initial commit of ebook 22812HEADmain

27 files changed, 3613 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/22812-8.txt b/22812-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7cbf336
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1138 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Postal Service of the United States in
+Connection with the Local History of Buffalo, by Nathan Kelsey Hall and Thomas Blossom
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Postal Service of the United States in Connection with the Local History of Buffalo
+
+Author: Nathan Kelsey Hall
+        Thomas Blossom
+
+Release Date: September 30, 2007 [EBook #22812]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POSTAL SERVICE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Adrian Mastronardi, Stephen Blundell, The
+Philatelic Digital Library Project at http://www.tpdlp.net
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by Cornell University Digital
+Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                THE POSTAL SERVICE
+
+ OF THE UNITED STATES IN CONNECTION WITH THE LOCAL
+                HISTORY OF BUFFALO.
+
+        *       *       *       *       *
+
+    READ BEFORE THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 6, 1865.
+
+        *       *       *       *       *
+
+   BY HON. N. K. HALL[A] AND THOMAS BLOSSOM.[B]
+
+
+No very satisfactory account of the origin and progress of the Postal
+Service of the country, in its more immediate connection with the local
+history of Buffalo, can now be compiled. The early records of the
+transportation service of the Post-Office Department, were originally
+meager and imperfect; and many of the books and papers of the
+Department, prior to 1837, were destroyed or lost when the public
+edifices at Washington were burned in 1814, and also when the building
+in which the Department was kept was destroyed by fire, in December,
+1836. For these reasons the Hon. A. N. Zevely, Third Assistant
+Postmaster-General--who has kindly furnished extracts from the records
+and papers of the Department--has been able to afford but little
+information in respect to the early transportation of the mails in the
+western part of this State. Indeed, no information in respect to that
+service, prior to 1814, could be given; no route-books of older date
+than 1820 are now in the Department, and those from 1820 to 1835 are not
+so arranged as to show the running time on the several routes.
+
+The records of the Appointment Office, and those of the Auditor's Office
+of the Department, are more full and perfect; and from these, and from
+various other sources of information, much that is deemed entirely
+reliable and not wholly uninteresting has been obtained.
+
+Erastus Granger was the first Postmaster of Buffalo--or rather of
+"Buffalo Creek," the original name of the office. He was appointed on
+the first establishment of the office, September 30, 1804. At that time
+the nearest post-offices were at Batavia on the east, Erie on the west,
+and Niagara on the north. Mr. Granger was a second cousin of Hon. Gideon
+Granger, the fourth Postmaster-General of the United States, who held
+that office from 1801 to 1814.
+
+The successors of our first Postmaster, and the dates of their
+respective appointments, appear in the following statement:
+
+ Julius Guiteau,                                   May 6, 1818.
+ Samuel Russel,                                 April 25, 1831.
+ Henry P. Russell,                               July 26, 1834.
+ Orange H. Dibble,                             August 28, 1834.
+ Philip Dorsheimer,                               June 8, 1838.
+ Charles C. Haddock,                          October 12, 1841.
+ Philip Dorsheimer,                              April 1, 1845.
+ Henry K. Smith,                               August 14, 1846.
+ Isaac R. Harrington,                             May 17, 1849.
+ James O. Putnam,                            September 1, 1851.
+ James G. Dickie,                                  May 4, 1853.
+ Israel T. Hatch,                            November 11, 1859.
+ Almon M. Clapp, (the present incumbent[C])     March 27, 1861.
+
+The Buffalo Post-office was the only post-office within the present
+limits of the city until January, 1817, when a post-office was
+established at Black Rock. The appointments of Postmasters at Black Rock
+have been as follows:
+
+ James L. Barton,                             January 29, 1817.
+ Elisha H. Burnham,                              July 11, 1828.
+ Morgan G. Lewis,                                June 29, 1841.
+ George Johnson,                                  July 7, 1853.
+ Daniel Hibbard, (the present incumbent)          June 1, 1861.
+
+In July, 1854, the Post-office of Black Rock Dam, now called North
+Buffalo, was established. The name of the office was changed to North
+Buffalo, February 10, 1857. The appointments to that office have been as
+follows:
+
+ Henry A. Bennett,                               July 12, 1854.
+ Charles Manly,                                 March 17, 1856.
+ George Argus,                                    May 20, 1859.
+ William D. Davis,                               July 29, 1861.
+ George Argus, (the present incumbent)                    1864.
+
+The Buffalo Post-office was kept, during Mr. Granger's term of office,
+first on Main Street, near where the Metropolitan Theater[D] now stands,
+and afterwards in the brick house on the west side of Pearl Street, a
+few doors south of Swan Street, now No. 58 Pearl Street. Mr. Guiteau
+first kept the office on Main Street, opposite Stevenson's livery
+stable; then on the west side of Main Street about the middle of the
+block next south of Erie Street; and afterwards on the northwest corner
+of Ellicott Square. It was kept in the same place for a short period at
+the commencement of Judge Russel's term of office, but was soon removed
+to the northwest corner of the next block above, where it remained until
+after the appointment of Mr. Dibble. It was removed by Mr. Dibble about
+1836, to the old Baptist Church then standing on the corner where the
+post-office is now kept, and it was kept in that building until after
+Mr. Haddock took the office. He removed the office to the northwest
+corner of Main and Seneca Streets, where it remained until it was
+removed, in August, 1858, into the Government building in which it is
+now.
+
+The gross receipts of the post-office at Buffalo, for the years given in
+the following table, have been as follows:
+
+ 1805        $ 90.83                1825     $ 2,840.60
+ 1806         120.13                1830       6,695.34
+ 1807         122.82                1835      19,219.34
+ 1808         173.63                1840      25,501.49
+ 1809         217.49                1845      22,681.26
+ 1810         291.46                1850      39,644.01
+ 1812         963.61                1855      47,458.67
+ 1813   Imperfect returns.          1860      44,800.94
+ 1814         488.37[E]             1862      55,265.57[F]
+ 1815       1,932.98                1863      48,238.53
+ 1820       1,463.21
+
+The gross receipts at the offices of Black Rock, Black Rock Dam and
+North Buffalo, for the years named have been as follows:
+
+_At Black Rock:_
+
+ 1817      $ 56.88            1845     $ 467.32
+ 1818       134.34            1850       776.62
+ 1819       237.96            1855       420.24
+ 1820       239.38            1860       317.74
+ 1825       737.41            1862       389.50
+ 1830       493.08            1863       461.52
+ 1835       617.49            1864}      234.52
+ 1840       712.77      to July 1.}
+
+_At Black Rock Dam (North Buffalo):_
+
+ 1854     $ 108.47            1862     $ 463.27
+ 1855       419.82            1863       650.73
+ 1860       303.15            1864}      319.75
+ 1861       307.20      to July 1.}
+
+The aggregate amount of the postage received at the different
+post-offices must always depend, in a greater or less degree, upon the
+extent and frequency of the mail transportation by which such offices
+are supplied, and the rates of postage charged, as well as upon the
+number, education, character and occupation of the population within the
+delivery of such offices. Other causes, some of them local or temporary,
+may at times affect the revenue of an office, but only the population of
+the neighborhood, the frequency and extent of the transportation
+service, and the general rates of letter postage, will be here
+considered.
+
+The first census under the authority of the United States was taken in
+1790; probably in July and August of that year. In that portion of New
+York lying west of the old Massachusetts preëmption line it was taken by
+General Amos Hall, as Deputy Marshal, and an abstract of his list or
+census-roll is given in Turner's "History of Phelps and Gorham's
+Purchase." The number of heads of families then residing west of Genesee
+River, and named in that list, was 24; but it is probable that the
+deputy marshal did not visit this locality, as neither Winney the Indian
+trader, nor Johnston the Indian agent and interpreter, is named;
+although it is probable that both of them resided here. Winney, it is
+quite certain, was here in 1791, and it is supposed came about 1784.
+
+The whole population west of the Massachusetts preëmption line, which
+was a line drawn due north and south across the State, passing through
+Seneca Lake and about two miles east of Geneva, as given by Turner from
+General Hall's census-roll, was 1,084, as follows: males, 728; females,
+340; free blacks, 7; slaves, 9. In the State census report of 1853, the
+population of Ontario County in 1790 (which county then embraced all
+that territory) is stated at 1,075. The difference between the two
+statements is caused by the omission of the slaves from the latter
+statement. In 1800 the population of the same territory (then the
+Counties of Ontario and Steuben) was 15,359 free persons and 79 slaves.
+
+In 1808 the County of Niagara (embracing the present counties of Niagara
+and Erie) was organized, and its population in 1810 was 6,132. Of these
+1,465 were inhabitants of the present County of Niagara, and 4,667 of
+the present County of Erie. There were then in the county 8 slaves,
+which number should probably be added to the aggregate above stated.
+
+In 1820 the population of Niagara County was 18,156, of which 10,834
+were inhabitants of the present County of Erie. There were then 15
+slaves in the whole County of Niagara.
+
+In 1821, the County of Erie was organized with its present boundaries.
+Its population at each census since has been as follows, viz: 1825,
+24,316; 1830, 35,719; 1835, 57,594; 1840, 62,465; 1845, 78,635; 1850,
+100,993; 1855, 132,331; and 1860, 141,791.
+
+It is probable that in 1790, Winney and Johnston were the only white
+residents upon the territory now embraced within our city limits. In
+1796, there were but four buildings in all that territory--as stated by
+the late Joseph Landon. In 1807, there were about a dozen houses. This
+number, it is said, had increased to more than 200 houses, when, on the
+31st of December, 1813, the village was burned by the British and
+Indians;--only the house of Mrs. St. John, Reese's blacksmith shop, the
+gaol, and the uncovered frame of a barn escaping the general
+conflagration.
+
+The white population of the territory now comprised in our city limits
+did not, in 1800, probably exceed 25. The earliest census report which
+gives any information in regard to its population is that of 1810 when
+the population was 1,508. It was 1,060 in 1814; 2,095 in 1820; 5,141 in
+1825; 8,668 in 1830; 21,838 in 1840; 34,606 in 1845; 49,769 in 1850;
+74,214 in 1855; and 81,129 in 1860. It is believed that it is now about
+100,000.
+
+But little reliable information in regard to the transportation of the
+mails west of Albany from 1800 to 1824, can now be obtained; and as the
+transportation service and the origin and progress of the system of
+posts, by which, even now, much of this transportation service is
+performed, are believed to be the most interesting of the topics of the
+present paper (as that service itself is the most essential of those
+connected with the Post-office establishment), it has been deemed proper
+to refer to the probable origin of that system;--a system which in its
+continued extension and constant improvement, has grown into the
+Post-office establishment of the present day. These are now, almost
+universally under the control of the State or sovereign power, and they
+are certainly among the most important and beneficent of the
+institutions of civil government.
+
+It is said that the Assyrian and Persian monarchs had their posts, at a
+day's journey from each other, with horses saddled, ready to carry with
+the utmost dispatch, the decrees of these despotic rulers. In the Roman
+Empire, couriers on swift horses carried the imperial edicts to every
+province. Charlemagne, it is said, established stations for carriers who
+delivered the letters and decrees of the court in the different and
+distant parts of his dominions. As early as the XIth Century the
+University of Paris had a body of pedestrian messengers, to carry
+letters and packets from its thousands of students to various parts of
+Europe, and to tiring money, letters and packets in return. Posts for
+the transmission of Government messages were established in England in
+the XIIIth Century, and in 1464 Louis XI. established a system of
+mounted posts, stationed four French miles apart, to carry the
+dispatches of the Government.
+
+Government posts, as the convenience and interest of the people at large
+began to receive some attention from their rulers, were at times allowed
+to carry private letters, and private posts for the transmission of
+general correspondence were sometimes established. This was at first but
+an irregular and uncertain service, without fixed compensation; but
+considerable regularity, order and system were the results of the public
+appreciation of their convenience, and of the gradual improvements which
+followed their more general employment.
+
+In 1524 the French posts--which had previously carried only the letters
+of the King and nobles--were first permitted to carry other letters; and
+in 1543 Charles V., Emperor of Germany, established a riding post
+throughout his dominions. It was not until the reign of James I. that a
+system of postal communication was established in England, although
+Edward IV., in 1481, had established posts twenty miles apart, with
+riders, to bring the earliest intelligence of the events of the war with
+the Scots. It was not until about 1644 that a weekly conveyance of
+letters, by post, was established throughout that kingdom. Mail coaches
+were first used at Bristol, in England, in 1784. They were placed on the
+post routes in 1785, and their use became general throughout England.
+
+The mail service of North America, which in its magnitude and
+regularity, and in the extension of its benefits to every settlement and
+fireside, has, it is believed, no superior, probably had its beginning
+in private enterprise; although perhaps sanctioned at the very outset,
+by local authority.
+
+As early as 1677 Mr. John Hayward, scrivener, of Boston, Mass., was
+appointed by the General Court to take in and convey letters according
+to their direction. This was probably the first post-office and mail
+service authorized in America. Other local arrangements, necessarily
+very imperfect in their character, were made in different colonies soon
+after; some of them having the sanction of Colonial Governors or
+Legislatures.
+
+Thomas Dongan, the Governor of New York under the Duke of York, in a
+letter to the Duke's secretary, dated February 18, 1684, says:
+
+    You are pleased to say I may set up a post-house, but send me noe
+    power to do it. I never intended it should be expensive to His Royal
+    Highness. It was desired by the neighboring colonies, and is at
+    present practiced in some places by foot messengers.
+
+In the same letter Gov. Dongan says he will endeavor to establish a
+post-office in Connecticut and at Boston. Under date of August 27, 1684,
+Sir John Werden, the Duke's secretary, wrote to Gov. Dongan:
+
+    As for setting up post-houses along the coast from Carolina to Nova
+    Scotia it seems a very reasonable thing, and you may offer the
+    privilege thereof to any undertakers for ye space of 3 or 5 years,
+    by way of farm; reserving wt part of ye profit you think fit to the
+    Duke.
+
+At least as early as January, 1690, there was what was called a public
+post between Boston and New York, and in 1691 there was a post of some
+kind from New York to Virginia, and from New York to Albany. This was
+during the war with the French, and these posts were probably
+established by the military authorities.
+
+On the 4th of April, 1692, Thomas Neele, having obtained a patent to
+establish post-offices throughout the American colonies, appointed
+Andrew Hamilton (afterwards Governor of New Jersey), his deputy for all
+the plantations. Mr. Deputy Hamilton brought the subject before Gov.
+Fletcher and the New York Colonial Assembly in October following, and an
+Act was immediately passed "for encouraging a post-office."
+
+In 1705 Lord Cornbury, the Governor of New York, informed the Lords of
+Trade of the passage by the New York Assembly of "an Act for enforcing
+and continuing a post-office," which he recommended His Majesty to
+confirm "as an act of necessity," without which the post to Boston and
+Philadelphia would be lost.
+
+In 1710 the British Parliament passed an Act authorizing the British
+Postmaster-General "to keep one chief letter-office in New York and
+other chief letter-offices in each of His Majesty's Provinces or
+Colonies in America." Deputy Postmasters-General for North America were
+afterwards, and from time to time, appointed by the British
+Postmaster-General in England. Dr. Franklin was appointed to that office
+in 1755, and it is said that in 1760 he startled the people of the
+colonies by proposing to run a "stage waggon" from Boston to
+Philadelphia once a week, starting for each city on Monday morning and
+reaching the other by Saturday. In 1763 he spent five months in
+traveling through the Northern Colonies for the purpose of inspecting
+and improving the post-offices and the mail service. He went as far east
+as New Hampshire, and the whole extent of his five months' tour, in
+going and returning, was about sixteen hundred miles. He made such
+improvements in the service as to enable the citizens of Philadelphia to
+write to Boston and get replies in three weeks instead of six weeks, the
+time previously required.
+
+In 1774 Dr. Franklin was removed from office; and on the 25th of
+December, 1775, the Secretary of the General Post-Office gave notice
+that, in consequence of the Provincial Congress of Maryland having
+passed a resolution that the Parliamentary post should not be permitted
+to travel on a pass through that province, and of the seizure of the
+mails at Baltimore and Philadelphia, the Deputy Postmaster-General was
+"obliged, for the present, to stop all the posts." It is supposed that
+this terminated the regular mail service in the old Thirteen Colonies,
+and that it was never resumed under British management.
+
+Before this suspension of the Parliamentary posts, Mr. William Godard of
+Baltimore had proposed to establish "an American Post-office"; and in
+July, 1774, he announced that his proposals had been warmly and
+generously patronized by the friends of freedom, and that postmasters
+and riders were engaged. During the preceding six months he had visited
+several of the colonies in order to extend and perfect his arrangements,
+and there appears to have been a very general disposition to abandon the
+use of the British post and sustain that established by Mr. Godard. In
+May, 1775, Mr. Godard had thirty postmasters, but Mr. John Holt of New
+York City was the only one in this State. In that year partial
+arrangements for mail service in Rhode Island, Connecticut, New
+Hampshire and Massachusetts were made by the Provincial Congress of each
+of those Colonies.
+
+The old Continental Congress first assembled in September, 1774; and on
+the 26th of July, 1775, it resolved "that a Postmaster-General should be
+appointed for the United Colonies who should hold his office at
+Philadelphia and be allowed a salary of $1,000 for himself and $340 for
+his secretary and comptroller; and that a line of posts should be
+appointed, under the direction of the Postmaster-General, from
+Falmouth, in New England, to Savannah, in Georgia." Dr. Franklin was
+then unanimously chosen Postmaster-General. The ledger in which he kept
+the accounts of his office is now in the Post-office Department. It is a
+half-bound book of rather more than foolscap size, and about
+three-fourths of an inch thick, and many of the entries are in Dr.
+Franklin's own handwriting. Richard Bache succeeded Dr. Franklin
+November 7, 1776, and Mr. Bache was succeeded by Ebenezer Hazard.
+
+The Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1778, gave to the United
+States, in Congress assembled, "the sole and extensive right and power
+of establishing and regulating post-offices from one State to another";
+but the increase of mail service was comparatively trifling until after
+the organization of the Post-office Department by the first Congress
+which assembled under the Constitution of the United States. This gave
+it efficiency and value, and provided for the early extension of its
+benefits to the inhabitants of the several States.
+
+The National Congress, organized under the Constitution, commenced its
+first session on the 4th of March, 1789, but it was not until September
+22, 1790, that an Act was passed for establishing, or rather continuing,
+the postal service. The Act then passed provided that a
+Postmaster-General should be appointed, and that the regulations of the
+Post-office should be the same as they last were under the resolutions
+and ordinances of the Congress of the Confederation.
+
+In 1790 there were but seventy-five post-offices and 1,875 miles of
+post-roads in the United States, and the whole amount of postages
+received for that year was $37,935. The population of the United States,
+as shown by the census of that year, was only 3,929,827; and the whole
+mail service was performed upon our seaboard line, passing through the
+principal towns from Wiscassett in Maine, to Savannah in Georgia, and
+upon a few cross or intersecting lines, on many portions of which the
+mail was carried only once a fortnight.
+
+On the 3d of March, 1791, the Postmaster-General was authorized to
+extend the carrying of the mail from Albany to Bennington, Vermont. It
+is probable that the post-office at Albany was a special office until
+late in that year, as in an official list of post-offices, with their
+receipts for the year ending October 5, 1791, New York is the only
+office in this State; and by an official statement dated April 24, 1790,
+it appears that the contractor from Albany to New York received the
+postages for carrying the mail, and that that was the only mail service
+in this State north or west of New York City.
+
+It is stated in a "History of Oneida County" that the first mail to
+Utica was brought by Simeon Post in 1793, under an arrangement with the
+Post-office Department authorizing its transportation from Canajoharie
+to Whitestown at the expense of the inhabitants on the route; and that
+in 1793 or 1794, the remarkable fact that the Great Western Mail, on one
+arrival at Fort Schuyler (Utica), contained six letters for that place,
+was heralded from one end of the settlement to the other. It is added
+that some were incredulous, but the solemn and repeated assurances of
+the veracious Dutch postmaster at last obtained general credence.
+
+On the 8th of May, 1794, sundry post-routes were established, among
+which is one "from Albany by Schenectady, Johnstown, Canajoharie and
+Whitestown, to Canandaigua"; and in July, 1794, four-horse "stages" were
+run from Albany to Schenectady daily. The passenger fare by these stages
+was only three cents per mile.
+
+On the 31st of July, 1794, the Postmaster-General, Timothy Pickering,
+advertised in the Albany _Gazette_ for proposals for carrying the mails
+in this State, as follows: (1.) "From New York by Peekskill, Fishkill,
+Poughkeepsie, Rhinebeck, Redhook, Clermont, Hudson and Kinderhook to
+Albany," to leave New York every Monday and Thursday at 4 p. m., and
+arrive at Albany on Wednesday and Saturday by 7 in the evening. (2.)
+"From Albany by Schenectady, Johnstown and Canajoharie to Whitestown,"
+to leave Albany every Thursday at 10 a. m., and arrive at Whitestown on
+Saturday by 6 p. m. (3.) "From Canajoharie through Cherry Valley to the
+Court House in Cooperstown," to leave every Friday at 4 p. m., and
+arrive on Saturday by 1 p. m. (4.) "From Whitestown to Canandaigua once
+in two weeks"; to leave Whitestown every other Monday at 8 a. m., and
+arrive at Canandaigua the next Thursday by 2 p. m. This advertisement
+bears date July 8, 1794. It does not state the mode of conveyance
+required.
+
+On the 3d of March, 1797, Congress established a post-road "from
+Kanandaigua in the State of New York, to Niagara." This route was run
+through Avon and LeRoy, and probably through Batavia, and thence on the
+north side of the Tonawanda Creek, and through the present town of
+Lockport to Niagara.
+
+In the "History of Onondaga County" it is stated that a Mr. Langdon
+first carried the mail through that county on horseback from Whitestown
+to Genesee in 1797 or 1798[G]; that he distributed papers and unsealed
+letters by the way before intermediate offices were established; that a
+Mr. Lucas succeeded Mr. Langdon in transporting the mail, which, in
+1800, had become so heavy as to require a wagon to transport it that the
+first four-horse mail-coach was sent through in 1803; and that in 1804
+Jason Parker ran a four-horse mail-coach twice a week from Utica to
+Canandaigua. From an advertisement at Canandaigua, copied by Turner, it
+appears that a mail-coach was that year run twice a week between Albany
+and Canandaigua.
+
+It is stated in Turner's "History of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase" (p.
+174), that Luther Cole was the first to carry the mail from Whitestown
+to Canandaigua--on horseback when the roads would allow, but often on
+foot. The same history states that the mail-route from Canandaigua to
+Niagara was established "about 1798" (1797) and that the mail was
+carried through by Jasper Marvin--who sometimes dispensed with mail-bags
+and carried the mail in his pocket-book--and that he was six days in
+going and returning. The route, it is stated, was the usual one from
+Canandaigua to Buffalo and then down the river on the Canada side, to
+Fort Niagara; but other, and it is believed more reliable authority
+states, that the mail at this time was carried through Cold Springs, in
+the present town of Lockport, and did not pass through Buffalo Creek.
+
+The surveys upon the Holland Land Company's Purchase were commenced in
+the spring of 1798, and the first wagon track on the Purchase was opened
+that year. Before that time parties came through from Canandaigua on the
+old Indian Trail. In 1802, Mr. Ellicott, the Holland Land Company's
+agent, procured the establishment of a post-office at Batavia, and the
+appointment of James Brisbane as postmaster.[H]
+
+In 1804 the Holland Land Company's survey of the inner lots of the
+present City of Buffalo was made, and on the 26th of March in that year
+Congress passed an Act in relation to post-routes which provides that
+the post-route from Canandaigua to Niagara shall pass by Buffalo Creek.
+From this it is clearly to be inferred that the mail to Niagara had been
+previously carried upon a different route, as above stated.
+
+In the Buffalo Directory of 1828 is the following statement:
+
+    The first mail received here was in March, 1803, on horseback. It
+    was conveyed from the East once in two weeks, in this manner, until
+    1805. A weekly route was then established and continued until 1809.
+    In 1810 the mode of conveyance was changed and a stage-wagon was
+    used.
+
+This statement is substantially repeated in several subsequent
+directories and is probably _nearly_ correct; although it will be
+recollected that the post-office at Buffalo was not established until
+September, 1804, and it appears by extracts from a Canandaigua paper
+that a "stage road to Niagara" was advertised, in 1808, to leave
+Canandaigua every Monday, at 6 o'clock a. m., and arrive at Niagara
+_via_ Buffalo every Thursday at 3 a. m. These stages were run by John
+Metcalf, who, in April, 1807, had obtained from the Legislature of this
+State a law giving him the exclusive right, for some years, of running
+stages from Canandaigua to Buffalo, and imposing a fine of $500 on any
+other person running wagons on said route as a stage line. He was
+required to provide at least three wagons and three stage sleighs with
+sufficient coverings and a sufficient number of horses. The fare was
+not to exceed six cents a mile for a passenger and fourteen pounds of
+baggage; and for every one hundred and fifty pounds additional baggage
+he was to be entitled to charge six cents a mile or in that proportion.
+He was to start on regular days, and between the first day of July and
+first day of October he was to accomplish said route between Canandaigua
+and Buffalo at least once in a week, unavoidable accidents excepted.
+
+In a report made to Congress by the Hon. Gideon Granger,
+Postmaster-General, on the 21st of February, 1810, it is stated that in
+March, 1799, it required to write from Portland to Savannah and receive
+an answer forty days, and that it then required but twenty-seven; that
+in 1799 it required between New York and Canandaigua twenty days, and
+then required but twelve; and that most if not all the other mails have
+been expedited proportionably according to their relative importance.
+
+On the 18th of April, 1814, Congress established a post-route "from
+Sheldon, by Willink and Hamburg, to Buffalo," and it appears from the
+books of the Post-office Department that mail service, once in two
+weeks, leaving Sheldon every other Friday at 6 a. m. and arriving at
+Buffalo the next day at 10 a. m., and leaving Buffalo the same day at 12
+m. and arriving at Sheldon the next day by 8 p. m., was the same year
+put upon the route.
+
+In 1815, the mail was carried from Buffalo to Erie once a week, leaving
+Buffalo on Saturday at 12 m. and arriving at Erie on Monday at 6 p. m.,
+and leaving Erie Tuesday at 6 a. m. and arriving at Buffalo on Thursday
+by 10 a. m.
+
+In 1816, the mail between Buffalo and Youngstown was carried twice a
+week, twelve hours being allowed for a trip either way.
+
+On the 3rd of March, 1817, a post-route "from Moscow by the State road
+to Buffalo," and one "from Canandaigua, by Bristol, Richmond, Livonia
+and Genesee to Sheldon" were established.
+
+About the first of the year 1819 the post-office at Buffalo was made a
+distributing office, and it has continued to be a distributing office
+ever since.
+
+From 1820 to 1824, the arrangements of the Department for mail service
+from New York City to Buffalo, thence to Niagara, and from Buffalo to
+Erie, Pa., were as follows:--Leave New York daily at 9 a. m., and
+arrive at Albany next day by 8.30 p. m.; leave Albany at 2 a. m. and
+arrive at Utica the same day by 9 p. m. (10 p. m. in winter); leave
+Utica the next day at 6 a. m. and arrive at Canandaigua the next day at
+8 p. m.; leave Canandaigua at 6 a. m. on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays
+and arrive at Buffalo the next day at 6 p. m.; leave Buffalo Mondays,
+Wednesdays and Fridays at 6 a. m. and arrive at Niagara the same day at
+6 p. m.; and also to leave Buffalo Tuesdays at 2 p. m. and arrive at
+Erie the next day by 6 p. m. It will thus be seen that a letter which
+left New York on Monday morning at 9 o'clock would reach this city at 6
+o'clock the next Sunday evening, and Erie three days later, if the mails
+were not behind time. This frequently happened in bad weather, and it is
+possible that the interest of contractors, as connected with the
+transportation of passengers, sometimes induced them to reach Buffalo in
+advance of their schedule time.
+
+On the 3rd of March, 1823, a post-route was established "from Buffalo in
+Erie to Olean in the County of Cattaraugus, passing through the towns of
+Boston, Concord and Ellicottville."
+
+On the 14th of July, 1824, the mail routes by which the Buffalo office
+was supplied, and the service thereon, were as follows: Canandaigua to
+Buffalo, three times a week; Niagara to Buffalo, three times a week;
+Erie to Buffalo, twice a week; and Moscow to Buffalo, once a week.
+
+From 1824 to 1828, the mail was generally carried from New York to
+Albany by steamboats, six times a week, during the season of navigation,
+and probably three times a week, by land, in winter; and the mail from
+Buffalo to Albany was carried twice a week, by one line in three days
+and four hours, and by the other in four days. The mails from Buffalo to
+Youngstown and from Buffalo to Erie were carried each way three times a
+week.
+
+It is stated in the Buffalo Directory of 1828, that the number of mails
+then arriving and departing weekly from the Buffalo post-office was
+thirty-five. An advertisement by the late Bela D. Coe, Esq., states that
+the Pilot mail-coach left Buffalo every evening, arrived at Geneva the
+first day, Utica the second, and Albany the third; and that the
+Diligence coach left Buffalo every morning at 8 o'clock, arrived at
+Avon the first night, Auburn the second, Utica the third, and Albany the
+fourth.
+
+On the 15th of June, 1832, a post-route was established "from Buffalo,
+Erie County, by Aurora, Wales, Holland, Sardinia, China, Fredonia,
+Caneadea and Belfast to Angelica in Allegany County"; after which no
+other post-routes, commencing or terminating at Buffalo, were
+established prior to 1845, except that by the Act of July 7, 1838, all
+the railroads then existing (in which the Buffalo & Niagara Falls
+Railroad must be included), or thereafter to be completed in the United
+States, were declared post-roads, and the Postmaster-General was thereby
+authorized, under certain restrictions, to contract for carrying the
+mails thereon.
+
+As the last link in the chain of railroads from Albany to Buffalo was
+completed early in 1843, there was then, or soon after, continuous mail
+transportation by railroad from Boston, through Worcester, Springfield
+and Albany to Buffalo. The completion of the Hudson River Railroad, and
+of the New York and Erie Railroad in 1851, gave us direct railroad
+communication with New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, and
+the completion of the Buffalo & State Line Railroad and other roads in
+or before 1852, gave us further railroad service for the supply of the
+Buffalo office.
+
+As the receipts of our post-office are, to a large extent, determined by
+the rates of postage charged, especially of letter postage, which
+probably constitutes nine-tenths of those receipts, a very brief
+statement in regard to the rates of letter postage since the post-office
+of Buffalo Creek was established, will form the concluding portion of
+this paper.
+
+From 1792 until 1845 the single rate of letter postage was charged on
+each single letter, and an additional single rate on each additional
+piece of paper; and if a single or other letter weighed an ounce or more
+it was charged four single rates for each ounce. During this period of
+fifty-three years--from 1792 to 1845--the changes in the rates of inland
+letter postage were very slight. There were generally from five to eight
+different single rates, according to the distance the letter was
+carried, the lowest being, at different times, six or eight cents, and
+the highest uniformly twenty-five cents, except for a short period,
+near the close of the War of 1812, when, in consequence of the expenses
+of the war, the rates were temporarily increased fifty per cent.
+
+From 1816 to 1845 the rate for a single letter carried not over thirty
+miles was 6-1/4 cents; over thirty and under eighty miles, 10 cents;
+over eighty and under one hundred and fifty miles, 12-1/2 cents; over
+one hundred and fifty and under four hundred miles, 18-3/4 cents; and
+over four hundred miles, 25 cents.
+
+By an Act of Congress passed in 1845, the rate of inland letter postage
+(after the 1st of July in that year), was fixed, irrespective of the
+number of pieces of paper contained in a letter, as follows: For a
+letter not exceeding half an ounce in weight, carried under three
+hundred miles, 5 cents; over three hundred miles, 10 cents, and an
+additional rate for every additional half ounce or fraction of half an
+ounce. Drop letters and printed circulars were by the same Act, to be
+charged 2 cents each. This was considered by the Post-office Department
+as an average deduction of 53 per cent. from the previously existing
+rates.
+
+In 1851 an Act was passed which reduced the single rate of inland letter
+postage (from and after the 30th of June in that year), for any distance
+not exceeding three thousand miles, to 3 cents, when prepaid, and 5
+cents when not prepaid; and for any distance over three thousand miles
+to 6 cents when prepaid and 10 cents when not prepaid. Drop letters and
+also unsealed printed circulars for any distance not exceeding five
+hundred miles were, by the same Act, to be charged 1 cent each. This, it
+is believed, was an average reduction of about fifty per cent. on the
+reduced rates of inland letter postage established by the Act of 1845.
+These rates did not apply to foreign letters, for which different
+provision was made.
+
+The Postal Treaty with Great Britain made in 1848, the postal
+arrangements made in 1851 for direct and frequent postal communication
+with the Canadas and other British Provinces, and the postal
+arrangements soon after made with Prussia and other foreign countries,
+increased to a considerable extent the amount of postages received at
+the Buffalo offices on letters sent to and received from foreign
+countries.
+
+In 1855 an Act was passed under which all inland postage was required to
+be prepaid and which fixed the single rate of inland letter postage for
+any distance not exceeding three thousand miles at 3 cents, and for any
+distance exceeding three thousand miles at 10 cents.
+
+In 1863 the single uniform rate of inland letter postage was fixed at 3
+cents, without regard to distance, and was required to be prepaid by
+stamps; the postage on drop letters was increased to 2 cents the half
+ounce; and all letters reaching their destination without prepayment of
+postage were to be charged with double the rate of prepaid postage
+chargeable thereon, thus allowing letters to be sent without prepayment
+and leaving the general rate of inland letter postage when prepaid as it
+was fixed for distances under three thousand miles by the Act of 1851,
+but increasing it 1 cent beyond the rate of 1851 when sent unpaid; also
+increasing the rate of 1851 on unsealed printed circulars from 1 to 2
+cents, and on drop letters from 1 cent the letter to 2 cents the half
+ounce; and reducing the rates of postage to and from California and
+Oregon from 6 to 3 cents when prepaid and from 10 to 6 cents when not
+prepaid.
+
+That the revenues of the Department have been perennially diminished by
+these reductions cannot be denied; but it is believed that this
+diminution has been slight in comparison with the public benefits which
+have followed the adoption of rates of postage, which (the cost of
+transportation consequent upon the vast extent over which our more
+remote settlements are scattered, the general sparseness of our
+population and the high prices of clerical and other labor being
+considered) are believed to be the cheapest which have ever been adopted
+by any Government of ancient or modern times.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] [B] Respectively Postmaster-General and Postmaster of Buffalo.--ED.
+
+[C] Succeeded in 1866 by Joseph Candee (died Nov. 20, 1884); succeeding
+Postmasters of Buffalo have been: Isaac M. Schermerhorn; Thomas M.
+Blossom (appointed in 1869, died Feb. 10, 1882); Isaac M. Schermerhorn
+(second appointment, April, 1871); John M. Bedford (appointed April 1,
+1879); John B. Sackett (appointed March 7, 1887); Bernard F. Gentsch
+(appointed May 28, 1890, died Aug. 3, 1894); Howard H. Baker (appointed
+June 7, 1894), present incumbent.--ED.
+
+[D] Predecessor of the Academy of Music, east side of Main, between
+Seneca and Swan Streets.--ED.
+
+[E] Last quarter only.
+
+[F] Stamps sold for currency $18,000 more, furnished from Buffalo P. O.
+
+[G] AUTHOR'S NOTE--This is probably erroneous as it will be seen that
+the post-road from Whitestown to Canandaigua was established and service
+thereon advertised for in 1794. It is quite certain that there was mail
+service on this route as early as 1795.
+
+[H] AUTHOR'S NOTE.--This was stated on the authority of Turner's
+"History of the Holland Purchase" and it was supposed there could be no
+doubt of its accuracy. But in Vol. 1., _Miscellaneous_, of the American
+State Papers, published by Gales & Seaton, is a list of post-offices in
+1800 (p. 289), and of those established in 1801 (p. 298), and in the
+latter is "Batavia, N. Y., Sanford Hunt, Postmaster." It may be that Mr.
+Hunt did not accept the appointment and that Mr. Brisbane was appointed
+in 1802.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Postal Service of the United
+States in Connection with the Local History of Buffalo, by Nathan Kelsey Hall and Thomas Blossom
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POSTAL SERVICE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 22812-8.txt or 22812-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/8/1/22812/
+
+Produced by Adrian Mastronardi, Stephen Blundell, The
+Philatelic Digital Library Project at http://www.tpdlp.net
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by Cornell University Digital
+Collections)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/22812-8.zip b/22812-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e71d33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-8.zip
diff --git a/22812-h.zip b/22812-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24511d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-h.zip
diff --git a/22812-h/22812-h.htm b/22812-h/22812-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51e274e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-h/22812-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,1321 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Postal Service of the United States in Connection with the Local History of Buffalo, by N. K. Hall &amp; Thomas Blossom
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+/*<![CDATA[  XML blockout */
+<!--
+    p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;}
+
+    h1,h3 {text-align: center; clear: both;}
+
+    h2 {text-align: center;
+        clear: both;
+        font-size: large;
+        margin-bottom: 2em;}
+
+    hr { width: 33%;
+         margin-top: .5em;
+         margin-bottom: .5em;
+         margin-left: auto;
+         margin-right: auto;
+         clear: both;}
+
+    table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
+    .tdl   {text-align: left;}
+    .tdr   {text-align: right;}
+    .tdr2  {text-align: right; padding-right: 7em;}
+    .tdr4  {text-align: right; padding-right: 7em; padding-left: 1em;}
+    .tdl2  {text-align: left; padding-right: 3em;}
+    .tdr3  {text-align: right; vertical-align: top;}
+    .tdl3  {text-align: left; vertical-align: top;}
+
+    body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+
+    .pagenum  {position: absolute;
+               left: 94%;
+               font-size: smaller;
+               font-style: normal;
+               text-align: right;}
+
+    .blockquot{margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: .9em;}
+
+    .center   {text-align: center;}
+    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+    .footnotes        {border: dashed 1px; margin-top: 2em;}
+    .footnote         {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+    .footnote .label  {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;}
+    .fnanchor         {vertical-align: 0.25em; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;}
+
+    .trans1     {border: solid 1px; margin: 3em 15%; padding: 1em; text-align: center;}
+
+    a:link    {text-decoration:none;}
+    a:visited {text-decoration:none;}
+
+    .curly  {float: right; font-size: 200%;}
+
+    // -->
+    /* XML end  ]]>*/
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Postal Service of the United States in
+Connection with the Local History of Buffalo, by Nathan Kelsey Hall and Thomas Blossom
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Postal Service of the United States in Connection with the Local History of Buffalo
+
+Author: Nathan Kelsey Hall
+        Thomas Blossom
+
+Release Date: September 30, 2007 [EBook #22812]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POSTAL SERVICE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Adrian Mastronardi, Stephen Blundell, The
+Philatelic Digital Library Project at http://www.tpdlp.net
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by Cornell University Digital
+Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h1>THE POSTAL SERVICE<br /><br />
+<small><small><span class="smcap">Of the United States in Connection with the Local<br />
+History of Buffalo.</span></small></small></h1>
+
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+
+<p class="center">READ BEFORE THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 6, 1865.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+
+<h2>BY HON. N. K. HALL<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> <span class="smcap">and</span> THOMAS BLOSSOM.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>No very satisfactory account of the origin and progress of
+the Postal Service of the country, in its more immediate
+connection with the local history of Buffalo, can now be
+compiled. The early records of the transportation service of
+the Post-Office Department, were originally meager and
+imperfect; and many of the books and papers of the Department,
+prior to 1837, were destroyed or lost when the public
+edifices at Washington were burned in 1814, and also when the
+building in which the Department was kept was destroyed by fire,
+in December, 1836. For these reasons the Hon. A. N. Zevely,
+Third Assistant Postmaster-General&mdash;who has kindly furnished
+extracts from the records and papers of the Department&mdash;has
+been able to afford but little information in respect to the early
+transportation of the mails in the western part of this State.
+Indeed, no information in respect to that service, prior to 1814,
+could be given; no route-books of older date than 1820 are
+now in the Department, and those from 1820 to 1835 are not
+so arranged as to show the running time on the several routes.</p>
+
+<p>The records of the Appointment Office, and those of the
+Auditor's Office of the Department, are more full and perfect;
+and from these, and from various other sources of information,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span>
+much that is deemed entirely reliable and not wholly
+uninteresting has been obtained.</p>
+
+<p>Erastus Granger was the first Postmaster of Buffalo&mdash;or rather
+of "Buffalo Creek," the original name of the office. He was
+appointed on the first establishment of the office, September 30,
+1804. At that time the nearest post-offices were at Batavia on
+the east, Erie on the west, and Niagara on the north. Mr.
+Granger was a second cousin of Hon. Gideon Granger, the
+fourth Postmaster-General of the United States, who held that
+office from 1801 to 1814.</p>
+
+<p>The successors of our first Postmaster, and the dates of their
+respective appointments, appear in the following statement:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td class="tdl">Julius Guiteau,</td><td class="tdr">May 6, 1818.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">Samuel Russel,</td><td class="tdr">April 25, 1831.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">Henry P. Russell,</td><td class="tdr">July 26, 1834.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">Orange H. Dibble,</td><td class="tdr">August 28, 1834.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">Philip Dorsheimer,</td><td class="tdr">June 8, 1838.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">Charles C. Haddock,</td><td class="tdr">October 12, 1841.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">Philip Dorsheimer,</td><td class="tdr">April 1, 1845.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">Henry K. Smith,</td><td class="tdr">August 14, 1846.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">Isaac R. Harrington,</td><td class="tdr">May 17, 1849.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">James O. Putnam,</td><td class="tdr">September 1, 1851.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">James G. Dickie,</td><td class="tdr">May 4, 1853.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">Israel T. Hatch,</td><td class="tdr">November 11, 1859.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">Almon M. Clapp, (the present incumbent<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a>)</td><td class="tdr">March 27, 1861.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>The Buffalo Post-office was the only post-office within the
+present limits of the city until January, 1817, when a post-office
+was established at Black Rock. The appointments of Postmasters
+at Black Rock have been as follows:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td class="tdl">James L. Barton,</td><td class="tdr">January 29, 1817.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">Elisha H. Burnham,</td><td class="tdr">July 11, 1828.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">Morgan G. Lewis,</td><td class="tdr">June 29, 1841.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">George Johnson,</td><td class="tdr">July 7, 1853.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">Daniel Hibbard, (the present incumbent)</td><td class="tdr">June 1, 1861.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In July, 1854, the Post-office of Black Rock Dam, now
+called North Buffalo, was established. The name of the office
+was changed to North Buffalo, February 10, 1857. The appointments
+to that office have been as follows:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td class="tdl">Henry A. Bennett,</td><td class="tdr">July 12, 1854.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">Charles Manly,</td><td class="tdr">March 17, 1856.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">George Argus,</td><td class="tdr">May 20, 1859.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">William D. Davis,</td><td class="tdr">July 29, 1861.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">George Argus, (the present incumbent)</td><td class="tdr">1864.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>The Buffalo Post-office was kept, during Mr. Granger's term
+of office, first on Main Street, near where the Metropolitan
+Theater<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> now stands, and afterwards in the brick house on the
+west side of Pearl Street, a few doors south of Swan Street, now
+No. 58 Pearl Street. Mr. Guiteau first kept the office on Main
+Street, opposite Stevenson's livery stable; then on the west side
+of Main Street about the middle of the block next south of Erie
+Street; and afterwards on the northwest corner of Ellicott
+Square. It was kept in the same place for a short period at the
+commencement of Judge Russel's term of office, but was soon
+removed to the northwest corner of the next block above, where
+it remained until after the appointment of Mr. Dibble. It was
+removed by Mr. Dibble about 1836, to the old Baptist Church
+then standing on the corner where the post-office is now kept,
+and it was kept in that building until after Mr. Haddock took
+the office. He removed the office to the northwest corner of
+Main and Seneca Streets, where it remained until it was removed,
+in August, 1858, into the Government building in which it is now.</p>
+
+<p>The gross receipts of the post-office at Buffalo, for the years
+given in the following table, have been as follows:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1805</td><td class="tdr4">$ 90.83</td><td class="tdl2">1825</td><td class="tdr">$ 2,840.60</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1806</td><td class="tdr4">120.13</td><td class="tdl2">1830</td><td class="tdr">6,695.34</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1807</td><td class="tdr4">122.82</td><td class="tdl2">1835</td><td class="tdr">19,219.34</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1808</td><td class="tdr4">173.63</td><td class="tdl2">1840</td><td class="tdr">25,501.49</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1809</td><td class="tdr4">217.49</td><td class="tdl2">1845</td><td class="tdr">22,681.26</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1810</td><td class="tdr4">291.46</td><td class="tdl2">1850</td><td class="tdr">39,644.01</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1812</td><td class="tdr4">963.61</td><td class="tdl2">1855</td><td class="tdr">47,458.67</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1813</td><td class="tdl">Imperfect returns.</td><td class="tdl2">1860</td><td class="tdr">44,800.94</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1814</td><td class="tdr4">488.37<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></td><td class="tdl2">1862</td><td class="tdr">55,265.57<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1815</td><td class="tdr4">1,932.98</td><td class="tdl2">1863</td><td class="tdr">48,238.53</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1820</td><td class="tdr4">1,463.21</td><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span></p><p>The gross receipts at the offices of Black Rock, Black Rock
+Dam and North Buffalo, for the years named have been as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>At Black Rock:</i></p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1817</td><td class="tdr2">$ 56.88</td><td class="tdl2">1845</td><td class="tdr">$ 467.32</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1818</td><td class="tdr2">134.34</td><td class="tdl2">1850</td><td class="tdr">776.62</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1819</td><td class="tdr2">237.96</td><td class="tdl2">1855</td><td class="tdr">420.24</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1820</td><td class="tdr2">239.38</td><td class="tdl2">1860</td><td class="tdr">317.74</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1825</td><td class="tdr2">737.41</td><td class="tdl2">1862</td><td class="tdr">389.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1830</td><td class="tdr2">493.08</td><td class="tdl2">1863</td><td class="tdr">461.52</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1835</td><td class="tdr2">617.49</td><td class="tdl3" rowspan="2"><span class="curly">}</span>1864<br />to&nbsp;July&nbsp;1.</td><td class="tdr3" rowspan="2">234.52</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1840</td><td class="tdr2">712.77</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>At Black Rock Dam (North Buffalo):</i></p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1854</td><td class="tdr2">$ 108.47</td><td class="tdl2">1862</td><td class="tdr">$ 463.27</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1855</td><td class="tdr2">419.82</td><td class="tdl2">1863</td><td class="tdr">650.73</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1860</td><td class="tdr2">303.15</td><td class="tdl3" rowspan="2"><span class="curly">}</span>1864<br />to&nbsp;July&nbsp;1.</td><td class="tdr3" rowspan="2">319.75</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl2">1861</td><td class="tdr2">307.20</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>The aggregate amount of the postage received at the different
+post-offices must always depend, in a greater or less degree, upon
+the extent and frequency of the mail transportation by which
+such offices are supplied, and the rates of postage charged, as
+well as upon the number, education, character and occupation of
+the population within the delivery of such offices. Other
+causes, some of them local or temporary, may at times affect the
+revenue of an office, but only the population of the neighborhood,
+the frequency and extent of the transportation service,
+and the general rates of letter postage, will be here considered.</p>
+
+<p>The first census under the authority of the United States was
+taken in 1790; probably in July and August of that year. In
+that portion of New York lying west of the old Massachusetts
+pre&euml;mption line it was taken by General Amos Hall, as Deputy
+Marshal, and an abstract of his list or census-roll is given in
+Turner's "History of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase." The
+number of heads of families then residing west of Genesee River,
+and named in that list, was 24; but it is probable that the deputy
+marshal did not visit this locality, as neither Winney the
+Indian trader, nor Johnston the Indian agent and interpreter,
+is named; although it is probable that both of them resided
+here. Winney, it is quite certain, was here in 1791, and it is
+supposed came about 1784.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The whole population west of the Massachusetts pre&euml;mption
+line, which was a line drawn due north and south across the
+State, passing through Seneca Lake and about two miles east of
+Geneva, as given by Turner from General Hall's census-roll, was
+1,084, as follows: males, 728; females, 340; free blacks, 7;
+slaves, 9. In the State census report of 1853, the population of
+Ontario County in 1790 (which county then embraced all that
+territory) is stated at 1,075. The difference between the two
+statements is caused by the omission of the slaves from the latter
+statement. In 1800 the population of the same territory (then
+the Counties of Ontario and Steuben) was 15,359 free persons
+and 79 slaves.</p>
+
+<p>In 1808 the County of Niagara (embracing the present
+counties of Niagara and Erie) was organized, and its population
+in 1810 was 6,132. Of these 1,465 were inhabitants of the
+present County of Niagara, and 4,667 of the present County of
+Erie. There were then in the county 8 slaves, which number
+should probably be added to the aggregate above stated.</p>
+
+<p>In 1820 the population of Niagara County was 18,156, of
+which 10,834 were inhabitants of the present County of Erie.
+There were then 15 slaves in the whole County of Niagara.</p>
+
+<p>In 1821, the County of Erie was organized with its present
+boundaries. Its population at each census since has been as
+follows, viz: 1825, 24,316; 1830, 35,719; 1835, 57,594; 1840,
+62,465; 1845, 78,635; 1850, 100,993; 1855, 132,331; and
+1860, 141,791.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable that in 1790, Winney and Johnston were the
+only white residents upon the territory now embraced within our
+city limits. In 1796, there were but four buildings in all that
+territory&mdash;as stated by the late Joseph Landon. In 1807, there
+were about a dozen houses. This number, it is said, had increased
+to more than 200 houses, when, on the 31st of December,
+1813, the village was burned by the British and Indians;&mdash;only
+the house of Mrs. St. John, Reese's blacksmith shop, the
+gaol, and the uncovered frame of a barn escaping the general
+conflagration.</p>
+
+<p>The white population of the territory now comprised in our
+city limits did not, in 1800, probably exceed 25. The earliest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span>
+census report which gives any information in regard to its population
+is that of 1810 when the population was 1,508. It was
+1,060 in 1814; 2,095 in 1820; 5,141 in 1825; 8,668 in 1830;
+21,838 in 1840; 34,606 in 1845; 49,769 in 1850; 74,214 in
+1855; and 81,129 in 1860. It is believed that it is now about
+100,000.</p>
+
+<p>But little reliable information in regard to the transportation
+of the mails west of Albany from 1800 to 1824, can now be
+obtained; and as the transportation service and the origin and
+progress of the system of posts, by which, even now, much of
+this transportation service is performed, are believed to be the
+most interesting of the topics of the present paper (as that service
+itself is the most essential of those connected with the Post-office
+establishment), it has been deemed proper to refer to the probable
+origin of that system;&mdash;a system which in its continued
+extension and constant improvement, has grown into the Post-office
+establishment of the present day. These are now, almost
+universally under the control of the State or sovereign power,
+and they are certainly among the most important and beneficent
+of the institutions of civil government.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that the Assyrian and Persian monarchs had their
+posts, at a day's journey from each other, with horses saddled,
+ready to carry with the utmost dispatch, the decrees of these
+despotic rulers. In the Roman Empire, couriers on swift horses
+carried the imperial edicts to every province. Charlemagne, it
+is said, established stations for carriers who delivered the letters
+and decrees of the court in the different and distant parts of his
+dominions. As early as the XIth Century the University of
+Paris had a body of pedestrian messengers, to carry letters and
+packets from its thousands of students to various parts of Europe,
+and to tiring money, letters and packets in return. Posts for
+the transmission of Government messages were established in
+England in the XIIIth Century, and in 1464 Louis XI. established
+a system of mounted posts, stationed four French miles
+apart, to carry the dispatches of the Government.</p>
+
+<p>Government posts, as the convenience and interest of the
+people at large began to receive some attention from their rulers,
+were at times allowed to carry private letters, and private posts<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span>
+for the transmission of general correspondence were sometimes
+established. This was at first but an irregular and uncertain
+service, without fixed compensation; but considerable regularity,
+order and system were the results of the public appreciation of
+their convenience, and of the gradual improvements which followed
+their more general employment.</p>
+
+<p>In 1524 the French posts&mdash;which had previously carried only
+the letters of the King and nobles&mdash;were first permitted to carry
+other letters; and in 1543 Charles V., Emperor of Germany,
+established a riding post throughout his dominions. It was not
+until the reign of James I. that a system of postal communication
+was established in England, although Edward IV., in 1481, had
+established posts twenty miles apart, with riders, to bring the
+earliest intelligence of the events of the war with the Scots. It
+was not until about 1644 that a weekly conveyance of letters, by
+post, was established throughout that kingdom. Mail coaches
+were first used at Bristol, in England, in 1784. They were
+placed on the post routes in 1785, and their use became general
+throughout England.</p>
+
+<p>The mail service of North America, which in its magnitude
+and regularity, and in the extension of its benefits to every settlement
+and fireside, has, it is believed, no superior, probably had
+its beginning in private enterprise; although perhaps sanctioned
+at the very outset, by local authority.</p>
+
+<p>As early as 1677 Mr. John Hayward, scrivener, of Boston,
+Mass., was appointed by the General Court to take in and convey
+letters according to their direction. This was probably the
+first post-office and mail service authorized in America. Other
+local arrangements, necessarily very imperfect in their character,
+were made in different colonies soon after; some of them
+having the sanction of Colonial Governors or Legislatures.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Dongan, the Governor of New York under the Duke
+of York, in a letter to the Duke's secretary, dated February 18,
+1684, says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>You are pleased to say I may set up a post-house, but send me noe power
+to do it. I never intended it should be expensive to His Royal Highness. It
+was desired by the neighboring colonies, and is at present practiced in some
+places by foot messengers.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the same letter Gov. Dongan says he will endeavor to
+establish a post-office in Connecticut and at Boston. Under
+date of August 27, 1684, Sir John Werden, the Duke's secretary,
+wrote to Gov. Dongan:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>As for setting up post-houses along the coast from Carolina to Nova
+Scotia it seems a very reasonable thing, and you may offer the privilege
+thereof to any undertakers for ye space of 3 or 5 years, by way of farm;
+reserving wt part of ye profit you think fit to the Duke.</p></div>
+
+<p>At least as early as January, 1690, there was what was called
+a public post between Boston and New York, and in 1691 there
+was a post of some kind from New York to Virginia, and from
+New York to Albany. This was during the war with the French,
+and these posts were probably established by the military
+authorities.</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th of April, 1692, Thomas Neele, having obtained a
+patent to establish post-offices throughout the American colonies,
+appointed Andrew Hamilton (afterwards Governor of New Jersey),
+his deputy for all the plantations. Mr. Deputy Hamilton
+brought the subject before Gov. Fletcher and the New York
+Colonial Assembly in October following, and an Act was immediately
+passed "for encouraging a post-office."</p>
+
+<p>In 1705 Lord Cornbury, the Governor of New York, informed
+the Lords of Trade of the passage by the New York
+Assembly of "an Act for enforcing and continuing a post-office,"
+which he recommended His Majesty to confirm "as an
+act of necessity," without which the post to Boston and Philadelphia
+would be lost.</p>
+
+<p>In 1710 the British Parliament passed an Act authorizing the
+British Postmaster-General "to keep one chief letter-office in
+New York and other chief letter-offices in each of His Majesty's
+Provinces or Colonies in America." Deputy Postmasters-General
+for North America were afterwards, and from time to time,
+appointed by the British Postmaster-General in England. Dr.
+Franklin was appointed to that office in 1755, and it is said that
+in 1760 he startled the people of the colonies by proposing to
+run a "stage waggon" from Boston to Philadelphia once a week,
+starting for each city on Monday morning and reaching the other
+by Saturday. In 1763 he spent five months in traveling through<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span>
+the Northern Colonies for the purpose of inspecting and improving
+the post-offices and the mail service. He went as far east as
+New Hampshire, and the whole extent of his five months' tour,
+in going and returning, was about sixteen hundred miles. He
+made such improvements in the service as to enable the citizens
+of Philadelphia to write to Boston and get replies in three weeks
+instead of six weeks, the time previously required.</p>
+
+<p>In 1774 Dr. Franklin was removed from office; and on the
+25th of December, 1775, the Secretary of the General Post-Office
+gave notice that, in consequence of the Provincial Congress of
+Maryland having passed a resolution that the Parliamentary post
+should not be permitted to travel on a pass through that province,
+and of the seizure of the mails at Baltimore and Philadelphia,
+the Deputy Postmaster-General was "obliged, for the
+present, to stop all the posts." It is supposed that this terminated
+the regular mail service in the old Thirteen Colonies, and
+that it was never resumed under British management.</p>
+
+<p>Before this suspension of the Parliamentary posts, Mr.
+William Godard of Baltimore had proposed to establish "an
+American Post-office"; and in July, 1774, he announced that his
+proposals had been warmly and generously patronized by the
+friends of freedom, and that postmasters and riders were engaged.
+During the preceding six months he had visited several
+of the colonies in order to extend and perfect his arrangements,
+and there appears to have been a very general disposition to
+abandon the use of the British post and sustain that established
+by Mr. Godard. In May, 1775, Mr. Godard had thirty postmasters,
+but Mr. John Holt of New York City was the only one
+in this State. In that year partial arrangements for mail service
+in Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire and Massachusetts
+were made by the Provincial Congress of each of those
+Colonies.</p>
+
+<p>The old Continental Congress first assembled in September,
+1774; and on the 26th of July, 1775, it resolved "that a Postmaster-General
+should be appointed for the United Colonies
+who should hold his office at Philadelphia and be allowed a
+salary of $1,000 for himself and $340 for his secretary and
+comptroller; and that a line of posts should be appointed, under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span>
+the direction of the Postmaster-General, from Falmouth, in New
+England, to Savannah, in Georgia." Dr. Franklin was then
+unanimously chosen Postmaster-General. The ledger in which
+he kept the accounts of his office is now in the Post-office
+Department. It is a half-bound book of rather more than foolscap
+size, and about three-fourths of an inch thick, and many of
+the entries are in Dr. Franklin's own handwriting. Richard
+Bache succeeded Dr. Franklin November 7, 1776, and Mr.
+Bache was succeeded by Ebenezer Hazard.</p>
+
+<p>The Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1778, gave to the
+United States, in Congress assembled, "the sole and extensive
+right and power of establishing and regulating post-offices from
+one State to another"; but the increase of mail service was
+comparatively trifling until after the organization of the Post-office
+Department by the first Congress which assembled under
+the Constitution of the United States. This gave it efficiency
+and value, and provided for the early extension of its benefits
+to the inhabitants of the several States.</p>
+
+<p>The National Congress, organized under the Constitution,
+commenced its first session on the 4th of March, 1789, but it was
+not until September 22, 1790, that an Act was passed for establishing,
+or rather continuing, the postal service. The Act then
+passed provided that a Postmaster-General should be appointed,
+and that the regulations of the Post-office should be the same as
+they last were under the resolutions and ordinances of the Congress
+of the Confederation.</p>
+
+<p>In 1790 there were but seventy-five post-offices and 1,875
+miles of post-roads in the United States, and the whole amount
+of postages received for that year was $37,935. The population
+of the United States, as shown by the census of that year, was
+only 3,929,827; and the whole mail service was performed upon
+our seaboard line, passing through the principal towns from Wiscassett
+in Maine, to Savannah in Georgia, and upon a few cross
+or intersecting lines, on many portions of which the mail was
+carried only once a fortnight.</p>
+
+<p>On the 3d of March, 1791, the Postmaster-General was
+authorized to extend the carrying of the mail from Albany to
+Bennington, Vermont. It is probable that the post-office at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span>
+Albany was a special office until late in that year, as in an official
+list of post-offices, with their receipts for the year ending
+October 5, 1791, New York is the only office in this State; and
+by an official statement dated April 24, 1790, it appears that the
+contractor from Albany to New York received the postages for
+carrying the mail, and that that was the only mail service in this
+State north or west of New York City.</p>
+
+<p>It is stated in a "History of Oneida County" that the first
+mail to Utica was brought by Simeon Post in 1793, under an
+arrangement with the Post-office Department authorizing its
+transportation from Canajoharie to Whitestown at the expense
+of the inhabitants on the route; and that in 1793 or 1794, the
+remarkable fact that the Great Western Mail, on one arrival at
+Fort Schuyler (Utica), contained six letters for that place, was
+heralded from one end of the settlement to the other. It is
+added that some were incredulous, but the solemn and repeated
+assurances of the veracious Dutch postmaster at last obtained
+general credence.</p>
+
+<p>On the 8th of May, 1794, sundry post-routes were established,
+among which is one "from Albany by Schenectady, Johnstown,
+Canajoharie and Whitestown, to Canandaigua"; and in July,
+1794, four-horse "stages" were run from Albany to Schenectady
+daily. The passenger fare by these stages was only three
+cents per mile.</p>
+
+<p>On the 31st of July, 1794, the Postmaster-General, Timothy
+Pickering, advertised in the Albany <i>Gazette</i> for proposals for
+carrying the mails in this State, as follows: (1.) "From New York
+by Peekskill, Fishkill, Poughkeepsie, Rhinebeck, Redhook,
+Clermont, Hudson and Kinderhook to Albany," to leave New
+York every Monday and Thursday at 4 p. m., and arrive at
+Albany on Wednesday and Saturday by 7 in the evening.
+(2.) "From Albany by Schenectady, Johnstown and Canajoharie
+to Whitestown," to leave Albany every Thursday at 10 a. m.,
+and arrive at Whitestown on Saturday by 6 p. m. (3.) "From
+Canajoharie through Cherry Valley to the Court House in
+Cooperstown," to leave every Friday at 4 p. m., and arrive on
+Saturday by 1 p. m. (4.) "From Whitestown to Canandaigua
+once in two weeks"; to leave Whitestown every other Monday<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[310]</a></span>
+at 8 a. m., and arrive at Canandaigua the next Thursday by 2
+p. m. This advertisement bears date July 8, 1794. It does not
+state the mode of conveyance required.</p>
+
+<p>On the 3d of March, 1797, Congress established a post-road
+"from Kanandaigua in the State of New York, to Niagara."
+This route was run through Avon and LeRoy, and probably
+through Batavia, and thence on the north side of the Tonawanda
+Creek, and through the present town of Lockport to
+Niagara.</p>
+
+<p>In the "History of Onondaga County" it is stated that a Mr.
+Langdon first carried the mail through that county on horseback
+from Whitestown to Genesee in 1797 or 1798<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a>; that he distributed
+papers and unsealed letters by the way before intermediate
+offices were established; that a Mr. Lucas succeeded Mr.
+Langdon in transporting the mail, which, in 1800, had become
+so heavy as to require a wagon to transport it that the first four-horse
+mail-coach was sent through in 1803; and that in 1804
+Jason Parker ran a four-horse mail-coach twice a week from
+Utica to Canandaigua. From an advertisement at Canandaigua,
+copied by Turner, it appears that a mail-coach was that year run
+twice a week between Albany and Canandaigua.</p>
+
+<p>It is stated in Turner's "History of Phelps and Gorham's
+Purchase" (p. 174), that Luther Cole was the first to carry the
+mail from Whitestown to Canandaigua&mdash;on horseback when the
+roads would allow, but often on foot. The same history states
+that the mail-route from Canandaigua to Niagara was established
+"about 1798" (1797) and that the mail was carried through by
+Jasper Marvin&mdash;who sometimes dispensed with mail-bags and carried
+the mail in his pocket-book&mdash;and that he was six days in
+going and returning. The route, it is stated, was the usual one
+from Canandaigua to Buffalo and then down the river on the
+Canada side, to Fort Niagara; but other, and it is believed more
+reliable authority states, that the mail at this time was carried
+through Cold Springs, in the present town of Lockport, and did
+not pass through Buffalo Creek.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The surveys upon the Holland Land Company's Purchase
+were commenced in the spring of 1798, and the first wagon track
+on the Purchase was opened that year. Before that time parties
+came through from Canandaigua on the old Indian Trail. In
+1802, Mr. Ellicott, the Holland Land Company's agent, procured
+the establishment of a post-office at Batavia, and the
+appointment of James Brisbane as postmaster.<a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1804 the Holland Land Company's survey of the inner
+lots of the present City of Buffalo was made, and on the 26th of
+March in that year Congress passed an Act in relation to post-routes
+which provides that the post-route from Canandaigua to
+Niagara shall pass by Buffalo Creek. From this it is clearly to
+be inferred that the mail to Niagara had been previously carried
+upon a different route, as above stated.</p>
+
+<p>In the Buffalo Directory of 1828 is the following statement:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The first mail received here was in March, 1803, on horseback. It was conveyed
+from the East once in two weeks, in this manner, until 1805. A weekly
+route was then established and continued until 1809. In 1810 the mode of
+conveyance was changed and a stage-wagon was used.</p></div>
+
+<p>This statement is substantially repeated in several subsequent
+directories and is probably <i>nearly</i> correct; although it will be
+recollected that the post-office at Buffalo was not established
+until September, 1804, and it appears by extracts from a Canandaigua
+paper that a "stage road to Niagara" was advertised, in
+1808, to leave Canandaigua every Monday, at 6 o'clock a. m.,
+and arrive at Niagara <i>via</i> Buffalo every Thursday at 3 a. m.
+These stages were run by John Metcalf, who, in April, 1807, had
+obtained from the Legislature of this State a law giving him the
+exclusive right, for some years, of running stages from Canandaigua
+to Buffalo, and imposing a fine of $500 on any other
+person running wagons on said route as a stage line. He was
+required to provide at least three wagons and three stage sleighs
+with sufficient coverings and a sufficient number of horses. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span>
+fare was not to exceed six cents a mile for a passenger and fourteen
+pounds of baggage; and for every one hundred and fifty
+pounds additional baggage he was to be entitled to charge six
+cents a mile or in that proportion. He was to start on regular
+days, and between the first day of July and first day of October
+he was to accomplish said route between Canandaigua and
+Buffalo at least once in a week, unavoidable accidents excepted.</p>
+
+<p>In a report made to Congress by the Hon. Gideon Granger,
+Postmaster-General, on the 21st of February, 1810, it is stated
+that in March, 1799, it required to write from Portland to
+Savannah and receive an answer forty days, and that it then
+required but twenty-seven; that in 1799 it required between
+New York and Canandaigua twenty days, and then required but
+twelve; and that most if not all the other mails have been
+expedited proportionably according to their relative importance.</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th of April, 1814, Congress established a post-route
+"from Sheldon, by Willink and Hamburg, to Buffalo," and it
+appears from the books of the Post-office Department that mail
+service, once in two weeks, leaving Sheldon every other Friday
+at 6 a. m. and arriving at Buffalo the next day at 10 a. m., and
+leaving Buffalo the same day at 12 m. and arriving at Sheldon
+the next day by 8 p. m., was the same year put upon the route.</p>
+
+<p>In 1815, the mail was carried from Buffalo to Erie once a
+week, leaving Buffalo on Saturday at 12 m. and arriving at Erie
+on Monday at 6 p. m., and leaving Erie Tuesday at 6 a. m. and
+arriving at Buffalo on Thursday by 10 a. m.</p>
+
+<p>In 1816, the mail between Buffalo and Youngstown was carried
+twice a week, twelve hours being allowed for a trip either way.</p>
+
+<p>On the 3rd of March, 1817, a post-route "from Moscow by
+the State road to Buffalo," and one "from Canandaigua, by
+Bristol, Richmond, Livonia and Genesee to Sheldon" were
+established.</p>
+
+<p>About the first of the year 1819 the post-office at Buffalo was
+made a distributing office, and it has continued to be a distributing
+office ever since.</p>
+
+<p>From 1820 to 1824, the arrangements of the Department for
+mail service from New York City to Buffalo, thence to Niagara,
+and from Buffalo to Erie, Pa., were as follows:&mdash;Leave New<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span>
+York daily at 9 a. m., and arrive at Albany next day by 8.30
+p. m.; leave Albany at 2 a. m. and arrive at Utica the same day
+by 9 p. m. (10 p. m. in winter); leave Utica the next day at 6
+a. m. and arrive at Canandaigua the next day at 8 p. m.; leave
+Canandaigua at 6 a. m. on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays
+and arrive at Buffalo the next day at 6 p. m.; leave Buffalo
+Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 6 a. m. and arrive at
+Niagara the same day at 6 p. m.; and also to leave Buffalo Tuesdays
+at 2 p. m. and arrive at Erie the next day by 6 p. m. It
+will thus be seen that a letter which left New York on Monday
+morning at 9 o'clock would reach this city at 6 o'clock the next
+Sunday evening, and Erie three days later, if the mails were not
+behind time. This frequently happened in bad weather, and it
+is possible that the interest of contractors, as connected with the
+transportation of passengers, sometimes induced them to reach
+Buffalo in advance of their schedule time.</p>
+
+<p>On the 3rd of March, 1823, a post-route was established
+"from Buffalo in Erie to Olean in the County of Cattaraugus,
+passing through the towns of Boston, Concord and Ellicottville."</p>
+
+<p>On the 14th of July, 1824, the mail routes by which the
+Buffalo office was supplied, and the service thereon, were as follows:
+Canandaigua to Buffalo, three times a week; Niagara to
+Buffalo, three times a week; Erie to Buffalo, twice a week; and
+Moscow to Buffalo, once a week.</p>
+
+<p>From 1824 to 1828, the mail was generally carried from
+New York to Albany by steamboats, six times a week, during the
+season of navigation, and probably three times a week, by land,
+in winter; and the mail from Buffalo to Albany was carried
+twice a week, by one line in three days and four hours, and by
+the other in four days. The mails from Buffalo to Youngstown
+and from Buffalo to Erie were carried each way three times a
+week.</p>
+
+<p>It is stated in the Buffalo Directory of 1828, that the number
+of mails then arriving and departing weekly from the Buffalo
+post-office was thirty-five. An advertisement by the late Bela
+D. Coe, Esq., states that the Pilot mail-coach left Buffalo every
+evening, arrived at Geneva the first day, Utica the second, and
+Albany the third; and that the Diligence coach left Buffalo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span>
+every morning at 8 o'clock, arrived at Avon the first night,
+Auburn the second, Utica the third, and Albany the fourth.</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th of June, 1832, a post-route was established
+"from Buffalo, Erie County, by Aurora, Wales, Holland, Sardinia,
+China, Fredonia, Caneadea and Belfast to Angelica in
+Allegany County"; after which no other post-routes, commencing
+or terminating at Buffalo, were established prior to 1845, except
+that by the Act of July 7, 1838, all the railroads then existing
+(in which the Buffalo &amp; Niagara Falls Railroad must be
+included), or thereafter to be completed in the United States,
+were declared post-roads, and the Postmaster-General was thereby
+authorized, under certain restrictions, to contract for carrying
+the mails thereon.</p>
+
+<p>As the last link in the chain of railroads from Albany to
+Buffalo was completed early in 1843, there was then, or soon
+after, continuous mail transportation by railroad from Boston,
+through Worcester, Springfield and Albany to Buffalo. The
+completion of the Hudson River Railroad, and of the New York
+and Erie Railroad in 1851, gave us direct railroad communication
+with New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, and
+the completion of the Buffalo &amp; State Line Railroad and
+other roads in or before 1852, gave us further railroad service for
+the supply of the Buffalo office.</p>
+
+<p>As the receipts of our post-office are, to a large extent, determined
+by the rates of postage charged, especially of letter
+postage, which probably constitutes nine-tenths of those receipts,
+a very brief statement in regard to the rates of letter postage
+since the post-office of Buffalo Creek was established, will form
+the concluding portion of this paper.</p>
+
+<p>From 1792 until 1845 the single rate of letter postage was
+charged on each single letter, and an additional single rate on
+each additional piece of paper; and if a single or other letter
+weighed an ounce or more it was charged four single rates for
+each ounce. During this period of fifty-three years&mdash;from 1792
+to 1845&mdash;the changes in the rates of inland letter postage were
+very slight. There were generally from five to eight different
+single rates, according to the distance the letter was carried, the
+lowest being, at different times, six or eight cents, and the highest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[315]</a></span>
+uniformly twenty-five cents, except for a short period, near
+the close of the War of 1812, when, in consequence of the
+expenses of the war, the rates were temporarily increased fifty
+per cent.</p>
+
+<p>From 1816 to 1845 the rate for a single letter carried not
+over thirty miles was 6&frac14; cents; over thirty and under eighty
+miles, 10 cents; over eighty and under one hundred and fifty
+miles, 12&frac12; cents; over one hundred and fifty and under four
+hundred miles, 18&frac34; cents; and over four hundred miles, 25
+cents.</p>
+
+<p>By an Act of Congress passed in 1845, the rate of inland letter
+postage (after the 1st of July in that year), was fixed, irrespective
+of the number of pieces of paper contained in a letter,
+as follows: For a letter not exceeding half an ounce in weight,
+carried under three hundred miles, 5 cents; over three hundred
+miles, 10 cents, and an additional rate for every additional half
+ounce or fraction of half an ounce. Drop letters and printed
+circulars were by the same Act, to be charged 2 cents each. This
+was considered by the Post-office Department as an average
+deduction of 53 per cent. from the previously existing rates.</p>
+
+<p>In 1851 an Act was passed which reduced the single rate of
+inland letter postage (from and after the 30th of June in that
+year), for any distance not exceeding three thousand miles, to 3
+cents, when prepaid, and 5 cents when not prepaid; and for any
+distance over three thousand miles to 6 cents when prepaid and
+10 cents when not prepaid. Drop letters and also unsealed
+printed circulars for any distance not exceeding five hundred
+miles were, by the same Act, to be charged 1 cent each. This, it
+is believed, was an average reduction of about fifty per cent. on
+the reduced rates of inland letter postage established by the Act
+of 1845. These rates did not apply to foreign letters, for which
+different provision was made.</p>
+
+<p>The Postal Treaty with Great Britain made in 1848, the
+postal arrangements made in 1851 for direct and frequent postal
+communication with the Canadas and other British Provinces,
+and the postal arrangements soon after made with Prussia and
+other foreign countries, increased to a considerable extent the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span>
+amount of postages received at the Buffalo offices on letters sent
+to and received from foreign countries.</p>
+
+<p>In 1855 an Act was passed under which all inland postage
+was required to be prepaid and which fixed the single rate of
+inland letter postage for any distance not exceeding three thousand
+miles at 3 cents, and for any distance exceeding three thousand
+miles at 10 cents.</p>
+
+<p>In 1863 the single uniform rate of inland letter postage was
+fixed at 3 cents, without regard to distance, and was required to
+be prepaid by stamps; the postage on drop letters was increased
+to 2 cents the half ounce; and all letters reaching their destination
+without prepayment of postage were to be charged with
+double the rate of prepaid postage chargeable thereon, thus
+allowing letters to be sent without prepayment and leaving the
+general rate of inland letter postage when prepaid as it was fixed
+for distances under three thousand miles by the Act of 1851, but
+increasing it 1 cent beyond the rate of 1851 when sent unpaid;
+also increasing the rate of 1851 on unsealed printed circulars
+from 1 to 2 cents, and on drop letters from 1 cent the letter to 2
+cents the half ounce; and reducing the rates of postage to and
+from California and Oregon from 6 to 3 cents when prepaid and
+from 10 to 6 cents when not prepaid.</p>
+
+<p>That the revenues of the Department have been perennially
+diminished by these reductions cannot be denied; but it is believed
+that this diminution has been slight in comparison with
+the public benefits which have followed the adoption of rates of
+postage, which (the cost of transportation consequent upon the
+vast extent over which our more remote settlements are scattered,
+the general sparseness of our population and the high prices of
+clerical and other labor being considered) are believed to be the
+cheapest which have ever been adopted by any Government of
+ancient or modern times.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_A_1">[A]</a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2">[B]</a></span> Respectively Postmaster-General and Postmaster of Buffalo.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Ed.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Succeeded in 1866 by Joseph Candee (died Nov. 20, 1884); succeeding Postmasters
+of Buffalo have been: Isaac M. Schermerhorn; Thomas M. Blossom (appointed in
+1869, died Feb. 10, 1882); Isaac M. Schermerhorn (second appointment, April, 1871);
+John M. Bedford (appointed April 1, 1879); John B. Sackett (appointed March 7,
+1887); Bernard F. Gentsch (appointed May 28, 1890, died Aug. 3, 1894); Howard H.
+Baker (appointed June 7, 1894), present incumbent.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Ed.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Predecessor of the Academy of Music, east side of Main, between Seneca and
+Swan Streets.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Ed.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Last quarter only.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Stamps sold for currency $18,000 more, furnished from Buffalo P. O.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Author's Note</span>&mdash;This is probably erroneous as it will be seen that the post-road
+from Whitestown to Canandaigua was established and service thereon advertised for in
+1794. It is quite certain that there was mail service on this route as early as 1795.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Author's Note.</span>&mdash;This was stated on the authority of Turner's "History of the
+Holland Purchase" and it was supposed there could be no doubt of its accuracy. But
+in Vol. 1., <i>Miscellaneous</i>, of the American State Papers, published by Gales &amp; Seaton,
+is a list of post-offices in 1800 (p. 289), and of those established in 1801 (p. 298), and in
+the latter is "Batavia, N. Y., Sanford Hunt, Postmaster." It may be that Mr. Hunt did
+not accept the appointment and that Mr. Brisbane was appointed in 1802.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="trans1"><b>Transcriber's Note:</b><br />
+
+Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note.</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Postal Service of the United
+States in Connection with the Local History of Buffalo, by Nathan Kelsey Hall and Thomas Blossom
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POSTAL SERVICE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 22812-h.htm or 22812-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/8/1/22812/
+
+Produced by Adrian Mastronardi, Stephen Blundell, The
+Philatelic Digital Library Project at http://www.tpdlp.net
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by Cornell University Digital
+Collections)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/22812-page-images/p299.png b/22812-page-images/p299.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd2bde6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-page-images/p299.png
diff --git a/22812-page-images/p300.png b/22812-page-images/p300.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ea37d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-page-images/p300.png
diff --git a/22812-page-images/p301.png b/22812-page-images/p301.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0198e73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-page-images/p301.png
diff --git a/22812-page-images/p302.png b/22812-page-images/p302.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1730306
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-page-images/p302.png
diff --git a/22812-page-images/p303.png b/22812-page-images/p303.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c57e63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-page-images/p303.png
diff --git a/22812-page-images/p304.png b/22812-page-images/p304.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f575fcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-page-images/p304.png
diff --git a/22812-page-images/p305.png b/22812-page-images/p305.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8576ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-page-images/p305.png
diff --git a/22812-page-images/p306.png b/22812-page-images/p306.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0169dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-page-images/p306.png
diff --git a/22812-page-images/p307.png b/22812-page-images/p307.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52bf73c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-page-images/p307.png
diff --git a/22812-page-images/p308.png b/22812-page-images/p308.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..53a5b99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-page-images/p308.png
diff --git a/22812-page-images/p309.png b/22812-page-images/p309.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d1392c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-page-images/p309.png
diff --git a/22812-page-images/p310.png b/22812-page-images/p310.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6212d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-page-images/p310.png
diff --git a/22812-page-images/p311.png b/22812-page-images/p311.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3acd8d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-page-images/p311.png
diff --git a/22812-page-images/p312.png b/22812-page-images/p312.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e091733
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-page-images/p312.png
diff --git a/22812-page-images/p313.png b/22812-page-images/p313.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6dc845
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-page-images/p313.png
diff --git a/22812-page-images/p314.png b/22812-page-images/p314.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a3de46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-page-images/p314.png
diff --git a/22812-page-images/p315.png b/22812-page-images/p315.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6b7ae6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-page-images/p315.png
diff --git a/22812-page-images/p316.png b/22812-page-images/p316.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3f1535
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812-page-images/p316.png
diff --git a/22812.txt b/22812.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12da5d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1138 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Postal Service of the United States in
+Connection with the Local History of Buffalo, by Nathan Kelsey Hall and Thomas Blossom
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Postal Service of the United States in Connection with the Local History of Buffalo
+
+Author: Nathan Kelsey Hall
+        Thomas Blossom
+
+Release Date: September 30, 2007 [EBook #22812]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POSTAL SERVICE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Adrian Mastronardi, Stephen Blundell, The
+Philatelic Digital Library Project at http://www.tpdlp.net
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by Cornell University Digital
+Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                THE POSTAL SERVICE
+
+ OF THE UNITED STATES IN CONNECTION WITH THE LOCAL
+                HISTORY OF BUFFALO.
+
+        *       *       *       *       *
+
+    READ BEFORE THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 6, 1865.
+
+        *       *       *       *       *
+
+   BY HON. N. K. HALL[A] AND THOMAS BLOSSOM.[B]
+
+
+No very satisfactory account of the origin and progress of the Postal
+Service of the country, in its more immediate connection with the local
+history of Buffalo, can now be compiled. The early records of the
+transportation service of the Post-Office Department, were originally
+meager and imperfect; and many of the books and papers of the
+Department, prior to 1837, were destroyed or lost when the public
+edifices at Washington were burned in 1814, and also when the building
+in which the Department was kept was destroyed by fire, in December,
+1836. For these reasons the Hon. A. N. Zevely, Third Assistant
+Postmaster-General--who has kindly furnished extracts from the records
+and papers of the Department--has been able to afford but little
+information in respect to the early transportation of the mails in the
+western part of this State. Indeed, no information in respect to that
+service, prior to 1814, could be given; no route-books of older date
+than 1820 are now in the Department, and those from 1820 to 1835 are not
+so arranged as to show the running time on the several routes.
+
+The records of the Appointment Office, and those of the Auditor's Office
+of the Department, are more full and perfect; and from these, and from
+various other sources of information, much that is deemed entirely
+reliable and not wholly uninteresting has been obtained.
+
+Erastus Granger was the first Postmaster of Buffalo--or rather of
+"Buffalo Creek," the original name of the office. He was appointed on
+the first establishment of the office, September 30, 1804. At that time
+the nearest post-offices were at Batavia on the east, Erie on the west,
+and Niagara on the north. Mr. Granger was a second cousin of Hon. Gideon
+Granger, the fourth Postmaster-General of the United States, who held
+that office from 1801 to 1814.
+
+The successors of our first Postmaster, and the dates of their
+respective appointments, appear in the following statement:
+
+ Julius Guiteau,                                   May 6, 1818.
+ Samuel Russel,                                 April 25, 1831.
+ Henry P. Russell,                               July 26, 1834.
+ Orange H. Dibble,                             August 28, 1834.
+ Philip Dorsheimer,                               June 8, 1838.
+ Charles C. Haddock,                          October 12, 1841.
+ Philip Dorsheimer,                              April 1, 1845.
+ Henry K. Smith,                               August 14, 1846.
+ Isaac R. Harrington,                             May 17, 1849.
+ James O. Putnam,                            September 1, 1851.
+ James G. Dickie,                                  May 4, 1853.
+ Israel T. Hatch,                            November 11, 1859.
+ Almon M. Clapp, (the present incumbent[C])     March 27, 1861.
+
+The Buffalo Post-office was the only post-office within the present
+limits of the city until January, 1817, when a post-office was
+established at Black Rock. The appointments of Postmasters at Black Rock
+have been as follows:
+
+ James L. Barton,                             January 29, 1817.
+ Elisha H. Burnham,                              July 11, 1828.
+ Morgan G. Lewis,                                June 29, 1841.
+ George Johnson,                                  July 7, 1853.
+ Daniel Hibbard, (the present incumbent)          June 1, 1861.
+
+In July, 1854, the Post-office of Black Rock Dam, now called North
+Buffalo, was established. The name of the office was changed to North
+Buffalo, February 10, 1857. The appointments to that office have been as
+follows:
+
+ Henry A. Bennett,                               July 12, 1854.
+ Charles Manly,                                 March 17, 1856.
+ George Argus,                                    May 20, 1859.
+ William D. Davis,                               July 29, 1861.
+ George Argus, (the present incumbent)                    1864.
+
+The Buffalo Post-office was kept, during Mr. Granger's term of office,
+first on Main Street, near where the Metropolitan Theater[D] now stands,
+and afterwards in the brick house on the west side of Pearl Street, a
+few doors south of Swan Street, now No. 58 Pearl Street. Mr. Guiteau
+first kept the office on Main Street, opposite Stevenson's livery
+stable; then on the west side of Main Street about the middle of the
+block next south of Erie Street; and afterwards on the northwest corner
+of Ellicott Square. It was kept in the same place for a short period at
+the commencement of Judge Russel's term of office, but was soon removed
+to the northwest corner of the next block above, where it remained until
+after the appointment of Mr. Dibble. It was removed by Mr. Dibble about
+1836, to the old Baptist Church then standing on the corner where the
+post-office is now kept, and it was kept in that building until after
+Mr. Haddock took the office. He removed the office to the northwest
+corner of Main and Seneca Streets, where it remained until it was
+removed, in August, 1858, into the Government building in which it is
+now.
+
+The gross receipts of the post-office at Buffalo, for the years given in
+the following table, have been as follows:
+
+ 1805        $ 90.83                1825     $ 2,840.60
+ 1806         120.13                1830       6,695.34
+ 1807         122.82                1835      19,219.34
+ 1808         173.63                1840      25,501.49
+ 1809         217.49                1845      22,681.26
+ 1810         291.46                1850      39,644.01
+ 1812         963.61                1855      47,458.67
+ 1813   Imperfect returns.          1860      44,800.94
+ 1814         488.37[E]             1862      55,265.57[F]
+ 1815       1,932.98                1863      48,238.53
+ 1820       1,463.21
+
+The gross receipts at the offices of Black Rock, Black Rock Dam and
+North Buffalo, for the years named have been as follows:
+
+_At Black Rock:_
+
+ 1817      $ 56.88            1845     $ 467.32
+ 1818       134.34            1850       776.62
+ 1819       237.96            1855       420.24
+ 1820       239.38            1860       317.74
+ 1825       737.41            1862       389.50
+ 1830       493.08            1863       461.52
+ 1835       617.49            1864}      234.52
+ 1840       712.77      to July 1.}
+
+_At Black Rock Dam (North Buffalo):_
+
+ 1854     $ 108.47            1862     $ 463.27
+ 1855       419.82            1863       650.73
+ 1860       303.15            1864}      319.75
+ 1861       307.20      to July 1.}
+
+The aggregate amount of the postage received at the different
+post-offices must always depend, in a greater or less degree, upon the
+extent and frequency of the mail transportation by which such offices
+are supplied, and the rates of postage charged, as well as upon the
+number, education, character and occupation of the population within the
+delivery of such offices. Other causes, some of them local or temporary,
+may at times affect the revenue of an office, but only the population of
+the neighborhood, the frequency and extent of the transportation
+service, and the general rates of letter postage, will be here
+considered.
+
+The first census under the authority of the United States was taken in
+1790; probably in July and August of that year. In that portion of New
+York lying west of the old Massachusetts preemption line it was taken by
+General Amos Hall, as Deputy Marshal, and an abstract of his list or
+census-roll is given in Turner's "History of Phelps and Gorham's
+Purchase." The number of heads of families then residing west of Genesee
+River, and named in that list, was 24; but it is probable that the
+deputy marshal did not visit this locality, as neither Winney the Indian
+trader, nor Johnston the Indian agent and interpreter, is named;
+although it is probable that both of them resided here. Winney, it is
+quite certain, was here in 1791, and it is supposed came about 1784.
+
+The whole population west of the Massachusetts preemption line, which
+was a line drawn due north and south across the State, passing through
+Seneca Lake and about two miles east of Geneva, as given by Turner from
+General Hall's census-roll, was 1,084, as follows: males, 728; females,
+340; free blacks, 7; slaves, 9. In the State census report of 1853, the
+population of Ontario County in 1790 (which county then embraced all
+that territory) is stated at 1,075. The difference between the two
+statements is caused by the omission of the slaves from the latter
+statement. In 1800 the population of the same territory (then the
+Counties of Ontario and Steuben) was 15,359 free persons and 79 slaves.
+
+In 1808 the County of Niagara (embracing the present counties of Niagara
+and Erie) was organized, and its population in 1810 was 6,132. Of these
+1,465 were inhabitants of the present County of Niagara, and 4,667 of
+the present County of Erie. There were then in the county 8 slaves,
+which number should probably be added to the aggregate above stated.
+
+In 1820 the population of Niagara County was 18,156, of which 10,834
+were inhabitants of the present County of Erie. There were then 15
+slaves in the whole County of Niagara.
+
+In 1821, the County of Erie was organized with its present boundaries.
+Its population at each census since has been as follows, viz: 1825,
+24,316; 1830, 35,719; 1835, 57,594; 1840, 62,465; 1845, 78,635; 1850,
+100,993; 1855, 132,331; and 1860, 141,791.
+
+It is probable that in 1790, Winney and Johnston were the only white
+residents upon the territory now embraced within our city limits. In
+1796, there were but four buildings in all that territory--as stated by
+the late Joseph Landon. In 1807, there were about a dozen houses. This
+number, it is said, had increased to more than 200 houses, when, on the
+31st of December, 1813, the village was burned by the British and
+Indians;--only the house of Mrs. St. John, Reese's blacksmith shop, the
+gaol, and the uncovered frame of a barn escaping the general
+conflagration.
+
+The white population of the territory now comprised in our city limits
+did not, in 1800, probably exceed 25. The earliest census report which
+gives any information in regard to its population is that of 1810 when
+the population was 1,508. It was 1,060 in 1814; 2,095 in 1820; 5,141 in
+1825; 8,668 in 1830; 21,838 in 1840; 34,606 in 1845; 49,769 in 1850;
+74,214 in 1855; and 81,129 in 1860. It is believed that it is now about
+100,000.
+
+But little reliable information in regard to the transportation of the
+mails west of Albany from 1800 to 1824, can now be obtained; and as the
+transportation service and the origin and progress of the system of
+posts, by which, even now, much of this transportation service is
+performed, are believed to be the most interesting of the topics of the
+present paper (as that service itself is the most essential of those
+connected with the Post-office establishment), it has been deemed proper
+to refer to the probable origin of that system;--a system which in its
+continued extension and constant improvement, has grown into the
+Post-office establishment of the present day. These are now, almost
+universally under the control of the State or sovereign power, and they
+are certainly among the most important and beneficent of the
+institutions of civil government.
+
+It is said that the Assyrian and Persian monarchs had their posts, at a
+day's journey from each other, with horses saddled, ready to carry with
+the utmost dispatch, the decrees of these despotic rulers. In the Roman
+Empire, couriers on swift horses carried the imperial edicts to every
+province. Charlemagne, it is said, established stations for carriers who
+delivered the letters and decrees of the court in the different and
+distant parts of his dominions. As early as the XIth Century the
+University of Paris had a body of pedestrian messengers, to carry
+letters and packets from its thousands of students to various parts of
+Europe, and to tiring money, letters and packets in return. Posts for
+the transmission of Government messages were established in England in
+the XIIIth Century, and in 1464 Louis XI. established a system of
+mounted posts, stationed four French miles apart, to carry the
+dispatches of the Government.
+
+Government posts, as the convenience and interest of the people at large
+began to receive some attention from their rulers, were at times allowed
+to carry private letters, and private posts for the transmission of
+general correspondence were sometimes established. This was at first but
+an irregular and uncertain service, without fixed compensation; but
+considerable regularity, order and system were the results of the public
+appreciation of their convenience, and of the gradual improvements which
+followed their more general employment.
+
+In 1524 the French posts--which had previously carried only the letters
+of the King and nobles--were first permitted to carry other letters; and
+in 1543 Charles V., Emperor of Germany, established a riding post
+throughout his dominions. It was not until the reign of James I. that a
+system of postal communication was established in England, although
+Edward IV., in 1481, had established posts twenty miles apart, with
+riders, to bring the earliest intelligence of the events of the war with
+the Scots. It was not until about 1644 that a weekly conveyance of
+letters, by post, was established throughout that kingdom. Mail coaches
+were first used at Bristol, in England, in 1784. They were placed on the
+post routes in 1785, and their use became general throughout England.
+
+The mail service of North America, which in its magnitude and
+regularity, and in the extension of its benefits to every settlement and
+fireside, has, it is believed, no superior, probably had its beginning
+in private enterprise; although perhaps sanctioned at the very outset,
+by local authority.
+
+As early as 1677 Mr. John Hayward, scrivener, of Boston, Mass., was
+appointed by the General Court to take in and convey letters according
+to their direction. This was probably the first post-office and mail
+service authorized in America. Other local arrangements, necessarily
+very imperfect in their character, were made in different colonies soon
+after; some of them having the sanction of Colonial Governors or
+Legislatures.
+
+Thomas Dongan, the Governor of New York under the Duke of York, in a
+letter to the Duke's secretary, dated February 18, 1684, says:
+
+    You are pleased to say I may set up a post-house, but send me noe
+    power to do it. I never intended it should be expensive to His Royal
+    Highness. It was desired by the neighboring colonies, and is at
+    present practiced in some places by foot messengers.
+
+In the same letter Gov. Dongan says he will endeavor to establish a
+post-office in Connecticut and at Boston. Under date of August 27, 1684,
+Sir John Werden, the Duke's secretary, wrote to Gov. Dongan:
+
+    As for setting up post-houses along the coast from Carolina to Nova
+    Scotia it seems a very reasonable thing, and you may offer the
+    privilege thereof to any undertakers for ye space of 3 or 5 years,
+    by way of farm; reserving wt part of ye profit you think fit to the
+    Duke.
+
+At least as early as January, 1690, there was what was called a public
+post between Boston and New York, and in 1691 there was a post of some
+kind from New York to Virginia, and from New York to Albany. This was
+during the war with the French, and these posts were probably
+established by the military authorities.
+
+On the 4th of April, 1692, Thomas Neele, having obtained a patent to
+establish post-offices throughout the American colonies, appointed
+Andrew Hamilton (afterwards Governor of New Jersey), his deputy for all
+the plantations. Mr. Deputy Hamilton brought the subject before Gov.
+Fletcher and the New York Colonial Assembly in October following, and an
+Act was immediately passed "for encouraging a post-office."
+
+In 1705 Lord Cornbury, the Governor of New York, informed the Lords of
+Trade of the passage by the New York Assembly of "an Act for enforcing
+and continuing a post-office," which he recommended His Majesty to
+confirm "as an act of necessity," without which the post to Boston and
+Philadelphia would be lost.
+
+In 1710 the British Parliament passed an Act authorizing the British
+Postmaster-General "to keep one chief letter-office in New York and
+other chief letter-offices in each of His Majesty's Provinces or
+Colonies in America." Deputy Postmasters-General for North America were
+afterwards, and from time to time, appointed by the British
+Postmaster-General in England. Dr. Franklin was appointed to that office
+in 1755, and it is said that in 1760 he startled the people of the
+colonies by proposing to run a "stage waggon" from Boston to
+Philadelphia once a week, starting for each city on Monday morning and
+reaching the other by Saturday. In 1763 he spent five months in
+traveling through the Northern Colonies for the purpose of inspecting
+and improving the post-offices and the mail service. He went as far east
+as New Hampshire, and the whole extent of his five months' tour, in
+going and returning, was about sixteen hundred miles. He made such
+improvements in the service as to enable the citizens of Philadelphia to
+write to Boston and get replies in three weeks instead of six weeks, the
+time previously required.
+
+In 1774 Dr. Franklin was removed from office; and on the 25th of
+December, 1775, the Secretary of the General Post-Office gave notice
+that, in consequence of the Provincial Congress of Maryland having
+passed a resolution that the Parliamentary post should not be permitted
+to travel on a pass through that province, and of the seizure of the
+mails at Baltimore and Philadelphia, the Deputy Postmaster-General was
+"obliged, for the present, to stop all the posts." It is supposed that
+this terminated the regular mail service in the old Thirteen Colonies,
+and that it was never resumed under British management.
+
+Before this suspension of the Parliamentary posts, Mr. William Godard of
+Baltimore had proposed to establish "an American Post-office"; and in
+July, 1774, he announced that his proposals had been warmly and
+generously patronized by the friends of freedom, and that postmasters
+and riders were engaged. During the preceding six months he had visited
+several of the colonies in order to extend and perfect his arrangements,
+and there appears to have been a very general disposition to abandon the
+use of the British post and sustain that established by Mr. Godard. In
+May, 1775, Mr. Godard had thirty postmasters, but Mr. John Holt of New
+York City was the only one in this State. In that year partial
+arrangements for mail service in Rhode Island, Connecticut, New
+Hampshire and Massachusetts were made by the Provincial Congress of each
+of those Colonies.
+
+The old Continental Congress first assembled in September, 1774; and on
+the 26th of July, 1775, it resolved "that a Postmaster-General should be
+appointed for the United Colonies who should hold his office at
+Philadelphia and be allowed a salary of $1,000 for himself and $340 for
+his secretary and comptroller; and that a line of posts should be
+appointed, under the direction of the Postmaster-General, from
+Falmouth, in New England, to Savannah, in Georgia." Dr. Franklin was
+then unanimously chosen Postmaster-General. The ledger in which he kept
+the accounts of his office is now in the Post-office Department. It is a
+half-bound book of rather more than foolscap size, and about
+three-fourths of an inch thick, and many of the entries are in Dr.
+Franklin's own handwriting. Richard Bache succeeded Dr. Franklin
+November 7, 1776, and Mr. Bache was succeeded by Ebenezer Hazard.
+
+The Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1778, gave to the United
+States, in Congress assembled, "the sole and extensive right and power
+of establishing and regulating post-offices from one State to another";
+but the increase of mail service was comparatively trifling until after
+the organization of the Post-office Department by the first Congress
+which assembled under the Constitution of the United States. This gave
+it efficiency and value, and provided for the early extension of its
+benefits to the inhabitants of the several States.
+
+The National Congress, organized under the Constitution, commenced its
+first session on the 4th of March, 1789, but it was not until September
+22, 1790, that an Act was passed for establishing, or rather continuing,
+the postal service. The Act then passed provided that a
+Postmaster-General should be appointed, and that the regulations of the
+Post-office should be the same as they last were under the resolutions
+and ordinances of the Congress of the Confederation.
+
+In 1790 there were but seventy-five post-offices and 1,875 miles of
+post-roads in the United States, and the whole amount of postages
+received for that year was $37,935. The population of the United States,
+as shown by the census of that year, was only 3,929,827; and the whole
+mail service was performed upon our seaboard line, passing through the
+principal towns from Wiscassett in Maine, to Savannah in Georgia, and
+upon a few cross or intersecting lines, on many portions of which the
+mail was carried only once a fortnight.
+
+On the 3d of March, 1791, the Postmaster-General was authorized to
+extend the carrying of the mail from Albany to Bennington, Vermont. It
+is probable that the post-office at Albany was a special office until
+late in that year, as in an official list of post-offices, with their
+receipts for the year ending October 5, 1791, New York is the only
+office in this State; and by an official statement dated April 24, 1790,
+it appears that the contractor from Albany to New York received the
+postages for carrying the mail, and that that was the only mail service
+in this State north or west of New York City.
+
+It is stated in a "History of Oneida County" that the first mail to
+Utica was brought by Simeon Post in 1793, under an arrangement with the
+Post-office Department authorizing its transportation from Canajoharie
+to Whitestown at the expense of the inhabitants on the route; and that
+in 1793 or 1794, the remarkable fact that the Great Western Mail, on one
+arrival at Fort Schuyler (Utica), contained six letters for that place,
+was heralded from one end of the settlement to the other. It is added
+that some were incredulous, but the solemn and repeated assurances of
+the veracious Dutch postmaster at last obtained general credence.
+
+On the 8th of May, 1794, sundry post-routes were established, among
+which is one "from Albany by Schenectady, Johnstown, Canajoharie and
+Whitestown, to Canandaigua"; and in July, 1794, four-horse "stages" were
+run from Albany to Schenectady daily. The passenger fare by these stages
+was only three cents per mile.
+
+On the 31st of July, 1794, the Postmaster-General, Timothy Pickering,
+advertised in the Albany _Gazette_ for proposals for carrying the mails
+in this State, as follows: (1.) "From New York by Peekskill, Fishkill,
+Poughkeepsie, Rhinebeck, Redhook, Clermont, Hudson and Kinderhook to
+Albany," to leave New York every Monday and Thursday at 4 p. m., and
+arrive at Albany on Wednesday and Saturday by 7 in the evening. (2.)
+"From Albany by Schenectady, Johnstown and Canajoharie to Whitestown,"
+to leave Albany every Thursday at 10 a. m., and arrive at Whitestown on
+Saturday by 6 p. m. (3.) "From Canajoharie through Cherry Valley to the
+Court House in Cooperstown," to leave every Friday at 4 p. m., and
+arrive on Saturday by 1 p. m. (4.) "From Whitestown to Canandaigua once
+in two weeks"; to leave Whitestown every other Monday at 8 a. m., and
+arrive at Canandaigua the next Thursday by 2 p. m. This advertisement
+bears date July 8, 1794. It does not state the mode of conveyance
+required.
+
+On the 3d of March, 1797, Congress established a post-road "from
+Kanandaigua in the State of New York, to Niagara." This route was run
+through Avon and LeRoy, and probably through Batavia, and thence on the
+north side of the Tonawanda Creek, and through the present town of
+Lockport to Niagara.
+
+In the "History of Onondaga County" it is stated that a Mr. Langdon
+first carried the mail through that county on horseback from Whitestown
+to Genesee in 1797 or 1798[G]; that he distributed papers and unsealed
+letters by the way before intermediate offices were established; that a
+Mr. Lucas succeeded Mr. Langdon in transporting the mail, which, in
+1800, had become so heavy as to require a wagon to transport it that the
+first four-horse mail-coach was sent through in 1803; and that in 1804
+Jason Parker ran a four-horse mail-coach twice a week from Utica to
+Canandaigua. From an advertisement at Canandaigua, copied by Turner, it
+appears that a mail-coach was that year run twice a week between Albany
+and Canandaigua.
+
+It is stated in Turner's "History of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase" (p.
+174), that Luther Cole was the first to carry the mail from Whitestown
+to Canandaigua--on horseback when the roads would allow, but often on
+foot. The same history states that the mail-route from Canandaigua to
+Niagara was established "about 1798" (1797) and that the mail was
+carried through by Jasper Marvin--who sometimes dispensed with mail-bags
+and carried the mail in his pocket-book--and that he was six days in
+going and returning. The route, it is stated, was the usual one from
+Canandaigua to Buffalo and then down the river on the Canada side, to
+Fort Niagara; but other, and it is believed more reliable authority
+states, that the mail at this time was carried through Cold Springs, in
+the present town of Lockport, and did not pass through Buffalo Creek.
+
+The surveys upon the Holland Land Company's Purchase were commenced in
+the spring of 1798, and the first wagon track on the Purchase was opened
+that year. Before that time parties came through from Canandaigua on the
+old Indian Trail. In 1802, Mr. Ellicott, the Holland Land Company's
+agent, procured the establishment of a post-office at Batavia, and the
+appointment of James Brisbane as postmaster.[H]
+
+In 1804 the Holland Land Company's survey of the inner lots of the
+present City of Buffalo was made, and on the 26th of March in that year
+Congress passed an Act in relation to post-routes which provides that
+the post-route from Canandaigua to Niagara shall pass by Buffalo Creek.
+From this it is clearly to be inferred that the mail to Niagara had been
+previously carried upon a different route, as above stated.
+
+In the Buffalo Directory of 1828 is the following statement:
+
+    The first mail received here was in March, 1803, on horseback. It
+    was conveyed from the East once in two weeks, in this manner, until
+    1805. A weekly route was then established and continued until 1809.
+    In 1810 the mode of conveyance was changed and a stage-wagon was
+    used.
+
+This statement is substantially repeated in several subsequent
+directories and is probably _nearly_ correct; although it will be
+recollected that the post-office at Buffalo was not established until
+September, 1804, and it appears by extracts from a Canandaigua paper
+that a "stage road to Niagara" was advertised, in 1808, to leave
+Canandaigua every Monday, at 6 o'clock a. m., and arrive at Niagara
+_via_ Buffalo every Thursday at 3 a. m. These stages were run by John
+Metcalf, who, in April, 1807, had obtained from the Legislature of this
+State a law giving him the exclusive right, for some years, of running
+stages from Canandaigua to Buffalo, and imposing a fine of $500 on any
+other person running wagons on said route as a stage line. He was
+required to provide at least three wagons and three stage sleighs with
+sufficient coverings and a sufficient number of horses. The fare was
+not to exceed six cents a mile for a passenger and fourteen pounds of
+baggage; and for every one hundred and fifty pounds additional baggage
+he was to be entitled to charge six cents a mile or in that proportion.
+He was to start on regular days, and between the first day of July and
+first day of October he was to accomplish said route between Canandaigua
+and Buffalo at least once in a week, unavoidable accidents excepted.
+
+In a report made to Congress by the Hon. Gideon Granger,
+Postmaster-General, on the 21st of February, 1810, it is stated that in
+March, 1799, it required to write from Portland to Savannah and receive
+an answer forty days, and that it then required but twenty-seven; that
+in 1799 it required between New York and Canandaigua twenty days, and
+then required but twelve; and that most if not all the other mails have
+been expedited proportionably according to their relative importance.
+
+On the 18th of April, 1814, Congress established a post-route "from
+Sheldon, by Willink and Hamburg, to Buffalo," and it appears from the
+books of the Post-office Department that mail service, once in two
+weeks, leaving Sheldon every other Friday at 6 a. m. and arriving at
+Buffalo the next day at 10 a. m., and leaving Buffalo the same day at 12
+m. and arriving at Sheldon the next day by 8 p. m., was the same year
+put upon the route.
+
+In 1815, the mail was carried from Buffalo to Erie once a week, leaving
+Buffalo on Saturday at 12 m. and arriving at Erie on Monday at 6 p. m.,
+and leaving Erie Tuesday at 6 a. m. and arriving at Buffalo on Thursday
+by 10 a. m.
+
+In 1816, the mail between Buffalo and Youngstown was carried twice a
+week, twelve hours being allowed for a trip either way.
+
+On the 3rd of March, 1817, a post-route "from Moscow by the State road
+to Buffalo," and one "from Canandaigua, by Bristol, Richmond, Livonia
+and Genesee to Sheldon" were established.
+
+About the first of the year 1819 the post-office at Buffalo was made a
+distributing office, and it has continued to be a distributing office
+ever since.
+
+From 1820 to 1824, the arrangements of the Department for mail service
+from New York City to Buffalo, thence to Niagara, and from Buffalo to
+Erie, Pa., were as follows:--Leave New York daily at 9 a. m., and
+arrive at Albany next day by 8.30 p. m.; leave Albany at 2 a. m. and
+arrive at Utica the same day by 9 p. m. (10 p. m. in winter); leave
+Utica the next day at 6 a. m. and arrive at Canandaigua the next day at
+8 p. m.; leave Canandaigua at 6 a. m. on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays
+and arrive at Buffalo the next day at 6 p. m.; leave Buffalo Mondays,
+Wednesdays and Fridays at 6 a. m. and arrive at Niagara the same day at
+6 p. m.; and also to leave Buffalo Tuesdays at 2 p. m. and arrive at
+Erie the next day by 6 p. m. It will thus be seen that a letter which
+left New York on Monday morning at 9 o'clock would reach this city at 6
+o'clock the next Sunday evening, and Erie three days later, if the mails
+were not behind time. This frequently happened in bad weather, and it is
+possible that the interest of contractors, as connected with the
+transportation of passengers, sometimes induced them to reach Buffalo in
+advance of their schedule time.
+
+On the 3rd of March, 1823, a post-route was established "from Buffalo in
+Erie to Olean in the County of Cattaraugus, passing through the towns of
+Boston, Concord and Ellicottville."
+
+On the 14th of July, 1824, the mail routes by which the Buffalo office
+was supplied, and the service thereon, were as follows: Canandaigua to
+Buffalo, three times a week; Niagara to Buffalo, three times a week;
+Erie to Buffalo, twice a week; and Moscow to Buffalo, once a week.
+
+From 1824 to 1828, the mail was generally carried from New York to
+Albany by steamboats, six times a week, during the season of navigation,
+and probably three times a week, by land, in winter; and the mail from
+Buffalo to Albany was carried twice a week, by one line in three days
+and four hours, and by the other in four days. The mails from Buffalo to
+Youngstown and from Buffalo to Erie were carried each way three times a
+week.
+
+It is stated in the Buffalo Directory of 1828, that the number of mails
+then arriving and departing weekly from the Buffalo post-office was
+thirty-five. An advertisement by the late Bela D. Coe, Esq., states that
+the Pilot mail-coach left Buffalo every evening, arrived at Geneva the
+first day, Utica the second, and Albany the third; and that the
+Diligence coach left Buffalo every morning at 8 o'clock, arrived at
+Avon the first night, Auburn the second, Utica the third, and Albany the
+fourth.
+
+On the 15th of June, 1832, a post-route was established "from Buffalo,
+Erie County, by Aurora, Wales, Holland, Sardinia, China, Fredonia,
+Caneadea and Belfast to Angelica in Allegany County"; after which no
+other post-routes, commencing or terminating at Buffalo, were
+established prior to 1845, except that by the Act of July 7, 1838, all
+the railroads then existing (in which the Buffalo & Niagara Falls
+Railroad must be included), or thereafter to be completed in the United
+States, were declared post-roads, and the Postmaster-General was thereby
+authorized, under certain restrictions, to contract for carrying the
+mails thereon.
+
+As the last link in the chain of railroads from Albany to Buffalo was
+completed early in 1843, there was then, or soon after, continuous mail
+transportation by railroad from Boston, through Worcester, Springfield
+and Albany to Buffalo. The completion of the Hudson River Railroad, and
+of the New York and Erie Railroad in 1851, gave us direct railroad
+communication with New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, and
+the completion of the Buffalo & State Line Railroad and other roads in
+or before 1852, gave us further railroad service for the supply of the
+Buffalo office.
+
+As the receipts of our post-office are, to a large extent, determined by
+the rates of postage charged, especially of letter postage, which
+probably constitutes nine-tenths of those receipts, a very brief
+statement in regard to the rates of letter postage since the post-office
+of Buffalo Creek was established, will form the concluding portion of
+this paper.
+
+From 1792 until 1845 the single rate of letter postage was charged on
+each single letter, and an additional single rate on each additional
+piece of paper; and if a single or other letter weighed an ounce or more
+it was charged four single rates for each ounce. During this period of
+fifty-three years--from 1792 to 1845--the changes in the rates of inland
+letter postage were very slight. There were generally from five to eight
+different single rates, according to the distance the letter was
+carried, the lowest being, at different times, six or eight cents, and
+the highest uniformly twenty-five cents, except for a short period,
+near the close of the War of 1812, when, in consequence of the expenses
+of the war, the rates were temporarily increased fifty per cent.
+
+From 1816 to 1845 the rate for a single letter carried not over thirty
+miles was 6-1/4 cents; over thirty and under eighty miles, 10 cents;
+over eighty and under one hundred and fifty miles, 12-1/2 cents; over
+one hundred and fifty and under four hundred miles, 18-3/4 cents; and
+over four hundred miles, 25 cents.
+
+By an Act of Congress passed in 1845, the rate of inland letter postage
+(after the 1st of July in that year), was fixed, irrespective of the
+number of pieces of paper contained in a letter, as follows: For a
+letter not exceeding half an ounce in weight, carried under three
+hundred miles, 5 cents; over three hundred miles, 10 cents, and an
+additional rate for every additional half ounce or fraction of half an
+ounce. Drop letters and printed circulars were by the same Act, to be
+charged 2 cents each. This was considered by the Post-office Department
+as an average deduction of 53 per cent. from the previously existing
+rates.
+
+In 1851 an Act was passed which reduced the single rate of inland letter
+postage (from and after the 30th of June in that year), for any distance
+not exceeding three thousand miles, to 3 cents, when prepaid, and 5
+cents when not prepaid; and for any distance over three thousand miles
+to 6 cents when prepaid and 10 cents when not prepaid. Drop letters and
+also unsealed printed circulars for any distance not exceeding five
+hundred miles were, by the same Act, to be charged 1 cent each. This, it
+is believed, was an average reduction of about fifty per cent. on the
+reduced rates of inland letter postage established by the Act of 1845.
+These rates did not apply to foreign letters, for which different
+provision was made.
+
+The Postal Treaty with Great Britain made in 1848, the postal
+arrangements made in 1851 for direct and frequent postal communication
+with the Canadas and other British Provinces, and the postal
+arrangements soon after made with Prussia and other foreign countries,
+increased to a considerable extent the amount of postages received at
+the Buffalo offices on letters sent to and received from foreign
+countries.
+
+In 1855 an Act was passed under which all inland postage was required to
+be prepaid and which fixed the single rate of inland letter postage for
+any distance not exceeding three thousand miles at 3 cents, and for any
+distance exceeding three thousand miles at 10 cents.
+
+In 1863 the single uniform rate of inland letter postage was fixed at 3
+cents, without regard to distance, and was required to be prepaid by
+stamps; the postage on drop letters was increased to 2 cents the half
+ounce; and all letters reaching their destination without prepayment of
+postage were to be charged with double the rate of prepaid postage
+chargeable thereon, thus allowing letters to be sent without prepayment
+and leaving the general rate of inland letter postage when prepaid as it
+was fixed for distances under three thousand miles by the Act of 1851,
+but increasing it 1 cent beyond the rate of 1851 when sent unpaid; also
+increasing the rate of 1851 on unsealed printed circulars from 1 to 2
+cents, and on drop letters from 1 cent the letter to 2 cents the half
+ounce; and reducing the rates of postage to and from California and
+Oregon from 6 to 3 cents when prepaid and from 10 to 6 cents when not
+prepaid.
+
+That the revenues of the Department have been perennially diminished by
+these reductions cannot be denied; but it is believed that this
+diminution has been slight in comparison with the public benefits which
+have followed the adoption of rates of postage, which (the cost of
+transportation consequent upon the vast extent over which our more
+remote settlements are scattered, the general sparseness of our
+population and the high prices of clerical and other labor being
+considered) are believed to be the cheapest which have ever been adopted
+by any Government of ancient or modern times.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] [B] Respectively Postmaster-General and Postmaster of Buffalo.--ED.
+
+[C] Succeeded in 1866 by Joseph Candee (died Nov. 20, 1884); succeeding
+Postmasters of Buffalo have been: Isaac M. Schermerhorn; Thomas M.
+Blossom (appointed in 1869, died Feb. 10, 1882); Isaac M. Schermerhorn
+(second appointment, April, 1871); John M. Bedford (appointed April 1,
+1879); John B. Sackett (appointed March 7, 1887); Bernard F. Gentsch
+(appointed May 28, 1890, died Aug. 3, 1894); Howard H. Baker (appointed
+June 7, 1894), present incumbent.--ED.
+
+[D] Predecessor of the Academy of Music, east side of Main, between
+Seneca and Swan Streets.--ED.
+
+[E] Last quarter only.
+
+[F] Stamps sold for currency $18,000 more, furnished from Buffalo P. O.
+
+[G] AUTHOR'S NOTE--This is probably erroneous as it will be seen that
+the post-road from Whitestown to Canandaigua was established and service
+thereon advertised for in 1794. It is quite certain that there was mail
+service on this route as early as 1795.
+
+[H] AUTHOR'S NOTE.--This was stated on the authority of Turner's
+"History of the Holland Purchase" and it was supposed there could be no
+doubt of its accuracy. But in Vol. 1., _Miscellaneous_, of the American
+State Papers, published by Gales & Seaton, is a list of post-offices in
+1800 (p. 289), and of those established in 1801 (p. 298), and in the
+latter is "Batavia, N. Y., Sanford Hunt, Postmaster." It may be that Mr.
+Hunt did not accept the appointment and that Mr. Brisbane was appointed
+in 1802.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Postal Service of the United
+States in Connection with the Local History of Buffalo, by Nathan Kelsey Hall and Thomas Blossom
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POSTAL SERVICE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 22812.txt or 22812.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/8/1/22812/
+
+Produced by Adrian Mastronardi, Stephen Blundell, The
+Philatelic Digital Library Project at http://www.tpdlp.net
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by Cornell University Digital
+Collections)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/22812.zip b/22812.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea9f44f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22812.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fb6b80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #22812 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22812)