+Prior William Sellyng he magnificently completed that lofty tower
+commonly called Angyll Stepyll in the middle of the church. The vaulting
+of the tower is his work--_testudine pulcherrima concameratam
+consummavit_--and he also added the buttressing arches--with great care
+and industry he annexed to the columns which support the same tower two
+arches or vaults of stonework, curiously carved, and four smaller ones, to
+assist in sustaining the said tower." The addition of these buttressing
+arches, not altogether happy in its artistic effect, was probably rendered
+necessary by some signs of weakness shown by the piers of the tower, for
+the north-west pier, which was not so substantially reinforced as the
+others, now shows a considerable bend in an eastward direction. The "two
+arches or vaults of stonework" were inserted under the western and
+southern tower arches. "The eastern arch having stronger piers did not
+require this precaution, and the northern, which opened upon the
+'Martyrium,' seems to have been left free, out of reverence to the altar
+of the martyrdom, and accordingly to have suffered the dislocation just
+mentioned." The four smaller arches connected the two western tower-piers
+with the nearest nave-pier and the wall of the transept. The buttressing
+arches are strongly built, and are adorned with curious bands of
+reticulated work. The central western arch occupies the place of the
+rood-loft, and it is probable that until the Reformation the great rood
+was placed over it. The rebus of Prior Thomas Goldstone--a shield with
+three gold stones--is carved upon these arches.
+
+#The Western Screen#, which separates the nave from the choir, is now more
+commonly known as the organ-screen: it is a highly elaborate and beautiful
+piece of work, and the carvings which decorate it are well worthy of
+examination. In the lower niches there are six crowned figures: one
+holding a church is believed to be Ethelbert, while it has been assumed
+that the figure on the extreme right represents Richard II.: probably
+Henry IV., who, as has been already mentioned, "helped to build a good
+part of the body of the Church" has a place of honour here, but no
+certainty on this matter is possible. The thirteen mitred niches which
+encircle the arch once contained figures of Christ and the twelve
+Apostles, but these were destroyed by the Puritans. The exact date of this
+outward screen is uncertain, but it was set up at some time during the
+fifteenth century. "A little examination," says Willis, "of its central
+archway will detect the junction of this new work with the stone enclosure
+of the choir." In fact, this archway is considerably higher than that of
+De Estria which still remains behind it. The apex of this arch reaches but
+a little above the capitals of the new arch, and the flat space, or
+tympanum, thus left between the two, is filled with Perpendicular tracery.
+
+#The Choir.#--"In the year of grace one thousand one hundred and
+seventy-four, by the just but occult judgment of God, the Church of Christ
+at Canterbury was consumed by fire, in the forty-fourth year from its
+dedication, that glorious choir, to wit, which had been so magnificently
+completed by the care and industry of Prior Conrad" ("Gervase," translated
+by Willis). The work of rebuilding was immediately begun by William, the
+architect of Sens. At the beginning of the fifth year of his work, he was,
+by a fall from the height of the capitals of the upper vault, "rendered
+helpless alike to himself and for the work, but no other person than
+himself was in the least injured. Against the master only was the
+vengeance of God or spite of the devil directed." He was succeeded in his
+charge by one "William by name, English by nation, small in body, but in
+workmanship of many kinds acute and honest." Now in the sixth year from
+the fire, we read that the monks were "seized with a violent longing to
+prepare the choir, so that they might enter it at the coming Easter. And
+the master, perceiving their desires, set himself manfully to work, to
+satisfy the wishes of the convent. He constructed, with all diligence, the
+wall which encloses the choir and presbytery. He carefully prepared a
+resting-place for St. Dunstan and St. Elfege. The choir thus hardly
+completed even with the greatest labour and diligence, the monks were
+resolved to enter on Easter Eve with the 'new fire,'" that is, the
+paschal candle which was lit on Easter Eve and burnt until Ascension Day.
+The kindling of this light was carried out in a very ceremonious manner as
+enjoined in Lanfranc's statutes. A fire was made in the cloister and duly
+consecrated, and the monks, having lit a taper at this fire carried it on
+the end of a staff in solemn procession, singing psalms and hymns and
+burning incense, and lit the paschal candle in the choir with it.
+
+Thus was the new choir completed, in the sixth year after the burning of
+Conrad's. This part of the cathedral will be peculiarly interesting to the
+architectural student, owing to the curious mixture of styles, which
+enables him to compare the Norman and Early English characteristics side
+by side. A striking feature in the aspect of the building, as seen from
+the choir, is the remarkable inward bend with which the walls turn towards
+one another at the end of the cathedral. The choir itself is peculiar in
+the matter of length (180 feet--the longest in any English church), and
+the lowness of the vaulting. The pillars, with their pier-arches and the
+clerestory wall above are said by Willis to be without doubt the work of
+William of Sens: but the whole question as to where the French William
+left off and his English namesake began is extremely uncertain, as there
+can be no doubt that William of Sens had fully planned out the work which
+he was destined never to complete, and it is more than probable that his
+successor worked largely upon his plans. We are on safer ground when we
+assert that the new choir was altogether different from the building which
+it replaced. The style was much more ornate and considerably lighter: the
+characteristics of the work of the Williams are rich mouldings, varied and
+elaborately carved capitals on the pillars, and the introduction of
+gracefully slender shafts of Purbeck marble. Gervase, in pointing out the
+differences between the works before and after the fire, mentions that
+"the old capitals were plain, the new ones most artistically sculptured.
+The old arches and everything else either plain or sculptured with an axe
+and not with a chisel, but in the new work first rate sculpture abounded
+everywhere. In the old work no marble shafts, in the new innumerable ones.
+Plain vaults instead of ribbed behind the choir." "Sculptured with an
+axe," reads rather curiously, but Professor Willis points out that "the
+axe is not quite so rude a weapon in the hands of a mason as it might
+appear at first sight. The French masons use it to the present day with
+great dexterity in carving." The mouldings used by Ernulf were extremely
+simple, and were decorated with a "peculiar and shallow class of notched
+ornament", of which many examples exist in other buildings of the period;
+while the mouldings of William of Sens "exhibit much variety, but are most
+remarkable for the profusion of billet-work, zigzag and dogtooth, that are
+lavished upon them." The first two methods of ornamentation are Norman,
+the last an Early English characteristic. This mixture is not confined to
+the details of decoration but may be observed also in the indiscriminate
+employment of round and pointed arches. This feature, as Willis remarks,
+"may have arisen either from the indifference of the artist as to the
+mixture of forms or else from deliberate contrivance, for as he was
+compelled, from the nature of his work, to retain round-headed arcades,
+windows, and arches, in the side-aisles, and yet was accustomed to and
+desirous of employing pointed arches in his new building, he might
+discreetly mix some round-headed arches with them, in order to make the
+contrast less offensive by causing the mixture of forms to pervade the
+whole composition, as if an intentional principle."
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST
+(FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY CARL NORMAN AND CO.).]
+
+Whatever the motive, this daring mixture renders the study of the
+architectural features of our cathedral peculiarly interesting. In the
+triforium we find a semicircular outer arch circumscribing two inner
+pointed ones. The clerestory arch is pointed, while some of the transverse
+ribs of the great vault are pointed and some round.
+
+The inward bend of the walls at the end of the choir was necessitated by
+the fact that the towers of St. Anselm and St. Andrew had survived the
+great fire of 1174. Naturally the pious builders did not wish to pull down
+these relics of the former church, so that a certain amount of contraction
+had to be effected in order that these towers should form part of the new
+plan. This arrangement also fitted in with the determination to build a
+chapel of the martyred St. Thomas at the end of the church, on the site of
+the former Trinity Chapel. For the Trinity Chapel had been much narrower
+than the new choir, but this contraction enabled the rebuilders to
+preserve its dimensions.
+
+#The Altar#, when the choir was at first completed by William, stood
+entirely alone, and without a reredos; behind it the archbishop's chair
+was originally placed, but this was afterwards transferred to the corona.
+The remarkable height at which the altar was set up is due to the fact
+that it is placed over the new crypt, which is a good deal higher than the
+older, or western crypt. Before the Reformation the high altar was richly
+embellished with all kinds of precious and sacred ornaments and vessels:
+while beneath it, in a vault, were stored a priceless collection of gold
+and silver vessels: such of these as escaped the rapacity of Henry VIII.
+were destroyed by the bigotry of the Puritan zealots: the latter made
+havoc of the reredos which had been erected behind the high altar,
+probably during the fourteenth century, and also a "most idolatrous costly
+glory cloth," the gift of Archbishop Laud. The reredos was replaced by a
+Corinthian screen, which was of elaborate design, but must have been
+strangely out of keeping with its surroundings; it was removed about 1870,
+to make way for the present reredos which was designed in the style of the
+screen work in the Lady Chapel in the crypt, but which cannot be commended
+as an object of beauty. The altar coverings which are now in use were
+presented to the cathedral by Queen Mary, the wife of William III., when
+she visited Canterbury. A chalice, given by the Earl of Arundel in 1636,
+is among the communion-plate. In his account of the building of the new
+choir, Gervase tells us that "the Master carefully prepared a
+resting-place for St. Dunstan and St. Elfege--the co-exiles of the monks."
+When the choir was ready, "Prior Alan, taking with him nine of the
+brethren of the Church in whom he could trust, went by night to the tombs
+of the saints, so that he might not be incommoded by a crowd, and having
+locked the doors of the church, he commanded the stone-work that inclosed
+them to be taken down. The monks and the servants of the Church, in
+obedience to the Prior's commands, took the structure to pieces, opened
+the stone coffins of the saints, and bore their relics to the
+_vestiarium_. Then, having removed the cloths in which they had been
+wrapped, and which were half-consumed from age and rottenness, they
+covered them with other and more handsome palls, and bound them with linen
+bands. They bore the saints, thus prepared, to their altars, and deposited
+them in wooden chests, covered within and without with lead: which chests,
+thus lead-covered, and strongly bound with iron, were inclosed in
+stone-work that was consolidated with melted lead." This translation
+was thus carried out by Prior Alan on the night before the formal re-entry
+into the choir: the rest of the monks, who had not assisted at the
+ceremony, were highly incensed by the prior's action, for they had
+intended that the translation of the fathers should have been performed
+with great and devout solemnity. They even went so far as to cite the
+prior and the trusty monks who had assisted him before the Archbishop, and
+it was only by the intervention of the latter, and other men of authority,
+and "after due apology and repentance," that harmony was restored in the
+convent.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR BEFORE RESTORATION.]
+
+The bones of St. Dunstan were long a cause of contention between the
+churches of Canterbury and Glastonbury. The monks of Glastonbury
+considered that they had a prior claim on the relics of the sainted
+archbishop, and stoutly contended that his body had been conveyed to their
+own sanctuary after the sack of Canterbury by the Danes; and they used to
+exhibit a coffin as containing Dunstan's remains. But early in the
+fourteenth century they went so far as to set up a gorgeous shrine in
+which they placed, with much pomp and circumstance, the supposed relics.
+Archbishop Warham, who then ruled at Canterbury, accordingly replied by
+causing the shrine in our cathedral to be opened, and was able to declare
+triumphantly that he had found therein the remains of a human body, in the
+costume of an archbishop, with a plate of lead on his breast, inscribed
+with the words "SANCTUS DUNSTANUS." In the course of the subsequent
+correspondence which passed between the two monasteries, the Abbot of
+Glastonbury, after trying to argue that perhaps part only of the saint's
+relics had been conveyed to his church, at last frankly confesses "the
+people had believed in the genuineness of their saint for so long, that he
+is afraid to tell them the truth." This shrine of St. Dunstan stood on the
+south of the high altar, and was erected after the manner of a tomb:
+though the shrine itself perished at the time of the Reformation, there
+still remains, on the south wall of the choir, between the monuments of
+Archbishops Stratford and Sudbury, some very fine open diaper-work, in
+what is known as the Decorated style, which once formed part of the
+ornamentation of St. Dunstan's altar. The shrine of St. Elfege, or
+Alphege, who was archbishop at the time of the sacking of Canterbury by
+the Danes, and was murdered by them, has been altogether destroyed.
+
+#The Choir Screen#, a solid structure of stone we know to be the work of
+Prior de Estria, _i.e._, of Eastry in Kent, who was elected in 1285, and
+died in 1331. According to the Obituary record, he "fairly decorated the
+choir of the church with most beautiful stone-work cunningly carved." In
+his Register there is an entry which evidently refers to the same work:
+"Anno 1304-5. Reparation of the whole choir with three new doors and a new
+screen (_pulpito_)." The three doors referred to are the north and south
+entrances and the western one. It has already been pointed out that the
+present western screen is a later addition. Professor Willis, whose great
+work on the Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral should be
+studied by all who wish to examine the details of the building more
+closely than is allowed by the scope of this work, describes De Estria's
+screen as follows: "The lateral portions of this wall of enclosure are in
+excellent order. In the western part of the choir, namely, between the
+eastern transepts and the organ-screen, this wall is built so that its
+inner face nearly ranges with the inner faces of the pillars; but eastward
+of the transepts it is built between the pillars. The north doorway
+remains perfect. The present south doorway, which is in a much later
+style, is manifestly a subsequent insertion. This enclosure consists of a
+solid wall, seven feet nine inches in height from the pavement of the
+side-aisles. It has a stone-bench towards the side-aisles, and above that
+a base, of the age of William of Sens; so that it is clear that the work
+of De Estria belongs to the upper part only of the enclosure, which
+consists of delicate and elaborately worked tracery, surmounted by an
+embattled crest.... The entire work is particularly valuable on account
+of its well-established date, combined with its great beauty and
+singularity."
+
+A portion of the choir-pavement, lying between the two transepts, is
+interesting as being undoubtedly part of the original flooring of Conrad's
+choir, and probably the only fragment of it that was left undisturbed
+after the great fire which destroyed "that glorious choir which had been
+so magnificently completed by the care and industry of Prior Conrad." This
+part of the pavement consists of large slabs of a peculiar "stone, or
+veined marble of a delicate brown colour. When parts of this are taken up
+for repair or alteration, it is usual to find lead which has run between
+the joints of the slabs and spread on each side below, and which is with
+great reason supposed to be the effect of the fire of 1174, which melted
+the lead of the roof, and caused it to run down between the paving stones
+in this manner." It is said that when the choir was filled with pews in
+1706, and it was necessary to remove part of the pavement, the men engaged
+on the work picked up enough of this lead to make two large gluepots.
+
+[Illustration: A MISERERE IN THE CHOIR.]
+
+The original wooden #stalls of the choir# were described by the writer of a
+book published in 1640. He relates that there were two rows on each side,
+an upper and a lower, and that above the stalls on the south side stood
+the archbishop's wooden chair, "sometime richly guilt, and otherwise
+richly set forth, but now nothing specious through age and late neglect."
+Perhaps the battered and shabby condition of this part of the cathedral
+furniture accounts for its having survived the Puritan period; it is at
+least certain that it remained untouched until 1704, when the refurnishing
+of the choir was begun by Archbishop Tenison; he himself presented a
+wainscoted throne with lofty Corinthian canopy adorned with carving by
+Gibbons, while the altar, the pulpit, and the stalls for the dean and
+vice-dean were provided with rich fittings by Queen Mary II. The tracery
+of the screen was hidden by a lining of wainscoting, which was put before
+it. This arrangement lasted little more than a century. In the time of
+Archbishop Howley, who held office from 1828 to 1848, the wainscoting
+which concealed the screen was taken away, and Archbishop Tenison's throne
+has made way for a lofty canopy of tabernacle work. Some carved work,
+which has been ascribed to Gibbons, still remains before the eastern front
+of the screen, between the choir and the nave.
+
+The position of the organ has been frequently shifted. In Conrad's choir
+it was placed upon the vault of the south transept; afterwards it was set
+up upon a large corbel of stone, over the arch of St. Michael in the same
+transept. This corbel has now been removed; subsequently it was placed
+between two pillars on the north side of the choir, and, later on, it was
+again transferred to a position over the west door of the choir, the usual
+place for the organ in cathedral churches; finally it has been
+"ingeniously deposited out of sight in the triforium of the south aisle of
+the choir; a low pedestal with its keys stands in the choir itself, so as
+to place the organist close to the singers, as he ought to be, and the
+communication between the keys and the organ is effected by trackers
+passing under the pavement of the side aisles, and conducted up to the
+triforium, through a trunk let into the south wall." This arrangement not
+only secures the retirement from view of the organ, which, with its
+tedious rows of straight and unsightly pipes, is generally more or less an
+eyesore in cathedrals, but is said to have caused a great improvement in
+the effect of its music. The present organ, which was built by Samuel
+Green, is believed to have been used at the Handel Festival in Westminster
+Abbey in 1784. It was enlarged by Hill in 1842, and entirely reconstructed
+in 1886. In this connection we may mention that Archbishop Theodore first
+introduced the ecclesiastical chant in Canterbury Cathedral.
+
+The tombs in the choir are all occupied by famous archbishops and
+cardinals. On the south side, hard by the site of the shrine of St.
+Dunstan, is the tomb of Simon of Sudbury, who was archbishop from 1375 to
+1381. He built the west gate of the city, and a great part of the town
+walls; in consideration of these benefits the mayor and aldermen used at
+one time to make an annual procession to his resting-place and offer
+prayers for his soul. Outside Canterbury his acts were not regarded with
+so much gratitude, for he was the inventor, or reviver, of the poll tax,
+and was in consequence beheaded on Tower Hill by Wat Tyler and his
+followers. Stanley relates that "not many years ago, when this tomb was
+accidentally opened, the body was seen within, wrapped in cere-cloth, a
+leaden ball occupying the vacant place of the head." Sudbury is also
+famous as having spoken against the "superstitious" pilgrimages to St.
+Thomas' shrine, and his violent death was accordingly attributed to the
+avenging power of the incensed saint. Westward of his monument stands that
+of Archbishop Stratford (1333-1348), who was Grand Justiciary to Edward
+III. during his absence in Flanders, and won fame by his struggle with the
+king. Between this tomb and the archbishop's throne lies Cardinal Kemp
+(1452-1454), who was present at Agincourt in the camp of Henry V.; his
+tomb is surmounted by a remarkable wooden canopy. Opposite, on the north
+side, is the very interesting monument of Archbishop Henry Chichele
+(1414-1443). Shakespeare tells us that he was the instigator of Henry V.'s
+war with France, and it is supposed that out of remorse for this act he
+built, during his lifetime, the curious tomb which now conceals his bones;
+it is kept in repair by All Souls' College, which was founded by the
+penitent archbishop that its fellows might pray for the souls of all who
+had perished during the war; the effigy, in full canonicals, with its head
+supported by angels, and with two monks holding open books, kneeling at
+its feet, lies on the upper slab; and underneath is a ghastly figure in a
+winding-sheet, supposed to represent the archbishop after death; the
+diminutive figures which originally filled the niches were destroyed by
+the Puritans, but have been to some extent replaced. The gaudy colours of
+the tomb enable one to form some idea of the appearance of the churches in
+the Middle Ages, when they were bedizened with painted images, hangings,
+and frescoes: to judge from this specimen the effect must have been
+distinctly tawdry. Further east we find the monument of Archbishop Howley;
+he was chiefly remarkable as having crowned Queen Victoria and married her
+to the Prince Consort, and his monument is noticeable as being the first
+erected to an archbishop, in the cathedral, since the Reformation; he
+himself lies at Addington. Beyond is a fine tomb well worthy of
+examination, crowned by an elaborate canopy which shows traces of rough
+usage at the hands of the restoring enthusiasts, who surrounded the choir
+with classical wainscoting after the Restoration. It is the monument of
+Archbishop Bourchier, a staunch supporter of the House of York; he was
+primate for thirty-two years, from 1454 to 1486, and crowned Edward IV.,
+Richard III., and Henry VII. The "Bourchier knot" is among the decorations
+which enrich the canopy of his tomb.
+
+#The South-East Transept.#--According to the present custom of the
+Canterbury vergers, the visitor is led from the choir to the south-east
+transept. "In the choir of Ernulf," says Willis, "the transepts were cut
+off from the body by the continuity of the pier-arches and the wall above,
+and each transept was therefore a separate room with a flat ceiling....
+But in the new design of William the transepts were opened to the central
+portion, and the triforium and clerestory of the choir were turned at
+right angles to their courses, and thus formed the side walls of the
+transepts.... The entire interior of the eastern transept has been most
+skilfully converted from Ernulfian architecture to Willelmian (if I may be
+allowed the phrase for the nonce). It was necessary that the triforium and
+clerestory of the new design should be carried along the walls of these
+transepts, which were before the fire probably ornamented by a
+continuation of those of Ernulf. But the respective level of these
+essential members were so different in the old and new works that the
+only parts of them that could be retained were the windows of the old
+clerestory, which falls just above the new triforium tablet, and
+accordingly these old windows may still be seen in the triforia of the
+transepts, surmounted by the new pointed clerestory windows. But the whole
+of the arcade work and mouldings in the interior of these transepts
+belongs to William of Sens, with the sole exception of the lower windows.
+Even the arches which open from the east wall of these transepts to the
+apses have been changed for pointed arches, the piers of which have a
+singularly elegant base."
+
+In the two apses of this transept altars to St. Gregory and St. John once
+stood, and here were shrines of four Saxon primates. There is a window in
+the south wall erected to the memory of Dean Alford; below it is the spot
+on which the tomb of Archbishop Winchelsea (1294-1313) was placed. He was
+famous for his contest with Edward I. concerning clerical subsidies, and
+for having secured from the king the confirmation of the charter. He was
+more practically endeared to the people by the generosity of his
+almsgiving--it is said that he distributed two thousand loaves among the
+poor every Sunday and Thursday when corn was dear, and three thousand when
+it was cheap. His tomb was heaped with offerings like the shrine of a
+saint, but the Pope refused to confirm the popular enthusiasm by
+canonizing the archbishop; the fact, however, that it had been so
+reverenced was enough to qualify it for destruction in the days of Henry
+VIII. This transept is used at present as a chapel for the King's School,
+a direct continuation of the monastery school, at which Archbishops
+Winchelsea and Kemp were both educated. It contains the Corinthian throne
+which was set up in the choir early in the last century.
+
+#The South-West Choir Aisle.#--At the corner of this aisle we may notice
+the arcade which shows the combination of the Norman rounded arch and
+double zigzag ornamentation with the pointed arch and dogtooth tracery of
+William. Here also are two tombs, which have given rise to a good deal of
+speculation. The more easterly one used to be regarded as the monument of
+Hubert Walter, who was chancellor to Richard Coeur de Lion and followed
+him and Archbishop Baldwin to Palestine, and, on the death of the latter,
+was made primate in the camp at Acre: it is thought more probable,
+however, in the light of recent research, that he is buried in the Trinity
+Chapel. The other tomb used to be the resting place of Archbishop
+Reynolds, the favourite of Edward II., but it also affords food for
+discussion, as there is no trace of the "pall"--a Y-shaped strip of lamb's
+wool marked with crosses, a special mark of metropolitan dignity which was
+sent to each primate by the Pope--on the vestments of the effigy. Hence
+conjecture doubts whether these tombs are tenanted by archbishops at all,
+and inclines to the theory that they contain the bones of two of the
+Priors, perhaps of d'Estria. From this point we can notice the ingenious
+apparatus connected with the organ.
+
+#St. Anselm's Tower and Chapel.#--Proceeding eastward, towards the Trinity
+Chapel, we pause to examine the chapel or tower of St. Anselm, which
+corresponds to that of St. Andrew on the north side of the cathedral. Both
+these chapels probably at one time were much more lofty, as they are
+described as "lofty towers" by Gervase; it was in order to bring them into
+the church, when it was reconstructed after the fire, that the eastward
+contraction, which presents such a curious effect as seen from the choir,
+was found necessary. They are now, as Willis points out, "only of the same
+height as the clerestory of the Norman Church, to which they formed
+appendages, and consequently they rose above the side-aisles of that
+church as much as the clerestory did. The external faces of the inward
+walls of these towers are now inclosed under the roof of William's
+triforium, and it may be seen that they were once exposed to the weather."
+The arches in St. Anselm's tower were originally set up by Ernulf, but
+there is reason to believe that they were rebuilt after the great
+conflagration. "The arch of communication," says Willis, "is a round
+arch, at first sight plainly of the Ernulfian period, having plaited-work
+capitals and mouldings with shallow hollows. A similar arch opens on the
+eastern side of the tower into its apse. But a close examination will shew
+that both these arches have undergone alteration.... I am inclined to
+believe that both these arches were reset and reduced in space after the
+fire, probably to increase their strength and that of their piers, on
+account of the loss of abutment, when the circular wall of the choir-apse
+was removed." The alterations that were made in these arches were probably
+not important, and did not extend beyond the re-modelling of the mouldings
+on the side of the arch towards the choir-aisle; for we may notice that
+above both the arches we can still trace the notched decoration which is
+peculiar to Ernulf's work. This chapel was originally dedicated to St.
+Peter and St. Paul, and a very interesting relic of this saintly patronage
+has lately been discovered. Apparently, in order to strengthen the
+building, two of the three windows in the chapel were blocked up, and a
+buttress was built across a chord of the apse, in the early part of the
+thirteenth century. In the course of the restoration of the tower which
+was recently carried out, this buttress was taken away, and its removal
+laid bare a fresco painting, representing St. Paul and the viper at
+Melita. This piece of decoration, as need hardly be said, must have been
+put in before the construction of the buttress which has concealed and
+preserved it for nearly seven centuries; it is conjectured, with a good
+deal of reason, that a similar presentment of St. Paul
+[Transcriber: St. Peter?] was painted at the same time on the opposite
+wall, but as it had no buttress to protect it, it has been altogether
+effaced. A copy of the fresco of St. Paul has been placed in the cathedral
+library. The altar of SS. Peter and Paul stood at the east end, and behind
+it was the tomb of the celebrated Archbishop Anselm, by whose name the
+chapel is now commonly called. A very interesting feature of this tower
+is a large and elaborate five-light window of the Decorated period. It
+replaced the original south window of the chapel, and was inserted by
+Prior d'Estria in 1336; it is remarkable as being one of the few instances
+of Decorated architecture in the cathedral, and also because of the
+detailed account that has been preserved of its erection and cost. The
+passage in the archives runs as follows:--"Memorandum, that in the year
+1336, there was made a new window in Christ Church, Canterbury, that is to
+say, in the chapel of the Apostles St. Peter and St. Paul, upon which
+there were expended the following sums:
+
+                                                     _L   s.   d._
+"Imprimis, for the workmanship, or labour of the
+    masons                                           21   17   9
+Item, for the breaking down of the wall, where the
+    window now is                                     0   16   9
+----for lime and gravel                               1    0   0
+----for 20 cwt. of iron bought for said window        4    4   0
+----for the labour of the smiths                      3    5   4
+----for Caen stone bought for same                    5    0   0
+----for glass and the labour of the glaziers          6   13   4
+                                                     -----------
+                                        Total        42   17   2."
+
+On the heads of the lights of this window were pendent bosses, like those
+of the door in the choir-screen, which, as has been said, was also the
+work of Prior de Estria. These bosses and the stones from which they were
+suspended, have altogether disappeared, otherwise the internal tracery of
+the window is in good preservation. "The outside, however, is in a very
+bad condition for the purpose of the antiquarian; for, apparently on
+account of the decayed state of its surface, the tracery has undergone the
+process of splitting, namely, the whole of the outer part has been faced
+down to the glass, and fresh worked in Portland stone; Portland stone
+mullions, or _monials_ as they are more properly called, have also been
+supplied. And as this repair was executed at a period when this class of
+architecture was ill understood, the mouldings were very badly wrought,
+which, with the unfortunate colour and surface of the Portland stone, has
+given the window a most ungenuine air. However, the interior is as good as
+ever it was, and it is on account of its date, as well as for its beauty,
+a most valuable example" (Willis).
+
+The insertion of the window in question probably had the effect of
+weakening the walls of the chapel; at any rate they show signs of a
+tendency to settle. Beneath it is the tomb of Archbishop Bradwardine, a
+great scholar and divine, whose primacy only lasted three months. Opposite
+to him lies Simon de Mepeham--archbishop from 1328 to 1333--whose tomb
+forms the screen of the chapel. It is a black marble monument well worthy
+of examination, with a double arcade and a richly decorated canopy; the
+ornamentation has been greatly damaged, but the shattered remains show
+traces of beautiful work. Mepeham's short primacy was brought to an
+untimely end by the contumacy of Grandisson, Bishop of Exeter, who refused
+to allow him to enter Exeter Cathedral, actually guarding the west door
+with an armed force. The pope sided with the recalcitrant bishop, and
+Mepeham died, according to Fuller, of a broken heart in consequence of
+this humiliation.
+
+#The Watching Chamber.#--Above the Chapel of St. Anselm is a small room,
+which is reached by a staircase from the north-west corner. A window in
+it commands a view into the cathedral, and from this circumstance it has
+been inferred that a watcher was stationed here at night to protect the
+priceless treasures of St. Thomas's shrine from pillage by marauders. Some
+doubt has been thrown on this assumption, since the site of the shrine is
+not fully seen from the window, but the room is still generally known as
+the Watching Chamber. Probably the shrine was much more efficiently
+guarded than by the presence of a solitary monk in a chamber, from which
+even if he could see thieves he certainly could not arrest them; for we
+know that "on the occasion of fires the shrine was additionally guarded by
+a troop of fierce ban-dogs" (Stanley). It is also said that King John of
+France was imprisoned in this chamber during his stay at Canterbury, but
+this is most unlikely, seeing that he was treated by the Black Prince more
+as a sovereign than as a captive.
+
+[Illustration: SOME MOSAICS FROM THE FLOOR OF TRINITY CHAPEL.]
+
+#Trinity Chapel.#--Passing further east, we ascend the flight of steps,
+deeply worn by innumerable pilgrims, and enter the precincts of the
+Trinity Chapel. All this part of the cathedral, from the choir-screen
+to the corona, was rebuilt from the ground, specially with a view to its
+receiving the shrine of St. Thomas. It is still, however, called by the
+name of the Trinity Chapel, which previously occupied this site, and was
+burnt down by the fire which destroyed Conrad's choir. In this chapel
+Thomas a Becket celebrated his first mass after his installation as
+archbishop, and his remains were laid for some time in the crypt below
+it. This portion of the building was all carried out under the direction
+of English William. Gervase relates that when William of Sens, after his
+accident, "perceiving that he derived no benefit from the physicians,
+returned to his home in France," his successor, English William "laid the
+foundation for the enlargement of the church at the eastern part, because
+a chapel of St. Thomas was to be built there; for this was the place
+assigned to him; namely the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, where he
+celebrated his first mass--where he was wont to prostrate himself with
+tears and prayers, under whose crypt for so many years he was buried,
+where God for his merits had performed so many miracles, where poor and
+rich, kings and princes, had worshipped him, and whence the sound of his
+praises had gone out into all lands." As to the extent to which the second
+William was guided by the plans of his predecessor we have no means of
+judging accurately. Certainly the general outline of this part of the
+building must have been arranged by William of Sens, for the contraction
+of the choir, in order to preserve the width of the ancient Trinity Chapel
+had been carried out up to the clerestory before his retirement. Willis
+deals with the subject at some length: "Whether," he says, "we are to
+attribute to the French artist the lofty elevation of the pavement of
+the new chapel, by which also so handsome a crypt is obtained below, must
+remain doubtful. The bases of his columns, as well as those of the shafts
+against the wall are hidden and smothered by the platform at the top of
+these steps and by the side steps that lead to Becket's chapel. This looks
+like an evidence of a change of plan, and induces me to believe that the
+lofty crypt below may be considered as the unfettered composition of the
+English architect.... The Trinity Chapel of the Englishman is under the
+influence of the French work of which it is a continuation, and
+accordingly the same mouldings are employed throughout, and the triforium
+and clerestory are continued at the same level; but the greater level of
+the pavement wholly alters the proportion of the piers to their arches,
+and gives a new and original, and at the same time a very elegant
+character to this part of the church compared with the work of the
+Frenchman, of which, at first sight, it seems to be a mere continuation.
+The triforium also of this Trinity Chapel differs from that of the choir,
+in that its four pointed arches instead of being, like them, included
+under two circular ones, are set in the form of an arcade of four arches,
+of two orders of mouldings each. The mouldings are the same as in the
+choir, but the effect of their arrangement is richer. Also in the
+clerestory two windows are placed over each pier-arch, instead of the
+single window of the choir. The mixture of the two forms of arches is
+still carried on, for although the semicircular arch is banished from
+the triforium, it is adopted for the pier-arches.
+
+"However, in the side-aisles of the Trinity chapel, and in the corona,
+our English William appears to have freed himself almost as completely
+from the shackles of imitation, as was possible. In the side-aisles the
+mouldings of the ribs still remain the same, but their management in
+connection with the side walls, and the combination of their slender
+shafts with those of the twin lancet windows, here for the first time
+introduced into the building, is very happy. Slender shafts of marble are
+employed in profusion by William of Sens, and Gervase expressly includes
+them in his list of characteristic novelties. But here we find them either
+detached from the piers, or combined with them in such a manner as to
+give a much greater lightness and elegance of effect than in the work of
+the previous architect. This lightness of style is carried still farther
+in the corona, where the slender shafts are carried round the walls, and
+made principal supports to the pier-arches, over which is placed a light
+triforium and a clerestory; and it must be remarked that all the arches in
+this part of the building are of a single order of mouldings, instead of
+two orders as in the pier-arches and triforium of the choir."
+
+So much for the architectural details of the Trinity Chapel. To the
+ordinary visitor its interest lies rather in the fact that it contained
+Becket's shrine, and that we here see the curious old windows portraying
+the sainted Archbishop's miracles, and what is, perhaps, most important of
+all to many, #the tomb of Edward the Black Prince#. This monument is the
+first feature that we notice as we enter by the south-west gate of the
+chapel; it stands between the two first pillars, and by the side of the
+site of the shrine. By the Prince's will he had left directions that he
+should be buried in the crypt, where he had already founded a chantry,
+at the time of his marriage with the "Fair Maid of Kent" in 1363. But for
+some unknown reason, probably in order that the dead hero's bones might be
+placed in the most sacred spot possible--he was laid to rest by the side
+of the martyr, then in the zenith of his sanctity. One of the most
+romantic figures in English history is that of Edward the Black Prince,
+who "fought the French" as no Briton, except perhaps Nelson, has fought
+them since; he was sixteen years old when he commanded the English army
+in person at the battle of Cressy, and was wounded in the thickest of that
+most sanguinary fray: ten years later, facing an army of 60,000 men with
+a mere 8,000 behind him, he inflicted a still more severe defeat on the
+French at Poitiers, and captured their king, whom he took with him to
+Canterbury on his triumphant return to London. In all our list of national
+heroes there is not one who upheld the prowess of the English arms more
+gallantly than this mighty warrior who was cut off while still in the
+flower of his years, leaving England to the miseries of sedition and civil
+war. His tomb is one of the most impressive of such monuments. The gilding
+and bright colours have almost entirely disappeared, but the striking
+effect of the effigy is probably only enhanced by the solemn sombreness of
+its present appearance. It is a figure clad in full armour, spurred and
+helmeted, as the Prince had ordained by his will. The head rests on the
+helmet and the hands are joined in the attitude of prayer. The face, which
+is undoubtedly a portrait, is stern and masterful. "There you can see
+his fine face with the Plantagenet features, the flat cheeks, and the
+well-chiselled nose, to be traced, perhaps, in the effigy of his father in
+Westminster Abbey, and his grandfather in Gloucester Cathedral." The tomb
+itself is worthy to support the figure and guard the ashes of the Black
+Prince. Carved on its side clearly, that all might read it, is the
+inscription which he had himself chosen; it is in Norman French, which was
+still the language spoken by the English Court, and in the same spirit
+which moved the designer of Archbishop Chichele's tomb to portray the
+living man and the mouldering skeleton, this epitaph contrasts the glories
+of the Prince's life--his wealth, beauty, and power--with the decay and
+corruption of the grave. It is distinctly pagan in thought, and reminds
+one strongly of the laments of the dead Homeric heroes as they wail for
+the joys of life and strength and lordship. Stanley states that it is
+"borrowed, with a few variations, from the anonymous French translation of
+the 'Clericalis Disciplina' of Petrus Alphonsus composed between the years
+1106 and 1110." But it is strangely un-Christian in sentiment as a few
+lines will show--
+
+    "Tiel come tu es, je autiel fu, tu seras tiel come je su,
+    De la mort ne pensay je mie, tant come j'avoy la vie.
+    En terre avoy grand richesse, dont je y fys grand noblesse,
+    Terre, mesons, et grand tresor, draps, chivalx, argent et or.
+    Mesore su je povres et cheitifs, perfond en la terre gys,
+    Ma grand beaute est tout alee, ma char est tout gastee
+    Moult est estroite ma meson, en moy ne si verite non,
+    Et si ore me veissez, je ne quide pas que vous deeisez
+    Que j'eusse onges hom este, si su je ore de tout changee."
+
+Below this inscription are ranged coats-of-arms, bearing the ostrich
+feathers and the motto _Ich Diene_ ("I serve"), which, according to
+time-honoured but unauthenticated tradition, the prince won from the blind
+King of Bohemia, who was led into the thick of the fighting at Cressy, and
+died on the field. Welsh archaeologists, however, maintain that these words
+are Celtic, and mean "behold the man;" their theory suggests that this was
+the phrase used by Edward I. when he presented his firstborn son to the
+Welsh people as their prince, and that the words thus became the motto of
+the princes of Wales. This is a rather far-fetched piece of reasoning, and
+one would certainly prefer to accept the more picturesque tradition which
+connects the phrase with the glories of Cressy. The other word found on
+these escutcheons--_Houmont_--is still more puzzling. We know that the
+Black Prince was wont to sign himself _Houmont, Ich Diene_. Stanley
+explains the combination gracefully, but not very convincingly. "If, as
+seems most likely, they are German words, they exactly express what we
+have seen so often in his life, the union of 'Hoch muth,' that is _high
+spirit_, with 'Ich Dien,' _I serve_. They bring before us the very scene
+itself after the battle of Poitiers, where, after having vanquished the
+whole French nation, he stood behind the captive king, and served him like
+an attendant."
+
+[Illustration: THE BLACK PRINCE'S TOMB
+(FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY CARL NORMAN AND CO.).]
+
+The tomb is surmounted by a canopy on which is painted an interesting
+representation of the Trinity. The work is a good deal faded, but still
+worthy of notice; the absence of the figure of the dove is curious, but is
+not unparalleled in such designs. At the corners are symbols of the four
+evangelists. The Holy Trinity--on whose feast-day he died--was held in
+peculiar veneration by the Black Prince. The ordinance of the chantry
+founded by him in the crypt contains the phrase, _Ad honorem Sancte
+Trinitatis quam peculiari devocione semper colimus_. A curious metal
+badge, preserved in the British Museum, is stamped with the figure of the
+prince kneeling before the Almighty and our Saviour, whose representation
+is almost identical with the design on the canopy over the tomb; here also
+the figure of the dove is absent. Round the canopy and in the pillars we
+can still see the hooks which upheld the black tapestry, bordered with
+crimson and embroidered with _cygnes avec tetes de dames_, which was hung,
+as ordained by his will, round the prince's tomb and Becket's shrine.
+
+[Illustration: SHIELD, COAT, ETC., OF THE BLACK PRINCE.]
+
+Lastly, above the canopy, on a cross-beam between two pillars, are
+suspended the brazen gauntlets, the helmet, the wooden shield with its
+moulded leather covering, the velvet coat emblazoned with the arms of
+England and France, and the empty sheath. The gauntlets were once
+embellished with little figures of lions on the knuckles; these have been
+detached by "collectors," vandals almost as ruthless as Blue Dick and his
+troopers, and without their excuse of mistaken religious zeal. The helmet
+still has its original lining of leather, showing that it was actually
+worn. The sword which fitted the now empty sheath is said to have been
+taken away by Oliver Cromwell; it appeared in Manchester at the beginning
+of this century under circumstances so curious, that we may be excused for
+quoting the following letter from Canon Wray, given in Stanley's Appendix
+on the Black Prince's will. "The sword, or supposed sword, of the Black
+Prince, which Oliver Cromwell is said to have carried away, I have seen
+and many times have had in my hands. There lived in Manchester, when I
+first came here, a Mr. Thomas Barritt, a saddler by trade; he was a great
+antiquarian, and had collected together helmets, coats of mail, horns,
+etc., and many coins. But what he valued most of all was a sword: the
+blade about two feet long, and on the blade was let in, in letters of
+gold, 'EDWARDUS WALLIE PRINCEPS'.... He was in possession of this sword
+A.D. 1794. He told me he purchased many of the ancient relics of a pedlar,
+who travelled through the country selling earthenware, and I think he said
+he got this sword from this pedlar. When Barritt died, in 1820, his
+curiosities were sold by his widow at a raffle, but I believe this sword
+was not amongst the articles so disposed of. It had probably been disposed
+of beforehand, but to whom I never knew; yet I think it not unlikely that
+it is still in the neighbourhood. The sword was a little curved,
+scimitar-like, rather thick, broad blade, and had every appearance of
+being the Black Prince's sword." Truly a most remarkable story. This
+historic blade, which may have hewn down the French ranks at Poitiers, is
+disposed of by an itinerant crockery vender to an antiquarian saddler; on
+his death is, or is not, "sold at a raffle" and--vanishes!
+
+[Illustration: WEST GATE.]
+
+These arms that hang over the prince's tomb are all that are left of
+two distinct suits, one for war, and one for use in the joust and the
+ceremonials of peace, which were, according to directions given in the
+will, carried in the funeral procession through the West Gate and along
+the High Street to the cathedral. The pieces which remain all belong to
+the suit worn in actual warfare.
+
+The centre of the chapel looks curiously blank, being left so by the
+thoroughness with which all trace of Becket's shrine was removed by the
+reforming zeal and insatiable rapacity of Henry VIII. and his minions. The
+effect of the bare stone pavement presents an impressive contrast to the
+vanished glories of the shrine blazing with gold and jewels, as we read of
+it. (For a description of the shrine and its history, see Chapter I.) The
+exact place on which it stood is plainly shown by the marks worn in the
+stones by the knees of generations of pilgrims as they knelt before it,
+while the prior, with his white wand, pointed out the choicest of its
+treasures. To the west, between the altar-screen--the unhappy effect of
+which is painfully conspicuous from this point--and the site of the
+shrine, there is some very interesting mosaic pavement, containing the
+signs of the zodiac, and emblems of virtue and vice, an example of the
+_Opus Alexandrinum_, which appears in the floors of most of the Roman
+basilicas. A similar piece of mosaic work may be seen round the shrine of
+Edward the Confessor at Westminster. Above the eastern end of the shrine a
+gilded crescent was fixed in the roof, which still remains; the origin and
+meaning of this emblem have been disputed with considerable heat, and many
+ingenious conjectures have been framed to account for its presence here.
+One theory regards it as an allusion to the tradition according to which
+Becket's mother was a Saracen. But this legend is believed to be
+comparatively modern, and, as Mr. George Austin points out, "even if the
+legend of Becket's mother had obtained credence at that early period, it
+may be observed that in the painted windows around no reference is made
+to the subject, though evidently capable of so much pictorial effect."
+Another solution would connect the crescent with the worship of the Virgin
+Mary, who is often pictured as standing on the moon (comp. Rev. xii. 1).
+Supporters of this theory lay stress on the fact that the Trinity Chapel
+at Canterbury occupies the extreme east end of the church, which is
+generally the site of the Lady Chapel, and that therefore the presence of
+this emblem--if it can be connected with the Virgin--would be peculiarly
+appropriate here. Mr. Austin propounded the explanation which is now most
+generally accepted. "When the groined roof," he says, "was relieved of the
+long-accumulated coats of whitewash and repaired, the crescent was taken
+down and regilt. It was found to be made of a foreign wood, somewhat like
+in grain to the eastern wood known by the name of iron-wood. It had been
+fastened to the groining by a large nail of very singular shape, with a
+large square head, apparently of foreign manufacture." He comes to the
+conclusion that the crescent is one of a number of trophies which he
+supposes to have once decorated this part of the cathedral, and he is
+led to his conclusion by the fact that "more than one fresco painting of
+encounters with the Eastern infidels formerly ornamented the walls (the
+last traces of which were removed during the restoration of the cathedral
+under Dean Percy, afterwards Bishop of Carlisle), and in one of which the
+green crescent flag of the enemy seems borne away by the English archers.
+Might not these frescoes have depicted the fights in which these trophies
+were won?" Also, in the hollows of the groining which radiate from the
+crescent, there were a number of slight iron staples, which Mr. Austin,
+having shown that they cannot have supported either hanging lamps or the
+covering of the shrine, believes to have upheld flags, horsetails, etc.,
+which formed the trophy of which the gilded crescent was the centre. We
+know that Becket received the title of St. Thomas Acrensis owing to his
+close connection with the knights of the Hospital of St. John at Acre. But
+none of these explanations seem very convincing, and the history and
+significance of the crescent in the roof seem likely to remain a mystery.
+
+Before we turn from Becket and his shrine to the other monuments in the
+Trinity Chapel, we must call the attention of our readers to the stained
+windows which depict the miracles of the sainted martyr. The chapel was at
+one time entirely surrounded with glass of this sort, but only a portion
+has survived the ravages of the Puritans. "Of these windows," says Austin,
+"unfortunately but three remain, but they are sufficient to attest their
+rare beauty; and for excellence of drawing, harmony of colouring, and
+purity of design, are justly considered unequalled. The skill with which
+the minute figures are represented cannot even at this day be surpassed;
+it is extraordinary to see how every feeling of joy or sorrow, pain and
+enjoyment, is expressed both in feature and position. But in nothing is
+the superiority of these windows shown more than the beautiful scrolls and
+borders which surmount the windows, and gracefully connect the groups of
+medallions." Most of these windows probably contained representations of
+Becket, and so were doomed to destruction by the decree of Henry VIII., in
+which "his Grace straitly chargeth and commandeth, that henceforth the
+said Thomas Becket shall not be esteemed, named, reputed, nor called a
+saint, but Bishop Becket, and that his images and pictures throughout the
+whole realm shall be put down and avoided out of all churches and chapels,
+and other places; and that from henceforth the days used to be festivals
+in his name shall not be observed, nor the service, office, antiphonies,
+collects and prayers in his name read, but rased and put out of all
+books." This proclamation was rigorously carried out though the stained
+windows which come within its terms have, in some cases, escaped
+destruction. For instance there remains a window in the south transept of
+Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, representing the martyrdom of Becket, but
+it is interesting to note that even here the archbishop's head was removed
+from the glass. Three of the windows of the Trinity Chapel have survived,
+and fragments of others are scattered over the glass of the building. They
+are entirely devoted to depicting the miracles of the martyr, which began
+immediately after his death and reception--according to a vision of
+Benedict--in a place between the apostles and the martyrs, above even St.
+Stephen.
+
+The window towards the east on the north side of the shrine is divided
+into geometrical figures, each figure composed of a group of fine
+medallions; every group tells the story of a miracle, or series of
+miracles, performed by the influence of the saint. The lower group
+portrays the story of a child who was drowned in the Medway, and
+afterwards restored to life by the efficacy of the saint's blood mixed
+with water. The first medallion shows the boy falling into the stream,
+while his companions pelt the frogs in the reeds by the river side; the
+next shows the companions relating the story of the accident to the boy's
+parents, and in the third we see the grief-stricken parents watching their
+son's corpse being drawn out of the river. "The landscape in these
+medallions is exceedingly well rendered; the trees are depicted with
+great grace" (Austin). Unfortunately the medallions which complete this
+story have been destroyed. The next group depicts the quaint story of a
+succession of miracles which were wrought in the family of a knight called
+Jordan, son of Eisult. His ten year old boy died, and the knight, who had
+been an intimate friend of Becket in his lifetime, resolved to try to
+restore his son with water mixed with the saint's blood. At the third
+draught, as Benedict tells the story, the dead boy "opened one eye, and
+said, 'Why are you weeping, father? Why are you crying, lady? The blessed
+martyr, Thomas, has restored me to you!' At evening he sat up, ate,
+talked, and was restored." But the father forgot the vow which he made in
+the first moment of joy at his son's recovery, namely, that he would offer
+four silver pieces at the martyr's shrine before Mid Lent. And once more
+all the household was stricken with sickness, and the eldest son died.
+Then the parents, though sore smitten themselves, dragged themselves to
+Canterbury and performed their vow. The whole of this story with other
+details for which we have no space may be accurately traced on this unique
+window. The most striking is the central medallion of the group in which
+the vengeance of the saint is shown forth. In the middle of a large room
+we see a bier on which lies the dead son; the father and mother, overcome
+with despair, stand at the head and feet of the body. Behind the bier are
+several figures, which, from their "unusually violent attitudes expressive
+of grief," Mr. Austin considered to be professional mourners. Above,
+unseen by the group below, the figure of St. Thomas, clad in full
+episcopal robes, holding a sword in his right hand, and pointing to
+the corpse with his left, is seen appearing through the ceiling. "The
+expression," says Austin, "of the various figures in the above
+compartments, both in gesture and feature, is rendered with great skill.
+In the execution of this story, the points which, doubtless, the artists
+of the monastery were chiefly anxious to impress upon the minds of the
+devotees who thronged to the shrine are prominently brought out: the
+extreme danger of delaying the performance of a vow, under whatever
+circumstances made, the expiation sternly required by the saint, and the
+satisfaction with which the martyr viewed money offerings made at the
+shrine."
+
+One of the other groups is noteworthy as proving that severe penances were
+sometimes performed before the shrine. One medallion shows a woman
+prostrating herself before a priest at the altar, while two men stand
+near, holding formidable-looking rods. The next picture represents the two
+men vigorously flagellating the woman with the rods; while, in the third,
+one of the men is still beating the woman, who now lies fainting on the
+ground, while the other is addressing the priest, who sits hard by
+composedly reading his book. The other two windows contain representations
+of the healings effected by the saint, which seem to have been of a very
+varied character, to judge from the catalogue with which Benedict sums
+them up. "What position," he asks, "in the Church, what sex or age, what
+rank or order is there, which could not find something beneficial to
+itself [_aliquid sibi utile_] in this treasure-house of ours? Here the
+light of truth is furnished to schismatics, confidence to timid pastors,
+health to the sick, and pardon to the deserving penitent [_paenitentibus
+venia ejus meritis_, the last two words probably implying an offering].
+The blind see, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the
+dead rise again, the dumb speak, the poor have the gospel preached to
+them, the paralytic recover, the dropsical lose their swellings
+[_detumescunt hydropici_], the mad are restored to sense, the epileptic
+are cured, the fever-stricken escape, and, to sum up, _omnimoda curatur
+infirmitas_."
+
+The last of these windows to which we must call the special attention of
+our readers is one on the north side, representing a vision which Benedict
+tells us that he saw himself. The martyr is seen coming forth from his
+shrine in full pontifical robes, and making his way towards the altar as
+if to celebrate mass. This window is noticeable as containing the only
+representation that now exists of the shrine itself--for the picture in
+the Cottonian MSS. evidently shows us, not the shrine, but its outer
+shell, or covering. "The medallion," says Austin, "is the more
+interesting, from being an undoubted work of the thirteenth century; and
+having been designed for a position immediately opposite to and within a
+few yards of the shrine itself, and occupying the place of honour in the
+largest and most important window, without doubt represents the main
+features of the shrine faithfully."
+
+On the north side of the Trinity Chapel, immediately opposite the tomb of
+the Black Prince, is that of King Henry IV., who died in 1413, and his
+second consort, Joan of Navarre, who followed him in 1437. This king had
+made liberal offerings towards the rebuilding of the nave of the
+cathedral, and it has been conjectured that one of the figures on the
+organ-screen represents him: his will ordered that he should be laid to
+rest in the church at Canterbury, and here accordingly he was buried on
+the Trinity Sunday after his death. The tomb, with its rich canopy, is a
+beautiful piece of work, and the figures of the king and queen are
+probably faithful representations. A curious story was circulated by the
+Yorkists, to the effect that Henry was never buried here, but that his
+body was thrown into the water between Gravesend and Barking, during the
+voyage of the funeral _cortege_ to Faversham, and that only an empty
+coffin was laid in the Trinity Chapel. That this point might be cleared
+up, the tomb was opened in 1832 in the presence of the Dean, and there the
+king was found in perfect preservation, and bearing a close resemblance to
+the effigy on the monument--"the nose elevated, the beard thick and
+matted, and of a deep russet colour, and the jaws perfect, with all the
+teeth in them, except one foretooth."
+
+In the wall of the north aisle, just opposite the king's tomb, is a small
+chapel, built according to the directions contained in his will "that ther
+be a chauntre perpetuall with twey prestis for to sing and prey for my
+soul." The roof shows the first piece of fan-vaulting admitted into the
+cathedral. On the eastern wall an account is scratched of the cost of a
+reredos which once stood here, but has been entirely destroyed: it tells
+us that the cost of "ye middil image was xix^s 11^d." This chapel was
+doubtless used at one time as a storehouse of sacred relics. Two recesses
+in the west wall have lately been chosen to receive certain archiepiscopal
+vestments which were discovered in a tomb on the south side of Trinity
+Chapel, which was long believed to be that of Archbishop Theobald.
+
+To the east of Henry IV.'s monument is the tomb of Dean Wotton, adorned
+with his kneeling figure. He was the first Dean of Canterbury after the
+reorganization by Henry VIII. Opposite to him is an unsightly brick
+erection which was once intended as a temporary covering for the remains
+of Odo Coligny, Cardinal of Chatillon and brother of Admiral Coligny, who
+was one of the victims of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. The Cardinal
+fled from France in 1568, on account of his leanings towards the tenets of
+the Huguenots, and was welcomed by Queen Elizabeth. It is believed that
+he died from the effects of a poisoned apple given to him by a servant. It
+seems curious that the French Huguenots who settled in Canterbury never
+provided him with a more fitting monument.
+
+Between this tomb and that of the Black Prince is the monument of
+Archbishop Courtenay, who was primate from 1381 to 1396, and was
+celebrated for his severity towards Wycliffe and his followers. He was
+a large contributor to the fund for the re-building of the nave, which
+perhaps accounts for the distinguished position of his tomb; the fact also
+that he was executor to the Black Prince may be responsible for his being
+buried at his feet. It is not, however, certain that his body actually
+lies here, though the ledger book of the cathedral states that he was
+buried within the walls of the church. It is known, however, that he died
+at Maidstone, and that he ordered in his will that his remains should rest
+there, and a slab in the pavement of All Saints', Maidstone, shows traces
+of a brass representing the figure of an archbishop, whence it has been
+concluded that Courtenay was in fact buried there, and that his monument
+in Canterbury is only a cenotaph.
+
+[Illustration: TRINITY CHAPEL, LOOKING INTO THE CORONA, "BECKET'S CROWN,"
+WITH CHAIR OF ST. AUGUSTINE.]
+
+#Becket's Crown.#--The circular apse at the extreme east end of the church
+is known as Becket's Crown. The name has caused a good deal of discussion.
+The theory once generally received was to the effect that the portion of
+Becket's skull which was cut away by Richard le Breton was preserved here
+as a relic of special sanctity. We know that the Black Prince bequeathed,
+by his will, tapestry hangings for the High Altar and for three others,
+viz., "l'autier la ou Mons'r Saint Thomas gist--l'autier la ou la teste
+est--l'autier la ou la poynte de l'espie est." The first and last are
+evidently the altars at the shrine and in the Chapel of the Martyrdom, and
+it has been contended that the altar "where the head is" was the altar of
+which traces may still be seen in the pavement of the corona, or Becket's
+Crown. Against this notion we must place the authority of Erasmus, whose
+words plainly show that the martyr's head was displayed in the crypt:
+"_hinc digressi subimus cryptoporticum: illic primum exhibetur calvaria
+martyris perforata_ (the martyr's pierced tonsure): _reliqua tecta sunt
+argento, summa cranii pars nuda patet osculo_." While Willis considers
+that the term corona was a common one for an apse at the end of a
+church, citing "Ducange's Glossary," which defines "Corona Ecclesiae" as
+_Pars templi choro postica, quod ea pars fere desinat in circulum_; "at
+all events," he concludes, "it was a general term and not peculiar to
+Christ Church, Canterbury. The notion that this round chapel was called
+Becket's Crown, because part of his skull was preserved here as a relic,
+appears wholly untenable. There is at least no doubt that a relic of
+some sort was preserved here, because we know from a record of the
+offerings--Oblaciones S. Thomae--during ten years in the first half of the
+thirteenth century, that the richest gifts were made at the shrine and in
+the corona. And we know that the spot was one of peculiar sanctity from
+the fact that the shrines of St. Odo and St. Wilfrid were finally
+transferred thither. _Corpus S. Odonis in feretro, ad coronam versus
+austrum. Corpus S. Wilfridi in feretro ad coronam versus aquilonem._"
+
+[Illustration: CHAIR OF ST. AUGUSTINE.]
+
+On the north side of the corona is the tomb of Cardinal Pole, the last
+Archbishop of Canterbury who acknowledged the supremacy of the Pope. He
+held office from 1556 to 1558, and died the day after Queen Mary. Here
+stands also the patriarchal chair, made out of three pieces of Purbeck
+marble. It is called St. Augustine's chair, and is said to be the throne
+on which the old kings of Kent were crowned; according to the tradition,
+Ethelbert, on being converted, gave the chair to Augustine, from whom it
+has descended to the Archbishops of Canterbury. It is needless to say
+that this eminently attractive legend has been attacked and overthrown
+by modern criticism. It is pointed out that the original archiepiscopal
+throne was of one piece only, and that Purbeck marble did not come into
+use until some time after Augustine's death. From its shape it is
+conjectured that the chair dates from the end of the twelfth century or
+the beginning of the thirteenth, and that it may have been constructed for
+the ceremony of the translation of St. Thomas' relics. It is in this
+chair, and not in the archiepiscopal throne in the choir, that the
+archbishops are still enthroned. From the corona we have a view of the
+full length of the cathedral, which measures 514 feet, and is one of the
+longest of English cathedrals. Of the windows in Becket's Crown, the
+centre one is ancient, while the rest are modern and afford a most
+instructive contrast.
+
+#St. Andrew's Tower, or Chapel.#--Leaving the Trinity Chapel, and
+descending the steps, we find on our right the door of St. Andrew's Chapel
+which is now used as a vestry. Formerly, it was the sacristy, a place from
+which the pilgrims of humble rank were excluded, but where those of wealth
+and high station were allowed to gaze at a great array of silken vestments
+and golden candlesticks, and also the Martyr's pearwood pastoral staff with
+its black horn crook, and his cloak and bloodstained kerchief. Here also
+was a chest "cased with black leather, and opened with the utmost
+reverence on bended knees, containing scraps and rags of linen with which
+(the story must be told throughout) the saint wiped his forehead and blew
+his nose" (Stanley). Erasmus describes this exhibition with a touch of
+scorn. "_Fragmenta linteorum lacera plerumque macci vestigium servantia.
+His, ut aiebant, vir pius extergebat sudorem e facie_," etc. The walls of
+this chapel show many traces of fresco decoration: the pattern seems to
+have consisted of a clustering vine tree spread over the roof. In the
+north wall is a Norman chamber which originally served as the Treasury;
+the door is still secured by three locks, the keys of which were held by
+different officials. St. Andrew's Chapel is part of Ernulf's work, and the
+peculiar ornamentation which marks his hand may be noticed over the arch
+of the apse which terminates it.
+
+#The North-East Transept.#--Passing along the choir aisle, we see the old
+Bible desk, holding the Bible which was originally placed there, and was
+restored to this position by the late Bishop Parry. Next we enter the
+north-east transept, which in its architectural features is practically a
+repetition of the south-east transept, with which we have already dealt.
+The monument to Archbishop Tait, designed by Boehm, is well worthy of its
+surroundings. Above it, in the north wall, about ten feet from the ground,
+we may notice three slits in the wall. These are what are called
+hagioscopes. On the other side of the wall was a recess connected with the
+Prior's Chapel. Through these hagioscopes--or "holy spy-holes"--the prior
+could see mass being celebrated at the high altar and at the altars below
+in the transept, without entering the cathedral. These transeptal altars
+are in the Chapels of St. Martin and St. Stephen which occupy two apses in
+the eastern wall. St. Martin is represented in a medallion of ancient
+glass preserved in the modern window, as dividing his coat with a beggar.
+Scratched on the walls are the names "Lanfrancus" and "Ediva Regina;" the
+bodies of Lanfranc and Queen Ediva were removed to this transept after the
+fire. Lanfranc originally lay in the old Trinity Chapel, and when this
+building was levelled to the ground, he was "carried to the vestiarium in
+his leaden covering, and there deposited until the community should decide
+what should be done with so great a Father." Apparently the heavy sheet of
+lead was removed, for Gervase goes on to say that "Lanfranc having
+remained untouched for sixty-nine years, his very bones were consumed with
+rottenness, and nearly all reduced to powder. The length of time, the damp
+vestments, the natural frigidity of lead, and above all the frailty of the
+human structure, had conspired to produce this corruption. But the larger
+bones, with the remaining dust, were collected in a leaden coffer, and
+deposited at the altar of St. Martin." Queen Ediva, as we learn from the
+same authority, "who before the fire reposed under a gilted _feretrum_ in
+nearly the middle of the south cross, was now deposited at the altar of
+St. Martin, under the _feretrum_ of Living," an archbishop who died in
+1020. Ediva, the wife of Edward the Elder, and a generous benefactress
+to the cathedral, died about 960.
+
+From an early list of the subjects represented in the windows of the
+cathedral, it appears that the north windows of the north-east transept
+depicted the Parable of the Sower. The ancient glass, however, has been
+displaced, and a good deal of it has been moved to the windows of the
+north choir aisle, between the transept and the Chapel of the Martyrdom,
+which are of great beauty, and should be examined carefully. In the
+transept itself are windows in memory of Dean Stanley, Dr. Spry, and
+Canon Cheshyre.
+
+On the wall of the choir aisle, close to the transept, we can trace the
+remains of a fresco representing the conversion of St. Hubert. Further on,
+there hangs a picture, by Cross, which is intended to represent the murder
+of Becket. As a work of art it is not without merit, but its details are
+entirely inaccurate.
+
+#The North-West Transept, or Chapel of the Martyrdom.#--The actual site
+of the tragedy which rendered Becket and his cathedral famous throughout
+Christendom was the North-West Transept, or as it was more commonly called
+the Chapel of the Martyrdom. Hardly any portion, however, of this
+structure as it stands actually witnessed the murder. In the time of
+Becket the transept was of two storeys, divided by a vault, which was
+upheld by a single pillar. The upper partition was dedicated to St.
+Blaise, and the lower to St. Benedict. In the west wall, as now, was
+a door which opened into the cloister.
+
+[Illustration: THE MARTYRDOM, NORTH-WEST TRANSEPT.]
+
+The story of Becket and his quarrel with Henry II. will be dealt with
+in the next chapter. But before examining the spot on which he was
+assassinated it is perhaps fitting to recall the events which immediately
+preceded his death. Henry's wrathful exclamation, which stirred the four
+knights to set out on their bloodthirsty mission, is well known. Whatever
+we may think of the methods employed by these warriors--Fitzurse, de
+Moreville, de Tracy, and le Bret were their names--we must at least
+concede that they were gifted with undaunted courage. To slay an anointed
+archbishop in his own cathedral was to do a deed from which the boldest
+might well shrink, in the days when excommunication was held to be a
+living reality, and the Church was believed to hold the power of eternal
+blessing or damnation in her hand. These men--who were all closely
+attached to the king's person, and were sometimes described as his
+"cubicularii," or Grooms of the Bedchamber--arrived at the gate of the
+archbishop's palace in the afternoon of Tuesday, December 29th, 1170. With
+a curious want of directness they seem to have left their swords outside,
+and entered, and had a stormy interview with Becket; enraged by his
+unyielding firmness, they went back for their weapons, and in the
+meantime the archbishop was hurried by the terrified monks through the
+cloister and into the cathedral, where the vesper service was being held.
+The knights quickly forced their way after him, and the monks locked and
+barricaded the cloister door. But Becket, who bore himself heroically
+through the whole scene, insisted that the door should be thrown open,
+exclaiming that "the church must not be turned into a castle." Then all
+the monks but three fled in terror. Those who stayed urged Becket to hide
+himself in the crypt or in the Chapel of St. Blaise above. But he would
+not hear of concealment, but preferred to make his way to the choir that
+he might die at his post by the high altar. As he went up the steps
+towards the choir the knights rushed into the transept, calling for "the
+archbishop, the traitor to the king," and Becket turned and came down, and
+confronted them by the pillar of the chapel. Clad in his white rochet,
+with a cloak and hood over his shoulders, he faced his murderers, who were
+now girt in mail from head to foot. They tried to seize him and drag him
+out of the sacred precinct, but he put his back against the pillar and
+hurled Tracy full-length on the pavement. Then commending his cause and
+the cause of the Church "to God, to St. Denys, the martyr of France, to
+St. Alfege, and to the saints of the Church," he fell under the blows of
+the knights' swords. The last stroke was from the hand of le Bret, it
+severed the crown of the archbishop's head, and the murderer's sword was
+shivered into two pieces. Then the assassins left the church, ransacked
+the palace, and plundered its treasures, and, lastly, rode off on horses
+from the stables, in which Becket had to the last taken especial pride.
+
+Such is the brief outline of the events of this remarkable tragedy, for
+a fuller account of which we must refer our readers to the excellent
+description in Stanley's "Memorials of Canterbury." As we have already
+said, the present transept has been entirely rebuilt; although not damaged
+by the fire, it was reconstructed by Prior Chillenden at the time when he
+erected the present nave. It is even doubtful whether the present pavement
+is the same as that which was trodden by Becket and his murderers. A small
+square stone is still shown in the floor of the transept, as marking the
+exact spot on which the archbishop fell; it is said to have been inserted
+in place of the original piece which was taken out and sent to Rome, but
+there is little or no authority for this statement. On the other hand, we
+read that Benedict, when he became Abbot of Peterborough, in order to
+supply his new cathedral with relics, in which it was sadly deficient,
+came back to Canterbury and carried off the stones which had been
+sprinkled with St. Thomas's blood, and made therewith two altars for
+Peterborough.
+
+In this transept an altar was erected, called the Altar of the Martyrdom,
+or the Altar of the Sword's Point (_altare ad punctum ensis_), from the
+fact that upon it was laid the broken fragment of le Bret's sword, which
+had been left on the pavement. Also, a portion of the martyr's brains were
+kept under a piece of rock crystal, and a special official, called the
+Custos Martyrii, was appointed to guard these relics.
+
+The chief window in this chapel was presented by Edward IV.; in it we can
+still see the figures of himself and his queen and his two daughters, and
+the two young princes who were murdered in the Tower. It originally
+contained representations of "seven glorious appearances" of the Virgin,
+and Becket himself in the centre, but all this portion was destroyed by
+Blue Dick, the Puritan zealot. The west window was the gift of the Rev.
+Robert Moore, sometime Canon of Canterbury; it is an elaborate piece of
+work depicting Becket's martyrdom and scenes in his life.
+
+Here also we see the very beautiful and interesting monument to Archbishop
+Peckham (1279-1292), the oldest Canterbury monument which survives in its
+entirety; even it has been encroached upon by the commonplace erection
+adjoining it, which commemorates Warham who was archbishop from 1503 to
+1532, and was the friend of Erasmus.
+
+#The Dean's Chapel.#--Eastward of the north-west transept is the chapel
+which was formerly known as the Lady Chapel, but has latterly been named
+the Dean's Chapel from the number of deans whose monuments have been
+placed here. It stands on the site of the Chapel of St. Benedict, and was
+built by Prior Goldstone, who dedicated it to the Blessed Virgin in 1460.
+The usual place for the Lady Chapel in cathedrals is, of course, at the
+extreme east end; but at Canterbury the situation was occupied by the
+shrine of St. Thomas. The principal altar to the Virgin in our cathedral
+was that in the crypt, in the "Chapel of Our Lady Undercroft." The
+vault of the Dean's Chapel is noticeable. It is a fan vault, of the style
+developed to so great perfection in the Tudor period, as shown in Henry
+VII.'s Chapel at Westminster, and in the roof of the staircase leading to
+the dining-hall of Christ Church, Oxford. The architecture of this chapel
+is Perpendicular in style, and its delicate decoration should be carefully
+noticed; the screen which separates it from the Martyrdom Transept is also
+worthy of close attention. The monuments here are interesting rather than
+beautiful. Dean Fotherby is commemorated by a hideous erection bristling
+with skulls. Dean Boys is represented as he died, sitting among his books
+in his library; it is curious that the books are all apparently turned
+with the backs of the covers towards the wall, and the edges of the leaves
+outwards. Here also is the monument of Dean Turner, the faithful follower
+of Charles I.
+
+[Illustration: PART OF SOUTH-WESTERN TRANSEPT.]
+
+#The South-West Transept.#--Crossing the cathedral through the passage
+under the choir steps, we find ourselves in the south-west transept,
+which, together with the nave and the north-west transept, was rebuilt
+by Prior Chillenden. In the pavement we see memorial stones to canons
+and other departed worthies. Among them is the tombstone of Meric Casaubon,
+Archbishop Laud's prebendary, and son of Isaac Casaubon, the famous
+scholar.
+
+#St. Michael's, or the Warrior's Chapel.#--Eastward of the south-west
+transept is a small chapel, generally known as that of St. Michael. In
+position and size it closely corresponds with the Dean's Chapel on the
+north side of the church. In general style there is also some resemblance,
+but the vaulting of the roof is quite different; it is described by
+Professor Willis as "as a complex lierne vault of an unusual pattern, but
+resembling that of the north transept of Gloucester Cathedral, which dates
+from 1367 to 1372." The exact date and the name of the builder of this
+chapel are alike uncertain, but it probably replaced the old Chapel of St.
+Michael at some time towards the end of the fourteenth century, and Willis
+comes to the conclusion that it is most probable that its erection may be
+ascribed to Prior Chillenden, and that "it formed part of the general
+scheme for the transformation of the western part of the church."
+
+A curious effect is presented by the tomb of Stephen Langton, who was
+archbishop from 1207 to 1228, and is famous as having compelled King John
+to sign the Great Charter, and also as having divided the Bible into
+chapters. His tomb, shaped like a stone coffin, is half in the chapel and
+half under the eastern wall, and Professor Willis considers that it was
+originally outside the wall, in the churchyard; "and thus the new wall,
+when the chapel was rebuilt and enlarged in the fourteenth century, was
+made to stride over the coffin by means of an arch." The reverence in
+which Langton's memory was held is attested by the fact that his remains
+must have lain under the altar of the chapel, a most unusual position
+except in the case of celebrated saints. In the middle of the chapel is a
+very beautiful and interesting monument erected by Margaret Holland, who
+died in 1437, to the memory of her two husbands and herself. The monument
+is of alabaster and marble, and represents the lady reposing with her
+first spouse, John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, and son of John of Gaunt,
+on her left, and Thomas, Duke of Clarence, her second husband, on her
+right. The latter was the second son of Henry IV., and, so, nephew of John
+of Somerset the first husband; he was killed at the battle of Bauge in
+1421. Leland thinks that this chapel was built expressly for the reception
+of this tomb: "This chapel be likelihood was made new for the Honor of
+Erle John of Somerset," but it is probably of rather earlier date than
+would be allowed by this theory. The figures of Margaret and her two lords
+are very fine and are interesting examples of fifteenth century costume.
+As such they may be contrasted with the effigy of Lady Thornhurst, who
+exhibits all the beauty of an Elizabethan ruff. Sir Thomas Thornhurst,
+whose monument is hard by, was killed in the ill-fated expedition to the
+Isle of Rhe. In the corner of the chapel is the bust of Sir George Rooke,
+Vice-Admiral, who led the assault on Gibraltar by which it was first
+captured. And the title of "Warrior's" Chapel is further justified by the
+presence here of tattered standards, memorials of dead comrades, left by
+the famous Kentish regiment, "the Buffs."
+
+[Illustration: THE CRYPT.]
+
+#The Main Crypt.#--Returning through the passage under the steps that lead
+up to the choir, we turn to the right into the crypt which originally
+supported Conrad's "glorious choir." On the wall as we enter we may notice
+some diaper-work ornamentation, interesting from the fact that a similar
+decoration may be traced on the wall of the chapter house at Rochester
+for Ernulf who built the westward crypt, was afterwards made Bishop of
+Rochester. Willis tells us that there are five crypts in England under the
+eastern parts of cathedrals, namely, at Canterbury, Winchester,
+Gloucester, Rochester, and Worcester, and that they were all founded
+before 1085. "After this they were discontinued except as a continuation
+of former ones, as in Canterbury and Rochester." This crypt of Ernulf's
+replaced the earlier one set up by Lanfranc; Willis thinks it not
+impossible that the whole of the pier-shafts may have been taken from the
+earlier crypt. "The capitals of the columns are either plain blocks or
+sculptured with Norman enrichments. Some of them, however, are in an
+unfinished state." He describes minutely one of the capitals on the
+south-west side. "Of the four sides of the block two are quite plain. One
+has the ornament roughed out, or "bosted" as the workmen call it, that is,
+the pattern has been traced upon the block, and the spaces between the
+figures roughly sunk down with square edges preparatory to the completion.
+On the fourth side, the pattern is quite finished. This proves that the
+carving was executed after the stones were set in their places, and
+probably the whole of these capitals would eventually have been so
+ornamented had not the fire and its results brought in a new school
+of carving in the rich foliated capitals, which caused this merely
+superficial method of decoration to be neglected and abandoned. In the
+same way some of the shafts are roughly fluted in various fashions. The
+plain ones would probably have all gradually had the same ornament given
+to them, had not the same reasons interfered." The crypt then stands as
+it was left by Ernulf except that some of the piers were afterwards
+strengthened and one new pillar was inserted in the aisle by William of
+Sens, in order to fit in with the new arrangement of the pillars in the
+choir which he was then rebuilding. It is therefore, of course, the oldest
+part of the church, and remains a most beautiful and interesting relic of
+Norman work in spite of the hot water pipe apparatus which now disfigures
+it, and its general air of unkempt untidiness. There are signs, however,
+that in this respect there is likely to be some improvement. The floor is
+being lowered to its original level by the removal of about a foot of
+accumulated dirt which had been heaping itself up for the last eight
+hundred years and had at last entirely smothered the bases of the columns,
+and it is even whispered that the part now cut off and used as the French
+church, may be opened out and restored to its original position as part of
+the main crypt.
+
+According to Gervase, the whole of the crypt was dedicated to the Virgin
+Mary. Here stood the Chapel of Our Lady Undercroft, surrounded by
+Perpendicular stone-work screens, from which the altar-screen in the choir
+above was imitated. The shrine of the Virgin was exceedingly rich and was
+only shown to privileged worshippers: traces of decoration may still be
+seen in the vault above. It was at the back of this shrine that Becket
+was laid between the time of his murder and his translation to the
+resting-place in the Trinity Chapel.
+
+In the main crypt we may notice the monument of Isabel, Countess of Athol,
+who died in 1292; she was heiress of Chilham Castle, near Canterbury, and
+grand-daughter of King John. She was twice married, her second husband
+being Alexander, brother of John Baliol, King of Scotland. The monument
+of Lady Mohun of Dunster is in the south screen of the Chapel of Our Lady.
+She was ancestress of the present Earl of Derby, and founded a perpetual
+chantry. Lastly, here is the tomb of Cardinal Archbishop Morton, the
+friend of Sir Thomas More, and the faithful servant of the House of
+Lancaster; it was he who brought about the union of the Red and White
+Roses by arranging the marriage of Henry of Richmond with Elizabeth of
+York. As Henry VII.'s Chancellor he made great exactions under the
+euphonious title of "Benevolences," and propounded the famous dilemma
+known as "Morton's Fork," by which he argued that those who lived lavishly
+must obviously have something to spare for the king's service, while those
+who fared soberly must be grown rich on their savings, and so were equally
+fair game to the royal plunderer. He lies in the south-west corner of the
+crypt, and his monument, which has suffered considerably at the hands of
+the Puritans, bears the Tudor portcullis and the archbishop's rebus, a
+hawk or _mort_ standing on a tun.
+
+[Illustration: ST. GABRIEL'S CHAPEL.]
+
+In the south-east corner, under Anselm's Tower, is a chapel generally
+known as that of St. John, sometimes as that of St. Gabriel. It has been
+divided into two compartments by a wall. There are some very interesting
+paintings[2] on the roof, representing Our Lord in the centre of the
+angelic host, the Adoration of the Magi, and a figure of St. John; this
+work is believed to be of the thirteenth century. The central pillar of
+this chapel, with the curved fluting in the column and the quaintly
+grotesque devices of the figures carved on the capital, is well worthy of
+close examination. The grate that we see here was erected by the French
+Protestants, large numbers of whom fled to England during the persecution
+which was instituted against their sect in 1561. They were welcomed by
+Queen Elizabeth, and allowed to settle in Canterbury, where the cathedral
+crypt was made over to them to use as a weaving factory. It is possible
+that the ridges in the floor of St. John's Chapel are marks left by their
+looms, but more evident trace of their occupation is afforded by the
+inscriptions in French painted on the pillars and arches of the main
+crypt, and again by the custom which still survives of holding a French
+service in the south aisle of the crypt; this part has been walled off
+especially as a place of worship for the descendants of the French exiles,
+and here service is still held in the French tongue. Alterations have been
+lately made by which the French service is held in the Black Prince's
+Chantry, and the part of the crypt formerly walled off has been merged
+with the rest of the crypt, which is thus completely thrown open. Access
+to the French church is now obtained from the crypt, and not from outside.
+This chantry was founded by the Black Prince in 1363 to commemorate his
+marriage with his cousin Joan, the "Fair Maid of Kent." Here, according to
+the prince's ordinance, two priests were to pray for his soul, in his
+lifetime and after; the situation of the two altars, at which the priests
+prayed, can still be traced. On the vaulting we see the arms of the
+prince, and of his father, and what seems to be the face of his wife. In
+return for the permission to institute this chantry, the prince left to
+the monastery of Canterbury an estate which still belongs to the Chapter,
+the manor of Fawkes' Hall. This was a piece of land in South Lambeth,
+which had been granted by King John to a baron called Fawkes. His name
+still survives in the word "Vauxhall."
+
+  [2] The above paintings are illustrated in Dart's "History of
+  Canterbury,"   1726, and in "Archaeologia Cantiana," vol. xviii.
+
+[Illustration: IN THE MAIN CRYPT, WITH TOMB OF CARDINAL MORTON
+(see p. 99).]
+
+#The Eastern Crypt.#--The eastern portion of the crypt, under the Trinity
+Chapel and the corona, is a good deal more lofty than Ernulf's building.
+We noticed the ascent from the choir and presbytery to the Trinity Chapel,
+and it is, of course, this greater elevation of the cathedral floor at the
+east end which accounts for the greater height of the eastern crypt. The
+effect, both above and below, is exceedingly happy. The most striking
+thing about the interior of the cathedral is the manner in which it
+rises--"church piled upon church"--from the nave to the corona, and this
+characteristic enabled William the Englishman to build a crypt below which
+has none of the cramped squatness which generally mars the effect of such
+buildings. "The lofty crypt below," says Willis, "may be considered the
+unfettered composition of the English architect. Its style and its details
+are wholly different from those of William of Sens. The work, from its
+position and office, is of a massive and bold character, but its unusual
+loftiness prevents it from assuming the nature of a crypt.... There is one
+detail of this crypt which differs especially from the work above. The
+abacus of each of the piers, as well as that of each central shaft, is
+round; but in the whole of the choir the abacuses are either square, or
+square with the corners cut off."
+
+It was in the smaller eastern crypt, which formerly occupied the site of
+William's building which we are now examining, that Becket was hastily
+buried after his assassination, when his murderers were still threatening
+to come and drag his body out, "hang it on a gibbet, tear it with horses,
+cut it into pieces, or throw it in some pond to be devoured by swine or
+birds of prey." And from that time until the translation of the relics in
+1220, this was the most sacred spot in the cathedral, and it was known,
+down to Reformation times, as "Becket's tomb." Hither came the earliest
+pilgrims in the first rush of enthusiasm for the newly-canonized martyr.
+And here Henry II. performed that penance, which is one of the most
+striking examples of the Church's power presented by history. We are told
+that he placed his head and shoulder in the tomb, and there received five
+strokes from each bishop and abbot who was present, and three from each of
+the eighty monks. After this castigation he spent the night in the crypt,
+fasting and barefooted. His penitence and piety were rewarded by the
+victory gained at Richmond, on that very day, by his forces over William
+the Lion of Scotland, who was taken prisoner, and afterwards, recognizing
+the power of the saint, founded the abbey of Aberbrothwick to Saint Thomas
+of Canterbury.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE SEE.
+
+
+The history of the See of Canterbury may be said to have begun with the
+coming of Augustine, for there can be no doubt that it is owing to its
+being the settling-place of the first messengers of the gospel in Saxon
+England that Canterbury has been the metropolis of the English Church.
+Pope Gregory, with his usual thoroughness, sent to Augustine, soon after
+his arrival here, an elaborate scheme for the division of our island
+into sees, which were to be gradually developed as Christianity spread.
+According to his arrangement, there were to be two archbishops, one at
+London and one at York. But we cannot regret that this scheme was not
+carried out, as an archiepiscopal see is much more picturesquely framed by
+the hills which encircle Canterbury than it could have been by the dingy
+vastness of the political and social capital.
+
+#Augustine# reached England in 597, and found that his path had been made
+easy by the fact that Bertha, wife of Ethelbert, King of Kent, was a
+Christian. He soon effected the conversion of the king himself, and his
+labours were so rapidly successful that at Christmas, 597, no less than
+ten thousand Saxons were baptized at the mouth of the Medway. The
+archiepiscopal pall, and a papal Bull, creating Augustine first English
+archbishop, were duly sent from Rome, and the royal palace in Canterbury,
+with an old church--Roman or British--close by, were handed over to him by
+Ethelbert. The first archbishop died in 605, and was buried, according to
+the old Roman custom, by the side of the high road which had brought him
+to Canterbury. A few years later, however, his remains were transferred to
+the Abbey of SS. Peter and Paul, which had then just been completed.
+
+Augustine was succeeded by one of the monks who had originally come with
+him from Rome. The new archbishop's name was #Lawrence#; he had been
+already consecrated by Augustine in his lifetime. This unusual measure was
+thought to be necessary, as the Church had hardly yet established itself in
+a strong position. Indeed, so weak was its hold over its rapidly acquired
+converts, that when Ethelbert's son, who succeeded his father in 616,
+backslid into the path of heathendom, the great majority of the people
+followed the royal example, and Lawrence, together with the Bishops of
+London and Rochester, prepared to leave England altogether, as a country
+hopelessly abandoned to paganism. However, the archbishop determined to
+make one more attempt to maintain his position, and succeeded in
+terrifying the king, by a pretended miracle, into becoming a Christian. He
+then recalled the two bishops who had already crossed to France, and on
+his death, in 619, was succeeded by the Bishop of London, #Mellitus#.
+Mellitus only held the Primacy till 624, when his place was filled by
+#Justin#, who also had a brief archiepiscopal life, being succeeded in 627
+by #Honorius#. This archbishop held the see for twenty-six years, till 653,
+and it was not until 655 that his successor was appointed.
+
+So far the archbishops had all been foreigners who had come over either
+with Augustine or with the second company of missionaries who were
+despatched by Gregory soon after Ethelbert's conversion. In 655, however,
+a native Englishman, named Frithona, was consecrated by the Saxon Bishop
+of Rochester, and adopted the name of #Deus Dedit#. He ruled at Canterbury
+till 664, and after his death the see remained vacant for four years,
+probably owing to the plague which was then wasting all Europe, and caused
+the death of Wighard, a Saxon, who had started for Rome to receive his
+consecration there. But in 668, #Theodore#, a native of Tarsus in Cecilia,
+was appointed, and was welcomed by the members of the torn and divided
+English Church. He devoted all his energy to centralizing and
+consolidating the power of the archbishop, which had been hitherto largely
+nominal. He journeyed all over England, correcting the prevalent laxity of
+discipline and establishing the control of the metropolitan authority. He
+went so far as to interfere with the Archbishopric of York, and with the
+help of the king attempted to divide it into three sees. He was,
+moreover, an enthusiastic scholar, and first diffused the study of Greek
+in England. He had brought a copy of Homer with him, and is said to have
+established a school of Greek in Canterbury. He died in 690, and after his
+death there was no archbishop for three years. In 693, one #Brethwald#, an
+English monk, some time Abbot of Reculver, was appointed to the see. The
+Saxon Church shows that it had benefited by Theodore's rigorous
+discipline, in that it was henceforth able to supply its own archbishops;
+it had now securely established itself all over the country, and the last
+home of paganism, which, curiously enough, held its own longest in Sussex,
+had been finally converted in Theodore's time. Brethwald ruled till 731,
+and was followed by #Tatwin# (731-734) and #Nothelm# (734-740). In 740
+#Cuthbert# became archbishop. He seems to have been an interesting
+personage with a good deal of zeal for reform; he is recorded to have
+assembled a synod at Cliff to discuss measures for the improvement of the
+lives and behaviour both of clergy and laity. Probably at his instigation
+the synod ordained that the Lord's Prayer and the Creed should be taught in
+the vulgar tongue; he was the first archbishop buried in the cathedral. He
+was succeeded by #Bregwin#, who held the see from 759 to 765. He was an
+exception among the series of English primates, being of German origin.
+During the rule of the next archbishop, #Jaenbert#, an attempt was made
+to transfer the primacy from Canterbury. Offa, the King of Mercia, had
+established himself in a position of commanding power, and wishing that
+the seat of the chief ecclesiastical authority should be within his own
+dominion, obtained a Bull from Pope Adrian I. by which an Archbishop of
+Lichfield was created, with a larger see than that of Canterbury. Jaenbert
+seems to have acquiesced, though doubtless most unwillingly, in this
+arrangement, but in spite of the central situation of Lichfield, the
+traditional claims of Canterbury were too strong, and Adulf was the first
+and last Archbishop of Lichfield. #Athelard#, who succeeded Jaenbert in
+790, had the primacy restored to him. The Northmen began their raids on the
+English coasts at this time, and their ravages probably continued through
+the days of his successors, #Wulfred#, #Feologild#, #Ceolnoth#, and
+#Ethelred# (805-889).
+
+In 889 the learned #Plegmund#, formerly tutor of Alfred, was by his quondam
+pupil's influence made Archbishop of Canterbury. It was during his time
+that the sees of Wells for Somerset and Crediton for Devonshire were
+established.
+
+#Athelm# (914-923).
+
+#Wulfhelm# (923-942).
+
+#Odo# (942-959), called "the severe," was born a pagan Dane of East
+Anglia, but having been received into a noble Saxon family, was duly
+baptized into the faith. He was appointed to the Wiltshire bishopric by
+Athelstane, and combined in his person the characters of the warlike Dane
+and the Christian churchman. Like his successor Dunstan, Odo made his
+chief objects in life the maintenance of the Church's supremacy and the
+reformation of the married clergy. He bore his archbishopric with much
+pomp and dignity through the reigns of Edmund, Edred, and Edwy. He was
+responsible for Dunstan's conduct on the occasion of King Edwy's
+coronation, though it is not known how far he sanctioned the cruelties
+subsequently practised on Elgiva. Odo reconstructed and enlarged the
+cathedral.
+
+His immediate successor was #Elsi#, Bishop of Winchester, but this
+archbishop died while on his way to Rome to receive his pall from the
+Pope.
+
+#Dunstan# (960-988), the next archbishop, continued Odo's crusade against
+the married clergy, which he conducted relentlessly. In many cases the
+secular clergy were turned out of their livings to make room for members
+of the regular monkish orders. Even with these harsh measures and the
+employment of miracles the archbishop does not seem to have succeeded in
+enforcing celibacy among the clergy. Dunstan was born in Somersetshire of
+noble parents, and educated at the Abbey of Glastonbury. He became abbot
+of that place, and Bishop of Worcester and London. At the coronation of
+Edwy he intruded himself into the king's presence, and was afterwards
+obliged to retire to Ghent. He held the See of Canterbury for twenty-seven
+years, and on his death was buried in the cathedral, where countless
+miracles are said to have been worked at his tomb.
+
+#Ethelgar# (988-989).
+
+#Siricius# (990-994).
+
+#AElfric# (995-1005).
+
+#Alphege# (1005-1012), Prior of Glastonbury, migrated thence to Bath, where
+he founded the great abbey, afterwards united to the See of Wells. After
+holding the See of Winchester for twenty-two years, he was translated to
+Canterbury. When in 1011 Canterbury was sacked by the Danes, he was
+carried off a prisoner, and on his refusal to ransom himself, was
+barbarously murdered by his captors. His body was ransomed by the people
+of London and buried at St. Paul's Cathedral, whence it was removed to
+Canterbury by Canute. Subsequently, in the time of Lanfranc, he was
+canonized.
+
+#Living# (1013-1020) also suffered much from the Danes, who from this time
+continued their incursions until the reign of Canute.
+
+#Egelnoth# (1020-1038) is described as the first dean of the Canterbury
+canons who seem to have acquired an ascendancy over the monks ever since
+the massacre of the latter by the Danes in 1011. He restored the cathedral
+after the damages inflicted by the invaders.
+
+#Eadsi# (1038-1050).
+
+#Robert of Jumieges# (1051-1052) was one of the many Normans who were
+brought over into England by King Edward the Confessor; he took an active
+part in the king's quarrel with the great Earl Godwin, and in the reaction
+which followed against the Normans retired to Jumieges, where he remained
+till his death.
+
+#Stigand# (1052-1070), Bishop of Winchester, held this see conjointly with
+that of Canterbury. He was remarkable for his avarice. His espousal of the
+cause of Edgar the Atheling led the Conqueror to regard him with
+suspicion. William took the archbishop with him when he returned into
+Normandy, and eventually dispossessed him, along with some other bishops
+and abbots, at a synod held at Winchester in the year 1070. Stigand was
+imprisoned at Winchester, where he eventually died, resisting to the last
+the attempts made by the king to elicit information as to the whereabouts
+of the vast treasures which he had accumulated and hidden.
+
+#Lanfranc# (1070-1089) was the first Norman Archbishop of Canterbury. He
+was born at Pavia, and educated at the monastery of Bec, in Normandy, then
+the most remarkable seat of learning existing in Europe. His conspicuous
+abilities raised him to the position of prior of the monastery. He was
+subsequently abbot of the new monastery which William of Normandy founded
+at Caen, and on the deposition of Stigand was called over by that king to
+complete the subjection and reform of the Anglo-Saxon Church, which task
+he undertook with much zeal and not a little high-handed procedure. He
+assisted the king in the removal of the Saxon bishops and the substitution
+of Normans in their places, as also in the reformation of the great
+English monasteries which appear to have fallen into considerable
+disorder. Lanfranc's character was remarkable for its firmness, and
+brought him into frequent collision with the imperious temper of his
+royal master. On one occasion Lanfranc insisted on the restoration of
+twenty-five manors which belonged to the archiepiscopal see, and which
+had been appropriated by Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, William's half-brother.
+William, however, continued to honour his able servant, and during the
+king's absence in Normandy, Lanfranc held the office of chief justiciary
+and vice-regent within the realm, and maintained his independent attitude
+against all the world, refusing to go to Rome at the summons of the pope.
+Lanfranc crowned William II., and as long as he lived did much to moderate
+that monarch's rapacious attacks on the wealth of the Church. He rebuilt
+the cathedral which had fallen into ruin, and founded the great monastery
+of Christ Church. He was the author of a celebrated treatise in refutation
+of the doctrine of Berengarius of Tours, on the subject of the Real
+Presence, and was present at the council held in Rome by Leo IX., in which
+Berengarius was condemned. He lies buried in the nave of his cathedral,
+but the exact spot is not known.
+
+#Anselm# (1093-1109) was born at Aosta, and studied under Lanfranc at Bec,
+when he succeeded him as Prior of the Convent, and subsequently became
+abbot. He visited England on the invitation of Hugh the Fat, Earl of
+Chester, and while there was called in by the king and made Archbishop of
+Canterbury. Rufus had kept the see vacant, and appropriated the revenues
+of this and many other Church properties, and was only induced by the fear
+of impending death to appoint Anselm to the see. Anselm was with
+difficulty persuaded to accept the post, but from that hour posed as the
+firm champion of the rights of the Church, and the opponent and denouncer
+of the king's exactions and the general immorality of the times. He
+refused to receive his pall at the hands of the king, but eventually
+agreed to take it himself from the high altar of the cathedral at
+Canterbury. Though deserted by his bishops he held his own against the
+king until an accusation of failing in his duty to supply troops for the
+king's Welsh expedition drove him into exile and he made his way to Rome,
+when his learning created much sensation and was enlisted against the
+errors of the Greek Church on the subject of the procession of the Holy
+Ghost. On his accession to the throne, Henry I., as part of his reversal
+of his brother's ecclesiastical policy recalled Anselm from banishment and
+filled up the vacant see. But Anselm remained firm on the subject of the
+rights of the church in the matter of the investiture of the clergy, and
+refused to consecrate the bishops who had received their investiture from
+the king, or to do homage or swear fealty to Henry. The king, on his side,
+was determined to uphold the rights of the crown and the matter was
+referred to the pope. Anselm had to visit Rome in person, and meeting with
+but lukewarm support from the pope agreed at last to a compromise, at Bec,
+in 1106, by which the king surrendered the symbols of the ring and
+crozier, while retaining his right to the oaths of fealty and homage.
+Anselm returned to England and spent the last two years of his life in
+comparative repose: he died at Canterbury, and was buried near Lanfranc,
+but his remains were afterwards removed to the tower that bears his name.
+After his death the see was again vacant for five years, and was managed
+by Ralf, Bishop of Rochester, who was however made archbishop later; he
+was a disciple of Lanfranc, but as an archbishop was unimportant.
+
+#William de Corbeuil# (1123-1136) was the first archbishop who received the
+title of Papal Legate. He crowned King Stephen after solemnly swearing to
+support the cause of Matilda, and is said to have died of remorse for his
+conduct in the matter. He completed the restoration of the cathedral and
+dedicated it with much pomp and display.
+
+#Theobald# (1139-1161), the next archbishop, had been Abbot of Bec, and was
+a Benedictine. His importance as archbishop was much overshadowed by Henry
+of Blois, Bishop of Winchester, and brother of King Stephen. The pope
+granted him the title of "Legatus natus," which was retained by his
+successors until the Reformation. The life of this prelate was one of
+varying fortunes, and he was twice in exile. He eventually, along with
+Henry of Blois, took an important part in the final compromise which was
+effected between the factions of Stephen and Matilda. On his death the
+see remained vacant for more than a year.
+
+#Thomas Becket# (1162-1170) was the son of a London merchant, and was
+educated among the Augustinian canons of Merton, in Surrey. He came
+under the patronage of Archbishop Theobald whom he accompanied when the
+latter visited Rome. While still only a deacon Becket received many
+ecclesiastical benefices, including the Archdeaconry of Canterbury. About
+1155 he was appointed Chancellor, through the influence of Theobald, and
+thenceforward, until he became archbishop enjoyed the most intimate
+friendship and confidence of King Henry II. His magnificence and authority
+during this period of his career exceeded that of the most powerful
+nobles, and created much sensation in France whither he was dispatched to
+demand the hand of the Princess Margaret for the king's infant son. When
+offered the Archbishopric of Canterbury he is said to have warned the king
+that his acceptance of the office would entail his devotion to God and his
+order in preference to the interests of the king. He was however persuaded
+to accept the primacy, and after being duly ordained priest was
+consecrated archbishop by Henry of Blois, the Bishop of Winchester.
+
+From this moment onwards the entire character and attitude of Becket was
+changed. He gave up his old pomp and magnificence and devoted himself to
+monastic severity and works of charity: he furthermore insisted on
+resigning his temporal offices, including that of chancellor, and engaged
+on his lifelong struggle with the king on the subject of the privileges of
+the clergy.
+
+Since the separation of the bishops from the secular courts by the
+Conqueror, a gross system of abuse had arisen under which all persons who
+could read and write could claim exemption from the jurisdiction of the
+ordinary secular courts, and insist on being tried only before their own
+ecclesiastical tribunal. The spiritual courts could inflict no corporal
+punishment, and the result was that many guilty persons escaped punishment
+at their hands, and the benefit of clergy came to mean a practical licence
+to commit crimes. This was naturally in radical opposition to the judicial
+policy of Henry II., and matters were brought to a climax by the
+scandalous case of Philip Brois, a murderer, whom Becket rescued from the
+king's justice and condemned to a totally inadequate sentence. The king
+determined to clear the question of all doubt, and to this end drew up
+the famous constitutions of Clarendon in which the clergy was subjected
+equally with the laity to the common laws of the land. The archbishop took
+the oath, but refused to sign the constitution, as he insisted on the
+immunity of the clergy from all secular jurisdiction. On retiring from the
+council he sought and obtained absolution from his oath at the hands of
+the pope--Alexander III.--who, insecure in his own position, and unable
+to dispense with the friendship of the King of England, maintained a
+vacillating attitude in the quarrel between Becket and Henry. The king
+now began a systematic persecution of the archbishop. He was pressed with
+various charges, and finally was ordered to account for the moneys which
+he had received from the vacant See of Canterbury and other ecclesiastical
+properties in his capacity as Chancellor. There seems small reason to
+doubt that the charge was an unjust one, and was merely employed by the
+king as an instrument of offence against his political adversary. The
+archbishop came before the council in all the pomp and panoply of his
+office, and bearing his own cross, as he had been deserted by most of his
+bishops. After an exciting scene he escaped before any definite judgment
+was pronounced, and took refuge in France, where he was hospitably and
+honourably received by King Louis VII. Here he continued his struggle
+with the King of England. Henry seized upon the revenues of the See of
+Canterbury, and banished all Becket's kinsmen, dependants, and friends.
+Becket replied by solemnly denouncing the constitution of Clarendon, and
+excommunicating all who should enforce them. After further contentions
+and fruitless negotiations Henry issued a proclamation withdrawing his
+subjects' obedience to the archbishop, enforced by an oath from all
+freemen. This oath many of the bishops refused to take. The pope, under
+temporary pressure from Becket's enemies, authorized the Archbishop of
+York to crown the young prince Henry: and the supremacy of the See of
+Canterbury over all England, being thus called in question, became
+thenceforward one of the principal subjects of dispute between Becket and
+the king. The action of the king was unpopular, and Henry, seeing that he
+had gone too far, consented to enter on some sort of reconciliation with
+Becket, who ventured to return to England. In spite of the manifest
+danger in which he found himself, Becket, on his return to England,
+continued his high-handed policy, excommunicating the Archbishop of York
+and others of his enemies. On hearing of this conduct Henry's fury got the
+better of him, and his famous exclamation led to the departure of the four
+knights to Canterbury. They demanded the immediate removal of the
+excommunication. Becket was hurried into the cathedral by the monks and
+murdered at the altar.
+
+On his death he was immediately canonized, and many miracles occurred at
+his tomb. Henry himself was ordered to do penance for his death. The fame
+of his shrine brought countless pilgrims to Canterbury, which was thus for
+the first time raised to a position of importance throughout the whole of
+Europe.
+
+#Richard# (1174-1184), Prior of Dover, was the next archbishop: he had been
+present at Becket's murder and helped to convey his body to the crypt. He
+was somewhat indifferent to spiritual matters, and was chiefly occupied in
+supporting the supremacy of the See of Canterbury over that of York, a
+question which led to at least one scene of unseemly disturbance in which
+the Archbishop of York nearly lost his life. One result of the quarrel was
+the conferring of the title of "Primate of England," and "Primate of all
+England," on the Archbishops of York and Canterbury respectively, by the
+pope.
+
+#Baldwin# (1185-1190) was the first monk of the Cistercian order who held
+the See of Canterbury. He came into collision with the Benedictine monks
+with whom the election to the primacy had always rested, and whom he
+attempted in vain to deprive of that privilege in favour of a body of
+canons at Lambeth, which he purchased for the see. He accompanied Richard
+Coeur de Lion to the Holy Land, and died in camp before Acre.
+
+#Reginald Fitz Jocelyn#, Bishop of Bath and Wells, was next elected, but
+died before receiving the pall.
+
+#Hubert Walter# (1193-1205) was born at West Derham, in Norfolk, and
+educated by Ranulph de Glanville: he was made Bishop of Salisbury, and
+accompanied Richard I. to the Holy Land. When archbishop he held the
+office of Justiciary, but was removed from the latter by a Papal Bull
+since it compelled him to judge "causes of blood." He became chancellor,
+and conducted the duties of his high offices in an admirable manner. The
+laws enacted under Richard I. are said to have been drawn up by him, and
+he completed the house of regular canons at Lambeth. He was buried in his
+own cathedral where his effigy still remains.
+
+After some disputes on the subject of election, the Pope, Innocent III.,
+was appealed to and decided in favour of
+
+#Stephen Langton# (1207-1228) who was an Englishman of spotless character
+and profound theological learning: he was consecrated at Peterborough by
+Innocent III. The "fury of King John knew no bounds," he drove the monks
+of Canterbury to Flanders, and refused to allow Langton to set foot in
+England. The result of this conduct was the publication of the celebrated
+Interdict, followed soon after by the personal excommunication of the king
+and the absolution of his subjects from their oath of allegiance by the
+pope. Philip of France was ordered to depose the English king, whose crown
+was declared forfeited. Hard pressed by his enemies, and having alienated
+his people from his cause, King John was driven to humiliating submission:
+he promised to receive Langton and to restore the Church property, and
+finally, formally resigned his crown into the hands of Pandulph, the Papal
+Legate. Archbishop Langton was received with honour, and King John threw
+himself at his feet and reconciled himself with the Church. He also
+ordered a great council to meet at St. Alban's to settle finally the
+restitution of the church property. Here, however, he was met by an open
+declaration of the complaints of all classes. Langton, though elevated to
+the primacy, entirely through the influence of the pope, proved himself a
+staunch Englishman, and posed as the champion of national liberty against
+the claims of both pope and king. It was he who produced to the
+malcontents the Coronation Charter of Henry I., which the barons accepted
+as a declaration of the views and demands of their party. He was at the
+head of the barons in their struggle with the king, and his name appears
+as that of the first witness to the famous Magna Charta. John at once
+applied to the pope, and obtained from him the abrogation of the charter
+and a papal order to Langton to excommunicate the king's enemies. This he
+refused to do. John overran the country with foreign mercenaries, and his
+cruelties eventually resulted in the barons summoning Louis of France to
+their assistance. Langton was summoned to Rome to attend the Lateran
+Council, and was detained there until the deaths of Innocent III. and King
+John, after which he was permitted to return to his see and passed the
+remainder of his life in comparative tranquillity, siding strongly with
+the national party under Hubert de Burgh. He presided at the translation
+of Becket's remains from the crypt to Trinity Chapel; he rebuilt much of
+the archiepiscopal palace at Canterbury and he lies buried in his own
+cathedral. He was the first who divided the Bible into chapters.
+
+#Richard de Wethershed# (1229-1231), Chancellor of Lincoln, was next
+appointed, but died on his way back from Italy. After three more elections
+by the monks which were all set aside by the pope, Honorius III., the
+monks consented to accept
+
+#Edmund Rich# (1234-1240), treasurer of Salisbury: he was the son of a
+merchant of Abingdon, and was educated at Oxford University. He had a
+great reputation for learning and piety. He came into disfavour with the
+king by his opposition to the marriage of his sister Eleanor to Simon de
+Montfort. His sympathies were all on the side of the national party: he
+procured the downfall of Des Roches and maintained the struggle against
+the foreign favourites and papal exactions for which the reign of Henry
+III. is notorious. At length he retired to the Cistercian Abbey at
+Pontigny, which had formerly sheltered Becket and Langton, in despair at
+the condition of England and of her Church. It was during his time that
+the great movements of the Dominican and Franciscan friars reached England
+and though the archbishop never actually joined their ranks, he was
+doubtless much influenced by their teaching and example, and was himself
+an itinerant preacher after leaving Oxford. He was canonized six years
+after his death. He was succeeded by
+
+#Boniface of Savoy# (1241-1270), one of the king's uncles, whose violence
+and warlike bearing made him a strange contrast to his predecessor. His
+term of office was one long history of papal exactions from the English
+clergy, and of the tyranny of foreigners, creatures of Henry III., over
+the rights of the nation. The revenues of the See of Canterbury and the
+enormous sums wrung from the clergy were squandered on foreign wars, and
+the archbishop himself resided abroad. Boniface took a leading part in the
+spoliation of the English Church: he was one of the king's council at the
+so-called "Mad Parliament."
+
+#Robert Kilwardby# (1273-1278) was nominated by the pope, after a fruitless
+election of their subprior by the monks. He was a very learned Dominican,
+educated at Oxford and Paris.
+
+#John Peckam# (1279-1292) was, like his predecessor, nominated by the pope
+after an education at Oxford and Paris; he also was a Franciscan. He was
+at first a staunch supporter of King Edward I., whom he accompanied to
+Wales. It is to be regretted that he supported the king in his cruelties
+to the conquered Welsh and in the expulsion of the Jews. He firmly
+defended the privileges of his see against first, the Archbishop of York,
+and secondly, the king. It was in his time (1279) that the famous Statute
+of Mortmain was passed. The exactions of the papacy had been considerably
+lessened, and the Church was beginning to recover its wealth and national
+character. Peckam died at Mortlake, and was buried in the transept of the
+martyrdom at Canterbury, where his tomb and effigy still remain.
+
+#Robert Winchelsea# (1292-1313) was next nominated, king and clergy being
+unanimous on this occasion, and at once proceeded to Rome, where he
+remained some time before returning to England. Meanwhile, Edward I. had
+demanded the enormous subsidy of one half their annual revenue from the
+clergy. Winchelsea is said to have been responsible for the celebrated
+Bull _Clericis laicis_ issued by Boniface VIII. in defence of the property
+of the Church. On his return home the archbishop continued to lead the
+clergy in their opposition to the king's demands, and paid the penalty in
+the seizure of his whole estate for the king's use. He retired with a
+single chaplain to a country parsonage, discharged the humble duties of a
+priest, and lived on the alms of his flocks. When the war broke out Edward
+sought to propitiate the clergy by restoring the archbishop to his barony,
+and summoning him to a parliament at Westminster, where the clergy
+abandoned their own ground of ecclesiastical immunity from taxation and
+took shelter under the liberties of the realm, thus identifying themselves
+with the popular cause in their opposition to the exactions of the king.
+On his return from Flanders Edward accused Winchelsea of conspiring
+against him in his absence, and the archbishop was again deprived of all
+his possessions, and, after many privations, escaped to France.
+
+On the accession of Edward II. he was recalled and restored to his honour,
+but subsequently became again the centre of revolution, and himself
+excommunicated the king's favourite, Gaveston. He nevertheless continued
+undisturbed in the discharge of his office until his death. During his
+prosperous years Winchelsea was famous for his charities and liberality.
+After his death he was regarded as a saint, and his shrine in the
+south-east transept was removed by the commissioners of Henry VIII. at
+the same time as that of Saint Thomas a Becket.
+
+#Walter Reynolds# (1313-1327) was appointed by the pope at the request
+of the king, who had set aside an election of the monks. He was tutor and
+subsequently Chancellor to Edward II. After Gaveston's death he became
+Keeper of the Great Seal. He obtained many bulls of privilege from Rome.
+In spite of the favour he had received from Edward II. he deserted him in
+his troubles. His tomb remains in the south aisle of the choir.
+
+#Simon Mepeham# (1328-1333) was elected by the monks and consecrated at
+Avignon. He was opposed in his visitation by Grandisson, the powerful
+Bishop of Exeter, who refused him admission to his cathedral by force. He
+was unsupported by the pope, and is said to have died of a broken heart in
+consequence. His tomb forms the screen of St. Anselm's Chapel.
+
+#John Stratford# (1333-1348) was appointed by the pope at the request
+of Edward III. He was educated at Merton College, Oxford, and became
+Archdeacon of Lincoln and Bishop of Winchester. He was made Lord Treasurer
+by Edward II., to whose cause he remained faithful during the short-lived
+triumph of Isabella and the desertion of the archbishop. Edward III. made
+him Lord Chancellor, in which office he was succeeded by his own brother,
+Robert. Stratford had endeavoured to dissuade the king from entering on
+the French war, and the king, hard pressed for money, had the archbishop
+arraigned for high treason. Stratford fled from Lambeth to Canterbury,
+where he excommunicated his accusers. He subsequently returned to London
+and sheltered himself, not under his ecclesiastical immunity, but under
+his privileges of parliament as a member of the House of Peers, a
+significant landmark in the history of the English Church. The quarrel
+between the king and the archbishop was amicably settled.
+
+Stratford held exalted opinions on the subject of clerical superiority,
+and his arraignment, without the support of the pope, was a decisive blow
+against the power of the Church. In his time, also, a layman was for the
+first time appointed to the office of Chancellor, and Edward III. wrote a
+letter to the pope protesting against the frequent papal nominations to
+vacant English sees, which was followed up by the Statute of Provisors in
+1350. Stratford died at Mayfield in Sussex, and was buried in his own
+cathedral, where his monument still remains.
+
+#Thomas Bradwardine# (1349) was consecrated after election by the monks of
+Christ Church after the death of John Ufford, the king's nominee, who died
+of the Black Death before consecration. Bradwardine had been the king's
+confessor. He was educated at Merton College, and was one of the best
+geometers of his time, besides being the author of an important tract
+against Pelagianism.
+
+#Simon Islip# (1349-1366), the king's secretary, built most of the palace
+at Mayfield, and completed that at Maidstone. He founded and endowed
+Canterbury Hall, now forming one of the quadrangles of Christ Church,
+Oxford, in which he endeavoured to bring together the monastic and secular
+priests.
+
+#Simon Langham# (1366-1368) had been Bishop of Ely, Treasurer of England,
+and Lord Chancellor, and also Prior and Abbot of Westminster. On being
+appointed a cardinal by the Pope Urban V., he resigned his archbishopric,
+the temporal powers and revenues of which had been seized by the king, and
+died at Avignon.
+
+#William Whittlesea# (1368-1374), a nephew of Islip, was translated from
+Worcester.
+
+#Simon of Sudbury# (1375-1381) was Chancellor of Salisbury and Bishop of
+London, whence he was transferred to Canterbury. As chancellor he proposed
+the famous poll tax, which supplied the motive for Wat Tyler's rebellion,
+and, as archbishop, caused to be imprisoned the priest, John Ball. He was
+captured in the tower, and beheaded during Wat Tyler's rebellion; his body
+was eventually removed to Canterbury, and buried in the south aisle of
+the choir. He built the west gate at Canterbury, and a great part of the
+city walls.
+
+#William Courtenay# (1381-1396) was, like his predecessor, translated from
+the See of London. In a synod he condemned twenty-four articles in the
+writing of Wycliffe, who was unjustly held responsible for the recent
+rebellion. Much persecution of Wycliffe's followers ensued. Courtenay
+succeeded in establishing his right to visit his province, although
+opposed by the Bishops of Exeter and Salisbury. His monument adjoins that
+of the Black Prince.
+
+#Thomas Arundel# (1396-1414) was translated from the See of York. He was
+involved in the conspiracy for which his brother, the Earl of Arundel, was
+executed, and was himself exiled. He was restored after Bolingbroke's
+success, and received the abdication of Richard II. In 1400 the statute
+_De haeretico comburendo_ was enacted, and Arundel began to put it in
+force against the Lollards. He condemned Sawtree, the first English
+Protestant martyr, to be burnt, and took a prominent part in the attack
+upon Sir John Oldcastle. In the parliament of 1407 he defended the clergy
+against the attempts of the Commons to shift the burden of taxation upon
+the wealth of the Church.
+
+#Henry Chichele# (1414-1443) was educated at New College, Oxford. He became
+successively Archdeacon of Dorset and of Salisbury, and Bishop of St.
+David's. He supported Henry V. in his unjust claim to the crown of France,
+and promised large subsidies from the Church for its support. There is no
+doubt that this was a successful attempt at diverting the popular
+attention from threatened attempts on the wealth of the Church. He was
+reproached by the Pope Martin V. with lack of zeal in the interests of the
+papacy in not procuring the reversal of the statutes of provisors and of
+praemunire by which, amongst others, the papal power was held in check in
+England. Among his foundations are the colleges of St. Bernard (afterwards
+St. John's), and All Souls, at Oxford, and a library at Canterbury for the
+monks of Christ Church. In his old age he was stricken with remorse for
+his sin in instigating the French war, and applied to the pope for
+permission to resign his see. Before a reply was received the archbishop
+died, after holding the see for nearly thirty years, a longer time than
+any of his predecessors. His tomb, constructed by himself during his
+lifetime, is in the north aisle of the choir, and is kept in repair by
+the Fellows of All Souls.
+
+#John Stafford# (1443-1452), Bishop of Bath and Wells, was nominated by
+the pope with the king's consent on the recommendation of Chichele. He also
+held the office of chancellor for ten years, but was undistinguished in
+either office. He lies in the south aisle of the choir.
+
+#John Kemp# (1452-1454), Archbishop of York, succeeded. He was educated
+at Merton College, and was Archdeacon of Durham and Bishop of Rochester,
+Chichester, and London. He died at an advanced age, after a very brief
+primacy, and was buried in the north choir aisle.
+
+#Thomas Bourchier# (1454-1486), Bishop of Ely, was next elected by the
+monks. He was a great-grandson of Edward III. He was educated at Oxford,
+of which university he became chancellor; he subsequently held the sees of
+Worcester and Ely. His lot fell upon difficult times, and he endeavoured
+to maintain a position of neutrality in the struggle between the two
+Roses, and at last effected their union by performing the marriage of
+Henry VII. with Elizabeth of York. He died soon after, and his tomb
+remains at Canterbury. He was bishop for fifty-one years, out of which he
+held the primacy for thirty-two years. He actively encouraged education,
+and helped to introduce printing into this country.
+
+#John Morton# (1486-1500) was, like his predecessor, translated from Ely.
+He was educated at Balliol College. Richard of Gloucester, after making
+vain overtures to him, removed him from his office and committed him to the
+Tower, and afterwards to Brecknock Castle, whence he escaped and joined
+the Earl of Richmond on the Continent. After Bosworth he was recalled, and
+on Bourchier's death was made archbishop. In 1493 he obtained a cardinal's
+hat. In 1487 he was made Lord Chancellor, and continued for thirteen
+years, until his death, in this office and in the confidence of the king,
+whom he assisted in his system for controlling the great feudal barons and
+in the exaction of "benevolence." His famous dilemma propounded to the
+merchants was known as "Morton's fork." It was he who prevailed upon the
+Pope to canonize Archbishop Anselm. His tomb, constructed during his
+lifetime, may be seen in the crypt of his cathedral.
+
+#Henry Dean# (1501-1503) was translated from Salisbury; he held the Great
+Seal, with the title of Lord Keeper, after the death of Morton.
+
+#William Warham# (1503-1532) was born of a good Hampshire family, and
+educated at Winchester and New College. He was sent to Burgundy on a
+mission to protest against the support of Perkin Warbeck by the Duchess
+Margaret. He held the offices of Lord Keeper, Lord Chancellor, Master of
+the Rolls, and Bishop of London. He crowned King Henry VIII., and
+protested from the first against his marriage with Catherine. He was a
+great rival of Wolsey, and retired from the court until the fall of the
+cardinal. In the disputes of the time he embraced the side of the old
+religion, and gave some countenance to Elizabeth Barton, the Nun of Kent.
+The last part of his life was devoted to the cares of his diocese and to
+letters, which he cultivated diligently. He was a personal friend of
+Erasmus, whom he induced to visit England. His tomb remains in the
+Transept of the Martyrdom.
+
+#Thomas Cranmer# (1533-1556) may be considered the first Protestant
+archbishop. From the first he would only accept the archbishopric as
+coming from the king without intervention of the pope. He was born of a
+good family in Nottinghamshire, and was educated at Cambridge, where he
+became fellow of Jesus. He was first brought to the king's notice by his
+suggestion that the question of Catherine's divorce might be settled
+without reference to the pope. The king set him to write on the subject,
+and he was rewarded with the Archdeaconry of Taunton. In 1530 he
+accompanied the Earl of Wiltshire to the papal court, and was there
+offered preferment by the pope. He married the niece of Osiander, who had
+himself written on the subject of the divorce. On Warham's death he
+succeeded him in the primacy, and returned to England. As archbishop,
+Cranmer pronounced the divorce against Catherine and crowned Anne Boleyn,
+and was sponsor to the Princess Elizabeth, whom he baptized. After Anne
+Boleyn's trial he pronounced her marriage void, and acted as her confessor
+in the Tower. Throughout his primacy Cranmer actively supported the
+reforming party. In 1539 he was one of the commissioners for inspecting
+into the matter of religion. In 1545 he was accused of heresy by the
+opposite party led by Gardiner, and would have fallen but for the support
+of the king, who befriended Cranmer throughout his life, and sent for him
+to attend his death-bed. Great changes had occurred at Canterbury.
+Becket's shrine had been destroyed, and a dean and twelve canons were
+established in place of the old monastery of Christ Church, which was
+dissolved. Under Henry's will Cranmer was appointed one of the Regents of
+the Kingdom and Executors of the Will, and it was he who crowned Edward
+VI. who, like Elizabeth, was his godchild. Throughout the reign of Edward,
+Cranmer earnestly supported the cause of the Reformation. The Six Articles
+were repealed and the first Book of Common Prayer was issued. On the
+death-bed of Edward, Cranmer signed the king's will, in which he appointed
+Lady Jane Grey his successor. On the accession of Queen Mary he was at
+once ordered to appear before the council and within a month was committed
+to the Tower. In November, 1553, he was pronounced guilty of high treason,
+but was pardoned on this count, and it was decided to proceed against him
+as a heretic. In 1554 he was sent to Oxford, with Latimer and Ridley,
+where he remained two years in prison and was condemned as a heretic by
+two successive commissions. After the death of Latimer and Ridley, Cranmer
+was degraded and deprived. It was after this that, in the hopes of saving
+his life, he made his famous recantation. He was brought into St. Mary's,
+and in his address to the people withdrew his recantation and declared
+that his right hand which had signed it should be the first to burn. He
+was hurried to the place of execution opposite Balliol College, and, when
+the pyre was lighted, held his right hand in the flames till it was
+consumed, and died, calling on the Lord Jesus to receive his spirit.
+
+#Reginald Pole# (1556-1558) a near connection of Henry VIII. then
+succeeded. He was born in Worcestershire and was educated by the
+Carthusians at Shene and at Magdalen College, Oxford. He was early
+advanced to the Deanery of Exeter and other preferments. On leaving Oxford
+he visited the universities of France and Italy and returned to England in
+1525. Henry attempted in vain to secure Pole's support on the divorce
+question, and on the appearance of his book, "Pro Unitate Ecclesiastica,"
+he was sent for by the king, and when he refused to come, an act of
+attainder was passed against him. In 1537 Pole was induced to accept a
+cardinal's hat. It is said that he was most unwilling to do so on the
+ground that he contemplated marrying the Princess Mary and seating himself
+on the English throne. He took an active part in promoting the Pilgrimage
+of Grace and the second rising in 1541. He remained in Italy until the
+death of Edward VI. On the accession of Mary he returned to England as
+papal legate after the question of his marriage with Mary had been again
+discussed and set aside through the influence of the Emperor Charles V. On
+Cranmer's execution Pole was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury. As
+legate he absolved the Parliament and made a solemn entry into London. For
+the next three years Pole was in sole management of the ecclesiastical
+affairs of England, and was consenting to the persecutions which disgraced
+the reign of Mary. He was at one time deprived of his legatine authority by
+Pope Paul IV. who had wished for the elevation of Gardiner to the primacy.
+The archbishop submitted to the pope and was again appointed legate shortly
+before his death which occurred about the same time as that of Mary. He
+was buried in the corona at Canterbury, where his tomb yet remains. He was
+the last Archbishop of Canterbury to be buried in his own cathedral, until
+the recent interment of Dr. Benson.
+
+#Matthew Parker# (1559-1575) was born of an old Norfolk family and educated
+at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Wolsey invited him to become a
+fellow of Christ Church, his new foundation at Oxford, but this he
+declined. After various other offices he was appointed to the Deanery of
+Lincoln by Edward VI. On the accession of Mary he was deprived of all his
+offices as a married priest, and lived privately until the accession of
+Elizabeth, who made him archbishop. He was duly elected by the new Chapter
+of Canterbury, and held his post during a most difficult time with
+marvellous tact and judgment. Religious toleration for its own sake was an
+idea yet unknown, but Parker directed that great caution should be
+observed in administering the oath of supremacy to those of the clergy who
+still favoured the old religion. It is much to his credit that he managed
+to preserve such good relations with the queen in face of Elizabeth's
+prejudice against the marriage of the clergy. He was an enlightened patron
+of learning, and did much to encourage all branches of art.
+
+#Edmund Grindall# (1576-1583) was born at St. Bees and educated at
+Cambridge, where he became Master of Pembroke Hall. He was Chaplain to
+Edward VI. During the troubles of Mary's reign he lived in Germany, and on
+Elizabeth's accession became the first Protestant Bishop of London. Thence
+he was removed to York and in 1575 was appointed as archbishop. He was
+inclined to view the Puritans with more leniency than his predecessor and
+always refused to forbid the prophesyings, or meetings of the clergy for
+discussing the meaning of scripture, which Elizabeth disliked so much, and
+was in consequence deprived of his jurisdiction. He went blind before his
+death and was buried at Croydon.
+
+#John Whitgift# (1583-1604) was born at Great Grimsby and educated at
+Cambridge, where John Bradford was his tutor: he became one of Elizabeth's
+chaplains and Master of Pembroke Hall and of Trinity. He wrote an answer
+to Cartwright's "Admonition" and was preferred to the Deanery of Lincoln
+and Bishopric of Worcester. After Grindall's death he was translated to
+Canterbury. From this date his severity towards the Puritans increased. He
+insisted that every minister of the Church should subscribe to three
+points: the queen's supremacy, the Common Prayer, and the Thirty-nine
+Articles, and enforced his principle with much vigour, contrary to the
+advice of the more enlightened Lord Burleigh. The severity of these
+measures called into existence the "Martin Marprelate" libels and produced
+much dissatisfaction and suffering among the more Puritanical clergy,
+which was by no means lessened by the accession of James, who, on his way
+to London rejected a petition signed by more than one thousand Puritan
+ministers. Whitgift was buried at Croydon where he founded a school and
+hospital.
+
+#Richard Bancroft# (1604-1610) was born near Manchester and educated at
+Jesus College, Oxford. He became one of Elizabeth's chaplains, and Bishop
+of London, whence he was translated to Canterbury. He was even more severe
+than his predecessor against the Puritans, and was a most stern champion
+of conformity. He advocated the king's absolute power beyond the law and
+attempted to establish episcopacy in Scotland. He died at Lambeth and was
+buried in the parish church there.
+
+#George Abbot# (1610-1633) was born at Guildford and educated at Balliol
+College. He assisted in establishing union between the Scotch and English
+Churches and was rewarded with the Bishopric of Lichfield and Coventry.
+Thence he was translated to London, and on the death of Bancroft was
+appointed to the primacy. In contrast to his predecessor he connived at
+some irregularities of discipline in the Puritanical clergy. At the same
+time he was a zealous Calvinist and hater of popery, and disapproved of
+those who preached up the arbitrary power of the king. These latter views
+rendered him unpopular with the courtiers and the party of Laud. The
+accidental death of a keeper at the hands of the archbishop was utilized
+against him by his enemies and he was with difficulty restored to his
+archiepiscopal functions. On refusing to licence a sermon by Dr.
+Sibthorpe, asserting the king's right to tax his subjects without their
+consent, he was obliged to retire to his palace of Ford, near Canterbury.
+He assisted at the coronation of Charles I., but never managed to win the
+favour of that monarch. He died at Croydon, and was buried at Guildford,
+where his tomb and effigy still remain.
+
+#William Laud# (1633-1645) was born at Reading, and educated at St. John's
+College, Oxford. At the university he soon became conspicuous for his
+hatred of the Puritans and his devotion to High Church doctrines. He
+became President of St. John's in spite of the opposition of Archbishop
+Abbot. He became successively one of the royal chaplains, Dean of
+Gloucester, Bishop of St. David's, Bath and Wells, and London. He acted as
+Dean of Westminster at Charles I.'s coronation. He was made Dean of the
+Chapel Royal, Chancellor of Oxford, and a Privy Councillor of Scotland. On
+Abbot's death he was elevated to the primacy, and is said to have refused
+the offer of a cardinal's hat. As archbishop he was responsible for the
+general Church persecution which produced his own unpopularity and
+downfall, and was one of the main causes of the Civil War. Prosecutions
+for non-conformity were enforced with the utmost severity. The courts of
+Star Chamber and High Commission were brought to bear on the Puritans, and
+Laud became universally detested. The superiority of the king over the law
+was openly preached, and the Irish and Scotch Puritans were alienated by
+the severity of the measures taken against them. On the common idea of
+popular government, the Puritans were driven into coalition and
+identification with the national party, while the king, court, bishops,
+and judges represented the High Church movement and the doctrine of the
+king's absolute authority. In 1639 the palace at Lambeth was attacked, but
+the archbishop was removed to Whitehall and escaped for the time. In 1640,
+however, he was impeached for high treason, and confined in the Tower.
+Various charges were brought against him and fines inflicted, and his
+property was seized and sold or destroyed for the use of the commonwealth.
+The charge of high treason could not be legally established, and a bill of
+attainder was passed against him in 1645. He was eventually beheaded on
+Tower Hill, at the age of seventy-one years; his remains were interred at
+Barking, but subsequently removed to the chapel of St. John's College at
+Oxford. His conduct has been differently judged by his friends and
+enemies. He built the greater part of the inner quadrangle of St. John's,
+and presented a large collection of important manuscripts to the
+university. In his time the archiepiscopal palace at Canterbury was ruined
+by the Puritans, and on the Restoration an Act was passed dispensing the
+archbishops from restoring it. From this time they have had no official
+residence in Canterbury.
+
+#William Juxon# (1660-1663) was born at Chichester, and educated, like
+his predecessor, at St. John's College, Oxford, where he attracted the
+attention of Laud. He became successively President of St. John's, Dean of
+Worcester, Bishop of Hereford, and Bishop of London. He also became Lord
+Treasurer, a post which had been held by no churchman since the days of
+Henry VII., and was the last instance of any of the great offices of State
+being filled by an ecclesiastic. He attended Charles I. on the occasion of
+his execution. On the Restoration he became Archbishop of Canterbury, and
+died three years afterwards. He lies in the chapel of St. John's College.
+
+#Gilbert Sheldon# (1663-1677) was educated at Oxford, and became Fellow and
+Warden of All Souls' College. He was a strong supporter of the king during
+the Civil War. He was deprived of his wardenship and imprisoned by the
+Parliamentarian commissioners when they visited Oxford. He retired to
+Derbyshire until the Restoration, when he was restored to his wardenship;
+he was made Dean of the Chapel Royal, and succeeded Juxon in the See of
+London. In 1661 he assisted at the discussion of the liturgy between the
+Presbyterian and Episcopal divines known as the Savoy Conference. In 1663
+he succeeded Juxon in the primacy, and in 1667 was elected Chancellor of
+Oxford. He built the Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford, which building is an
+early work of Sir Christopher Wren's. He offended the court party by his
+open disapproval of the king's morals, and retired in 1669 to his palace
+at Croydon, where he spent most of the remainder of his life. He was
+buried at the parish church at Croydon, where his tomb and effigy still
+remain.
+
+#William Sancroft# (1678-1691) was born at Fresingfield, in Suffolk, and
+educated at St. Edmundsbury and at Cambridge, where he became Fellow of
+Emmanuel College. He was deprived of his fellowship in 1649, and retired
+to the Continent, where he remained until the restoration of Charles II.
+He then returned to England, and subsequently became Master of Emmanuel
+College, and Dean of York, and of St. Paul's, and Archdeacon of
+Canterbury, and was raised to the primacy by Charles II., whose death-bed
+he attended. In the reign of James he was at the head of the seven bishops
+who presented the famous petition against the Declaration of Indulgence,
+for which they were committed to the Tower, tried, and acquitted amidst
+immense popular excitement. After James's flight, Sancroft acted as the
+head of the council of peers who took upon themselves the administration
+of the government of the country. His plan was to retain James nominally
+on the throne, while placing the reins of government in the hands of a
+regent. He refused to take the oath of allegiance to William and Mary,
+considering himself bound by his former oath to James II. He was
+accordingly suspended and deprived, and when ejected by law from Lambeth
+he retired to his small ancestral property at Fresingfield, where he died
+and was buried.
+
+#John Tillotson# (1691-1694) was born of Puritan parents at Sowerby, in
+Yorkshire, and was educated at Cambridge. During the Protectorate he had
+followed the teachings of the Presbyterians, but on the Restoration he
+submitted to the Act of Uniformity. He held among other posts those of
+Preacher at Lincoln's Inn and Dean of Canterbury, and enjoyed the intimate
+confidence of William and Mary. On the deprivation of Sancroft he was
+reluctantly induced to accept the primacy, which he was destined to hold
+only for some three years. He died at Lambeth after this short term of
+office, and was buried in the Church of St. Lawrence, Jewry. As a
+theologian Tillotson was remarkable for his latitudinarianism, and he was
+one of the finest preachers who have ever lived.
+
+#Thomas Tenison# was born at Cottenham, in Cambridgeshire, and educated at
+Cambridge. His fame as a preacher procured him the Archdeaconry of London
+and the Bishopric of Lincoln, in which diocese he did admirable work. He
+died at Lambeth, and lies buried in the parish church there.
+
+#William Wake# (1716-1737) was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and
+became Dean of Exeter and Bishop of Lincoln. He was gifted with great
+learning, and took an active part in the controversy with Atterbury on
+the subject of the rights of convocation.
+
+#John Potter# (1737-1747) was the son of a linendraper at Wakefield, in
+Yorkshire, and was educated at University College, Oxford, becoming Fellow
+of Lincoln and afterwards Bishop of Oxford. He was a learned divine and
+writer. Like his predecessor he was buried in the parish church at
+Croydon.
+
+#Thomas Herring# (1747-1757) and
+
+#Matthew Hutton# (1757-1758) were both translated to Canterbury from York.
+
+#Thomas Secker# (1758-1768) was born of dissenting parents near Newark. At
+the instance of Butler, afterwards the famous Bishop of Durham, he joined
+the Church of England and abandoned the study of medicine, and took holy
+orders. He held many posts in succession, including the Bishoprics of
+Bristol and Oxford. He died and was buried at Lambeth, where his portrait,
+by Sir Joshua Reynolds, still remains.
+
+#Frederick Cornwallis# (1768-1783) was the seventh son of Charles, 4th Lord
+Cornwallis. He was consecrated Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry in 1750,
+and in 1766 became Dean of St. Paul's. On October 6th, 1768, he was
+enthroned Archbishop of Canterbury. In Hasted's "Kent" we find him
+commended highly for having abolished that "disagreeable distinction
+of his chaplains dining at a separate table." More renowned for his
+affability and courteous behaviour than for learning, he entertained at
+times with semi-regal state; but once fell into some disfavour because
+"his lady was in the habit of holding _routs_ on Sundays."
+
+#John Moore# (1783-1805) became Dean of Canterbury in 1771. He was
+consecrated Bishop of Bangor in 1775, and thence translated to the
+archiepiscopal see in 1783. Although a promoter of Sunday-schools and
+foreign missions, he did not escape reproach for paying undue regard to
+the interests of his family. It has been well said that during his tenure
+of office and that of his immediate successor, the sinecures and
+pluralities held by the highest clergy were worthy of the mediaeval period.
+
+#Charles Manners-Sutton# (1805-1828) was grandson of John, 3rd Duke of
+Rutland. In 1791 he was made Dean of Peterborough, and Bishop of Norwich
+in 1792. In 1794 he was appointed Dean of Windsor, and became Archbishop
+of Canterbury in 1805 owing to Court influence, which outweighed the
+hostility of Pitt, who wished to appoint his own nominee. As a prelate he
+was distinguished for many virtues and qualities befitting his office. He
+was president at the foundation of the National Society, and worked
+strenuously to advance the cause of education which it represents. While
+he held the primacy a fund which had been accumulated from the sale of
+Croydon Palace was applied to the purchase of Addington, where he lies
+buried.
+
+#William Howley# (1828-1848) was tutor to the Prince of Orange (afterwards
+William II. of Holland) then successively Regius Professor of Divinity of
+Oxford, Bishop of London, 1813, and archbishop, 1823. He played a prominent
+part in politics and state ceremonials and marked the transition between
+the new _regime_, and the old princely days of the archbishoprics.
+
+#John Bird Sumner# (1848-1862) was brother of Dr. C. Sumner, Bishop of
+Winchester. In 1823 he was appointed Bishop of Chester, and in 1848 was
+promoted to the See of Canterbury. He published a large number of works,
+and by his activity and simplicity of life is "remembered everywhere as
+realizing that ideal of the Apostolic ministry which he had traced in his
+earliest and most popular work."[3]
+
+  [3] Diocesan Histories: "Canterbury," by R.C. Jenkins, M.A. 1880.
+
+#Charles Thomas Longley# (1862-1868) was the son of a Recorder of
+Rochester. In 1836 he was consecrated the first bishop of the newly founded
+See of Ripon, translated to Durham in 1856, became Archbishop of York in
+1860, and in 1862 was transferred to Canterbury. Perhaps the most memorable
+incidents in a memorable career are the Pan-Anglican Synod held at Lambeth
+in 1867, and his establishment of the Diocesan Society for Church
+Building.
+
+#Archibald Campbell Tait# (1868-1882) was son of Craufurd Tait, Esq., a
+Scots attorney. He succeeded Arnold as Master of Rugby in 1842, and became
+Dean of Carlisle in 1850. He presided over the Pan-Anglican Synod in 1867,
+and in 1868 succeeded to the archbishopric. "Memorials of Catherine and
+Craufurd Tait" is a book so well known that even the barest sketch of his
+career here would be superfluous.
+
+#Edward White Benson# (1882-1896), son of Edward White Benson, Esq., of
+Birmingham Heath, was a master of Rugby. He was Head Master of Wellington
+from 1858 to 1872, Prebendary and Chancellor of Lincoln in 1872, was
+consecrated the first bishop of the newly created See of Truro in 1877,
+and translated to Canterbury in 1883. He was buried in the Cathedral on
+October 16th, 1896, in a secluded corner of the north aisle, immediately
+under the north-west tower, the first archbishop who was interred in the
+cathedral of the metropolitan see since Reginald Pole in 1558.
+
+#Frederick Temple# (1896-    ), the present archbishop, is son
+of the late Major Octavius Temple. He was Head Master of Rugby, 1858 to
+1869, consecrated the sixty-first Bishop of Exeter in 1869, translated to
+London in 1885, and to Canterbury in 1896. His share in the famous "Essays
+and Reviews," and the many active works he has instituted, are too well
+known to need comment.
+
+
+
+
+PLANS OF CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL, AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.
+
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Plan of Saxon Cathedral (from Willis).]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2. The Cathedral in 1774. The lighter shading shows
+the conjectural termination of Lanfranc's church (from Willis).]
+
+REFERENCES TO FIG. 2.
+
+   Altars.
+E. Holy Cross.
+F. St. Mary the Virgin.
+H. St. Michael's (below).
+   All Saints (above).
+M. St. Benedict (below).
+   St. Blaise (above).
+X. High Altar.
+
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3. Plan of Canterbury Cathedral at the present time.]
+
+REFERENCES TO FIG. 3.
+
+    EXTERIOR.
+
+ A. West Door.
+ B. South Door.
+CC. Nave.
+ D. South Aisle.
+ E. North Aisle.
+ G. Tower, N.W.
+ H. Tower, S.W.
+ J. Transept, S.W.
+ K. Martyrdom, or
+    Transept, N.W.
+ L. Central Tower.
+ M. Choir.
+ N. South Aisle.
+ O. North Aisle.
+ P. Transept, S.E.
+ Q. Transept, N.E.
+ R. Presbytery.
+ S. Altar.
+ T. Trinity Chapel.
+ U. Aisle ditto.
+ W. Corona.
+ X. Anselm's Tower.
+ Y. Vestry.
+ Z. Treasury.
+
+    INTERIOR.
+
+ 1. Doorway to Cloister.
+ 3.   "  to Warrior's Chapel.
+ 4.   "  to Dean's Chapel.
+ 5.   "  to Crypt.
+ 6.   "  to Cloister.
+ 7. Warham's Mt. (Monument [Transcriber's Note])
+ 8. Peckham's Mt.
+ 9. Staircase.
+10. Lady Holland's Mt.
+11, 12 and 13. Stairs.
+15. Walter's Mt.
+16. Reynold's Mt.
+17. Kemp's Mt.
+18. Stratford's Mt.
+19. Sudbury's Mt.
+20. Mepeham's Mt.
+21. Black Prince's Mt.
+22. Courtney's Mt.
+23. Chatillon's Mt.
+24. Theobald's Mt.
+25. Pole's Mt.
+26. Dean Wotton's Mt.
+27. Henry IV.'s Mt.
+28. Henry IV.'s Chantry.
+29. Bourchier's Mt.
+30. Chichele's Mt.
+31. Stairs to Crypt.
+35. Library.
+38. Chapter-House.
+39. Cloister Square.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+1. Words and phrases which were italicized in the original have been
+   surrounded by underscores ('_') in this version. Words or phrases
+   which were bolded have been surrounded by pound signs ('#').
+
+2. Obvious printer's errors have been corrected without note.
+
+3. Inconsistencies in hyphenation or the spelling of proper names, and
+   dialect or obsolete word spelling, has been maintained as in the
+   original.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Cathedral Church of Canterbury
+[2nd ed.]., by Hartley Withers
+
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